(d) Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans.
Except for the information concerning equity compensation plans below, the information required by Item 12 is incorporated by reference to the Company’s 2004 Proxy Statement under the caption ‘‘Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management.
’’ The following table provides information about shares of AES common stock that may be issued under AES’s equity compensation plans, as of December 31, 2003: Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans (As of December 31, 2003)
## Table 0 ##
(1) The AES Corporation 2001 Non-officer Stock Option Plan (the ‘‘Plan’’) was adopted by our Board of Directors on October 18, 2001.
This Plan did not require approval under either the SEC or NYSE rules and/or regulations.
Eligible participants under the Plan include all of our non-officer employees.
As of the end of December 31, 2003, approximately 13,500 employees held options under the Plan.
The exercise price of each option awarded under the Plan is equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date of the option.
Options under the Plan generally vest as to 50% of their underlying shares on each anniversary of the option grant date, however, grants dated October 25, 2001 vest in one year.
The Plan shall expire on October 25, 2011.
The Board may amend, modify or terminate the plan at any time.
ITEM 13.
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS See the information contained under the caption ‘‘Related Party Transactions’’ of the Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders of the Registrant to be held on April 28, 2004, which information is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 14.
PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES The information required by this Item will be contained in our Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 28, 2004 and is hereby incorporated by reference.
ITEM 7.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.
Executive Summary Financial Highlights and Trends In 2010, we generated net sales of $7.806 billion, as compared to $8.188 billion in 2009, a decrease of $382 million, or five percent.
Foreign currency fluctuations contributed $62 million to our net sales in 2010, as compared to 2009.
Excluding the impact of foreign currency, our net sales decreased $444 million, or five percent, as compared to the prior year.
This decrease was attributable in part to the ship hold and removal of field inventory of all implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) systems and cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator (CRT-D) systems offered by our Cardiac Rhythm Management (CRM) division in the U. S. , which we announced on March 15, 2010, after determining that certain instances of changes in the manufacturing process related to these products were not submitted for approval to the U. S.  Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
We have since submitted the required documentation and, on April 15, 2010, we received clearance from the FDA for certain of the manufacturing changes and immediately resumed distribution of our COGNIS?
CRT-D systems and TELIGEN?
ICD systems, which represent virtually all of our defibrillator implant volume in the U. S.  We returned earlier generations of these products to the U. S.  market on May 21, 2010, following required FDA clearance.
We are working with our physician and patient customers to recapture market share lost as a result of the ship hold and have experienced better-than-expected recovery to date.
However, our U. S.  CRM net sales decreased $237 million in 2010, as compared to our market share exiting 2009, and we estimate that our U. S.  defibrillator market share decreased approximately 300 basis points exiting 2010, as compared to the prior year, due primarily to these product actions.
In addition, throughout 2010 we continued to experience competitive and other pricing pressures across our businesses and, particularly, on our drug-eluting coronary stent system offerings.
Net sales of our drug-eluting coronary stent systems decreased $171 million in 2010, as compared to 2009, and we estimate that the average selling price of our drug-eluting stent systems in the U. S.  decreased nine percent in 2010, as compared to the prior year.
Further, our net sales have been adversely impacted by reductions in procedural volumes, due to unemployment levels and other economic factors.
During 2010, net sales from our Endoscopy, Urology/Women’s Health, and Neuromodulation businesses increased $117 million, or eight percent, as compared to 2009, on the strength of new product introductions, increased sales investments and further expansion into international markets.
Refer to the Business and Market Overview and Results of Operations sections for more discussion of our net sales by division and region.
Our reported net loss in 2010 was $1.065 billion, or $0.70 per share, and was driven primarily by a goodwill impairment charge related to our U. S.  CRM reporting unit following the ship hold and product removal actions described above.
Our reported results for 2010 included goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges; acquisition-, divestiture-, litigation- and restructuring-related net charges; discrete tax items and amortization expense (after-tax) of $2.116 billion, or $1.39 per share.
Excluding these items, net income for 2010 was $1.051 billion, or $0.69 per share.
Our reported net loss in 2009 was $1.025 billion, or $0.68 per share.
Our reported results for 2009 included intangible asset impairment charges; acquisition-, divestiture-, litigation- and restructuringrelated net charges; discrete tax items and amortization expense of $2.207 billion (after-tax), or $1.46 per share.
Excluding these items, net income for 2009 was $1.182 billion, or $0.78 per share.
Net income and net income per share that exclude certain items are not measures prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (U. S.  GAAP).
See Additional Information for an explanation of management’s use of these non-GAAP measures.
The following is a reconciliation of our results of operations prepared in accordance with U. S.  GAAP to those adjusted results considered by management.
Refer to Results of Operations for a discussion of each reconciling item:
## Table 1 ##
* Assumes dilution of 10.0 million shares for the year ended December 31, 2010 for all or a portion of these non-GAAP adjustments.
Operating Expenses The following table provides a summary of certain of our operating expenses:
## Table 2 ##
Selling, General and Administrative (SG&A) Expenses In 2010, our SG&A expenses decreased $55 million, or two percent, as compared to 2009.
This decrease was related primarily to savings from our restructuring initiatives driven by lower head count and lower consulting and travel spending, as compared to the prior year.
These decreases were partially offset by an $11 million unfavorable impact from foreign currency fluctuations.
As a percentage of net sales, our SG&A expenses were slightly higher than 2009 due to the impact of maintaining compensation levels for our U. S.  CRM sales force, despite the reduction in our net sales of our CRM products in the U. S.  We plan to increase our investment in SG&A in 2011 to introduce new products; strengthen our sales organization in emerging markets such as Brazil, China and India; and to support our acquired businesses; as a result, our SG&A expenses are likely to increase slightly as a percentage of net sales in 2011, as compared to 2010.
In 2009, our SG&A expenses increased by $46 million, or two percent, as compared to 2008.
This increase was related primarily to the addition of direct selling expenses and head count, including expanding our global sales force and an increase in costs associated with various litigation-related matters.
These increases were partially offset by a benefit from foreign currency fluctuations of approximately $22 million.
Research and Development (R&D) Expenses In 2010, our R&D expenses decreased $96 million, or nine percent, as compared to 2009.
This decrease was due to the on-going re-prioritization of R&D projects and the re-allocation of spending as part of our efforts to focus on products with higher returns, as well as the delay of certain of our clinical trials.
We remain committed to advancing medical technologies and investing in meaningful research and development projects across our businesses in order to maintain a healthy pipeline of new products that we believe will contribute to profitable sales growth.
In 2009, our R&D expenses increased $29 million, or three percent, as compared to 2008.
As a percentage of net sales, our R&D expenses in 2009 were relatively flat with the prior year.
Royalty Expense In 2010, our royalty expense decreased $6 million, or three percent, as compared to 2009.
This decrease was due primarily to lower sales of our drug-eluting coronary stent systems, partially offset by the continued shift in the mix of our drugeluting stent system sales towards the PROMUS?
and PROMUS?
Element?
stent systems.
The royalty rate applied to sales of these stent systems is, on average, higher than that associated with sales of our TAXUS?
stent systems.
In 2009, our royalty expense decreased $12 million, or six percent, as compared to 2008.
The decrease was primarily the result of a reduction in royalty expense of $29 million attributable to the expiration of a CRM royalty agreement during the first quarter of 2009.
Partially offsetting this decrease was an increase in royalty expense of $20 million as a result of an increase in sales of our drug-eluting stent systems, as well as the shift in the mix of our drug-eluting stent system sales towards the PROMUS?
stent system, following its launch in the U. S.  in mid-2008.
Loss on Program Termination In the second quarter of 2009, we discontinued one of our internal R&D programs in order to focus on those with a higher likelihood of success.
As a result, we recorded a pre-tax loss of $16 million, in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations (formerly FASB Statement No.146, Accounting for Costs Associated with Exit or Disposal Activities), associated with future payments that we believe we remain contractually obligated to make.
We continue to focus on developing new technologies that we believe will contribute to profitable sales growth in the future and do not believe that the cancellation of this program will have a material adverse impact on our future results of operations or cash flows.
Amortization Expense Amortization expense was $513 million in 2010, as compared to $511 million in 2009, an increase of $2 million, or less than one percent.
This non-cash charge is excluded by management for purposes of evaluating operating performance and assessing liquidity.
Amortization expense was $511 million in 2009, as compared to $543 million in 2008, a decrease of $32 million, or six percent.
This decrease was due primarily to the impact of certain Interven

<table><tr><td>Plan category</td><td>(a)    Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights</td><td>(b)    Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights</td><td>(c)      Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a))</td></tr><tr><td>Equity compensation plans approved by security holders</td><td>29,061,549</td><td>13.80</td><td>16,720,238</td></tr><tr><td>Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders -1</td><td>11,754,222</td><td>13.09</td><td>225,609</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>40,815,771</td><td>13.59</td><td>16,945,847</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="5"> Year Ended December 31, 2010</td></tr><tr><td><i>in millions, except per share data</i></td><td>Pre-Tax</td><td>Tax Impact</td><td>After-Tax</td><td>Impact per share</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GAAP results</td><td>$-1,063</td><td>$-2</td><td>$-1,065</td><td>$-0.70</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-GAAP adjustments:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goodwill impairment charge</td><td>1,817</td><td></td><td>1,817</td><td>1.20</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>Intangible asset impairment charges</td><td>65</td><td>-10</td><td>55</td><td>0.03</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>Acquisition-related credits</td><td>-245</td><td>34</td><td>-211</td><td>-0.13</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>Divestiture-related charges</td><td>2</td><td></td><td>2</td><td>0.00</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>Restructuring-related charges</td><td>169</td><td>-48</td><td>121</td><td>0.08</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>Litigation-related net credits</td><td>-104</td><td>27</td><td>-77</td><td>-0.05</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>Discrete tax items</td><td></td><td>-11</td><td>-11</td><td>-0.01</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>Amortization expense</td><td>513</td><td>-93</td><td>420</td><td>0.27</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td> Adjusted results</td><td>$1,154</td><td>$-103</td><td>$1,051</td><td>$0.69</td><td></td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="6"> Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"> 2010</td><td colspan="2"> 2009</td><td colspan="2"> 2008</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> % of Net</td><td></td><td> % of Net</td><td></td><td> % of Net</td></tr><tr><td><i>(in millions)</i></td><td> $</td><td> Sales</td><td> $</td><td> Sales</td><td> $</td><td> Sales</td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative expenses</td><td>2,580</td><td>33.1</td><td>2,635</td><td>32.2</td><td>2,589</td><td>32.2</td></tr><tr><td>Research and development expenses</td><td>939</td><td>12.0</td><td>1,035</td><td>12.6</td><td>1,006</td><td>12.5</td></tr><tr><td>Royalty expense</td><td>185</td><td>2.4</td><td>191</td><td>2.3</td><td>203</td><td>2.5</td></tr></table>

Question: What is the average value of Adjusted results of After-Tax in Table 1 and Royalty expense of $ in 2010? (in million)
Answer: 618