Net cash flows provided by operating activities of $704.4 million for 2016 increased $154.7 million from 2015 due primarily to (1) improved operating performance and (2) lower supplier payments in 2016 compared to 2015, partially offset by (1) the impact of excess tax benefits from stock plans, primarily due to our increased stock price, and (2) an increase in accounts receivable due to increased sales, primarily in the United States.
Net cash flows provided by operating activities of $549.7 million for 2015 decreased $472.6 million from 2014 due primarily to (1) the $750.0 million upfront payment received from Medtronic under a litigation settlement agreement, and (2) a higher bonus payout in 2015 associated with 2014 performance.
These decreases were partially offset by (1) income tax payments of $224.5 million made in 2014 related to the Medtronic settlement, (2) improved operating performance in 2015, and (3) the $50.0 million charitable contribution made in 2014 to the Edwards Lifesciences Foundation.
Net cash used in investing activities of $211.7 million in 2016 consisted primarily of capital expenditures of $176.1 million and $41.3 million for the acquisition of intangible assets.
Net cash used in investing activities of $316.1 million in 2015 consisted primarily of a $320.1 million net payment associated with the acquisition of CardiAQ, and capital expenditures of $102.7 million, partially offset by net proceeds from investments of $119.6 million.
Net cash used in investing activities of $633.0 million in 2014 consisted primarily of net purchases of investments of $527.4 million and capital expenditures of $82.9 million.
Net cash used in financing activities of $268.5 million in 2016 consisted primarily of purchases of treasury stock of $662.3 million, partially offset by (1) net proceeds from the issuance of debt of $222.1 million, (2) proceeds from stock plans of $103.3 million, and (3) the excess tax benefit from stock plans of $64.3 million.
Net cash used in financing activities of $158.6 million in 2015 consisted primarily of purchases of treasury stock of $280.1 million, partially offset by (1) proceeds from stock plans of $87.2 million, and (2) the excess tax benefit from stock plans of $41.3 million.
Net cash used in financing activities of $153.0 million in 2014 consisted primarily of purchases of treasury stock of $300.9 million, partially offset by (1) proceeds from stock plans of $113.3 million, and (2) the excess tax benefit from stock plans of $49.4 million (including the realization of previously unrealized excess tax benefits).
A summary of all of our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2016 were as follows (in millions):
## Table 0 ##
(a) The amount included in ‘‘Less Than 1 Year’’ reflects anticipated contributions to our various pension plans.
Anticipated contributions beyond one year are not determinable.
The total accrued benefit liability for our pension plans recognized as of December 31, 2016 was $50.1 million.
This amount is impacted
Retail income tax return preparation and related services are provided by tax professionals via a system ofretail offices operated directly by us or by franchisees.
We also offer our services through seasonal offices located inside major retailers.
TAX RETURNS PREPARED – We, together with our franchisees, prepared 24.5 million tax returns worldwide during fiscal year 2011, compared to 23.2 million in 2010 and 23.9 million in 2009.
We prepared 21.4 million tax returns in the U. S.  during fiscal year 2011, up from 20.1 million in 2010 and 21.0 million in 2009.
Our U. S.  tax returns prepared, including those prepared by our franchisees and those prepared and filed at no charge, for the 2011 tax season constituted 16.4% of an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) estimate of total individual income tax returns filed during the fiscal year 2011 tax season.
This compares to 15.6% in the 2010 tax season and 15.8% in the 2009 tax season.
See Item 7 for further discussion of changes in the number of tax returns prepared.
FRANCHISES – We offer franchises as a way to expand our presence in certain markets.
Our franchise arrangements provide us with certain rights designed to protect our brand.
Most of our franchisees receive use of our software, access to product offerings and expertise, signs, specialized forms, advertising, initial training and supervisory services, and pay us a percentage, typically approximately 30%, of gross tax return preparation and related service revenues as a franchise royalty in the U. S.  During fiscal years 2011, 2010 and 2009 we sold certain offices to existing franchisees for sales proceeds totaling $65.6 million, $65.7 million and $16.9 million, respectively.
The net gain on these transactions totaled $45.1 million, $49.0 million and $14.9 million in fiscal years 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
The extent to which we sell company-owned offices will depend upon ongoing analysis regarding the optimal mix of offices for our network, including geographic location, as well as our ability to identify qualified franchisees.
From time to time, we have also acquired the territories of existing franchisees and other tax return preparation businesses, and may continue to do so if future conditions warrant and satisfactory terms can be negotiated.
During fiscal year 2009, we acquired the assets and franchise rights of our last major independent franchise operator for an aggregate purchase price of $279.2 million.
OFFICES – A summary of our company-owned and franchise offices is as follows:
## Table 1 ##
(1) Shared locations include offices located within Sears or other third-party businesses.
In 2009, these locations also included offices within Wal-Mart stores.
We sold 280, 267 and 76 company-owned offices to franchisees in fiscal years 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
We closed more than 1,700 offices in fiscal year 2010, including over 1,000 offices in Wal-Mart stores.
The acquisition of our last major independent franchise operator in fiscal year 2009 included a network of over 600 tax offices, nearly two-thirds of which converted to company-owned offices upon the closing of the transaction, as reflected in the table above.
Offices in shared locations at April 30, 2011 and 2010 consist primarily of offices in Sears stores operated as “H&R Block at Sears.
” The Sears license agreement expires in July 2012.
Offices in shared locations at April 30, 2009 included offices in Wal-Mart stores.
The Wal-Mart agreement expired in May 2009.
SERVICE AND PRODUCT OFFERINGS – In addition to our retail offices, we offer a number of digital tax preparation alternatives.
By offering professional and do-it-yourself tax preparation options through multiple channels, we seek to serve our clients in the manner they choose to be served.
We also offer clients a number of options for receiving their income tax refund, including a check directly from the IRS, an electronic deposit directly to their bank account, a prepaid debit card or a RAC.
Software Products.
We develop and market H&R Block At HomeTM income tax preparation software.
H&R Block At HomeTM offers a simple step-by-step tax preparation interview, data imports from money management
foreign tax authorities, which may result in proposed assessments, including assessments of interest and/or penalties.
Our estimate for the potential outcome for any uncertain tax issue is highly subjective and based on our best judgments.
Actualresults may differfrom our current judgments due to a variety of factors, including changes in law, interpretations of law by taxing authorities that differ from our assessments, changes in the jurisdictions in which we operate and results of routine tax examinations.
We believe we have adequately provided for any reasonably foreseeable outcome related to these matters.
However, our future results may include favorable or unfavorable adjustments to our estimated tax liabilities in the period the assessments are made or resolved, or when statutes of limitation on potential assessments expire.
As a result, our effective tax rate may fluctuate on a quarterly basis.
REVENUE RECOGNITION – We have many different revenue sources, each governed by specific revenue recognition policies.
Our revenue recognition policies can be found in Item 8, note 1 to our consolidated financial statements.
FINANCIAL CONDITION CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY – Our sources of capital include cash from operations, cash from customer deposits, issuances of common stock and debt.
We use capital primarily to fund working capital, pay dividends, repurchase treasury shares and acquire businesses.
Our operations are highly seasonal and therefore generally require the use of cash to fund operating losses during the period May through mid-January.
Given the likely availability of a number of liquidity options discussed herein, including borrowing capacity under our CLOC, we believe, that in the absence of any unexpected developments, our existing sources of capital at April 30, 2011 are sufficient to meet our operating needs.
These comments should be read in conjunction with the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of cash flows included in Item 8.
## Table 2 ##
CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES – Cash provided by operations, which consists primarily of cash received from customers, decreased $75.0 million from fiscal year 2010.
Cash payments for representation and warranty obligations of our discontinued mortgage business totaled $61.9 million in fiscal year 2011, compared to $18.4 million in fiscal year 2010 and $36.5 million in fiscal year 2009.
Restricted Cash.
We hold certain cash balances that are restricted as to use.
Cash and cash equivalents – restricted totaled $48.4 million at April 30, 2011, and primarily consisted of cash held by our captive insurance subsidiary that will be used to pay claims.
CASH FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES – Changes in cash provided by investing activities primarily relate to the following: Purchases of Available-for-Sale Securities.
During fiscal year 2011, HRB Bank purchased $138.8 million in mortgage-backed securities forregulatory purposes.
See additional discussion in Item 8, note 4 to the consolidated financial statements.
Mortgage Loans Held for Investment.
We received net proceeds of $58.5 million, $72.8 million and $91.3 million on our mortgage loans held for investment in fiscal years 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
Purchases of Property and Equipment.
Total cash paid for property and equipment was $63.0 million, $90.5 million and $97.9 million for fiscal years 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
Business Acquisitions.
Total cash paid for acquisitions was $54.2 million, $10.5 million and $293.8 million during fiscal years 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.
In July 2010 our Business Services segment acquired Caturano, a Boston-based accounting firm, and cash used in investing activities includes payments totaling $32.6 million related to this acquisition.
See additional discussion in Item 8, note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.
In November 2008, we acquired our last major independent franchise operator for an aggregate purchase price of $279.2 million.
In October 2010, we signed a definitive merger agreement to acquire all of the outstanding shares of 2SS Holdings, Inc.  (“2SS”), developer of TaxACT digital tax preparation solutions, for $287.5 million in cash.
Completion of the transaction is subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including regulatory approval.
In May 2011, the United States Department of Justice (the “DOJ”) filed a civil antitrust lawsuit to block our proposed acquisition of 2SS.
On June 21, 2011, the parties to the merger agreement signed an
A rollforward of our liability for losses on repurchases for fiscal years 2011, 2010 and 2009 is as follows:
## Table 3 ##
There have been no provisions for additional losses included in the income statement since April 30, 2008.
NOTE 19: LITIGATION AND RELATED CONTINGENCIES We are party to investigations, legal claims and lawsuits arising out of our business operations.
As required, we accrue our best estimate of loss contingencies when we believe a loss is probable and we can reasonably estimate the amount of any such loss.
Amounts accrued, including obligations underindemnifications, totaled $70.6 million and $35.5 million at April 30, 2011 and 2010, respectively.
Litigation is inherently unpredictable and it is difficult to project the outcome of particular matters with reasonable certainty and, therefore, the actual amount of any loss may prove to be larger or smaller than the amounts reflected in our consolidated financial statements.
RAL LITIGATION – We have been named in multiple lawsuits as defendants in litigation regarding our refund anticipation loan program in past years.
All of those lawsuits have been settled or otherwise resolved, except for one.
The sole remaining case is a putative class action styled Sandra J.  Basile, et al.
v.  H&R Block, Inc. , et al.
, April Term 1992 Civil Action No.3246 in the Court of Common Pleas, First Judicial District Court of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia County, instituted on April 23, 1993.
The plaintiffs allege inadequate disclosures with respect to the RAL product and assert claims for violation of consumer protection statutes, negligent misrepresentation, breach of fiduciary duty, common law fraud, usury, and violation of the Truth In Lending Act.
Plaintiffs seek unspecified actual and punitive damages, injunctive relief, attorneys’ fees and costs.
A Pennsylvania class was certified, but later decertified by the trial court in December 2003.
An appellate court subsequently reversed the decertification decision.
We are appealing the reversal.
We have not concluded that a loss related to this matter is probable nor have we accrued a loss contingency related to this matter.
Plaintiffs have not provided a dollar amount of their claim and we are not able to estimate a possible range of loss.
We believe we have meritorious defenses to this case and intend to defend it vigorously.
There can be no assurances, however, as to the outcome of this case or its impact on our consolidated results of operations.
EXPRESS IRA LITIGATION – We have been named defendants in lawsuits regarding our former Express IRA product.
All of those lawsuits have been settled or otherwise resolved, except for one.
The one remaining case was filed on January 2, 2008 by the Mississippi Attorney General in the Chancery Court of Hinds County, Mississippi First Judicial District (Case No.
G 2008 6 S 2) and is styled Jim Hood, Attorney for the State of Mississippi v.  H&R Block, Inc. , H&R Block Financial Advisors, Inc. , et al.
The complaint alleges fraudulent business practices, deceptive acts and practices, common law fraud and breach of fiduciary duty with respect to the sale of the product in Mississippi and seeks equitable relief, disgorgement of profits, damages and restitution, civil penalties and punitive damages.
We are not able to estimate a possible range of loss.
We believe we have meritorious defenses to the claims in this case, and we intend to defend this case vigorously, but there can be no assurances as to its outcome or its impact on our consolidated results of operations.
Although we sold H&R Block Financial Advisors, Inc.  (HRBFA) effective November 1, 2008, we remain responsible for any liabilities relating to the Express IRA litigation, among other things, through an indemnification agreement.
A portion of our accrual is related to these indemnity obligations.
RSM McGLADREY LITIGATION – RSM EquiCo, its parent and certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates, are parties to a class action filed on July 11, 2006 and styled Do Right’s Plant Growers, et al.
v.  RSM EquiCo, Inc. , et al.
(the “RSM Parties”), Case No.06 CC00137, in the California Superior Court, Orange County.
The complaint contains allegations relating to business valuation services provided by RSM EquiCo, including allegations of fraud,
lapse of certain restrictions on nonvested shares and the antidilutive effect of stock options and nonvested shares in the first two quarters for those years, as well as the retirement of treasury shares.
## Table 4 ##
NOTE 23: CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS BFC is an indirect, wholly-owned consolidated subsidiary of the Company.
BFC is the Issuer and the Company is the Guarantor of the Senior Notes issued on January 11, 2008 and October 26, 2004, the CLOCs and other indebtedness issued from time to time.
These condensed consolidating financial statements have been prepared using the equity method of accounting.
Earnings of subsidiaries are, therefore, reflected in the Company’s investment in subsidiaries account.
The elimination entries eliminate investments in subsidiaries, related stockholders’ equity and other intercompany balances and transactions.
## Table 5 ##
Year Ended April 30, 2010
## Table 6 ##

<table><tr><td></td><td>Payments Due by Period</td></tr><tr><td>Contractual Obligations</td><td>Total</td><td>Less Than1 Year</td><td>1-3Years</td><td>4-5Years</td><td>After 5Years</td></tr><tr><td>Debt</td><td>$825.0</td><td>$—</td><td>$825.0</td><td>$—</td><td>$—</td></tr><tr><td>Operating leases</td><td>72.6</td><td>22.3</td><td>24.9</td><td>8.8</td><td>16.6</td></tr><tr><td>Interest on debt</td><td>30.8</td><td>16.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Pension obligations (a)</td><td>6.1</td><td>6.1</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Capital commitment obligations (b)</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.3</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Purchase and other commitments</td><td>16.4</td><td>13.7</td><td>2.7</td><td>—</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Total contractual cash obligations (c), (d)</td><td>$951.5</td><td>$58.8</td><td>$867.3</td><td>$8.8</td><td>$16.6</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>April 30,</td><td> 2011</td><td>2010</td><td>2009</td></tr><tr><td> U.S. OFFICES:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Company-owned offices</td><td> 5,921</td><td>6,431</td><td>7,029</td></tr><tr><td>Company-owned shared locations<sup>-1</sup></td><td> 572</td><td>760</td><td>1,542</td></tr><tr><td>Total company-owned offices</td><td> 6,493</td><td>7,191</td><td>8,571</td></tr><tr><td>Franchise offices</td><td> 4,178</td><td>3,909</td><td>3,565</td></tr><tr><td>Franchise shared locations<sup>-1</sup></td><td> 397</td><td>406</td><td>787</td></tr><tr><td>Total franchise offices</td><td> 4,575</td><td>4,315</td><td>4,352</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 11,068</td><td>11,506</td><td>12,923</td></tr><tr><td> INTERNATIONAL OFFICES:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Canada</td><td> 1,324</td><td>1,269</td><td>1,193</td></tr><tr><td>Australia</td><td> 384</td><td>374</td><td>378</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 1,708</td><td>1,643</td><td>1,571</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Year Ended April 30,</td><td>2011</td><td>2010</td><td>(in 000s) 2009</td></tr><tr><td>Net cash provided by (used in):</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Operating activities</td><td>$512,503</td><td>$587,469</td><td>$1,024,439</td></tr><tr><td>Investing activities</td><td>-110,157</td><td>31,353</td><td>5,560</td></tr><tr><td>Financing activities</td><td>-534,391</td><td>-481,118</td><td>-40,233</td></tr><tr><td>Effect of exchange rates on cash</td><td>5,844</td><td>11,678</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>Net change in cash and cash equivalents</td><td>$-126,201</td><td>$149,382</td><td>$989,766</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Year Ended April 30,</td><td>2011</td><td>2010</td><td>(in 000s) 2009</td></tr><tr><td>Balance as of May 1:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amount related to repurchase and indemnifications</td><td>$138,415</td><td>$156,659</td><td>$193,066</td></tr><tr><td>Amount related to indemnity agreement dated April 2008</td><td>49,785</td><td>49,936</td><td>50,000</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>188,200</td><td>206,595</td><td>243,066</td></tr><tr><td>Changes:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Provisions</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>Losses on repurchase and indemnifications</td><td>-12,155</td><td>-18,244</td><td>-36,407</td></tr><tr><td>Payments under indemnity agreement dated April 2008</td><td>-49,785</td><td>-151</td><td>-64</td></tr><tr><td>Balance as of April 30:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amount related to repurchase and indemnifications</td><td>126,260</td><td>138,415</td><td>156,659</td></tr><tr><td>Amount related to indemnity agreement dated April 2008</td><td>–</td><td>49,785</td><td>49,936</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$126,260</td><td>$188,200</td><td>$206,595</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td>Fiscal Year</td><td>Fourth Quarter</td><td>Third Quarter</td><td>Second Quarter</td><td>First Quarter</td></tr><tr><td>FISCAL YEAR 2011:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dividends paid per share</td><td>$0.60</td><td>$0.15</td><td>$0.15</td><td>$0.15</td><td>$0.15</td></tr><tr><td>Stock price range:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High</td><td>$18.99</td><td>$18.00</td><td>$13.79</td><td>$15.97</td><td>$18.99</td></tr><tr><td>Low</td><td>10.13</td><td>12.46</td><td>11.15</td><td>10.13</td><td>13.44</td></tr><tr><td>FISCAL YEAR 2010:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dividends paid per share</td><td>$0.60</td><td>$0.15</td><td>$0.15</td><td>$0.15</td><td>$0.15</td></tr><tr><td>Stock price range:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High</td><td>$23.23</td><td>$21.84</td><td>$23.23</td><td>$20.00</td><td>$17.85</td></tr><tr><td>Low</td><td>13.73</td><td>15.90</td><td>18.10</td><td>16.41</td><td>13.73</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Year Ended April 30, 2011</td><td>H&R Block, Inc. (Guarantor)</td><td>BFC (Issuer)</td><td>Other Subsidiaries</td><td>Elims</td><td>Consolidated H&R Block</td></tr><tr><td>Total revenues</td><td>$–</td><td>$251,521</td><td>$3,522,775</td><td>$–</td><td>$3,774,296</td></tr><tr><td>Cost of revenues</td><td>–</td><td>277,099</td><td>2,137,491</td><td>–</td><td>2,414,590</td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative</td><td>–</td><td>31,914</td><td>662,222</td><td>–</td><td>694,136</td></tr><tr><td>Total expenses</td><td>–</td><td>309,013</td><td>2,799,713</td><td>–</td><td>3,108,726</td></tr><tr><td>Operating income (loss)</td><td>–</td><td>-57,492</td><td>723,062</td><td>–</td><td>665,570</td></tr><tr><td>Other income, net</td><td>677,025</td><td>5,503</td><td>5,952</td><td>-677,025</td><td>11,455</td></tr><tr><td>Income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes (benefit)</td><td>677,025</td><td>-51,989</td><td>729,014</td><td>-677,025</td><td>677,025</td></tr><tr><td>Income taxes (benefit)</td><td>257,620</td><td>-27,774</td><td>285,394</td><td>-257,620</td><td>257,620</td></tr><tr><td>Net income (loss) from continuing operations</td><td>419,405</td><td>-24,215</td><td>443,620</td><td>-419,405</td><td>419,405</td></tr><tr><td>Net loss from discontinued operations</td><td>-13,295</td><td>-12,417</td><td>-878</td><td>13,295</td><td>-13,295</td></tr><tr><td>Net income (loss)</td><td>$406,110</td><td>$-36,632</td><td>$442,742</td><td>$-406,110</td><td>$406,110</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>Year Ended April 30, 2010</td><td>H&R Block, Inc. (Guarantor)</td><td>BFC (Issuer)</td><td>Other Subsidiaries</td><td>Elims</td><td>Consolidated H&R Block</td></tr><tr><td>Total revenues</td><td>$–</td><td>$271,704</td><td>$3,602,721</td><td>$-93</td><td>$3,874,332</td></tr><tr><td>Cost of revenues</td><td>–</td><td>257,245</td><td>2,210,868</td><td>-117</td><td>2,467,996</td></tr><tr><td>Selling, general and administrative</td><td>–</td><td>36,946</td><td>594,646</td><td>-93</td><td>631,499</td></tr><tr><td>Total expenses</td><td>–</td><td>294,191</td><td>2,805,514</td><td>-210</td><td>3,099,495</td></tr><tr><td>Operating income (loss)</td><td>–</td><td>-22,487</td><td>797,207</td><td>117</td><td>774,837</td></tr><tr><td>Other income, net</td><td>784,135</td><td>5,644</td><td>3,771</td><td>-784,252</td><td>9,298</td></tr><tr><td>Income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes (benefit)</td><td>784,135</td><td>-16,843</td><td>800,978</td><td>-784,135</td><td>784,135</td></tr><tr><td>Income taxes (benefit)</td><td>295,189</td><td>-6,368</td><td>301,557</td><td>-295,189</td><td>295,189</td></tr><tr><td>Net income (loss) from continuing operations</td><td>488,946</td><td>-10,475</td><td>499,421</td><td>-488,946</td><td>488,946</td></tr><tr><td>Net loss from discontinued operations</td><td>-9,704</td><td>-5,276</td><td>-4,428</td><td>9,704</td><td>-9,704</td></tr><tr><td>Net income (loss)</td><td>$479,242</td><td>$-15,751</td><td>$494,993</td><td>$-479,242</td><td>$479,242</td></tr></table>

Question: What is the sum of the Income taxes (benefit) in the years where Other income, net is positive?
Answer: 590378