Consumer Foods net sales decreased $94 million for the year to $6.5 billion.
Sales volume declined by 1% in fiscal 2006, principally due to declines in certain shelf stable brands.
Sales of the Company’s top thirty brands, which represented approximately 83% of total segment sales during fiscal 2006, were flat as a group, as sales of some of the Company’s most significant brands, including Chef Boyardee?, Marie Callender’s?, Orville Redenbacher’s?, Slim Jim?, Hebrew National?, Kid Cuisine?, Reddi-Wip?, VanCamp?, Libby’s?, LaChoy?, The Max?, Manwich?, David’s?, Ro*Tel?, Angela Mia?, and Mama Rosa?
grew in fiscal 2006, but were largely offset by sales declines for the year for Hunt’s?, Wesson?, Act II?, Snack Pack?, Swiss Miss?, PAM?, Egg Beaters?, Blue Bonnet?, Parkay?, and Rosarita?.
Food and Ingredients net sales increased $203 million to $3.2 billion, primarily reflecting price increases driven by higher input costs for potato, wheat milling, and dehydrated vegetable operations.
Net sales were also impacted, to a lesser degree, by a 4% increase in potato products volume compared to the prior year.
Trading and Merchandising net sales decreased $38 million to $1.2 billion.
The decrease resulted principally from lower grain and edible bean merchandising volume resulting from the divestment or closure of various locations.
International Foods net sales increased $27 million to $603 million.
The strengthening of foreign currencies relative to the U. S.  dollar accounted for $24 million of the increase.
Overall volume growth was modest as the 10% volume growth from the top six International brands (Orville Redenbacher’s?, Act II?, Snack Pack?, Chef Boyardee?, Hunt’s?, and PAM?
), which account for 55% of total segment sales, was offset by sales declines related to the discontinuance of a number of low margin products.
Gross Profit (Net Sales less Cost of Goods Sold) ($ in millions)
## Table 0 ##
The Company’s gross profit for fiscal 2006 was $2.8 billion, a decrease of $11 million from the prior year, as improvements in the Foods and Ingredients and International Foods segments were more than offset by declines in the Consumer Foods and Trading and Merchandising segments.
Gross profit includes $20 million of costs associated with the Company’s restructuring plans in fiscal 2006, and $17 million of costs incurred to implement the Company’s operational efficiency initiatives in fiscal 2005.
Consumer Foods gross profit for fiscal 2006 was $1.8 billion, a decrease of $48 million from fiscal 2005, driven principally by a 2% decline in sales volumes.
Fiscal 2006 gross profit includes $20 million of costs related to the Company’s restructuring plan, and fiscal 2005 gross profit includes $16 million of costs related to implementing the Company’s operational efficiency initiatives.
Gross profit was negatively impacted by increased costs of fuel and energy, transportation and warehousing, steel, and other packaging materials in both fiscal 2006 and 2005.
Food and Ingredients gross profit for fiscal 2006 was $538 million, an increase of $26 million over the prior year.
The gross profit improvement was driven almost entirely by the vegetable processing and dehydration businesses (including potatoes, garlic, onions, and chili peppers) as a result of higher volume (both domestic and export), increased value-added sales mix and pricing improvements partially offset by higher raw product and conversion costs.
The following table sets forth the change in valuation allowances for our commercial mortgage and other loan portfolio as of the dates indicated.
## Table 1 ##
Financial Services Businesses included $143 million related to loan specific reserves and $190 million related to the portfolio reserve for probable incurred but not specifically identified losses.
As of December 31, 2009, the $410 million valuation allowance for our commercial mortgage and other loan portfolio attributable to the Financial Services Businesses included $162 million related to loan specific reserves and $248 million related to the portfolio reserve for probable incurred but not specifically identified losses.
As of December 31, 2010, the $102 million valuation allowance for our commercial mortgage and other loan portfolio attributable to the Closed Block Business included $17 million related to loan specific reserves and $85 million related to the portfolio reserve for probable incurred but not specifically identified losses.
As of December 31, 2009, the $124 million valuation allowance for our commercial mortgage and other loan portfolio attributable to the Closed Block Business included $13 million related to loan specific reserves and $111 million related to the portfolio reserve for probable incurred but not specifically identified losses.
The decrease in the allowance for both the Financial Services Businesses and the Closed Block Business primarily reflects positive credit migration for certain mortgages.
Equity Securities Investment Mix The equity securities attributable to the Financial Services Businesses consist principally of investments in common and preferred stock of publicly-traded companies, as well as mutual fund shares and perpetual preferred securities, as discussed below.
The following table sets forth the composition of our equity securities portfolio attributable to the Financial Services Businesses and the associated gross unrealized gains and losses as of the dates indicated.
Equity Securities—Financial Services Businesses
## Table 2 ##
(1) These securities have characteristics of both debt and equity securities.
(2) Includes mutual fund shares representing our interest in the underlying assets of certain of our separate account investments supporting corporate-owned life insurance.
These mutual funds invest primarily in high yield bonds.
(3) Hedge funds and other alternative investments are included in “Other long-term investments.
”
PRUDENTIAL FINANCIAL, INC.  Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 11.
CERTAIN NONTRADITIONAL LONG-DURATION CONTRACTS The Company issues traditional variable annuity contracts through its separate accounts for which investment income and investment gains and losses accrue directly to, and investment risk is borne by, the contractholder.
The Company also issues variable annuity contracts with general and separate account options where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a return of no less than (1) total deposits made to the contract less any partial withdrawals (“return of net deposits”), (2) total deposits made to the contract less any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return (“minimum return”), or (3) the highest contract value on a specified date minus any withdrawals (“contract value”).
These guarantees include benefits that are payable in the event of death, annuitization or at specified dates during the accumulation period and withdrawal and income benefits payable during specified periods.
The Company also issues annuity contracts with market value adjusted investment options (“MVAs”), which provide for a return of principal plus a fixed rate of return if held to maturity, or, alternatively, a “market adjusted value” if surrendered prior to maturity or if funds are reallocated to other investment options.
The market value adjustment may result in a gain or loss to the Company, depending on crediting rates or an indexed rate at surrender, as applicable.
In addition, the Company issues variable life, variable universal life and universal life contracts where the Company contractually guarantees to the contractholder a death benefit even when there is insufficient value to cover monthly mortality and expense charges, whereas otherwise the contract would typically lapse (“no lapse guarantee”).
Variable life and variable universal life contracts are offered with general and separate account options.
The assets supporting the variable portion of both traditional variable annuities and certain variable contracts with guarantees are carried at fair value and reported as “Separate account assets” with an equivalent amount reported as “Separate account liabilities.
” Amounts assessed against the contractholders for mortality, administration, and other services are included within revenue in “Policy charges and fee income” and changes in liabilities for minimum guarantees are generally included in “Policyholders’ benefits.
” In 2010, 2009 and 2008, there were no gains or losses on transfers of assets from the general account to a separate account.
For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the current guaranteed minimum death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date.
The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including equity market returns, contract lapses and contractholder mortality.
For guarantees of benefits that are payable at annuitization, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the present value of the minimum guaranteed annuity payments available to the contractholder determined in accordance with the terms of the contract in excess of the current account balance.
The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including equity market returns, timing of annuitization, contract lapses and contractholder mortality.
For guarantees of benefits that are payable at withdrawal, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the present value of the minimum guaranteed withdrawal payments available to the contractholder determined in accordance with the terms of the contract in excess of the current account balance.
For guarantees of accumulation balances, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the guaranteed minimum accumulation balance minus the current account balance.
The Company’s primary risk exposures for these contracts relates to actual deviations from, or changes to, the assumptions used in the original pricing of these products, including equity market returns, interest rates, market volatility or contractholder behavior used in the original pricing of these products.
The Company’s contracts with guarantees may offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract; therefore, the amounts listed may not be mutually exclusive.
The liabilities related to the net amount at risk are reflected within “Future policy benefits.
” As of December 31, 2010 and 2009, the Company had the following guarantees associated with these contracts, by product and guarantee type:
## Table 3 ##
(1) Includes income and withdrawal benefits as described herein.
projected return across all contract groups is 7.1% per annum as of December 31, 2010, or 1.8% per quarter.
Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2008 and continuing through the fourth quarter of 2010, the projected near-term future annual rate of return calculated using the reversion to the mean approach for some contract groups was greater than our maximum future rate of return assumption across all asset types for this business.
In those cases, we utilize the maximum future rate of return over the four year period, thereby limiting the impact of the reversion to the mean on our estimate of total gross profits.
The near-term blended maximum future rate of return, for these impacted contract groups, under the reversion to the mean approach is 9.6% at the end of 2010.
Included in the blended maximum future rate are assumptions for returns on various asset classes, including a 5.7% annual weighted average rate of return on fixed income investments and a 13% annual maximum rate of return on equity investments.
Further or continued market volatility could result in additional market value changes within our separate account assets and corresponding changes to our gross profits, as well as additional adjustments to the amortization of deferred policy acquisition and other costs, and the costs relating to the reserves for the guaranteed minimum death and income benefit features of our variable annuity products.
Given that the estimates of future gross profits are based upon our maximum future rate of return assumption for some contract groups, all else being equal, future rates of return higher than the above mentioned future projected four year return of 7.1%, but less than the maximum future rate of return of 9.6%, may still result in increases in the amortization of deferred policy acquisition and other costs, and the costs relating to the reserves for the guaranteed minimum death and income benefit features of our variable annuity products.
The $68 million benefit for 2010 and the $97 million benefit for 2009 for the quarterly adjustments for current period experience and other updates shown in the table above primarily reflect the impact of differences between actual gross profits for the period and the previously estimated expected gross profits for the period, as well as an update for current and future expected claims costs associated with the guaranteed minimum death and income benefit features of our variable annuity products.
To the extent each period’s actual experience differs from the previous estimate for that period, the assumed level of total gross profits may change, and a cumulative adjustment to previous periods’ amortization, also referred to as an experience true-up adjustment, may be required in the current period.
This adjustment to previous periods’ amortization is in addition to the direct impact of actual gross profits on current period amortization and the market performance related adjustment to our estimates of gross profits for future periods.
The experience true-up adjustments for deferred policy acquisition and other costs for 2010 reflect a reduction in amortization due to better than expected gross profits, resulting primarily from higher than expected fee income.
The adjustment for the reserves for the guaranteed minimum death and income benefit features of our variable annuity products in 2010 primarily reflects a reserve decrease driven by lower than expected actual contract guarantee claim costs, more favorable lapse experience, and higher than expected fee income.
The experience true-up adjustments for deferred policy acquisition and other costs for 2009 reflect a reduction in amortization due to better than expected gross profits.
The adjustment for the reserves for the guaranteed minimum death and income benefit features of our variable annuity products in 2009 primarily reflects higher than expected fee income due to market value increases, partially offset by higher than expected actual contract guarantee claims costs due to lower than expected lapses.2009 to 2008 Annual Comparison.
Adjusted operating income increased $1,647 million, from a loss of $890 million in 2008 to income of $757 million in 2009.
As shown in the following table, adjusted operating income for 2009 included $379 million of benefits related to adjustments to the reserves for the guaranteed minimum death and income benefit features of our variable annuity products and to our estimate of total gross profits used as a basis for amortizing deferred policy acquisition and other costs, compared to $1,334 million of charges included in 2008, resulting in a $1,713 million favorable variance.

<table><tr><td>Reporting Segment</td><td>Fiscal 2006 Gross Profit</td><td>Fiscal 2005 Gross Profit</td><td>% Increase/ (Decrease)</td></tr><tr><td>Consumer Foods</td><td>$1,842</td><td>$1,890</td><td>-3%</td></tr><tr><td>Food and Ingredients</td><td>538</td><td>512</td><td>5%</td></tr><tr><td>Trading and Merchandising</td><td>278</td><td>282</td><td>-1%</td></tr><tr><td>International Foods</td><td>165</td><td>150</td><td>10%</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$2,823</td><td>$2,834</td><td>—%</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2">December 31, 2010</td><td colspan="2">December 31, 2009</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Financial Services Businesses</td><td>Closed Block Business</td><td>Financial Services Businesses</td><td>Closed Block Business</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="4">(in millions)</td></tr><tr><td>Allowance, beginning of year</td><td>$410</td><td>$124</td><td>$153</td><td>$58</td></tr><tr><td>Addition to/(release of) allowance for losses</td><td>-78</td><td>-22</td><td>335</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>Charge-offs, net of recoveries</td><td>-1</td><td>0</td><td>-81</td><td>-20</td></tr><tr><td>Change in foreign exchange</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Allowance, end of period</td><td>$333</td><td>$102</td><td>$410</td><td>$124</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td rowspan="3"></td><td colspan="4"> December 31, 2010</td><td colspan="4"> December 31, 2009</td></tr><tr><td> Cost</td><td> Gross Unrealized Gains</td><td> Gross Unrealized Losses</td><td> Fair Value</td><td> Cost</td><td> Gross Unrealized Gains</td><td> Gross Unrealized Losses</td><td> Fair Value</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td colspan="3">(in millions)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Public Equity</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Perpetual preferred stocks-1</td><td>$249</td><td>$19</td><td>$14</td><td>$254</td><td>$398</td><td>$21</td><td>$20</td><td>$399</td></tr><tr><td>Non-redeemable preferred stocks</td><td>9</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>13</td><td>10</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Mutual fund common stocks-2</td><td>1,592</td><td>462</td><td>0</td><td>2,054</td><td>1,394</td><td>371</td><td>0</td><td>1,765</td></tr><tr><td>Other common stocks</td><td>1,267</td><td>112</td><td>44</td><td>1,335</td><td>1,177</td><td>45</td><td>96</td><td>1,126</td></tr><tr><td>Total public equity</td><td>3,117</td><td>597</td><td>58</td><td>3,656</td><td>2,979</td><td>440</td><td>117</td><td>3,302</td></tr><tr><td> Private Equity</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Perpetual preferred stocks-1</td><td>449</td><td>15</td><td>16</td><td>448</td><td>432</td><td>11</td><td>39</td><td>404</td></tr><tr><td>Non-redeemable preferred stocks</td><td>15</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>10</td><td>20</td><td>32</td><td>0</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Common stock</td><td>12</td><td>10</td><td>1</td><td>21</td><td>17</td><td>23</td><td>0</td><td>40</td></tr><tr><td>Total private equity-3</td><td>476</td><td>25</td><td>22</td><td>479</td><td>469</td><td>66</td><td>39</td><td>496</td></tr><tr><td>Total equity</td><td>$3,593</td><td>$622</td><td>$80</td><td>$4,135</td><td>$3,448</td><td>$506</td><td>$156</td><td>$3,798</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td></td><td colspan="2"> December 31, 2010</td><td colspan="2"> December 31, 2009</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> In the Event of Death</td><td> At Annuitization/ Accumulation-1</td><td> In the Event of Death</td><td> At Annuitization/ Accumulation-1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td colspan="4"> ($ in millions)</td></tr><tr><td> Variable Annuity Contracts</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> <i>Return of net deposits</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Account value</td><td>$69,982</td><td>$ 24</td><td>$51,106</td><td>$ 26</td></tr><tr><td>Net amount at risk</td><td>$ 1,132</td><td>$ 6</td><td>$ 2,707</td><td>$ 2</td></tr><tr><td>Average attained age of contractholders</td><td>61 years</td><td>67 years</td><td>61 years</td><td>66 years</td></tr><tr><td> <i>Minimum return or contract value</i></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Account value</td><td>$29,743</td><td>$75,743</td><td>$26,246</td><td>$52,923</td></tr><tr><td>Net amount at risk</td><td>$ 4,327</td><td>$ 3,047</td><td>$ 5,890</td><td>$ 3,863</td></tr><tr><td>Average attained age of contractholders</td><td>65 years</td><td>61 years</td><td>65 years</td><td>61 years</td></tr><tr><td>Average period remaining until earliest expected annuitization</td><td>N/A</td><td>2 years</td><td>N/A</td><td>3 years</td></tr></table>

Question: What was the total amount of financial services businesses in 2009 ? (in million)
Answer: 410