The Company has elected the fair-value option where the interest-rate risk of such liabilities is economically hedged with derivative contracts or the proceeds are used to purchase financial assets that will also be accounted for at fair value through earnings.
The election has been made to mitigate accounting mismatches and to achieve operational simplifications.
These positions are reported in Short-term borrowings and Long-term debt on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet.
The majority of these non-structured liabilities are a result of the Company’s election of the fair-value option for liabilities associated with the Citi-advised Structured Investment Vehicles (SIVs), which were consolidated during the fourth quarter of 2007.
The change in fair values of the SIVs’ liabilities reported in earnings was $2.6 billion for the year ended December 31, 2008.
For these non-structured liabilities the aggregate fair value is $263 million lower than the aggregate unpaid principal balance as of December 31, 2008.
For all other non-structured liabilities classified as Long-term debt for which the fair-value option has been elected, the aggregate unpaid principal balance exceeds the aggregate fair value of such instruments by $97 million as of December 31, 2008 while the aggregate fair value exceeded the aggregate unpaid principal by $112 million as of December 31, 2007.
The change in fair value of these non-structured liabilities reported a gain of $1.2 billion for the year ended December 31, 2008.
The change in fair value for these non-structured liabilities is reported in Principal transactions in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income.
Related interest expense continues to be measured based on the contractual interest rates and reported as such in the Consolidated Income Statement.
Certain mortgage loans Citigroup has elected the fair-value option for certain purchased and originated prime fixed-rate and conforming adjustable-rate first mortgage loans held-forsale.
These loans are intended for sale or securitization and are hedged with derivative instruments.
The Company has elected the fair-value option to mitigate accounting mismatches in cases where hedge accounting is complex and to achieve operational simplifications.
The fair-value option was not elected for loans held-for-investment, as those loans are not hedged with derivative instruments.
This election was effective for applicable instruments originated or purchased on or after September 1, 2007.
The following table provides information about certain mortgage loans carried at fair value:
## Table 0 ##
The changes in fair values of these mortgage loans is reported in Other revenue in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income.
The changes in fair value during the year ended December 31, 2008 due to instrumentspecific credit risk resulted in a $32 million loss.
The change in fair value during 2007 due to instrument-specific credit risk was immaterial.
Related interest income continues to be measured based on the contractual interest rates and reported as such in the Consolidated Income Statement.
Items selected for fair-value accounting in accordance with SFAS 155 and SFAS 156 Certain hybrid financial instruments The Company has elected to apply fair-value accounting under SFAS 155 for certain hybrid financial assets and liabilities whose performance is linked to risks other than interest rate, foreign exchange or inflation (e. g. , equity, credit or commodity risks).
In addition, the Company has elected fair-value accounting under SFAS 155 for residual interests retained from securitizing certain financial assets.
The Company has elected fair-value accounting for these instruments because these exposures are considered to be trading-related positions and, therefore, are managed on a fair-value basis.
In addition, the accounting for these instruments is simplified under a fair-value approach as it eliminates the complicated operational requirements of bifurcating the embedded derivatives from the host contracts and accounting for each separately.
The hybrid financial instruments are classified as Trading account assets, Loans, Deposits, Trading account liabilities (for prepaid derivatives), Short-term borrowings or Long-Term Debt on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet according to their legal form, while residual interests in certain securitizations are classified as Trading account assets.
For hybrid financial instruments for which fair-value accounting has been elected under SFAS 155 and that are classified as Long-term debt, the aggregate unpaid principal exceeds the aggregate fair value by $1.9 billion as of December 31, 2008, while the aggregate fair value exceeds the aggregate unpaid principal balance by $460 million as of December 31, 2007.
The difference for those instruments classified as Loans is immaterial.
Changes in fair value for hybrid financial instruments, which in most cases includes a component for accrued interest, are recorded in Principal transactions in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income.
Interest accruals for certain hybrid instruments classified as trading assets are recorded separately from the change in fair value as Interest revenue in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income.
Mortgage servicing rights The Company accounts for mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) at fair value in accordance with SFAS 156.
Fair value for MSRs is determined using an option-adjusted spread valuation approach.
This approach consists of projecting servicing cash flows under multiple interest-rate scenarios and discounting these cash flows using risk-adjusted rates.
The model assumptions used in the valuation of MSRs include mortgage prepayment speeds and discount rates.
The fair value of MSRs is primarily affected by changes in prepayments that result from shifts in mortgage interest rates.
In managing this risk, the Company hedges a significant portion of the values of its MSRs through the use of interest-rate derivative contracts, forwardpurchase commitments of mortgage-backed securities, and purchased securities classified as trading.
See Note 23 on page 175 for further discussions regarding the accounting and reporting of MSRs.
These MSRs, which totaled $5.7 billion and $8.4 billion as of December 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, respectively, are classified as Mortgage servicing rights on Citigroup’s Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Changes in fair value of MSRs are recorded in Commissions and fees in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income.
NORTH AMERICA GCB North America GCB provides traditional retail banking, including commercial banking, Citi-branded cards products and Citi retail services card products to retail customers and small to mid-size businesses, as applicable, in the U. S.  North America GCB鈥檚 U. S.  cards product portfolio includes its proprietary portfolio (including the Citi Double Cash, Thank You and Value cards) and co-branded cards (including, among others, American Airlines and Costco) within Citi-branded cards, as well as its co-brand and private label relationships (including, among others, Sears, The Home Depot, Best Buy and Macy鈥檚) within Citi retail services.
As of December 31, 2018, North America GCB鈥檚 689 retail bank branches were concentrated in the six key metropolitan areas of New York, Chicago, Miami, Washington, D. C. , Los Angeles and San Francisco.
Also as of December 31, 2018, North America GCB had approximately 9.1聽million retail banking customer accounts, $56.8 billion in retail banking loans and $181.2聽billion in deposits.
In addition, North America GCB had approximately 121聽million Citi-branded and Citi retail services credit card accounts with $144.5 billion in outstanding card loan balances.
## Table 1 ##
HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued) Note 15: Retirement and Post-Retirement Benefit Plans (Continued) obligations are equal to the plan assets and are recognized as an offset to the Retirement Plan when HP calculates its defined benefit pension cost and obligations.
The fair value of plan assets and projected benefit obligations for the U. S.  defined benefit plans combined with the DPSP as of the September 30 measurement date is as follows for the following fiscal years ended October 31:
## Table 2 ##
Post-Retirement Benefit Plans Through fiscal 2005, substantially all of HP’s U. S.  employees at December 31, 2002 could become eligible for partially subsidized retiree medical benefits and retiree life insurance benefits under the Pre-2003 HP Retiree Medical Program (the ‘‘Pre-2003 Program’’) and certain other retiree medical programs.
Plan participants in the Pre-2003 Program make contributions based on their choice of medical option and length of service.
U. S.  employees hired or rehired on or after January 1, 2003 may be eligible to participate in a post-retirement medical plan, the HP Retiree Medical Program but must bear the full cost of their participation.
Effective January 1, 2006, employees whose combination of age and years of service was less than 62 no longer will be eligible for the subsidized Pre-2003 Program, but instead will be eligible for the HP Retiree Medical Program.
Employees no longer eligible for the Pre-2003 Program, as well as employees hired on or after January 1, 2003, are eligible for certain credits under the HP Retirement Medical Savings Account Plan (‘‘RMSA Plan’’) upon attaining age 45.
Upon retirement, former employees may use credits under the RMSA Plan for the reimbursement of certain eligible medical expenses, including premiums required for participation in the HP Retiree Medical Program.
Defined Contribution Plans HP offers various defined contribution plans for U. S.  and non-U.
S.  employees.
Total defined contribution expense was $430 million in fiscal 2006, $422 million in fiscal 2005 and $405 million in fiscal 2004.
U. S.  employees are automatically enrolled in the Hewlett-Packard Company 401(k) Plan (the ‘‘HP 401(k) Plan’’) when they meet eligibility requirements, unless they decline participation.
On May 3, 2002, HP assumed sponsorship of the Compaq Computer Corporation 401(k) Investment Plan (the ‘‘Compaq 401(k) Plan’’).
Effective January 1, 2004, HP merged the Compaq 401(k) Plan into the HP 401(k) Plan.
During fiscal 2006, HP matched employee contributions to the HP 401(k) Plan with cash contributions up to a maximum of 6% of eligible compensation.
Effective January 1, 2006 newly-hired employees, rehired employees and employees who are no longer eligible to participate in defined benefit plans were eligible for a 6% HP matching contribution.
Effective January 31, 2004, HP designated the HP Stock Fund, an investment option under the HP 401(k) Plan, as an Employee Stock Ownership Plan and, as a result, participants in the HP Stock Fund

<table><tr><td><i>In millions of dollars</i></td><td>December 31, 2008</td><td>December 31, 2007</td></tr><tr><td>Carrying amount reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet</td><td>$4,273</td><td>$6,392</td></tr><tr><td>Aggregate fair value in excess of unpaid principal balance</td><td>$138</td><td>$136</td></tr><tr><td>Balance on non-accrual loans or loans more than 90 days past due</td><td>$9</td><td>$17</td></tr><tr><td>Aggregate unpaid principal balance in excess of fair value for non-accrual loans or loans more than 90 days pastdue</td><td>$2</td><td>$—</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td>In millions of dollars, except as otherwise noted</td><td>2018</td><td>2017</td><td>2016</td><td>% Change2018 vs. 2017</td><td>% Change2017 vs. 2016</td></tr><tr><td>Net interest revenue</td><td>$19,621</td><td>$18,879</td><td>$18,131</td><td>4%</td><td>4%</td></tr><tr><td>Non-interest revenue</td><td>923</td><td>1,391</td><td>1,633</td><td>-34</td><td>-15</td></tr><tr><td>Total revenues, net of interest expense</td><td>$20,544</td><td>$20,270</td><td>$19,764</td><td>1%</td><td>3%</td></tr><tr><td>Total operating expenses</td><td>$10,631</td><td>$10,245</td><td>$10,067</td><td>4%</td><td>2%</td></tr><tr><td>Net credit losses</td><td>$5,097</td><td>$4,796</td><td>$3,919</td><td>6%</td><td>22%</td></tr><tr><td>Credit reserve build</td><td>438</td><td>869</td><td>653</td><td>-50</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for unfunded lending commitments</td><td>—</td><td>4</td><td>6</td><td>-100</td><td>-33</td></tr><tr><td>Provision for benefits and claims</td><td>22</td><td>33</td><td>34</td><td>-33</td><td>-3</td></tr><tr><td>Provisions for credit losses and for benefits and claims</td><td>$5,557</td><td>$5,702</td><td>$4,612</td><td>-3%</td><td>24%</td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations before taxes</td><td>$4,356</td><td>$4,323</td><td>$5,085</td><td>1%</td><td>-15%</td></tr><tr><td>Income taxes</td><td>1,016</td><td>2,333</td><td>1,846</td><td>-56</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations</td><td>$3,340</td><td>$1,990</td><td>$3,239</td><td>68%</td><td>-39%</td></tr><tr><td>Noncontrolling interests</td><td>—</td><td>-1</td><td>-2</td><td>100</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Net income</td><td>$3,340</td><td>$1,991</td><td>$3,241</td><td>68%</td><td>-39%</td></tr><tr><td>Balance Sheet data and ratios(in billions of dollars)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Average assets</td><td>$249</td><td>$248</td><td>$229</td><td>—%</td><td>8%</td></tr><tr><td>Return on average assets</td><td>1.34%</td><td>0.80%</td><td>1.42%</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Efficiency ratio</td><td>52</td><td>51</td><td>51</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Average deposits</td><td>$180.4</td><td>$184.1</td><td>$183.2</td><td>-2</td><td>—</td></tr><tr><td>Net credit losses as a percentage of average loans</td><td>2.66%</td><td>2.58%</td><td>2.29%</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Revenue by business</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Retail banking</td><td>$5,315</td><td>$5,264</td><td>$5,227</td><td>1%</td><td>1%</td></tr><tr><td>Citi-branded cards</td><td>8,628</td><td>8,579</td><td>8,150</td><td>1</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Citi retail services</td><td>6,601</td><td>6,427</td><td>6,387</td><td>3</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$20,544</td><td>$20,270</td><td>$19,764</td><td>1%</td><td>3%</td></tr><tr><td>Income from continuing operations by business</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Retail banking</td><td>$565</td><td>$412</td><td>$534</td><td>37%</td><td>-23%</td></tr><tr><td>Citi-branded cards</td><td>1,581</td><td>1,009</td><td>1,441</td><td>57</td><td>-30</td></tr><tr><td>Citi retail services</td><td>1,194</td><td>569</td><td>1,264</td><td>NM</td><td>-55</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$3,340</td><td>$1,990</td><td>$3,239</td><td>68%</td><td>-39%</td></tr></table>
<table><tr><td> </td><td colspan="2"> 2006</td><td colspan="2"> 2005</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> Plan Assets</td><td> Projected Benefit Obligation</td><td> Plan Assets</td><td> Projected Benefit Obligation</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td colspan="4"> In millions  </td></tr><tr><td>U.S. defined benefit plans</td><td>$4,325</td><td>$4,688</td><td>$4,775</td><td>$5,296</td></tr><tr><td>DPSP</td><td>1,095</td><td>1,095</td><td>1,295</td><td>1,295</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>$5,420</td><td>$5,783</td><td>$6,070</td><td>$6,591</td></tr></table>

Question: What is the average amount of Income from continuing operations before taxes of 2017, and U.S. defined benefit plans of 2006 Plan Assets In millions ?
Answer: 4324