[OnePlus 7T ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Deve] MetaColon:
TL;DR: run:

adb root
adb enable-verity

I had a similar problem. I checked the adb log and it said:

04-29 20:08:38.360 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:update_attempter_android.cc(695)] Enabling performance mode.
04-29 20:08:38.371 1612 1612 W update_engine: [WARNING:delta_performer.cc(1329)] Failed to resume update update-state-next-operation invalid: 0
04-29 20:08:38.380 1612 1612 E update_engine: [ERROR:snapshot_stub.cpp(169)] UnmapAllSnapshots should never be called.
04-29 20:08:38.393 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:update_attempter_android.cc(360)] Using this install plan:
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:install_plan.cc(79)] InstallPlan:
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: type: new_update
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: version:
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: source_slot: B
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: target_slot: A
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: initial url: file:///data/lineageos_updates/lineage-21.0-20240426-nightly-hotdogb-signed.zip
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: hash_checks_mandatory: true
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: powerwash_required: false
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: switch_slot_on_reboot: true
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: run_post_install: true
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: is_rollback: false
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: rollback_data_save_requested: false
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: write_verity: true
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: Payload: 0
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: urls: ()
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: size: 1026949203
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: metadata_size: 145053
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: metadata_signature:
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: hash: 292C7072B0584490CD77C43793F7B6AD6740A255A3934790EB26E904BBFD84CB
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: type: unknown
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: fingerprint:
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: app_id:
04-29 20:08:38.399 1612 1612 I update_engine: already_applied: false
04-29 20:08:38.407 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:postinstall_runner_action.cc(95)] postinstall mount point: /postinstall
04-29 20:08:38.416 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:metrics_utils.cc(324)] Number of Reboots during current update attempt = 0
04-29 20:08:38.428 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:metrics_utils.cc(332)] Payload Attempt Number = 1
04-29 20:08:38.436 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:metrics_utils.cc(349)] Update Monotonic Timestamp Start = 1/1/1970 14:04:00 GMT
04-29 20:08:38.446 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:metrics_utils.cc(358)] Update Boot Timestamp Start = 1/1/1970 20:46:55 GMT
04-29 20:08:38.449 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:update_attempter_android.cc(965)] Clearing update complete marker.
04-29 20:08:38.467 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:update_attempter_android.cc(844)] Scheduling an action processor start.
04-29 20:08:38.471 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:action_processor.cc(51)] ActionProcessor: starting UpdateBootFlagsAction
04-29 20:08:38.481 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:update_boot_flags_action.cc(36)] Already updated boot flags. Skipping.
04-29 20:08:38.489 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:action_processor.cc(116)] ActionProcessor: finished UpdateBootFlagsAction with code ErrorCode::kSuccess
04-29 20:08:38.496 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:action_processor.cc(143)] ActionProcessor: starting NoOpAction
04-29 20:08:38.502 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:action_processor.cc(116)] ActionProcessor: finished NoOpAction with code ErrorCode::kSuccess
04-29 20:08:38.505 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:action_processor.cc(143)] ActionProcessor: starting InstallPlanAction
04-29 20:08:38.509 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:action_processor.cc(116)] ActionProcessor: finished InstallPlanAction with code ErrorCode::kSuccess
04-29 20:08:38.515 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:action_processor.cc(143)] ActionProcessor: starting DownloadAction
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:install_plan.cc(79)] InstallPlan:
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: type: new_update
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: version:
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: source_slot: B
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: target_slot: A
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: initial url: file:///data/lineageos_updates/lineage-21.0-20240426-nightly-hotdogb-signed.zip
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: hash_checks_mandatory: true
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: powerwash_required: false
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: switch_slot_on_reboot: true
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: run_post_install: true
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: is_rollback: false
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: rollback_data_save_requested: false
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: write_verity: true
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: Payload: 0
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: urls: ()
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: size: 1026949203
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: metadata_size: 145053
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: metadata_signature:
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: hash: 292C7072B0584490CD77C43793F7B6AD6740A255A3934790EB26E904BBFD84CB
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: type: unknown
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: fingerprint:
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: app_id:
04-29 20:08:38.522 1612 1612 I update_engine: already_applied: false
04-29 20:08:38.526 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:download_action.cc(85)] Marking new slot as unbootable
04-29 20:08:38.609 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:multi_range_http_fetcher.cc(43)] starting first transfer
04-29 20:08:38.614 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:multi_range_http_fetcher.cc(72)] starting transfer of range 4235+1026949203
04-29 20:08:38.627 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(109)] Completed 0/? operations, 16384/1026949203 bytes downloaded (0%), overall progress 0%
04-29 20:08:38.632 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(343)] Manifest size in payload matches expected value from Omaha
04-29 20:08:38.637 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1002)] Verifying using certificates: /system/etc/security/otacerts.zip
04-29 20:08:38.644 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:payload_verifier.cc(101)] signature blob size = 267
04-29 20:08:38.647 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:payload_verifier.cc(117)] Truncating the signature to its unpadded size: 256.
04-29 20:08:38.654 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:payload_verifier.cc(128)] Verified correct signature 1 out of 1 signatures.
04-29 20:08:38.657 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:payload_metadata.cc(221)] Metadata hash signature matches value in Omaha response.
04-29 20:08:38.664 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1040)] Detected a 'full' payload.
04-29 20:08:38.668 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] LOGO does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.672 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] abl does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.676 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] aop does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.679 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] bluetooth does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.683 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] cmnlib does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.687 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] cmnlib64 does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.690 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] devcfg does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.694 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] dsp does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.698 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] dtbo does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.702 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] hyp does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.706 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] imagefv does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.710 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] keymaster does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.714 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] modem does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.717 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] multiimgoem does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.722 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] qupfw does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.726 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] recovery does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.733 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] storsec does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.739 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] tz does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.743 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] uefisecapp does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.746 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] vbmeta does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.750 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] vbmeta_system does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.754 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] xbl does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.757 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1111)] xbl_config does't have version, skipping downgrade check.
04-29 20:08:38.770 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(849)] Preparing partitions for new update. last hash = , new hash = KSxwcrBYRJDNd8Q3k/e2rWdAolWjk0eQ6ybpBLv9hMs=tj2X4Xy2k7OayGkVftGN4BXnLSRMH4x8b6UAVpw79DA=
04-29 20:08:38.821 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:delta_performer.cc(1410)] Resetting recorded hash for prepared partitions.
04-29 20:08:38.829 1612 1612 E update_engine: [ERROR:dynamic_partition_control_android.cc(463)] overlayfs overrides are active and can interfere with our resources.
04-29 20:08:38.829 1612 1612 E update_engine: run adb enable-verity to deactivate if required and try again.
04-29 20:08:38.835 1612 1612 E update_engine: [ERROR:delta_performer.cc(861)] Unable to initialize partition metadata for slot A ErrorCode::kOverlayfsenabledError
04-29 20:08:38.838 1612 1612 E update_engine: [ERROR:download_action.cc(227)] Error ErrorCode::kOverlayfsenabledError (64) in DeltaPerformer's Write method when processing the received payload -- Terminating processing
04-29 20:08:38.887 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:multi_range_http_fetcher.cc(175)] Received transfer terminated.
04-29 20:08:38.892 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:multi_range_http_fetcher.cc(127)] TransferEnded w/ code 200
04-29 20:08:38.895 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:multi_range_http_fetcher.cc(129)] Terminating.
04-29 20:08:38.899 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:action_processor.cc(116)] ActionProcessor: finished DownloadAction with code ErrorCode::kOverlayfsenabledError
04-29 20:08:38.902 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:action_processor.cc(121)] ActionProcessor: Aborting processing due to failure.
04-29 20:08:38.906 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:update_attempter_android.cc(712)] Processing Done.
04-29 20:08:38.919 1612 1612 E update_engine: [ERROR:snapshot_stub.cpp(169)] UnmapAllSnapshots should never be called.
04-29 20:08:38.924 1612 1612 I update_engine: [INFO:metrics_reporter_android.cc(159)] Current update attempt downloads 0 bytes data

As it says quite far at the bottom, overlayfs seems to be a problem, to which enabling verity seems to deactivate it, which for me fixed the problem. It would be nice to understand what's happening here though ^^