[Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3] wpscully:
The first time I saw this topic (that is, easy-debloat without using a rooted version of Android) was from this article, which is a bit out of date but explains the basic premise:

https://www.xda-developers.com/disable-system-app-bloatware-android/

If you're not familiar with the Google program "adb" this may be helpful too:

https://www.xda-developers.com/install-adb-windows-macos-linux/

And even some documentation from the authors of the ADB command:

https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb/

As you know, many pre-installed applications can be removed via Settings→Apps, as you'd expect. If removal is prevented then try using Google's Android Device Bridge command (running on a PC or Mac; I use Linux) using the adb command.

You're right to be concerned about what applications are related to a package disabled or uninstalled by any of these methods. An application may have prerequisites or corequisites. As always, use care making changes like this!

Example​

Imagine you prefer Google's Contacts application, rather than Samsung's. As best I can tell, on Android 12, the Samsung Contacts application cannot be uninstalled or disabled by a novice user via Settings-->Apps. But what might happen if you could successfully remove Samsung's Contacts application? I tried this scenario and here's what I found: Samsung's Contacts application appears to be required for Settings-->Safety and emergency-->Medical info.

How did I test this? Well, it's possible to force a disable Samsung Contacts using a command similar to:

adb shell pm disable-user --user 0 com.samsung.android.app.contacts​

Package com.samsung.android.app.contacts new state: disabled-user​

If you now try to navigate to Settings-->Safety and emergency-->Medical info, you'll get a pop-up message saying something like:

Unable to open Contacts. Tap SETTINGS,​

go to App info > Permissions, then allow​

the following permissions and try again:​

Contacts​

This is why I think Samsung’s Contacts is a prerequisite for some services. Services which do need Samsung’s Contacts application’s services will notify you with a pop-up message, like the one above. (And no, installing Google’s Contacts application doesn’t help.)

In any case, if you're unhappy, you can easily undo what you've done so far with this command:

adb shell pm enable com.samsung.android.app.contacts​

Package com.samsung.android.app.contacts new state: enabled​

Your phone should be none the worse for trying this example. But for fun, let's continue the scenario, Samsung Contacts can be uninstalled rather than merely disabled:

adb shell pm uninstall --user 0 com.samsung.android.app.contacts​

Success​

However now it’s not possible to even navigate to Settings-->Safety and emergency-->Medical info. The item remains under the Safety and emergency settings, but it is not grayed out (a common way to know you can’t tap on an item), and clicking it doesn't work (no error message). So I think Samsung's Contacts application is a hard prereq for Medical info. ("Hard", as in "There's no way around it.") What's more, the Emergency contacts (also under the Safety and emergency entry in Settings) item doesn't work. So more than one feature isn't working.

If you change your mind you can reinstall the package:

adb shell pm install-existing com.samsung.android.app.contacts​

Package com.samsung.android.app.contacts installed for user: 0​

After a reinstall I'm pretty sure your phone is again working well. End of example.

I'm not an expert on this topic. And I don't mean to start a new discussion about this topic on this thread. I thought you'd like an answer to your question, with what I hope are specific examples and links. There's another (one of many, actually) active discussion, which mentions certain corequisite and prerequisite packages, by name, and why you might want to keep some. See:

[ADB] [NO-ROOT] Samsung Optimization Guide - A Better Experience

PS: At the end of my playing around I decided to keep Samsung's Contacts application, and hide it as best I can by using a feature in Nova Launcher Prime. Why? It was important for me to have my phone able to display medical info (allergies).