yashsingh1/xdaforums huggingface dataset:
[Android Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] Robin Allanigue:
Recently, on TWRP, I decided to factory reset my phone but carelessly deleted the system as well. After flashing back my stock system.img and boot.img through fastboot, it boots into twrp only. when i reboot to system through twrp, it just boots into twrp as well. I need help pls. My phone is neffos c9a btw.
[Android Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] shelbi.gt500:
Hey! So i have a Nextbook ares 10a runs Android 6

I can get to recovery which after hard reset is now stuck on Nextbook logo which I guess is bootloop

I'm guessing it's because it was rooted when I reset it...

I bought it from a friend so now I'm mad about it.

I've been teaching myself to code and all this delevoper stuff but I need to find out what I need to do in what order to get this tablet running.

It has a micro SD card slot so I can dwnlwd onto SD and install from recovery.

Or should I sideload from what app ?

My phone is not rooted and I do not have a pc.

Thanks in advance for your help ?

??
[Android Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] CornholeOS_x86:
Does it have TWRP recovery?

or

Do you have an OTG adapter and usb keyboard?
[Off-topic] hemmlia:
Title. The title of the surah Rahmaan, appears in verse 1, means "The Most Beneficent". ... English translations of the sura's title include "The Most Gracious", "The All Merciful", "The Lord of Mercy", "The Beneficent", and "The Mercy-Giving".
[Off-topic] Thanos:
Please read xda rules:

https://xdaforums.com/announcement.php?f=263

In particular:

2.4

Thread closed.
[General Topics] ka911:
bad day for me! I had this new phone for the bast 20 days, and today I found out I have a crack on my new phone:(

Verizon told me that they can't do anything about it, and they can't replace it too. What can I do?

is there any place I can go to buy a new body shell for my phone?

**Update**

I found this site, and they are saling HTC Touch CDMA OEM black housing w/ digitizer

http://cnn.cn/shop/touch-cdma-black-housing-digitizer-p-2377.html

do you thing it will work with verizon phone?
[General Topics] TheChampJT:
You may not be able to use it with Verizon, but you can always check. Don't feel bad, your not the only one with the bad housing, it seems there was an entire shipment of these with bad housing. There is a sticky thread over at PPCGeeks with a bunch of people with this problem. Mine hasn't yet, and I pray everyday it doesn't! But, Verizon is giving you BS, I don't think they want to take responsibility for it, I'm sure tons of called with the complaint. My suggestion would be to call, and get to the highest supervisor possible and then give your complaint to them, stating others have the same problem. Also, if you have insurance, it should replace, but try to get the new one free of charge, since it's a defect.
[General Topics] ka911:
you see, when I was at there store and they called they told me that they NEVER received and complains about this phone has any problem (NEVER) I told the Manager that they are some people having the same problem, they told me that they never see one and Verizon they don't replace it but if I want I can buy another one and pay full price for it! ( I will never do that)
[General Topics] TheChampJT:
Personally, I hate going directly to the store, too busy, and way too many "techs" that have no idea what there are talking about! Sometimes when I'm there I just want to pull the Touch out and say hey look I have GPS!!! Anyways, your best bet is to call the 800 number. Anytime I needed anything I call customer service, have them note my account after resolving the problem, then walk in the store with no problem at all.
[General Topics] ka911:
I will do that first thing in the mornning! thanks for the info.
[General Topics] TheChampJT:
No prob! Just make sure you throw some anger in, of course, without being directly rude. I always give the, "I paid a good bit of money for this device and you can't do anything for me!" Always seems to work well! Good Luck!
[General Topics] ka911:
Good news! I'm geting a new phone in three day :D as replacement. I really did not say a lot and the girl how is helping me was very nice. we talked for 5 mins and I got my new phone..
[General Topics] ka911:
**UPDATE**

wow, I have my new phone and I'm running OMJ's ROM :D, I have GPS, WM 6.1, and JAVA.
[General Topics] m28m2003:
You can buy the new housing from truesupplier.com

http://www.truesupplier.com/oem-ful...ate-for-htc-touch-sprint-verizo-pr-16836.html
[Xperia Play General] eksasol:
Instructions for advance users, rooting using unlocked bootloader method

Note: If I remember correctly, the R800a (AT&T version of the Xperia Play) is not allowed to have it's bootloader unlocked. Therefore this step is only for the R800i and R800x models.

-Reboot your Windows computer into “Disable driver signature enforcement” mode because the drivers are unsigned and will not install otherwise. This is “F8” on bootup for Windows 7, and “Advanced startup” for Windows 8 and 10 (Hold SHIFT while pressing Restart -> Troubleshoot -> Advanced options -> Startup settings -> restart).

-Install the fastboot and flashmode drivers:

Download and install the program Flashtool version 0.9.24.4. (Download this version specifically because newer versions have issues with flashing this phone's firmwares.)

Then run C:\flashtool\flashtool-drivers.exe.

Only select these four choices during the installation to reduce driver conflicts:

Flashmode Drivers

Fastboot Drivers

Common drivers Moga and Zeus Board

Sony Ericsson Xperia arc, Xperia neo, Xperia PLAY, etc

-Unlock the bootloader

-Use fastboot mode to boot into CWM:

While the phone is off, connect it to the PC while holding the SEARCH button, wait for the power button to turn blue meaning you’re in fastboot mode.

-Boot into CWM with this command: fastboot boot recoveryPLAY.img

*Boot the image only, do not flash it.

*Link for the latest "Android SDK platform tools" which contains adb.exe and fastboot.exe.

-Wait about 20seconds for CWM to appear. From here you can root by flashing SuperSU.

*Note: For this CWM version, SEARCH is the Okay/Select button.

*Credit to FreeXperia team for the recoveryPLAY.img.
[Xperia Play General] ozzmanj1:
Thank you for the 2020 updated guide and tutorial
[Xperia Play General] Night_Fate:
Really appreciate you putting this up. Just pulled mine out of storage and thought there's no way I'd find up to date files and info for it.

Now I've just got to find a place that still sells flex cables for it.
[Xperia Play General] pakrett-bm:
Hi ! I have recently buy this device 9 years after the release and I'm in research of oldest version of the doomlord kernel.

Unfortunatly all links are dead and if someone can share a compilation pack of the kernels it could be awesome.

I'm specificaly interested in the early ones for gsm, like the v02/v03 linked in this post : https://xdaforums.com/showpost.php?p=15805471&postcount=2

The one made for the firmware 3.0.1.A.0.145, someone can share it ?

BTW if your searching for the best rom for emulation, it's this one : https://sites.google.com/site/panicus/nerdery/attodrive

Download link : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1nNDy6cux_roYFqUDhksSmvVKnCE1eBRS
[Xperia Play General] eksasol:
I had all those LuPuS and Doom Kernel images at one point, but deleted them overtime. Sorry. Try posting in the original kernel threads and see if someone still have the files.
[Xperia Play General] 0LDST4R:
I'm pretty sure i have some kernel images stored in my PC. Will look for it these days...

Now i remember the good times with the Sony Ericsson Xperia Play... Dreaming... ;)

It was the first smartphone for my son, was a present from me - and he was the king in school, you know what i mean. ;)

Now it's here, at home, repaired, built from 3 Xperia Plays, bought years ago at eBay....

Aaahhh, nostalgic.... ;)

Greetz,

0LDST4R
[Xperia Play General] xs4all:
Great guide, I wished this guide was created back late last year when I got my first Xperia Play :) I had to follow a few guides and they were not noob friendly.

Thank you for your info about Google Play Store/Play Services and MAME fixed my long time issue!

For advance users, take a look at the following to increase your RAM memory size: [MOD] Increase RAM memory size(without swapper!) (good for gaming)

Also for the advance users, I use an app called Link2SD to add additional storage for installed apps, I created a 16GB 2nd partition on the SD CARD, which acts as extra storage, you can increase to whatever you like, and linked new installed app to this partition.

For you pirates, don't bother trying to find a hacked apk for this app, you wont find a working one. Small price to pay for the plus version to unlock the extra features but it is well worth it.

The above two will compliment the stock firmware, I got another Xperia Play, so one has stock FW and the other has XperiaPlay Z Final Ultimate Edition (4.0.4).

Added Notes:

I had issues with flashtool telling me "ERROR - Device connected in flash mode but driver is too old", after some soul searching, the issue was related to my USB3.0 port on my laptop, since I didn't have any USB2.0 ports, I did have a cheap generic USB2.0 4 port usb hub, I connected this and it fixed my issue.
[Xperia Play General] hawsey:
Thank you great guide [emoji4] my phone is now rescued and boots up .

I am unable to root for some reason using the flashtool method .

It has been rooted before in the past . I also tried one click root but that's asking for payment , any ideas greatly appreciated .

Thanks .
[Xperia Play General] Kiri_The_Fox:
Okay so I was successfully able to root my phone (got supersu installed) and I've been down a long rabbit hole of trying to understand how adb works. I figured out how to open my cmd prompt in the folder, but when i try to force install CWM using it, I get:

adb server version (39) doesn't match this client (41); killing...

* daemon started successfully

Performing Push Install

.\CWM_Installer_5.apk: 1 file pushed, 0 skipped. 175.2 MB/s (2257096 bytes in 0.012s)

adb: error: failed to read copy response

Sorry I'm new to this whole thing and trying desperately to learn... Any advice is appreciated.
[Xperia Play General] Cleeq:
Great Post!

As someone who recently picked this device up to preserve some history, as well as possibly use it as an emulation device for my wife at work, I really appreciate the depth of your post. I am not entirely familiar with rooting devices, and adb sideload, but I was able to follow your tutorial and find a nice device in the process.

---------- Post added at 10:48 PM ---------- Previous post was at 10:43 PM ----------

I can say that I ran into that issue as well, and I don't know what I did that fixed it. I had a PC reboot, as well as a soft boot into CWM on the device. Once doing both of those things it seemed the adb server matched up and things went smoothly. I wish I had some knowledge of how to explain how it worked, I researched a lot about it and everything said it had to do with the version of the adb server running conflicting with the version of the android platform tools installed. Maybe this can help you as well, best of luck!
[Xperia Play General] lRaziel1:
I have a question and hope anyone can help because I'm kinda tired of thinking lol.

-So, to root easily as shown here, you need to have firmware .58 or lower.

-You cannot root if you have firmware version .62 or higher.

-To install one of the best roms, which is JokaWild, you need firmware version .62.

-To be able to flash JokaWild, you need to have root (to install CWM).

-You can install a custom kernel through fastboot mode which among other things, would force root...

...but, to install a custom kernel, apparently, you need a rooted device.

*Basically, to install this room, you need to root a firmware which cannot be rooted.

So, am I missing something here or doing something wrong? I just can't figure this out.

EDIT. Figured it out. You need an unlocked bootloader.

No tutorial I've seen explains the difference between unlockABLE and unlockED bootloader, so I didn't even think about this.

First follow a tutorial on how to unlock a Sony bootloader and then everything will work.
[Xperia Play General] Garfoth:
If you know of any way to get this thing working on the R800i model, then good. Otherwise it appears to be an R800x-only ROM.
[Xperia Play General] thanu000:
Flashtool link is not working
[HTC U11+ Questions & Answers] ouioui01:
Hello,

i'm looking for ota (or ruu) 2.20.709.2...

Thanks and best regards,

ouioui
[HTC U11+ Questions & Answers] CaeLum764:
dont have that RUU but you could use the 2.15.709.1 RUU and update via OTA

Link To Drive
[HTC U11+ Questions & Answers] ouioui01:
Thanks CaeLum.

Best regards
[HTC U11+ Questions & Answers] hendrikcaca:
can this file be updated form sdcard via recovery mode?
[General Questions and Answers] Fidhas:
I have an app in my phone which was used by my cousin, now when i'm trying to sign up with a new account the app says that "you cannot sign up as the device is already registered by another account". Can I fake my my device identity for that app,so that I could sign up with a new account. Please help
[Samsung Galaxy S7 Questions and Answers] pikaturee:
Hi everyone,

As tittle said, I have an old samsung s7 phone rooted and now I want to copy all app, data to new s7 phone.

Is that possible? And How can i do that?

Please help me :(:(:(
[Samsung Galaxy S7 Questions and Answers] simple001:
have you tried xender phone replicate

here is a video tutorial https://youtu.be/264irfdcVXM
[Touch CDMA General] jbatu:
Can anyone help me on getting the TT7 maps to activate and work on the HTC Diamond Tomtom 7? Please
[Touch CDMA General] tobeychris:
No... that would be illegal.
[Touch CDMA General] kyphur:
Hammer Time

WAREZ Warning #1, next time the Hammer puts you on the bus to BanVille...​
[Samsung Galaxy J7 NXT ( J701F Core NXT Exynos 7870] jhevison:
Very nice man. I'll install and report you.
[Samsung Galaxy J7 NXT ( J701F Core NXT Exynos 7870] AE_Fahim:
Rear speaker not working

I've tried all combinations, Dual speaker, Dual speaker + volume loud, volume loud only and no mods selected

the thing is, getting sound only from earpiece, not rear speaker.
[Samsung Galaxy J7 NXT ( J701F Core NXT Exynos 7870] JohnLem0n:
I've installed the rom exactly like in your description but it occasionally freezes after 2-3 minutes of normal using.

Have the latest TWRP installed.
[Moto G7 Plus Questions & Answers] jrummy¿:
What is RIVER_PPOS29.114_134_7cid50subsidy_DEFAULT_regulatory_DEFAULT_CFC.xml.zip
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] pwazoski:
Do i need to flash any vendor or somthing else, i still on 32bit rom
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] Rodrigodigo:
Do we need to flash the same repartition on the H-Rom or just Prometheus flash and that's it?
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] tutibreaker:
:v
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] Reezy101:
Guy I'm new here but I have been using Black bird version 6.0....💯 is this rom better than black bird
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] Puddin':
When i set the lowest brightness the screen gets black, beside this awesome rom!
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] neel0210:
NO, just flash rom

no need to flash anything
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] neel0210:
Just flash rom

as its non treble rom, no need to flash
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] neel0210:
new build is upp!

updating the rom links, i applied that fix in it just need to test its working or not, so better if u join the group and telegram and help us to fix it out.
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] neel0210:
made my day xD

though i just ported it, all credits goes to [MENTION=4637718]ananjaser1211[/MENTION] who made this beast rom. so better thank him and hit like in this port xD.
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] Puddin':
For sure I'll test if it's fixed and I'm already in team galaxy group, I'm Jean (brazilian flag) there, you can call me anytime.
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] Morpheux09:
not booting on G610M, only blackscreen after reboot :(

(sorry for my bad english)
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] armn_vampire:
Hi.Flash rom then Repartitioner_J7Prime.zip file Restart your phone Problem resolved.
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] ReginaldoBorges:
How long to wait for Mega download resume?
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] Morpheux09:
its a "changer" arm to arm64 bits?

if yes, how do i rollback to 32bits?
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] Rsckmel:
Bugs? G610M
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] sakshya619:
Same same

I faced the same problem and dual speaker is not working and 4g only mode is not available i wish we will get more update coz i wana use this rom for till the end of my j7prime
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] BasharSYR:
Works for j7 prime 2?
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] Reezy101:
There isn't sound and camera isn't working ????
[Samsung Galaxy J7 Prime / J7 On NXT (Exynos7870)] ZERO 00:
Updated ROM in link seems broken (Camera)

First ROM link is working good
[Samsung Galaxy Watch] bah77:
Hoping somebody can help please

Got a Samsung galaxy watch active 2

I used to have a constant notification on my lockscreen and pull down menu. It was from the wear app I think.

It's now gone and I can't get it back. Any ideas please?

I liked having that because when using my phone it shows if the watch is connected or not
[Samsung Galaxy Watch] tre4s13:
Go to app settings and enable notifications for said app. I believe it should be "silent".
[Samsung Galaxy Watch] bah77:
Thanks but I can't see where you mean, everything looks on?

When I go to apps I only have the wear plugin
[Samsung Galaxy Watch] bah77:
So it shows me when I'm disconnected but not when I'm connected?
[Samsung Galaxy J7 (2016 Exynos 7870) ROMs, Kernels] Choni15:
Will this work on j710gn?
[Samsung Galaxy J7 (2016 Exynos 7870) ROMs, Kernels] vitasikxp2:
NFC not working on my j710fn
[Samsung Galaxy J7 (2016 Exynos 7870) ROMs, Kernels] kapitnl:
Not working sound

J7 2016

---------- Post added at 05:52 PM ---------- Previous post was at 05:49 PM ----------

Fix?
[Samsung Galaxy J7 (2016 Exynos 7870) ROMs, Kernels] trungkienkt:
J710F

No sound, very lag. Call proximity sensors not work
[Samsung Galaxy J7 (2016 Exynos 7870) ROMs, Kernels] Deleted member 10638533:
Can I convert J730GM to 64Bit using this rom?

Thx
[Samsung Galaxy J7 (2016 Exynos 7870) ROMs, Kernels] tanbaran:
j710fq stuck at checking updates step. Its been 10 minutes and nothing happening. I tried both wifi and 4g
[Samsung Galaxy J7 (2016 Exynos 7870) ROMs, Kernels] Muad1996:
The link is broken
[Off-topic] hemmlia:
Khadijah Bint Khuwaylid RA

Umm-Al-Mu’minīn (Mother of Believers)

Note: For ease of reading, we have not inserted “May Allah be pleased with her (RA)” each time Khadijah’s RA name or the name of each Companion is mentioned, but please take it that the salutations apply to all of them, may Allah be pleased with them all.

Narrated Ali: I heard the Prophet SAW saying, “Mary, the daughter of Imran, was the best among the women (of the world of her time) and Khadijah is the best amongst the women (of this nation).”

Sahih Al-Bukhari – Book 58 Hadith 164

If there was a woman in Islam to be emulated by the women of our ummah, Khadijah surely ranks at the top. She is the first of the Mother of Believers, the title of veneration and respect given to all the wives of the Prophet SAW, and has the unique position of not only being the first woman, but also the first person, to embrace Islam.
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] engr.chachi:
ion-2.3.b for Xiaomi MI 8 (dipper)

About us

ion is based on AOSP including Pixel Goodies & lots of customizations

Features

Check feature list

Screenshots

Check screenshots

Instructions

Download ROM

Reboot to Recovery

Wipe system, vendor, data, cache

Flash ROM

Flash Magisk (optional)

Reboot :)

Links

Downloads

Telegram Announcement Channel

Telegram Support Group

Donate

Support ROM Developer

PayPal: https://www.paypal.me/AnkitGourav

UPI: ankitgourav035@oksbi

Support Device Maintainer

PayPal: https://www.paypal.me/chachinito

Source

GitHub

Android OS version: 10.0.0_r23

Security patch level: January 2020

Build author: Engr.Chachi

Source code: GitHub

ROM Developer: AnkitGourav

​

XDA:DevDB Information

ION OS, ROM for the Xiaomi Mi 8

Contributors

engr.chachi

ROM OS Version: Android 10

ROM Kernel: Linux 4.x

Version Information

Status: Testing

Created 2020-01-27

Last Updated 2020-01-28
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] engr.chachi:
Reserved

initial build

working bt audio, telephoto lens (anxcamera portrait mode / urnyx gcam )
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] gabwielcastwo:
Perfect rom! Thank you ?. No more oversaturated screen
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] ammaralidj:
Ah another rom by you [MENTION=8111960]engr.chachi[/MENTION]

Thank you so much

[emoji172] from [emoji1191]
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] gundam311:
Loving this rom thank you
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] Tricksky:
Awesome rom
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] suat6027:
Thanks fır new rom.. ı will try it frşday night ???
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] sajib1403:
which firmware and gapps needed or recommended to flash before the rom?
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] suat6027:
I cant wait friday.. i install it.. and this rom is amazing soooo much.. I love it... Tahanks again again and again...
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] gabwielcastwo:
It has PE gapps, try latest fw
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] xiaohang:
面具不能刷模块，不知道什么原因？
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] engr.chachi:
New build is up!

fixed google play security patch :cool:

check download page for complete changelog
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] harris123424:
hey bro,

I try to flash rom but reboot again and again to twrp recovery (orangefox)

not support orangefox recovery?
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] arifqur:
Flash DFE zip after flashing the rom
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] sajib1403:
device going to fastboot after flashing rom.

tried several fw but same result.

orange fox>>wipe data,cache,dalvic,system>fw 9.11.7>ion os>dfe 19.1.20>reboot system.

tried 16.1.2020 china fw also.

but nothing helped.

what to do?
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] 250652:
Thank you very much developer.

It is a great ROM.

Everything is working correctly.

Totally clean installation with data format.

No problem in the installation
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] mar.ur:
Why did you install dfe? For what?

Just do format data and confirm it by "yes".
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] lauchaxp:
Gaps are not included?

Enviado desde mi MI 8 mediante Tapatalk
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] mar.ur:
Included
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] sajib1403:
users says on telegram that, dfe is needed to install to avoid bootloop. ?

generally my roms Don't boot if i dont flash DFE.
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] mar.ur:
I've installed almost all custom roms and never flashed dfe. I always do format data by "yes" and I've never had a bootloop. If you care about safe of data keep it encrypted.
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] pollopopo:
guys i come from android 9.0 (syberia rom), to flash this rom with android 10.0 just do the classic wipe of data / system / cache and flash the rom ?? the vendor's wipe is not present in the official TWRP 3.3.1-1
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] gabwielcastwo:
Flash latest china fw before flashing this rom
[Xiaomi Mi 8 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Dev] arifqur:
Dude one of you is encrypted and the other one is not. That's the difference