yashsingh1/xdaforums huggingface dataset:
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] 白い熊:
I've 17.0 running. Flashing 17.1 over it puts me in a boot loop, it gets to the Lineage logo while booting, resets, and reboots in Recovery.

Wiping dalvik and cache has no effect.

How to fix?
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] Hollow192:
do i need android 10 Bl or any Bl is fine?
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] NightshadeTheDev:
I had the same problem, but since I flashed GApps and Magisk in that same session, I still assume that was the problem. I basically went back to TWRP and re-flashed LOS 17.1 and rebooted, since GApps is bugged, I had to re-flash that too, along with Magisk BUT after each one I rebooted to have a clean single session every time. It's inconvenient but fixed my problem.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] toniskaou:
Camera

Hey guys, i have installed the latest build but i still have problem with camera! Everything else is great!
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] abtekk:
What problem? What camera? Stock? OpenCamera? I need more information than "i have a problem".
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] EGYLOGGEF:
Great work, thank you!

The brightness is stuck at max after using open camera with the force maximum brightness setting. The brightness slider loses control.

Also any way to get the 3-pill navigation to work like in shock?

Thank you!
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] toniskaou:
The application launches, stock camera and third party camera! But stays on a black grey screen seems that is unable to get the image from the sensor.

Thank you
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] ldh0423:
My phone is SM-N960N. I flashed the ROM. But I can't switch the preferred network type, so I can't use LTE network. Could anyone help me?
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] NightshadeTheDev:
4G = LTE
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] Gregzi:
This is quite tempting....but:

How it is comparing to stock One UI 2.0, I mean speed and fluidity?

How is the battery?

Soundmods available?

Which Camera is used in this rom?

As said: I am tempted to switch to this....reasons would be:

- Prefer stock software, despite the Spen usability,

- Note 9 received 2 major android updates, so I doubt that Android 11 would be available for it.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] ELTURKO24PHONE:
I can't put the battery percentage, I have activated it outside and inside, I have restarted and nothing
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] 白い熊:
Anyone know how to enable the hard press home button? This isn't working by default.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] Incredy:
Where's the source code? The one in the OP returns a 404.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] abtekk:
New CROWN build up

Changelog:

January Patch

SELinux Enforcing

Apex Enabled

Kernel upstreamed to 210

New WiFi Firmware

OTA enabled

Q friendly partition mounts

New ramdisk

GPS Locking more reliable

New bluetooth HAL

Offline charging fixed

New Lights HAL to stop max brightness bug

Bluetooth call audio is still bugged.

If you have any trouble with apps after this update, please let me know, SELinux will need tweaking.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] -gloim-:
The install process get's stuck at "patching vendor image unconditionally" for me. I can still boot and most things work fine but the camera doesn't work at all. Probably because there are some files missing?

Edit:

I flashed geiti94's twrp and everything works fine now
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] Gandicela:
Bluetooth isn't working here for me; it keeps connecting/disconnecting.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] husseinaltaaf:
Hello whoever is using LineageOS 17 on their Note 9. what Camera app do you use?

I mean which supports, Night Mode, Slow Motion, aperture, etc... Everything...
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] Gandicela:
Stock, which doesn't have any of those options u mentioned.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] Incredy:
Any plans for encryption support?
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] bandario:
Stock Note9 Q camera now has night mode that works beautifully, slow motion and pro mode for all adjustments.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] Gandicela:
Incorrect post
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] husseinaltaaf:
Hello, i have just flashed LineagOS 17 latest build. But it seems extremely buggy!

I cannot change APN, cannot send SMS, nor calling numbers like *122# to check my balance. Many thing is Unstable!

I don't know what i did wrong while flashing it!

PLEASE HELP ME.....
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] atir usman butt:
Anybody have dual booter for note 9 ?
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] lucahack:
I'll try to code it next summer during the holidays.

---------- Post added at 11:40 PM ---------- Previous post was at 11:01 PM ----------

bootloop. After 40 mins never boots
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] w_thenujaya:
How is battery life compared to One Ui? And can you enable hard press on home button?
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] quanqngbk:
Can this rom work for SM-N960N and support dual sim ?
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] marshedpotato:
Please don't quote the entire original post, it makes it annoying for other people scrolling through the thread. Other people are not having this problem so I would suggest trying again but follow OP's instructions very carefully.

As OP stated further up, as long as it is an Exynos device it will work. This ROM is working great on my dual SIM Note9 including dual SIM features.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] lucahack:
I have exynos version, but I installed latest firmware from sammobile. after wiping every partition does not work. I dont have a /system folder, instead /system_root. so i have to create it and mount system in it in order to install the rom. and sometimes error 7 cant unmount system, or it takes infinite hours and the installation never ends (stuck in patching vendor) and every time bootloop.

My note 9 is SM-N960N
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] abtekk:
What recovery are you using?
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] lucahack:
TWRP
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] -gloim-:
Which twrp are you using?

I guess 3arthur6's? You have to install geiti94's TWRP.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] marshedpotato:
Is anyone else having trouble with Android Auto on this ROM? The app says "Incompatible phone" when I connect to my car

Everything else that I have tested works perfectly

EDIT: Still haven't been able to get this working. Is anyone able to please test Android Auto and let me know if its just me or not?
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] omnimj:
Note 9 crownlte gets stuck on Lineage green animation while backup/restore TWRP

I successfully flashed LineageOS 17.1 to my Note 9 N960F running Pie with TWRP 3.3.1-r3.5.

I performed LOS 17 backup (successful as well) and I went back to Pie.

The next day I wanted to restore LOS 17. Everything run smoothly but after reboot from TWRP the phone got stuck on Lineage never-end green animation ( green line and moving circle) and never boot.

Please help.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] boggessb:
Bluetooth poor connection

Same here. Seems like if I get more than 2 feet away from the phone the connection gets really bad and will drop off. Even when it's close though there is frequent stuttering.

Otherwise I really like it, but I use Bluetooth a lot.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] xangma:
I'm having the exact same issues.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] miguelfo26:
https://xdaforums.com/galaxy-note-9/development/zip-libbluetooth-patcher-fix-losing-t4017735
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] -gloim-:
Does anyone else have issues with the wifi hotspot? Mine doesn't turn on at all

I get about 5:30 of SOT.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] tda8190:
i have the same problem with hotspot.Is possibile connect samsung watch active 2 with lineage?I try to edit build.prop with "google" but app gear recognize a mod rom.Thanks
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] boggessb:
Bluetooth poor connection

I saw that post, but that's not the issue I'm having. I'm not losing pairing, it seems more like a weak signal or connection problem. The lost pairing issue was something I did encounter when I was still on the stock firmware though.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] xangma:
Oh whoops, already posted the required files to the dev. Oh well!

It seems the Bluetooth isn't a high priority to the CPU or something. When you wake the phone from sleep the connection often messes up for a second.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] Icetea:
Can this BT problem be a result of changing the BT HAL since last update?

Btw.

Can't enter setup for tracing because app crashes.

Can't set wlan mac to fixed. Every time I get a new one.

Several notifications are in Russian not in English.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] Icetea:
How can i fix the MAC address?

Btw. All social addresses of [MENTION=3890277]abtekk[/MENTION] seems to be wrong! Very curious.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] VinhGalaxy:
Help I got stuck in the setup screen. I got to the Google Assistant setup but the setup does not response to my "OK Google" voice (The void indicator still react when i speak).

If I choose to skip it, it go back to the Fingerprint setup screen.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] Thomass55:
Hello.

I've been using this ROM for about 5 days now and I've only encountered a few issues, hopefully these are fixable as I really like this ROM and love not dealing with Samsung's bloat and whatever else they shove in people's phones.

Anyway, this is what I've encountered and I'll try to explain it in the best detail I can:

-Unable to record video on Snapchat or Facebook Messenger

When I go to hold down the shutter button or volume button to record, it records for maybe a split second and will either crash or take a still. I've reinstalled the apps and even installed older versions to zero out the possibility of a compatibility issue, but nothing resolved it. I sent a log in the telegram regarding it, but it was likely lost in the chat history. I can get a new log and post it here if necessary.

-Youtube will freeze and crash upon opening a video randomly (uncommon)

As this explains the just of it, here's a more in depth explanation. When I go to watch a video, it will start buffering, but right as it's about to load suggested videos and comments, the app will freeze. But the spinning wheel on the video will keep going. Not sure if the video will ever play because it will force close the app soon after the freeze. I can retrieve a log for this if it happens again, so far I've gone 2 days without it occuring so it may just be an anomaly. Which I can deal with.

-Cast to TV is not working (common, but doesn't need to be fixed)

My phone picks up my Android TV just fine, which does have built in chromecast, but when I go to cast, it's just a black screen. However, audio is going through just fine with minimal delay (better than Samsung's stock firmware). It may be because the resolution doesn't match up but I can't be entirely sure. If there's a way I can get a log for this, please let me know and I'll provide it.

Side note about video recording: video recording in camera apps such as Gcam, Open Camera and the stock camera app work just fine. Only problem is the 4K60 option is missing. I've ran into this before on other lineage ROMs but forgot how to fix it.

Other than these few hiccups, this is an amazing ROM and I'll continue to use it and recommend it to my friends who have an exynos note 9 (which isnt a lot).

Thanks and I hope we can get these hiccups sorted out.
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] aminnazifi:
how can i increase touch sensitivity in LineAge.? i`m using Glass for display protection
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] itsalexhere:
Netflix isn't working..
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] magrinimatteo97:
Does banking app work? Hype accurately
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] Randomginger:
Good Evening,

Thinking of upgrading the wife's S7 Edge to an S9. Will run a custom ROM on it, Likely Lineage with MicroG.

Before I commit to this what is the call quality like. The S7 suffered terribly with caller echo on all Lineage and AOSP builds and WhatsApp video chat had no sound at all.

The camera was buggy and picture quality poor on S7, how does the S9 compare?

TIA,
[Samsung Galaxy Note 9 (Exynos) ROMs, Kernels, Reco] abtekk:
This ROM hasn't been updated for a year and I don't plan on getting back in to it. Look for Synt4x's LOS18. Call quality is no different to stock.
[OnePlus 6T  Questions & Answers] tha_mechanic:
I am just curious if anyone on here is capable of creating a stock rom with all the Verizon needed blobs and apps installed? I would love to have full Verizon function. I have everything enabled but there seems to be something missing to make it work for wifi calling and video calling
[OnePlus 6T  Questions & Answers] parker.stephens:
ROMs can't fix this issue. Your device is a open-development device, and therefore will not support WiFi Calling, or Video Calling.
[OnePlus 6T  Questions & Answers] tha_mechanic:
So you don't think someone couldn't just add the blobs and the required apps. And make it functional? Like adding the correct IMS apk as well as the wifi calling activity? Just curious? It just seems like it should be possible.
[OnePlus 6T  Questions & Answers] Striatum_bdr:
Wrong section for the thread, it doesn't belong to Dev section but to Q & A
[OnePlus 6T  Questions & Answers] zakkyzombie:
Nope. It's blacklisted on their servers. To get that you have to have an "official" Verizon phone.
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] kkalkan:
Dear forum members and developer friends: I need help. android 9 compatible recovery because there is no boot.img file can not re-sew. I wanted to change the CID NO and install a different RUU and stayed on this screen.
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] sunchau:
you need s-off to change the CID NO
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] kkalkan:
What should I do for s-of?

phone does not turn on. because android 9 is not compatible twrp; I cannot restore the backup.
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] sunchau:
temp twrp
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] kkalkan:
I sent the phone to the private service, but they could not. How to install temporary twrp? or twrp boot image. I have taken a backup but I can't load the backup because twrp is not installed on the phone. If anyone knows of another way to load the boot info image file, please help.
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] kkalkan:
how can I do it?
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] byinhh:
Temp boot under Android 9

Booting temporary into TWRP is possible. (please take a look at TWRP official page.) A big problem is that you can not decrypt the phone because of Android 9. Therefore it's useless.

Thread to TWRP on HTC U12+: https://xdaforums.com/u12-plus/development/recovery-unofficial-twrp-3-2-2-0-htc-t3819343

TWRP is only supported to security patch state 1 April 2019. I think it's version 1.53.

TWRP official page: https://twrp.me/htc/htcu12+.html
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] kkalkan:
I can't boot twrp temporarily. I've tried all versions of twrp. Should the bootloader lock be open during boot? my version 2.58
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] sunchau:
unlock bootloader

boot into fastboot mode

download twrp here

https://twrp.me/htc/htcu12+.html

fastboot boot twrp-3.3.1-0-ime.img
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] kkalkan:
thank you so much my friend. Thanks to you I made my phone. great human thanks again.:good::good::good:
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] chenshawn:
same problem here

how do you solve it?
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] hoang555:
there's something in related to partition wise, I experienced with several U11 such same error and tried to extract/patch the same boardinfo from normal OTA but still failed :(
[HTC U12+ Questions & Answers] atlaspsp3:
dont go to service with these new fones they cant do anything.all they do is temp and with vices
[HTC Tornado] erich83:
Hello,

I can't send sms with WM6.1 on tornado...

I have orange operator.

What should I do?

Eric
[Samsung Galaxy S10+ Questions & Answers] Lagusa91:
Hello guys

I have Galaxy s10+ G975U1 (Unlocked- the US) and I want to know if I can install the firmware of G975U on it?

if I installed it, will OTA updates stop?

thanks
[Samsung Galaxy S10+ Questions & Answers] StoneyJSG:
Yes, you can flash any U carrier firmware to a U1 phone. It will data wipe your phone though. You have to use the patched version of ODIN to flash it. Once you're on carrier firmware, it should get OTA updates if you have that carriers SIM card put in.
[Samsung Galaxy Tab A series Questions & Answers] BeardedGuy83:
Sm-t590 on android 9 bought online and it's Google locked tried a few methods but cant seem to get around it...any help would be great.
[Samsung Galaxy Tab A series Questions & Answers] mindlery:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XpSZC865lOFpf-7ClmUBu59XhWns-kQN/view?usp=sharing
[Samsung Galaxy Tab A series Questions & Answers] azel:
Hi! I've inherited a SM-T590 (among various other devices) from a deceased relative and try to figure out how to unblock them. I flashed the engineering image and turned on ADB but I don't see how to get rid of the FRP from there. What would be the next steps to disable the FRP entirely?

Thanks!
[Samsung Galaxy Tab A series Questions & Answers] mindlery:
Once you flash the eng ROM, which you have, go into developer options and enable OEM unlock. Then factory reset within the settings. After that you can flash stock and frp will be disabled.
[Samsung Galaxy Tab A series Questions & Answers] azel:
That worked! Thanks a lot!
[Samsung Galaxy Tab A series Questions & Answers] ardeidae:
Hello,

I know this thread is old. I have almost the same problem, except this is a familly kid who forget his lock screen password, and he used a dummy email adresse to create google account... And android version is 10, not 9.

So we did a factory reset from the recovery menu. But, now, we have to enter the google account, and of course, he doesn't remember.

I tried some (non trusted) tools as samsung frp tool, but not working. I tried a combination rom (i don't know if this is the good one), but in the download mode, the device tells me that :

frp is enabled, ignore pit download.

I tried to flash latest version 10 stock rom, but no change.

Is it worth to try to flash with a stock rom version 8 or 9 ? But to get these roms, i have to pay, but no garantie that this will work...

The device is not in debug mode, of course, and oem locked.

In the second post of this thread, there was a google drive link, but it's dead.

Do i have to put this galaxy tab a tm-t590 to the trash, or is there some hope to unlock it?
[Samsung Galaxy Tab A series Questions & Answers] ardeidae:
Finally did it.

I downgraded using odin in Android 9 using a stock rom, for 2.99$.

https://samfrew.com/fr/download/Galaxy__Tab__A__/gi1r/XEF/T590XXU3BSG3/T590OXM3BSG3/

I tried again samsung frp tool that I trust now :D.

I followed this video:

But the step *#0*# didn't work. So i tried to launch some apps from the web launcher.

I didn't remember exactly how I did it, but I succeded to create a new google account.

I restarted the device, and and i'm now in android. I activated debug mode and disabled oem mode.

I will try to flash something new and maybe alternative firmware.

I don't know which, but I will search here :)
[Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 Pro Questions & Answers] charrua155:
I'm having a strange problem with my Redmi Note 5 Pro (running Miui 11).

Using wired headphones and the screen locked, I can wake up Google Assistant with a long push of the mic button, and ask it to do things (like play music, or send a message).

Since upgrading to Miui 11, however, I can still wake up G.A. and it will tell me that it's gonna do what I ask (Ok, I will play music using Play Music) but nothing happens. The app is not started, G.A. doesn't ask for the phone to be unlocked or anything.

I've checked permissions, G.A. settings, Miui security settings, etc. to no avail.

I guess that Miui could block apps from being started by voice on locked screen for security reasons, but shouldn't then ask me to unlock my phone, then?

¿Does anybody here had this experience or knows what to do?

P.S. the language in settings is spanish.
[Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 Pro Questions & Answers] masiv_:
You had tried uninstalling and installing again the app?
[Samsung Galaxy A20 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Ot] Agrim720:
- This kernel works only on A205XX. I'm not responsible for any damage if you flash on other devices.

- I am not responsible about any damage of any kind that this kernel may cause.

- You are allowed to use this kernel in your project with proper credits and links to the thread.

- Bugs can be reported in XDA or via my Telegram Group.

If you like my work please hit the "Thanks" button and feel free to donate to me via my Paypal

Oneui-

- Built from A205FXXS4ASJ4 source code

- Supports Android Pie

- Build with Ubertc Toolchain

- Init.d support

- SafetyNet patched

- UV BIG/LITTLE to 200/728MHz

- Enabled hidden CPU Governors

- Enabled CD/DVD File System

- Multi TCP Algorithm

- Memory management improvements

- Improved touch latency

- Deadline I/O

- CRC Disabled by default

- 99Killer service (kills gms in idle for better sleep)

- Security Related Features disabled

- Full Wakelock Control for wlan/bt and much more

- Other improvments for Batterylife and performance

- Boeffla wakelock blocker v1.0.0

Gsi-

- Built from A205FXXS4ASJ4 source code

- Supports Android Pie/Q

- Build with Ubertc Toolchain

- Mtp fixed

- SElinux permissive

- Init.d support

- SafetyNet patched

- UV BIG/LITTLE to 200/728MHz

- Enabled hidden CPU Governors

- Enabled CD/DVD File System

- Multi TCP Algorithm

- Memory management improvements

- Improved touch latency

- Deadline I/O

- CRC Disabled by default

- 99Killer service (kills gms in idle for better sleep)

- Security Related Features disabled

- Full Wakelock Control for wlan/bt and much more

- Other improvments for Batterylife and performance

- Boeffla wakelock blocker v1.0.0

1. - Download the kernel zip

2. - Copy the kernel zip into your phone

3. - Reboot in Twrp

4. - Flash the Kernel Zip

5. - Enjoy!

Download links in post #2

- Samsung for kernel sources

- [MENTION=1143630]osmosis[/MENTION] for anykernel.

- [MENTION=5444625]fahadali2315[/MENTION] Good friend, Always support me

[MENTION=9333202]Agrim720[/MENTION]

Version Information

Status:*Stable

Current Stable Version:*v1

Created*2019-12-16

Last Updated*2019-12-16
[Samsung Galaxy A20 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Ot] Agrim720:
V1.0

*Initial Release

Gsi

Oneui
[Samsung Galaxy A20 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Ot] Agrim720:
Reserved
[Samsung Galaxy A20 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Ot] physwizz:
[MENTION=9333202]Agrim720[/MENTION] I'll try them both but they require access (access denied)
[Samsung Galaxy A20 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Ot] Agrim720:
U need to install the zip with twrp.
[Samsung Galaxy A20 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Ot] physwizz:
I can't download them (access denied)
[Samsung Galaxy A20 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Ot] Agrim720:
fixed.
[Samsung Galaxy A20 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Ot] physwizz:
Flashed the GSI version and got boot loop.

I'm on U2 bootloader
[Samsung Galaxy A20 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Ot] Deluriane:
Going to try the OneUI version and thanks!

Note: Installed the kernel on OneUI and It seems to remove magisk installation, I attached a sceenshot of magisk manager.

All is okay, just flash magisk after installing kernel.