yashsingh1/xdaforums huggingface dataset:
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Also to be able to use ctrl-U

as root

sudo enable_dev_usb_boot

OK had to rummage through my bash history.

Correct command is

$ sudo crossystem dev_boot_usb=1 dev_boot_legacy=1

Did you do these? (with sudo)

dev_boot_usb=1 and dev_boot_legacy=1

& maybe also you need

dev_boot_signed=0
[Chromebooks] Hb20032003:
FydeOS (Chromium OS) with Android support on any PC

Hello guys!

I was browsing around and found this Chromium os with Android support. I tested it and it works fine. Although Android support is experimental right now.

PS: FydeOS is the successor of FlintOS

Download: https://fydeos.com/download

Instructions:https://fydeos.com/instructions-pc/

(Site is in Chinese translate)

When burning the image it will create many partitions on your usb drive. You may be prompted to format those partitions but don't do so otherwise it will not work. Now from your boot setup select boot from usb. Enjoy!
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Thanks, I will test this & see if it works on my devices.
[Chromebooks] lunchplease:
Hi OP did you test this ROM on your Chromebook? Read up about it and intrigued...looked a simple install that I thought too good to be true!

Your thoughts if tested would be really interesting

Thanks
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Not yet, it's still from USB as the one I worked out, maybe installation is easier.
[Chromebooks] secretwolf98:
I installed your image on my HP Chromebook 14-SMB (Falco). Some reason, it wouldn't let me update from ChromiumOS 55 to the latest release?
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
It won't update, it is not Google's Chrome OS, but a distro of Chromium OS, you need to apply the script with a Google ROM that supports Play Store, they closed the gap with Acer CB C720P, it was lucky I found it out, but that allowed them to close the hack in a future release, so good luck to you!
[Chromebooks] secretwolf98:
How do I apply the script? And what ROM for my device?
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
That's for you to figure out, I have posted enough hints.

The script is to be run from the command line, one line at a time, someone can make an automated bash script if they are bothered ;)

If you are not familiar with Chromebook hacking... then you need to learn the basics.
[Chromebooks] secretwolf98:
What are the basics?
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Do like me, I use Google search engine to get my answers :)
[Chromebooks] secretwolf98:
Ok, I installed ChromiumOS, but it won't let me access play store.
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
As I said, you install Chromium OS version 55 to a usb which would be /dev/sdb (if you only have that usb attached)

double check with

sudo fdisk -l

then you carefully apply the script one line at a time from the folder you unzipped the bin file to (chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin)

usually ~/Downloads
[Chromebooks] secretwolf98:
will this fix adobe flash? I can't get flash player working.
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
No idea - if you have Google Play Store, you will be have many options from within Android 7.1 -
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Firmware patching of Acer C720P - anyone skilled?

Acer & Google closed hack with latest cyan ROM release, isn't this pathetic. They answered my tweets saying always happy to improve software for customers, then released a newer recovery ROM that will not allow for this hack to work, cheesy Google & Acer -

The way around this new restriction from [MENTION=222739]google[/MENTION] [MENTION=355971]Acer[/MENTION] shunting out customers from using their devices as they please is for someone with firmware skills patching Acer CB C720P firmware so it identifies as an Acer CB R11 (hardware very similar), I wish I had the skills to do so.
[Chromebooks] diggitydogg:
So are you saying that with the method you posted in the OP that this is no longer possible? I was about to head down the path, but if it is dead then no use in wasting my time on it.
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
As I said, if you use the May 2018 recovery ROM for cyan, you will get a working Chromium OS v65 with Play Store - the link to the ROM is given upstream.

Acer/Google rushed a June 2018 recovery ROM that won't allow booting Acer C720P from USB.

If you are lazy this is the address of the ROM -

name=Acer Chromebook R11 (CB5-132T / C738T)

version=10323.62.0

desc=

channel=stable-channel

hwidmatch=^CYAN .*

hwid=

md5=27ae1147ec3984f698a7b7d17a19b676

sha1=e570292bb40155d9de96369e3c9f493369bbc7b5

zipfilesize=1100976852

file=chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin

filesize=2271232512

url=https://dl.google.com/dl/edgedl/chromeos/recovery/chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin.zip
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Google Chrome OS with Play Store on USB for Acer Iconia W700 hybrid tablet

There's a more recent ROM (v66) that can be used to load Google Chrome OS with Play Store on USB of hybrid tablet Acer Iconia W700 - but sorry I won't post it as [MENTION=222739]google[/MENTION] [MENTION=355971]Acer[/MENTION] will again close the loophole ??? - same caveat, needs to be connected to a HDMI external monitor [MENTION=426440]ina[/MENTION]bster

via

https://twitter.com/inabster/status/1014526385292005376

You can try & guess which ROM it is.

Hint: it's a June 2018 ROM.

Note - this also works with Macbook Air 2011... ;)

caveats - no wifi, no trackpad, so need mouse & usb eth or usb wifi.

Surprisingly, it also works with Acer CB C720P - but no wifi, need to use an eth to usb adapter, so not portable.

They do not allow usb wifi adapters, & the driver for the internal wifi adapter of C720P is not included.

Will it be possible to get a driver & install it, so solve this for Google Chrome OS v66?
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
arnoldthebat rom usage to get Chrome OS on chromebooks & PCs with Play Store...

These notes are from tests on Acer Chromebooks C720p, Acer Iconia W700 & Apple Macbook Air mid-2011 - it might or might not work for other devices.

There are two main serious Chromium OS distros, neverware's cloudready I posted about earlier with my solution to boot & update from USB &

the one I have been using much longer which is compiled by [MENTION=4134963]arnoldthebat[/MENTION].

Arnoldthebat & Cloudready can be used on Chromebooks from USB, best using fixed SSD's with adaptor, or sticks that appear as fixed disks.

For Arnoldthebat I used these 2 ROMs:

Camd64OS_R55-8777.0-Special

Camd64OS_R67-10575.B-Special

Using the script in the 1st post, the outcomes for getting Chrome OS with Playstore vary by Google posted recovery ROMs bin files, the best for C720P was posted in the 1st post using Camd64OS_R55-8777.0-Special as base OS on USB.

The Camd64OS_R67-10575.B-Special can also be used, & it is more compatible with other Google recovery ROMs.

This is boring works, as one has to download a ROM & test it after running the script, but if you are desperate to get the Play Store without having to buy a new Chromebook, it can be worth it.

Camd64OS_R67-10575.B-Special is Play Store ready, but it is disabled for copyright legal reasons, I think [MENTION=222739]google[/MENTION] is playing hard game on this, even if Play Store is used to buy software products for them, they just should allow it to be used as a black box on any device, & stop this anal retentive corporate hoarding.
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
The arnoldthebat r55 rom is just the container base, /dev/sdX3 contains the OS (whatever the release), & /dev/sdX12 ensures it is bootable using ctrl-L.

Thanks for the user friendly instructions ;)

As for C720, I can't comment, I don't own one. Won't hurt to test on it with a USB.

Fast USB is better, USB 3.0 16GB sandisk extreme is great.

To expand the stateful_partition (data partition) to maximum size,

from a linux distro or live cd use gparted

in Ubuntu or similar:

$ sudo apt-get install gparted
[Chromebooks] spideyngo:
Steps 4B and 5 did not work for me using Ubuntu 18.04 64-bit to tweak the Chromium 64-bit thumb drive

4B. Using Ubuntu 18.04 64-bit platform, install cgpt is slightly different:

sudo apt install cgpt

5. Using same Ubuntu 18.04 64-bit platform, I extracted/copied chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin into my login profile's Downloads folder.

Then manually I ran terminal from there, "Login@ComputerName:~Downloads$"

rootfs_start="`cgpt show -i 3 -n -b -q chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin`"

rootfs_size="`cgpt show -i 3 -n -s -q chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin`"

mkdir chrome_efi_mount

sudo mount /dev/sdb12 chrome_efi_mount -t vfat

mkdir chromium_efi_mount

###below is one long line

sudo mount -ro loop,offset=$((`cgpt show -i 12 -n -b -q chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin`*512)) chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin chromium_efi_mount

###End of one long line

sudo cp chromium_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.B chrome_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.B -f

sudo cp chromium_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.B chrome_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.A -f

sudo umount chrome_efi_mount

sudo umount chromium_efi_mount

sudo dd if=chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin of=/dev/sdb3 bs=512 skip=$rootfs_start count=$rootfs_size

Booted it up on C720P and logged in...BOOYAH! Google Play Store. So funny as I bought an R11 Cyan for this very purpose and now it's running on my ol' C720P. Giving the R11 to my wife. :)
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Congrats to you...

To verify the devices /dev/sdX,

(if only one usb & no sdcard, it should be /dev/sdb)

use

$ sudo fdisk -l
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Primising Chrome OS clones? based on Flint OS - testing

Forget it, waste of time, no English menus, all Chinese...

I am about to start testing:

FydeOS_PC_v3.41dev.img on Acer C720P, & x86 laptops...

and

FydeOS_tinker_v3.3.img on Raspberry Pi 3...

will post results under here.

Could be promising as alternatives for getting Play Store on non supported Chromebooks, as Google are playing the pigheaded corporate behemoth beast.
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Forget it, I just filled in chronos in all blanks & it got me in :)

Forget it, I just filled in chronos in all blanks & it got me in :)

New hurdle:

unable to get menus displayed in English, I chose English as top Language

but it does not implement it...

so forget it... why did you advise to use FydeOS when I cannot use it in English, did you think I was Chinese?

Waste of time...

OK

I flashed the image of FydeOS 64bit

It boots OK

& I get a login screen with blanks & chinese prompts

first one is asking for a fydeos.io email - [MENTION=9285787]Fyde[/MENTION]os.io

2nd one must be password

3rd one I have no idea...

I tried a gmail account (not my main one)

with its password

but there is a third entry in Chinese.

I presume you understand Chinese...

can you help?

guest mode works OK but there is not much I can do there...

They do not advise anything in the instructions about how to login....

So it is far from ready, in English it's alpha, not beta ;)
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
To come back to the initial aim, this is the best hack to get Google Play Store on a Chromebook, provided you find a compatible Google recovery image.

It works great with Acer CB C720P, up to v67 so far, you have to test this on your own as I do not want to give Acer & Google excuses to sabotage hacks...
[Chromebooks] leond:
I bought 32Gb m.2 ssd with USB adaptor. I put it in to chromebook and did recovery so now it has Chrome os v67 and I am ready to try v67 with google play on internal ssd. Do I just replace link in step 2 with:

Camd64OS_R67-10575.B-Special

https://chromium.arnoldthebat.co.uk/special//Camd64OS_R67-10575.B-Special.7z

?

and the rest is the same? OR do I also need a newer version of chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin.zip ?

Do I even have to perform step 2 if I already have chrome os installed on it via recovery on Chromebook? Can I just proceed to step 3 after removing SSD and connecting it to my Ubuntu via USB adaptor?

Anyways, I tied. After scripт completes and I return SSD to Chromebook it says repairing your system for 15 minutes, then boots into chrome os with no sign of Android

Do I still need to copy a kernel to /dev/sdb12 or does Chrome os 67 have an android ready kernel?

dd command completes very fast so not sure if something is wrong.

if I already have chrome os on SSD, can I just copy the files needed for Android google play?

If so, where do I get them?
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Adding - I don't think you understand how it is done - if not steer clear ;)

This is strictly to usb installation, not to the internal SSD of the Chromebook.

Just test - I now recommend chromeos_10575.58.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin - the restriction is removed from it (maybe they listened to my Twitter rants) -
[Chromebooks] leond:
Yes, I do not completely understand how it is done, but I am trying to :). Is it not possible to install it to SSD?

The first part of the script updates kernel in sdb12, and that seems to work (at least no errors there, but will have to check)

The second part just replaces rootfs from bin to sdb3. It looks like rootfs and kernel are taken from recovery file of a Chromebook model that does have google play. Or am I getting this wrong?

Can't the same be done to ssd? Why not?

I appreciate your help!
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
There are safeguards built in the SSD link to the CB MOBO, that's why they say Chromebook is safe. Also you will have to keep manually updating it with this method, booting to a Linux distro...

the first post & clarifications by two users by the end of this thread are enough for you to install it on a USB, I use fast usb sticks or ssd with usb interfaces.

you need Camd64OS_R55, not Camd64OS_R67, the latter does not boot.
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Yeah, the interface is in Chinese - & it does not work on genuine Chromebooks :(
[Chromebooks] lunchplease:
That's a shame! Still haven't braved your guide yet though definitely keen to try
[Chromebooks] leond:
with m.2 ssd in usb 3.0 adapter - doesn't boot with Ctl-L. gets stuck in black screen after attempting to boot. Boots with Ctl-U, but no Google play. Any idea what is going on ?
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
This issue I encountered with my m2 ssd usb adapter -

also you must use Camd64OS_R55 as base installation & mod it using google recovery rom.

Did you also issue the commands

$ sudo crossystem dev_boot_usb=1 dev_boot_legacy=1

$ sudo enable_dev_usb_boot
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
.leond

Also when you do Ctrl-L, you must press Esc when prompted to select the usb.
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Using Recovery ROM of Acer CB C740P on Acer Iconia W700: works.

The latest google recovery rom for Acer CB C740 Auron Payne allows to install Chrome OS v67 on Acer Iconia hybrid tablet W700...

In this case there is no need to use the HDMI external interface as the graphics driver works perfectly.

The Linux kernel version is not 3.18 like cyan of Acer CB R11...

The Linux kernel version of Acer CB C740 is 3.14 -

Surprisingly, Google Play Store is available, but loaded with difficulty in the beginning, crashing, & lagging - so they are rolling the Play Store to Acer CB C740 even with Linux kernel 3.14.

Touch also works well, VLC installs & plays videos rather smoothly, so one has a hybrid tablet with Chrome OS on it & a rather unstable Play Store...

Will they update the kernel to 3.18? no idea - still better than 3.8 of Acer CB C720P

So far I could not load it on Acer CB C720P - so the best outcome is use Acer CB R11 recovery rom to get Play Store on C720P.

Addendum - Google Play Store upgrades itself after a while using Acer CB C740 recovery rom on Acer iconia W700 - & it seems now to be holding nice & stable.

So this is a viable solution to add, using a USB drive.

Links with pictures -

https://twitter.com/inabster/status/1019145164491841536

https://twitter.com/inabster/status/1019178790973509634

https://twitter.com/meNabster/status/1021959913306771456
[Chromebooks] leond:
yes, did all that

ok, if I just do

sudo dd if=chromiumos_image.img of=/dev/sdb bs=4M

and then eject USB drive and put in to Chromebook, it boots fine via Ctrl-L-->Esc-->USB in to ChromeOS v55

if however I run the script it no longer boots via Legacy USB. What am I doing wrong?

I tried to just copy vmlinuz and it does not boot. I tried to just dd in to sdb3 and it still boots. So it has something to do with kernel. But it used to work before!

Here is what I do on Ubuntu:

wget https://dl.google.com/dl/edgedl/chr....0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin.zip

unzip chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin.zip

p7zip -d Camd64OS_R55-8777.0-Special.7z

sudo dd if=chromiumos_image.img of=/dev/sdb bs=4M

bash -x myscript.sh

+ image_file=chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin

++ cgpt show -i 3 -n -b -q chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin

+ rootfs_start=319488

++ cgpt show -i 3 -n -s -q chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin

+ rootfs_size=4096000

+ mkdir chrome_efi_mount

+ sudo mount /dev/sdb12 chrome_efi_mount -t vfat

[sudo] password for leonidm:

+ mkdir chromium_efi_mount

++ cgpt show -i 12 -n -b -q chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin

+ sudo mount -ro loop,offset=127926272 chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin chromium_efi_mount

+ sudo cp chromium_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.B chrome_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.B -f

+ sudo cp chromium_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.B chrome_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.A -f

+ sudo umount chrome_efi_mount

+ sudo umount chromium_efi_mount

+ sudo dd if=chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin of=/dev/sdb3 bs=512 skip=319488 count=4096000

4096000+0 records in

4096000+0 records out

2097152000 bytes (2.1 GB, 2.0 GiB) copied, 4.85505 s, 432 MB/s

no errors, but doesn't boot from USB if i run the script. boots fine if i don't.
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
I just do the script manually line by line from my first post, you seem to be adding stuff

like:

image_file=chromeos_10575.58.0_cyan_recovery_stable-channel_mp-v3.bin

rootfs_start="`cgpt show -i 3 -n -b -q $image_file`"

rootfs_size="`cgpt show -i 3 -n -s -q $image_file`"

mkdir chrome_efi_mount

sudo mount /dev/sdb12 chrome_efi_mount -t vfat

mkdir chromium_efi_mount

sudo mount -ro loop,offset=$((`cgpt show -i 12 -n -b -q $image_file`*512)) $image_file chromium_efi_mount

sudo cp chromium_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.B chrome_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.B -f

sudo cp chromium_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.B chrome_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.A -f

sudo umount chrome_efi_mount

sudo umount chromium_efi_mount

sudo dd if=$image_file of=/dev/sdb3 bs=512 skip=$rootfs_start count=$rootfs_size
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Why don't you use the commands from the Chrome OS shell, this is what I use...
[Chromebooks] leond:
copied commands one by one - same result. This line breaks it:

sudo cp chromium_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.B chrome_efi_mount/syslinux/vmlinuz.A -f

i tried both

image_file=chromeos_10575.58.0_cyan_recovery_stabl e-channel_mp-v3.bin

and

image_file=chromeos_10323.62.0_cyan_recovery_stabl e-channel_mp-v3.bin

same issue.

Then I tried running the same commands from ChromeOS and it boots with Google Play!!! Also, It used to boot with the same script via Ubuntu. I'll try to figure it out tomorrow. somehow on Ubuntu the last dd completes very fast. I wonder if it is really doing it right. On ChromeOS it took a few minutes to complete

I have to identical c720 Chromebooks. on one touchpad works when I boot from USB with Android, on other it doesn't. Same exact USB stick.

On the "good news" side I am able to boot the c720 with Android from internal m.2 SSD. Once I got the system booting from SSD in USB adaptor, I just took it out from the adaptor and swapped with the internal one. After that Ctrl-L -->Esc--> boot from internal SSD.

To make this process automatic I used the script from https://mrchromebox.tech/#fwscript

option 4. Set Boot Options (GBB Flags) --> legacy boot default to SSD
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Cool, hacking is an art, more than a science ;)
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Intel CS clone as CB Stick, Bben Mini PC Stick Intel x86_64 Atom x5-Z8350 CPU

Intel Compute Stick clone as Chromebook Stick, Bben Mini PC Stick Intel x86_64 Atom x5-Z8350 CPU, works perfectly loading Chrome OS v67 to HDMI monitor

posted on Twitter with dmesg & picture.

https://twitter.com/inabster/status/1019974551751614464

Using the same script but with recovery relm or cyan.

better alternative to Asus CB CS10 - dmesg https://www.dropbox.com/s/1z6fir3zno93rxl/Intel-CS-BBEN-CB-relm.txt?dl=0

small caveat - micro SD card not recognised - this is an Intel cherrytrail stick, had these problems in Ubuntu & Arch Linux with kernel 4.1x

https://twitter.com/inabster/status/1020092647338373120

not checked audio - if not working can use a usb audio solution...

No audio cyan or relm...

solution - an external USB Creative Soundblaster solves sound.

Overall - Very pleased with Chrome OS on Bben Intel Compute Stick, much better performance than official Google [MENTION=318577]Asus[/MENTION] Chromebit CS10 - with added bonus of Google Play Store which #Asus are procrastinating releasing.

https://twitter.com/inabster/status/1021097291573317632

Extra notes -

I tried getting ROMs with baytrail & Linux Kernel 4.4 (which have Play Store) to work - they boot & can access the command line, but they fail to allow login in, or browse as guest -

(baytrail & cherrytrail are close)

the only baytrail that managed to boot & login is Acer Banjo, but no Play Store, no sound, no WiFi :(

Next challenge - try & get Chromebook baytrail ROMs operating on a Baytrail first generation Intel Compute Stick - the challenge is that it uses a 32 bit efi bootloader.

If successful, I will post this in a new thread.

Answer - Arnoldthebat Chromium OS v67 loads well in Hannspree Intel Compute Stick 1st gen clone (it boots the 32bit efi bootloader) -

however, sadly, it is crippled to load using a baytrail recovery ROM.

Arnoldthebat Chromium OS v55 (which creates less problems) boots the 32bit efi bootloader after all -

using the hack with the Edugear CMT Chromebook recovery ROM yields a Chrome OS that is rather laggy on the Hannspree ICS 1st gen clone with no WiFi, no BT & no sound....

so use usb solutions with usb hub for those... (it has only one USB 2.0 port)

well it was worth it just to show that it can be done :)

https://twitter.com/inabster/status/1023822434192031744

New discovery - Edugear CMT Chromebook ROM is for Baytrail (wizpig) & can be used to perfectly run the [MENTION=4005937]bben[/MENTION]Tech Intel Compute Stick which is 2nd gen -

I might try to get it to run Hannspree ICS 1st gen, though EFI is 32bit (more work needed)

Note Kernel version is 3.18, not 4.4

Linux localhost 3.18.0-17554-g9194949d4df2 #1 SMP PREEMPT Mon Jun 25 09:44:27 PDT 2018 x86_64 Intel(R) Atom(TM) x5-Z8350 CPU @ 1.44GHz GenuineIntel GNU/Linux

https://twitter.com/inabster/status/1023228131635802113
[Chromebooks] nabil2000:
Rooting the hacked Chrome OS with Android & Play Store

After having Android set up and running from within a Chromebook or a Laptop, the next logical bit is to root that Android (which is Nougat 7.1.1)

Thanks to Nolirum I managed to achieve it, but it was fiddly as his scripts needed some extras...

dmesg - https://www.dropbox.com/s/s5dt5dfflfabcq9/Acer-CB-R11--BBen-ICS-cherrtrail-dmesg.txt?dl=0

Rooting Android in Chromebook - Chrome OS

https://xdaforums.com/showpost.php?p=74198028&postcount=2

https://xdaforums.com/showpost.php?p=69938805&postcount=4

https://github.com/nolirium/aroc

Pictures below -