yashsingh1/xdaforums huggingface dataset:
[Zenfone 5 Android Development] Boomshiva:
Yeah ...

Xosp is officially dead .and this ROM has specific device related bugs ..I don't see any point in trying this and asking for screenshots and updates when it can't be updated or bugs resolved. Try other roms like aicp , los , RR and others
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
In this thread, You can share the Mega-Links of new firmware's (OFFICIAL STOCK) for the Galaxy S8 (so: NO CUSTOM ROM's and/or ROOT-talk)...

How to flash firmware to your phone:

WARNING WARNING WARNING -> Before flashing, ACTIVATE PIN in "Secure startup" (You'll be asked for it AFTER flashing!)

WARNING WARNING WARNING -> Before flashing, ACTIVATE PIN in "Secure startup" (You'll be asked for it AFTER flashing!)

1. Extract (un-rar) the firmware file (i.e. to folder c:\Odin) ***

2. Download Odin v3.13.1

3. Extract Odin ZIP file (i.e. to folder c:\Odin)

4. Open Odin v3.13.1

5. Reboot Phone in Download Mode (press and hold Bixby + Power + Volume Down buttons)

6. Connect phone and wait until you get a blue sign in Odin

7. Add the firmware files to their designated slots

8. Make sure re-partition is NOT ticked

9. Click the start button, sit back and wait few minutes

Below a video with the "How to flash"; thanks [MENTION=4581600]ISF[/MENTION] for making this tutorial:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2y0ZZxcNVnE

*** You can always find the LATEST firmware in msg #2
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
New Multi-CSC -> OXM

The European model of the S8/S8+ (SM-G950F + SM-G955F) will get a Multi-CSC -> OXM

This Multi-CSC was already used in the Note 7, and will now be continued on the S8/S8+

OXM Multi-CSC, which include the following CSC's: ACR AFG AFR ARO ATO AUT BGL BNG BRI BTC BTU CAC CAM CEL CHO COO DBT DKR ECT EGY EON ETL EUR GLB ILO INS ITV KSA LAO LUX LYS MID MM1 MWD MYM NEE NPL ORX PAK PCL PHE PHN PTR ROM SEB SEE SEK SER SIN SKZ SLK SMA STH THL THR TMC TPA TPH TTT TUN TUR WTL XEF XEH XEO XEU XFA XFE XME XSG XSP XTC XXV ZTO
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
G950FXXU1AQDG (Netherlands - PHN)

WARNING WARNING WARNING -> Before flashing, ACTIVATE PIN in "Secure startup" (You'll be asked for it AFTER flashing!)

WARNING WARNING WARNING -> Before flashing, ACTIVATE PIN in "Secure startup" (You'll be asked for it AFTER flashing!)

This ROM is the latest ROM for Netherlands (PHN) released 28 apr 17, and can be used for ALL CSC's mentioned in Multi-CSC OXM!

This is official Samsung ROM, so KNOX won't be triggered!

Note: after install of this ROM, you will receive OTA-updates!

Your data will stay intact, but it's possible you get "com.android.***** has stopped" -> Then a Factory Reset is needed (in Recovery)!

What's new:

* Android 7.0

* April security patches (Samsung Android Security Updates)

* Stability Improvements

* Fix Colour optimalisation

Model	SM-G950F

Model name	Galaxy S8

Country	Netherlands

Version	Android 7.0

Changelist	11168760

Build date	Tue, 25 Apr 2017 23:49:41 +0000

Security Patch Level	2017-04-01

Product code	PHN

PDA	G950FXXU1AQDG

CSC	G950FOXM1AQDG

Download for install with Odin 3.12.3: MegaNZ

UN-ZIP the archive and place the files in the designated slots in Odin 3.12.3

This package contains the HOME_CSC of OXM Multi-CSC, which include the following CSC's: ACR AFG AFR ARO ATO AUT BGL BNG BRI BTU CAC CAM CHO COO DBT DKR ECT EGY EON ETL EUR ILO INS ITV KSA LAO LUX MID MWD MYM NEE NPL ORX PAK PHE PHN ROM SEB SEE SEK SER SKZ SLK THL THR TPA TPH TTT TUN TUR XEF XEH XEO XEU XFE XME XSG XSP XTC XXV ZTO
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] kalas87:
my s8 is not booting into download mode and i am unable to reset my phone . it says firmware restrictions applied :(
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
could you make a photo?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] Vatsal:
Thread cleaned up a bit.

Please stay focussed on the topic.

Thanks!
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] kalas87:
http://imgur.com/a/gt84z
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
What is your provider/country/CSC ?

Could you do a *#1234# and give the info after CSC (or make a screenshot)?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] zach.flodman:
How do I get the black settings menu like you have in your picture?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
Install a "black theme" in the Theme Store ?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] fisher6:
Can I install this if my S8 has no ROM installed and only TWRP? Can I just flash it from download mode?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Yes. But you have to use the CSC_ file and NOT the HOME_CSC file.

And of course all other files (AP,BL,CP)
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] fisher6:
Thanks for the reply, what about this warning: WARNING WARNING WARNING -> Before flashing, ACTIVATE PIN in "Secure startup" (You'll be asked for it AFTER flashing!)

I only have access to TWRP and no*OS installed.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Ignore it. This is only if you flash with the HOME_CS to update your current original ROM and keep your data.

If you flash with normal CSC_ your device is resettled anyway..
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] drago122:
WARNING WARNING WARNING -> Before flashing, ACTIVATE PIN in "Secure startup" (You'll be asked for it AFTER flashing!)

It's necessary activate pin i never did it before??
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] fisher6:
Worked like a charm! Thanks!
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] AMoosa:
Great to see [MENTION=1586120]henklbr[/MENTION] on the Galaxy S8 scene with the latest Stock ROM thread. :)
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] kalas87:
http://imgur.com/a/A3jah

i flashed a BTU firmware from sam mobile , originally it was PAN

all functions are working but it says developer mode is enabled but not showing in the list and phone is not booting into download mode and not getting factory reset :(
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] rishab_s:
I am stuck now it says custom FRP blocked, tried flashing stock firmware but still its not resolved any help?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Yes, IF you have the OXM Multi-CSC.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] sousa_2005:
hi guys..

I have the 950F here in Portugal.

Can i flash this?

thanks :)
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Hell..... Did you even read what you Quoted??

"This ROM is the latest ROM for Multi-CSC OXM released 15 jun 17, and can be used for ALL CSC's mentioned in Multi-CSC OXM!

This is official Samsung ROM, so KNOX won't be triggered!"

Do you have the OXM Multi-CSC?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] sousa_2005:
did you even understand that i don´t know what is the "OXM Multi-CSC" thing????

I know I know, i need to search in google!!!

Hell...thank you for your generous help.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
You have one of those CSCs??

This package contains the HOME_CSC of OXM Multi-CSC, which include the following CSC's: ACR AFG AFR ARO ATO AUT BGL BNG BRI BTC BTU CAC CAM CHO COO DBT DKR ECT EGY EON ETL EUR GLB ILO INS ITV KSA LAO LUX LYS MID MM1 MWD MYM NEE NPL ORX PAK PHE PHN ROM SEB SEE SEK SER SIN SKZ SLK SMA STH THL THR TMC TPA TPH TTT TUN TUR WTL XEF XEH XEO XEU XFE XME XSG XSP XTC XXV ZTO

Or don´t you know your CSC?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] sousa_2005:
yes, I have the TPH.

I just realise that i can install this.

thanks again.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Do you now understand why I was angry? The post you quoted and replied had all information you needed.

Now have fun with the new firmware and have a nice day! :)
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] ddee105:
Can i flash this update with this CSC?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
If you have a CSC_OWA or HOME_CSC_OWA file then yes.

BUT you won't get OTA updates then.

Flashing with CSC_OXM will change your CSC. You can't flash with HOME_CSC_OXM!
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] Nathan5900:
Thanks!
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] ddee105:
If flash with CSC_OXM my CSC will change but my phone won't have any issues?

To get back my CSC I just have to flash original firmware again right?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Yes. To be sure look into settings - phone info - software information - service provider info

What do you see there

***/***/***

?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] ddee105:
PGU/PGU/PGU
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Right.... only your branding would change...

Right.. then you will have PGU again.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] ddee105:
Many thanks!!
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] balengxx:
I have XID CSC, can i install this?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] Sjant:
[MENTION=1586120]henklbr[/MENTION]

Are these stock mirrors or do you modify them in any way?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
As the Thread's Title is saying: OFFICIAL STOCK ROM

I Download from Samsung-server -> Upload to Mega
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
Search 1st b4 ask!

Have you read the previous messages? If so, you wouldn't have to ask this question (and we don't have to answer the "same" questions agin and again and again)...

In msg #189, a person asked the same question, with a different CSC:

Read the answers from [MENTION=1572395]maik005[/MENTION]

Your XID CSC is part of the multi-csc OLE; you must have HOME_CSC_OLE

Where to download? Search & Find: also answered many many times already...
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] donmarkon:
I flashed this ROM few days ago (before latest update) i did flash with CSC_OXM everything is fine but now i didn't got this latest OTA update. Why?

MY CSC is now G950foxm1aqeb

SEE/SEE/TIM

Please help
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
I am sure it is not out yet for SEE CSC.

But you can flash the firmware from here withe the HOME_CSC_OXM.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] donmarkon:
[MENTION=1572395]maik005[/MENTION]

so i just need to wait for update OTA? is working when i check for update it start checking and say that it is latest one?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] Sjant:
It is working yes, but like he said you can just download the update from this thread and flash it with HOME_CSC_OXM.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
The FW is available for CSC SEE, but OTA is a STAGED ROLL-OUT...

When you connect your S8 with Smart_Switch on your PC, you'll get the update (or you can flash the FW with Odin)...
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] donmarkon:
I connected it with smart switch and nothing happened. I don't want to use odin for every update. I just want to have OTA if i understood well now i just need to wait ?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Right.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] donmarkon:
Ok one more question :)

Can i change anything so get OTA ASAP?

Cheers
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Change the CSC.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
Instead of discussing why you haven't the OTA yet, you could have flashed the FW 20 times already...

Wait or flash, but this discussion is over and becoming OFF-TOPIC. PERIOD...
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] snpnx:
Hello,

I am right now preparing to flash my phone with the OXM multi-CSC (DBT CSC downloaded from updato to be precise).

I've read most of the thread, and I'm pretty sure that I've got the right concept about what I'm going to do, but I wanted to make sure that I understood things right before actually going forward, I would be thankful if someone with experience can look over my questions and answer them for me.

Current Firmware: OVF multi-CSC, VD2 CSC selected

Desired Firmware: OXM multi-CSC DBT CSC selected,, using CSC file for full factory reset

Questions:

1. I am a bit confused if the change from one multi-csc to another (OVF to OXM) is in any way problematic. While I've read this thread I've sometimes seen people say "you can flash, but only if you have an OXM multi-csc installed" but later, when asked if a switch from one to another multi-csc is okay, they said no problem.

Is there anything to be aware of when going from OVF to OXM? Do I need to select re-partition in Odin? I think not, as I haven't read anything that would say so, but I want to be sure.

2. As per statement above, i should NOT choose the HOME_CSC, right? I wish to have a complete new install.

3. I will get OTA updates just like any phone that had OXM DBT installed from the beginning, right?

4. Bloatware from Vodafone should not be there anymore, correct?

5. KNOX, Samsung Pay (not available in Germany right now, but still), Secure Folder won't be upset about this, right?

6. Do I have to take out the SIM and SD card? If I don't take out the SD card, will it be erased too?

I think those are all the questions I have. Basically I've gotten my phone online but only afterwards realized that it's a branded version. As I'm on a different carrier, I wish to get rid of the branding (and I wish to receive my updates sooner than vodafone is giving them out, as they seem to lag behind the DBT updates).

Thanks in advance for anyone who answers my questions
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
1. OVF is Mutli-CSC of Vodafone, where VD2 is part of; OXM is Multi-CSC for UN-branded phones where DBT is part of. Don't use re-partition

2. You should use CSC_OXM -> your device will be resetted

3. Am NOT sure in this one -> the PRODUCT-code of your device will stay VD2 (Vodafone Germany)

4. NO bloatware of Vodafone in OXM

5. KNOX is NOT triggered (it's OFFICIAL FW from Samsung)

6. SD-card won't be erased, don't worry (but you can take it out)

Note: The default CSC of OXM is XEU. I'm NOT sure your device will "switch" to DBT after flashing the new FW, maybe [MENTION=1572395]maik005[/MENTION] can give you more info about this...
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] snpnx:
Thanks for the answers so far, they've already helped me!

Regarding the DBT-CSC: I thought downloading from the DBT-Link at updato is somehow going to have the DBT-CSC selected. I understand that OXM is a multisim with a default CSC, but does this mean that all those different filters which I can use to get a specific country-firmware all lead me to the same OXM download at updato if it is included in OXM? If so, is there a way to select the DBT CSC somehow?

I think I'll wait for [MENTION=1572395]maik005[/MENTION] or anyone else to chime in on OTA updates though, as this is one of my main reasons for flashing.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
thx henklbr for answering.... now I'll do the rest :good:

1. OVF is Mutli-CSC of Vodafone, where VD2 is part of; OXM is Multi-CSC for UN-branded phones where DBT is part of. Don't use re-partition :good:

2. You should use CSC_OXM -> your device will be resetted :good:

3. Yes. You are right OTA Updates will be just fine! -> the CSC should look like this after flashing DBT/DBT/VD2 or XEU/XEU/VD2. The VD2 at the end is hard saved to the phone at factory and can´t be changed and does not make problems - only helps you regain the VD2 Branding.

4. NO bloatware of Vodafone in OXM :good:

5. KNOX is NOT triggered so no problems there (it's OFFICIAL FW from Samsung) :good:

6. SD-card won't be erased, don't worry (but you can take it out) :good:

It does not matter where you download a OXM-Multi-CSC Firmware! They are all the same....

CSC is chosen either by your Device CSC Code (in your case VD2 - which is in the OVF-Multi-CSC but NOT in OXM-Multi-CSC) or by SIM Card.

You SHOULD have your SIM Card inside your phone while flashing and first setup of your phone! If you like to do some research for us try it with your VD2 SIM. and tell us which CSC you get after flashing full OXM Firmware package.... If you do not get DBT/DBT/VD2 and dont get a message inside the "message center" saying "Dienstanbieterupdate..." and that you should reset your phone and after that you have the DBT/DBT/VD2 CSC then you can insert a o2 SIM (if you hopefully have one) in your phone and boot up. Either you get the messege above or you just factory reset your phone again. Then youˋll have DBT/DBT/VD2 for sure!

Hope I could help you and you might try it with your VD2 SIM first and report back!

Have fun flashing :cool:
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] snpnx:
Thanks for clearing it up a bit for me.

I don't have any Vodafone Simcard, I'm on a cheap O2 reseller, so to say and got a Vodafone branded phone online.

So if I understood you correctly, it's not completely sure what CSC I will get, but if I have a german O2 Sim in my phone while flashing, it's likely to be DBT and not XEU?

Are there any disadvantages for me if I would be on a XEU CSC in Germany? (I read somewhere that those CSCs have a play in which LTE bands are used, that's why I'm asking).

If I do flash my phone, I'll happily report back the end result (whether it's XEU/XEU/VD2 or DBT/DBT/VD2)
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Which O2 reseller? I am from Germany, too.

BUT if you flash with the SIM inside the phone you would get DBT/DBT/VD2 at a chance of 99%.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] snpnx:
I'm on Deutschlandsim, which in the end belongs to Drillisch.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] donmarkon:
I'm starting to doubt that OTA updates work after flashing this ROM... I still didn't get this latest one :(
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Which CSC do you have? and what phone model (G950F or G955F)?

Look in Settings - About Phone - software info - service provider info - service provider software....

***/***/*** ?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] donmarkon:
Hey bro thank you for trying to help

It is G950F bought it in italy it was simfree out of the box but with few TIM apps inside so it was TIM branded.

Flashed rom from this thread with not home csc

what i got now is this

SEE/SEE/TIM

Baseband version G950FXXU1AQEB
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
OTA should be roled out in waves ... Did you try connecting to SmartSwitch if the update is aviable there?

You cn also download this App:

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.vndnguyen.phoneinfo

and look under the "Firmware" Tab.

Bootloader, PDA, CSC and Basisband do all end with 1AQEB there?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] donmarkon:
Also i did try to conect to samaung switch

No idea what problem could be...

And is this normal
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Everything looks good... you just may have to wait a bit more... Samsung is not Apple where Updates are nearly immediatly aviable on all devices.

If you wont wait you can of course flash the software from here...
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
Stop asking the same question!

=deleted=
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] donmarkon:
First of all mate you are aggressive too much. I'm kindly asking questions and you ARE aggressive reason?

It is stated by OP aka you that OTA works i wanted to recheck is everything fine on my side. You are rude i don't know is it EGO or something other but if you can't help don't intervene.

It is perfectly normal that i don't want to manually flash phone for every update
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Thx. was too quick helping again and again and again and .... :)
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] donmarkon:
Change first post so people know that OTA won't work :)
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
=deleted=
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] donmarkon:
This is completely different side of coin and post should be updated. Many people buy tech in other countries rather in native. Also i'm not spamming other should know now i don't have OTA and i can't revert back to my original ROM. I didn't point finger on YOU until you pointed it at ME it is rude and aggressive.

Like majority of people i don't like to flash manually.

Over & Period definition of strong psychological complexes. You are OP but i believe that majority other than you won't consider my post's as spam
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
As written here or in the S8+ Thread bevore you can - of course go back to the original TIM Branding.

Just first take your SIm Card/s out of the phone.

Then you have two ways.

First:

use offical SmartSwitch PC App and do an "Emergency Restore" where you put in your Model- and Serial-Number and it downloads and flashes the Firmware to stock factory.

Secound:

Download the TIM Firmware (last one should be AQDG) and flash all files AP,BL,CP,CSC_TIM) via Odin.

And I can confirm that I have reports OTA Updates working even with "provider software info AAA/AAA/XXX where AAA is the new active changed CSC and XXX the stock factory CSC of the phone.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] donmarkon:
Thank you bro these informations are all i need. I will wait few more days for OTA

If i get it my deep apologies... Still i truly believe that saying to someone to shut up is rude and intolerable.

One more time thank you and all best.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
[MENTION=2856424]donmarkon[/MENTION]

There is one thing I noticed now... According to sammobile, the AQEB Firmware was never released fot the SEE CSC.

https://www.sammobile.com/firmwares/galaxy-s8/SM-G950F/SEE/

This might be the Problem. OTA is only possible if you are on a firmware package which is released for your CSC. All Versions MUST match the offical Firmware released for your CSC - not only for the OXM CSC (maybe)

So, as the AQF7 Firmware is released for SEE CSC if you flash this you should get the next Update (that is released for SEE CSC) OTA just fine.... Would be nice if you then report back.

That above is JUST MY GUESS....

But I know from the S7 it was like that. If not all files matched the firmware offical released for the CSC. The OTA Update wont show an error. It always showed that there is no new firmware aviable.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] donmarkon:
Hmm sounds tempting to try and there is logic. Tell me do i need to flash with home csc or non home csc ?
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
you are on OXM Multi CSC. So you can flash with HOME_CSC_OXM.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] henklbr:
Didn't think on that indeed...

Sorry for my over-reacting; what [MENTION=1572395]maik005[/MENTION] said is indeed true

The FW in msg #2 IS released for SEE, so after that you will receive OTA's... :)
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] Gasser.Atef:
i have S8 dous model 950FD with EGY CSC will this still work without any issues? will any apps be affected? like samsung pay or samsung health etc? sorry for the noob questions just want to make sure it will be all the same official stock firmware
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
Why don't you read the first two posts?

EGY is part of the OXM MULTI-CSC.

So yes you can flash the firmware from here without problems!
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] Gasser.Atef:
if you read my post carefully you would have noticed that the CSC was not my only question, so please instead of being rude try and be helpful.
[Samsung Galaxy S8 Guides, News, & Discussion] maik005:
I have had read your full post AND my answer was for ALL your questions in one!