[Note 7 ROMs, Kernels, Recoveries, & Other Developm] Mwyann:
I've got a logcat of the problem, here is when the crash happens (just after rotating my screen):

10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 11084 I InputReader: Reconfiguring input devices. changes=0x00000004
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 11084 I InputReader: Device reconfigured: id=4, name='sec_touchscreen', size 1440x2560, orientation 3, mode 1, display id 0
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 11084 D InputReader: Wrote command set_rotation_status,3
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 11084 I InputReader: Device reconfigured: id=8, name='sec_e-pen', size 1440x2560, orientation 3, mode 4, display id 0
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 I ActivityManager: Config changes=480 {0 1.0 themeSeq = 0 showBtnBg = 0 208mcc20mnc fr_FR ldltr sw411dp w731dp h387dp 560dpi nrml long land finger -keyb/v/h -nav/h mkbd/h s.7}
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: updateConfiguration: java.lang.NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke virtual method 'java.lang.Object java.lang.ref.WeakReference.get()' on a null object reference
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: java.lang.NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke virtual method 'java.lang.Object java.lang.ref.WeakReference.get()' on a null object reference
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at android.app.ResourcesManager.applyConfigurationToResourcesLocked(ResourcesManager.java:671)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at android.app.ResourcesManager.applyConfigurationToResourcesLocked(ResourcesManager.java:574)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at android.app.ActivityThread.applyConfigurationToResources(ActivityThread.java:5632)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at com.android.server.am.ActivityManagerService.updateConfigurationLocked(ActivityManagerService.java:25086)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at com.android.server.am.ActivityManagerService.updateConfiguration(ActivityManagerService.java:24943)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at com.android.server.wm.WindowManagerService.sendNewConfiguration(WindowManagerService.java:12669)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at com.android.server.wm.WindowManagerService.updateRotationUnchecked(WindowManagerService.java:11531)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at com.android.server.wm.WindowManagerService.updateRotation(WindowManagerService.java:11485)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at com.android.server.policy.PhoneWindowManager.updateRotation(PhoneWindowManager.java:12257)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at com.android.server.policy.PhoneWindowManager$MyOrientationListener$1.run(PhoneWindowManager.java:1504)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:739)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:95)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:148)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at android.os.HandlerThread.run(HandlerThread.java:61)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E ActivityManager: at com.android.server.ServiceThread.run(ServiceThread.java:46)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: *** FATAL EXCEPTION IN SYSTEM PROCESS: android.ui
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: java.lang.NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke virtual method 'java.lang.Object java.lang.ref.WeakReference.get()' on a null object reference
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at android.app.ResourcesManager.applyConfigurationToResourcesLocked(ResourcesManager.java:671)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at android.app.ResourcesManager.applyConfigurationToResourcesLocked(ResourcesManager.java:574)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at android.app.ActivityThread.applyConfigurationToResources(ActivityThread.java:5632)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at com.android.server.am.ActivityManagerService.updateConfigurationLocked(ActivityManagerService.java:25086)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at com.android.server.am.ActivityManagerService.updateConfiguration(ActivityManagerService.java:24943)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at com.android.server.wm.WindowManagerService.sendNewConfiguration(WindowManagerService.java:12669)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at com.android.server.wm.WindowManagerService.updateRotationUnchecked(WindowManagerService.java:11531)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at com.android.server.wm.WindowManagerService.updateRotation(WindowManagerService.java:11485)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at com.android.server.policy.PhoneWindowManager.updateRotation(PhoneWindowManager.java:12257)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at com.android.server.policy.PhoneWindowManager$MyOrientationListener$1.run(PhoneWindowManager.java:1504)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:739)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:95)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:148)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at android.os.HandlerThread.run(HandlerThread.java:61)
10-05 23:42:02.697 10265 10949 E AndroidRuntime: at com.android.server.ServiceThread.run(ServiceThread.java:46)
10-05 23:42:02.717 9691 9691 D hwcutils: MppFactory::MppFactory()
10-05 23:42:02.717 9691 9691 D : virtual LibMpp* MppFactory::CreateMpp(int, int, int, int) dev(4) mode(0) drm(0),
10-05 23:42:02.717 10265 10949 E android.os.Debug: THIS IS SYSTEM_SERVER.. store dumpState!!
10-05 23:42:02.717 9691 9691 D libexynosgscaler: LibMpp::LibMpp()
10-05 23:42:02.727 23962 23962 I dumpstate: begin
10-05 23:42:02.727 23962 23962 I dumpstate: do_add_date(1),use_outfile(/data/log/dumpstate_sys_error),use_socket(0),do_vibrate(1)
10-05 23:42:02.727 23962 23962 I dumpstate: do_fb(0),do_broadcast(0)
10-05 23:42:02.737 23962 23962 I dumpstate: divided dump process start
10-05 23:42:02.777 9691 9691 D libEGL : eglTerminate EGLDisplay = 0x7fc92d3578
10-05 23:42:02.777 9691 9691 D libEGL : eglInitialize EGLDisplay = 0x7fc92d34d8
10-05 23:42:02.777 9691 9691 D libexynosgscaler: virtual CGscaler::~CGscaler()
10-05 23:42:02.777 9691 9691 D libexynosgscaler: virtual LibMpp::~LibMpp()
10-05 23:42:02.777 9691 9691 D : virtual MppFactory::~MppFactory()
10-05 23:42:02.847 9691 9691 D libEGL : eglTerminate EGLDisplay = 0x7fc92d3578
10-05 23:42:02.847 9691 9691 D libEGL : eglInitialize EGLDisplay = 0x7fc92d34d8
10-05 23:42:02.907 9691 9691 D libEGL : eglTerminate EGLDisplay = 0x7fc92d3578
10-05 23:42:02.907 9691 9691 D libEGL : eglInitialize EGLDisplay = 0x7fc92d34d8
10-05 23:42:03.017 10265 10949 E android.os.Debug: !@Dumpstate > sdumpstate -k -t -z -d -o /data/log/dumpstate_sys_error
10-05 23:42:04.157 10265 10265 D CustomFrequencyManagerService: releaseDVFSLockLocked : Getting Lock type frm List : DVFS_MIN_LIMIT frequency : 2600000 uid : 1000 pid : 10265 tag : ROTATION_BOOSTER@44
10-05 23:42:04.667 10265 10964 W WindowManager: Window freeze timeout expired.

The do_vibrate(1) indeed tells me that my phone is now crashed, and I have to force-reboot it. I first thought it was an xposed module, but it doesn't seems to be the case. The bug appears with modded and stock SystemUI.