[HTC 10 Questions & Answers] FreydNot:
Success

In a last ditch attempt before going for the full RUU solution I flashed the boot and radio images from the 1.80 OTA. That worked!!! My camera now works.

E:\HTC 10\OTA_PERFUME_WL_M60_SENSE80GP_VZW_NA_Gen_Unlock_1.80.617.1_R-1.53.617.5_release_480240aw6u8xea6328m583\firmware>fastboot flash boot boot.img
target reported max download size of 536870912 bytes
sending 'boot' (40449 KB)...
OKAY [ 1.370s]
writing 'boot'...
OKAY [ 0.551s]
finished. total time: 1.924s

E:\HTC 10\OTA_PERFUME_WL_M60_SENSE80GP_VZW_NA_Gen_Unlock_1.80.617.1_R-1.53.617.5_release_480240aw6u8xea6328m583\firmware>fastboot flash radio radio.img
target reported max download size of 536870912 bytes
sending 'radio' (54541 KB)...
OKAY [ 1.824s]
writing 'radio'...
OKAY [ 0.547s]
finished. total time: 2.375s

Are there any other images I should flash from the OTA just to be sure? All the options are:

aboot_signed.img
boot.img
hosd_signed.img
pmic-8996-1.img
radio.img
recovery.img
rfg_2.img
rfg_3.img
sensor_hub.img
tp_SYN3708.img
venus.img
xbl-8996-1.img

If do a full "fastboot flash zip firmware.zip", will that wipe the data partition? That seems like a good idea to do.

EDIT: I decided to throw caution to the wind and flash the full firmware.zip from the 1.80 OTA file in download mode. I figured I was prepared to do a full RUU tonight so I was okay what whatever happened. Data partition was not erased and I'm back to a properly working phone. Now I just need to reapply SuperSu and AdAway.

E:\HTC 10\OTA_PERFUME_WL_M60_SENSE80GP_VZW_NA_Gen_Unlock_1.80.617.1_R-1.53.617.5_release_480240aw6u8xea6328m583>fastboot flash zip firmware.zip
target reported max download size of 800000000 bytes
sending 'zip' (90109 KB)...
OKAY [ 5.298s]
writing 'zip'...
(bootloader) HOSD CL#748430
(bootloader) Perform pre-update
(bootloader) start@12
(bootloader) aboot_signed.img@100%
(bootloader) boot.img@BYPASS
(bootloader) hosd_signed.img@100%
(bootloader) pmic-8996-1.img@100%
(bootloader) recovery.img@BYPASS
(bootloader) rfg_2.img@BYPASS
(bootloader) rfg_3.img@BYPASS
(bootloader) sensor_hub.img@BYPASS
(bootloader) tp_SYN3708.img@BYPASS
(bootloader) venus.img@BYPASS
(bootloader) xbl-8996-1.img@100%
(bootloader) radio.img@BYPASS
FAILED (remote: 90 hboot pre-update! please flush image again immediately )
finished. total time: 7.028s

E:\HTC 10\OTA_PERFUME_WL_M60_SENSE80GP_VZW_NA_Gen_Unlock_1.80.617.1_R-1.53.617.5_release_480240aw6u8xea6328m583>fastboot flash zip firmware.zip
target reported max download size of 800000000 bytes
sending 'zip' (90109 KB)...
OKAY [ 5.292s]
writing 'zip'...
(bootloader) HOSD CL#761759
(bootloader) start@12
(bootloader) aboot_signed.img@100%
(bootloader) boot.img@100%
(bootloader) hosd_signed.img@100%
(bootloader) pmic-8996-1.img@100%
(bootloader) recovery.img@100%
(bootloader) rfg_2.img@100%
(bootloader) rfg_3.img@100%
(bootloader) venus.img@100%
(bootloader) xbl-8996-1.img@100%
(bootloader) radio.img@100%
(bootloader) sensor_hub.img@0%
(bootloader) sensor_hub.img@0%
(bootloader) sensor_hub.img@0%
(bootloader) sensor_hub.img@20%
(bootloader) sensor_hub.img@45%
(bootloader) sensor_hub.img@65%
(bootloader) sensor_hub.img@90%
(bootloader) sensor_hub.img@100%
(bootloader) tp_SYN3708.img@100%
(bootloader) tp_SYN3708.img@100%
(bootloader) Update zip file OK
(bootloader) end@Done
OKAY [ 49.379s]
finished. total time: 54.673s