[Xposed General] rovo89:
[MENTION=4166672]ex-28[/MENTION] provided a logcat for this, which I missed to reply to so far: https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/34800164/S5.G900W.Shealth.crash.txt

I think this is the relevant part:

I/SecureStorage( 7245): [INFO]: SPID(0x00000000)Processing data
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)transition_table [first_perm][second_perm] != 0
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)first_perm = 3
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)second_perm = 3
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)Block_perm = 2
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=0 415E4000 - 41650000 r-xp /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=1 41650000 - 41651000 r-xp /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=2 41651000 - 416A7000 r-xp /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=3 416A7000 - 416AB000 r--p /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=4 416AB000 - 416B1000 rw-p /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=5 416B1000 - 416B5000 rw-p
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)bad block
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)parse_proc_fs error
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)Error processing data
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)Android: read data error: -2
I/SecureStorage( 7245): [INFO]: SPID(0x00000000)Processing data
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)transition_table [first_perm][second_perm] != 0
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)first_perm = 3
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)second_perm = 3
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)Block_perm = 2
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=0 415E4000 - 41650000 r-xp /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=1 41650000 - 41651000 r-xp /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=2 41651000 - 416A7000 r-xp /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=3 416A7000 - 416AB000 r--p /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=4 416AB000 - 416B1000 rw-p /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=5 416B1000 - 416B5000 rw-p
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)bad block
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)parse_proc_fs error
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)Error processing data
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)Android: read data error: -2
I/SecureStorage( 7245): [INFO]: SPID(0x00000000)Processing data
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)transition_table [first_perm][second_perm] != 0
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)first_perm = 3
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)second_perm = 3
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)Block_perm = 2
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=0 415E4000 - 41650000 r-xp /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=1 41650000 - 41651000 r-xp /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=2 41651000 - 416A7000 r-xp /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=3 416A7000 - 416AB000 r--p /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=4 416AB000 - 416B1000 rw-p /system/lib/libdvm.so
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)i=5 416B1000 - 416B5000 rw-p
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)bad block
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)parse_proc_fs error
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)Error processing data
E/SecureStorage( 7245): [ERROR]:SPID(0x00000000)Android: read data error: -2
I/SQLiteSecureOpenHelper( 7245): getWritableDatabase(pwd)
I/SQLiteSecureOpenHelper( 7245): getDatabaseLocked(b,b,pwd)...
I/SQLiteSecureOpenHelper( 7245): Open platform.db in secure mode
E/SQLiteLog( 7245): (26) statement aborts at 0: [PRAGMA user_version;] file is encrypted or is not a database
E/DefaultSecureDatabaseErrorHandler( 7245): Corruption reported by sqlite on database: /data/user/0/com.sec.android.service.health/databases/platform.db
E/DefaultSecureDatabaseErrorHandler( 7245): backup the database file: /data/user/0/com.sec.android.service.health/databases/platform.db
D/SQLiteSecureOpenHelper( 7245): ...getDatabaseLocked(b,b,pwd)
E/JavaBinder( 7245): *** Uncaught remote exception! (Exceptions are not yet supported across processes.)
E/JavaBinder( 7245): java.lang.RuntimeException: android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabaseCorruptException: file is encrypted or is not a database (code 26)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at com.sec.android.service.health.cp.database.DBManager.getWritableDatabase(DBManager.java:164)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at com.sec.android.service.health.cp.database.DBManager.getWritableDatabase(DBManager.java:100)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at com.sec.android.service.health.cp.HealthContentProvider.query(HealthContentProvider.java:534)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.content.ContentProvider.query(ContentProvider.java:857)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.content.ContentProvider$Transport.query(ContentProvider.java:200)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.content.ContentProviderNative.onTransact(ContentProviderNative.java:112)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.os.Binder.execTransact(Binder.java:404)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at dalvik.system.NativeStart.run(Native Method)
E/JavaBinder( 7245): Caused by: android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabaseCorruptException: file is encrypted or is not a database (code 26)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteConnection.nativeExecuteForLong(Native Method)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteConnection.executeForLong(SQLiteConnection.java:788)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteSession.executeForLong(SQLiteSession.java:652)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteStatement.simpleQueryForLong(SQLiteStatement.java:107)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.database.DatabaseUtils.longForQuery(DatabaseUtils.java:825)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.database.DatabaseUtils.longForQuery(DatabaseUtils.java:813)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase.getVersion(SQLiteDatabase.java:996)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteSecureOpenHelper.getDatabaseLocked(SQLiteSecureOpenHelper.java:366)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at android.database.sqlite.SQLiteSecureOpenHelper.getWritableDatabase(SQLiteSecureOpenHelper.java:275)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	at com.sec.android.service.health.cp.database.DBManager.getWritableDatabase(DBManager.java:153)
E/JavaBinder( 7245):	... 7 more

It somehow can't decrypt the database. I don't know why. The only indication I have is the part about libdvm.so. Maybe it doesn't like some changes I have done to the file in the memory. If yes, I think I might have accidently fixed this for the upcoming version. I will send you a link for a pre-alpha version. If that doesn't help, I don't know what else to check...