yashsingh1/xdaforums huggingface dataset:
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] carlitos66:
I am reading this over and over again, it's exactly what I need, to increase IN CALL speaker volume. So I rooted the phone - first time in my life. In root explorer changed to R/W. Found default_gain.conf file, long press on it, press save. Where it is saved so I can change the db values? I want to save it to external sd card.

Or if I open this default_gain.conf in es file explorer, and open the file with ES Note editor, I can manually change the values. Great, that's what I want to do only. But I would still prefer to save original file somewhere. How do I do it? I am ok with headphone and external speaker volumes, so I don't want to download the whole modified file and overwrite existing default_gain.conf file in phone system, I would prefer just manually raise db value in settings.

Also after I change values in ES Note editor, do I have to change permissions also?

I am very new to this modifying and rooting, I am willing to donate somebody who will guide me how to do it, I am afraid to destroy my phone. But I must admit, it is exciting :)

Thanx

edit: I figured out how to save the file in es explorer. Now, when I change the values in original file, do I just press Save somewhere and change permission or just reboot the phone and pray?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] kradcliffe:
Change it in ES editor

Save it

Change permissions

Reboot.

If anything screws up you can either go back and change it or just replace with the original file.

Keith
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] carlitos66:
I did everything correctly. tried all kinds of settings, all stays after reboot so I know I am doing it right, buy there is no increase in volume. I even gave it to try to my wife and she hears no increase as well. Now what? There must be some other setting in the menu to raise it. Anybody has any idea?

Thx
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] carlitos66:
ok, finally got it working, for those of you who will ever do this. After you change everything and reboot device, you have to open es File explorer again, find the file default_gain.conf, long press on it, scroll down to properties, hit properties and CHANGE PERMISSION AGAIN to rw - r - r. You will have to do it, reboot device again and get ready. This is insane high volume, first time in my life I had to actually lower the volume down while making phone call, no built in "in call boost" necessary.

Thank you everybody for this mod. Grrreat.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] raduque:
Well, I thought I would do this mod, as my N2 isn't loud enough in my truck. I'm running completely stock AT&T UCALK7 on an i317. It's rooted and I have the tethering provision apk renamed.

I went in to edit the conf file, and in the sections listed in the OP, my volumes were set to 56/50 for headset and 56/45 for headphones. I changed all 4 settings to 59, but I won't know till tomorrow if it works.

But, does anybody know why the numbers weren't the default 50/50 and 50/45?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] GMoGoody:
If you guys are doing it manually what modifiers are making changes to? I am thinking Normal and In Call. Anyone else doing others?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] 3vo3d:
I have only attempted to manually alter the headphone figures but so far have seen no improvement i am gonna try changing the permissions again like carlitos suggested and then reboot.

However, since i first attempted this mod i noticed that my handsfree bluetooth kit no longer works. It connects ok but during a call i am unable to hear them but they cannot hear me. Also when i put the speaker phone on i can hear them but they again cannot hear me.

Could this mod, or at least what i have attempted to do with this mod, be the cause?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] basziee:
Re: [HOT MOD] increase note2 volume significantly *UPDATED 2012.11.22*

Andy update for android 4.2.1?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] 3vo3d:
damn dude i think i just deafened myself lol. you were right i had to go back in and change the permissions again. now the mod has worked. Thannks op and to you for the tip.

now if someone could help me to get my speaker phone working again and my bluetooth i would appreciate it!

Edit -ok I copied back my original config file and now my Blue tooth and Speaker phone are both working again. I wonder what I did wrong? I will attempt the mod again later
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Tiffany84:
So I have modified the file to increase the headphone volume and it made a HUGE difference. It's like night and day listening to music through headphones now but I have one problem that is driving me crazy and I can't figure out how to fix it. So I'm hoping someone in here might be able to help. When I turn the volume up all the way while listening to music through my headphones now, the music will only stay turned up for a minute or so and then it will automatically turn itself down to like 50% and this message will pop up and say something about listening to loud music can harm my hearing. Then I will have to turn the volume back up, it will stay that way for a minute or so and then will do the same thing. So while it sounds WAY better I cant really enjoy any music because I'm constantly having to turn it back up. Have any of you experienced this or know of a way to prevent it from turning the volume down and displaying that message? Thanks for any help you can give. By the way, I'm thinking it must be a Samsung/TouchWiz thing because I did the same mod while running a CM based rom and it didn't seem to do it.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] hinds73:
Keeping an eye on this in hopes that a bluetooth fix will become available.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Paulx10:
Re: [HOT MOD] increase note2 volume significantly *UPDATED 2012.11.22*

Will this work on note 10.1??
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Bruce MJ:
Excellent Mod, I'm using "Mid Volume", working flawlessly.

One thing though, permissions need 2 b set as -rw-r--r-- , like the original file, the OP needs 2 b modified.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] nonobouli:
try it by using a root explorer, if the same file exists look into it, pay attention to the tuto, it's quit good explained
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] wase4711:
what if you don't have that file in /system/etc?

ie, PA 3.0 -4.2.2

thanks
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] vibrantliker:
I can't find it in AOSP 4.2 either
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] skumkaninen:
Headset phone level low

I have tried all suggested things in this thread - my file is edited and the rights is set correctly - but the level of phonecalls using a headset (wired) is sooo low, all levels are set to max, if i change to a podcast program or music the volume is sufficient high - but i allmost cannot hear people i call.

Its a note 2 LTE with CM 10.1 Android 4.2.2

Any help would be greatly appreciated !
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] hinds73:
Just thought I would post this as it may help someone having the same problem as me with maybe or maybe not the same headset.

Fixed my bluetooth audio being to low during calls. I performed a factory reset on my HX550 then went through the options and turned off wideband audio. Now I have to turn my volume down. :)

I have confirmed this by reactivating wideband audio and the low volume is back.

Rooted/Beans 10
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] griffen97023:
Re: [HOT MOD] increase note2 volume significantly *UPDATED 2012.11.22*

How about how to turn down microphone level?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] niceashwin79:
Thank you developer it worked well for me...

Thanks once again!

Regards,

Ashwin
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] ayong chia:
Re: [HOT MOD] increase note2 volume significantly *UPDATED 2012.11.22*

Amazing :) like this mod mega!!! Was really disappointed by stock headset quality n volume :) btw is this mod also work on N7000 JellyBean? Thanks

Warmest Greeting From Batam - Indonesia :)
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Juzm:
Nice mod, works perfectly on my N7105. I was listening to my sennheiser over ear headphones the other night wishing they had some more grunt. My wish has been granted. :good:
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] ayong chia:
Re: [HOT MOD] increase note2 volume significantly *UPDATED 2012.11.22*

But it raise my speaker volume too, i hope OP will update which only raise headset volume instead of speaker volume

Warmest Greeting From Batam - Indonesia :)
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] aukhan:
Will this Work On Stock Rom ? anyways i was able to replace the file,

Could you tell me how to change the attributes to RW-RW-RW i m using Es File explorer ?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] McLaren__F1:
as long as the phone is rooted, should work
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] aukhan:
Alright :) thanks Mate :)
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] dclarolh:
So I set this up on my phone and whether I use Pandora or google music it pauses the app and sets the volume lower. I am using the Verizon note 2 with jelly beans rom.

I am using the ultra mod version.

I don't get why I seem to be the only one with an issue.

Pleas help, thanks.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] ayong chia:
Re: [HOT MOD] increase note2 volume significantly *UPDATED 2012.11.22*

Have you set the permission to rw-rw-rw?

Warmest Greeting From Batam - Indonesia :)
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] faded03cobra:
Just did this and WOW......sounds great. One question though, why is the headphone volume set to 52 and not 57 like the others. Thx.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] quepaso:
Installed the middle file and its very nice. Verizon GN2 on Scotts 4.5 Ace rom. Thanks again.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] remixkilla:
Re: [HOT MOD] increase note2 volume significantly *UPDATED 2012.11.22*

Thanks this works
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] mazelost:
Amazing job!!This mod has given my note an other sound dimension!!Thanks for your nice work:good:
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] HoOnZ:
Worked! Thank you op! I just bought a pair of Beyerdynamic DT770 cans and the volume mod made a world of a difference. Thank you! :)
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] shadowlabs9:
Hi,

Anyone know which parameters are activated when we press the button for booster when in a call?

I ask because the sound quality when this option is active is much clearer than the “standard” in call sound without that function in of.

Best regards
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] johnnya99:
I edited the volume.db with a hex editor on the bluetooth positions, changed 100 to 110
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] sliverr7x:
Re: [HOT MOD] increase note2 volume significantly *UPDATED 2012.11.22*

Did it help any

Rockin it from my Macknote2
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] johnnya99:
yesterday it was a big improvment when i did some small test, today in real i am more unsure if it did anything.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] cybermonk:
Guys anyone try on [ROM][GT-N7105 / t0lte][JB][4.2.2] CyanogenMod 10.1?

Does it work?

I try to find the file but in not in the location.:confused:
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] eddietah:
Hi I have sold my note 2 and change to sony xperia z and have already root it. Can you also make one for sony xperia z? Will be very much appreciated :)
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] eddietah:
Please make one for sony xperia z dude ;)

---------- Post added at 09:44 PM ---------- Previous post was at 08:54 PM ----------

I really need a xperia z sound mod ;)

---------- Post added at 10:11 PM ---------- Previous post was at 09:44 PM ----------

Please make one for sony xperia z please :)
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Whiskey In The Jar:
It doesn't work with Emotion Note II (a famous stock rom based)..
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] eddietah:
Of course I know it doesn't work that why I'm asking is it possible to make one for sony xperia z dude :rolleyes:
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] eddietah:
Any update for a hot mod to increase sony xperia z volume significantly
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] bigthermalboy:
Seem to improve - Sammy White Buds are very good when burnt in ... Running PowerAmp + Senn HD449 32ohm little better .. But Sammy Buds Boom Boom ..
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] shippy__:
I might be a little retarded I can’t get this mod to work with a note 2 and I cant go on with the low volume on my AUX in the car, can someone give me step by step instruction for a retarded bloke like me, i downloaded file explore and stuff but i cant seem to get the files to replace the others

I contribute to other many other forums but this isn’t my area of expertise lol
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] anewman:
Does anyone actually know what this does?

Does it reduce inbuilt software restrictions on hardware audio output?

Does it merely increase level of software gain on audio output (thereby potentially resulting in clipping at high levels)?

It's all well and good finding a file and editing some parameters, but unless you actually KNOW what they do!!! Fact the OP rates the Beats app seems to suggest further lack of knowledge/interest in audio quality itself, as it's just an equaliser app.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] adeeb:
Step by step

Dowload the file

Download root explorer from playstore ( your device must be rooted)

Navigate with rot explorer to downloads and copy the file you downloaded from here

Navigate to system/etc

Make sure you select r/w on top (u will c it in root explorer)

Paste the file and overwrite

After pasting click on file and go to permissions

Edit as rw-rw-rw

Done. Reboot

I had the same issue in my car, now rocks. Hope i was of help
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] trpi:
this doesnt affect any battery perfomance right? (of course it will use a bit more power if playing with increased volume, but i mean like it wont stress some system processes to use more cpu/ram or make new processes/wakelocks?)

can this damage the speaker?

did mid volume mod and its great
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] chris_toni:
Re: [HOT MOD] increase note2 volume significantly *UPDATED 2012.11.22*

Trying the maximum volume, when plug in to headphones or speakers (no microphone) with volume 10 or more after big low sound (bass) suddenly the volume go back to 9, a little bit annoying.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] angel0801:
thank's

Thank you, it worked perfectly for me.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] alevity:
This too is killing me please someone help us out
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Alienator9191:
Just a tip for everyone, if you set it higher than 63 the audio file won't get loaded and you will just get very low/soft sound. 63 is the maximum, i use it only at 63 for my speakers that will just give it more power which i find very nice :)
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Eddie_Brock:
I just added the "Normal Volume Mod" to my stock 4.1.2 rom and it works great.

Just enough volume added that I don't have to max out my headphones and bluetooth audio anymore. Thanks! :good:
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Ohh_Trenton:
Delete..wrong thread :)
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] vali_ics:
I need to boost only headphone music I use the second method yes?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] 白い熊:
What is the difference between Headset Out and Headphone?

--

白い熊@相撲道
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] arcelivez:
I tried the second method, increase more and increasing less, but both ways this method seems to INCREASE THE NOISE IN THE BACKGROUND when there is no music playing... So it's bad, on Galaxy S3 it's still louder and the NOISE IN THE BACKGROUND IS WAY MORE SILENT. :/ Anybody have more ideas? Maybe tweak the values in a different manner? Or tweak something else?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] blackj30:
I am on stereo bluetooth headset for music, can anyone so me how to make louder sound? Been using beats but didnt work :(

Thanks
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Ottschke:
Sorry, that I can't help you directly, but I at least can show you a direction for your search. Headset volume is tuned thru kernel. Bluetooth headset is tuned thru ROM. Hope that helps. Have fun and if you found a solution could you let me know?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] blackj30:
Hi, so replacing the default_gain.conf is changing sound in rom right?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] mbar9607:
gonna give it a shot
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Eddie_Brock:
This mod increased the volume on my bluetooth headphones. Works just fine! :D
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Frausbite77:
MIssing

I seem to be missing the default file in my system/etc folder...ive searched and searched read through all the threads and havent be able to find answer...anyway i can still use this...im running carbon 1.7
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] wase4711:
thast file doesnt exist on AOSP roms..
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] carlitos66:
I wonder if I install new Samsung stock software via Mobile Odin to keep root, will the audio settings be changed to that newly flashed stock rom? So I would have to do the whole process again? Or are these audio settings phone hardware settings and they stay same no matter what rom you flash? Anybody?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] jujuburi:
It's just the modified gain.conf file, nothing else. No way you can change the hardware with a configuration file, you can just tweak it. So when you flash a new Rom stock file will be restored, and you'll have to apply this again. No big deal though, just copy this modified file somewhere and after flashing Rom paste and replace the stock file with this. Have a backup of the default/stock file always, however you can have that with any stock Rom.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] kuhne:
I purchased the zmart remote for my Galaxy note 2 and apparently that thing needs all sorts of volume limiterd removed to work. So hopefully this helps.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] lofdog21:
How do i uninstall this?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] CapitanFantasma:
:o Thansk
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] spikehansley:
i just installed it. now my home button won´t work anymore :crying:

i try to load the backup from default_gain but the same problem.

i can´t set the permissions to rw rw rw. i get an error message that some system files can not be modified.

please heeeelp :crying:
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] hes_luckey:
I changed the default_gain.cof for reduce in-call volume but in-call speaker wont work anymore

I restored backup file but it doesnt work

I did anything wrong ?

#Modifier : Incall

Modifier "Incall" {

SupportedDevice {

"Earpiece"

}

Enable {

{ "AIF2DAC2L Mixer AIF2 Switch", 0 },

{ "AIF2DAC2R Mixer AIF2 Switch", 0 },

{ "AIF2ADC HPF Mode", 1 },

{ "AIF2ADC HPF Switch", 1 },

{ "AIF1DAC1 Volume", 96 },

{ "AIF2DAC Volume", 96 },

{ "AIF1 Boost Volume", 0 },

{ "AIF2 Boost Volume", 0 },

{ "DAC1 Volume", 96 },

{ "Left Output Mixer DAC Volume", 7 },

{ "Right Output Mixer DAC Volume", 7 },

{ "Output Volume", 50 },

{ "Earpiece Volume", 1 },
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Purple Ferret:
Can someone post the setting that affects the in-call volume. Thats the only boost I need really, it seems this mod works on the Non-international SGSIII.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] BladeDreams:
Just instalked on my Note 2 running Beans 19....

WoW!

Thank you !
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] HappySon:
thanks~its useful
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] TabGuy:
Beans 19 here also and I'll second that WoW! In fact, at full volume it's loud enough to hurt my ears at less than 3 feet distance. I actually have to turn the volume down.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] timmyd463229:
Found it
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] tyvar1:
Go back to your backed up file! :)

---------- Post added at 10:26 AM ---------- Previous post was at 09:52 AM ----------

I tried this mod today and I didn't hear any difference. I got the 60db file and replaced the old file and fixed it to rwrwrw but It seams that it won't work :(
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] maxld:
It is working fantasticly well! Thanks man, you are my hero :D This + Viper4Android is all I need.

FYI it doesn't work with Perseus kernel, I had to roll back to stock.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] HUYI:
thanks for the mod a MASSIVE difference, before i struggled to hear anything at all, now the headphone sound is just as loud as my ipod mp3 player :)
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] ethemaestro:
No default_gain.conf

Trying to boost the volume of the headset output on my Verizon (i535) S3 4.1.2. The "default_gain.conf" is not found in system/etc. Is this file located somewhere else? Is there another method that doesn't require the default_gain.conf file? I tried just copying the file to that directory, bit it had no effect. Please help! I watch videos quite a bit and NOTHING seems to help increase the volume level.:confused:
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Specialist88:
Does this MOD work on 4.2.2 SlimBean ROM?
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] MBariya:
Just try out...

First take backup of original file. So you can revert at any time..

---------- Post added at 06:11 PM ---------- Previous post was at 05:50 PM ----------

You are chenging Earpiece volume. Don't change that if you want inbuilt speaker. Just edit below section.

Modifier "Incall" {

SupportedDevice {

"Speaker"

}

Enable {

{ "AIF2DAC2L Mixer AIF2 Switch", 0 },

{ "AIF2DAC2R Mixer AIF2 Switch", 0 },

{ "AIF2ADC HPF Mode", 1 },

{ "AIF2ADC HPF Switch", 1 },

{ "AIF1DAC1 Volume", 90 },

{ "AIF2DAC Volume", 96 },

{ "AIF1 Boost Volume", 0 },

{ "AIF2 Boost Volume", 0 },

{ "DAC1 Volume", 96 },

{ "SPKL DAC1 Volume", 1 },

{ "SPKR DAC1 Volume", 1 },

{ "Speaker Mixer Volume", 3 },

{ "Speaker Boost Volume", 6 },

{ "Speaker Volume", 58 },

}

Disable {

{ "AIF2DAC Volume", 96 },

{ "AIF2 Boost Volume", 0 },

{ "DAC1 Volume", 96 },

{ "SPKL DAC1 Volume", 0 },

{ "SPKR DAC1 Volume", 0 },

{ "Speaker Mixer Volume", 0 },

{ "Speaker Volume", 57 },

{ "Speaker Boost Volume", 0 },

}

}

---------- Post added at 06:16 PM ---------- Previous post was at 06:11 PM ----------

Search below section and edit values.

Modifier "Incall" {

SupportedDevice {

"Speaker"

}

Enable {

{ "AIF2DAC2L Mixer AIF2 Switch", 0 },

{ "AIF2DAC2R Mixer AIF2 Switch", 0 },

{ "AIF2ADC HPF Mode", 1 },

{ "AIF2ADC HPF Switch", 1 },

{ "AIF1DAC1 Volume", 90 },

{ "AIF2DAC Volume", 96 },

{ "AIF1 Boost Volume", 0 },

{ "AIF2 Boost Volume", 0 },

{ "DAC1 Volume", 96 },

{ "SPKL DAC1 Volume", 1 },

{ "SPKR DAC1 Volume", 1 },

{ "Speaker Mixer Volume", 3 },

{ "Speaker Boost Volume", 6 },

{ "Speaker Volume", 63 },

}

Disable {

{ "AIF2DAC Volume", 96 },

{ "AIF2 Boost Volume", 0 },

{ "DAC1 Volume", 96 },

{ "SPKL DAC1 Volume", 0 },

{ "SPKR DAC1 Volume", 0 },

{ "Speaker Mixer Volume", 0 },

{ "Speaker Volume", 63 },

{ "Speaker Boost Volume", 0 },

}

}

Don't forget to give permissive to rw-r-r-.
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] wase4711:
nope; TW roms only
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Neffstarr:
i dont even see this file in my rooted note 2 aokp milestone 2 for t mobile

and default_gain.conf file /system/etc [/B]

[
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] MBariya:
TW roms only

Sent from my GT-N7100
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] Neffstarr:
thanks

appreciate your help
[Galaxy Note II Themes and Apps] downsouthballa:
[HOT AUDIO MOD]♫♫♫ Increase Note2 volume significantly ♫♫♫

I changed the file # from 96 to 120 on the JellyBomb Rom ver19.0 and it worked.. You should have (8)eight 120 on the volume

Modifier "Normal" {

SupportedDevice {

"Headset Out"

}

Enable {

{ "Headphone ZC Switch", 0 },

{ "AIF1DAC1 Volume", 120 },

{ "AIF1 Boost Volume", 0 },

{ "DAC1 Volume", 120 },

{ "Left Output Mixer DAC Volume", 7 },

{ "Right Output Mixer DAC Volume", 7 },

{ "Headphone Volume", 57 },

}

Disable {

{ "Headphone ZC Switch", 0 },

{ "AIF1DAC1 Volume", 120 },

{ "AIF1 Boost Volume", 0 },

{ "DAC1 Volume", 120 },

{ "Headphone Volume", 57 },

}

}

Modifier "Normal" {

SupportedDevice {

"Headphone"

}

Enable {

{ "Headphone ZC Switch", 0 },

{ "AIF1DAC1 Volume", 120 },

{ "AIF1 Boost Volume", 0 },

{ "DAC1 Volume", 120 },

{ "Left Output Mixer DAC Volume", 7 },

{ "Right Output Mixer DAC Volume", 7 },

{ "Headphone Volume", 57 },

}

Disable {

{ "Headphone ZC Switch", 0 },

{ "AIF1DAC1 Volume", 120 },

{ "AIF1 Boost Volume", 0 },

{ "DAC1 Volume", 120 },

{ "Headphone Volume", 52 },