yashsingh1/xdaforums huggingface dataset:
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] dark'em:
This Kernel is only compatible with TouchWizz stock Samsung roms, so NO!
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Fermas:
Hi guys! I have a Note N7000 with JB 4.1.2 stock rom TMN branded (Portuguese network) and I not understand what is the kernel of this rom.

Kernel version:

3.0.31-1103517

dpi@DELL202 #3

SMP PREEMPT Sat Apr 20 02:25:55 KST 2013

Compilation nº:

JZO54K.N7000XXLT5

Q1: - What is the kernel that matches with mine? XXLT5???

Q2: - The kernel´s in the first page are completely safe?

Q3: - What roms can not install after installing this new kernel? I have to have some special care wipe?

Many thanks in advance and sorry my poor english ;)
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] vishaldhamnekar:
1. Yes....XXLT5

2. Again Yes....completely safe.

3. PhilZ kernel is Safe Kernel so you can flash any Rom using this. (Don't forget to read Install Instructions in OP)

:)And make all 3 wipes everytime before you install a new Rom.

:thumbup:
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Fermas:
Many thanks my friend!

When I install another rom, stock or CFW, will also install the new kernel this new rom, right?

In this case It is better reinstall XXLT5@ PhilZ kernel or is not necessary?

Thanks again ;)
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] vishaldhamnekar:
No,

No Need to reinstall PhilZ.You can use as it is.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Bei60:
I have a rooted N7000 with 4.0.4 on it.

This are my info:

GT=N7000

4.0.4

N7000JKLP2

3.0.15-1091908

root@BUILDSERVER-240 #3

SMP PREEMPT Tue Sep 18 20:00:33 EEST 2012

IMM76D.JKLP8

Im trying to install CM 11 via PhilZ and CWM and it gives me an error while installing, something with metadata recursive, status 7...

Anyway, I figured I should install the CWM from Odin, can anyone tell me which one to download?
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] User_99:
Use latest raw4 kernel and reboot revocery, do all wipes, format preload, data, system and flash rom, gapps, supersu,...

Problem is that some older kernels have problem with selinux settings of KK
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] victorator:
Hi Phil! Any chance for an update with a 4.4 compatible recovery.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] gayanaji:
Hi Philz..

first of all thanks you for providing us your safe kernel..

currently i'm using stock Rom N7000DXLSE_N7000OLBLSE_XSE on my Galaxy Note, and using your latest kernel v5.15.0...

i am flashing it directly after install stock rom via recovery mode.

i am having several time bootloops problem, in random situation, sometimes when i have a conversation via BBM then it bootloop.

do you have any bootloop fixed kernel for this kind of stock ROM...??? cause iam confuse of your statement on page 1

ex :

<< 03.06.2013 - PhilZ-cwm6 v5.06.1 with CWM 6.0.3.2 based recovery >>

DDLSC - DXLSE - JPLSB - XXLT6 - ZSLO2 Fixed for bootloop

ZCLSF (no bootloop fix, proper default.prop)

http://d-h.st/users/philz_touch/?fld_id=16061#files

is that kernel bootloops fixed or not.....???

thanks for your answer..
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] danivancouver:
Hi PhilZ, this is the zImage from the latest XXLT9 stock rom.

Model: GT-N7000

Country: Spain

Version: Android 4.1.2

Changelist: 1103517

Build date: Tue, 04 Jun 2013 11:29:01 +0000

Product Code: FOP

PDA: N7000XXLT9

CSC: N7000OXXLT3

MODEM: N7000XXLT3

https://www.wuala.com/danivancouve/1/?key=zK4Bu5VoiwMo
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] zafrix8:
Hi all...noobs here.just bought galaxy note 1 today and looking forward to root it. But I don't understand about the kernel part. I want to root+safe kernel+recovery. Which one sould I download?

here my phone details :

Android Version : 4.1.2

Baseband : N7000DXLS8

Kernel Version :

3.0.31-906407

se.infra@SEP-95 #3

SMP PREEMPT Mon Mar 11 17:57:42 KST 2013

Build Number : JZO54K.N7000DXLSE

So, which file do I need to download? Please help me. Sorry for bothering.Thanks! :D
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
DXLSE
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] zafrix8:
Thanks dude! done root my phone. :good:
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] vishpoison:
Hi.. I am having an issue.

I was working on a Note running 4.1.2 DDLSC Kernel.

I flashed the latest Philz Kernel by sideloading the ZIP file.

Now the phone boots up completely, but in a couple of minutes it hangs and then restarts.

And then it gets stuck at the Black Samsung screen.

ANything that I can do ?

UPDATE:

I just rechecked and found that I had flashed Kernel for XXLTA.

Now downloading the DDLSC version again.

Hope it works !!

---------- Post added at 05:48 PM ---------- Previous post was at 05:06 PM ----------

No luck.. still the same.. Any help will be highly appreciated !!! :(

---------- Post added at 06:14 PM ---------- Previous post was at 05:48 PM ----------

And now not able to boot to recovery either. Only the download mode ;( ;(
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] vishaldhamnekar:
Use odin and flash.

Sent from Vishal's Note using XDA Premium 4 mobile app
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] vishpoison:
flash what ? stock firmware ?

or the kernel again ?
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
If only download mode, flash a stock rom using odin.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] iPusak Gaoq™:
I'm using kernel PhilZ-cwm6-DXLSE-OLB-5.11.2-signed.zip on my Note (stock JB Roms)...i notice that i have one major problem, i can't add any root permission for any app that request root.....

i have install Root Explorer v3.1.4 and after opening it about a few second, the app turn to black...only status bar appear...all button is not working...i have to reboot to get back into my phone menu.....

is this problem cause by superuser? i already set it up like i always do but i can't make it works....any suggestions?
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] whitedavidp:
Not sure this is the case, but I had big troubles with superuser a bit ago and had to switch to SuperSu. One of the problems was that I was never prompted to grant root to a new app. Apps previously granted root worked fine though. Very odd. Not sure if it has been fixed.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] iPusak Gaoq™:
i already fix this problem...somehow latest root explorer had a bug while requesting root permissions...i notice that this kernel also had busybox problem and wifi connection are very2 slow so i decided to change rom from stock to PAC Man Roms and use PAC kernel...now all my problem are fixed....no root problem even while using latest version of root explorer, no busybox problem and wifi connection are very2 fast...
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] fleshi:
I have kernel-version:

3.0.64-cm-gd6f2f4a

And smalbandversion:

N7000XXLT3

I'am a noob when it regards to kernels, but is this a good kernel for Cyanogenmod 10.2?
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] fleshi:
Do you know what is a good kernel and where can I find it?
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
Nothing like good kernel but an alternate can be Raw R4. You can find it on XDA forums.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] fleshi:
Sorry for my simple questions, but how can you correctly install this kernel?
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
You cannot use this kernel with non Samsung roms.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Railius:
This is somehow a bit confusing.. i been flashing and rooting sIII and SIV for a long time but now i want to root my cousin's NOTE N7000 who has 2.3.6 GB Android Version :crying: and it's kernel is 2.6.35.7-N7000UBKK2-CL705203 se.infra@sep-81 so.. nothing matchs the BKK2. what i want is to root the phone then flash CM 10.1 which is "stable" and pure Android. which file should i flash.. i got experience with both cwm and odin.. but with all this stuff im a bit scared to brick the phone.. any help? The phone has never been rooted it'll be 1st time.

Thanks in advance
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
If you are going to flash a cm rom, then there is no need to root it. Just use odin to flash tar version of philz kernel. Then boot into recovery. You will have cwm. Then the usual wipe and flash rom.

After flashing this kernel, phone will not boot into rom. So make sure you download the ROM file a different gapps and place on ext or internal storage before hand.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Railius:
Thanks for answering, yea i got exp flashing cm roms, so im going to flash this version PhilZ-cwm6-XXLTA-ATL-5.15.0.tar.md5 will that work?

in case that i want to flash for instance 4.1.2 would it be like in any other ROM of any device? just wiping, flash rom (should come with stock kernel that properly works with it) wipe cache and dalvik and then reboot system. why are there so many types of files depending on kernel?
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
There are kernels for different versions of rom(DDLSC, XXLT9,XXLTA etc..) . Yes LTA should work.

You can flash any custom rom,the kernel will be replaced with the kernel kernel included in the ROM.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Phil3759:
I have good and bad news for you all

Good news, I will continue building for n7000

Now the bad ones: I am stopping repack for stock kernels

What does it mean?

- I added a new repo to download latest versions:

n7000 (cm only): http://d-h.st/users/philz_touch/?fld_id=29125#files

- The new files I release are zImage files with latest PhilZ Touch recovery, but repacked with a cm-10.2 kernel

- These WILL NOT BOOT ON A TW ROM

Reasons

- Samsung did not release any +4.3 selinux enabled kernel

- Without a newer kernel, you cannot flash new kit kat roms

- I see no reason to continue repacking new +4.3 and later 4.4 recoveries with old kernels

For other n7000 developers

You can still try to repack my recovery on an older kernel, I allow it, no need to ask for permission

Hope you understand my decision.

By the way, I tested the new recovery, it works great.

I will continue to develop for i9100 since it is my only non data media phone. So, it helps to debug some parts of the code

Since both phones are similar, if the interest in present and some devs decide to repack it with their TW kernels, I will continue to compile n7000 versions
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
Philz recovery for cm10.2 kernels. Really good news. Really... TW is old story.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Myosotis85:
Well...no version for me...

Hi guys,

some kind of noob here :P

I'm trying to find a version for me, I have N7000, 4.1.2, Build: JZO54K.N7000XXLT9

Now, I have to look for XXLT9, right? So there's no version for me?

Can you help me please?

Rly rly thx ^_^
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
Yes. You just didn't look enough. 5.11.2 LT9
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Myosotis85:
Maybe you mean that I didn't look on dev-host?

So the "PhilZ-cwm6-XXLT9-ORA-5.11.2-signed.zip" may be the right one?

Thx in advance ;)
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
Right
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Dycekim:
Guys, Both the methods don't work for me. I'm on stock 3e recovery and then it gives me failed to verify... Odin fails too
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Lister Of Smeg:
Hi Guys,

I'm on PAC-Rom, Android 4.3 (based on CM10.2) with CWM Recovery.....

How do I flash an .img recovery with CWM please??

Many thanks, Lister
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
Rename the download file to zimage. then use mobile odin to flash it. OR.. rename it to boot.img and use a kernel updater script and replace the existing boot.img with Philz one and flash using CWM.

---------- Post added at 05:53 PM ---------- Previous post was at 05:52 PM ----------

What rom are you on and which zip are you trying to install?
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Lister Of Smeg:
Hi [MENTION=4677768]nokiamodeln91[/MENTION],

Thank you for getting back to me so promptly, and helping me... Please forgive me but I am new Odin (not used it at all yet if i am honest, neither Mobile or PC based). I only got my N7000 a couple of months ago, and my first step was to flash the original Philz (zip) via stock recovery, and been using CWM ever since...

So do I just rename philz_touch_6.01.1-n7000-cm10.2.img to philz_touch_6.01.1-n7000-cm10.2.zimage or do I have to rename it summit else, like Boot.zimage

I think I'll prefer to do it the Mobile Odin way, as I dont know anything about Kernel Updater Scripts, or how to use them with CWM??

Also, if I use this is likely to raise the Counter / Give me Yellow triangle...?? So far all the ROMs I've flashed, not had a Triangle yet... ;)

So from now on I can can keep using Philz Recovery on any CM based ROM (ie: PAC-Rom based on Android 4.3/CM10.2).

- also, once Philz Recovery is on here, can I flash IMG files from that, or do I still have to use Mobile Odin each time?

Many thanks, Lister
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
No. Just rename "philz_touch_6.01.1-n7000-cm10.2.img" to "zimage". now this can be flashed using Mobile odin only. Recovery cannot flash .img files.

By kernel updater script, i meant. download any kernel zip file. open it using winrar, replace the boot.img with "philz_touch_6.01.1-n7000-cm10.2.img renamed to boot.img". and delete any system folder in the zip.

Flashing by mobile odin will not give yellow triangle.

Yes i have it on CM 10.2 and works just fine.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Lister Of Smeg:
Hi [MENTION=4677768]nokiamodeln91[/MENTION],

You sir, are a legend.... THANK YOU SO MUCH!!! :)

- although I've not tested those methods out yet, as currently at work and the wireless is down at the moment and my 3G signal is less than impressive inside the building....

But you have explained it so clearly that now I understand both methods, and feel comfortable doing either/or..... :)

Plus also re-assured me that cannot harm the device by using the Mobile Odin...

Thank you so much, I am sure those couple of posts will also be useful/help others....

I shall update you when I'm back home, if all went ok... ;) lol

Many thanks, Lister
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Lister Of Smeg:
Hi [MENTION=4677768]nokiamodeln91[/MENTION],

Well, progress report.... and just like you said, the process worked flawlessly.... Now currently using PhilZ Touch Recovery in PAC-ROM...

- So thanks for your kind support, and explaining it so well, what does this mean...?? I have now learnt summit new, and don't feel so nervous about doing it now... and with this new bit of knowledge, can now help others too... :) thank you....

However, unfortunately with this recovery, I am unable to boot my rom (PAC-ROM 4.3 / CM10.2) as it gets stuck in a BootLoop.... But I was kinda expecting it, even though at same time, hope this Recovery/Kernel could overcome it... Unfortunately, no matter what Kernel I use at mo, other than CM's own one, results in a BootLoop. [MENTION=2225255]herna[/MENTION] said when he is not busy tied up with exams that he will have a word with those who have done Kernels to make them PAC-ROM compatible....

But anyway, the method now works, and I now know how to do it.... So many thanks for all your help mate, much appreciated... :)

And thank you [MENTION=643734]Philz[/MENTION]3759 for such an awesome Recovery, your work here (especially for N7000 users) is much appreciated also....

Thanks guys, Lister :)
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
You can't boot only on PAC or both PAC & CM? Because on CM10.2 it works fine for me.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Lister Of Smeg:
Hi [MENTION=4677768]nokiamodeln91[/MENTION],

It's just PAC-ROM, I only ever use PAC at the moment.... due to all its features.... :)

However, I thought PAC was based on the CM10.2 code, and just have all other useful features from other rom distro's bolted on... So therefore thought it would still be compatible with PAC (being CM10.2 based). However as said, other Kernels are not working on the latest PAC roms... They stopped working around 18:10:13 releases onwards.... which is a real pity, as new PACs contain so many more new features since then...

So guess this is PAC's fault... :( Unless Kernels could be made PAC friendly...?
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] XperiAwesome:
Hello sir, thank you very much for your amazing work :) I have a question : I downloaded your recovery zip then flashed it properly and correctly as your instructions. There is no error, but then when I press on "Reboot system now", nothing happen ! I can't turn on my phone now, it only show the galaxy note n7000 logo, however your recovery is still accessible :)

What should I do now, should I flash the 4.4 Asylum Omni with "Raw kernel"?

Please help me, I'm really worry about losing my phone :|
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] craige:
Guyz,

I want to use Philz for my N7000, but I am not able to find the download Link.... Which page is it really on ?
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
2nd or 3rd post.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] craige:
Buddy, there is "Cm only", "Tw only" + There are lots of versions., What I have to download ?

PS: You already know I want to Clean format my phone and install fresh Stock JellyBean ROM.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
It depends on which rom you currently have. If you don't want to boot and directly install an new rom using odin, install the latest tw kernel. Then boot into recovery. Wipe everything. Boot into download mode and flash along odin.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] nokiamodeln91:
[MENTION=1929726]craige[/MENTION]

1. Download latest JB kernel. Be it LTA, LT9 or whatever and place it on external sd.

2. Boot into recovery and flash the zip filed kernel.

3. Power off the phone and reboot into recovery.

4. Now you should see Philz_CWM. If not something went wrong.

5. In CWM, format all partitions, except external sd.

6. Go to advanced menu and choose Reboot download.

7. Connect to pc and flash the ROM file you downloaded in tar.md5 format. Select the file in PDA tab and press start.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] craige:
Ok all Done and went properly, Thx
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Lister Of Smeg:
Hi All,

Does anyone know how or if, this will ever be supported via the PAC-ROM builds, and not end up in a Boot-Loop?? Current PAC-ROM's are Android 4.3.1, which is CM10.2 based, so I had thought/hoped it would of worked...

Many thanks for a great recovery otherwise... :)

Cheers, Lister
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] dr.ketan:
Phillz kernel is just stock kernel + includes root +patched for advanced recovery and mmc erase cab disabled to make it brick bug proof

So name will be remain same, you have got device rooted that suggest it has been updated,as well check your recovery, that will be updated now to advanced to make sure.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] twerg:
Thanks, device was already rooted before flashing the kernel, just rebooted to recovery and is indeed updated to new CWM Recovery.

Can now look at safely flashing some custom roms when ready, my wife will not be pleased..

Cheers
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Phil3759:
Hi shoey63 and dr.ketan

Sent both of you some new kernels to test, when you have time, no hurry, gonna sleep now

I think I just forgot the correct png in the kernel. Since I put in payloads (not in /res) and now deleted it, hard to check if it was that. I do not see any other explanation.

Sent you some kernels. If first is not looking good, please try the other 3 ones and report for each how it looks

Thank you a lot for the support (If I had a Note, this would have been fixed in few mn...)
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Phil3759:
@dr.ketan and shoey63: PLEASE do not try the kernels I sent you by pm

See PM for details

Got the problem and it will be fixed quickly

Sorry for the inconvenience
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Phil3759:
Sent you both a PM with 2.7 version. I do not expect any issues this time

If you are ok, I make it public for all kernels + pending requests
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] jaskiratsingh:
Great. Waiting anxiously.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Phil3759:
me too :D
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] shoey63:
Unleash it Phil! It's beautiful :D
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] dr.ketan:
Menu height as normal as previous version

Navigation button again big and occupying full width

All vertual and physical keys tested and fine

So great work Again :)
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] jaskiratsingh:
Great... looks like its rollout time.......yey :D
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] shoey63:
SAFETY CHECK

The following tests confirm the safety of PhilZ-cwm6-DDLR9-INU-2.7-signed.zip

BRICKBUG CHECK ON KERNEL

Tungstwentys script reveals this:-

shoey63@edubuntu:~/Desktop/safety_check$ ./mmc.sh

###############################################

#

# GT-I9100/N7000 Kernel MMC_CAP_ERASE bug detection

# By Tungstwenty - xdaforums.com

# Tungstwenty@gmail.com

#

###############################################

Detecting safety of kernel: zImage

Kernel: Linux version 3.0.15-1094171 (dpi@DELL156) (gcc version 4.4.3 (GCC) ) #3 SMP PREEMPT Sat Sep 8 14:37:12 KST 2012

0 ocurrences of the bad code signature

1 ocurrences of the good code signature

The kernel has been patched by this method to disable MMC_CAP_ERASE and should now be entirely safe

shoey63@edubuntu:~/Desktop/safety_check$

BRICKBUG CHECK ON RECOVERY

Entropy's recommended strings search on recovery shows this:-

shoey63@edubuntu:~/Desktop/safety_check$ strings recovery |grep MMC

warning: %s: Wipe via secure discard suppressed due to bug in EMMC firmware

shoey63@edubuntu:~/Desktop/safety_check$

BRICKBUG CHECK ON Update-Binary

shoey63@edubuntu:~/Desktop/safety_check$ strings update-binary |grep MMC

warning: %s: Wipe via secure discard suppressed due to bug in EMMC firmware

EMMC

EMMC:

shoey63@edubuntu:~/Desktop/safety_check$

CONFIRMATION BY ENTROPY

So this kernel is not only SAFE, but TRIPLE SAFE!
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] Phil3759:
Upload done, but need to edit post 1, add credits, change log...

Will be later in the evening
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] jcbobeda:
Hi Phil3759, my Kernel Version is:

3.0.15-1068447

se.infra@SEP-86 #3

SMP PREEMPT Thu Sep 6 21:49:19 KST 2012

Which download link should I use?

What is build version ?

Hi Dr. Ketan, my build version is IMM76D.XXLRT
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] darkkinder:
Hi, I installed the Philz Kernel (PhilZ-cwm6-XXLRG-DBT-v2.5) in stock recovery, but now is giving bootloop in the galaxy note logo, and does not go into recovery (volume up+home+power).
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] dr.ketan:
Use this

http://www.mediafire.com/file/ucu9fzcfpe8b6je/PhilZ-cwm6-XXLRT-DBT-2.5-signed.zip

Flash from stock recovery.

---------- Post added at 08:28 PM ---------- Previous post was at 08:27 PM ----------

May be bad download

Wait I am uploading here

Edit :

Download this

http://d-h.st/IWD

And flash with pc odin

Your device should boot normally.

Don't wipe after flashing this, just report me back then I will guide you.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] darkkinder:
I flashed with Odin and now boot normally...
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] dr.ketan:
Ok wait

Edit

Download this

http://d-h.st/ubE

First remove existing phillz kernel zip file from Ext Sd card and put new downloaded file as said here

Flash from stock recovery

Report back
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] darkkinder:
Again Bootloop in galaxy note logo.
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] dr.ketan:
Just confirn downloaded file have same size as on Web Site

Try downloading directly to device

Sometimes anti virus sw can cause issue

And yes first reflash that stock kernel with pc odin
[Galaxy Note GT-N7000 Android Development] jaskiratsingh:
It's 12.30am here. Don't know what time is it there but waiting for changes in post 1.