yashsingh1/xdaforums huggingface dataset:
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
xxTweaker Translated to English (Fluxi XX.01 RC4)

How to install translated xxTweaker

1)Unzip file and transfer net.fluxi.xxTweaker-1-0.3.2_signed.apk to internal storage

2)Uninstall the original xxTweaker

3)Install net.fluxi.xxTweaker-1-0.3.2_signed.apk from internal storage

4)You should now have xxTweaker in English

5) Create empty file: /data/.notweaker (So the app doesn't disappear when you reboot)

Download

A little thanks would keep me going :)
[Galaxy S II General] Gent.XDA:
Thanks for listening to us and testing abyssplug.

Keep up the great work
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
BAJEE , why ur guys can undervolt the cpu so low and won't stuck phone .. Mine when lower the voltage of cpu .. after apply few sec , thn stuck le :(
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
Im sorry :( It differs from phone to phone. UV is really a mystery. Just like DNA, this **** is pretty unique for each phone.
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
Okay mate. I'll try undervolt which's work for me with never check apply on boot :)
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
Bajee , on xxtweak .. CPU - CPU voltage - voltage table , what you tweak ?

and

On gpu 100/160/267 - 850/900/950

the threshold up/down you have tweak it ? :confused:

ROM : Remix ics 1.8.1

Kernel : Fluxi kernel RC4
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
No, leave all those untouched. I didn't change anything for those.
[Galaxy S II General] Jeremy:
Hey bajee, do you have to check the "load after restart" box in order to retain the settings after reboot?
[Galaxy S II General] tghandour:
Mates GS2-Blitzer deletes /system/lib modules and files like wifi. So if the new kernel you are flashing does not contain the replacement modules that were flushed out u end up with non functional part like wifi.

I recommend to use Ultimate Kernel Cleaning script as it doesn't delete any /system/lib modules or files. It only cleans kernels setup and startup files. Latest version is UKC 2.6.4. Please have a look at my post few pages later.
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
I suggest you apply then manually, just in case your values are not stable. If you select set on boot for unstable values, you're putting yourself in a really bad position.
[Galaxy S II General] Jeremy:
Thank you. So if that box is not checked I'll have to go to the app and apply it every time I boot?
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
^True.
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
most of the values will get applied, it's mainly the voltages that you would have to apply again. But you won't lose the values you already put in, they will be saved already, you just gotta apply it.
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
Fluxi look have a great battery life :)
[Galaxy S II General] zenosteam:
what is SCHED-MC LEVEL?
[Galaxy S II General] suta:
Hi, can anyone guide me on how to restore default Voltage for xxtweaker app? i have under volt too much and it frosted once I boot into android.
[Galaxy S II General] wolfensteincmd:
The thread is a big help when choosing a kernel, thanks
[Galaxy S II General] nitrouzoxide:
I already tried it..doesnt change anything..however, yesterday I try to plug the LAN cable to the WAN port in my router, and its seems that i dont have much wlan rx wake...

I'm currently testing Fluxi RC4 with wifi enabled and pretty much the same usage as my post before..I will post it here when I'm done..:)
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
If you're using Hotplug, you don't need to use this. It's basically a process managing multi-core. (a.k.a Schedule Multi Core)
[Galaxy S II General] :
bajee11

Are you only testing a variety of Kernels with Hydr0G3N ICS or in future are you going to test other ROMs such as GreyFox, Lite'ning, RR, Wanamlite, Mui etc for battery life*

I love Hydr0G3N ICS, tried a variety of Kernels but non to my liking, initially it was good for battery life was getting over 4Hours screen time but after a week or so my battery drainned really quick, nothing obvious :S But I admit Hydr0G3N ICS is one of the best :)

P.S good work and keep it up.
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
Yea there's really a lot of great ICS ROMS out there.. But I think I'll never switch. This is really my comfort zone with HyDrOG3NICS :)
[Galaxy S II General] JohnBonchie:
+infinity HyDrOG3NICS ALL THE WAY!!!

SGS II - Hydr0G3N ICS ~ Tapatalked
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
Bajee , why sometimes my phone will get freezer? need take out battery and reboot ..After I flashed fluxi kernel i'm facing this issue :mad:
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
UV maybe?
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
Hmm think so ..
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
Moving to HyDrOG3NICS ROM with fluxi kernel :D

ROM : Remix ics 1.8.1

Kernel : Fluxi rc4
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
Nice ;)
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
Btw, 12.05 and 13.05 is same ? :confused:
[Galaxy S II General] shadowblade330:
how much battery percentage do u lose overnight during ur sleeping hours?
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
yup, same

2%-3% max
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
HyDrOG3NICS's device tweaking same as xxtweak ? lol :o
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
two different app, but similar purpose. xxtweaker for Fluxi only.
[Galaxy S II General] shadowblade330:
hmm I seem to lose 8-10% i n 6 hrs of sleeping need to find out why lol maybe.
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
ouch. that's a lot :eek:
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
So when i flashed fluxi , just tweak on xxtweak n ignore tweakSGS2 ?
[Galaxy S II General] RexJay78:
Yup
[Galaxy S II General] evonet:
check your wake locks! i feel for you, man. haha :( what rom & kernel? :)
[Galaxy S II General] suta:
is it better to freeze the Galaxys2 Tweaking(device Tweaking) since xxtweaker replaced it, and it's abit messy and confusing to have so many similar features running at the same time.
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
yup, I froze it with TB.
[Galaxy S II General] blackknjght:
My battery is new 90%. I check and did some activities to safe battery.

But my batteru will lose 5% when overnight ( Normal mode ) from 12h00 to 6h00.

brighness is auto.

off all : wifi, bluetooth, GPS..

Set up Rom control as ..intrucstion.

---------- Post added at 05:43 PM ---------- Previous post was at 05:39 PM ----------

I can't frezee it because my TB is not provesion.

So how can i do ? remove ?

Why i don't see tweaker activities in Superuser. But when i use SetCPU. I can see this soft control everytime...

BTW, if we use this Rom , should we use SETCPU or Tweaker ?

---------- Post added at 05:52 PM ---------- Previous post was at 05:43 PM ----------

Same when i use SETCPU, right .

So when can i select apply after reboot ?

i don't know what time is ok for test ?

---------- Post added at 05:55 PM ---------- Previous post was at 05:52 PM ----------

I used Fluxi and Netchip. I see Fluxi is safer than NetChip.

But my result test is not same Bajee test ?

Why ? althouh my battery is new. And i check most of all to safe battery..as introduce.

---------- Post added at 05:59 PM ---------- Previous post was at 05:55 PM ----------

Me too. how to we will be same him ?
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
I doing now :D
[Galaxy S II General] :
I suggest adding a simple list at the beginning for easier comparison:

Kernel name - time on battery (as seen in the battery graph) - screen on time - total awake time (from bbs)

Cheers and keep up the good work. Today my stock aosp kernel managed to do 3h screen on over 12h off the charger, probably thanks to mutipdp wake lock and such :((

Sent from my SGS2 - SlimICS Rom & Syiah Kernel
[Galaxy S II General] shadowblade330:
which modem are you using bajee11, are you still on KH3 or are you using a new one thanks.
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
LD3 now.. Very good for Canada, don't know for other places.
[Galaxy S II General] zenosteam:
What modem has a good battery life?

Envoyé depuis mon GT-I9100 avec Tapatalk
[Galaxy S II General] shadowblade330:
Each modem is different for everyone and dependent on your country.
[Galaxy S II General] disellusional:
quick question for fluxi

CPU/GPU (200mhz-1200mhz) (100MHz/160MHz/267MHz)

CPU UV: 200(825mv) 300(850mV) 400(875mV) 500(950mv) 600(925mV) 700(950mV) 800(975mv) 900(1000mV) 1000(1050mv) 1100(1100mV) 1200(1150mv)

GPU UV: 100(850mV) 160(900mV) 267(950mV)

does that mean in cpu the frequency max and min set to 1200 and 200

and then in the cpu voltage chart just adjust for those ones 200-1200?
[Galaxy S II General] shadowblade330:
yes that is correct if you get a freezeup on start up, u should start at increments of 25mv at a time.
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
^yup. @disellusional: NEVER SET THESE VALUES ON BOOT. Because you will have a hard time resetting them if it freezes upon boot. (With fluxi it's pretty easy to reset them through Recovery, but for other kernels it's not that easy) So I suggest you set them manually after bootup finished and once you have an idea of what values are good for your phone, then you could set it on boot. This takes a while to figure out btw, so don't rush. ;)
[Galaxy S II General] evonet:
Try DXLP9. I've just started using it. Found it to be the best battery conserving modem yet. :)
[Galaxy S II General] JPHCCFC:
Can you post a link to ld3 please? Bajee do you disable to H and use 3g only to get such good battery life?
[Galaxy S II General] shadowblade330:
here you go

http://www.2shared.com/file/XXCsXgiS/LKABMC_MODEM_XXLD3.html

Modem thread if you are looking for other ones

http://xdaforums.com/showthread.php?t=1277593&highlight=ld3
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
http://dl.dropbox.com/u/40138669/LKABMC_MODEM_XXLD3.zip

Nop. I don't disable it. But I don't do much that requires a constant loading of Data. Twitter, Instagram, Tapatalk and Friendcaster.Those are the main apps that takes data for me and I find these apps are very well optimized when it comes to data. I also use Youtube but I don't abuse it. UC your cpu to 1000 and uc/uv your gpu, you'll see a difference.
[Galaxy S II General] shadowblade330:
Hmm in the new tweaker it seems like I cant UC, it wont disable the 1200mhz on the new fluxi rc4 tweaker app. Cpu Spy still shows the 1200mhz core thats odd.
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
is it actively using it or is it just a few seconds of usage.
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
HyDrOG3N 12.05 + Netchip (Stock Kernel)

Results are up!
[Galaxy S II General] shadowblade330:
when i restart it uses it for a few seconds, but cpu spy says it is not being used, like the other frequencies. It showed it was not being using on RC3.

I think its fine now after boot I just need to reset cpu spy, it seems to show it after i reset it.
[Galaxy S II General] elite_gamer04:
@bajee11

Whats the best way to move from a custom UC CPU/GPU (Stock Netchip) to Fluxi - will all the kernel settings simply reset or do I need to re-flash the ROM before hand?
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
If it's only for a few seconds it's okay. Because your settings only get applied after a few seconds after boot, unless you use a script.

You could just wipe cache and dalvik or use Ultimate Kernel Cleaning Script and then flash Fluxi.
[Galaxy S II General] elite_gamer04:
Thanks for the quick reply Bajee - one other quick thing, saw you mentioned you froze the HyDrOG3N TweakGS2 program, as I don't have TB installed is it fine if I simply don't use it and use your xxTweaker instead or will it cause issues?
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
It shouldn't cause a problem as long as the common editable settings are the same.
[Galaxy S II General] bervin:
Hey bajee, how did you get gpu controls to stick after reboot in your latest netchip test and also did you adjust the up/down threshold parameters?
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
Hmm .. I'm facing the issue bout after the phone call ended .. sometimes will stuck on the phone call screen , I think it's uv problem ? :o

EDITED : Bt , I UV b my usually cpu .. the problem stil here .. Mayb xxtweak thr tweaking something wrong ?
[Galaxy S II General] clifffhanger:
Bajee,

Bro, do you still have the 18.04 ROM? Can you get me the netchip kernel for it? If I'm right, it's the last update with lulz gov. I want to test something with it. THANKS!!!!:)

---------- Post added at 09:31 PM ---------- Previous post was at 09:28 PM ----------

Maybe you're using 160 dpi. Try flashing the phone apk fix for this lcd density.

---------- Post added at 09:35 PM ---------- Previous post was at 09:31 PM ----------

Set the init.d permissions. Try the post below on how to do it

http://xdaforums.com/showpost.php?p=25199763&postcount=12870
[Galaxy S II General] nitrouzoxide:
okay..just finished my test with Fluxi RC4..the reason why this test took a long time, because the first one screwed..seems that I UV'd too much and cause the phone to reboot..and, after reboot i found out the screen's acting all weird..

There..actually I used the phone, maybe about 8 hours, it only shows 6 hours ++ in battery stats, plus..there's that red "border" around the screen..so yeah..I have to redo the test with full wipe because that "border" won't go away, whatever I do, it just keep stuck in there..

Later, I decided to test this kernel with different ROM as comparison, I'm using standart CM9 Nightlies (05/13) with Fluxi RC4 Kernel.

CPU (200-1000MHz) : 200(825mV), 300(850mV), 400(875mV), 500(950mV), 600(950mV), 700(950mV), 800(975mV), 900(1000mV), 1000(1050mV)

GPU (160-200-267MHz) : 160(850mV), 200(900mV), 267(950mV)

Governor : Ondemand ( sampling factor = 120000, up_threshold = 95%, suspend freq min=200 ; max=500)

I/O Scheduler : SIO

Usage :

- WiFi Always ON through the test

- Data Always ON, it disable automatically when connected to wifi

- BLN OFF, LED Always ON, stage 3 Intensity

- Brightness about 30-40% or so

- No Facebook or Twitter (Great Firewall of China =.=")

- Whatsapp chat through entire day

- Email set to push automatically

- Tapatalk whenever got the chance

- Browsing for awhile

- Voice Call about 5 minutes or so

- No Text Message

Okay..So I don't know how and why, but I just find it fascinating that wlan_rx_wakelock didn't acting all crazy just by changing the cable port in my router, and because of that, I decided to turn on the wifi through this entire test, even when I'm going out..and I think the result just too good for me, compared to the last one, which solely depend on 3G connection.

I have to increase 500 MHz voltage to 950mV (before was 925mV). Like bajee said, UV is like a mystery, before I was fine using 925mV, and now I can't. Changing the voltage to 950mV seems to keep the phone stable through the entire test. :)

Also, the audio out in partial wakelock, is because i'm not turning off the keyboard sound in the keyboard settings..just find it weird without that "tick tick" sound.. :(

And still, this result's not as good as the one that bajee's getting, but maybe that's just because of different type of usage..Just hope that this test could be a reference to other user whose having different type of usage from bajee..

Thanks before.. :)
[Galaxy S II General] awaisuk:
Hey

I am using latest version which I suppose comes with latest netchip.

I was setting values in voltage control app but there is no option to set 66mhz gpu or even 267 gpu.....am I in the wrong place?

Please tell me how to set those values.
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
Device Tweaking in Settings.
[Galaxy S II General] blackknjght:
File Type: zip	1SEC_BL.zip - [Click for QR Code] (130.9 KB, 8 views)

File Type: zip	3SEC_BL.zip - [Click for QR Code] (130.9 KB, 33 views)

File Type: zip	DISABLE_BL.zip - [Click for QR Code] (130.9 KB, 8 views)

File Type: zip	LockScreen_Vibration_12.05_CWM.zip - [Click for QR Code]

Hi Bajee ? Plz tell me what purpose of some above software ?
[Galaxy S II General] awaisuk:
Also when I go into voltage control in device tweaks inside settings the app force closes......I uninstalled voltage control already
[Galaxy S II General] blackknjght:
After set up mannual for Tweaker ? If my phone active normally. So is it ok to set on boot ? If not , when ?
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
Any zip file? :o
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
-BL are for stock kernel, if you want to change touch backlight to 1 sec, 3 sec or disable.

-LockScreen_Vibration_12.05 if you want vibration back when you unlock the phone. Only tested on 12.05 update.

These are all cwm flashable

Known issue, use VC from Performance in ROM control.

Yea you could. It's up to you :)
[Galaxy S II General] awaisuk:
Thanks for the help.

Maybe you can also find how to disable vibration when pressing the app drawer button without having to install a different launcher :) :):)
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
HyDrOG3N 12.05 + Fluxi XX.01 RC4 will be up in an hour or so.
[Galaxy S II General] Gent.XDA:
Can't wait!
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
Updated these on OP.. I realized I haven't done it for a long time.. Which is ever since the thread was opened. :rolleyes:

GS2WiperV1.6

Does the following: (Bold are changes since V1.5)

1. Wipes cache+dalvik cache

2. Saves all current startup scripts to /sdcard/init.d_backup

3. Removes Voltage Control and NSTools startup scripts (only if saved as init.d, and not as a service) along with specific Siayh startup scripts from /system/etc/init.d

4. Removes old kernel-specific files (currently Void, Andoidmeda, Siyah and NEAK are cleared)

5. No longer removes modules (/system/lib/modules) as this can affect certain ROMs

6. Removes old CPU settings from /sys/devices/system/cpu

7. Removes /data/user.log

8. Re-wipes cache+dalvik cache

Samsung Ultimate Kernel Cleaning Script ICS 2.6.4

Does the following:

Formatting cache partition

Wiping Dalvik-Cache

Deleting old kernel settings files ** [only GT-i9000]

Cleaning up old Modules

Formatting cache for Security Purpose

Wiping Dalvik-Cache for Security Purpose

Cleans after Kernels:

Thoravukk KERNEL

Abyss KERNEL

CF-Root

FLUXI Kernel

N.E.A.K. Kernel

Ninphetamine

Phenomenal

RedPillKernel

SiyahKernel

SpeedMod

Void.echo
[Galaxy S II General] jdbeitz:
Holy crap. This is the most informative thread I've seen on XDA. Thanks!
[Galaxy S II General] Gent.XDA:
So which cleaning script do you recommend? :)
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
They're both good ;)
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
Results are up!!

HyDrOG3N 12.05 + Fluxi XX.01 RC4
[Galaxy S II General] awaisuk:
which kernel do you use on day to day basis when not testing?
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
I'm always testing.. No time to stay with one kernel. But if I chose one, it would be between Stock and Fluxi. Gotta try Abyss with Abyssplug, I heard it's pretty good.
[Galaxy S II General] :
Abyss with Abyssplug Governor is one of the best Kernel settings I've had :) I believe Fluxi and Abyss works out to be a treat with performance, stability and enabling deep sleep with no wake locks!

Highly recommend the 2 kernels! A++

I've tried all different ROMs with the 2 kernels, both very stable and excellent battery life!
[Galaxy S II General] 华丽的平凡:
Thanks,now I'm useing resurrection remix whit siyah kernel.It has a good battary life
[Galaxy S II General] pablo216:
bajee great tests!! Whichever kernel you say is the best, with that one I go.

But I have a question, why do you leave location services on and turn gps off? Doesn't this cause wakelocks? Any specific function or reason?

Keep up the great work!

PS: I managed to solve my wifi issues! Thanks for your help with that.
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
I leave location on for BeWeather, Facebook check-in and other apps that requires my location but not as accurate as GPS does. Those apps just needs to have an approximation of where I am in order to function, so Location is the best way for me. I could also achieve this with GPS but it would require more battery power I find. Good to hear WiFi works now :)
[Galaxy S II General] shadowblade330:
Did pretty well with RC4 Fluxi, my battery lasted longer with longer use time than RC3. Still not finding out what drains my battery during deep sleep, but I think it might be widgetlocker so I will test it out again then i might upgrade to 13.05 unless a new release is on the way.
[Galaxy S II General] elite_gamer04:
Can't for the life of me get your xxTweaker settings to save on reboot Bajee :( - tried moving it into /system/app, Fix Permissions in Recovery and re-installing a few times with no success.

WHY U NO WORK haha?
[Galaxy S II General] shadowblade330:
Did u try to

reset xxtweaker setting in recovery mode,

use kernel script cleaner

then reinstall kernel

uninstall old xxtweaker

then reinstall the new version of xxtweaker.
[Galaxy S II General] gadibob:
Hello,

This is an excellent pots and very Pro made, thank for that.

I have couple of question: After install Fluxi (RC4) I can feel the overall performance much better. I have not done any changes (only BLN issue).

Is it true to say that there is predefine (out of the box) setting that came with the "Governor Select" in the XXTweaker? Or one needs to set all the parameters you show in your tests.

Thanks you.
[Galaxy S II General] TheQuarterMile:
Does Fluxi have dual boot?
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
Anyone having Phone.apk Fix link ? (AOKP,CM9)
[Galaxy S II General] buxz777:
for me resurection rom 1.8.1 anf fluxi rc4 gives the best battery life ive ever had and the performance is great the dev has done an awesome job
[Galaxy S II General] gadibob:
No.

---------- Post added at 01:05 PM ---------- Previous post was at 12:35 PM ----------

hello,

after doing this changes:

Governor/Scheduler Used: On Demand/SIO

CPU/GPU (200mhz-1200mhz) (100MHz/160MHz/267MHz)

CPU UV: 200(825mv) 300(850mV) 400(875mV) 500(950mv) 600(925mV) 700(950mV) 800(975mv) 900(1000mV) 1000(1050mv) 1100(1100mV) 1200(1150mv)

GPU UV: 100(850mV) 160(900mV) 267(950mV)

Is there way to go buck to default kernel settings in the xxTweaker (A.K.A factory Default "click")

thanks
[Galaxy S II General] evonet:
Rest XXTweaker settings in CWM. Or, reflash kernel.
[Galaxy S II General] gadibob:
thanks
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
Bajee, where is the netchip latest result ? :o
[Galaxy S II General] Dunki3:
Here http://xdaforums.com/showthread.php?p=25102896#post25102955
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
Thank mate :D

---------- Post added at 07:35 PM ---------- Previous post was at 07:27 PM ----------

Hmm bajee , What's version netchip kernel ? mine using 27.04 and just 5 step for cpu oni ?:confused:

And where to tweak it the kernel ..
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
Default settings are always good, and they will be optimized for battery/performance. As you could see, my tweaks aren't too different from the default settings, except for UV, which I always do. Like I always say, each phone is unique because every user is different from each other. I suggest you base yourself on my tweaks, but don't copy it exactly like I did, because it might not work and might fc/reboot.

For dpi change?

Latest test I used 12.05, so you need to upgrade your rom to the latest version to get Device Tweaking, in order to twice the kernel.
[Galaxy S II General] elite_gamer04:
Just finished following your instructions to the 'tee' with no luck :(. I'm using CM9, but I doubt that has anything to do with it.

I open xxTweaker, set a setting (for example CFQ to SIO), restart phone and its back to default. Have tried permissions again, re-installing, and even moving the .apk to /system/app.

Anyone fix the problem with settings resetting upon reboot?
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
any link for 12.05 netchip kernel ? Coz i flashing fluxi .. Wanna flash b to netchip latest version :o

BTW , I using 12.05 hydrogen-ics with fluxi ..
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
Follow my instructions on OP.
[Galaxy S II General] Hk.Tang:
I mean the kernel zip ..(Netchip kernel) :o

I didn't see on ur forum ..

Sorry bout noob question :o
[Galaxy S II General] t4ure4n:
Can You explain the GPU settings a bit more Because for each of the 3 performance modes I have

Frequency,

Voltage

Threshold
[Galaxy S II General] bajee11:
Frequency/Voltage

100MHz/850mV

160MHz/900mV

267MHz/950mV

I didn't change the threshold.

I don't have the zip. But these are the steps:

How to flash back to HyDrOG3NICS stock kernel (Netchip) ?

Step 1: Extract "boot.img" from ROM zip file (12.05)

Step 2: Rename "boot.img" to "zImage" (without any extension)

Step 3: Place zImage in Internal Storage

Step 4: Use CWM app and flash "zImage" as kernel