yashsingh1/xdaforums huggingface dataset:
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] plaguethenet:
I need help getting amss.bin out of radio.img. I know how to deal with amss.bin once I have it, but I cannot find it in radio.img by signature (And indeed it would be hard to find anyway, due to how many signatures there are, and the length of the file is unknown.)

I mean, to clarify, I know I'm looking right at it, and I know when I'm in the middle of it. but I don't get where it starts and ends. And that is the important part.

A string dump of radio.img makes it appear as though the radio is un-encrypted. I could be wrong.

Stuff that makes me think its unencrypted:

desktop crespo4g # strings radio.img | grep amss
amss_start = 0x%x, amss_size = 0x%x

desktop crespo4g # strings radio.img | grep AMSS
0:AMSS
0:AMSS
0:AMSS
0:AMSS
0:AMSS
0:AMSS
AMSS
AMSS
AMSS_BOOT
AMSS_FILL_PAD_1
AMSS_EMPTY_PAD_1
AMSS_ZI_REGION
AMSS_EMPTY_PAD_2
AMSS_AUTOGENERATED_CODE_1
AMSS_AUTOGENERATED_CODE_2
AMSS_MODEM_CODE_1
AMSS_FILL_PAD_2
AMSS_MODEM_DATA_2
AMSS_MODEM_DATA_1
AMSS_APP_RAM
AMSS_FILL_PAD_3
AMSS_INTERNAL_BOOT_RAM_1
AMSS_INTERNAL_BOOT_RAM_2
AMSS_FILL_PAD_4
AMSS_MAIN_APP_2
AMSS_MAIN_APP_3
AMSS_MAIN_APP_4
AMSS_MAIN_APP_4_REDBEND
AMSS_FILL_PAD_5
AMSS_MAIN_APP_DATA_1
AMSS_FILL_PAD_6
AMSS_SHARED_RAM
AMSS_EMPTY_PAD_3
AMSS_UNINIT_RAM
AMSS_EMPTY_PAD_4
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] plaguethenet:
If you look at things like XEN, it would be entirely possible that the host os (radio, in this case) is trapping and preventing CPU halting. As a matter of fact I believe that the evidence points in the opposite direction due to the fact that "Deep Idle" produces no measurable battery savings. Its entirely possible, and perhaps likely, that the radio acts as a sort of, hypervisor, that controls Android's access to the underlying hardware. I don't know if this type of virtualization is available on ARM though. It really could go either way. And even in a halt state, interrupts are usually still possible, So the radio may be running inside of a timer even.

The crespo/d720/Nexus S 4G/Whatever else you'd like to call it, has severe issues regarding data speeds. Sprint pretends the issue doesn't exist, Samsung pretends the issues doesn't exist, Google is mostly powerless because its a radio issue that Sprint and Samsung are responsible for fixing. Hacking this radio may be the solution, but I've gotta get amss.bin out of radio.img. Until I do, there is nothing I can do either.
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] plaguethenet:
Quick update

Pouring over radio.img I came across the following string

NICTOKL4 - (provider: Open Kernel Labs) built on May 19 2009 00:21:02 using
gcc version 3.4.4.

What does this mean?

It mean's that AMSS Runs on the same CPU as android, and that it runs as a Hypervisor (Microvisor as Open Kernel Labs calls it). It has control over what the android kernel has access to. This is pure speculation, but I would guess this is why Deep Idle doesn't provide any real tangible benefit when it really should.
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] 123justea:
Thanks for the informative read. D
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] Harbb:
Unfortunately a lot of your work is out of my league. However, Deep Idle (and the Sleep state, and even the idle state) all have proven benefits in various ways. Deep Idle shuts off the processor for, generally (for music), 19ms out of 20ms if i remember correctly. Idle would clock the processor at zero in much the same way, however i don't understand exactly what benefit (or process) there is to it aside from effectively minimizing power consumption (estimating CPU power consumption relies on the frequency, turning this to 0 in a perfect system would eliminate power use with the processor "on".. in theory). Either way, even Idle has shown power savings - while idle is used there is a far lower power draw. Without it, the results are much more believable and expected for the frequency, showing that it saves power by clocking the cpu to 0.

Further, i havn't tried this myself, but isn't Android perfectly capable to run without a radio at all? Because of this i highly doubt the radio is a hypervisor of any sort aside from anything radio-specific. I'm fairly certain the Radio acts more like a WoL chip, invoking the rest of the system as soon as it is triggered. Some reading material, maybe those two links add some insight too.

There is evidence of my argument here. Maybe you have confused Deep Idle and Sleep, but either way the two have proven benefits.

One thing to note, all of this is done on GSM Nexus S'. It could very well be different for the 4G CDMA radio, and even for the i9020A variant (i have the i9023 and think bedalus has a i9020T - ONLY difference is the screen). I have no experience with either the i9020A or 4G so it's all hearsay if it comes from me.
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] plaguethenet:
Quite the opposite, I was saying that because android and the RTOS (Real time os, for the radio) run under a "Microvisor" which is much like XEN, Android can halt the CPU all it wants, but the underlying OS that is virtualizing android wont really allow it. There are others that say the opposite of deep idle. I myself have noticed no benefit from it.

This is the results of a real study about battery life, specifically stating that deep idle does nothing, and indeed, as I noted above, I myself have also noticed no benefit. (But it SHOULD give a MAJOR benefit, which is why its so puzzling)

You can read it here.

I'll go into a bit more detail to clarify:

The phones basic startup process is:

Hardcoded Cryptographically secure bootloader -> NICTOKL4 (OS Hypervisor, or as OKL calls it, Microvisor)

NICTOKL4 Starts up the RTOS, and FASTBOOT

Fastboot then loads either the battery charging screen, Android, or Recovery (Or boots into fastboot mode) depending on the state of the phone.

(I could be wrong about what launches what, and may be missing, but I know that RTOS and Androids boot code are started at the same time by the microvisor)

RTOS Is running at all times after the phone is first powered on after having the battery removed, However it will disconnect from the cell network and sleep if told to, or if it has nothing to talk to. (Airplane mode and "off")

This is very similar to say, Linode. Where BIOS/EFI Loads an OS (The hypervisor Dom-0) and that OS Launches multiple guest OS's (Dom-U)

NICTOKL4 Is the only part of the phone that has true access to the hardware, and marshalls requests (usually blocking requests) to modify other OS Memory space, or access hardware.

The radio itself is actually just another guest OS, running under NICTOKL4. Android is entirely capable of running without a radio, but not on a phone without replacing the radio with android boot code.

Back to Deep Idle and Sleep. Sleep can be done and should provide benefit, because the microvisor can sleep too. Guest Sleeps, Microvisor sees all guests sleeping, so it sleeps too.

However, the radio software absolutely requires realtime communication with the hardware and network, or else synchronization would be lost. So halting the CPU (As deep idle does) cannot be allowed by the radio, and therefore cannot be allowed by the microvisor.

The information about the microvisor is fact by the way, I've found it in the radio.img for both my phone, and the i90xx radios.

I'm not trying to outright reject what you're saying Harbb, I just feel like I'm having trouble translating what I know into words others can understand.

You can learn more about the microvisor and its capabilities here
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] Harbb:
That battery life Portal post was a preliminary finding, which now is FOR deep idle, not against it. The thread that is linked to in it actually takes you to the same thread that i posted above proving my argument on deep idle. Go through the first 5 or so posts in the thread it links to, you'll find my own findings and bedalus' findings, and now even nathanson666's findings which is basically a deep idle experiment under a 1kHz ampmeter which provides proof to the millisecond level (which is where deep idle works). The larger problem with deep idle is that there is very little besides music that can truly benefit from deep idle, aside from it helping the surrounding OS very slightly while awake with the screen off.

Also, do you mind clarifying the bolded part a bit more?

I am doing much the same, only friendly discussion here ;) I don't have time at the moment but i'll get to reading some more on this soon.

Anyway. I can guarantee that the main CPU can entirely halt and effectively freeze EVERYTHING in the phone so long as the screen is off and nothing is keeping it awake, and likely the exact same thing happens with Deep Idle but while processing something (this runs on the race-to-idle principle, even if slightly lower clocks may be more efficient here - hurry the hell up so i can shut down the CPU). If such a thing can happen, how can you conclude that the CPU must stay awake? This is why i've narrowed it down to another chip that must be aiding the radio.

I'd write more but i must get going. Keen to see where this takes us.
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] plaguethenet:
Another quick thought on deep idle. Perhaps the radio spends alot of time sleeping. Ideally it would know how often to wake up the delay may be as large as 50ms, which would explain the battery savings.
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] Harbb:
I don't know how often the phone would be polling the tower so can't comment on how often the radio would be sleeping, however i can say that i've had averages of around 50-60ms of deep idle time and possibly more. This is of course with the radio active.

I did try to erase the radio in fastboot, and BOOM! an error. It won't let me erase it to see how far it would boot. I'd rather not flash a bad file purposely, so i can't give any hard evidence on the radio being a primary boot initiator or kernel of sorts.

The minimum frequency of the CPU is 100mhz to my knowledge. Anything below this will likely get more and more inefficient and potentially useless. This is why on the Tegra 3's we now have a quad core main CPU + a little, much weaker (and much more efficient) core dedicated to low loads and the ability to rapidly switch between any setup you can imagine. Couldn't such interfaces such as WoL/WoR be entirely integrated into the radio chip?

Maybe i'm entirely deluded here, but i've yet to find hard evidence on either side and i'm leaning toward the ability to entirely shut off the CPU so far. Right now though, anything's possible.
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] plaguethenet:
I cant comment on tegra's design, I've never played with anything with a Tegra chipset. What I am speaking of is Qualcomm specific, its not a general truth for all phones. The problem with WoR/WoL in the radio chip, is all the radio chip does is pass demodulated data to the radio software, and modulate data thats going out on a requested frequency. ie, the radio hardware is dumb, and does exactly what its name implies, its a radio. It may be possible for it to say "Hey, I have data" but that would happen so frequently it would be pointless.

Erasing the radio would require JTAG to get the phone booted again, At least, I am 90% sure. The flash software for the radio also verifies the cryptographic signature and CRC's, so you won't be able to flash a "bad" radio at all. Only way to simulate this would be to yank the battery during a radio flash. But I believe there are also systems in place to prevent this from bricking the phone as well. If someone has a phone to sacrifice, this would be an interesting experiment and would yield some clues as to the boot process.

Also, On the tegra's, they may use a dedicated baseband processor instead of virtualizing it on the main CPU like the MSM chipsets do. If you want to point me to some tegra radio flash images I can give you some insight.
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] Harbb:
Good thing my phones smarter than me then, but it would've made a damn pretty paperweight ;)

By the way, my suspicions seem to be correct, The Nexus S does have an integrated Baseband Processor, it can be found in step 10 of that page. Courtesy of iFixIt, of course.

After a quick look i couldn't find a radio for the Tegra 3s but i'm sure they'll pop up soon in the HTC One forums soon, even though it may not mean much now.
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] plaguethenet:
Thats not a processor, Its an antenna selector and noise filter. SPI is too slow to handle GSM/UMTS/CDMA traffic.

Its purpose is to select the frequency band, detect if there is a signal, and select an antenna (Low gain, hi gain, etc) and connect the antenna to something else with the correct frequency. Thats all it really does.

You can see for yourself in the functional diagram located in this PDF: http://www.skyworksinc.com/uploads/documents/201206b.pdf

The radio of the Tegra would me most interesting to me, and but certainly not relevant to this project.

EDIT: Apologies, I missed the Infineon chip. I'll have to see if i can find a data sheet for it to see what it can do. I'll get back to you as soon as I know more.

EDIT2:

I found this PCI-Express card that uses the same baseband processor, The PDF has a pinout of the same baseband chip.

http://module.amod.com.tw/files/Product/2012215113150.pdf

It seems to me that this does most of the protocol/baseband processing, and makes me curious as to why they multiplex the application CPU At all in this case? This makes no sense to me. I mean, I know they do, and I know AMSS.BIN is supposed to run the radio, but it seems like it may be more of a driver between RIL and that chip in this case. Question is, why not write the RIL to use the chip directly using GPIO pins on the CPU? Puzzling...

More questions than answers. But in this case, WoL/WoR functionality is possible at least on GSM Models. Although it's more likely a hardware event (Interrupt) that would wake the processor anyway. Perhaps the seperate modem software is to implement extra AT commands for the modem, and hide the interrupts from Android's RIL? I wonder if we can send random AT Commands to that chip... I'll see what I can figure out with my phone.
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] Harbb:
Good luck mate. Let us know your progress.
[Nexus S Q&A, Help & Troubleshooting] Jamin13:
Reading this conversation is quite intriguing.

Where can I find more information to feebly attempt to gain knowledge of what I've just read (besides Google :P)?
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] ahfu25:
I recently purchased the note from att and my wife bought me a few accessories from amazon. One of the accessories that came in the bundle was a usb host mode cable. I've googled for answers but couldn't find anything with details for what its for. Im not new to android and rooting, as Ive owned a few devices over the years and last one being the galaxy s2 on sprint. If anyone can explain to me whats the use for the host cable it would be greatly appreciated. Thanx in advance.

BTW I love the galaxy note!!! I sold my iPhone 4S to get it and Im happy I made the switch!!
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] BlkSquad:
It's for use with USB drives and other USB devices that require USB host to use.
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] ahfu25:
For what purposes?
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] carricklongley:
You can plug in a thumb drive to the cable and it will mount on your phone. You can also use usb keyboards/mice if you are so inclined.

I carry a cable so if anyone wants to pass me a large file I just plug in my device.
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] Synner12:
I use it mostly to run this: DSLR Controller.

It's also nice to be able to connect USB thumb drives to move files back and forth.
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] iakeco:
when I plug in my usb cable I don't get access to my sd card. Am I doing something wrong
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] iakeco:
Had a brain fart...

I figured it out
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] severinca:
adapter

i just bought a micro to usb female but my phone wont recognize the usb drive i plug in
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] madman604:
I think the cable you want is called an OTG cable, not just a micro USB to female USB.
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] severinca:
ok thanks
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] bean1975:
What about Ethernet? There are USB-to-Ethernet converters and the Linux kernel likely supports them, I am rooted so I can run netcfg usb0 dhcp for sure. Is there a reason why this wouldn't work...?
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] deliriousbb:
You can use it for UOTG, USB on the GO. You can plug the micro usb to the phone and plug a USB flash drive. Go into a file explorer and look for a folder called usbStorage. You will be able to access the flash drive through that folder.

FYI, make sure that USB debugging is disabled other you will not see anything in the folder.

This is perfect for transferring files from USB or other media into the phone. I use it with my Canon S100 and transfer pics directly from the media card.
[AT&T Samsung Galaxy Note I717] SystemErrorOne:
haha brain fart..happens too me all the time lmao
[Galaxy Tab 8.9 General] taiger78:
Hello all,

I have tried to search regarding this issue but did not get any real clear answer to have to solve the problem.

When I check for new firmware for my Galaxy tab 8.9 (GT-P7300) in Kies it says: your device does not support software upgrading via kies

I have had different firmwares in my tab latest ICS_CM9, but I tried to restore original firmware with Clockwork_Recovery_5.5.0.4

But somehow my backup does not seam to be approved by Kies.

When my tab was brand new I wrote down the info from About and this is the data:

Model Number: GT-P7300

Android Version : 3.1

Baseband Version : P7300XXKHC

Kernel version : 2.6.36.3 root@DELL155#1 SHP PREEMPT fri Sep 2 16:00:16 KST 2011

Build number : HMJ37 P7300XWKI1

Also could someone from that data say what country model this Tab is supposed to be, I live in Finland (and its bought here) but I don´t get it to add up ...

Any ideas how to get kies to approve my firmware? Soon ICS will be released by Samsung and I like to test the official version. And to do that I probably need to have kies up and running.

This as I like to do it official way , and not true Odin ...
[Galaxy Tab 8.9 General] Riche101UK:
You need to reflash stock firmware, and remove root if you are rooted. Then kies will work.
[Galaxy Tab 8.9 General] taiger78:
I now tried to reflash stock firmware to something i thing was same version as I had from the beginning (http://hotfile.com/dl/145798475/58cc500/P7300XWKI1.zip.html).

I also removed root rights and put back stock recovery, but now kies don't even see what software version i have on my Tab. current software version is blank.

Any more ideas ?
[Galaxy Tab 8.9 General] keijames:
Install app name check fus, it tell you tab product code.

Download lastest stock rom from sammobile.com by select the match version of rom with your product.

Samsung Kies will upgrade only if you have right version of match firmware and product code.

cheers
[Galaxy Tab 8.9 General] taiger78:
Thanks for this info, learned some more but still no luck as sammobile.com don't seam to have my product codes firmware?

Product code was : GT-P7300UWANEE

Any ides for download place ?
[Galaxy Tab 8.9 General] poisike:
Firstly, Odin is the official way. Samsung service centers use Odin to flash firmware on devices. If official ICS will be released, I'm sure we will get a Odin flashable .tar long before the update will show up in Kies for your Nordic tab. So i don't see the point in worrying about Kies, infact i have never used Kies to update any of my Samsung devices. I just don't trust this crappy software.

If you still want to locate your stock rom then send me a PM, i believe i can help you.
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] adinis78:
Really? Come on what's the deal, I mean they just released the fantastic 7.7 and a few months later an inferior tab but with the latest operating system, what gives? Why can't we get the love.

http://whatsuptechnology99.blogspot.com/2012/02/samsung-unveils-galaxy-tab-2-70-offers.html

They just keep churning all these tabs and for what to keep track with Apple? If that's what they want to do they should just concentrate on one model at a time and put out the best they can instead of different models that are subpar to Apple, don't get me wrong I love the Galaxy tabs and this is my second one but this is just rediculous.
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] mfamafia:
This company is weird. It have lunched many tablets during 1 year

Galaxy Tab 7.0

Galaxy Tab 7.0 Plus

Galaxy Tab 2 7.0

Galaxy Tab 10.1

Galaxy Tab 2 10.1

Galaxy tab 8.9

Galaxy Tab 7.7

Galaxy Tab 11.6 (not official yet)

Galaxy Note 10.1

I think many others are coming
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] adinis78:
Exactly my point
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] 05GT:
They have way too many offerings. It's almost annoying, but I LOVE me some Samsung!
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] bdroc:
it doesn't really matter. they give people their choices which is fine. But the hardware has matured to the point where...unless you are a hardcore tablet gamer...there isn't going to be a big boost in functionality between one gen to the next gen. My "old" Samsung Vibrant can do anything that a newer phone can do and it is a little more than a year and a half old...and it's running Froyo.

But this tablet...the 7.7...its the tablet i dreamed about when the original tab was released..and now I have it...release away Samsung...you've already done right by me.
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] adinis78:
One would think that the 7.7 would come out with ICS and to find out that a lower end model comes with instead is a bit annoying. I hope ICS comes out soon for the 7.7
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] xenix96:
ICS Updates

We get next month ICS for SGT 7.7 i think :)

This month my SGS II will get it :D
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] K999rrl:
I duno wat they r thinking.... keep making the same thing n give it a different name. ppl wnt buy it jus because it called tab '2'. unless it is like 300 doller. iPad is guna come out unless there is no major change otherwise customer wnt go for these tab '2'...... n ipad 3 is more likely to be quadcore. still waiting for my 7.7 tho lol.

---------- Post added at 12:59 AM ---------- Previous post was at 12:56 AM ----------

also they dnt hv major update for tw... n this is one of the worst launcher out there.
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] burhanistan:
Basically, Samsung is a massive company with a massive manufacturing capability. They are more interested in spraying the market with devices like a machine gunner rather than caring about nerds' cries for upgrades. Bottom line is, you bought the device as is. I didn't see any stickers on the box promising "upgrade soon!". Make your decision according to what you're getting at the time of purchase
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] ascariss:
You are missing the 8.9 version and as far as I know there is no 11.6 version, unless that is the rumoured full HD version. Also there is the galaxy tab 2 10.1 replacing the original 10.1? Although it is thicker and slightly heavier but it does gain a microSD slot but no info on the gpu.

I believe the new tab 2 (7 and 10.1) are using a qualcomm chipset but I am not 100% on this, and I believe these are a bit slower in the graphics dept.

I did have a chance to play with the 8.9 LTE here at a samsung booth and it was not that smooth even though it was running exynos, maybe it was all the widgets and touchwiz that were slowing it down.
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] EarlZ:
The Tab7.7 will get ICS but dont expect for it to be released too soon, ICS is the only main selling point of the 'newer' Tabs, the added weight is some what odd thought, the Tab10.1 is massively heavy compared to the 7.7 and now they are adding a few more grams!

The 11.6 is purely a rumored device, Although I am hoping but I dont think Samsung has a fullHD panel ready for us yet, I also hope that the 11.6 wont come with SuperAMOLED.
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] emprize:
i dont expect ics official come soon, just hope aosp ics can come soon
[Galaxy Tab 7.7 General] poisike:
I think the new tab 2 will have Tegra 2, just like the old ones. Of couse this is just speculation on my part.

As far as i know, the gt8.9 lte has a qualcomm SoC.