( 437 )

To carry out,
Contrariwise,
To hold one's noise,

To exclaim.
To perceive.
To acquire (by imitation).
To prove, to be proved.
To hold reception.
To stipulate.
An official of high standing.
Late (last), послѣдний.
Mischievous, злой.
Training, воспитание.
A job, рабочая.

Исполнить, р. а. исполнить.
Выполнять, р. а. выполнить.
Паоборотъ, напротивъ.
Упиматься, р. а. упиться.

Воскликать, р. а. воскликнуть.

Замѣчать, р. а. замѣтить.

Перепинать, р. а. перенять.

Оказываться, р. а. оказаться.

Припинать у себя.

Пазначать, р. а. назначить.

Знатьный сановникъ.

Late (former), прѣжний.

Trick, шутка, шалость.

A schoolmate, соученецъ.

Work, рабочая.

## EXERCISE CXVII.

What sort of building do you undertake? — I undertake all sorts of building. — Is it true that the works undertaken by you last year are not yet finished? — Yes, in undertaking a difficult job I did not calculate well beforehand how much time would be required for it, and besides that, the number of workmen hired by me proved to be insufficient. — Why did you not take off your hat yesterday before your late master? — When I meet him, I always take off my hat, and if I did not do it yesterday, it was, of course, because I did not perceive him. — Why do you take the toys away from your sister? — I took only one doll away from her, and that was because she wanted to break it. Have you accepted presents from him? — Why not? he always accepted presents from me. — Does the baroness often hold receptions at her house? — She received us last week, and asked us to visit her in future without being in-

( 438 )

vited.—Have you hired a large house in town for the
winter?—I have no need to hire a house in town, as I have
one of my own.—Do not take the things out of the trunk;
as we shall not stop at this station.—I have taken them out
already.—But I ordered you not to take them out.—I beg
your pardon; I misunderstood you.—I cannot understand
how it is you always carry out my orders contrariwise.

## EXERCISE CXVIII.

What do these unfortunate parents regret?—They regret that they did not prevent their son from entering military service.—The mother, sobbing, exclaimed: "If I had thwarted my only son's desire to leave home, I should not now have to blame myself for his death."—Will you come to us to-morrow at the stipulated time?—If it is possible for me to decamp from my friends, you may rely on my presence.—He wanted to get out of our invitation.—Do not depart from your own words, or we will never believe you again.—She asks for leave to go to her sister.—Tell her that she may go to her to-morrow, but that to-day we cannot spare her.—How is your brother in health?—Oh, he always enjoys excellent health.—In declining their invitation, you lost an excellent opportunity of being presented to an official of high standing, who might be useful to you in many respects.—I do not regret it at all.—You ought not, however, to neglect good acquaintances.—If I neglected this invitation, it does not mean that I neglect good acquaintances.—Are you satisfied with the training that your son gets at the town school?—No, on the contrary, I am very much dissatisfied; he has acquired there only the bad manners and mischievous tricks of his school-

( 442 )

Observations on No. 1 Table of Irregular Verbs :—

a. Шпи́ть as an active verb is generally used with the prefixes вы, за, у, as : вышпи́ть, ‘to knock out;’ зашпи́ть, ‘to bruise;’ ушпи́ть, ‘to hurt;’ as a neuter verb it takes the prefix о, ошпи́ться, ‘to make a mistake.’

b. In compound verbs formed from идти, the radical и is replaced by й, as : пайти́, при́йти, зайти, etc.

In the imperative of пойти the semivowel й is usually omitted, as : под́и, под́ите, and in в́ойти the imperative has two terminations : в́ойди, в́ойдите and вы́дь, вы́дьте.

с. Спать, идти and быть, being of neuter voice, have no passive participle, but compound verbs of active voice formed from these verbs, such as проспáть, ‘to miss in sleeping;’ пайти, ‘to find;’ забыть, ‘to forget;’ have the passive participle with inflexions as shown in the table, i. e. прóстапь, най́день, забыть.

d. The participle б́удущий as well as the verb б́уду expresses the future tense, but the gerund б́удучи has the signification of the present tense.

e. The imperative of хо́чý is used with the prefixes за or вос, as : захот́и, восхот́и; the gerund present хотá is used only in the negative form, as пе́хотя, the particle taking the accent.

The gerund хотá when used without the particle не becomes a conjunction, signifying although.

f. The imperative of ё́ду, both in the simple imperfect and in the compound perfect aspect, is not used, but is borrowed from the compound verb of imperfect aspect with the prefix по, as : по́зжай, ‘go.’

( 443 )

The same inflexion in the imperative must be used also for all other compound verbs, as: заѣзжай, 'come round;'
выѣзжай, 'drive out;' etc.

NOTE.—In order to point out more clearly the irregularities of the preceding table—words printed in italic will mark the second conjugation; those in roman characters the first conjugation, and those with an asterisk are used only with prefixes.

The iteratives printed in italics are formed from the indefinite form or from the imperfect aspect of the same verb.

All the inflexions omitted in this table are formed regularly.

Besides the above-named thirteen irregular verbs there are some others, which, although conjugated regularly, deviate somewhat from the rules of formation.

Their principal irregularity consists in the irregular formation of the infinitive or of the present tense.

The apparent irregularities of the infinitive, as also of the present or of the imperative, are due to the avoidance of unpleasant combinations of sounds.

Thus, for example, in the infinitive the radical consonants г, к change into ч; д, б, н into с, as:

<table><thead><tr><th>Indicative.</th><th>Infinitive.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Стригý, стригъ;</td><td>стрічь, instead of стригтъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Текý, текъ;</td><td>течь, . . . текть.</td></tr><tr><td>Краду, кра(і)ль;</td><td>красть, . . . крадть.</td></tr><tr><td>Гребý; грёбъ;</td><td>грестій, . . . гребтій.</td></tr><tr><td>Клянý, кляль;</td><td>клясть, . . . кляпть.</td></tr><tr><td>Ведý, вё(і)ль;</td><td>вестій, . . . ведтій.</td></tr></tbody></table>

( 448 )

To call on,

{ Заїзжáть къ, } with the
{ Заїхать, р. а. } dat.

To damp, мочить;
To fade, липать;
To drive away from,— отгонять;
To drive away, угонять;
To devour, to eat, пожирать;
To appoint, назначать;

perf. asp. помочить.
. . полинять.
. . отогнать.
. . угнать.
. . пожрать.
. . назпачить.

Hard, твёрдый, сильный.
A back yard, задний двор.
Smooth, тяжкий.
A casket, шкатулка.
A country house, дача.
Dark blue, тёмносиний.
Timid, боязливый.

Further, дальший.
A paved road, шоссе.
A porch, крыльцо.
A drover, погонщик.
Monotonous, однообразный.
Dark grey, тёмно-светлый.
Endless, безконечный.

EXERCISE CXIX.

Harness the grey horses and go for the children.—After
having brought them home, come to me for further orders.
At what time did you leave (въездить изъ) town?—At a
quarter-past two.—Narrate to me the details of your tra-
velling.—With pleasure.—At the hour appointed for the
journey there came to the porch a coach, harnessed with
four post-horses, and after taking our seats we rode out of
our street to one of the best streets of the capital.—We
went along that street for about ten minutes and at length
we came to a stone bridge.—After crossing the bridge we
called on our aunt, in order to take leave.—She was living
(use pres. tense) in one of the most magnificent houses of that
part of the town, but not finding her at home we continued
our journey, and after half-an-hour passed through the
town barrier and went on along a smooth paved road.—On
both sides of the road stood pretty country houses with

( 449 )

little gardens; in the fields, in a luxuriant grass there
were many beautiful flowers to be seen.—The view on both
sides of the road, although picturesque, seemed to us rather
monotonous, and as we went on we saw nothing but endless
fields, spreading to the verge of the horizon.—In this way,
without meeting a single tree or a single hillock, we came
up to the last station, where we slept, and on the following
day, early in the morning, went on foot to the village; the
rest you know.—Did you hurt yourself in falling off the
chair?—You are mistaken, it was not I, but my sister who
fell off the chair; but she was not hurt.—Should the chil-
dren run out into the yard without my permission, inform
me of it immediately.—Yes, sir,

EXERCISE CXX.

Do you shave yourself?—No, the barber shaves me.
Take my measure and make me a frock-coat.—Of what
colour do you wish it to be?—Dark blue or black?—Is this
cloth durable, and do you warrant me that it will not fade?
It is very durable, although rather thin.—It seems to me
that after being damped it will be rough.—I have no doubt
you will be satisfied with it.—The shops in our town are
magnificent, are they not?—Yes, you have many excellent
shops, but one sees often at the door of some of those shops
some poor man in rags, timidly looking around to see
whether someone will give him a penny, which he wants to
buy a piece of bread.—Are the carpets laid down on the
floors?—Not yet, but we will lay them down immediately
after the servant has finished washing the floors.—This
gentleman at every meeting squeezes my hand in a friendly
manner, although we hardly know one another.—He

G G

( 450 )

squeezed his hand so hard that tears came into his eyes.
He pressed the spring of the lock and the casket flew open.
Is the corn reaped?—No, they are now reaping it.—Sit
nearer to the window.—I would rather draw nearer the
fire, for I feel cold.—Where does this drover drive these
sheep to?—He drives them to the slaughter-house.—Drive
this cow away from the window, or she will eat all the
flowers.—I have driven her away twice already; I had
better go and tell the servant to drive her away to the
back yard.

## SIXTIETH LESSON.

### Шестидесатый Уропь.

### GOVERNMENT.

Nouns and verbs govern other words either directly or
by means of prepositions.

The genitive, dative, accusative and instrumental cases
are governed in both ways, but the prepositional case never
stands in immediate relation to the governing word of a
sentence, as it is never used without a preposition.

### OF THE GENITIVE.

The genitive case without a preposition may be used as
an attribute or a complement.

A. As an attributive or determinative word the genitive
is used:

a. With nouns to indicate possession, direct dependence

( 451 )

or influence, and answers the question *whose?* for animate,
or *of what?* for inanimate objects.

<table><tr><td>The father's house.</td><td>Домъ отця.</td></tr><tr><td>The peasant's son.</td><td>Сыпъ крестьяппа.</td></tr><tr><td>The commander of the fleet.</td><td>Начальникъ флота.</td></tr></table>

b. To express a quality attributed to a noun, and answer the question: *what kind or quality?* or *which year, month, day, etc. :*

<table><tr><td>A man of great intelligence.</td><td>Человѣкъ большаго умá.</td></tr><tr><td>He is tall.</td><td>Опъ высокаго рóста.</td></tr><tr><td>On which day of the month?</td><td>Котóраго числá?</td></tr><tr><td>On the first.</td><td>Пéрваго числá.</td></tr></table>

B. The genitive as a complement is governed by:

a. Nouns denoting quantity, measure, weight, etc., as also collective nouns.

<table><tr><td>A dozen spoons.</td><td>Дюжина лóжекъ.</td></tr><tr><td>A handful of salt.</td><td>Гореть солн.</td></tr><tr><td>A crowd of people.</td><td>Толпá нарóда.</td></tr></table>

b. The pronouns **много**, ‘many, much;’ **сколько**, ‘how much;’ **столько**, ‘so much;’ **нѣсколько**, ‘a few, some;’ **мáло**, ‘a little;’ **довольно**, ‘enough;’ **бóлье**, ‘more;’ **мéně**, ‘less;’ the numerals beginning from five, in the nominat. or accus., and the numerals **двое**, **трое**, **четверо**, etc., in the nominative.

<table><tr><td>How many days are there in the year?</td><td>Сколько дпей въ годý?</td></tr><tr><td>365 days.</td><td>365 дней.</td></tr><tr><td>How many of you were there?</td><td>Много ли было васъ?</td></tr><tr><td>There were ten of us.</td><td>Насъ было десятеро.</td></tr><tr><td>He has plenty of work and little time.</td><td>У него много работы, но мало времени.</td></tr><tr><td>I was there more than a month.</td><td>Я былъ тамъ бóльше мénца.</td></tr><tr><td>Less than this.</td><td>Мéněе этого.</td></tr></table>

( 452 )

ОBS. 1.—The genitive case is also used with impersonal verbs when one of the pronouns, such as много, málo, пѣско-лько, etc., is understood.

Many guests came. Наѣхало (много) гостей.
There was some increase of business. Прибывлось (пѣско-лько) дѣла.

c. Those active verbs of perfect aspect in which the action relates only to a part of the object, and when много, málo, пѣско-лько, etc., in the accusative case are understood:

<table><tr><td>To sow some corn.</td><td>Посѣять пѣшенніе.</td></tr><tr><td>To bring some water.</td><td>Припесті водѣ.</td></tr><tr><td>To obtain some money.</td><td>Достать дѣнги.</td></tr></table>

ОBS. 2.—The imperfect aspect of the same verbs governs the accusative:

<table><tr><td>To sow corn.</td><td>Сѣять пѣшенну.</td></tr><tr><td>To bring water.</td><td>Носить вобу.</td></tr><tr><td>To obtain money.</td><td>Доставать дѣньги.</td></tr></table>

d. Common reflective verbs with the prefix на, denoting abundance:

He read a great many books. Онъ пачтался князь.
I saw a great many curious things. Я наглядѣлся дикой винъ.

e. The comparative of adjectives and adverbs, when not followed by the conjunction нежели, or чѣмъ, ‘than :’

Moscow is more ancient than St. Москвá древнѣе С. Петербургъ.
Petersburg.
Gold is dearer than silver. Золото дороже серебрą.

f. The following neuter verbs:

<table><tr><td>To wish, желать.</td><td>To ask, спрятывать.</td></tr><tr><td>To will, хотѣть.</td><td>To expect, ожидать.</td></tr><tr><td>To hunger, áлкать.</td><td>To attain, достигать.</td></tr><tr><td>To thirst for, жаждать.</td><td>To be worth, стопать.</td></tr><tr><td>To deign, удостовѣрить.</td><td>To hope, чаять.</td></tr></table>

And the adjective достоинъ, ‘worthy.’

( 453 )

g. Neuter and common verbs expressing fear, loss, or privation :

<table><tr><td>He fears him.</td><td>Онъ боїтся его.</td></tr><tr><td>He lost his father.</td><td>Онъ лишился отца.</td></tr><tr><td>He is devoid of vice.</td><td>Онъ чуждъ порока.</td></tr><tr><td>He is deprived of the honour.</td><td>Онъ лишилъ чести.</td></tr><tr><td>They are worthy of their respect.</td><td>Онъ достойныихъ уважение.</td></tr></table>

h. All active verbs preceded by the negative adverb не, as also the impersonal verbs нѣтъ, не стáю, не вйдно, не имѣется, не слушается and others, denoting privation or absence:

<table><tr><td>Do not waste time.</td><td>Не терпій врѣмение.</td></tr><tr><td>Do not do evil.</td><td>Не дѣлай зла.</td></tr><tr><td>There is no change to be seen.</td><td>Не вйдно перемѣшь.</td></tr><tr><td>Nothing happened.</td><td>Ничего не случилось.</td></tr><tr><td>There is no news.</td><td>Нѣтъ известій.</td></tr></table>

ОBS. 3.—The adverb не governs the genitive indirectly, that is, through the verb to which it is attached.

### OF THE DATIVE.

A. The dative without a preposition, used as an attribute, denotes a direct dependence or influence upon the object to which it relates:

<table><tr><td>He is my friend.</td><td>Онъ миѣ другъ.</td></tr><tr><td>He is master of this house.</td><td>Онъ ховāннъ ѣтому дому.</td></tr><tr><td>A list of things.</td><td>Списокъ вещамъ.</td></tr><tr><td>The head of the family.</td><td>Глава семейству.</td></tr></table>

B. The dative, as complement of a sentence, is used with:

a. Nouns and verbs denoting a state or quality relating to an object, as also with those indicating the object for whose gain or loss the action is performed.

<table><tr><td>I see him.</td><td>Онъ мы вйдѣвъ.</td></tr><tr><td>He wants me.</td><td>Я ему нуженъ.</td></tr></table>