DIFFERENCE IN TIME

When it is Noon in New York

<table><thead><tr><th>In</th><th>It is</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Amsterdam (Holland)</td><td>8:00 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Athens (Greece)</td><td>6:35 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Berlin (Germany)</td><td>5:54 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Bombay (India)</td><td>9:51 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Constantinople (Turkey)</td><td>6:56 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Copenhagen (Denmark)</td><td>5:50 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Dublin (Ireland)</td><td>4:34 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Havre (France)</td><td>5:00 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Hong Kong (China)</td><td>*12:37 A.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Honolulu (Hawaii)</td><td>6:29 A.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Liverpool (England)</td><td>4:48 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>London (England)</td><td>5:00 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Madrid (Spain)</td><td>4:45 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Manila (P. I.)</td><td>*1:04 A.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Melbourne (Australia)</td><td>*2:40 A.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Paris (France)</td><td>5:09 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Rome (Italy)</td><td>5:50 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Stockholm (Sweden)</td><td>6:12 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Petrograd (Russia)</td><td>7:01 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Vienna (Austria)</td><td>6:06 P.M.</td></tr><tr><td>Yokohama (Japan)</td><td>*2:19 A.M.</td></tr></tbody></table>

* The day following.

MARINER'S AIDS

Every light, beacon and buoy has its mark of color or number by which the mariner can fix his course through shallow water and unknown waters. There are six types of buoys, namely: Bell, Whistling, Gas, Spar, Nun, and Can, all of which are floating. Beacons are set on solid foundations of submerged rock or shoal.

Along the coast, and also in bays, harbors, sounds and channels, the following numbering and coloring is standard:

From Seaward, approaching Channel:—

Pass Red BUOYS, even number, on Starboard side (Right).

Pass Black BUOYS, odd number, on Port side (Left).

Pass Horizontally striped Red and Black BUOYS either side.

Pass Perpendicularly striped Black and White BUOYS Close by, as they are always placed in mid-channel.

Nun BUOYS are placed on the Starboard (Right) side of Channels, and Can BUOYS on the Port side (Left) each being correctly numbered and colored.

Turning points are shown by Perches with Balls, Cages, etc., the passage side being indicated by the number and color.

THE SEA WATCH

The time at sea is divided into "watches," five of four hours each and two of two hours each. The two latter watches are known as the "dog watches." The arrangement is shown here.

First Watch . . . . . 8 P.M. to Midnight

Middle Watch . . . . Midnight to 4 A.M.

Morning Watch . . . . 4 A.M. to 8 A.M.

Forenoon Watch . . . . 8 A.M. to Noon

Afternoon Watch. . . . . Noon to 4 P.M.

Dog { First . . . . 4 P.M. to 6 P.M.
Watches { Second . . 6 P.M. to 8 P.M.

DEPTH OF THE SEAS

<table><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Av. Ft.</th><th>Max.</th><th>Name</th><th>Av. Ft.</th><th>Max.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Atlantic</td><td>12,070</td><td>23,255</td><td>Irish</td><td>721</td><td>2,140</td></tr><tr><td>Pacific</td><td>12,755</td><td>27,920</td><td>Eng. Chnl.</td><td>329</td><td>920</td></tr><tr><td>Indian</td><td>10,975</td><td>18,119</td><td>German</td><td>290</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Arctic</td><td>5,078</td><td>15,898</td><td>Turkish</td><td>220</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antarctic</td><td>9,002</td><td>11,860</td><td>Adriatic</td><td>136</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mediter'n</td><td>4,430</td><td>8,600</td><td>Baltic</td><td>132</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

AREAS OF THE SEAS

Arctic — 4,000,000 sq. miles

Indian — 23,000,000 sq. miles

Atlantic — 35,000,000 sq. miles

Pacific — 70,000,000 sq. miles

South'n — 7,000,000 sq. miles

HOW THE SEA'S DEPTH IS
DETERMINED

The depth of the sea and the character
of the bed of the sea over which the ship
is passing is determined by a contrivance
known as a "Lead Line." When a sound-
ing is taken, this line is cast over the side
of the vessel, a leaden weight being fast-
ened to insure its sinking in a hundred
fathoms of water. In the bottom of this
sinker a hole is made, and this is filled
with grease to which the soil will adhere.
This soil is then compared with the chart
and the location of the ship determined,
if any doubt exists.

In finding the depth the line is thrown
ahead of the vessel, and each fathom on
the line is marked with a distinguishing
mark which is read out as the line comes
alongside the side of the moving ship.

THE SHIP'S COMPASS

The Mariner's Compass dates back to
the Twelfth Century and there are indi-
cations that it was used in China at an
earlier period. Its invention, however,
is generally credited to Flavia Gioga, an
Italian, in 1392. It was of crude con-
struction and not entirely practical. A
great many improvements were made in
the compass by Columbus on his famous
voyage of discovery, and even in this
modern day navigators believe there is
room for improvement.

FOG SIGNALS
ENGINEROOM SIGNALS

All steam vessels under way (except when towed or towing) in foggy weather shall give a prolonged blast of the whistle every minute. If towing, or employed in such manner that escape from the path of other vessels is difficult, a prolonged blast and two short blasts in succession shall be given every minute. Towed vessels may give the same signal but no other.

A bell must be rung five seconds every minute if vessel is at anchor. Vessels having only partial knowledge of ships forward of the beam, shall stop engines and navigate with caution until safety is assured.

Sailing vessels under way on the Starboard tack (When wind is on the right side) shall give one blast every minute; if on the Port tack, (Wind on left side) two blasts shall be given. When wind is abaft beam, three blasts.

Vessels running with the wind as near to the bow as possible for headway, are said to be "Close hauled." With the wind abaft the beam, they are said to be "Running free."

Signals to the engineer from the bridge are given as follows:—

1. Bell—Ahead, slowly.

Jingle—Full speed ahead.

DISTINGUISHING LIGHTS

Due to the swell of the sea and the con-
sequent rise and fall of the vessel, lights
that are low on the night horizon often
appear to be revolving. In a light or
rarified atmosphere they are made to
appear at greater distance than they ac-
tually are. Thick air reverses the allu-
sion and makes them seemingly nearer.

Thick air will also make a white light
appear red, but a red light will be only
partly discernable until closer approach
is made. A mariner in doubt will take
soundings to determine his position and
the true character of the light is thus
revealed. Rising stars have often been
taken for lights and lights have been mis
taken for vessels. If in doubt, get your
line of vision from as low down a point
as possible, and if the light still remains
you can be sure it is either a star or a
lighthouse, as these two are the only
ones powerful enough to show from the
edge of the horizon.