The Academy also encourages diplomatic study and writing at the collegiate level. In 2000, the Academy began, in collaboration with the School for Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University, an essay contest on American diplomatic practice for college seniors planning graduate studies in that field at SAIS, the prize being a tuition grant funded by Philip Merrill, publisher of *Washingtonian* magazine.

In 2002, the Academy began the Leonard Marks Foundation Essay Contest Award for Creative Writing on American Foreign Policy. The award is limited to International Affairs degree candidates in the fall semester at member schools of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA).

In 2004, the Academy began a two-year program whose aim is to enhance public understanding of US foreign policy objectives, focusing on the opportunities provided by diplomacy as well as its limitations. The program includes lectures, seminars, panels, town hall discussions and papers focused on specific issues as well as commentaries to assist the American public to better understand the difficult road it is likely to have to traverse in the years ahead. The program is funded by the Honorable Hushang Ansary, a former Iranian diplomat and now an active philanthropist of Houston, Texas.

## AWARDS

The Academy hosts an annual awards luncheon to recognize exemplary contributions in the field of Diplomacy. The 2004 recipient of the "Leonore and Walter Annenberg Excellence in Diplomacy Award" was former Undersecretary of State Joseph J. Sisco. Previous award recipients have included:

* SENATOR JOHN C. DANFORTH (FRMR)
* SECRETARY OF STATE COLIN L. POWELL
* UN SECRETARY GENERAL KOFI ANNAN
* SENATORS RICHARD LUGAR & SAM NUNN
* AMBASSADOR STUART E. EISENSTAT
* SENATOR GEORGE MITCHELL
* AMBASSADOR GEORGE F. KENNAN
* AMBASSADOR DENNIS ROSS
* AMBASSADOR RICHARD HOLBROOKE

Since 1995, the Academy has awarded an annual prize for a book of distinction on the practice of American diplomacy. The Academy sees this prize as a way to stimulate further academic research on the way American diplomacy is conducted and will also deepen public understanding of the critical need for excellence in our diplomacy. The 2004 prize went to Richard P. Parker for his work entitled *Uncle Sam in Barbary: A Diplomatic History*, published by the University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

In 2004, the Academy presented its third Arthur Ross Award for Distinguished Reporting and Analysis on Foreign Affairs to Robin Wright, diplomatic correspondent for the Washington Post.

## FUNDING

The activities of the Academy have been supported by grants from the Leonore and Walter Annenberg Foundation, the Una Chapman Cox Foundation, the Delavan Foundation, the Arthur Ross Foundation, the Dillon Fund, the Starr Foundation, the Marks Foundation, the Marshall B. Coyne Foundation, Diplomatic & Consular Officers Retired (DACOR), Friends of the Academy and corporate contributions. For its operating expenses it benefits from dues and other contributions from a strong and committed membership.

The Academy is a 501(c)(3), tax-exempt organization and donations to its work are tax deductible.

# THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DIPLOMACY

*Promoting*
*American Diplomacy*
*Since 1983*

The American Academy of Diplomacy
1800 K Street, NW • Suite 1014
Washington, DC 20006

Tel: 202/331-3721 • Fax: 202/833-4555
academy@academyofdiplomacy.org

www.academyofdiplomacy.org

## INTRODUCTION

The American Academy of Diplomacy is a private, non-profit, non-partisan, elected organization, whose active membership is limited to men and women who have held positions of major responsibility in the formulation and implementation of American foreign policy. They believe that diplomacy, bulwarked by America's military and economic strength, plays an indispensable role in the promotion of U.S. interests abroad and that it is therefore critically important that the highest possible standards distinguish our diplomacy in practice.

## ORIGINS

The Academy was founded in 1983 by Ambassadors Ellsworth Bunker and U. Alexis Johnson who, together with Elliot Richardson and John J. McCloy, met to explore ways in which persons who had served in positions of major responsibility could cooperate to promote the highest standards in American diplomacy. They were encouraged in this effort by several of the then serving members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. With that encouragement, the Academy began drawing on the experience of its members to provide the Committee a commentary on the qualifications of those nominated by the President as ambassadors, both career and non-career.

Today the Academy continues to maintain contact with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The Academy no longer, however, provides the Committee with commentary on ambassadorial nominees, except in those instances where its Board of Directors concludes that the nominee clearly lacks any demonstrable qualifications for the responsibilities he or she will be required to undertake as ambassador.

## MEMBERSHIP

The Academy's members are chosen from among persons who in their careers served the United States as chiefs of mission in major embassies abroad or in equivalent high-level foreign policy positions in Washington. Its

members include all living former Secretaries of State, several former Secretaries of Defense, Directors of CIA, National Security Advisors and Chairmen of the Senate Foreign Relations and House International Relations Committees.

Elections are held annually among current members to fill vacancies in the membership.

## OBJECTIVES

The overriding concern underlying each and every activity of the Academy is its belief that the quality of American diplomacy is vital to its effectiveness, whether the practitioner comes from the career service or the political domain. That concern is evident in its original articles of incorporation:

* To foster high standards of qualification for, and performance in, the conduct of diplomacy and the foreign service of the United States

* To increase public understanding and appreciation of the contributions of diplomacy to the national interests of the United States

* To study and, as appropriate, to disseminate findings and recommendations with regard to the conduct and content of American foreign policy, and

* To encourage the strengthening and improvement of American diplomatic representation abroad.

The Academy also has an interest in pressing for adequate financial and other support for the foreign affairs activities of the United States Government and in preserving and enhancing the professional qualifications and career attractiveness of the American Foreign Service.

The Academy maintains a close relationship with the Department of State and with other organizations with similar goals and objectives. These include, among others, the Una Chapman Cox Foundation, the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Diplomatic and Consular Officers Retired, the American Foreign Service Association and the Council of American Ambassadors. They coordinate their activities through an informal group called the Foreign Affairs Council.

## PROGRAMS

The Academy's Board of Directors, meeting three times annually, and by means of a number of committees, oversees programs that focus primarily on the practice of diplomacy. The Academy regards its programs as a contribution to continuing public discussion and understanding in the fields of foreign affairs and diplomacy.

The Academy holds an annual meeting of its members, usually on Capitol Hill, with a member of Congress as guest and speaker. Its members also meet monthly in informal luncheon seminars with invited guests to discuss issues of topical interest in American foreign policy and practice.

Over the years, the Academy has conducted panels and seminars on the tasks confronting diplomacy. Recently it worked with the Business Council for International Understanding (BCIU) to conduct a conference on "Commercial Diplomacy" at the Boeing Company. Its end product was a book published in 2004 titled *Commercial Diplomacy and the National Interest*, written by Harry Kopp. The Academy in 2002 worked with the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown University to complete a study on building and maintaining international coalitions. The Academy also has a tradition of co-sponsoring programs exploring different international and diplomatic issues with the World Affairs Councils of America and other Washington, DC cultural and educational entities.

In April of 2000, the Academy published its first book, *First Line of Defense: Ambassadors, Embassies and American Interests Abroad*, with wide distribution throughout the foreign affairs community. It also distributes a quarterly newsletter.

The Academy on occasion issues brief statements to highlight its interest and concern about the practice of diplomacy. Topics have included America's role in the world, directed at public uncertainty on that role in a changed, post-Cold War world; the American Foreign Service, to convey the Academy's belief that a well trained cadre of professionals is critical for the practice of American diplomacy; and another on resources for the conduct of American diplomacy.

**Chairman of the Board**

JOSEPH J. SISCO

**Vice Chairman**

ARTHUR A. HARTMAN

**Board of Directors**

JULIA CHANG BLOCH

L. CRAIG JOHNSTONE

AVIS BOHLEN

JAMES R. JONES

THOMAS D. BOYATT

PRINCETON N. LYMAN

JAMES F. COLLINS

PATRICIA GATES LYNCH

CHARLES W. FREEMAN, JR.

PHYLLIS E. OAKLEY

ROBERT L. GALLUCCI

R. MARCUS PALMER

CHARLES A. GILLESPIE, JR.

EDWARD M. ROWELL

RICHARD N. GARDNER

J. STAPLETON ROY

BRANDON GROVE

MARY A. RYAN

H. ALLEN HOLMES

DANIEL SIMPSON

ROBERT E. HUNTER

EDWARD S. WALKER, JR.

**Ex-Officio**

DAVID D. NEWSOM

DAVID H. POPPER

KEITH L. BROWN, President
Council of American Ambassadors

KENNETH BROWN, President

**Chairpersons Emeriti**

SOL M. LINOWITZ

FRANK C. CARLUCCI

LAWRENCE S. EAGLEBURGER

MAX M. KAMPELMAN

**President**

L. BRUCE LAINGEN

**Treasurer**

NICHOLAS A. VELIOTES

**Secretary**

ROSCOE S. SUDDARTH

**Program Assistant**

MELINDA BROUWER

**Project Coordinator**

ANTHONY CE QUAINTON

JOSEPH J. SISCO

Dr. Sisco was Board chairman of the American Academy of Diplomacy. He was a senior partner with Sisco Associates, an international consulting firm specializing in political and economic risk analysis and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. From 1976 to 1981 he was president of The American University. Earlier, Dr. Sisco held senior foreign policy positions in the Ford, Nixon, Johnson and Kennedy Administrations, including Under Secretary for Political Affairs, Assistant Secretary for International Organization Affairs and Director of UN Political Affairs. Dr. Sisco began his career with the CIA in 1950 and transferred to the Department of State in 1951. He received the Department's Superior Service Award, a National Civil Service League Service Award, the Rockefeller Public Service Award and the AMVETS Peace Award for Middle East Negotiations. Dr. Sisco held a BA, magna cum laude from Knox College and a MA and Ph.D from the University of Chicago with a specialization in Soviet Affairs.

ROBIN WRIGHT

Robin Wright has covered the waterfront, in a career that has seen her reporting from more than 120 countries on six continents. Her foreign tours have included five years in the Middle East, two years in Europe, seven years in Africa and several years as a roving correspondent. She is currently the diplomatic correspondent with the Washington Post and has just returned from a trip to Tehran and travel with Secretary Powell in Latin America. She holds the Overseas Press Club Award for Angolan reporting, the National Magazine Award for Iran reporting in the New Yorker and has received a MacArthur Foundation grant. She is the author of several books on militant Islam.

RICHARD B. PARKER

Ambassador Parker entered the Foreign Service in 1949 and during his career served as ambassador to Algeria, Lebanon and Morocco. Since retirement in 1980 he has been active in writing, teaching, editing, and lecturing in the field of foreign affairs. Among 6 other books he has written or edited is *The Politics of Miscalculation in the Middle East*, 1993. He has taught at the University of Virginia, Lawrence University, and SAIS Johns Hopkins, and was editor of the Middle East Journal from 1981-87. He was the founding president of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center, and was the John Adams Fulbright Fellow in London in 1990. He is currently a scholar-in-residence at the Middle East Institute.

DENNIS ROSS

Ambassador Ross is Ziegler distinguished fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. For more than twelve years, Ambassador Ross played a leading role in shaping U.S. involvement in the Middle East peace process and in dealing directly with the parties in negotiations. He was the country's point man on the peace process in both the George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton administrations. He was instrumental in assisting Israelis and Palestinians in reaching the 1995 Interim Agreement; he also successfully brokered the Hebron Accord in 1997, facilitated the 1994 Israel-Jordan peace treaty, and has intensively worked to bring Israel and Syria together. A graduate of UCLA, Ross served as director of the State Department's Policy Planning office in the first Bush administration. He was awarded the Presidential Medal for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service by President Clinton. He has honorary doctorates from the Jewish Theological Seminary and Syracuse University.

HOWARD B. SCHAFFER

Ambassador Schaffer is Director of Studies and Deputy Director at the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy. He spent much of his 36-year career in the Foreign Service dealing with U.S. relations with South Asia. He served as ambassador to Bangladesh (1984-87), political counselor in India (1977-79) and Pakistan (1974-77), and was twice deputy assistant secretary of state responsible for South Asian affairs. Amb. Schaffer is also the author of *Chester Bowles: New Dealer in the Cold War*, published in 1993 and is now working on a book about the Kashmir dispute. Schaffer has a BA from Harvard College and has done graduate work at Columbia and Princeton.

Acknowledgements

The Academy acknowledges with deep appreciation support from
the following:

THE ANNENBERG FOUNDATION

THE ARTHUR ROSS FOUNDATION

THE DILLON FUND

THE MARSHALL B. COYNE FOUNDATION

THE WHITEHEAD FOUNDATION

THE STARR FOUNDATION

THE MARKS FOUNDATION

THE UNA CHAPMAN COX FOUNDATION

THE DELAVAN FOUNDATION

DIPLOMATIC & CONSULAR OFFICERS RETIRED (DACOR)

RAYTHEON COMPANY

SISCO ASSOCIATES

THE HONORABLE HUSHANG ANSARY

FRIENDS OF THE ACADEMY

MEMBERS OF THE ACADEMY

Promoting American Diplomacy
Since 1983

1800 K Street, NW · Suite 1014 · Washington, DC 20006

T: 202/331-3721 · F: 202/833-4555 · academy@academyofdiplomacy.org

www.academyofdiplomacy.org

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# AMERICAN DIPLOMACY FOR A CHANGING WORLD

## A Report of a Special Task Force of the
American Academy of Diplomacy

November 29, 2004

Washington, DC

www.academyofdiplomacy.org

Promoting American Diplomacy since 1983
www.academyofdiplomacy.org