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because the weather was too bad.—Does this Italian draw well?—Yes, but that Frenchman draws still better.—Did the German describe France well?—He described it much better than the Italian.—Which pen had you and which had he?—I had the pen you see here, and he had my sister's pen.—Does your sister write as well as you?—She writes much better than I.—Did the laundress wash your linen? What kind of wreath had the charming bride on her head? She had a wreath of real flowers.

## EXERCISE LXVII.

Is her dress as pretty as mine?—Her dress is much prettier than yours.—How is the weather to-day out?—The weather to-day is much better than yesterday.—Is it raining?—No, it has left off raining, only it is a little dull. You are pale to-day, are you ill then?—No, I am not ill, but I do not feel quite well.—How did you feel (yourself) yesterday?—I felt much better than to-day.—Is the cold great to-day?—No, it is not cold to-day, one may even say that it is warm, but the weather is disagreeable.—Has the cook brought the boiled eggs?—Yes, she has brought them already.—Are you going on foot to the railway?—No, I do not like to go on foot, I am going in a carriage, and I have already sent my servant for one.—Did she cook to-day?—Yes, she made a soup with greens, and roasted a fat turkey, which I will eat at my dinner with some salad. How many times have you been this year to the French plays?—Only three times; only five times.—How many horses have you got?—I have a pair only, but they gallop excellently.—Who is this woman?—It is the woman who washes our linen.—Does she wash also the floors?—She

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does not wash any floors, she washes linen only.—Whose
is that charming child that plays at ball in the garden yon-
der?—It is the rich banker's little son.—Where did you
bring these fruits from?—I brought them from the garden.
Are they ripe?—They are riper than those which our kind
aunt brought for us yesterday.

THIRTY-FOURTH LESSON.

Трίδιαι τέτραι Ὁρόκιο.

*Of the Infinitive (continued).*

CLASS 5 has the infinitive in ать preceded by a consonant,
first person in у:

РВ-АТЬ, TO TEAR; РВ-У, I TEAR.

ЖД-АТЬ, TO WAIT; ЖД-У, I WAIT.

CLASS 6 the infinitive in ть preceded by a vowel, first
person in ВУ, МУ, НУ:

ЖП-ТЬ, TO LIVE; ЖП-ВЫ, I LIVE.

ПЛЫ-ТЬ, TO SWIM; ПЛЫ-ВЫ, I SWIM.

OBS. 1.—Of the twelve verbs belonging to this class, six
only preserve the vowel in the indicative; the other six
have the vowel before М, Н, either changed or left out, as:

ЖАТЬ, TO SQUEEZE; ЖМУ, I SQUEEZE.

ЯТЬ, TO TAKE; ЯМУ, I TAKE.

CLASS 7 has the infinitive in ТЬ or ТИ, first person in у
after consonants б, д, т, з, с, р, г, к:

ВЕС-ТÍ, TO LEAD; ВЕ-ЛÝ, I LEAD.

ГРЕС-ТГ, TO ROW; ГРЕ-БЫ, I ROW.

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### OBS. 3.—Times of the day or seasons, in answer to the question ‘ when ?’ ‘ at what time ?’ when standing alone, are put in the instrumental case; but when they are in conjunction with some determinative word they are put in the accusative, with the preposition въ.

It is warm in summer, but cold in
autumn and winter.

This winter is extremely cold.

Last summer we had very little
fruit.

Last night he came to us.

He came at night.

I am a man and she is a woman.

Лѣтомъ жарко, по осенью и зимою
холодно.

Нышышия зима чрезвычайно хо-
лодна.

Въ прозвалѣ лѣто у насъ было чѣпль
мало людейъ.

Въ прозвалую ночь опъ пришёлъ къ
памъ.

Опъ пришёлъ почью.

† Я мужчина а она жёшшина.

### OBS. 4.—A substantive predicate is put in the nominative when connected with the subject of the proposition by the present tense of the verb ‘ to be,’ быть.

A man is a sensible being.

London and Moscow are cities.

Both the horse and the ass are
domestic animals.

Both Andrew and Nicholas were
uncle's children.

Adam was the first husbandman.

Человѣкъ есть существѣ разумпое.

Мондонъ и Москва суть города.

П лошадь и осёлъ суть домашня
животныя.

Апрёй и Николай были дѣдипы
дѣти.

† Адамъ были пёрвымъ земледель-
цемъ.

### OBS. 5.—A substantive predicate connected with the subject by the past tense of the verb быть, ‘былъ,’ is put in the nominative when it denotes some natural state of the subject, and in the instrumental when it denotes some state dependent on some act of the subject; in the latter case the verb былъ becomes a predicate, and the substantive its complement.

Cain was Adam's son.

Капнъ былъ сынъ Адама.

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Cain was the murderer of his brother Abel.

He was my brother.

He was a diligent boy, but now he is lazy.

Intolerable, неспособный.

Suffocating, душный.

Dusty, пыльный.

Windy, ветряный.

Witty, остроумный.

To write, написать, perf. asp.

A criminal, преступникъ.

Каппъ былъ убийцей брата своего
Авеля.

Онъ былъ мой братъ.

Онъ былъ приледчымъ мальчикомъ,
а теперь льнівъ.

Heat, жаръ, жарá.

Sultriness, зной.

Temperate, умренный.

Overwhelmed, сокрушённый.

Still, calm, тихий.

To finish ploughing, вспахáть.

An evil-doer, злодей.

Rough sea, бурное море.

Pleased, glad, Радъ, а, о, (gov. the dat.).

### OBS. 6.—The adjective радъ has the apocopated form only.

Who is glad to see you ?

I am glad.

Is she glad ?

He is glad you came.

I am glad of it.

Good morning.

I wish you good health.

Кто радъ відѣть васъ ?

Я радъ.

Рада ли опа ?

Опъ радъ что вы пришлій.

Я єтому радъ.

Здравствуйте.

† Добраго здоровья (желая вамъ).

### OBS. 7.—Желáю вамъ, 'I wish you,' is usually omitted.

#### Other (the rest), Прочій.

Peter and John had some tobacco,
but all the others had none.

Only this river is navigable, all
others are not.

Summer, adjective, лѣтний.

Winter, adjective, зимний.

The learning, study, учение.

Abraham, Авраамъ.

Abel, Авель.

У Петра п. у Сергея былъ табакъ, но
у всѣхъ прочихъ не было.

Только єта рѣкá судоходна, всѣ проп-
чая не судоходны.

Spring, adjective, весенній.

Autumn, adjective, осенній.

Morning, adjective, утренний.

Adam, Адамъ.

Eve, Ева.

Et cætera, и прочее.

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EXERCISE LXVIII.

Who were the first people?—Adam and Eve were the first people.—Has your friend always been a master?—No, he was formerly a military man.—Who was the murderer of Abel?—His brother Cain.—Were you at the grand duchess's ball?—Yes, but only a few guests danced at that ball, all the others played at cards.—Was your schoolmistress with you at the theatre?—She was not there, but her husband was there with me; he felt cold, but I felt warm.—Did you go to the village on horseback or in a carriage?—The road was very dusty, and therefore I went on horseback, and not in a carriage.—We had a fine, light coach and four excellent horses.—How was the road in spring?—Extremely muddy.—And the weather?—It was frightfully cold, and our fur-coats were not warm enough. How is the climate in Russia?—It is very hot and dusty there in summer, in winter very cold and dry, in spring it is temperate, but muddy, and in autumn, although not cold, yet very damp.—With whom are you going home in the evening?—With Captain Petrof.—How many sisters had your neighbour, the tailoress?—She had five sisters. Had not she three little girls and two boys?—No, all her children were girls.—Are the horse and the ass useful animals? Both the horse and the ass are useful animals.—How is the country in which you passed all last summer?—It is a charming one.—You see there large forests, with old high pines, fertile fields, luxuriant green meadows; you see there healthy people only, men and women, old men and children, and not a single pale or unhealthy face.—Did the young Frenchmen that were with you on the steamer eat much?—They ate little, but they drank much.—Did the

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pretty Frenchwomen drink much also?—They did not eat,
did not drink, and did not talk with anybody.—Was the
sea calm?—During the day it was calm, but in the evening,
at night, and early in the morning it was very stormy.
How are the summer days in Siberia?—The summer days
in that country are tolerably warm, but the long winter
nights are very cold.

EXERCISE LXIX.

Who is calling you?—The gardener is calling me.—Did
the gardener's wife call you also?—No, she did not call
me.—Do you take your son with you to the theatre?—No,
I never take him with me, because he is still too young.
Whom are they calling?—They call nobody.—What are
you taking there?—I take the book which you have
ordered me to take.—Call your brother and tell him that
it is time to dine, and that all in the dining-room are
already dining.—I called him twice, but he says that he
cannot come, because he has to learn his lessons.—Have
you seen in the prison the obstinate criminal, who has
fetters on his hands and feet?—I saw him, but he is not
obstinate now, but overwhelmed with grief and misfortune;
he is now no longer an evildoer, but an unfortunate man.
Why do you tear this velvet?—I do not tear it, but cut
it.—Where do you live in winter?—We live in winter and
autumn in town, and in summer and spring in the village.
Do you feel cold in winter?—I feel cold when out, but I
do not feel cold in the room.—Have you taken a cigar
already?—No, I have not yet, but I will take one.—When
was your brother at the banker's?—He was at the banker's
the other day.—Is it windy out of doors?—The weather
is fine to-day, but it was very windy yesterday.—To whom

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were you speaking this morning?—I spoke to a friend of
mine, an Englishman; but do you not know him?—No,
I have not the honour.—Have you written the letter?
No, I have not written it yet, but I will write it.—When
will you write it?—To-morrow morning or after dinner,
when I shall have time for it.—Are your peasants ploughing
already?—They have already finished ploughing and are
now sowing wheat, oats and barley.—Good morning, my
dear Basil, son of Peter, I am very glad to see you and
(all) yours in good health.—Where are you leading your
little daughter?—I am leading her to the school.—Do you
take her there often?—I take her there every day.—Did
not the seamstress lose something?—Yes, she lost a little
needle.—Is your sister pleased that we take her with us
this evening to the theatre?—Yes, she is very pleased.

THIRTY-FIFTH LESSON.—Трйдцать пятый Уропъ.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

CLASS 9 has the infinitive in ЂТЬ, preceded by the radical consonants б, п, м, н, л, р, д, т, с; the first person is like that of the second class, i. e. ю, (жу, чу, шу, щу).

Скорб-ЂТЬ, to sorrow; скорб-1-ю, I sorrow.

Ве.1-ЂТЬ, to order; ве1-ю, I order.

СиД-ЂТЬ, to sit; си-ж-ý, I sit.

OBS. 1.—The euphonic л is inserted after б, м, п, and д, т, с are changed into their corresponding consonants ж, ч, ш in the first person *only*.

Терпѣть, to endure; терп.1ю, тěрпшь, etc.

ВЫДѣТЬ, to see; ВЫЖУ, ВЫДИШЬ, etc.

S

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To this class must be added :

a. Verbs in ять, preceded by a radical vowel, as:

СТО-ЯТЬ, to stand; СТО-Я, I stand.

b. And those verbs in ать, preceded by ж, ч, ш, in which
ш before these consonants is changed into a for euphony, as:

Лежать, to lie down; лежу, I lie down.

CLASS 10 has the infinitive in пть, first person in ю, (жу,
'чу, шу, шу).

Стрón-пть, to build; стрón-ю, I build.

Цѣн-йть, to value; цѣн-ю, I value.

Люб-йть, to love; люб-л-ю, I love.

Ход-йть, to walk; хо-жү, I walk.

OBS. 2.—The insertion of an л after б, п, м, as also the
change of consonants for euphony, is made in the first
person only.

NOTE.—Verbs of the first eight classes belonging to the
first conjugation have the second person singular of the
present indicative in ешь; and the last two classes belong-
ing to the second conjugation, have the second person of
the present indicative in пшь.

To endure, to bear,
To be hanging,
To make a noise, to bluster,

I endure, etc., я терплю, ты
тérпшь, они тérпшть.

We endure, etc., мы тérпимъ,
вы тérпите, они тérпять.

I endured, я терпѣть.

Endure, терпн, терпите.

Терпѣть. } II. 9.
Внѣть.
Шумѣть.

I am hanging, etc., я вишу, ты ви-
сѣшь, они впситъ.

We are hanging, etc., мы впсийъ,
вы впсите, они впсятъ.

I was hanging, я впѣлъ.

Be hanging, виси, висите,

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degrees of comparison, the positive, the comparative and the superlative.

Adjectives denoting quality or quantity, as also adverbs derived from adjectives, form the comparative by a change in the termination of the positive, as :

Добрый, kind.; добрѣйшій, добрѣе, kinder.

Сильный, strong; сильнѣйшій, сильнѣе, stronger.

There are two different forms of the comparative : one declinable, ending in ййшйй, айшйй, шйй, formed of adjectives with full termination, and another indeclinable, ending in ѣе, е, formed of apocopated adjectives.

Добрѣйшая жеванщина.

Kinder woman.

Добрѣйшіе люді.

Kinder people.

ОBS. 4.—The declinable comparatives have all the genders and both numbers, and are generally placed before a noun, while the indeclinable ones, like the apocopated adjectives they are derived from, are invariable, and are put after a noun, as :

Человѣкъ добрѣе,

The man is kinder.

Жена добрѣе,

The wife is kinder.

Люди добрѣе,

People are kinder.

The termination ййшйй, is placed before the radical consonants в, б, п, м, н, л, р, д, т, as :

Дешевый, cheap; дешевѣйшій, cheaper.

Слабый, weak; слабѣйшій, weaker.

Exceptions: Молодой, young; младѣйшій, younger.

Худой, bad; худѣйшій, worse.

ОBS. 5.—Adjectives in зый, сый, жйй, шйй, have no declinable comparative.

Adjectives in гйй, кйй, хйй, form the comparative in жайшйй, чайшйй, шайшйй, as :

Стройй, severe; строжайшйй, more severe.

Крѣпкйй, strong; крѣпчайшйй, stronger.

Вѣтхйй, old; ветшайшйй, older.

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### OBS. 6.—Most adjectives in кий, кий, хий, have no declinable comparative.

### OBS. 7.—The following entirely alter their form in the comparative.

<table><tr><td>Великій, great;</td><td>большій, greater.</td></tr><tr><td>Хоровій, good;</td><td>лічшій, better.</td></tr><tr><td>Малый, small;</td><td>мельшій, smaller.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 8.—The following adjectives in кий, preceded by a consonant, and in огий, form their comparatives in various ways, dropping at the same time к, ог.

<table><tr><td>Краткій,</td><td>short;</td><td>кратчáйшій,</td><td>shorter.</td></tr><tr><td>Короткій,</td><td>near;</td><td>близáйшій,</td><td>nearer.</td></tr><tr><td>Близкій,</td><td>low,</td><td>vile;</td><td>плижáйшій,</td><td>lower.</td></tr><tr><td>Широкій,</td><td>broad;</td><td>ширшій,</td><td>broader.</td></tr><tr><td>Высокій,</td><td>high;</td><td>высшій,</td><td>higher.</td></tr><tr><td>Глубокій,</td><td>deep;</td><td>глубочáйшій,</td><td>deeper.</td></tr><tr><td>Тонкий,</td><td>thin;</td><td>тончáйшій,</td><td>thinner.</td></tr><tr><td>Долгий,</td><td>long;</td><td>доплижáйшій,</td><td>longer.</td></tr><tr><td>Далекій,</td><td>distant;</td><td>дальнéйшій,</td><td>more distant.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 9.—Adjectives wanting either of the above comparatives express the comparative by adding боле, 'more,' as:

<table><tr><td>Боле ýзкій,</td><td>More narrow.</td></tr><tr><td>Боле радъ,</td><td>More glad.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 10.—The declinable comparative is used instead of the superlative when изъ всѣхъ, 'of all,' (than any) is understood, as:

<table><tr><td>Легчáйшій (изъ всѣхъ) lighter than any, lightest.</td></tr><tr><td>Лүчшій (изъ всѣхъ), better than any, best.</td></tr></table>

The same result is obtained by adding the prefix на, as:

<table><tr><td>На лічшій,</td><td>The best.</td></tr><tr><td>На хуїдшій,</td><td>The worst.</td></tr></table>