# ADVERTISEMENT.

THE following GAMES constructed upon mnemonic principles, are intended at once to introduce the young to the sublime Science of Astronomy, and to afford to all a most agreeable pastime in an hour of relaxation.

There exist few, if any inventions of this nature, but which may be made subservient to the pernicious practice of gaming, provided the parties are bent upon such a misapplication.

These Games, however, certainly require no such medium of encitement; and the Author trusts that they will be found effectually to answer the purpose for which they are designed,—that of rendering amusement the vehicle of instruction.

The Tables in the INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY are, with very little exception, extracted from Philip's "Familiar Lectures" on that subject.

The CARDS are designed by the Author, and engraved on steel by J. and G. J. Pickett, of Bridgewater Square.

A 2

# CONTENTS.

## ASTRONOMY.

Page

<table><tr><td>The Sun</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Table of the Diameters of the Planets</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Of their Distances from the Sun</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Of their Velocity</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Of their Revolutions round the Sun</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Of the Inclinations of their Orbits</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Of the Eccentricities of their Orbits</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Of Rotation on the Axis</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Satellites or Moons</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>The Moon</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Comets</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Fixed Stars</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>The Signs of the Zodiac</td><td>15</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Explanation of the Cards</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>The Game of Conjunction</td><td>20</td></tr><tr><td>The Game of Combination</td><td>26</td></tr></table>

AN INTRODUCTION

TO

ASTRONOMY.

ASTRONOMY treats of the magnitudes, distances, motions, and various phænomena of the stars, and other heavenly bodies. Ancient astronomers, who found it difficult to account for the various appearances of these bodies, invented a variety of theories or suppositions for this purpose, called systems: as, the System of Ptolemy, the System of Tycho Brahe, &c. But the one which is now universally received, is that of Copernicus, a native of Poland, who flourished about the year 1530. This system, the truth of which has been demonstrated by the investigations of Sir Isaac Newton, and many other philosophers, is generally called the SOLAR SYSTEM, because it has the Sun for its centre.

The Sun is of a globular form, and more than a million times the bulk of the Earth; to which, and to the Moon, and several of the stars, he is the source of light and heat. When viewed through a telescope, several darkish spots generally appear on his surface, varying in size and number.

The Earth, and the principal stars which receive their light from the Sun, are called *Planets*. We are informed by astronomers, that the appearance of the Earth, if seen from the planet Venus, would be similar to that which Venus presents to us; it will not then appear extraordinary that the Earth should be numbered among the planets. They are eleven

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in number, nearly of the same form as the Sun, and constantly moving round him, in a direction from west by south to east. Their magnitudes are very dissimilar, some being many times larger, others considerably less, than the Earth. The diameter of the greatest is, however, very inferior to that of the Sun.

TABLE OF DIAMETERS.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>English Miles.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Jupiter</td><td>89,069</td></tr><tr><td>Saturn</td><td>78,730</td></tr><tr><td>Herschel, or the Georgium Sidus</td><td>34,201</td></tr><tr><td>Tellus, or the Earth.</td><td>7,964</td></tr><tr><td>Venus</td><td>7,498</td></tr><tr><td>Mars</td><td>4,218</td></tr><tr><td>Mercury</td><td>3,108</td></tr><tr><td>Pallas</td><td>2,099</td></tr><tr><td>Juno</td><td>1,425</td></tr><tr><td>Ceres</td><td>1,024</td></tr><tr><td>Vesta</td><td>Unknown.</td></tr></tbody></table>

The four last, called *The Asteroids*, are not visible to the naked eye.

The planets are almost as various with respect to their *distances* from the Sun; some of them being nearer to him than the Earth, and others far more remote.

DISTANCE FROM THE SUN.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>English Miles.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Herschell</td><td>1,795,991,709</td></tr><tr><td>Saturn</td><td>907,089,032</td></tr><tr><td>Jupiter</td><td>494,499,108</td></tr><tr><td>Pallas</td><td>262,921,240</td></tr><tr><td>Ceres</td><td>262,903,570</td></tr><tr><td>Juno</td><td>253,380,485</td></tr><tr><td>Vesta</td><td>225,435,000</td></tr><tr><td>Mars</td><td>144,907,630</td></tr><tr><td>Tellus</td><td>95,000,000</td></tr><tr><td>Venus</td><td>68,791,752</td></tr><tr><td>Mercury</td><td>36,814,721</td></tr></tbody></table>

10

TIME OF PERFORMING ONE REVOLUTION.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Yrs.</th><th>Days.</th><th>Hrs.</th><th>Min.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Herschel</td><td>83</td><td>150</td><td>18</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saturn</td><td>29</td><td>174</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Jupiter</td><td>11</td><td>315</td><td>14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pallas</td><td>4</td><td>221</td><td>17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceres</td><td>4</td><td>221</td><td>14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Juno</td><td>4</td><td>131</td><td>0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vesta</td><td>3</td><td>240</td><td>5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mars</td><td>1</td><td>321</td><td>23</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tellus, one year, or....</td><td></td><td>365</td><td>6</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Venus</td><td></td><td>224</td><td>16</td><td>49</td></tr><tr><td>Mercury</td><td></td><td>87</td><td>23</td><td>16</td></tr></tbody></table>

The supposed surface, which would lie evenly between every part of a planet's orbit, is called the *Plane of the Orbit*; and the plane of the Earth's orbit, when considered as extending beyond its proper boundary into unlimited space, is called the *Ecliptic*. But we are not to suppose that the plane of an orbit is a real surface, or that an orbit is a visible ring, for the planets perform their revolutions in free and unbounded space.

The orbits of the other planets are not in the same plane as that of the Earth; in other words, they do not move in the Ecliptic, but every planet rises a little above the Ecliptic in one half of its revolution, and in the other half descends as much below it. See the card of orbits. Hence the orbits are said to *incline*, more or less, from the Ecliptic.

INCLINATIONS OF THE ORBITS.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Deg.</th><th>Min.</th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Pallas</td><td>34°</td><td>38′</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Juno</td><td>13</td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceres</td><td>10</td><td>38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vesta</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>12″</td></tr><tr><td>Mercury</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Venus</td><td>3</td><td>23½</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

11

<table><tr><td>Saturn</td><td>2° 30'</td></tr><tr><td>Mars</td><td>1 51</td></tr><tr><td>Jupiter</td><td>1 19</td></tr><tr><td>Herschel</td><td>0 46½</td></tr><tr><td>Tellus</td><td>0 0</td></tr></table>

The orbits of Venus and Mercury being between the Earth and the Sun, those planets occasionally appear to pass over the face of that luminary, forming what is termed a transit. When a transit occurs, the planet is, of course, upon the Ecliptic; for at any other time of a planet's appearing to pass the Sun, it would be seen either a little above or a little below him. In all these positions, and when a planet is beyond the Sun, the planet is said to be in *Conjunction*, and when the Earth is between the Sun and a planet, the planet is said to be in *Opposition*.

Orbits are not exactly circular, but more or less inclining to the *oval* form; and the Sun, though always in a certain part of the longer diameter of a planet's orbit, is never exactly in the centre. Its distance from the centre is termed the *Eccentricity* of the orbit. A planet, therefore, during its annual revolution, is not always at the same distance from the Sun. The Earth is at its greatest distance from the Sun in summer, and consequently at its shortest distance in winter.

ECCENTRICITIES OF THE ORBITS.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>English Miles.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Herschel</td><td>83,818,933</td></tr><tr><td>Juno</td><td>64,597,834</td></tr><tr><td>Pallas</td><td>64,516,665</td></tr><tr><td>Saturn</td><td>50,949,376</td></tr><tr><td>Jupiter</td><td>23,823,978</td></tr><tr><td>Vesta</td><td>20,915,050</td></tr><tr><td>Ceres</td><td>20,598,231</td></tr><tr><td>Mars</td><td>13,495,827</td></tr><tr><td>Mercury</td><td>7,565,940</td></tr><tr><td>Tellus</td><td>1,579,579</td></tr><tr><td>Venus</td><td>473,100</td></tr></tbody></table>

12

Of the Sun and several of the planets it is ascertained, that, in addition to revolving round their orbits, they turn upon their own *Axes*, an axis being an imaginary line, extending through a sphere from pole to pole. As regards the planets, this motion, which is from west by south to east, is the cause of day and night; for although the Sun can only shine on one half of a globe at the same time, every part of a planet, the axis of which is upright, with regard to the plane of its orbit, experiences by this rotation, a succession of light and darkness. Hence a day is the time in which the Earth makes one of these revolutions, which is termed its *Diurnal Rotation*. Thus we ascribe to the Earth two inconceivably rapid motions, of which we are quite insensible; and yet it is evident that it may possess them, for even the motion of a vessel, on the water, is not always perceived by those on board.

TIME OF ROTATION ON THE AXIS.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Hrs.</th><th>Min.</th><th>Sec.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Mars</td><td>24</td><td>39</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Mercury</td><td>24</td><td>5</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Tellus</td><td>23</td><td>56</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Venus</td><td>23</td><td>29</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Saturn</td><td>10</td><td>16</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Jupiter</td><td>9</td><td>56</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

The axis of the Earth is not however quite perpendicular to the plane of its orbit, but inclines to it 23½ degrees; retaining a position parallel with itself, throughout the annual revolution of the Earth. The northern hemisphere is consequently more exposed to the Sun's rays during one half of this revolution than the southern; and during the other half, the southern hemisphere is the most exposed to them. The inclination of the Earth's axis is, therefore, the cause of the Seasons, and of the changes in the length of the days.

The better to elucidate several of the motions and

13

changes which we have described, over a table, on
which is placed a lighted candle, suspend in the
hand, at the height of the flame, a pocket globe, by
a thread attached to its north pole. In this posi-
tion, the flame, as representing the Sun, will be ob-
served to enlighten one half of the globe. Cause it
to turn upon its axis by twisting the thread, and the
phænomena of day and night will be exemplified;
for every part will, during one rotation, become suc-
cessively exposed to the light of the candle. If the
globe thus suspended be passed round the light, it
may be said to have performed one annual revolu-
tion; and if this be done in a direction somewhat
oval, with the flame in the longer diameter, the form
of the orbit will be given. In the absence of a pocket
globe, an orange may be substituted.

Some of the planets are accompanied by other
bodies of inferior magnitude, termed *Satellites* or
*Moons*, which revolve round them, in the same man-
ner as the planets revolve round the Sun, and serve
to enlighten them during their respective nights.
They are of the same globular form, and their light
is borrowed from the Sun.

The Earth has one satellite—the Moon; the dia-
meter of which is about one four-hundredth part of
that of the Sun, yet when full she appears nearly as
large as he, the Sun being four hundred times more
distant. The shades which appear on her face, are
found, when viewed with a telescope, to result
from the diversity of her mountains and valleys.

The Moon revolves round the Earth in about
twenty-eight days; during which time, though she
always keeps the same side towards the Earth, she
constantly changes her aspect; appearing when in
*conjunction* in the form of a crescent, and when in
*opposition*, as a full moon. When the moon is in
conjunction at the time of her crossing the Ecliptic,
it is called *an Eclipse of the Sun*, and when, by this

14

cause, the whole of the Sun is obscured, it is a Total Eclipse. When the Moon is in opposition at the time of her crossing the Ecliptic, the result is an Eclipse of the Moon; her light being obscured by the interposition of the Earth, which thus prevents her receiving the rays of the Sun.

<table><tr><td>Saturn has</td><td>7 moons.</td></tr><tr><td>Herschel</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Jupiter.</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Tellus, or the Earth</td><td>1</td></tr></table>

The planet Saturn, in addition to its moons, is surrounded by a beautiful double ring.

Comets are considered as planetary bodies forming a part of the Solar System: for, like the planets, they revolve round the Sun; not indeed in orbits nearly circular, but in extremely long elliptic curves, approaching sometimes much nearer to the Sun than Mercury, the nearest planet; and at other times receding far beyond the known boundaries of the System, so that their return can rarely be calculated with any certainty.

They generally appear with extremely long tails or trains, somewhat resembling hair; which are supposed to be merely vapour. As they advance towards the Sun, they increase their velocity amazingly, their tails lengthen, and become brighter, and some of them assume the most beautiful appearances.

All the heavenly bodies beyond our System are called Fixed Stars, because they do not appear to change their places with regard to each other, as the planets do. It is determined that the nearest of them cannot be less than 400,000 times farther from us than the Sun. Placed at this immense distance, they must be bodies of great magnitude, shining, like the Sun, by their own light. They are usually

16

him intimately acquainted with it; hence, though we have spoken familiarly of distances too great for the conception of man, we have not attempted to explain by what means those distances were ascertained. To enter into calculations which have resulted from the deepest research, perhaps, of which the human mind is capable, would be far beyond our present purpose; but we may reasonably ask, by what means does the astronomer determine to a moment the time at which an eclipse will take place, if these calculations are untrue? And this outline will not be useless, if so much *has* been unfolded as may excite the youthful reader to seek a more extensive knowledge of this noble science, or lead him to contemplate, with reverent admiration, the power and wisdom,—the harmony and magnificence,—displayed in the construction of the Universe.

EXPLANATION

OF THE

CELESTIAL CARDS.

THE reader is requested to place the cards upon the table, in the order given in the opposite page*.

It will then be seen that they are divided into four SEASONS, which are distinguished by the colouring of the drapery significant of each, and further, by the leading card of each season, on which are represented the corresponding *Signs of the Zodiac*. See p. 15.

These four cards are called THE SIGNS.

The *signs* are of greater value than any of the other cards.

One *sign* is of equal value with another.

The next four cards, viz. *Luna, The Sun, The Comet, and The Orbits*, are named THE LUMINARIES.

One *luminary* is of equal value with another.

The luminaries are only inferior in value to The Signs.

* This placing of the cards is merely intended to facilitate the comprehending of this Explanation. It may therefore be performed or omitted at discretion.

B

18

In the remaining cards, which form a series of telescopic views of the eleven PLANETS of our Sun's system, every planet will be observed to occur four times, or once in every *season*.

They are all described as surrounded by constellations, except those which have moons.

The cards, then, are fifty-two in number, each *season* containing thirteen; viz. *one* sign, *one* luminary, and *eleven* planets.

*Of the NAMES of the Cards.*

Every card is called by the name given to it in the plate at p. 17; in speaking of a *planet*, however, the *season* is also to be expressed; as, *Jupiter in spring*, *Jupiter in summer*, *Tellus in winter*, &c. according to the colour of its drapery.

*Of their relative VALUE.*

The games are divided into ORDERS, as the Order of *Distance from the Sun*, the Order of *Diameters*, &c. agreeably with the Tables*. Previously to the commencement of a game, therefore, the parties decide in which of these orders to conduct it, because each planet takes its value accordingly.

In the arrangement opposite to p. 17, we have chosen the order of *Diameters*, as will appear by referring, either to the Table of Diameters, p. 8, or to the writing on the cards themselves, or to the progressive diminution observed in the delineations of the planets, upon those cards.

In this order, then, *Jupiter*, being the planet of greatest magnitude, is the highest card of any *Season* in which it is found, except *The Sign* and *The Luminary* of that Season; *Saturn* succeeds *Jupiter*, as being the next in magnitude, and so on progressively.

When, therefore, the order of distance from the

* See the Contents.

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Sun is fixed upon (see p. 8), *Herschel* takes precedence of the other planets, as being at the greatest distance, and the rest follow in proper succession.

In every order, the *signs* and *luminaries* take precedence of the *planets*, and the *signs* take precedence of the *luminaries*.

In playing after the order of *Diurnal Rotation*, those Planets are rejected, whose names do not appear in that table; but the *Signs* and *Luminaries* are, of course, retained.

All the games may be simplified by leaving out the signs and luminaries altogether.

It will be readily noticed, that the planets are drawn progressively distant from the lower ends of the cards, in the order of their distance from the Sun; but it might perhaps, for a time, have escaped observation, that the greater the inclination of a planet's orbit, the nearer the position of the planet to the side of the card, whether to the right or the left.

Notwithstanding the general resemblance which may at first sight be supposed to exist between one card and another, it will be found by comparison that they are all distinctly different, and, after a little practice, these distinctions become quite familiar.

B 2

THE

GAME OF CONJUNCTION,

FOR FOUR PERSONS.

THIS Game requires silence, attention, and the exercise of the memory.

The players divide into parties, two persons being against the other two, thus:

N and S being supposed to play against E and W.

The party which gains the Golden Number consisting of ten periods wins the game.

The cards being all mixed or shuffled, are dealt with their faces downwards, so that no one may know what another's share consists of.

The dealer distributes one at a time to each of the players, beginning with his left-hand opponent, until they are all dealt.

21

The last card is called the *index*; and when the cards are correctly dealt, it falls to the lot of the dealer.

The dealer places the *index* before him with its face upwards, and all the cards of the Season to which it belongs, are, until the next deal, denominated *TRANSITS*.

The object of thus exposing this card, has no further reference to the ensuing part of the game, than to remind the players what cards are *transits*.

*The transits* take the same order as the other cards, but are of superior rank; the lowest *transit* being of greater value than the highest card of any other season.

The cards being dealt, each of the players takes up his share, and arranges them, in his left hand, for the convenience of playing, by dividing the *seasons*, and placing the cards of each in the *order* agreed upon (see p. 18); but he avoids exposing them to the view of his opponents, and is not allowed to shew them to his partner, or by any other means to acquaint him with their qualities. This is called *sorting* the cards.

The cards being sorted, each of the players, in his turn, throws a card upon the middle of the table with its face upwards. This is called *playing a card*.

In playing a card it is adviseable to mention its name, at least till all the names become familiar. See p. 18.

The player of a card is succeeded by his left-hand opponent, until each person has played one.

Four cards played in succession form a CONJUNCTION.

22

The first card of the first *conjunction* is played by
the dealer's left-hand opponent.

The player of the first of four cards is called the
*leader*, and the other three players the *followers*.

A *leader* may play any card he chooses, being limited only by his judgment; but his card determines *THE SEASON* (see p. 17) for that *conjunction*: thus, if a leader play Vesta in Autumn, that quarter, during the playing for that conjunction, is called *The season*.

A *follower* is obliged to play a card of the *season*, if he have one.

When a *follower* has no card of the *season*, he is at liberty to play either a *transit* or any other card.

When four cards are played, the person who played the highest of them takes them all up, and places them beside him, faces down, to count as one *conjunction*.

When there are *transits* in a conjunction, it is won by the player of the highest transit.

When only *one transit* is played, the conjunction is won by the player of it.

When there are *no transits* in a conjunction, it is won by the player of the highest card of the season.

The player of a transit is said to *eclipse* his opponents, unless it is inferior to another in the same conjunction.

When the first conjunction is played, the dealer is at liberty to place the index among his other cards.

23

The ensuing conjunctions are played in the same manner as the first.

The gainer of one conjunction is the leader for the next.

When all the cards are played, the party who have the greatest number of conjunctions count what they have more than six as PERIODS*.

It is better that the conjunctions, won by two partners, should be taken up by one of them only; but it is the province of the actual winner to lead for the next conjunction.

When the conjunctions are counted, both parties reckon up also the MOONS of the *transits* which were dealt to them; and the party who had the most count, as *periods*, one fourth part of the number by which their moons exceed those of their opponents: thus if one party, N and S, had Herschel, Saturn, and Tellus, of the transits, which amount to fourteen moons, their opponents must have possessed Jupiter, or four moons; and the difference, ten, when divided by four, gives to N and S two periods, the remainders not being counted.

*Periods* are therefore won both by conjunctions and moons.

When the periods gained by each party are ascertained and scored, the cards are again shuffled and

* When the parties agree to leave out the signs and luminaries, the cards form only eleven conjunctions; and the party who have gained more than five count as *periods* the remainder.

When the game is played after the order of *Diurnal Rotation*, there can only be eight conjunctions; and the party who have gained the greatest number count as *periods* all they have except three.

24

dealt; and thus the game proceeds, until the periods
of one of the parties, including those gained in for-
mer deals, amount to, or exceed, the Golden Number.
See p. 20.

After the first deal, the cards are distributed by the
right-hand opponent of the last dealer; thus re-
minding the players of the direction taken by the
planets in their course round the Sun.

A party having nine periods, cannot, in the en-
suing deals, gain any further periods by moons.

If both parties gain the golden number in one
deal, one by the conjunctions of that deal, the other
by the moons, the former are the winners.

If a player, having a card of the season, be found
to have played a card of any other colour, the op-
posing party may add three to their periods, unless
the mistake should be discovered before either he or
his partner has played another card; in which case,
he may take back the wrong card, and play another.

25

THE

# GAME OF CONJUNCTION,

With the following MODIFICATIONS,

May be played by any number of persons, from three to thirteen.

When the game is thus played, the players do *not* divide into parties; therefore a conjunction won, is the independent advantage of the winner of it.

When each person has played once, the cards played form one conjunction.

The gainer of ten conjunctions, including those gained in former deals, wins the game.

The moons are not taken into account.

That the number of cards distributed may be equal, observe the following directions.

When 3 persons play, leave unemployed, the signs, the Asteroids*, and two of the luminaries.

When 5 or 10 play, leave out two of the luminaries.

When 6, 8 or 12 play, leave out all the luminaries.

When 7 play, leave out three of the luminaries.

When 9 play, leave out the signs and three of the luminaries.

When 11 play, leave out all the signs and luminaries.

When 4 or 13 play, all the cards are used.

* The Asteroids, Pallas, Ceres, Juno, and Vesta, occurring each four times, form sixteen cards.

26

THE
GAME OF COMBINATION,

FOR ANY NUMBER OF PERSONS
FROM ABOUT THREE TO FIFTEEN.

PRELIMINARIES.

IN this animated game, it is the object of the play-
ers to get quit of their cards, for which opportunity
is afforded to each person successively; its lively
character arising out of the desire excited, to an-
nounce any mistake which may be made by the
player in turn.

1. He who first quits his cards in any deal, counts one PERIOD.

The gainer of three *periods* wins the game.

Before entering into the particulars, it must be
observed, that, in this game, the difference of Sea-
sons is not taken into account, and that the cards are
divided into three classes; viz. *Centrals, Primaries,*
*and Secondaries*.

2. The CENTRALS are in the middle of the table,
in four lots, of which the cards of each are placed
upon one another, with their faces up. Of these
cards, the uppermost of each lot, being exposed to
the view of all the players, are called *centrals-in-
view*.

27

3. The PRIMARIES are placed upon each other, faces down, of which each player has a share.

4. The SECONDARIES are the cards of a player, kept distinct from his *primaries*, placed upon each other, faces up, of which the uppermost is called his CARD-IN-VIEW, it being visible to the whole party.

*The cards are changed out of one class into another, under the following circumstances.*

The person whose turn it is to play, observes whether his *card-in-view* will combine with any of the other *cards-in-view*, whether *centrals* or *secondaries*.

5. This *combination* is practicable with a *secondary*, when his card is either of next higher or of next lower value to it (see p. 18); but it is only practicable with a *central* when his card is of next higher value to it.

In either case he places his card upon that with which it will combine, so that it becomes either a *central-in-view* in lieu of that on which it is placed, or a *card-in-view* in the possession of one of the other players. This is called *playing a card*.

In playing a card, it is adviseable to mention its name, at least until all the names become familiar. See p. 18.

6. When his card-in-view will *not* combine, he turns up his uppermost *primary*, and plays that, if practicable. But if his *primary* will not combine, he places it upon his own *secondaries*, and it becomes his card-in-view.

7. When a person has played all his *primaries*, and has a *card-in-view* which will not combine, he converts his *secondaries* (if he have more than one) into *primaries*, by turning them with their faces down,

28

and his *card-in-view* becomes his undermost *primary*.

## THE GAME DESCRIBED.

The numbers refer to the Preliminaries.

THE game is begun by taking out of the pack and placing as centrals-in-view², the four cards of the least value, thus: supposing the *Order of Distance from the Sun* to be fixed upon (see p. 8), the centrals will be the four cards of Mercury, that planet being the least remote from him.

The other cards, being shuffled, are all dealt out, faces down, one at a time to each player³.

The player to the left of the dealer commences, and there being at first no secondaries, he turns up, and exposes to view, his uppermost primary³; and if it will combine with the centrals, he plays it⁵.

A player having turned up a primary, holds it in his hand so as to be plainly seen by all the party.

A player, having played a primary, turns up his next, and if it will combine he plays that also; and so on, until he turns up one which will not combine.

When a primary is turned up which the player cannot part with, it becomes his secondary⁴, and the turn to play goes to the next player on his left. It becomes also his card-in-view, for if he have other secondaries it is placed upon them.

The second and following players have the advantage of playing either upon the centrals, or upon the secondaries belonging to the previous players⁵.

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When a player's card is combinable with both a central and a secondary<sup>5</sup>, it is played upon the central<sup>2</sup>; and when combinable with more than one secondary, it is played upon the first of them; the succession being, from the player's left hand round the table to his right.

When the turn to play has gone once round the table, every player will possess at least one secondary<sup>4*</sup>.

When a player in turn has a secondary, or more than one, he first plays his card in view<sup>4</sup>, if it will combine, and then his next secondary; and so on, until he comes to one which will not combine.

When his card-in-view will not combine, he turns up his uppermost primary<sup>3</sup>, and proceeds as before directed.

A primary cannot be played if the player's card-in-view will combine; therefore when his playing a primary renders his card-in-view combinable<sup>5</sup>, he again proceeds with his secondaries, in the manner before directed.

When a player has parted with all his secondaries, he proceeds with his primaries, in the manner before directed.

When a player, having no primaries, has more than one secondary, and his card-in-view will not combine, he converts his secondaries into primaries, in the manner before directed, and proceeds with them as such<sup>7</sup>.

Upon a player's parting with all his cards<sup>1</sup>, the others count what they have left, including their

* An exception occurs when a player parts with all his cards in his first turn.

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secondaries; and whoever has the greatest number
is excluded from playing any card until his second
turn of the next deal; but in his first turn he makes
his *upper primary* into his own *card-in-view* ⁶.

If two or more players, having more left than any
of the rest, have equal numbers, they *all* lose one
turn in like manner.

In counting the cards left, the planets with *Moons* count more than the other cards; thus, Saturn counts eight; that is, one for the planet and seven for its moons. Herschel, after the same rule, counts seven, Jupiter five, and Tellus two.

When the numbers left by each player are ascertained, the four lowest cards are again placed for centrals², all the others are well shuffled, and a new deal commences ¹.

After the first deal, the cards are always distributed by the player on the right of the last dealer, to remind the players of the direction in which the planets revolve round the Sun.

Whenever the turn to play goes to the next, the
player whose turn is over is said to have made a
STOP.

STOPS occur in the following cases only.

When the player in turn cannot part with his uppermost primary ⁶.

When he has only one card, and that will not combine.

When he places a card upon any other with which
it will not combine ⁵.

When he turns up a primary ⁶, his card-in-view
being combinable.

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When he turns up a primary which he might have played, and converts it into his own card-in-view.

When he leaves hold of a primary which he has turned up, unless in playing it.

When he plays a card upon a secondary which would also have combined with a previous secondary, the order of succession proceeding from the player's left hand round the table to his right.

When he plays a card upon a secondary which would have combined with a central.

When a stop is made by a card's being incorrectly played, it is returned to the player of it, and becomes his card-in-view.

The four lots of centrals should be kept in compact and distinct forms.

Every player should keep his cards in compact forms, and his secondaries distinct from his primaries.

No player should examine any of his own cards, except that in view 4.

In dealing, it is not material that every player should have *exactly* the same number of cards, and it frequently happens that some of the party have one more than the others.

A card may combine with another, whether its colour be the same or not.

A card is not combinable with another of the same value.

A deal *may* be over before every player has had one turn.

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The *signs* and *luminaries* (see p. 17) may be left
out altogether, at the will of the party, or they may
leave out the *Asteroids*, viz. Pallas, Ceres, Juno, and
Vesta; but when more than four or five persons
play, it is better to use *all* the cards.

When the party consists of more than ten, it is
better to employ two packs of cards. In this case,
the four lowest cards of one of the packs are left out
of the game, the number of centrals not being aug-
mented.

THE END.

G. Woodfall, Printer, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.