5

EVENT NO. 2

MOTORCADE FROM NEW DELHI AIRPORT TO RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN

THURSDAY, JULY 31 (12:50 - 1:15 pm) Project Officer: Mr. William Brown

12:50 Motorcade departs New Delhi Airport en route
to Rashtrapati Bhavan

Pilot Car
Mr. Walker
Mr. Chapin
USSS
and Indian Counterparts

Lead Car

Photo Truck (2)

Motorcycle Escort (in front of and along side of flag car #1)

Flag Car 1
Acting President Hidayatullah
(sits on left)
President Nixon (sits on right)

Security Protection Car (including Dr. Tkach)

Security Protection Car

Flag Car 2
Prime Minister Gandhi (sits on left)
Mrs. Nixon (sits in middle)
Mrs. Hidayutullah (sits on right)

Security Protection Car

Protocol
Ambassador Mosbacher
Mrs. Mosbacher
Prithi Singh (Chief of Indian Protocol)

LC

10

EVENT NO. 3 ARRIVAL RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN

THU RSDAY, JULY 31 (1:15-1:20pm) Project Officer: Capt. Jerome Wolf

1:15 Motorcade enters South Court (closest point to President Nixon's Suite). The Presidents' car will park immediately in front of doorway, Mrs. Nixon and Prime Minister's car will park alongside (outboard) of Presidents' car to permit more cars to enter courtyard. The Presidents, Mrs. Nixon and the Prime Minister will be met outside entranceway by Military Secretary, Maj. Gen. Amreek Singh.

Inside entranceway, he will introduce the following members of the Acting President's staff (10) to President and Mrs. Nixon: (this list subject to change)

<table><tr><td>LCOL M. L. Bhatia</td><td>Deputy Military Secretary to the President</td></tr><tr><td>LT M. Sharma</td><td>Aide de camp to the President</td></tr><tr><td>CAPT C. M. Malhotra</td><td>Aide de camp to the President</td></tr><tr><td>CAPT Parshotam Singh</td><td>Aide de camp to the President</td></tr><tr><td>CAPT A. S. Khanna</td><td>Aide de camp to the President</td></tr><tr><td>FLT-LT N. L. Gupta</td><td>Aide de camp to the President</td></tr><tr><td>Hony. CAPT. G. Lama</td><td>Aide de camp to the President</td></tr><tr><td>SUB-MAJOR A. K. Limbu</td><td>Aide de camp to the President</td></tr><tr><td>SUB-MAJOR Changdi Ram</td><td>Aide de camp to the President</td></tr><tr><td>SUB-MAJOR Sheikh Khader</td><td>Aide de camp to the President</td></tr></table>

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12

EVENT NO. 3 (continued)

STAFF

INSTRUCTIONS:

Staff members who are staying at Rashtrapati Bhavan will be escorted to their quarters. Staff staying at the hotel who have been in the motorcade to Rashtrapati will be taken in the motorcade to their hotel.

The President and Mrs. Nixon will then be escorted to their adjoining Suites by:

* Acting President Hidayatullah
* Mrs. Hidayatullah
* Prime Minister Gandhi
* General Singh
* Colonel Coffey
* Secret Service

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## RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN

Rashtrapati Bhavan -- the official residence of the Resident of India -- is one of the largest buildings of its kind in the world. In Hindi, Rashtrapati means "Head of the Nation" (or President) and Bhavan means "House." This structure of red and cream sand-stone, which was designed to be the home of the Viceroy of India, took eight years -- 1921 to 1929 -- to build and cost about 14 million rupees. The first Viceroy to move into the Viceroy's House, as it was then known, on December 23, 1929, was Lord Irwin (later known as Lord Halifax) later British Ambassador to the United States. When India became independent in 1947, the name was changed to Governor-General's House, and in 1950, when India became a republic, the present name was substituted. The President of the Republic lives in a part of the building, and the rest is used for housing the President's secretariat, guests, and some government offices.

This building was designed by the British architect Sir Edwin Iutyens who also designed the adjoining Secretariat complex and the Parliament Building. It is a mixture of Indian and Western Schools of architecture. The stately columns after the Roman and Greek style, the dome adopted from Buddhist stupas, the symmetry typical of Mughal architecture and the broad courts characteristic of English houses have all been fused to create a new style of architecture, imposing and yet simple.

Rashtrapati Bhavan stands on a 330-acre estate and the building itself covers an area of 5 acres. The facade of Rashtrapati Bhavan with a massive colonnade at the front of a flight of long and broad alabaster steins, overlooking the forecourt, where parades are drawn up on important occasions, makes an impressive sight. The building contains 1 1/2 miles of corridor, 340 rooms of which 63 are living rooms, 227 columns, 35 loggias and 37 fountains including the roof fountains.

***

RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN

Front of President's Palace (east side) with President's Bodyguards
flanking the main gate to the President's Estate. The motorcade will
enter the President's Estate through this gate, proceed past the Jaipur
Column (seen at mid-ground), to the Palace. The Jaipur Column was
presented to the President of India in 1948 by the Majorajah of Jaipur,
shortly after India gained its independence. On top of the monument is
a star, known as the Star of India, signifying India's independence.

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MUGHAL GARDEN

AT

RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN

The sense of beauty and the love of grandeur, for which the Mughal Emperors of India were renowned, found expression in many forms -- magnificent mausoleums, forts and mosques, and exquisite gardens with terraces. The Mughal Garden is a conventional arrangement of squares, usually in the form of terraces, placed on a slope for easy distribution of water, which is an essential part of the scheme. The water runs through the centre of the garden, with small falls, from terrace to terrace.

The Garden at Rashtrapati Bhavan is more or less patterned on these Mughal Gardens. Lady Hardinge, wife of Lord Hardinge (Viceroy of India from 1910-1916), was so captivated by the charm and beauty of the Mughal Gardens in Kashmir that she wrote to Lutyens, who was entrusted with the designing of the Viceroy's House, to build this "Dream of Loveliness."

The lush green turf, the riotous splash of colour of the flowerbeds in winter, the climbing vines on bowers and the spouting fountains, all these make the Rashtrapati Bhavan Garden an enchanting spot. The main garden is 440 feet square and is bounded by a paved red-stone path. Two canals 18 feet wide cross the garden from North to South and two others of the same width intersect these to form a 200 feet square island in the centre. This island, with its beautiful grass carpet, is often the venue of receptions held at Rashtrapati Bhavan.

The Central Walk along the garden leads to the Sunken or the Circular Garden which is the crowning glory of this floral paradise. At the base of several tiers of terraced flower beds in this Garden is a circular pond whose water reflects the riot of colour around.

The Garden is open to the public for about a month every year during the cold season when the flower beds are in full bloom.

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SOUTH COURT
AT
RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN

On the southern side of the forecourt of Rashtrapati Bhavan is a small arched entrance which leads to the South Court (South Fountain Court), through which distinguished visitors, who are put up at Rashtrapati Bhavan, enter the main building. A snake-head spout is a jet of water into a long bowl in the centre of the Court. On the west of the South Court is the entrance to the South Wing of Rashtrapati Bhavan, which was originally designed as the residential portion of the Viceroy's. It is now the Guest Wing. The suites in this Wing are furnished in different Indian styles.

19

EVENT NO. 4: CALL ON ACTING PRESIDENT OF INDIA

THURSDAY JULY 31 (1:30 - 1:45 pm) Project Officer: Capt. Jerome Wolf

1:30 President Nixon calls on Acting President of India, Mr. Prithi Singh (Chief of Protocol) and LCol. Bhatia will escort President Nixon and Ambassador Mosbacher from the President's suite to the Morning Room next to the Acting President of India's private office.

Major Gen. Amreek Singh (Military Secretary) will be at the Morning Room entrance to usher President Nixon and Ambassador Mosbacher into room. At approximately the same time the Acting President of India will enter the Morning Room from doorway to President Nixon's right. After greetings, Presidents will be seated and have tea or coffee. Press pool (approximately 30) will be present for meeting and will exit after photographing Presidents. Upon completion of 10-minute call, President Nixon and Ambassador Mosbacher will be escorted back to Dwarka Sitting Room.

1:45 Return to suite (Staff time: 1:45 - 3:00)

21

EVENT NO. 5 (continued)

4:40 President Nixon and Prime Minister depart (at latest) for meeting with advisors in the Pannel (Panel) Room.

Miss Muthamma will accompany. Route will be the same as for President Nixon's call on the Acting President of India (route plan follows).

4:55 President departs (latest) advisors meeting to join
Mrs. Nixon for trip to Rajghat.

NOTE: Staff members staying at Rashtrapati Bhavan who wish to accompany the President to the wreath-laying should be at the motorcade location at 4:50.

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23

EVENT NO. 6 (continued)

Press Pool

Press Buses (two to four)

Staff Bus

Tail Car

NOTE: Press buses and cameras go direct from Ashoka to Rajghat.

NOTE: Majority of Press will be in position prior to arrival.

5:15

Arrive Rajghat

The President and his party will be met upon arrival by Mr. Parthasarathi, Executive Secretary, National Committee for the Gandhi Centenary, and Mr. Ram Achayra, Caretaker-in-Charge of the Rajghat Samadhi.

The President will walk through the lefthand gate and up the lefthand path towards the Memorial. He will be accompanied by Mr. Achayra and the Samadhi Committeeman. Mrs. Nixon will be accompanied by Mr. Prithi Singh, Chief of Protocol. Upon reaching the covered portion of the outer mound, the President and Mrs. Nixon will sit on special chairs while shoe covers are placed upon their shoes. (All members of the party will either remove their shoes or will don cloth shoe covers which will be provided. No one will be allowed beyond this point with shoes unless they are covered.) (Women may wish low heels.)

The President and his party will then move to the center of the shrine, again along the lefthand path. Waiting at the Memorial will be two high school seniors from the American International School (Miss Margarita Brown and Mr. Bryan Byrne) who will be holding the wreath. When the President reaches the place where the Hindi words, HAI RAM ("Oh God," Gandhi's last words) are inscribed in gold on the granite block, he will stop and those accompanying him will step back. The President will pause for a moment and then the wreath bearers will assist the President in placing the wreath over the words "HAI RAM". The President and the entire party will then observe one full minute of silence.

24

EVENT NO. 6 (continued)

The President will then walk from the memorial, keeping to his left, and will return to the chairs where his shoe covers will be removed; after the shoe covers have been taken off, the President will be asked to sign the distinguished visitors' book. The first signature in the book is that of former President Eisenhower. Mr. Ram Acharya will then present the President with a set of books on the life of Mahatma Gandhi.

The President will then walk back to the entrance gate following the lefthand path and passing the Magnolia tree planted by President Eisenhower in 1959. At this location, the President will plant a tree as did Eisenhower. (Position will be close to Eisenhower tree. A hole will be dug, and President Nixon will simply place sapling in the hole, shovel a little dirt, and add a little water.) Mr. Ram Acharya and the Samadhi Committeeman will see the President to his car and bid him farewell.

5:30 Depart Rajghat

5:45 Arrive Rashtrapati Bhavan

Staff time: two hours, 30 minutes

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-26-

## GANDHI

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born October 2, 1869, in Porbander, Gujarat, to a family which had a tradition of service as Prime Ministers to various small princely states.

At the age of 19 he went to England, against the wishes of his family, to study law at the Inner Temple. He returned to India in 1891 and then travelled to South Africa in 1893 where he stayed for 22 years. It was these years that saw the inception of his ideas of non-violent non-cooperation as he struggled for the civil rights of the Indian minority in South Africa.

Upon his return to India he soon became the leading figure and ultimately the spiritual inspiration of the movement for Indian independence. During this time he alternated periods of intense political activity, leading protest marches, hunger strikes, economic boycotts, etc., with long periods of meditation and seclusion at his religious retreat at Sawagram in Madhya Pradesh. His method of winning independence was civil disobedience and non-cooperation with the British. But the fundamental belief on which the method was based, the underlying principle which Gandhi preached until he died was "ahimsa": non-violence and love.

Gandhi's impact and influence upon the people of India was enormous. During the bloody communal riots following independence in 1947 he alone was able to stop the bloodshed simply through the force of his tremendous personality and moral authority. He was and is revered and venerated by millions as a saint and place associated with his life are treated as shrines. He is most often referred to as "Mahatma" (Great Soul) or "Bapuji" (Father).

He was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic in New Delhi on January 30, 1948, at the age of 78.

***

-27

NOTE ON RAIGHAT SAMADHI

Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the Nation, died on January 30, 1948. His body was cremated at the present site of the Samadhi (memorial) four furlongs from the river Jamuna.

The large construction work started in 1961 at the present site, which was originally uneven, unused, low-lying land. The entire Samadhi complex has an area of 178 acres; the main samadhi area covers 19 acres.

To select the best design and layout plan, an open competition was held. Mr. Bhutta, an architect from Bombay, won the competition. The construction work was started by the GOI, Public Works Department and financed by GOI, routed through the Gandhi Samadhi Committee. GOI Ministry of Housing was responsible for the completion of the project in 1965. Throughout the construction period, Prime Minister Nehru took an active interest.

The entire landscape has been kept meticulously simple, in line with the Gandhian Philosophy. The main samadhi, a black granite platform, is surrounded by small white marble walls. Gandhi's last words, "Hei Ram" ("Oh, God"), are mounted in gold on top and on one side of the platform. The black granite is from Mysore, white marble from Jaipur and the pinkish stone used as the boundary wall, from Jodhpur. On the lawn, on both sides of the VIP entrance area, rows of trees have been planted by visiting dignitaries from various countries. They include Queen Elizabeth, Premier Koygin, Pope Paul, President Nasser and President Tito.

President Eisenhower placed a wreath at the Samadhi during his State Visit to India in 1959 and planted a magnolia tree on the right side of the lawn near the entrance. At that time the Samadhi area had no construction work -- it was a simple grassy lawn.

A large number of Indian and Foreign visitors visit the Samadhi daily to pay their homage. Each Friday the Samadhi committee holds a prayer meeting at the main Samadhi area.

888

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## GANDHI CENTENNIAL YEAR

The Centennial year will open officially on October 2, 1969, the 100th anniversary of Gandhi's birth. It will be celebrated in some way in almost every country in the world. Already this year, however, American universities and cities have been celebrating the Centennial in various ways. These activities -- ranging from a playwriting contest at Southern Illinois University to the proclamation of Gandhi Week by the mayors of Berkeley, Oakland, and Syracuse -- will reach a peak in New York City this fall between September 29 and October 5. There, the observances organized by the India Club of New York University will call attention to the philosophy of non-violence and will include a wide variety of cultural activities.

## U.S. GANDHI CENTENNIAL COMMITTEE

Announced June 26 by National Chairman Hubert Humphrey, the Committee has as Vice Chairmen the six living former U.S. Ambassadors to India (Allen, Bowles, Bunker, Cooper, Galbreath, and Henderson) as well as Ambassador Keating. Members of the Committee include distinguished Americans such as Earl Warren, Mrs. Coretta King, Robert McNamara, and Dr. Ralph Bunche.

In announcing the formation of the Committee, Mr. Humphrey said that it would "dedicate its efforts to urging all Americans of all persuasions to consider the lessons of Mahatma Gandhi's life and philosophy that are relevant to our problems today. In urging a rebirth of the Gandhi philosophy, we may seek renewed discussion of using American rupee holdings in India to finance such studies."

***

29

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EVENT NO. 7

STATE DINNER

THURSDAY, JULY 31 (8:15-11:00 pm) Project Officer: Capt. J. Wolf

STAFF

INSTRUCTIONS:

At 7:45 p.m. dinner guests depart the Ashoka Hotel to arrive at Ashoka Hall by 8:00 p.m. to await the President and Mrs. Nixon's arrival at 8:30 p.m. Cars will be available from the front of the Hotel from 7:30 p.m. on.

During the period from 8:15 to 8:25 p.m., all dinner guests will have assembled in the Ashoka Hall. Those residing in the Rashtrapati Bhavan will be escorted from suites/rooms by Acting President's aides after the Acting President has arrived in President Nixon's suite (8:15 p.m.). Invitations will be delivered shortly after arrival in New Delhi. The dress will be black tie for men (white jackets) and long dresses for ladies.

8:15 Acting President Hidayatullah calls on President Nixon in the Dwarka Sitting Room.

Shortly afterwards, Mrs. Nixon and Mrs. Hidayatullah will join the two Presidents.

8:30 President Nixon will escort Mrs. Hidayatullah and Acting President Hidayatullah will escort Mrs. Nixon to the Ashoka Hall.

Upon entering, the two Presidents and their wives will be joined by Prime Minister Gandhi for the playing of the U.S. National Anthem, immediately followed by the Indian National Anthem. Members of the Indian Government and President Nixon's party will be assembled in the hall in a semi-circle facing the entrance.

Upon completion of the Indian National Anthem, Prithi Singh, Chief of Protocol, will escort President Nixon and Deputy Chief of Protocol will escort Mrs. Nixon in presenting the Indian dignitaries, starting to the President's left, proceeding clock-wise along the semi-circle. Upon reaching the American guests, the Chief of Protocol, President Nixon, the Deputy Chief of Protocol and Mrs. Nixon will move slowly across

[c]

30

EVENT NO. 7 (continued)

the center of the room toward the end of the line.
Ambassador Mosbacher will continue around the
semi-circle introducing the American guests to
the Acting President of India, Mrs. Hidayatullah
and Prime Minister Gandhi.

At the completion of the receiving line, President
and Mrs. Nixon will rejoin Acting President Hidayatullah
and others.

**NOTE:** The Press pool will be present in Ashoka Hall for the entire period the Presidents are there and will depart on signal down the corridor toward the banquet hall to photograph the Presidents as they enter.

Upon completion of Ashoka Hall ceremonies, Acting President Hidayatullah will escort Mrs. Nixon, followed by President Nixon escorting Mrs. Hidayatullah on the left and Prime Minister Gandhi on the right, to the Banquet Hall.

**NOTE:** Seating arrangements will be provided upon arrival.

**NOTE:** Press pool will cover arrival and seating in Banquet Hall.

**NOTE:** Total Guests expected: 90 - 100. American Guest List is listed on the next page.

(REVISED July 21, 1969)

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GUEST LIST

1. The President

2. Mrs. Nixon

3. Ambassador Keating

4. Ambassador Emil Mosbacher
Chief of Protocol

5. Mrs. Mosbacher

6. Dr. Henry Kissinger
Assistant to the President

7. Mr. H. R. Haldeman
Assistant to the President

8. Mr. James Keogh
Special Assistant to the President

9. Miss Rose Mary Woods
Personal Assistant to the President

10. Mr. Raymond Price
Special Assistant to the President

11. Mr. Ronald L. Ziegler
Press Secretary to the President

12. Mr. Dwight L. Chapin
Special Assistant to the President

13. Mr. Joseph J. Sisco
Assistant Secretary of State

14. Mr. Martin Hillenbrand
Assistant Secretary of State

15. Mr. William H. Weathersby
Minister, American Embassy

16. Mrs. Weathersby

32

EVENT NO. 7 (continued)

10:15
(approx.)
Toasts - Acting President Hidayatullah followed by
President Nixon.

10:30 Upon completion of the dinner, the Presidents, wives and Prime Minister Gandhi, followed by all other guests, will return to the Ashoka Hall for a thirty minute cultural (dance/music) presentation. The Press Pool will be present.

11:00 President and Mrs. Nixon depart for their suites.

**STAFF** After dinner, members of the staff will be escorted to their rooms or cars by other aides
**INSTRUCTIONS:** to Acting President Hidayatullah.

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ASHOKA HALL IN RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN

The Ashoka (A-show-ka) Hall is the major hall of the President's Palace. It is named after Emperor Ashoka the greatest of India's legendary rulers. During the third century B.C., he united for the first time under one administration a large portion of what is present-day India. Hindu by birth, Ashoka went through a transformation after several moving experiences involving fighting and bloodshed during the early years of his reign. He converted to Buddhism, and the later years of his reign are associated with a break in the bloody dynastic cycle which is ancient Indian history. The period of Ashoka (more than three decades) is noted for its humane rule and by a flowering of the arts which took place under his patronage. The wheel symbol in the middle of the Indian flag and the three-lion emblem, which is India's national emblem, were symbols of Ashoka.

The Ashoka Hall, originally the ballroom of the Viceroy's, is now
used for holding important functions such as presentation of
credentials by Heads of Missions of foreign countries and the
swearing-in of Ministers. When State banquets are held it serves
as an ante-room where the assembled guests are introduced to
distinguished visitors. The room, 105 feet by 65 feet, has a
wooden dance floor with springs underneath. It has vaulted lobbies
of greyish marble and a gallery on the east. The large panel mirrors
and the chandeliers in the room produce a glittering effect.

The ceiling was painted by an Italian painter, Colo-Nelo, after the
Persian style. The painting in the centre depicts a Persian monarch,
Fathe Ali Shah, and his family hunting. The Shah, gorgeous with
jewels, is thrusting a spear into a tiger. Around him are the royal
princes and courtiers. In the background is a landscape of mountains
and lakes. The paintings on the sides are of Persian Carpet designs
depicting flowers and animals. Iutyens was much distressed by this
painting which was done at the instance of Lady Willingdon, as he
felt that it spoiled the gay atmosphere of a vibrant dancing hall.

eoe

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BANQUET HALL IN RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN

Close to the Ashoka Hall, the Banquet Hall, 104 feet long, 34 feet wide and 35 feet high, is one of the most impressive rooms in Rashtrapati Bhavan. The plastered teak covers only a portion of the wall as Iutyens wanted the uncovered portion to be painted in a decorative style. At the South end, an alcove is provided for the gold plate presented to the Viceroy's by Goldsmith's Company of London. Above it is the musicians' gallery which is hidden from view. The rich darkness in tone, which characterises the Banquet Hall, is relieved by the grey and white star pattern of the marble floor. A single table in the centre can seat 104 persons.

444

35

EVENT NO. 8

CONTINUATION OF SUBSTANTIVE TALKS

FRIDAY, AUGUST 1 (8:30-10:00 am) Project Officer: Herbert D. Spivack

8:30 President Nixon and Prime Minister Gandhi will meet alone for Head-to-Head talks prior to joining advisors assembled in Pannel Room. President Nixon and Prime Minister Gandhi will most likely meet in the adjoining room (Morning Room) and when appropriate will join advisors already in session.

10:00 Joint Meeting Concludes. President Nixon and advisors depart meeting for South Court where motorcade has formed up. Acting President of India Hidayatullah joins President Nixon in their car, Mrs. Gandhi, Mrs. Nixon and Mrs. Hidayatullah enter their car.

10:10 Depart for New Delhi Airport.

STAFF
INSTRUCTIONS:

Staff Baggage Call will be at 7:45 a.m. for both the Rashtrapati Bhavan guests and the Hotel Ashoka guests. Bags are to be picked up in your room.

Staff At the Ashoka Hotel depart for the airport by Embassy assigned car or by the staff bus which departs the Hotel at 9:45 a.m., arriving at 10:00 a.m. and proceed to bottom of the rear boarding ramp of Air Force One to watch the departure ceremonies.

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36

EVENT No. 9 - A

MOTORCADE FROM RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN TO NEW DELHI AIRPORT

FRIDAY, AUGUST 1 (10:10-10:25 am) Project Officer: Mr. William Brown

10:10 Motorcade departs Rashtrapati Bhavan en route to New Delhi Airport

Lead Car

Motorcycle Escort (in front of and along side Flag Car 1)

Security Protection Car

Flag Car 2.
Prime Minister Gandhi (sits on left)
Mrs. Nixon (sits in middle)
Mrs. Hidayatullah (sits on right)

Security Protection Car

Staff Car A
Mr. Whitaker
Col. Hughes
Mr. Haldeman

38

EVENT NO. 9 - B

DEPARTURE CEREMONY, NEW DELHI AIRPORT

FRIDAY, AUGUST 1 (10:25-10:45 am) Project Officer: Lt. Col. Rolla Griffith

10:25 President Nixon arrives at airport following motorcade from Rashtrapati Bhavan; car halts between the Saluting Base and VIP Enclosure; President debarks. Protocol Chief Prithi Singh meets car and escorts President Nixon to the Saluting Base.

**NOTE:** The Car carrying Mrs. Nixon, Mrs. Hidayatullah and Prime Minister Gandhi will park behind the President's car and be met by the Deputy Chief of Protocol. The remaining cars carrying the Official Party from the Rashtrapati Bhavan will park between the VIP Enclosure and audience. Prime Minister Gandhi, Mrs. Nixon and Mrs. Hidayatullah, and the Official Party, will move to the VIP Enclosure. (The Presidential Staff will have already boarded appropriate airplanes.)

**NOTE:** Cars move behind audience as soon as passengers have debarked.

President Nixon will mount the Saluting Base alone. The Guard of Honor will present arms and the national anthems of the U.S. and India will be played. Upon completion, the Honor Guard will return to "Order Arms." The Honor Guard Commander will step forward to the Saluting Base, salute the President and ask him to inspect the Honor Guard. The inspection procedure will be precisely the same as on the arrival ceremony. As the inspection is completed, Prithi Singh will be at President Nixon's side and escort him to the VIP Enclosure, where he bids farewell to the Indian dignitaries. President Nixon leaves the VIP Enclosure, escorted by Prithi Singh, and accompanied by the Acting President of India, and moves to the Speaker's Platform.

**NOTE:** Prime Minister Gandhi, Mrs. Nixon and Mrs. Hidayatullah remain seated in the VIP Enclosure.

39

The two Presidents mount the platform alone.
President Nixon will make farewell statement
and Acting President Hidayatullah will respond.

Upon completion, President Nixon, Acting President Hidayatullah, Prime Minister Gandhi, Mrs. Nixon and Mrs. Hidayatullah, escorted by Prithi Singh, will then move to the Diplomatic Corps area and bid farewell.

**NOTE:** Handshaking with the Diplomatic Corps is expected.

**NOTE:** President Nixon's departure from Speakers' Platform is signal for official party in VIP Enclosure to move to Air Force One and board. The Indian dignitaries in VIP enclosure who will bid farewell to President Nixon at ramp of Air Force One move into position.

President Nixon and Mrs. Nixon, with Indian counterparts, move from the Diplomatic area to the U.S. Embassy area and wave farewell to the American Delegation and then proceed directly to Air Force One.

**NOTE:** Dignitaries at ramp to bid farewell will be:

Minister of External Affairs, Dinesh Singh
Mayor of Delhi, Hans Raj Gupta
Mrs. Hans Raj Gupta
U.S. Ambassador Kenneth B. Keating

After final farewells, President and Mrs. Nixon enter Air Force One while 21-Gun Salute is in progress.

10:45 Wheels Up.

**NOTE:** As the door shuts on Air Force One, the press members will move to their aircraft and embark.

Diagram of Ceremony is attached.

MRS. NIXON'S SCHEDULE - NEW DELHI

THURSDAY, JULY 31, 1969

2:00 p.m. Depart Rashtrapati Bhavan. Mrs. Nixon and Mrs. Tupupul Jayakar, her Indian escort, will ride in the automobile of the American Ambassador. Mrs. Jayakar is Executive Director of Indian Handicrafts and Handloom Export Corporation, has long interest in production and marketing of Indian handicrafts, and is Chairman of the Bal Bhavan, an institution for education of children in the arts and crafts.

2:05 p.m. Arrive Mobile Kresh (housed in a tent) on site of Grandhi Centenary Exposition Grounds. Mrs. Nixon will be met by Mrs. Meera Mehadavan, Secretary of the Delhi Sub-Committee for Women and Children of the Gandhi Centenary Committee and the sponsor of the Mobile Kresh.

Mrs. Nixon will be led to the vicinity of the tent where the history, purpose, and scope of the Mobile Kresh will be explained. At the conclusion of the explanatory remarks, Mrs. Nixon will be led to the tent.

2:30 p.m. Remarks by Mrs. Nixon. Emerging from the tent, Mrs. Nixon will be led to the adjoining open area. A group of children will sing. Mrs. Nixon will speak, make farewells, and be escorted to the car.

2:35 p.m. Depart Mobile Kresh.

2:45 p.m. Arrive Bal Sahyog Child Reorientation Center. Mrs. Nixon will be escorted from car to a covered porch, adjacent to driveway.

2:50 p.m. Remarks on purpose and activities of Bal Sahyog will be made by Director Tapeshwari Prasad or by a member of the General Committee of Bal Sahyog.

3:00 p.m. Tour of Training Rooms.

3:00 p.m. Proceed through courtyard-drive (about 75 feet). Mrs. Nixon will pass boys' hostile. Entering the training rooms, Mrs. Nixon will be met by caneworking instructor and will observe about 20 boys from age 12 to 16 constructing chairs of straw and plastic caning material. She may move among the boys and observe their work.

New Delhi

M2-1

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MRS. NIXON'S SCHEDULE - NEW DELHI (continued)

THURSDAY, JULY 31, 1969

Mrs. Nixon will leave canework shop and enter room on opposite side of corridor--woodworking shop--for similar observation.

Mrs. Nixon will be taken from woodworking shop upstairs to tailoring room where she will see about 20 boys making shirts, blouses, and trousers on treadle sewing machines.

3:30 p.m. Leave training building and return to assembly area outside cafeteria building.

3:35 p.m. Remarks by Mrs. Nixon and farewell.

3:40 p.m. Mrs. Nixon will be escorted to car and will depart Bal Sahyog.

3:50 p.m. Arrive Rashtrapati Bhavan.

New Delhi

M2-2

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40

## ACCOMMODATION EXCHANGE

The U.S. Disbursing Officer will provide cashiers at the following locations:

Ashoka Hotel Room 371
Hotel Janpath Room 5

Hours: July 31 1230 - 2200
Aug 1 0700 - 1000

Rate of Exchange: $1.00 = Rs. 7.60

The Embassy's regular accommodation exchange activity Room W-173, West Building, will be available by contacting the USDO on Ext. 404.

## BAGGAGE INFORMATION

**On Arrival:** Baggage will be delivered to visitors' assigned quarters.

**On Departure:**

"Baggage Call" - Deadline ALL HOTELS - 0745 hours
1 August 1969

NOTE: Baggage personnel will be on duty in the hotels from 0600 hours onward on 1 August to begin accepting baggage.

NOTE: All baggage will be picked up in the visitors' assigned quarters.

"Baggage Call" - Rashtrapati Bhavan - 0745 hours
1 August 1969

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41

## COMMUNICATIONS

The Embassy Telegraphic Branch will operate on a 24-hour basis. Official classified and unclassified telegrams will be handled through the Control Centers for delivery to the Embassy. Couriers will be available for this purpose.

Official pouch mail and personal letters bearing U.S. postage should be deposited at Control Centers for collection by couriers and delivery to the Embassy pouch room.

U.S. postage stamps will be available for purchase at the Ashoka Hotel Control Center and the American Embassy.

## CONTROL ROOM INFORMATION

<table><thead><tr><th>Location</th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1.</td><td>Ashoka Hotel</td><td>Room 370</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Tel: 70311</td><td>Ext 370</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Tel: 70351</td><td>Ext 644/645</td></tr><tr><td>2.</td><td>American Embassy</td><td>Room 235</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Tel: 70351</td><td>Ext 642/643</td></tr><tr><td>3.</td><td>State Secretariat</td><td>Room 239</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Tel: 70351</td><td>Ext 213, 259, 269</td></tr><tr><td>4.</td><td>NSC Secretariat</td><td>Room 239</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Tel: 70351</td><td>Ext 235, 265, 296<br>(plus White House line)</td></tr></tbody></table>

## Services

**Round-the-clock:** Control centers will be in constant communications with each other and can provide up-to-date information on all aspects of visit. Classified courier, classified lock-up and American secretarial services will be available at each center. Thermofax machines will be in the NSC and S/S Secretariats.

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42

HEALTH PRECAUTIONS

The Embassy suggests that personnel quartered in the hotels
obtain sealed bottled mineral water through "room service"
facilities.

Emergency medical facilities are available in the Health Unit,
located in Room No. 135, first floor, American Embassy, telephone:
70351, Ext. 370/372.

Request for hospital or hospital dispensary services can be
arranged through the Embassy Control Center. The Embassy nurse
can assist if needed.

PACKAGE SALES

Arrangements have been made to have a commissary representative
in Room 371, Ashoka Hotel and Hotel Janpath, Room 5 --- for package
sale of alcoholic beverages. Mixes are available through the hotel
"room service."

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43

TRANSPORTATION

Vehicles assigned for the specific use of White House Staff and other U.S. Government officials will carry the user's name on center front windshield.

Three motor pools for use of other official guests will be located at:

<table><tr><td>1.</td><td>American Embassy</td><td>70351</td><td>Ext 642/643</td></tr><tr><td>2.</td><td>Ashoka Hotel</td><td>70311</td><td>Ext 370</td></tr><tr><td>3.</td><td>Rashtrapati Bhavan</td><td>375321</td><td>Inquiry Room<br>South Court Entrance</td></tr></table>

Pool vehicle dispatched will wait a maximum of twenty minutes. Vehicles may be re-obtained by calling above numbers.

Ten charter buses will be provided for the visiting Press for transportation to the Ashoka, other official functions and to the Airport August 1st. Each bus will be accompanied by a USIS Escort Officer.

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44

HOTEL AND RESIDENCE NUMBERS

<table><tr><td>Rashtrapati Bhavan</td><td>375321</td></tr><tr><td>Roosevelt House<br>(The Ambassador's Residence)</td><td>70351 Ext 226</td></tr><tr><td>Ashoka Hotel</td><td>70311</td></tr><tr><td>Oberoi-Intercontinental</td><td>619465</td></tr><tr><td>Hotel Janpath</td><td>46881</td></tr><tr><td>Diplomat Hotel</td><td>372004</td></tr><tr><td>Vikram Hotel</td><td>625639</td></tr></table>

Hotel Assignments - are listed as follows:

<table><tr><td>Ashoka Hotel</td><td>Page 48</td></tr><tr><td>Hotel Janpath</td><td>Page 53</td></tr><tr><td>Vikram</td><td>Page 56</td></tr><tr><td>Oberoi-Intercontinental</td><td>Page 57</td></tr></table>

45

OTHER USEFUL NUMBERS

EMBASSY/USAID 70351

USIS 46931 (Emb tie-line 340)

PRESIDENT'S SUPPORT STAFF

<table><tr><td rowspan="2">American Embassy</td><td>Room 204</td><td>Ext 204</td></tr><tr><td>Room 207</td><td>Ext 295</td></tr><tr><td>Ashoka Hotel</td><td>Room 370</td><td>Ext 370<br/>70351, Ext 644/645</td></tr></table>

EMBASSY CONTROL ROOM

American Embassy Room 235 642/643

PRESS ATTACHE

American Embassy Room 136 Ext 210

COMMUNICATIONS

American Embassy Room B-28 Ext 240

EMBASSY DISBURSING

American Embassy W-173 Ext 404
(West Building)

MOTOR POOL

1. Rashtrapati Bhavan 375321 Inquiry Room
South Court Entrance

2. American Embassy 70351 Ext 642/643

3. Ashoka Hotel 70311 Ext 370

MEDICAL UNIT - EMBASSY 70351 Ext 370/372

SUPPLIES & EQUIPMENT SUPPORT

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48

HOTEL LIST

ASHOKA

<table><tr><td>1.</td><td>ABEL, Don</td><td>395</td></tr><tr><td>2.</td><td>ATKINS, Oliver</td><td>396</td></tr><tr><td>3.</td><td>BEAR, Dr. Stanley</td><td>360</td></tr><tr><td>4.</td><td>BENSON, Paul</td><td>249</td></tr><tr><td>5.</td><td>BERECK, Lt. Col.</td><td>384</td></tr><tr><td>6.</td><td>BOGGS, Patrick</td><td>377</td></tr><tr><td>7.</td><td>BORDEN, LeRoy</td><td>501</td></tr><tr><td>8.</td><td>BROSSMAN, Sharon</td><td>251</td></tr><tr><td>9.</td><td>BROWNE, Shirley</td><td>375</td></tr><tr><td>10.</td><td>BUCHANAN</td><td>385</td></tr><tr><td>11.</td><td>BURROWS, E. SP5</td><td>244</td></tr><tr><td>12.</td><td>BUSSEL, C. SSg</td><td>244</td></tr><tr><td>13.</td><td>CARNER, Sgt</td><td>246</td></tr><tr><td>14.</td><td>CATHEY, Joe Sgt</td><td>246</td></tr><tr><td>15.</td><td>CHARIOTT, Ted</td><td>507</td></tr><tr><td>16.</td><td>CLIFF, Edward MSgt</td><td>365</td></tr><tr><td>17.</td><td>COFFEY, Lt Col Vernon</td><td>362</td></tr><tr><td>18.</td><td>CONDAYAN, John</td><td>507</td></tr><tr><td>19.</td><td>COPELAND, W.</td><td>259</td></tr><tr><td>20.</td><td>COREY, SSg Covert</td><td>252</td></tr></table>

544

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49

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>21.</td>
      <td>DAHLER, Sally</td>
      <td>361</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>22.</td>
      <td>DALE, Billy</td>
      <td>382</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>23.</td>
      <td>D'ANDREA, Douglas</td>
      <td>395</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>24.</td>
      <td>DOMINGUEZ, L.</td>
      <td>271</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>25.</td>
      <td>DUNN, Robert</td>
      <td>558</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>26.</td>
      <td>ELBOURNE, Timothy</td>
      <td>350</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>27.</td>
      <td>ELLIS, Russell</td>
      <td>341</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>28.</td>
      <td>FAUVER, Edwin</td>
      <td>344/345</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>29.</td>
      <td>GARMON, Ann</td>
      <td>391</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>30.</td>
      <td>GATES, Mrs. Pat</td>
      <td>372</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>31.</td>
      <td>GERRARD, Constance</td>
      <td>379</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>32.</td>
      <td>GREENWOOD, Russell</td>
      <td>386</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>33.</td>
      <td>GRIFFIN, Milton</td>
      <td>511</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>34.</td>
      <td>HALL, Major Paul</td>
      <td>274</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>35.</td>
      <td>HAWLEY, James M.</td>
      <td>269</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>36.</td>
      <td>HENDERSHOT, Fred</td>
      <td>544</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>37.</td>
      <td>HILLENBRAND</td>
      <td>398 (Suite)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>38.</td>
      <td>HOLDRIDGE</td>
      <td>354</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>39.</td>
      <td>HOUDEK</td>
      <td>358</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>40.</td>
      <td>JOHNSON, Sgt Robert</td>
      <td>248</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>41.</td>
      <td>JOHNSON, Richard</td>
      <td>253</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>42.</td>
      <td>JONES, MSgt Henry</td>
      <td>248</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>43.</td>
      <td>JORDAN, K.</td>
      <td>261</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>44.</td>
      <td>KAVULICK, Ron</td>
      <td>387</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

DEPARTMENT OF STATE

JULY 1969 (C)

REPUBLIC OF INDIA

## BACKGROUND NOTES

Population: 537 million (1969 est.)

Capital: New Delhi

With an area of 1.3 million square miles (about one-third the size of the continental United States including Alaska), India dominates the South Asian subcontinent geographically. Located about midway between Africa and Australia, it is bounded on the west by West Pakistan and the Arabian Sea; on the east by East Pakistan, Burma, and the Bay of Bengal; on the north by Tibet, Nepal, and the semi-independent mountain states of Bhutan and Sikkim. The island of Ceylon lies to the south.

There are three major topographical areas in India: (1) the sparsely populated Himalaya Mountains which extend along the whole of the northern border; (2) the northern Gangetic Plain, a well-watered, fertile, and very heavily populated area; and (3) the peninsula, including the Deccan Plateau, which is generally of moderate elevation and less densely populated.

India's climate varies from tropical in the south to temperate in the north, with three well-defined seasons throughout most of the area: (1) the "cool season" from November to March, (2) a dry "hot season" from March to June, and (3) a hot "rainy season" during the remaining months of the year. In addition, much of southern India is subject to a second rainy period during the cool season. The volume of precipitation ranges from more than 400 inches in the northeast (Assam Hills) to less than 5 inches in the northwest (Rajasthan Desert).

The national flag, adopted by India in 1947 upon attaining independence from Great Britain, is comprised of three horizontal bands of saffron, white, and green, with a blue spoked wheel in the center of the white (middle) stripe. The saffron symbolizes courage and sacrifice; the white, peace and truth; the green, faith and chivalry. The spoked wheel symbolizes India's ancient culture.

## THE PEOPLE

India's population of about 537 million is larger than that of any other country except Communist China. The population density is more than 400 per square mile. Two major ethnic strains predominate, the Aryan in the north and Dravidian in the south, although the lines between these groups are blurred. There is also a substantial aboriginal population, largely in the central Indian forests and mountains, and some Mon-goloid peoples in the northern mountain regions.

Although 84 percent of the people are Hindu, India is also the home of about 56 million Muslims, the third largest Muslim group in any one country. Representatives of other religions include Christians (12 million), Sikhs (9 million), Jains (2 million), Buddhists (4 million), and Parsis (about 100,000).

For more about India's religions and languages, see section "Political Regionalism."

## HISTORY

The first British outpost in South Asia was established at Surat on the northwestern coast of India in 1619. Later in that century permanent trading stations were opened by the East India Company at Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta, each under the protection of native rulers. As a result of the expansion of British rule by the East India Company, supported by British troops, Parliament withdrew the political control of its territories from the Company and put it in the hands of a Governor-General in 1783. The Company retained its economic and social domination. During the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, Governor-General Wellesley gained dominance over native-held areas and destroyed the power of the Marathas, the last native threat to British domination. The remaining districts fell to British rule when native leaders died and left no direct heirs.

Violence erupted in 1857 causing the dissolution of the East India Company and in 1858 complete and direct administration of India was taken over by the British Government through a Vice-roy. The British Indian Empire came into being at that time. In the last half of the 19th century, British control of all the country was consolidated; Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in 1877 by the Government in London.

Mahatma Gandhi was the Indian leader who, through a policy of nonviolent resistance and non-cooperation, led his people against British colonial rule and captured leadership of the Indian National Congress—now known as the Congress Party—in 1920. The party organized public support for independence and acted as a Western-type political party in contesting elections for local and national offices. Gradually, the British allowed Indians to serve in the civil service, and limited self-government was obtained.

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Independence was attained on August 15, 1947, and India became a dominion within the Commonwealth, with Jawaharlal Nehru as Prime Minister. Longstanding frictions between the Hindus and Moslems caused the British to create two countries out of British India—India for the Hindus and the two wings of Pakistan for the Moslems (see map and the Background Note on Pakistan, pub. 7748). India's Constitution was promulgated on January 26, 1950, and it became a fully independent member of the Commonwealth.

## GOVERNMENT

India, as its Constitution states, is a "sovereign democratic republic." The success of India's democracy has been remarkable, given the tremendous problems the country has faced. These include the size of the electorate (now more than 250 million), the high degree of illiteracy (about 65 percent), the lack of deep democratic traditions, and the physical problems of organizing elections in a country of India's size.

Like the United States, India has a federal system of government. However, the central Government in India has greater powers vis-a-vis the 17 States and 10 Union Territories. India has a bicameral Parliament, and its Cabinet is also patterned on the British model. The Chief of State is the President, who is elected indirectly by an electoral college and in whose name the Government exercises broad administrative powers. His duties are largely ceremonial. The Prime Minister is head of the Government.

At the State level the legislatures are largely bicameral, on the pattern of the two houses of the national Parliament. The assemblies are elected directly by the people, and the upper houses, where they exist, are selected mainly by the assemblies. The State Chief Ministers are responsible to the legislatures in the same way the Prime Minister is responsible to Parliament. Each State also has a Governor appointed by the President and vested with certain broad powers during any period of breakdown of state parliamentary government.

Local governments in India have somewhat less autonomy than their counterparts in the United States. India has begun a program known as Panchayati Raj, which seeks to revitalize the traditional village councils and to introduce "grass-roots democracy" at the village level, where nearly 80 percent of the population live.

India's judicial system is modeled on the British system. The Supreme Court consists of 14 Presidentially-appointed Justices, including the Chief Justice.

## POLITICAL CONDITIONS

India's young parliamentary democracy passed a crucial test following the death of Prime

Minister Nehru in May 1964. Until his death Mr. Nehru had been India's preeminent political leader and only Prime Minister. Because of the unique position he occupied in Indian public life and because of his great personal contribution to the growth of Indian democracy, there had been some concern within India itself over the impact which the loss of Mr. Nehru's leadership might have on the country's political life. However, within a few days of Mr. Nehru's death, a new Prime Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri, was elected unanimously by the ruling Congress Party, and the transfer of power was accomplished in an orderly and constitutional manner.

## Post-Nehru Conditions

Mr. Shastri led the Government for 19 months until his untimely death at Tashkent in Soviet Asia in January 1966. He had just signed an agreement with President Ayub Khan of Pakistan designed to establish a more durable peace in the subcontinent in the aftermath of the Indo-Pakistan conflict over Kashmir. Once again India's political leadership effected a smooth transition, electing Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the widowed daughter of Prime Minister Nehru, to succeed Mr. Shastri. Mrs. Gandhi subsequently was reelected to the Prime Ministership following the fourth general election in 1967.

These elections ushered in a new phase in Indian political development. The Congress Party, for 50 years the supreme forum for meaningful politics in India, no longer holds the monopoly of power it enjoyed throughout the postindependence period. It has lost its preponderant position in Parliament, where its victories in the first three general elections had consistently given it control of about three-fourths of the seats in the key lower house; and it has suffered even more severe setbacks in the voting for State legislatures, a number of which are now controlled by non-Congress governments. Elections are scheduled every 5 years—the next one to be in 1972.

All but one of these non-Congress governments were coalitions of various small political parties, often disparate in policy and ideology. Several of them proved unstable, and by early 1969 most had lost their legislative majorities and had been dismissed. Special elections held in five States established no clear political trend, although they did return to power a Communist-dominated United Front regime (a coalition of parties) in the key industrial state of West Bengal. Leaders of all political parties are now convinced that the era when the Indian political structure could be characterized as a "one-plus" party system is over and that the country is moving into a new phase of development which will pose both challenges and opportunities to its institutions.

## Political Regionalism

There are strong divisive forces in India. Among the most important are caste, religion, and language.

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**Caste.** The caste system, which relegates the various "classes" of Indians and their progeny to a fixed place in the social order, regulates many phases of Hindu society, especially in rural areas. However, extreme forms of observance of caste are breaking down under the impact of urbanization, industrialization, modern communications, and wider opportunities for education.

**Religion and Communalism.** In India the word "community" refers to a social grouping, usually with a religious affiliation. There are various communities among the Hindus; Hindus as a whole also may be considered a community; Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, and Parsis have internal subcommunities and are considered as communities in relation to each other. In the past, differences between different communities frequently led to violence. While communal tensions have largely been kept under control since 1948, they have not been eradicated, as serious incidents of Hindu-Muslim strife in early 1964 and mid-1967 indicate.

**Language.** Regional linguistic nationalism is another divisive force. India has 14 official languages; a dozen of these are spoken by more than 10 million people. Issues about local language have assumed great importance on the Indian political scene and have often led to violence. As a result of political agitations, the boundaries of India's States were redrawn in 1956 so that they coincided with the borders of linguistic regions. Since there are important differences between the languages spoken in the north and those spoken in the south, regional differences between the two sections sometimes become focused on the question of India's national language. English is the only common language for political and commercial communication.

## ECONOMY

Since 1947 India has made considerable economic progress. The introduction of modern methods combining more extensive irrigation facilities with greater inputs of fertilizer, improved seed, pesticides, and insecticides have benefited agriculture, still the mainstay of 70 percent of the population. The pace of industrialization has also quickened. The economic situation has been clouded, however, by the new burdens resulting from India's military buildup in response to its conflicts with Communist China in 1962 and Pakistan in 1965. It has been adversely affected also by unprecedented droughts which beset the northern part of the country in 1965 and 1966. Furthermore, while percentage increases in both agriculture and industry have been impressive, only modest gains in per capita gross national product (GNP) have been achieved because of continued high population growth. In 1968 GNP was estimated at U.S. $45 billion, and per capita income was $85.

Before 1947 India had large cotton, jute, and textile industries. While these continue to

dominate the industrial scene, many basic industries (including steel, machine tools, chemicals, fertilizers) have come into prominence during the past decade. In addition, India now is manufacturing a wide variety of finished products, including aircraft, railway equipment, automobiles, telephones, and typewriters. India's mineral resources are extensive but have yet to be fully exploited. The most important ones include iron ore and manganese.

India's 5-year plans, initiated in 1951, seek continued balanced development of power facilities, industry, mining, transportation and communications, and agriculture. In recent years, however, the greatest emphasis has been placed on agriculture. Much of the capital required for the 5-year plans has been raised internally, but a large proportion of the foreign currency components has come from foreign grants or loans.

Through low-interest loans and grants the United States had contributed about $8.5 billion in aid funds by July 1969, more than half of which was in the form of surplus foodstuffs and other agricultural commodities. The United States has encouraged the development of the private sector of the economy by financing commodity imports, direct loans to enterprises, and development banks which in turn lend capital to the private sector. There also has been assistance from private U.S. institutions, notably the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations.

Additional foreign assistance in this period included more than $6 billion from other free-world countries—principally the United Kingdom, Canada, West Germany, Japan, and France—as well as from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), and various specialized agencies of the United Nations. Soviet bloc commitments have totaled about $2 billion, principally in loans for public sector projects.

In 1958 an aid-India consortium was formed by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, West Germany, and the IBRD. Twelve countries now are associated with the consortium, together with the IBRD and IDA. During the third 5-year plan (1961-66), consortium pledges totaled more than $5.4 billion, of which the United States pledged $2.2 billion. Consortium members aim at roughly $1 billion in new commitments each year, but in 1968-69 they missed this goal by more than $200 million.

India's major trading partners are the United States, the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries, Japan, and the U.S.S.R. Eighty-seven percent of the total trade is carried out with non-Communist countries. In 1967 total imports were estimated at $2.6 billion and exports at $1.6 billion.

## Population

With only 2.4 percent of the world's land area, India supports 14 percent of the world's

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population. Fifty-five thousand children are born every day, and the population grows at an annual rate of about 2.5 percent.

Each year there are approximately 21 million births and 8 million deaths. Consequently 13 million people per year are added to the Indian population. In stark terms the problem is how to prevent 13 million births annually.

The immediate target of Indian family-planning officials is to reduce the birth rate from its present estimated level of 39 per thousand population to 32 per thousand by 1973-74 and to 25 per thousand by 1980. This would cut the growth rate in half. The long-range goal is to stabilize India's total population at around 670 million by 1985.

The Indian Government-Union and State-is striving to reach its objective of a stabilized population by offering a wide variety of techniques from which to choose. These include sterilization, the most popular and effective method, and the intrauterine contraceptive device, commonly known as the "loop." Consideration is being given to legalizing abortion in cases where birth could endanger the mother's health. The Central and State Governments and private industry have also begun to offer a variety of incentives to induce married couples to adopt one or another family-planning technique.

The U.S. Government is assisting India in developing its family-planning programs through the Agency for International Development.

## Agriculture

For decades Indian economic progress was hampered by the backwardness of the agricultural sector; India had one of the lowest productivity rates in the world. Food production rose slightly faster than population during the first two 5-year plans (1951-61), and the Indian Government believed agriculture would take care of itself while economic development efforts were concentrated on industrialization.

During the Third 5-Year Plan (1961-66), however, food production leveled off, and prices began to rise. It became obvious that more attention had to be given to the agricultural sector. The food situation was aggravated by failure of the summer monsoon in 1965 and another severe drought the following year. Mass starvation was averted only by heavy food-grain imports, most of which were supplied by the United States under the Public Law 480 (Food for Peace) program.

A major policy decision was made by the Indian Government in late 1965 to make India self-sufficient in food production by 1971. The drought postponed widespread implementation of this program until 1967, but the results were most encouraging. Following excellent rains, the 1967-68 harvest was unofficially estimated at almost 100 million tons, or about 10 percent better than the best year on record. With hardly average rainfall, the 1968-69 total is expected to be almost as high when the final returns are in.

India's new agricultural strategy has embodied a bold program, including sharply increased use of fertilizer and pesticides, rapid spread of higher yielding seed varieties, increased irrigation, price incentives, and improved agricultural education. Production of nitrogenous fertilizer exceeded 500,000 tons in 1968, a six-fold increase in production above that 10 years ago. Fertilizer-production capacity is being expanded rapidly, but imports still are considerably higher than domestic output. More progress has been made in the application of high yielding varieties of wheat than any other food grain. Intensive research continues, however, and a major breakthrough in rice, India's leading food grain, is hoped for in the next 2 or 3 years. About 26 percent of India's cultivated land is irrigated. In recent years the emphasis has shifted from major irrigation projects, such as dams and canals, to tubewells which are about 300 feet deep and can supply water to several farms or a small village. Tubewells are becoming widespread as more villages are electrified.

* During the dry years, prices paid the farmer for agricultural produce rose sharply. Prices leveled off but have not been permitted to fall appreciably in the wake of higher food production. The Indian Government realizes the maintenance of low farm prices in the 1950's was probably one of the main reasons for the stagnation of food production. India's 24 agricultural colleges have graduated 30,000 specialists in the last 10 years. Eight of these schools were established with U.S. assistance and have U.S. professors on their faculties.

The much-heralded "green revolution" of the past 2 years appears to be a reality. The current 5-year plan calls for an end to food imports on a concessional basis (i.e., PL 480) after 2 years. This goal may be overly optimistic, but it is believed that with reasonably good weather conditions India can reach self-sufficiency in food production by the mid-1970's.

## FOREIGN RELATIONS

In the two decades and more since it achieved independence, India has played an important role in world affairs. It has been particularly active in the United Nations as a leader of the Afro-Asian group and has made important contributions to U.N. peacekeeping operations in Korea, the Gaza Strip, the Congo, and Cyprus. In addition, India is Chairman of the International Control Commissions established in Laos, Viet-Nam, and Cambodia in 1954.

Indian leadership in world affairs has been derived not only from the country's size and population, but also from the prestige and influence India attained as a result of its unique and successful independence struggle. Mahatma Gandhi's leadership of the independence movement was maintained and broadened in some respects

5

completely independent positions in the United Nations. Their Foreign Minister, Corneliu Manescu, was the first Communist official ever to be elected President of the United Nations General Assembly.

In addition to their membership in the United Nations and its specialized agencies, the Romanians are in the Warsaw Treaty Organization and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Their role in COMECON, however, has been relatively inactive; they have consistently avoided agreeing to limit any multilateral measure which would limit their control over their own economy. Although relatively little is known of their role in the Warsaw Treaty Organization, public reports on at least one session, the March 1968 meeting of the top-level Political Consultative Committee in Sofia, indicated Romanian reluctance to agree to all positions and actions taken by that body. The Romanians are also members of the Danube Commission and the International Atomic Energy Agency.

## U. S. - ROMANIAN RELATIONS

After a 15-year period of strains and coolness, U.S.-Romanian relations have undergone gradual improvement, beginning in 1960 with the signing of an agreement on partial restitution to American claimants for property nationalized or otherwise taken over by the Romanian authorities. Notes between the two Governments on cultural and other exchanges were traded in the same year. This arrangement has been updated biennially, and annual programs of exchanges are agreed to every year.

In 1963 Romania agreed to distribution by the U.S. Embassy in Bucharest of a cultural bulletin and stopped its jamming of the Voice of America and also of Radio Free Europe. High-level talks in Washington, D.C., in the spring of 1964 were followed by the elevation of the legations in both countries to embassies and by favorable revision of U.S. export licensing procedures to Romania. Limited progress on problems involving divided families and dual nationals has been made since 1964. Numerous problems in the consular field nevertheless remain unresolved.

The United States and Romania enjoy an increasingly cordial relationship which has included a substantial increase in high-level contact. In June 1967 Romanian Premier Maurer, then in New York for a session of the United Nations, accepted an invitation to call on President Johnson in Washington. In June 1968 Deputy Prime Minister Alexandru Birladeanu visited Washington and other parts of the United States for 3 weeks with a group of distinguished Romanian scientists. A joint statement calling for increased cooperation in science was issued on July 8, 1968, at the conclusion of the visit. In November 1968 the United States and Romania issued a memorandum calling for cooperation in the field of peaceful use of atomic energy. On June 28, 1969, the White

House announced that President Nixon planned to visit Romania in August.

Despite continuing political differences, there has been greater cooperation in cultural and scientific exchanges and a marked increase since 1964 in the number of U.S. citizens traveling to Romania. The volume of two-way trade has risen from approximately $2 million in 1963 to roughly $27 million in 1967.

## PRINCIPAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

Nicolae Ceausescu (Chow SHES-coo)—Secretary General of the Romanian Communist Party (RCP); head of the party's Permanent Presidium and of its Executive Committee; President of the Council of State

Ion Gheorghe Maurer (MOW-rer)—President, Council of Ministers (Premier); member of RCP Permanent Presidium and of its Executive Committee

Ilie Verdet (Vair-DETS)—First Vice Premier; member RCP Permanent Presidium and of its Executive Committee

Paul Niculescu-Mizil (Nicoo-LES-coo)—Secretary of RCP; member RCP Permanent Presidium and of its Executive Committee

Corneliu Manescu (Mah-NES-coo)—Minister of Foreign Affairs

Cornel Burtica (Boor-TI-kah)—Minister of Foreign Trade

Corneliu Bogdan—Ambassador to the United States

Gheorghe Diaconescu (Dee-YAH-conescu)—Ambassador to the United Nations

Romania maintains an Embassy in the United States at 1607 23rd Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008.

## PRINCIPAL U. S. OFFICIALS

Ambassador—Richard H. Davis

Counselor of Embassy—Harry G. Barnes, Jr.

Army Attaché—Col. James C. Jeffries

Air Attaché—Lt. Col. George H. Normand

Economic Affairs Officer—Daniel L. McCarthy

Cultural Affairs Officer—Daniel J. Hafrey

Administrative Officer—Adolph W. Jones

Political Affairs Officer—Charles W. Schaller

The United States maintains an Embassy in Romania at Strada Tudor Argezhi No. 9, Bucharest.

## READING LIST

* Black, Cyril E. *Challenge in Eastern Europe*. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1954.

* Cretzianu, Alexander. "The Rumanian Armistice Negotiations: Cairo 1944." *Journal of Central European Affairs*, vol. 11, no. 3. October 1951.

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[C]

President—V. V. GIRI

Prime Minister; Minister for Atomic Energy;
Chairman, Planning Commission—Mrs. Indira
GANDHI

Deputy Prime Minister: Minister of Finance—
Morarji DESAI

## Cabinet

Industrial Development, Internal Trade, and Com-
pany Affairs—Fakhruddin Ali AHMED

Home Affairs—Y. B. CHAVAN

External Affairs—Dinesh SINGH

Labor and Rehabilitation—J. L. HATHI

Food and Agriculture; Community Development
and Cooperation—Jagjivan RAM

Tourism and Civil Aviation—Dr. Karan SINGH

Petro-Chemicals, Mines, and Metals—Dr. Tri-
guna SEN

Law and Social Welfare—P. Govinda MENON

Railways—Dr. Ram Subhag SINGH

Steel and Heavy Engineering—C. M. POONACHA

Education and Youth Services—Dr. V. K. R. V.
RAO

Information, Broadcasting, and Communications—
Satya Narayan SINHA

Health, Family Planning, Works, Housing, and
Urban Development—K. K. SHAH

Defense—Sardar Swaran SINGH

Foreign Trade and Supplies—B. R. BHAGAT

Ambassador to the U.S.—Ali Yavar JUNG

Ambassador to the U.N.—Samar SEN

India maintains an Embassy in the United
States at 2107 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20008.

## PRINCIPAL U. S. OFFICIALS

Ambassador—Kenneth B. Keating

Deputy Chief of Mission—William H. Weathersby

Director, U.S. AID Mission—John H. Funari
(Acting)

Counselor of Embassy for Public Affairs—William D. Miller

Minister-Counselor of Embassy for Political/
Economic Affairs—Herbert Spivack

Counselor of Embassy for Political/Economic
Affairs (Internal)—David Ernst

Counselor of Embassy for Political/Economic
Affairs (External)—Herbert Gordon

Counselor of Embassy for Commercial Affairs—
Frank Wilson

Counselor of Embassy for Labor Affairs—Morris
Weisz

Administrative Officer—John F. Rieger

## Consuls General

Bombay—Daniel Braddock

Calcutta—Richard T. Davies

Madras—Thomas K. Recknagel

The United States maintains an Embassy in
India at Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 21, New
Delhi.

## READING LIST

Brown, W. Norman. The United States and India
and Pakistan. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1963.

Griffiths, Sir Percival Joseph. Modern India,
4th ed. New York: Praeger, 1965.

Lewis, John P. Quiet Crisis In India: Economic
Development and American Policy. Washington:
Brookings Institute, 1962.

Morris-Jones, W. H. The Government and Politics
of India. London: Hutchinson University Library, 1964.

Myrdahl, Gunnar. Asian Drama, An Inquiry Into
the Poverty of a Nation. New York: Pantheon,
1968.

Spate, O. K. H. India and Pakistan: A General
and Regional Geography. New York: Dutton,
1964.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 7847
Revised July 1969

Office of Media Services
Bureau of Public Affairs

NOTE: This special revision of the Background Notes on India, prepared for official use in connection with President Nixon's visit to India, is not for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. The most recent edition available for general distribution is dated December 1967; it is scheduled for revision and sale this fall.

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