- 13 -

[Lc]

c. About one-fourth of the people express disapproval of Americans. Their comments are about equally divided among disapproval of public conduct, the colonialistic attitude of Americans, and indiscriminate killing ascribed to the United States.

About a third of the people express no disapproval of Americans, and somewhat more than a third do not answer the question.

"They get drunk and do wrong things in the streets."

"They look down on Vietnamese women."

"Because of Americans, many Vietnamese women are engaged in prostitution."

"They do not try to win the sympathy of those who work with them."

"By spending too much money, they unknowingly ruin our economy."

"They do fierce bombing, killing the people and damaging their houses, although they do not know if the VC are there or not."

d. About a third of the people think that the United States is in Vietnam to help contain Communism, another third offer other possible motives, both favorable and unfavorable, for United States involvement, and the remainder do not answer the question.

"The U.S. is willing to fight in Vietnam because the Americans are motivated by their love for peace and freedom."

"The U.S. is fighting Communism for the ideal of freedom."

"The U.S. fears that Communism may spread out and reach America."

"If it does not fight in Vietnam, it will lose face."

"The U.S. wants the world to see its power and strength."

"The U.S. which is our ally, must come to our rescue."

"The Vietnamese people asks the U.S. to help fight the Communists."

"It fights in Vietnam for its own interests. It will use Vietnam as a consumer market."

"The U.S. wants Vietnam as its colony. I think the U.S. is no different from France."

"It has to solve a social problem at home. The unemployed can have jobs in weapon manufacturing plants."

"The U.S. provokes the war, maintains it, because it wants to use our country as a testing ground for a showdown of strength between America and Communist China."

The victory-oriented group (see Section #3) are more likely than other people to cite containment of Communism as the main American motive.

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[L.C.]

e. Nearly two-thirds of the people would like to see the United States spend more of its time on negotiating for peace. One person in seven (predominantly in the victory-oriented group) wants to see us escalate the war. I and II Corps residents disproportionately prefer negotiation to escalation.

In the conduct of the war, this is one of several instances where the people do not appear to be in agreement with U.S. policy.

f. In fact, there is considerable sentiment that the Americans should get out of the war as combatants. About a third of the people would like to see us get out of the war and either stay as advisers (21%) or go home (10%). A little more than a third of the people (primarily the victory-oriented and the I Corps residents) want the United States to stay in the fight.

The people who are most likely to think that the United States should get out of the war and withdraw from Vietnam are those who live in the IV Corps, and women. People of all age groups and all educational backgrounds are about equally likely to think that the United States troops should return to the States.

g. A key question - and one which divides the people - is the issue of American bombing against South Vietnamese villages and hamlets. The question reflects the conflict between the official goal of pursuing the war, and the immediate personal consequences to the people.

About half of the people think that the United States should stop the bombing of hamlets even if it is necessary to the pursuit of the war. Just over a third (notably in the I and IV Corps areas) approve of continued bombing and burning of hamlets, and one person in six ventures no answer. Men, people who have done well economically, and those with more formal education are more likely than others to want the United States to continue its activity against hamlets.

Another justification for regarding this as a key issue is that sentiment in the larger cities - which are not affected by hamlet bombing - is at least as strong as it is in the countryside which is vulnerable to such activity.

h. Nearly half of the people think that the United States will withdraw from Vietnam after the war is over. That leaves one person in eight who thinks we will stay in Vietnam after the war, and a large proportion of the people who do not know what our intentions are.

The victory-oriented people (see Section #3) are much more likely than others to think that the United States will withdraw.

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[LC]

7. Attitudes toward the Ky government and toward Red China

a. Over half of the people say they completely approve of the Ky government and about one person in ten is critical of the government in some way. However, even comments of people who approve of the government do not reflect unqualified endorsement. For example:

"But it should improve every day."

"Wish it could succeed in pacifying the rural areas."

People who express some criticism of the present government are more likely to live in Saigon than elsewhere, to be men, to read newspapers, and to have a relatively high amount of formal education.

b. Criticism of the present government covers many different activities.

"Eliminate red tape. The people lose too much of their time with it."

"The government should try to eliminate corruption and graft which are very common. What the government wants to give to the people, it should give to the people directly."

"One can see only Northerners in all government offices. The government should avoid separation (i.e., discrimination) between Northerners and Southerners."

"We should have complete freedom, such as freedom of the press."

"There should be no illegal arrests."

"The present government should go back to the armed forces so that the people can elect a civilian government."

"The black market should be checked by giving freedom to trade and imports."

"I wish there would be more security in the streets. No more teenagers robbing."

"The government should build more schools on expropriated land."

"There should be more direct contacts and talks with the people to satisfy their legitimate aspirations."

"National sovereignty should be in Vietnamese hands. If the Americans want to do something, they should have our approval. The present government has somehow let the Americans misuse their power. They can now do anything they want."

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[LC]

c. More than four Vietnamese in ten express some disapproval of Red China. The warlike nature of China, the exploitation of its people and the aid which China gives to North Vietnam are the chief types of criticism.

Only 4% of the people have something favorable to say about Red China.

8. The future

a. The people have an overwhelming desire for reunification with the North after the war ends; 83% want reunification "very much."

The strain for reunification is strongest in the North (I and II Corps), among younger people (age 30 or younger), men, and people with the most exposure to the mass media. However, those favoring reunification tended to add that they wanted a reunified government to be non-Communist.

b. Looking to the end of the war, people feel that life would be easier under a nationalist form of government (83%). No one wants to live under a Communist regime.

More freedom and an easier life are the main reasons given for preferring a non-Communist government.

"We would be free to eat and wear what we want to."

"We would have freedom to move and make our living."

"With the nationalist government, we aren't obliged to share with anyone what we own."

"One can enjoy what he earns."

"Under the Communists there is no religion, no family, no law."

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[LC]

# 1967 NATIONAL OPINION SURVEY

## NATIONAL OPINION SURVEY

This opinion survey was conducted by the Center for Vietnamese Studies with the technical cooperation of Opinion Research Corporation. The Government of the Republic of Vietnam has contracted with the U.S. government to conduct this survey, and the fieldwork was begun on November 22, 1967, and the questionnaire was distributed to all preparatory work had been completed. In addition, this notification was sent to all local authorities in the localities affected by the survey. The local authorities' assistance was necessary to determine whether each sample point was accessible in the various localities and transportation.

The Office of the Special Survey Administration began to notify the province chiefs in December, 1967, while the fieldwork in Saigon was initiated on a date earlier.

## APPENDIX

### Methodological Report

List of hamlets where interviews were conducted

Selected data from other surveys for CBS News

Data for the total sample

Information available from detailed tabulations

Copy of English translation of questionnaire

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[Lc]

1967 NATIONAL OPINION SURVEY

This opinion survey was conducted by the Center for Vietnamese Studies with the technical cooperation of Opinion Research Corporation. The Government of the Republic of Vietnam was notified on November 22, 1966, and the fieldwork was begun immediately thereafter, as all preparatory work had been completed prior to that date. Such notification was instrumental in generating a cooperative attitude on the part of the authorities in the localities affected by the sample. The local authorities' assistance was needed especially to determine whether each sample point was accessible in terms of security and transportation. The Office of the Special Commissioner for Public Administration began to notify the province chiefs and mayors concerned on December 5, 1966, while the fieldwork in Saigon was initiated ten days earlier.

The Sample

The sample, consisting of over 1,500 cases, was a random sample of the population presently residing in the areas controlled by the Government of the Republic of Vietnam.

Since the National Institute of Statistics was not able to provide a more recent census figure for the population of each province in South Vietnam, sample apportioning was based on its population estimates of June, 1964.

The total sample comprised an urban and a rural sub-sample. The urban sub-sample, comprising 755 cases, affected the major cities of South Vietnam. With a view to be able to consider separately the findings concerning the capital city, it was decided that the sample of Saigon contained 500 cases (for a population of approximately 1.7 million, not including the twin city of Gia-dinh). The remaining 250 cases of the urban sub-sample were distributed among four other cities: Hue (70 cases; approximate population 113,000), Da-nang (100 cases; population 162,000), Dalat (40 cases; population 60,000), and Can-tho (45 cases; population 77,000).

Each city was divided into a number of clusters. Approximately one-tenth of the clusters was randomly selected. In each sampled cluster, the interviewer was to interview in households spaced by Nth interval, beginning with a random starting point assigned by the research director. Selection of the respondent in a sampled household was determined by a selection key which gave a random number jointly with the number of household members. The interviewer recorded the ages of all household members between 18 and 60 (male only, if the questionnaire number was odd; female if it was even) and selected one from among them using the selection key. The respondents were alternately male and female since the numbers stamped on the questionnaires given each interviewer were consecutive.

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[Lc]

(b) The rural sub-sample was distributed among the six sample areas proportionally to their relative population sizes.

(c) In each sample area, a number of provinces was randomly² selected. This number was determined by the relative population size of each area.

(d) The number of sample cases apportioned to each sampled area in (b), was distributed to the selected provinces of the area proportionally to their populations.

(e) In each selected province, several districts were randomly selected. The number of districts selected was proportional to the number of districts existing in the province.

(f) In the districts selected, several hamlets were randomly selected, depending on the number of hamlets existing in each district.³ In each district, however, several other hamlets were selected, also randomly, to constitute a stand-by sample, the security condition within the district being not known before the local districts were visited.

(g) The number of sample cases assigned to a province was distributed equally among the hamlets so selected, in view of the lack of precise demographic statistics concerning the hamlets. However, to be more realisitic, the team leaders in the field were required to secure from district chiefs and hamlet chiefs the best available information on the number of households in each of the hamlets to be surveyed and were authorized to reapportion the sample cases among the hamlets.

The team leader was also required to secure from the district chief maps of the hamlets selected in order to give assignments to his team members. In a few cases, the interviewer had to go into a hamlet and draw a sketchy map of it before beginning to select randomly the households and the respondents.

² Using a table of random numbers (Tippett table).

³ Between the district and the hamlet, there is another administrative division - the village. This administrative entity, however, was not involved in the sampling operation.

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[Lc]

to respondents' conviction that they were too ignorant to answer ques-
tions. As a rule, it was much more arduous to follow up a selected
sample case in Saigon and, to a lesser extent, in the other major cities,
than in the rural areas. Many of the respondents in Saigon had to be
approached several times before an interview was obtained; usually, they
were busy and after-office-hours appointments were requested. Household
members who were away (especially servicemen) for more than five days
each time, were not included in the age check-list filled out for respon-
dent selection.

As had been expected, most of the difficulties in the field were relat-
ed to transportation. They affected not only travels between the pro-
vincial capitals and the hamlets but also, although to a much lesser
extent, travels between Saigon and the provincial capitals. Except
in a few cases, all the latter travels were effected with regular flights
of Air Vietnam, the only domestic airline company, and delays were in-
evitable. Wherever the delay was considerable, free transportation was
was obtained on Vietnamese Air Force flights. Transportation between
provincial capitals and hamlets where interviews were to be conducted
was by local bus service. In many cases, however, the interviewers had
to wait for convoys or escorts and military embarkations in order to
go through insecure areas. (In one major incident, four interviewers
found themselves in one of the first buses among a long line stopped
by a couple of Vietcong soldiers disguised in ARVN Military Police
uniform. Their bus was the only one to pass, as a police officer in
the bus noticed that the imposters were bare-footed and threatened to
blow up everyone around including the aggressors with two hand grenades
he had unbolted between his teeth.)

Security was a problem bearing on ground transportation and also on
sampling. Fourteen hamlets in the stand-by sample were used to sub-
stitute for an equal number of sampled hamlets discarded for security
reasons, as a result of the suggestions of the district authorities.
This substitution includes the case in which an entire district was
forsaken and another one selected.

Due to infrequent transportation service in some areas, the interviewers
were not able to complete the required number of interviews in Ba-xuyen
(91 only instead of 100), Quang-nam (92 instead of 95) and Thua-thien
(59 instead of 60). On the other hand, in some sample points, the
interviewers decidedly went on with random selection of respondents
beyond the required number of interviews, especially when they were
waiting for transportation. For Saigon, additional randomly sampled
clusters were assigned to the interviewers until authorization was
given for fieldwork in the provinces. The final sample was overdrawn
by thirty-six cases in Saigon, five in Hue, four in Dinh-tuong, three
in Can-tho, two in Darlac, two in Binh-dinh, one in Da-nang and one in
Khanh-hoa.⁵

5 These overdrawn cases can be easily extracted from the survey.
They are intentionally placed at the end in the numbering of
interviews (Colss. 7,8,9) of each fieldwork location (Colss. 5,6).

[L]

Another problem, although less current, was related to language. In Saigon, a predominantly Chinese area was left out entirely of the sample because of the inability of most residents to converse in Vietnamese. Two hamlets in Darlac province were substituted because practically all of their inhabitants were tribesmen who did not speak or spoke very little Vietnamese. The use of interpreters was ruled out mainly in view of the hazards of spontaneous translation and the inconvenience of a third person's presence.

Finally, one should bear in mind the fact that a large number of young men of draft age may have dropped out of our sampling process. It has been feared that the person in the household who answered the interviewer's call might, in most cases, refrain from mentioning such men in his or her household who were of draft age. A quantitative study of the results will show how much of this fear was well-founded. It is the interviewers' impression that very few young men were mentioned when they asked the person available to list the ages of all men in the household between 18 and 60. Furthermore, they feel that in the countryside actually most men of draft age were not available because infallibly they had to join either Government or Vietcong forces. Those who joined the village Popular Forces of the Government were usually available.

As usual, the interviewers were warned that their work would be checked carefully in the field. Over 15% of each interviewer's fieldwork was spot-checked. Furthermore, in the case of Saigon and other cities, check-cards were mailed to another 20% of the subjects interviewed by each interviewer (see accompanying copies of "check-questionnaire" and "check-card"). These checks provided convincing proof of the veracity of the interviews as well as a general appraisal of the interviewers by their respondents. They also gave the supervisors an opportunity to assess the procedure followed by the interviewer in selecting his respondents. Since the three field supervisors available could not possibly do the checking immediately after the interviews were completed, the interviewers were required to record all the addresses at which interviews were done. In practically all of the hamlets, respondents could not be retraced by formal addresses (no street name, no house number), and the interviewers had to record also the names of the respondents together with location details on maps of the hamlets, although the general rule has been that interviewers should not ask a respondent to give his name. Except for a few cases in which nevertheless the interviewers concerned had the benefit of doubt, the supervisors were satisfied that the fieldwork was carried out correctly.

In this survey, as in past ones, it is the interviewers' consensus that respondents are more cooperative and outspoken in the rural areas than in the cities, especially Saigon. The general willingness of rural respondents to answer questions was, however, somewhat defeated by their belief that any questions asked by a "city dweller" were too difficult to them. Judging from the "Interviewer's Comments" written at the end of the questionnaires, while practically all of the respondents in the provinces were communicative and, by the same token, sincere, it was believed that no more than 80% of the Saigon respondents were comparably sincere.

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SELECTED DATA FROM OTHER SURVEYS

FOR CBS NEWS

Selected Data from CBS Current Events Test,
and from Public Opinion Survey for the
CBS News Broadcast *Vietnam - Where We Stand*

Knowledge of the American Public on Vietnam and Related Issues

These data are taken from the nationwide survey for the National Current Events Test. Personal interviews were conducted with a nationwide probability sample of 946 adults, age 18 and older, living in the continental United States. Interviewing was conducted during December, 1966.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Base*</th><th>Per cent giving correct answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>** 1. About how many servicemen does the United States have stationed now in Vietnam?</td><td>941</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>** 2. True or false: only men who have enlisted in the armed forces may be sent to Vietnam.</td><td>937</td><td>89</td></tr><tr><td>3. Another true or false: as was the case in the Korean War, the United States and its allies who are fighting in Vietnam are a United Nations force.</td><td>939</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td>** 4. This year the United States dropped more tons of bombs on South Vietnam than on North Vietnam. True or false?</td><td>933</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>5. This year the United States blockaded the North Vietnam port of Haiphong. True or false?</td><td>927</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>6. This year the United States bombed the oil supplies of Hanoi and Haiphong. True or false?</td><td>937</td><td>81</td></tr></tbody></table>

* There were a total of 946 respondents. The difference between the total and the base are the number of people who did not try to answer the question.

** These items were used in the broadcast. More questions were asked in the survey than appeared in the script.

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[LC]

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Base</th><th>Per cent giving<br>correct answer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>7. This year the North Vietnam government moved troops into the demilitarized zone between North and South Vietnam. True or false?</td><td>934</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>** 8. This year the North Vietnam government put captured American fliers on trial as war criminals. True or false?</td><td>933</td><td>36</td></tr><tr><td>** 9. The people of South Vietnam elected representatives in September. What is the job that these representatives are now supposed to be doing? (Multiple choice)</td><td>919</td><td>42</td></tr><tr><td>**10. Prime Minister Ky of South Vietnam was elected to his office by the parliament of South Vietnam, not by voters in general. True or false?</td><td>931</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>**11. The Vietcong control more land in South Vietnam than the South Vietnam government does. True or false?</td><td>928</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>12. The government of North Vietnam was represented at the recent Manila Conference. True or false?</td><td>929</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>13. As you may remember, the Geneva agreement of 1954 set up the two separate countries of North and South Vietnam. The question is this: true or false -- the United States was one of the countries to sign the Geneva agreement.</td><td>921</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>**48. Lately there has been some doubt about who is the real leader in Communist China. But at least on paper, who is officially the head of the Communist Party in China?</td><td>934</td><td>Mao-tse Tung: 58<br>Ho Chi Minh: 19<br>Chiang Kai-shek: 23</td></tr></tbody></table>

(Correct answer underlined)

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[lc]

In December, 1965, CBS News devoted an hour to *Vietnam - Where We Stand.* For part of that broadcast, ORC conducted a nationwide study among 1,114 adults, age 18 and older, living in the continental United States. A probability sample design was used, like the design for the Current Events Test. Interviews were conducted during the first week of December, 1965. The following fact questions are taken from that study.

21. Do you happen to know which side the United States is trying to help? Is it North Vietnam or South Vietnam?

<table><tr><td>North Vietnam</td><td>8%</td></tr><tr><td>South Vietnam</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>Don't know</td><td>19</td></tr></table>

25. At the present time, who is in control of most of the land area of South Vietnam? Is it the side that the United States is helping, or the other side, or who?

<table><tr><td>Side that U. S. is helping</td><td>30%</td></tr><tr><td>Other side</td><td>35</td></tr><tr><td>Other answer</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Don't know</td><td>34</td></tr></table>

26. Can you name of the two countries that border on either South Vietnam or North Vietnam?

<table><tr><td>Cambodia</td><td>28%</td></tr><tr><td>Laos</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>China (or Red China)</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>Thailand</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>Other answer</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Don't know</td><td>50</td></tr></table>

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DATA FOR TOTAL SAMPLE

This section provides percentage tabulations for each question
for the total sample of 1,413 respondents.

It is the only place where the reader can find a complete set
of data for the free-response questions. In the detailed tab-
ulations, we show separate categories of free-response answers
for the major items, and combine the many small items.

Although there are actually 1,545 completed and usable inter-
views, the data for the total sample are from 1,413. The 132
interviews not used in the total sample are from the four cities
of Hue, Da-nang, Dalat, and Can-tho. The number of interviews
in these cities far exceeded their actual proportion of the
population of South Vietnam. If we had used these 132 cases,
and we still wanted to have our total sample be a representa-
tive cross-section of all South Vietnam, we would have had to
give too much additional weight in our computation to the rural
part of the sample.

In the book of detailed tabulations, where we show responses
separately for the four cities noted above, all of the inter-
views conducted in those cities is included in the percentage
base.

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[LC]

1. Do you think that your life is better or worse than it was a year ago?

<table><tr><td>Better</td><td>25%</td></tr><tr><td>Worse</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>About the same</td><td>27</td></tr></table>

* 2a. Would you tell me why it is better? (Free response; asked only of those who say they think life is better than it was a year ago.)

<table><thead><tr><th>Per cent asked this question</th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>25</td><td>Improvement in financial situation</td></tr><tr><td>18%</td><td>Area more secure than formerly</td></tr><tr><td>5</td><td>Raise in wages or salary</td></tr><tr><td>3</td><td>Help from the government (nonspecific)</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>More income earners in family this year than last</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td>Improvement in own or family's health</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

(Multiple answers)

2b. Would you tell me why it is worse? (Free response; asked only of those who say they think life is worse than it was a year ago.)

<table><thead><tr><th>Per cent asked this question</th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>48</td><td>Increase in cost of living</td></tr><tr><td>23%</td><td>Unemployment</td></tr><tr><td>20</td><td>Poor income, stationary wages</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Fewer income earners in family</td></tr><tr><td>8</td><td>Hard to earn living because of war</td></tr><tr><td>7</td><td>Transportation problems</td></tr><tr><td>2</td><td>Shortage of labor</td></tr><tr><td>1</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

(Multiple answers)

3. In a year, do you think your life will be better or worse than it is today?

<table><tr><td>Better</td><td>26%</td></tr><tr><td>Worse</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>About the same</td><td>18</td></tr><tr><td>No opinion, not reported</td><td>42</td></tr></table>

* A sample of verbatim comments from which the code categories were constructed for free response questions is available at Opinion Research Corporation. The actual coding of free response questions was carried out in Saigon.

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[Lc]

6. Do you read newspapers or have them read to you?

<table><tr><td>Yes</td><td>57%</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>43</td></tr></table>

7. How often do you read newspapers or have them read to you? (Asked only of people who say, "Yes," to Question #6.)

<table><tr><td>Per cent asked this question</td><td>57</td></tr><tr><td>Daily</td><td>19%</td></tr><tr><td>Several times a week</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Once a week</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Less than once a week</td><td>14</td></tr></table>

8. Do you listen to radio broadcasts?

<table><tr><td>Yes</td><td>82%</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>18</td></tr></table>

9. How often do you listen to radio broadcasts? (Asked only of people who say, "Yes," to Question #8.)

<table><tr><td>Per cent asked this question</td><td>82</td></tr><tr><td>Daily</td><td>50%</td></tr><tr><td>Several times a week</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Once a week</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Less than once a week</td><td>7</td></tr></table>

10. Within the past year, have you ever lived in a place which was under attack by air, artillery, or ground troops?

<table><tr><td>Yes</td><td>17%</td></tr><tr><td>No</td><td>83</td></tr></table>

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[LC]

19. Have you ever lived in a place controlled by the Vietminh or the VC?

<table><tr><td>Yes, Vietminh</td><td>21%</td></tr><tr><td>Yes, VC</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>No, Neither</td><td>68</td></tr></table>

20. In your opinion, who is mainly responsible for the continuation of the war?

<table><tr><td>The government of South Vietnam</td><td>2%</td></tr><tr><td>The Vietcong</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>The government of North Vietnam</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Red China</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>United States</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>No opinion, not reported</td><td>33</td></tr></table>

21. In your opinion, which country is more warlike: The United States or Red China?

<table><tr><td>The United States</td><td>5%</td></tr><tr><td>Red China</td><td>48</td></tr><tr><td>Both about equally</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>No opinion, not reported</td><td>43</td></tr></table>

22. Have you ever heard of any effort made in the world to bring peace to Vietnam?

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[Lc]

25. Do you like the Americans to devote more attention to finding a way to negotiate with North Vietnam, or do you want them to concentrate on their military efforts against the North?

<table><tr><td>More negotiation</td><td>63%</td></tr><tr><td>More military action</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>No opinion, not reported</td><td>22</td></tr></table>

26. What do you like to see the Americans do against North Vietnam? (Free response; asked only of those who say, "Military action," on Question #25.)

<table><tr><td>Per cent asked this question</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Frontal attacks on North Vietnam; attack Hanoi</td><td>4%</td></tr><tr><td>Increase bombing of North Vietnam</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>More intensive war effort against North (unspecified)</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Cut off supply routes used by Vietcong</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>No opinion, not reported</td><td>2</td></tr></table>

(Multiple answers)

27. What do you think the American forces should do in the South? Should they go on fighting, should they stop fighting but remain here as advisors to the GVN forces, or should they stop fighting and go back to their country?

<table><tr><td>Go on fighting</td><td>39%</td></tr><tr><td>Stop fighting, stay as advisors</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Stop fighting, go back to their country</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>No opinion, not reported</td><td>30</td></tr></table>

28. As you probably know, the Americans sometimes bombarded and burned out villages where they thought the VC were hiding. Do you think that the Americans should continue to bombard and burn villages when they see it as necessary, or shouldn't they do so any more?

<table><tr><td>Continue to bomb and burn when necessary</td><td>37%</td></tr><tr><td>Stop the bombing and burning</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>No opinion, not reported</td><td>17</td></tr></table>

- 39 -

[Lc]

29. Do you think the Americans will leave when the war is over?

<table><tr><td>Yes, will leave</td><td>46%</td></tr><tr><td>No, will not leave</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>No opinion, not reported</td><td>41</td></tr></table>

30. Do you think your life will be easier if the VC control your area? Or will it be so if the GVN (Government of South Vietnam) controls your area?

<table><tr><td>Better off with VC</td><td>0%</td></tr><tr><td>Better off with GVN</td><td>90</td></tr><tr><td>Does not matter who is in charge</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>No opinion, not reported</td><td>7</td></tr></table>

31. What do you think of the reunification of North and South Vietnam when the war is over? Do you care very much for reunification? Not very much? Or don't you care at all?

<table><tr><td>Wants reunification very much</td><td>83%</td></tr><tr><td>Wants reunification a little bit</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Does not want reunification</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Does not care what happens</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>No opinion, not reported</td><td>9</td></tr></table>

32. Would you tell me who the leader of the North Vietnamese government is? (Free response.)

<table><tr><td>Ho-Chi-Minh or Nguyen-ai Quoc</td><td>58%</td></tr><tr><td>Pham-van Dong</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Wrong answer, don't know</td><td>41</td></tr></table>

33. Would you tell me who the leader of the Red Chinese government is? (Free response.)

<table><tr><td>Mao-trach Dong (Mao-tse Tung)</td><td>32%</td></tr><tr><td>Chu-An Lai (Chu En Lai)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Wrong answer, don't know</td><td>67</td></tr></table>

- 40 -

[Lc]

34. Would you tell me the name of the current leader or president of the U. S. (Free response.)

<table><tr><td>Lyndon Johnson</td><td>42%</td></tr><tr><td>Don't know</td><td>58%</td></tr></table>

35. Would you tell me the name of the present leader of the GVN (South Vietnam)? (Free response.)

<table><tr><td>Nguyen-van Thieu</td><td>13%</td></tr><tr><td>Nguyen-cao Ky</td><td>52%</td></tr><tr><td>Naming both Thieu and Ky</td><td>8%</td></tr><tr><td>Wrong answer, don't know</td><td>27%</td></tr></table>

36. Are you satisfied with the way the present Nguyen-cao Ky government works, or do you want there to be some changes in the way that the government works?

<table><tr><td>Satisfied</td><td>53%</td></tr><tr><td>Would like changes</td><td>11%</td></tr><tr><td>No opinion, not reported</td><td>36%</td></tr></table>

- 41 -

[LC]

37. How would you like the government to change its way of working?
(Free response; asked only of those who say they would like changes on Question #36.)

<table><thead><tr><th>Per cent asked this question</th><th><u>11</u></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Changes in personnel (to get rid of arrogant and corrupt civil servants)</td><td>3%</td></tr><tr><td>Changes in economic life (to lower cost-of-living, get rid of dishonest merchants, control inflation)</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Changes in attitudes toward the people (to try to understand their legitimate aspirations)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Equity (get rid of injustice in the draft and other areas)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Organizational changes in government offices (cut down red tape, etc.)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Changes in discriminatory policies (between Northerners and Southerners, civil servants and military)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Less totalitarianism (more freedom of press, no illegal arrests)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Changes related to social welfare (cut down on crime, juvenile delinquency, prostitution)</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>Changes related to education (new schools, use or don't use French in schools, etc.)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Changes to transfer power to a civilian government</td><td>*</td></tr><tr><td>Other answers</td><td>3</td></tr></tbody></table>

(Multiple answers)

38. Do you think the present government will try to stay in power as long as possible, or do you think it is ready to resign in favor of a government elected by the people?

<table><tr><td>Will try to stay in power</td><td>10%</td></tr><tr><td>Will resign in favor of elected government</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>No opinion, not reported</td><td>57</td></tr></table>

* = less than 1/2 of 1%

COPY OF ENGLISH TRANSLATION

OF QUESTIONNAIRE

CENTER FOR VIETNAMESE STUDIES

212-A Tran-hung Dao Blvd.

Questionnaire No.

SAIGON

NATIONWIDE PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY

Location No. _________

Province/City _________

Date of Interview: _________

District _________

Time started: _________

Hamlet _________

Introduction: _________

My name is .................... I'm from The Center for Vietnamese
Studies, an institute engaged in studying public opinion. The Center
is conducting a survey of public opinion on a number of current affairs.
We are being sent to various places to interview the population. We're
not interested in each respondent personally, but in his true opinion
on the following simple questions.

Interviewer's notes: _________

1. Location No .................... Return for the first time on .........
Return for the second time on .........
Return for the third time on .........

Reason for not being able to interview: _________

2. Location No .................... Return for the first time on .........
Return for the second time on .........
Return for the third time on .........

3. Location No .................... Return for the first time on .........
Return for the second time on .........
Return for the third time on .........

- Q2 -

[Lc]

1. Do you think your life is better or worse than it was a year ago?

1. Better

2. Worse

3. About the same (proceed with #3)

X. Don't know (proceed with #3)

2. Would you tell me why it is better/worse?

1. Better

2. Worse

3. About the same

X. Don't know

4. Let's assume that you're given three wishes for yourself and your family. What will you wish?

5. If you're given three wishes for our country, what will you wish?

1. Yes

2. No (proceed with #8)

[L.C.]

- Q5 -

17. In your opinion, what do people around here dislike about the VC?
(PROBE) Any other reasons?

18. On the other hand, what do they like about the VC? (PROBE) Any other reasons?

19. Have you lived in a place controlled by the Viet Minh or the VC?

1. Viet Minh

2. Viet Cong

3. Never lived under the control of the Viet Minh or VC

20. In your opinion, who is mainly responsible for the continuation of this war? the GVN, the VC in the South, North Vietnam, Red China, or the US? (ONE choice only)

1. The GVN

2. The VC

3. North Vietnam

4. Red China

5. The US

X. Don't know

21. In your opinion, which country is more warlike? the US or Red China?

1. The US

2. Red China

3. Both

4. None of them is warlike

X. Don't know

[Lc]

- Q6 -

22. Have you ever heard of the world's effort to bring peace to Vietnam?

1. Yes

2. No (proceed with #24)

23. Who or which countries have tried to bring peace to Vietnam? (PROBE)
Who else or which other countries?

24. In your opinion, why do the Americans fight in Vietnam? (PROBE)
Any other reasons?

1. More attention to negotiation (proceed with #27)

2. More attention on military effort

X. Don't know (proceed with #27)

26. What do you like to see the Americans do to the North? (PROBE)
What else do you like to see the Americans do?

- Q7 -

27. What do you think the American force should do in the South? They should go on fighting, they should stop fighting but remain here to serve as advisers to the GVN force, or they should stop fighting and go back to their country?

1 Go on fighting

2 Stop fighting and serve as advisers

3 Stop fighting and go back to their country

X Don't know

28. As you probably know, the Americans sometimes bombarded and burned out villages where they thought the VC were hiding in. Do you think the Americans should continue to bombard and burn when they see necessary; or shouldn't they do so anymore?

1 Continue to bombard and burn if necessary

2 Stop burning and bombarding

X Don't know

1 Yes

2 No

9 Other (specify)

X Don't know

30. Do you think life will be easier for you if the VC control your area? or will it be so if the GVN controls your area?

1 The VC

2 The GVN

3 I don't care who controls my area, it'll be the same to me

X Don't know

31. What do you think of the reunification of this country when the war is over? Do you care very much for reunification? Not very much? Or don't you care at all?

1 Very much

2 Not very much

3 Not at all

9 Indifferent

X Don't know

- Q8 -

32. Would you tell me who the leader of the North Vietnamese Govern-
ment is?

33. Would you tell me who the leader of the Red Chinese Government is?

34. Would you tell me the name of the current leader or president of the US?

35. Would you tell me the name of the present leader of the GVN?

36. Are you satisfied with the way the present Nguyen Cao Ky Government works, or do you want there will be some changes in the way the Government works?

1. Satisfied (proceed with #38)

2. Want some changes

X Don't know

37. How do you like the Government to change its way of working?

38. Do you think the present GVN will try to stay in power as long as possible, or do you think it is ready to resign and leave the place for a government elected by the people?

1. Will try to hold power

2. Ready to yield power to an elected government

9. Other (specify)

X Don't know

[LC]

- Q11 -

49. Do you know how to read and write Vietnamese?

1. Yes

2. No

50. What is your occupation? (specify if "MERCHANT", "CIVIL SERVANT" or "SOLDIER")

1. Farmer

9. Other (specify) ...

... (proceed with #52)

51. Are you a landowner, a tenant, or a farm-laborer?

1. Landlord, landowner

2. Tenant, working on rented land

3. Farmer laborer

9. Other (specify) ...

52. What is your religion?

1. Buddhism

2. Roman Catholicism

3. Cao-dai

4. Hoa-hao

5. Ancestor Worship, Confucianism

6. Other (specify) ...

7. No religion

## INTERVIEWER'S COMMENTS

Time ended:

Name of interviewer: ...

[LC]

TRANSCRIPT OF CBS NEWS BROADCAST - MARCH 21, 1967

COLLINGWOOD: The survey of the attitudes of the people of South Vietnam which is the subject of this broadcast was completed some weeks ago, and we can only speculate tonight on what impact the exchange of letters between President Johnson and Ho Chi Minh, made public today, will have on the people of South Vietnam.

As we shall see later on, the South Vietnamese want peace, and they want it by negotiation, so they must have welcomed the President's peace initiative and must have been dismayed by Ho's rebuff. And Ho's repeated insistence on a role for the National Liberation Front in the South is not likely to meet with much enthusiasm from the South Vietnamese, as this survey will indicate.

For more than two months during December and January, teams of young Vietnamese researchers traveled through the secure areas of South Vietnam, interviewing more than 1500 people in the five major cities and 55 hamlets in 11 provinces, in the first independent public opinion survey of the South Vietnamese and how they feel about the war.

Tonight, we shall examine the findings of that survey for the broad perspective they give on the views of the people most directly affected by the war in Vietnam. We shall paint our picture in broad strokes because it would be foolhardy to view the findings to the nearest percentage point - or even several percentage points - in a nation beset by war, functioning under military rule, where a stranger, even another Vietnamese, is often suspected of being a government agent, where transportation is difficult and semi-literacy prevails. But in the broad and comparative sense, we think that we shall be able for the first time to gain a realistic insight into the minds and hearts of the South Vietnamese people.

ANNOUNCER: "The People of South Vietnam: How They Feel About the War," a CBS News Public Opinion Survey. With CBS News Correspondent Charles Collingwood.

(ANNOUNCEMENT)

ANNOUNCER: Here again is Charles Collingwood.

COLLINGWOOD: The most striking picture that emerges from our findings about how the South Vietnamese people feel about the war is that of a people who are unified in purpose and divided over method. In many ways, the people of South Vietnam are not unlike the rest of the world in the way they view the war. They want to get it over with, but they're not sure about the best way to go about it.

The overwhelming desire for peace permeates our findings. Asked what they would choose if they could be given three wishes for their country, four out of five named peace as their first choice.

But how to win the peace: Three out of every five South Vietnamese in secure areas feel we should concentrate more on trying to find a way to negotiate with North Vietnam than on extending our military action against the North. One out of seven wants more military action.

- S2 -

[LC]

And despite this yearning to get the war over with, nearly a third of the South Vietnamese would prefer to see the United States disengage itself from the fighting, either by becoming advisers once again or by going home altogether.

Another indication of the difference between unity of purpose and disagreement over method is found toward the Viet Cong. In the secure areas of South Vietnam where the interviews took place there is an intense dislike for the Viet Cong. As we shall see later in detail, the people blame the V.C. more than anyone else for the continuation of the war. They find little to like and much to dislike about the Viet Cong and when asked whether they think life would be easier in their district under Viet Cong or Nationalist control, nobody - not one in more than 1500 - feels they'd be better off under the Viet Cong.

Despite this, 46% of the people think we ought to stop bombing and burning hamlets in the South even though they are suspected of harboring Viet Cong. Nevertheless, almost as many, 37% feel we should continue to bomb and burn where V.C. are hiding. It becomes clear from a study of the data that South Vietnam has its own distinct set of hawks and doves. The groups emerge, one which is militantly victory-oriented, which wants peace but through a greater military effort; the other, which wants the war over with, but is not as ready with a clear plan to end it. These two groups, about equal in number, comprise about half the civilian population. The balance simply don't appear to fall into either category.

The art - or science - of public opinion sampling, even under the most ideal circumstances in the Western world, has its limitations. When you undertake such a project in Vietnam, the limitations assume considerably larger proportions and perhaps this is the time to describe those problems.

First of all, this survey covers only the civilian population of South Vietnam of voting age in the secure areas. That means that the findings don't necessarily reflect the feelings of those Vietnamese living under Viet Cong control. Of a population of more than thirteen and a half million, the sample, divided equally between the five major cities and the countryside, represents somewhat over eight million Vietnamese. The sample, by the way, under-represents young men of draft age who are in the army, or if not, whose families are reluctant to admit their presence at home. Moreover, we are fairly certain that some of the people were less than candid in their replies to the more sensitive questions. One reason for this is fear and suspicion of strangers and authority...some people might have thought the interviewers were government agents. Another is a frequent desire to ingratiate oneself by saying what one thinks the interviewer wants to hear, not what the respondent really feels.

By and large, however, when the people were reluctant to express their real feelings, they answered the questions with a "don't know" or a "no opinion," which is evident from the extraordinary high level of "don't know" responses to some questions. So that if there is a bias to the results, it probably lies in favor of the official point of view. With this in mind, however, we still can place a fair degree of confidence in the results, as long as we apply caution to their interpretation.

- S4 -

[LC]

COLLINGWOOD: The survey as laid out covered South Vietnam from top to bottom. Sixteen interviewers were to conduct 1,500 interviews in the five big cities of South Vietnam and in a hundred villages in 11 provinces.

It took them over two months, under great difficulties, for this is a
nation at war. But in spite of transportation problems in a country where
few roads are safe - Viet Cong activity - one team of interviewers was
stopped by the V.C. and barely got away - in spite of all that, they failed
to get only three interviews out of the 1,500 scheduled.

The interviews were arranged and conducted according to the most meticulous standards of public opinion research. Naturally, we didn't have cameras present when the interviews were originally done lest the presence of the camera affect the nature of the response, but we went back to some of the same people previously interviewed in the same place to record the techniques involved.

INTERVIEWER: In your opinion, would people around here be better off if the South Vietnam Liberation Front were in control of this area, or if the government of the republic were in control?

PEASANT: I think people would be better off having the government in control of this area. The V.C. are also Vietnamese people - Vietnamese people, but they are not appropriate for our way of life.

INTERVIEWER: After the war ends, how do you feel about the reunification of North and South Vietnam? Would you want reunification very much, a little bit, or not at all?

PEASANT: I do want reunification very much.

INTERVIEWER: Can you tell me the name of the man who is the leader of North Vietnam?

PEASANT: Yes, I know it's Ho Chi Minh.

INTERVIEWER: Do you completely approve of the way the government is conducting its affairs, or is there something about the way the government is acting that you would like to see changed?

PEASANT: Well, I think the present government is very efficient and I completely approve of the way it's acting.

COLLINGWOOD: By the end of January, the final interviews were completed and the raw results arrived in the United States for tabulation about three weeks ago. We'll study those tabulations in detail after this message.

(ANNOUNCEMENT)

ANNOUNCER: CBS News' survey of the people of South Vietnam continues.

- S7 -

[LC]

less satisfaction with the Ky regime. Only 43% are satisfied with it, and 23% say they want changes.

Some suspicion is evident when the questioning concerns the future of the Ky government and whether it intends to remain in power as long as it can or give way to a government elected by the people.

One out of ten believes Ky will try to retain power. One out of three Vietnamese believe he'll resign for an elected government. But more than half...57% say they don't know what his intentions are.

Throughout the survey, two undercurrents are in constant evidence. One is the desire for peace, the other for economic improvement...more and better jobs, lower prices, lower taxes, better business conditions. Peace and economic well-being, of course, are closely related, and it is fair to say that the yearnings for peace are motivated perhaps as much by a desire for a decent life as an escape from the miseries of war.

I'll be back with a final word in a moment.

(ANNOUNCEMENT)

COLLINGWOOD: There is ammunition to support all the passionately held convictions about the American role in Vietnam in this first independent survey of public attitudes in South Vietnam. But the findings have the ring of authenticity. They are not only internally consistent, but anyone who has spent much time in Vietnam, as this reporter has, finds that they check out pretty well with his own, less scientific, impressions.

For instance, the survey shows that contrary to a widely held belief outside South Vietnam, its people are not so exhausted and numbed by the war that they no longer care which side wins. They do care - very much. They want peace, but not at any price. They do not want a Communist government. They want unification, but not on Communist terms. Even before reunification - and perhaps they are unrealistic about this - they do not want V.C. or National Liberation Front participation in a post-war government of South Vietnam alone, for all Ho Chi Minh's insistence on the recognition of the Front as a condition for peace.

The survey, even after allowances for the possibility of a lack of complete frankness, confirms that the Viet Cong does not enjoy mass support outside the areas it controls in South Vietnam.

If these findings are encouraging to those who support the American effort in Vietnam, there are others which are less so. While there is little evidence of overt anti-Americanism, there is some suspicion of American motives by the South Vietnamese - less than half will say that they believe American promises that we will leave the country after the war. Less than 40% will even say

- S8 -

[LC]

they want the Americans to keep on fighting right now. While most South Vietnamese put the blame on the V.C. when their villages are bombed and burned, nevertheless, nearly half of them would like to see the Allies stop the bombing and burning, even when the V.C. are suspected of hiding in the villages. Above all, only 15% of the people in government-controlled areas of South Vietnam want the United States to concentrate more on military action against the North. The great majority wants us to concentrate more on trying to find a way to negotiate, and the revelation of the President's peace letter to Ho Chi Minh must have been welcomed as a move in that direction by the people of South Vietnam. In other words, neither the Viet Cong, the war, nor the American role in it are very popular in South Vietnam.

Some people may be disappointed that this survey of South Vietnamese public opinion does not more clearly support one or another black and white view of what we should do in Vietnam. They should not be. There is every reason for the issues of this war to be just as complex and disturbing and the opinions just as contradictory for the people of South Vietnam as they are for anyone else.

This is Charles Collingwood, good night.