James Reston and the NY Times attacked the Romania visit, calling it a "blunder" that would unnecessarily antagonize the Soviets, harden the Soviet attitude on East-West questions, and bestow American blessing on a "brutal Communist dictatorship." A similar position was taken by
~~Nicolay Ilchenko~~ after newspapers.

HK sent a guidance memo to State on July 1 on the Romania visit. He stated inter alia that:

--"the visit reflects the President's desire to work for improved relations with the countries of Eastern Europe on the basis of reciprocity. ...

-- "The trip is in no sense an anti-Soviet gesture. Improved relations between ourselves and Romania -- or other Communist countries -- should not be inconsistent with its relations with the Soviet Union. ...

-- "The President gave thought to the possibility of also accepting an invitation to visit Yugoslavia but his schedule didn't permit him to do so on this occasion. He remains deeply interested in friendly relations with Yugoslavia and hopes to visit the country during his term in office."

A planned visit by Brezhnev and Kosygin to Bucharest was cancelled after the announcement. He asked Bogdan to meet on July 3 if his government had given the Soviets any advance word. Bogdan said he didn't know but he thought they might have been informed shortly before the announcement. He stressed, however, that Romania took its own decisions.

The President arrived in Bucharest on August 2 and received what the NY Times called "a warm reception from hundreds of thousands of flag-waving Romanians in the largest and most genuinely friendly welcome of his global tour." He toured a municipal market and a folk dancing school and joined in a dance with Ceaucescu. The NY Times, now convinced, stated editorially on August 5 that the warm welcome demonstrated the enormous goodwill the US enjoyed in Eastern Europe and that the President's themes of peace, national sovereignty and peaceful coexistence were not cliches to Eastern Europeans who vividly recalled the Czech invasion.

Nixon's public remarks in Bucharest reflected some recurring themes of US policy about the importance of coexistence, repudiation of the Brezhnev Doctrine, the US desire to settle problems by concrete negotiations, wanting the "substance of detente, not its mere atmosphere" ... and also opposition to "hegemonies". At the airport he said:

> "Let us agree at the outset to be frank with each other. Our differences are matters of substance; indeed, no nation's range of interests are identical to any other nation's. But nations can have widely different internal orders and live in peace. Nations can have widely different economic interests and live in peace."

In his banquet toast on August 2, Nixon said:

> "Of this one thing we are sure: We know mankind cannot build a just and lasting peace until all nations recognize and respect the sovereignty and rights of other nations, large and small.

> "In Europe we are prepared to consider all concrete and promising possibilities of removing tensions.

> "We see value neither in the exchange of polemics nor in a false euphoria. We seek the substance of detente, not its mere atmosphere.

> "We seek, in sum, a peace not of hegemonies and not of artificial uniformity, but a peace in which the legitimate interests of each are respected and all are safeguarded."

Nixon and Ceausescu began their private talks with bilateral relations on the first day, August 2, with the President responding positively to Ceausescu's desire for increased technological cooperation and trade. He promised to send Dr. DuBridge with a scientific team. Then the President raised China, and they discussed it at length. The President said it was "wrong for the Soviet Union to arrange a cabal in Asia against China"; the US wanted "to open communications channels with them to establish relations." He would welcome Romania's playing a mediating role. The second day's discussion was on Vietnam.

HK described the Romanian visit graphically to Chaban-Delmas, Pompidou and Schumann on his August 4 stop in Paris. He told Chaban: in these terms:

"The Romanian visit was characterized first by the over-
whelming warmth of the reception accorded President
Nixon. It was clear of course that this reception was
in part inspired and staged by the government. But
even if the reception had been a 100 percent artificial
one created by the government, it would still remain an
extraordinary sign of the independence of the Romanian
government vis-a-vis the Soviet Union. However, a second
element was the emotional, joyful, human quality of the
reception. It is difficult if not impossible, as
Dr. Kissinger pointed out, for any government to create
an emotional response by thousands of people. Yet, in
fact, the streets of Romania were lined with hundreds
of thousands of people at all times waiting for a mere
glimpse of the Presidential automobile. They did not
merely line up along the boulevards coming in from the
airport, nor only around the guest house where the
President stayed, but they waited hour by hour for the
mere appearance of the President anywhere. Thousands
stood in the rain for hours. These manifestations seemed
impossible for a government to create simply by fiat,
so that the first impression of the Nixon entourage was
the Romanian people welcomed in an emotional way this first
chance to greet the President of a nation which for many
of them still stands, as it did in the 19th century, as
a symbol of democracy and freedom of the individual."

HK told Pompidou the Romanian leaders were "tough, unsentimental, and nationalistic." They were afraid of a US-Soviet deal to make peace in Eastern Europe at the expense of other European countries; the US understood their concern and was able to assuage their fear. This was not our policy.

KISSINGER IN ROMANIA - NOVEMBER 1974

From summary memo of overall HK trip, following section
on stop in Bucharest: (HK to Ford memo)

"This was an important stop in two respects:

-- First, it demonstrated the continuity of our policy
dating back to our initiative in 1969.

-- Second, it demonstrated that there is more to our
East-West policy than relations with Soviets.

Indeed, in this regard, our relations with Bucharest
give us some leverage in Moscow, and Ceausescu is firmly
committed to act as independently of Moscow as his interests
dictate. He sees continued high level contacts with us as
the best means of pursuing his policy of independence and
taking out some insurance against Moscow's aggressive
pressures on him. In this light, I accepted an invitation
for you to visit Romania, if possible, in 1975.

The substance of the talks did not reveal anything par-
ticularly new, but we will have to work for granting MFN to
Romania once the trade bill is passed. This is important
to Ceausescu both politically and economically, but may
encounter Jackson resistance unless coupled with some
Romanian concession on emigration cases.

Ceausescu emphasized his concern to inhibit any
possibilities of Soviet intervention in Romania and
throughout our discussions; there was overtone of concern
about Soviet/US condominium at his expense. I assured
him we would seek no such condominium.

States to press its efforts to help maintain the momentum of the negotiations begun earlier this year. The Iranian side reaffirmed its support for the peace-making efforts of the United States.

The two sides engaged in a full, constructive and friendly discussion of the global petroleum price and supply question in the context of a review of the overall world economic situation. The two sides also reviewed other aspects of the world economic situation and agreed on the need for cooperative efforts to check inflation and avert the common misfortune of a major economic crisis. The Iranian side explained its programs of bilateral financial assistance to other countries and its proposal for a new multilateral organization to aid developing countries. The American side welcomed Iran's far-sighted policies in this respect. The two sides agreed to cooperate in global and regional programs to eliminate the world food deficit. The two sides agreed to form a U.S.-Iran Joint Commission designed to increase and intensify the ties of cooperation that already exist between the two countries. It was decided that the U.S. Secretary of State and the Iranian Minister of Economic Affairs and Finance would serve as the co-chairmen of the Commission. The first meeting of the Joint Commission, which was held November 2, laid out a broad program of cooperation in the political, economic, cultural, defense, scientific, and technological fields. Joint working groups will be formed to carry out the work of the Commission and to enlist the energies and skills of governmental and private institutions in fulfilling the aims of the Commission. The next meeting of the Commission will be held in Washington next year.

A major element in the work of the Joint Commission will be a program in the field of nuclear energy, especially power generation, for which an agreement for cooperation is now under discussion. Meanwhile, contracts have been signed under which the United States is to provide enriched fuel for two power reactors. Contracts for fuel for six additional reactors will be signed in the near future. Iran will be discussing construction of the reactors with American firms. The Iranian side has also expressed interest in participating in a proposed commercial uranium enrichment facility to be built in the United States. The two sides were in full agreement on the need for better national and international controls over nuclear materials to prevent them from falling into irresponsible hands. They further agreed that every effort should be made to discourage further national development of nuclear weapons capabilities building on the principles of the Non-Proliferation Treaty to which both are parties.

Among other fields in which cooperation is already underway and will be further expanded are joint ventures with Iran in the fields of agriculture, the development of petrochemical and electronics industries, as well as animal husbandry, telecommunications, highway construction, geology, space technology, education and social services. Other fields of cooperation will be developed as the work of the Joint Commission progresses.

## THE VISIT TO ROMANIA, NOVEMBER 3-4

### Remarks by Secretary Kissinger to the Romanian Press, Bucharest, November 3

Press release 465 dated November 4

**Q. Your visit in Romania—the talks you have had and the contacts you made. Maybe you'll comment on them?**

**Secretary Kissinger:** The United States attaches considerable importance to its friendly relations with Romania. We have exchanged ideas over the years on a variety of subjects, and this is a continuation of the dialogue about international affairs and possibilities of the economic cooperation between Romania and the United States.

**Q. How do you characterize the talks you have had with the President?**

**Secretary Kissinger:** I consider the talks I have had with the President constructive, wide ranging, and friendly.

**Q. How do you see the development of American-Romanian relations?**

**Secretary Kissinger:** Well, I am hopeful that with the passage of the trade bill in the next month or so we will be able to extend most-favored-nation status to Romania, which would give new impetus to our economic relations. Our political relations have already been good, and we will maintain the close contact that has characterized them, so I think we are in a period which will show even more improvement in our relations.

**Q. Mr. Secretary, what is in your opinion the most controversial issue of the world which, if resolved quickly, would insure lasting peace in the world?**

**Secretary Kissinger:** There are several issues, but the Middle East problem is certainly one of the most difficult ones.

**Q. How precise could you be about your**

Department of State Bulletin

730

scheduled trip to the Middle East, you see the continued progress after the Arab summit.

**Secretary Kissinger:** We announced today that I will Riyadh, Amman, Damascus, starting Tuesday, and the press is to assess the significance of the offer. As far as the United States position is clear. We will promote a just and lasting solution to the East within the framework of Security Council resolution with the parties that bring about such a peace.

**Q. What is the U.S. position on Security Conference?**

**Secretary Kissinger:** The United States favors the completion of the trinity Conference as expedient, arranged, and we support that are going on and taking them.

**Q. There is much talk about the economic order in the world comment on that?**

**Secretary Kissinger:** We favorably, because I believe that the energy crisis, the food shortage in many countries requires global solutions in a number of ways, going to the World Food Organization on Tuesday, and I plan to meet with the heads of the American people to worldwide agriculture. I think there is a necessity for us to meet these needs.

**Q. Your Excellency, what is the small and middle-sized country in the international scene?**

**Secretary Kissinger:** The United States, where the sun should, no longer attempts, because power is not enough, you cannot build a lasting

November 25, 1974

*scheduled trip to the Middle East? How do you see the continued prospects for negotiations after the Arab summit?*

Secretary Kissinger: Well, we have announced today that I will be visiting Cairo, Riyadh, Amman, Damascus, and Jerusalem starting Tuesday, and the purpose of the trip is to assess the significance of the Arab summit for peace negotiations in the Middle East. As far as the United States is concerned, our position is clear. We will do our utmost to promote a just and lasting peace in the Middle East within the framework of the relevant Security Council resolutions, and we will work with the parties that are interested to bring about such a peace.

*Q. What is the U.S. position for the European Security Conference?*

Secretary Kissinger: The United States favors the completion of the European Security Conference as expeditiously as it can be arranged, and we support the negotiations that are going on and take an active part in them.

*Q. There is much talk lately about new economic order in the world. How would you comment on that?*

Secretary Kissinger: Well, I have to comment favorably, because I made some of these speeches. I believe that the combination of the energy crisis, the food crisis, and inflation in many countries produces the need for global solutions in a number of fields. I'm going to the World Food Conference in Rome on Tuesday, and I plan to make some statements of the American position with respect to worldwide agricultural problems, and I think there is a necessity to organize ourselves to meet these needs.

*Q. Your Excellency, what are the roles of the small and middle-sized countries in solving the international problems?*

Secretary Kissinger: We are living in a world now where the superpowers can, and should, no longer attempt to control all decisions, because power is more diffused, and you cannot build a lasting peace except on the

agreement of all the countries that will be affected by it.

Dinner Hosted by President Ceausescu,
Bucharest, November 3

Press release 466 dated November 4

*Toast by President Ceausescu*

I would like to express my satisfaction for the visit Secretary of State Kissinger is making to Romania, and I hope that this will mark a new stage in the development of cooperation between our countries. This is the second visit which the Secretary of State is making to Romania. I hope that his third visit will take place soon, together with President Ford.

I toast the good cooperation between our countries, and I wish the U.S. Secretary of State success in his activity and good health.
To the President of the United States.

*Toast by Secretary Kissinger*

I had the privilege to visit Romania five years ago, when I accompanied President Nixon. We had then one of the most important talks I have ever had in the company of the President, talks with consequences which extended far beyond the scope of our bilateral discussions. It was then that the basis for the development of very cordial and friendly relations between our countries was established. We exchanged views on many subjects and pledged cooperation in many fields. The United States, under the new administration, is resolved to continue this policy which was initiated on the occasion of that visit.

Now that there are good prospects for the trade bill to be passed by Congress, I am sure that we will soon grant Romania most-favored-nation status. Consequently the economic relations between our countries will be given a new impetus. I hope that we can find a mutually convenient time for President Ford's visit as soon as possible, and I believe we will be able to achieve that.

I am sure that my visit, and especially the meeting of the two Presidents, will accelerate

our fields of
work of the

3-4

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ts friendly
exchanged
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constructive,

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am hopeful
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to extend

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es.

about your

State Bulletin

November 25, 1974

731

ate the development of our relations. It is in
this spirit that I invite you to toast the
friendship between Romania and the United
States.

To President Ceausescu's health.

Joint Communique Issued at the Conclusion
of the Visit to Romania ¹⁰

At the invitation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Romania George Macovescu, Secretary of State of the United States of America Henry A. Kissinger, with Mrs. Kissinger, paid an official visit to Romania on November 3-4, 1974. The President of the Socialist Republic of Romania Nicolae Ceausescu received Secretary Kissinger. Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Romania George Macovescu also held talks with Secretary of State Kissinger. They had cordial and constructive exchanges of view both on bilateral relations as well as on various international issues of mutual interest. It was determined with satisfaction that a high degree of agreement exists on these matters, reflected in the continuing good and mutually beneficial relations between the two countries.

Both sides reaffirmed the importance attached by
the two governments to the principles set forth in
the joint declaration of the Presidents of the two
states on December 5, 1973. Noting the favorable
prospects for further development of relations be-
tween the two countries, they agreed that those
principles—together with the joint declaration on
economic, industrial and technical cooperation—pro-
vide a sound basis for implementing and expanding
long-term cooperation between the two countries in
all areas.

The two sides noted with satisfaction the recent
growth in trade between the two countries and re-
solved to act to promote widened economic coopera-
tion. The two sides agreed that introducing most-
favored-nation status into bilateral economic rela-
tions as soon as possible is an important factor for
developing cooperation between the U.S. and Ro-
mania in this field. The two sides agreed to the early
opening of negotiations on a trade agreement. They
also agreed to negotiate an agreement on long-term
economic cooperation.

Previous experience in cultural exchanges and sci-
entific and technical cooperation was evaluated and
prospects for further expansion were deemed favor-
able. A new long-term agreement on cultural, scien-
tific and technical cooperation is soon to be negoti-
ated.

In accordance with the joint declaration of Decem-
ber 5, 1973, the two sides reaffirmed their intention

to contribute to the solution of problems of a hu-
manitarian nature.

In discussions marked by an open and friendly
spirit on the main international problems of com-
mon interest, both sides underlined that solutions to
the problems currently facing the world community
must be pursued by peaceful means and negotiation
without use of force or threat of force on the basis
of respect for the independence, sovereignty, and
juridical equality of all states, whatever their size
or social, political and economic system. They also
emphasized the need for efforts to move toward a
world in which each nation can freely choose and de-
velop its own political, social, economic and cultural
life.

Special attention was paid to European security and cooperation. Both sides reaffirmed their determination to work constructively for an early and successful conclusion of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, as an important stage in the process of building better understanding and co-operation between participating countries, in order to assure conditions where each is able to live in peace and security.

Both sides underlined their continued determina-
tion to strive for effective disarmament measures
which strengthen the peace and security of all peo-
ples.

In connection with the Middle East situation, both
sides favorably noted the accords already reached.
However, the need was underlined for continuing ef-
forts to reach a just and lasting peace in this region.

The two sides underlined the need for a lasting po-
litical settlement of the Cyprus problem in keeping
with the interests of the Cypriot people and all sides
concerned and with international peace and under-
standing.

Current problems of the world economic situation were examined in the context of growing international interdependence. Stress was put on the need for finding solutions to the problems affecting the countries of the world, particularly those involving food, energy, population, and development. In this connection, emphasis was placed on the importance of conducting economic relations on an equitable basis.

Both sides agreed on the need to give effective
support to the United Nations in strengthening
world peace and developing international coopera-
tion.

Both sides affirmed the importance of intensifying
the contacts and consultations at all levels which
characterize relations between the two countries,
noting that these contribute both to increased mu-
tual understanding between the Socialist Republic
of Romania and the United States of America, and
to the strengthening of the cause of world peace. In
this connection, President Nicolae Ceausescu renewed
his invitation to President Ford to visit Romania.
Secretary Kissinger stated that President Ford ac-

¹⁰ Issued at Bucharest on Nov. 4 (text from press release 467).

732

Department of State Bulletin

cepts the invitation w
hat the visit will take
date.

Secretary Kissinger
cordial reception he
well as for the full e
visit in Bucharest.

THE VISIT TO YUGOSLAVIA

Remarks by Secretary
Upon Arrival, Belgrade

Press release 468 dated Nov.

Mr. Foreign Min-
men: This is my fi
four years. A coun-
had friendly and co-
the entire postwar
its fierce spirit of i
pendent policy has
bution to world p
exchanging ideas w
with President Tit
leagues in the spirit
ity that has always

Thank you very much

Thank you very much

Remarks by President

President Tito

We had today v
Secretary of State,
retary of State ha
our Prime Minist
The talks were cor
lations and also
mostly the Middle
relations, we of co
develop and expand
so far also are not
itional problems, es
concern was expres
of the stagnation th
on the Governmen
to which so far was

⁹ Made at the conclusion of the conference (text from press release 467).

November 25, 1974

cepts the invitation with pleasure. It was agreed
that the visit will take place at the earliest possible
date.

Secretary Kissinger expressed appreciation for the
cordial reception he was accorded in Romania as
well as for the full exchange of views during his
visit in Bucharest.

THE VISIT TO YUGOSLAVIA, NOVEMBER 4

Remarks by Secretary Kissinger
Upon Arrival, Belgrade

Press release 468 dated November 4

Mr. Foreign Minister, ladies and gentlemen: This is my first visit to Yugoslavia in four years. A country with which we have had friendly and cordial relations for almost the entire postwar period, Yugoslavia with its fierce spirit of independence and its independent policy has made a significant contribution to world peace. I look forward to exchanging ideas with the Foreign Minister, with President Tito, and with all of their colleagues in the spirit of frankness and cordiality that has always marked our relationship.

Thank you very much.

Remarks by President Tito and Secretary Kissinger ¹¹

President Tito

We had today very good talks with the Secretary of State, Mr. Kissinger. The Secretary of State had talks before that with our Prime Minister and Foreign Minister. The talks were concerned with bilateral relations and also international problems, mostly the Middle East. As regards bilateral relations, we of course agreed to continue to develop and expand them. Current relations so far also are not bad; as regards international problems, especially the Middle East, concern was expressed on both sides because of the stagnation that is there. Much depends on the Government of the United States, which so far was the main influence in the

carrying out of the disengagement and for a
peaceful solution of the conflict between the
Arab states and Israel. The Secretary of
State will soon visit again this region, and he
will know best what this situation is and
what there is to do.

The discussions we had were very useful,
and I am very glad Secretary Kissinger vis-
ited Yugoslavia, and on many things we dis-
cussed, our positions were identical.

Secretary Kissinger

I wanted to thank the President for the
very cordial reception he has had for me and
the very frank and friendly talks that we
had. The President and I as well as his asso-
ciates reviewed the bilateral relations be-
tween our two countries. I agreed completely
with what the President said. Those relations
were good to begin with and we decided to
strengthen them through consultations and
other means.

With respect to international problems, we
reviewed several of them and special empha-
sis was paid to the Middle East. We, the
United States, would like to do our best to
prevent any stalemate from developing. This
requires that all of the parties on both sides
understand the special necessities of the other
and make an effort to bring their positions
closer to each other.

It is for this purpose that I am going to the
Middle East to see whether useful negotia-
tions can be conducted and in what manner,
and I pledge that the United States will do
its utmost to improve matters in the Middle
East to a just and lasting peace.

Altogether I would evaluate my visit here
very useful, contributing to mutual under-
standing and to the strengthening of our re-
lationship.

Joint Statement at the Conclusion
of the Visit to Yugoslavia ¹²

At the invitation of the Vice President of the Federal Executive Council and Federal Secretary for Foreign Affairs Milos Minic, the Secretary of State

¹¹ Made at the conclusion of their meeting on Nov. 4 (text from press release 476).

¹² Issued at Belgrade on Nov. 4 (text from press release 475).

November 25, 1974

ate Bulletin

733

[348] Dec. 4

Public Papers of the Presidents

348 Toasts of the President and President Ceausescu of Romania. December 4, 1973

President and Mrs. Ceauşescu, and all of our very distinguished and honored guests:

As I sit here at this head table in the State Dining Room with the President of Romania, I can imagine that many here in this dining room wonder what we talk about. Now, of course, I cannot disclose all of the conversation, but I thought that it would be of interest to all of you and those who can hear us through this recording—[laughter]—how the President and I first came to meet and how two of us from, in some ways, very similar backgrounds and in other ways very different backgrounds, have each tried to make a contribution to a cause everybody in this room, in both of our countries and, we believe, in the whole world, believes in.

In 1967, when I was not in office and had no prospects of being in office, I visited Romania, and the President was kind enough to receive me. And I was reminded of the subjects we discussed in 1967, just 6 years ago: the war in Vietnam, which then seemed endless; the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union, which then were, at best, at arms' length, certainly not in terms of the communication that we have today; the relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China, which at that time were virtually non-existent in terms of communication.

We talked of many other things, of course: of Romania, the United States, and what this country, our country, owes to those of Romanian background who have come here and contributed so much to the diversity of our whole society.

Since then, in 1969, when I had the honor of being the first American President ever to visit a Socialist country on a state visit, and then again in 1970 when, on two occasions, the President was here, one on a state visit and then again today, 1973, I think, as you must think, of how much has happened in those 6 years.

That war, terribly difficult, costly for the American people and, of course, even more so for the Vietnamese people on both sides who were involved, is ended. The United States has begun a new relationship with the People's Republic of China, one which began just a year ago and which continues to develop. The United States, in addition, has had two summit meetings with the leaders of the Soviet Union and, of course, meetings with other governments in Europe, in Africa, Latin America, around the world.

Now, while these meetings, of course, have caught a great deal of attention from the press, particularly those involving the major powers, sometimes what is overlooked is the vitally important role that is played by leaders from proud countries, but not the biggest countries, a leader like our distinguished guest tonight, because he, speaking with his candor for which he is very famous, spoke to me about, then, the relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China, Europe, and of course, Vietnam.

We did not agree about many of those subjects, but we both saw the profound need for new departures, for breakthroughs, for change, or otherwise the world would be frozen into a whole struc-

992

Romania

turn to evil countries.

I Presume, of course, to understand that even a little problem with any program of study may have to be dealt with.

After all, it will be possible, by agreement, to sum up the results of our recent encounter with the United States. And I believe that the United States will continue to have a very positive relationship with the United States, and I hope that that will continue to be a very positive one.

Richard Nixon, 1973

Dec. 4 [348]

ture of confrontation which would in-
evitably lead to a conflagration which
could destroy the civilization as we know
it.

I am not suggesting that because the
President and I met in 1967 and had such
a full and frank discussion, and met again
on three other occasions in which these
discussions were renewed, that those dis-
cussions were the reasons for the progress
that has been made. What I do say, how-
ever, is this: that our distinguished guest
tonight, of the world's statesmen, has
played one of the most profound roles of
any world statesman in seeing the whole
problems that we confront in the world,
and not just those involving his own country
and another country with whose leader
he might be talking at a certain time. He
has shown wisdom and understanding
and has contributed enormously to the
opening of dialogs that might otherwise
have forever been closed.

And so, tonight, when we cannot, un-
fortunately, say that we have peace that
will last forever—because it may not be
possible ever for that to be said for sure
by anyone—while it cannot be said that
because the leaders of the Soviet Union
and the United States have met at two
summit meetings, that that means that
the differences those two great powers
have are ended, because they have not
ended and they will not because our in-
terests are different, something the Presi-
dent recognizes, something we recognize.
And it does not mean that the People's
Republic of China, with 800 million peo-
ple, because of a visit by the President of
the United States and other diplomatic
visits which followed, has so changed the
relationship that those two nations and
those two peoples will forever find them-

selves as friends, not just as individuals,
but as nations, but being the pragmatists
that we are, the President and I, we both
agree it means this:

Something very profound and some-
thing very positive has happened in these
past 6 years. The world has changed, and
it has changed for the better. A war in
which the United States was engaged, a
very costly one, is over. A new relation-
ship has been developed between the two
most powerful nations, and also a new
relationship between the United States
and the world's most populous nation.
And all of this means that the chance
that we can avoid a world struggle is
greatly increased.

But the point I particularly want to
make tonight is this: that as the eyes of
the world inevitably turn to the meetings
at the summit involving the leaders of
great powers, that as far as this Nation is
concerned, never at one of these meetings
in the past, at least on the occasions of our
participation in them since I have been in
this office, and never in the future, as long
as our present policies are continued, will
the United States, in developing better
relations with great powers, do so at the
expense of the independence and the sov-
ereignties of proud, fine people like our
friends in Romania.

I say that because there is a tendency
sometimes for us to believe that all the
world's problems would be so easily
soluble if only those with great power
would use their power to impose those
solutions around the world. Now, the
great powers have special responsibilities,
but as far as the United States of Amer-
ica is concerned, we have a special feel-
ing also in our hearts for people from a
country like Romania, a proud people

en I had the
nerican Presi-
cy on a
1970 when,
ent was here,
again today,
think, of how
5 years.

costly for the
course, even
the people on
ed, is ended.
a new rela-
 Republic of
 a year ago
evelop. The
has had two
leaders of the
use, meetings
Europe, in
the world.
s, of course,
of attention
those involv-
mes what is
portant role
proud coun-
tries, a
I guest to-
with his can-
nous, spoke
ns between
people's Re-
I of course,

any of those
the profound
for break-
wise the
whole struc-

993

[348] Dec. 4

with a great background, who gave to
Mrs. Nixon and me, I think, one of the
warmest and most heartfelt welcomes we
ever received in all of our travels abroad.
And we believe that every nation, large
and small, has the right to its independ-
ence, the right to choose its own way, and
the right not to have that independence
to be imposed upon, to be infringed upon
by any other power.

That is what U.S. foreign policy is
really about. It is about, of course, first,
peace in the world, and that means nego-
tiations with great powers, and between
them, those who have the power to affect
the peace, but it also means having re-
spect always for the rights of those nations,
whether they be large or small, whether
they be powerful or weak, who, except
for our recognition of their right to inde-
pendence, would be in very great jeop-
ardy.

The President of Romania has been
a spokesman for what he calls the coun-
tries that are not the super powers. He has
been courageous, he has been candid,
sometimes critical of our policy, some-
times critical of policies of other coun-
tries, but always standing up for his own,
and that is a quality we in America
admire.

We admire him. We admire his people
because of their belief in their independ-
ence and their sovereignty and their
willingness to defend it.

And so, tonight, in proposing the toast
to the President, I do so not simply be-
cause he is here again as a state guest
but also because he has made a major
contribution to this profound change in
the relations between nations that has oc-
curred over these past 5 years, and also
because he stands for a principle that we
Americans believe in so deeply, the right

of every nation, large or small, to its
independence, to its freedom.

And so, I know all of you will want to
join me in not only drinking to the health
of our distinguished guest, to the friend-
ship between our two peoples, but par-
ticularly to the leader of a great and
friendly nation, President Ceauescu.

NOTE: The President spoke at 9:20 p.m. in the State Dining Room at the White House.

On the following evening, the President and
Mrs. Nixon attended a reception in honor of
President and Mrs. Ceauescu hosted by Ro-
manian Ambassador to the United States Cor-
neliu Bogdan at the Romanian Embassy.

President Ceauescu responded to the Presi-
dent's toast in Romanian. His remarks were
translated by an interpreter as follows:

Mr. President, Madam, ladies and gentlemen:

I should also like to refer briefly to some of
the problems pertaining to the relations be-
tween our two nations and also to international
affairs today.

We truly live in an era of great transformation, both on a national and international level. Men who have obtained important success in the development of economy, science, culture, men who reached out into the outer space, are still preoccupied with a great many problems here on Earth.

There is still much inequality in the world. There are people and there are peoples who still live in underdevelopment. And there is a concern to establish relations between people and peoples on a better basis, on more justice, both on a national and on an international level.

No doubt there are many different opinions
as to the various ways leading to this better
world, to this world with more justice we are
dreaming about. But today, more and more
statesmen understand, as the peoples under-
stand themselves, that a better world, a world
with more justice, should necessarily come
about.

You talk, Mr. President, about our discus-
sions in 1967. At that time I was not President
of the State Council myself. I was just the Sec-
retary General of the party at that time. There-
fore, it was not a discussion between two Presi-

dents at
two st.
openly.

It ap-
it may
should
not onl
as peop
as peop

You
the first
to co
the Ro
their fr
their in

We n
at the
the Un
again.

We l
ations, i
osophic
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world.

An ev
serting
national

994

Richard Nixon, 1973

Dec. 4 [348]

or small, to its
hom.

You will want to
ing to the health
, to the friend-
 peoples, but par-
of a great and
Ceauşescu.

at 9:20 p.m. in
the White House.
the President and
tion in honor of
u hosted by Ro-
United States Cor-
Embassy.

d to the Presi-
fis remarks were
is follows:

and gentlemen:
briefly to some of
the relations be-
to international

great transforma-
tional level.
portant success in
science, culture,
outer space, are
many problems

ity in the world.
are peoples who
. And there is a
between people
on more justice,
an international

different opinions
ing to this better
the justice we are
more and more
peoples under-
world, a world
necessarily come

about our discus-
as not President
as just the Sec-
hat time. There-
ween two Presi-

dents at that time; it was a discussion between
two statesmen who could talk frankly and
openly.

It appears that sometimes, from time to time,
it may be necessary and useful, too, that people
should talk not only in their official capacities,
not only as political people, but as people, just
as people.

You have subsequently visited Romania as
the first President of the United States to visit
that country, and you were welcomed there as
the Romanian people know how to welcome
their friends, those who wish and do respect
their independence and their right to a free life.

We met again in 1970 in the United States,
at the White House, and now again in '73 in
the United States here at the White House
again.

We have, indeed, talked about many ques-
tions, including some, so to say, more phil-
osophical. Mostly, we talked, however, about
the problems which were a source of concern
to mankind at that time.

It was then that we talked about the de-
velopment of cooperation between our two
countries, about the peace in Vietnam and in
the Middle East, and about establishing rela-
tions among states on a new basis. We are able
to note today with great satisfaction that quite
a number of problems have found a solution.

In Vietnam a peace agreement has been
arrived at, although still more efforts will have
to be made in order to secure a lasting peace
in that area.

Direct contacts and relations have been
established between the People's Republic of
China and the United States as a result of
the visit you, Mr. President, paid to China.

A number of agreements have been con-
cluded with the Soviet Union as a result of
your visit, sir, to the Soviet Union, and of the
visit paid by the General Secretary of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Mr.
Brezhnev, to the United States.

No doubt all this has had, and is still having,
an important role on the entire development of
international affairs. But the picture will not
be complete if we fail to talk about the fact
that other changes have also occurred in the
world.

An ever-increasing number of nations is as-
serting more powerfully their words in inter-
national affairs and their desire to independent

development, and they are playing an ever
more active role in international life. Of course,
the big countries, as the United States is, and
other big countries as well, have an important
part to play in international affairs, but I will
have to say on this occasion again, in all frank-
ness, that these countries alone are not in a
position to totally insure a new course towards
détente and a new course towards a better
world and a world with more justice.

The establishment of a new policy in the
world, a policy based on equal rights and mu-
tual respect, can only be the result of the united
action of all states and of all nations. This is
like on a national level in which a real policy
of social justice can only be the result of the
united effort of the entire people.

You have mentioned, Mr. President, the de-
sire of the United States to act towards build-
ing new relations. No doubt, in everything that
has been done to settle a great number of prob-
lems we have mentioned before, the United
States has made its contribution. There is no
secret to anyone today that it is precisely due
to the fact that the President of the United
States, you, sir, has taken action in this par-
ticular direction and made possible these
results.

But still more problems await a settlement,
and without doubt more efforts, and sustained
efforts too, will have to be made in this partic-
ular direction, having in mind the need to
insure cooperation among nations based on
equal rights, equal rights irrespective of size
or of social system.

During our talks today, we have reached a
whole area of understanding, and some agree-
ments for the further cooperation between our
two countries have been signed today.

We would like to see the relations between
Romania and the United States, between two
countries having different social systems, two
countries which are different in size, as one can
easily see, we wish that these relations should
really become an example of the way in which
two countries can cooperate, based on the prin-
ciple of equal rights and mutual respect.

We would like to be able to enable history to
say that under difficult conditions two nations,
a big one and a small one, were able to cooper-
ate in such a way as to contribute towards
establishing international relations on a better
basis, on a basis of more justice.

995

[348] Dec. 4

I think—and I shall not be to blame if I shall
anticipate a little the declaration we are going
to sign tomorrow—it is going to be a doc-
ument of historical importance in its own way,
by the mere fact that it expands the relations
and the principles that govern relations between
countries which are different in many ways, but
which are united in their desire to cooperate
in building friendship between them and in
building a world of cooperation and peace.

Since our talks in 1967, Mr. President, we
have covered a long way to reach such a dec-
laration which puts down fundamental prin-
ciples of international relations. This no doubt
speaks for itself, and it also shows and illus-
trates the changes that have taken place in the
world. And it shows how the peoples of our two
countries, how the leaders of our two countries,
have been able to act in order to enforce mutual

cooperation and international cooperation for
the sake of peace and better cooperation.

Taking as a starting point these changes that
have worked their way in the world, we are able
now to look upon the future with confidence.
Notwithstanding the difficult problems that are
still to be solved in the world, they are to be
solved if all the peoples will act in unity to
build a lasting peace based on equal rights and
mutual respect.

May I ask you to join me in this toast: To
the President of the United States, who all
through these years has an important role to
play in the development of international life
along this path, for the friendship and coopera-
tion between the peoples of the United States
and Romania, for lasting peace and coopera-
tion in the world. To your health, ladies and
gentlemen.

349 Exchange of Remarks With President Ceausescu of Romania on Signing a Joint Statement of Principles.

December 5, 1973

Mr. President and ladies and gentlemen:

As you know, we have had statements
of principles that we have signed with
major nations—with the Soviet Union,
with the People's Republic of China. In
this case we sign a statement of principles
with Romania—Romania, which in the
scale of size of population, is a smaller
country. But on the other hand, the fact
that this statement of principles is signed
between Romania and the United States
has a very deep significance, and that sig-
nificance is that while the United States
considers its relations with major powers
to be of enormous importance in terms of
building a structure of peace in the world,
we also consider it a cornerstone of our
foreign policy that any agreements that
we make must never be at the expense of
the sovereignty and of the independence
of smaller nations.

Our relations with Romania have been
particularly close during this Adminis-
tration, due to the personal relationship
that I have enjoyed with President Ceau-
şescu, and we have seen growth in our
economic communications as well as in
a number of other areas, as demonstrated
by the agreements that were signed yester-
day. But today, as we complete the sign-
ing of this document, we are, in effect,
saying to the whole world that as far as
the United States is concerned, we
believe that the survival of nations, no
matter how small, no matter how weak
they might be militarily, the survival of
nations, proud of their sovereignty, proud
of their independence, is essential to build-
ing a structure of peace in the world, one
that we can be proud of. And so, for that
reason, we thought that having the cere-
mony here in the Cabinet Room with the

996

[350] Dec. 5

economic or social systems or level of
development, should contribute to a dur-
able world peace, founded on freedom,
equality, justice and respect for human
rights.

The two Presidents noted with satisfac-
tion the favorable development of rela-
tions and the good results achieved fol-
lowing President Nixon's state visit to
Romania in 1969 and his subsequent
meeting with President Nicolae Ceau-
şescu in Washington in 1970. They agreed
on the desirability of expanding and fur-
ther developing relations between their
two countries on a solid and lasting basis
for the mutual benefit of the American
and Romanian peoples.

I

The two Presidents solemnly reaffirmed
that the bilateral relations between the
United States of America and the Social-
ist Republic of Romania are founded on
the purposes and principles of the United
Nations Charter, and, consistent with
these, especially on the following closely
interrelated principles:

the right of each state to existence, in-
dependence, and sovereignty;

the juridical equality of all states ir-
respective of their size, level of devel-
opment, and political, economic and
social systems;

the right of each state freely to choose
and develop its political, social, econo-
mic, and cultural systems;

refraining from the threat or use of
force in violation of the United Na-
tions Charter, respect for territorial
integrity, and inviolability of front-
tiers;

non-intervention, direct or indirect, for
any reason whatever, in the internal
affairs of any other state;

the duty of states to settle their inter-
national disputes by peaceful means;

cooperation in various fields of inter-
national relations in order to promote
international peace and security and
economic and social progress.

II

The two Presidents expressed their de-
termination to develop the relations of
the two countries in a spirit of esteem,
respect and mutual advantage. They
agreed to take measures as appropriate
to encourage the expansion of trade as
well as industrial, scientific and technical
cooperation, in particular, such forms of
collaboration as joint ventures and joint
research between enterprises and institu-
tions of the two countries. They also
agreed to take appropriate measures to
develop friendly relations between the
two peoples, by creating conditions for
better mutual knowledge of their spiritual
and material values, by expanding and
deepening contacts and exchanges in such
fields as science, technology, culture, arts,
education, information, and tourism by
relations between institutions, organiza-
tions, associations, and enterprises, as well
as by contacts between the citizens of the
two countries. They will contribute to the
solution of humanitarian problems on the
basis of mutual confidence and good will.

III

The two Presidents expressed their de-
termination to act for the strengthening
of the role of the United Nations in the

998

maintain
national
operation
motions
in relation

The
ing el-
condu-
tional

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They
the agree-
ment of ]

Richard Nixon, 1973

Dec. 5 [350]

maintenance and consolidation of inter-
national peace, the development of coop-
eration among all nations, and the pro-
motion of the norms of international law
in relations among states.

They stressed the importance of achiev-
ing effective measures of disarmament
conducive to the strengthening of interna-
tional peace and security.

They agreed to continue their support for the achievement of security and cooperation in Europe, noting that the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and the negotiations on Mutual Reduction of Forces and Armaments and Associated Measures in Central Europe should contribute to this end. They agreed that the process of building European security would produce closer relations among the participants and make a positive contribution to world peace. They further agreed that the development of good neighborly relations among Balkan countries will contribute to cooperation, security, and relaxation of tensions in Europe.

Noting that international relations are in a period of intense change, the two Presidents welcomed the continuing progress toward relaxation of tensions and toward an era of negotiation rather than confrontation. They welcomed the new opportunities for increasing participation by all interested states in the resolution, by negotiation, of controversial problems for the further improvement of international relations.

They expressed their satisfaction with
the agreement concerning the reestablish-
ment of peace in Vietnam and their hope

that it will be implemented to contribute
to peace and stability in Indochina.

They expressed their concern with the
recent outbreak of the conflict in the Mid-
dle East and emphasized the importance
they attach to current efforts to achieve
a just and lasting peace. They expressed
themselves in favor of the settlement of
the conflict by peaceful means in the spirit
and on the basis of the Security Council
Resolution of November 22, 1967. They
stressed the need to proceed without delay
to the negotiations called for by the Se-
curity Council Resolution of October 22,
1973 and to the convocation of the peace
conference.

IV

The two Presidents expressed their con-
viction that the continued development
of friendly relations between the United
States of America and the Socialist Re-
public of Romania, based on equality,
mutual respect and due consideration for
their respective interests, serves the cause
of international peace and cooperation.

Stressing the value of personal con-
tacts, they reaffirmed their commitment
to deepen and expand relations between
the two countries by consultations at var-
ious levels as well as through normal dip-
lomatic channels.

Washington, December 5, 1973

RICHARD NIXON,
President of the United States of
America

NICOLAE CEAUSESCU,
President of the Council of State of the
Socialist Republic of Romania

direct, for
the internal

their inter-
ial means;

of inter-
promote
safety and

their de-
actions of
respect,
They
appropriate
trade as
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forms of
and joint
institu-
tively also
ures to
ten the
ons for
spiritual
ing and
in such
e, arts,
ism by
ganiza-
as well
of the
on the
d will.

their de-
ening
n the

999