AMERICAN STUDIES FELLOWSHIP COMPETITION: WESTERN PACIFIC 1971-72

Roster of Candidates
in
ECONOMICS, GEOGRAPHY, GOVERNMENT, HISTORY and LAW

1. Takematsu ABE, 36, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Nihon University, Japan: A study of some of the leading organizations and institutions through which Americans attempt to influence their government. Estimated cost: $6,700

2. Adrian CHAN, 34, Assistant Lecturer, University of Canterbury, New Zealand: A study of Sino-American relations, particularly since 1945 and with Communist China. Estimated cost: $14,800

3. Kan-mei CHANG, 39, Professor, National Taiwan University, Taiwan: The criminality of women in American society. Estimated cost: $9,500

4. Ming-hsiung CHANG, 35, Lecturer, Tachibana Women's College, Japan (Chinese citizenship): American foreign policy toward China, 1945 to 1950. Estimated cost: $13,950

5. Chi CHEN, 33, Associate Professor, Provincial Chung Hsing University, Taiwan: A comparative study of multi-racialism and cultural pluralism in China and the U.S. Estimated cost: $14,400

- 2 -

6. Yau Tn CHEN, 39, Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences, Taiwan: A study of the U.S. banking system.

7. Yun-Ching CHEN, 43, Instructor in Law, Taiwan Provincial Cheng Kung University, Taiwan: Studies in American law.

8. Koichi HAMADA, 34, Associate Professor, University of Tokyo, Japan: The American balance of payments and its impact on the world monetary situation during the postwar period.
Estimated cost: $13,550

9. Yoshio HIRAI, 32, Associate Professor, University of Tokyo, Japan: A study of the changing role of the American jury system.
Estimated cost: $14,250

10. William A. HOWARD, 40, Senior Lecturer in Economics, Monash University, Australia: Research on the determination of wages in the U.S. manufacturing industry.
Estimated cost: $12,600

11. Fei-Sheng HSU, 34, Instructor in Geography, Taiwan Provincial Taipei Junior Normal College, Taiwan: Studies of the terrace of the Rocky Mountains and the Painted Desert.

- 3 -

12. Chi-lien HUANG, 41, Professor, National Taiwan University, Taiwan: Studies of agricultural labor in the U.S.

13. Hiromitsu ISHI, 33, Assistant Professor of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, Japan: The operation and effectiveness of built-in stabilizers in light of the Employment Act of 1946.
Estimated cost: $17,000
*Michigan (Detroit)*
*Illinois*
*Yale*

14. Philip G. JAMES, 43, Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics, University of New England, Australia: The prevalence of the income problem in American agriculture, the attitude of farmers and their leaders toward the problem, and the role of government in seeking a solution.
Estimated cost: $9,100

15. Joseph Pinglun JIANG, 37, Professor of Political Science, National Chengchi University, Taiwan: A history of the political development and modernization processes of the United States.
Estimated cost: $10,100

16. Mitsugi KAWAKAMI, 38, Associate Professor of Geography, Tohoku University, Japan: The location and development of industry in the Pacific Coast area.

- 4 -

17. Kimihiko KITAMURA, 39, Professor of Public Administration, Gakushuin University, Japan: A study of urban renewal in the Boston area, particularly the relationship between city planning and citizen participation. Estimated cost: $10,700

18. Sister Pauline KNEIPP, 45, Tutor in History, Australian National University, Australia: The American attitude toward Germans and Germany before World War II. Estimated cost: $9,100

19. Shuichi KOMURA, 35, Associate Professor of Economics, Hiroshima University, Japan: A study of the causes of inflation in the U.S. and the anti-inflationary measures taken by monetary and fiscal authorities. Estimated cost: $13,050

20. Koji KONDO, 40, Professor of Law, University of Hokkaido, Japan: American law with regard to corporations and negotiable instruments. Estimated cost: $15,500

21. Yoshio KONISHI, 40, Associate Professor, Kansai University, Japan: Research on American marketing thought. Estimated cost: $8,650

22. Ming-ting KUO, 43, Instructor, Soochow University, Taiwan: A study of U.S. diplomatic history during the interwar period.

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23. Chiao-Shing LEE, 32, Instructor, College of Chinese Culture, Taiwan: Studies in American government.

24. Teh-Koan LIU, 32, Assistant Professor, National Cheng-Chi University, Taiwan: The American system of mortgage. Estimated cost: $13,500
Emory
Virginia
Denver

25. Yu-hsien LONG, 41, Associate Professor of Political Science, National Chengchi University, Taiwan: A study of American national elections. Estimated cost: $9,800

26. Ryoichi MIKITANI, 40, Associate Professor of Economics, Kobe University, Japan: The relationship between structural changes in the American economy and monetary policy measures taken during the 1950's and 1960's. Estimated cost: $16,000
Yale

27. Masamichi MIZUHARA, 28, Instructor, Shiga University, Japan: Studies in the history of industrial relations in the United States. Estimated cost: $8,200

28. Reijiro MOCHIZUKI, 39, Professor of Anglo-American Law, Tohoku University, Japan: A study of the Anglo-American law of torts, especially of products liability and automobile accidents. Estimated cost: $14,750

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29. Susumu MORITA, 28, Lecturer in Labor Economics, University of Osaka Prefecture, Japan: The impact of trade unions on wage trends in the U.S. Estimated cost: $10,200

30. Yoichi NAKAMURA, 39, Associate Professor, Chuo University, Japan: A history of the relationship between government and science in the U.S. since World War II. Estimated cost: $15,700

31. Hiroshi NIIDA, 39, Associate Professor of Economics, Yokohama National University, Japan: An economic history of antitrust laws in the U.S. Estimated cost: $12,050

32. Tetsuya NOSSE, 43, Professor of Public Finance, Kobe University of Commerce, Japan: A quantitative study of American economic history in the public sector. Estimated cost: $8,250

33. Taketsugu OKAWA, 30, Instructor, Yamagata University, Japan: A comparison of the economic situation of agricultural laborers in the U.S. before and after World War I.

34. Tetsuya OKITA, 39, Professor, Meiji University, Japan: Civic attitudes and voting behavior in U.S. local elections. Estimated cost: $10,150

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35. Isamu OTA, 37, Associate Professor of Geography, Toyo University, Japan: The development of manufacturing cities on the West Coast, with respect to industrialization and urban growth.
Estimated cost: $11,200

36. Shoichi ROYAMA, 30, Lecturer in Economics, Osaka University, Japan: An analysis of the role of financial intermediaries in the development of the American economy.
Estimated cost: $12,950

2 37. Kenji SANEKATA, 37, Professor of Law, Hosei University, Japan: The American experience in controlling oligopoly.
Estimated cost: $13,950
Yale

38. Fumiko SEO, 40, Assistant Professor of Economics, Kyoto University, Japan: Studies of economic growth and business cycles in the U.S.
Estimated cost: $9,200

39. Ting-kang SHAW, 37, Associate Professor, Chih Lee College, Taiwan: Studies in American law.

2 40. Atsushi SHIRAI, 40, Associate Professor of Economics, Keio University, Japan: Robert Owens' activity and influence in the United States.
Estimated cost: $12,050
Curt

- 8 -

41. Junjiro TAKAHASHI, 34, Associate Professor, Keio University, Japan: "Seasonal Cycle and American Life--Case Study of a Small Community in New England".
Estimated cost: $10,550

42. Yoshiya TAKAHASHI, 44, Associate Professor, Nihon University, Japan: A history of U.S. immigration, particularly Japanese immigrants to and in the U.S.
Estimated cost: $8,750

43. Kozo TAMURA, 41, Assistant Professor, Meiji University, Japan: The influences of Puritanism upon economic activities during the Colonial period.
Estimated cost: $13,850

44. Shinichi TAMURA, 38, Professor of Economics, Dokkyo University, Japan: A study of the Federal Reserve System.
Estimated cost: $17,400

45. Shigeaki TANAKA, 28, Assistant Professor, Kyoto University, Japan: Sociological jurisprudence and legal realism, with particular regard to current controversies over the role of the Supreme Court.
Estimated cost: $10,900

46. Hiroyuki TANIGUCHI, 32, Lecturer in Political Science, Kobe Gakuin University, Japan: American policy in Southeast Asia since 1954.

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2

47. Gregory M. TOBIN, 34, Graduate Student, University of Texas (former Lecturer in History, University of New South Wales, Australia): Doctoral research on the history of the American West.
Estimated cost: $16,100
Texas

48. Charles Rowland TWIDALE, 40, Reader in Geography, University of Adelaide, Australia: Pediments and granite landforms in the American Southwest.
Estimated cost: $13,200

49. Erh-min WANG, 41, Associate Research Fellow, Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, Taiwan: American missionaries in China during the nineteenth century.
Estimated cost: $15,800

50. Eugene R. WANG, 33, Assistant Professor of Political Science, College of Chinese Culture, Taiwan: American policy toward China, 1914 to 1920.

1

51. Hajime WATANABE, 41, Professor, Ritsumeikan University, Japan: Studies of American labor politics.
Estimated cost: $16,400
Brooking
Michigan
Wisconsin
Pittsburgh

52. Tsuneaki YOSHIOKA, 42, Associate Professor, Niigata University, Japan: An investigation of real conditions affecting relationships between business behavior and the capital market in the U.S.
Estimated cost: $14,750

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53. Steven Kuan-tsyh YU, 40, Professor of Political Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan: The influence of American domestic politics on the formulation of foreign policy.
Estimated cost: $15,600

54. Tzong-shian YU, 39, Associate Professor of Economics, National Taiwan University, Taiwan: A study of U.S. monetary policy as a tool against inflation.
Estimated cost: $10,350

55. Kuo-Tao YUI, 36, Professor of Economics, National Taiwan University, Taiwan: A study of resource orientation in American economic history.
Estimated cost: $16,000

AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES

345 EAST 46TH STREET (AT UNITED NATIONS PLAZA), NEW YORK, N. Y. 10017

CABLE ADDRESS: ACOLSOCNEWYORK

TELEPHONE: (212) 986-7393

MINUTES

American Studies Advisory Committee

1970-1 Meeting, April 24, 1970

ACLS Conference Room

The ACLS American Studies Advisory Committee met on April 24, 1970, at 10:00 a.m. Members of the Committee present were:

Professor William M. Beaney, University of Denver

Professor Hennig Cohen, University of Pennsylvania

Professor William R. Hutchison, Harvard University

Professor James E. Miller, University of Chicago

Professor James J. Parsons, University of California, Berkeley

Professor Harold F. Williamson, Northwestern University

Staff members present were Mr. Richard W. Downar and Miss Ruth Craven.

I. <u>Institutional Grants</u>

The Committee reviewed requests for assistance submitted by foreign educational
institutions and recommended the following action:

A. Western Europe

1. Approval of a matching grant of $10,000.00 to the <u>University of Exeter</u>, England, for library purchases in the fields of American art and literature.

2. Approval of a matching grant of $5,500.00 to the <u>University of Marburg</u>, Germany, for library purchases in American Studies.

3. Approval of a grant of $5,000.00 to the <u>Rome Center of American Studies</u>, Italy, for use in preparing and publishing Volume IV of <u>Repertorio Bibliografico della Letteratura Americana in Italia</u>.

B. Western Pacific

1. Approval of a grant of up to $5,000.00 to be made, if requested, to the <u>Japanese American Studies Association</u> or the <u>Japanese American Studies Foundation</u> for an evaluation of the past activities and future prospects of the Kyoto Annual Summer Seminar in American Studies.

1970-1 Minutes

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## II. 1970-71 Fellowship Competition

### A. Fellowship Renewal Applications

The Committee reviewed the original applications, mid-year reports, and applications for prolonged extensions, with supporting letters of reference, submitted by current holders of 1969-70 ACLS American Studies Fellowships. The Committee recommended extension of such fellowships for the following candidates, as indicated:

1. Koichiro FUJIKURA, Assistant Professor of Law, Doshisha University, Japan, currently affiliated with Emory University, for extension until March 1, 1971, and suggested affiliation with Yale University.

2. Ulrich HALFMANN, Instructor in English, University of Freiburg, Germany, for extension until July 1, 1971, and continued affiliation with Indiana University.

3. Masahide KATOH, Associate Professor of Economics, Rissho University, Japan, for extension until March 1, 1971, and continued affiliation with Yale University.

4. André KILCHENMANN, Wissenschaftlicher Assistent and Lehrbeauftragter in Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland, for extension until July 1, 1971, and continued affiliation with the University of Michigan.

5. John R. KILLICK, Lecturer in Economic History, University of Leeds, England, currently affiliated with the University of North Carolina, for extension until July 1, 1971, and suggested affiliation with Columbia University for the first semester and Tulane University for the second semester.

6. Jürgen KOCKA, Instructor in History, University of Münster, Germany, for extension until January 1, 1971, and continued affiliation with Harvard University.

7. Georg H. KÜSTER, Instructor in Economics, University of Frankfurt, Germany, for extension until July 1, 1971, and continued affiliation with the California Institute of Technology.

8. Hideyo NAGANUMA, Assistant Professor of History, Tsuda College, Japan, currently affiliated with the University of Michigan, for extension until April 1, 1971, and suggested affiliation with Wayne State University.

9. Hyakudai SAKAMOTO, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Komazawa University, Japan, currently affiliated with the University of Chicago for extension until March 1, 1971, and suggested affiliation with Princeton University.

1970-1 Minutes

- 3 -

10. Brigitte SCHEER-SCHÄZLER, Lecturer in English and American Literature, University of Salzburg, Austria, for extension until January 1, 1971, and continued affiliation with Rutgers University.

11. Maria-Irene de SOUSA SANTOS, Teaching Assistant in English, University of Coimbra, Portugal, for extension until July 1, 1971, and continued affiliation with Yale University.

12. Hideo TANAKA, Professor of Law, University of Tokyo, Japan, for extension until February 1, 1971, and continued affiliation with Harvard University.

## B. Western European Candidates

The Committee reviewed the applications, supporting letters of reference, European Screening Committee evaluations, and R.W. Downar interview notes of fellowship candidates from Western Europe submitted to the Committee for consideration. The Committee recommended the awarding of ACLS American Studies Fellowships for the academic year 1970-71 to the following candidates.

1. Lluis V. ARACIL, Professor ayudante in political science and sociology, University of Madrid, Spain; affiliation with Yeshiva University recommended.

2. Silvio BORNER, Vollamtlicher Dozent in economics, St. Gall Graduate School of Economics, Business and Public Administration, Switzerland; affiliation with Yale University recommended.

3. Jan W. DIETRICHSON, Universitetslektor in comparative literature, University of Oslo, Norway; affiliation with Harvard University recommended.

4. Guy FORGUE, Professor of American Literature and Civilization, University of Paris, France; affiliation with the University of Chicago recommended.

5. Richard FRANCIS, Tutor in American Literature, University of Exeter, England; affiliation with Harvard University recommended.

6. Erik A. HANSEN, Lektor and amanuensis in American literature, Aarhus University, Denmark; affiliation with Princeton University recommended.

7. Johannes KJÖRVEN, Lecturer in American literature, Hamar State College of Education and University of Oslo, Norway; affiliation with the University of Minnesota recommended.

8. Ernst A. KÖHLER, Wissenschaftlicher Assistent in History, University of Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; affiliation with Brown University recommended.

9. A. Thomas LANE, Lecturer in History, University of Bradford, England; affiliation with the University of Michigan recommended.

1970-1 Minutes

- 4 -

10. Rolf LUNDEN, Lecturer in English and American literature, University of Uppsala, Sweden; affiliation with the University of Pennsylvania recommended.

11. Ann R. MASSA, Lecturer in American literature and history, Leeds University, England; affiliation with the University of Chicago recommended.

12. David J.S. MORRIS, Lecturer in American History, University of Manchester, England; affiliation with Harvard University recommended.

13. Yves-Henri NOUAILHAT, Maitre-Assistant in History, University of Nantes, France; affiliation with the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars recommended.

14. Stefano A. PASSIGLI, Professore incaricato in political science, University of Padua, Italy; affiliation with the University of Michigan recommended.

15. Javier PEREZ ROYO, Profesor ayudante in law, University of Seville, Spain; affiliation with the University of Minnesota recommended.

16. Sergio PEROSA, Professor of American Literature, University of Venice, Italy; affiliation with Princeton University recommended.

17. Karl F. SCHUMANN, Wissenschaftlicher Assistent in sociology, University of Konstanz, Germany; affiliation with the University of California, Berkeley, recommended.

18. Boaventura de SOUSA SANTOS, Assistente in law, University of Coimbra, Portugal; affiliation with Yale University recommended.

19. Mario SIMONDI, Assistente in sociology, University of Florence, Italy; affiliation with the University of Pennsylvania recommended.

20. Sverre STRAND, Research Geographer, Institute of Transport Economy, Oslo, Norway; affiliation with the University of California, Berkeley, recommended.

The Committee also approved the awarding of fellowships to two candidates selected as alternates in the 1969-2 Meeting: Miss Rosemary SWEETAPPLE, Lecturer in English, University of Adelaide, Australia; and Mr. Takuo MIYAKE, Assistant Professor of English, Kyoto University, Japan.

As an alternate in the Western European competition, the Committee selected Michael W. HERETH, Wissenschaftlicher Assistent in political science, University of Bochum, Germany, with affiliation at Claremont University recommended.

1970-1 Minutes

- 5 -

III. Other Business

A. Ford Foundation Continued Support

The Committee expressed its pleasure and gratification on the announce-
ment of a grant from the Ford Foundation to permit the continuance of
the ACLS American Studies Program until July 1, 1976, with provision of
additional funds for short-term fellowships in the Western Pacific and
Europe, and the extension of the regular fellowship program to Eastern
Europe. The Committee reviewed and approved the general lines of
procedure outlined in the agenda papers.

B. Group Meetings of ACLS American Studies Fellows

The Committee discussed the possibility of holding a meeting, focussed
on a central theme, of ACLS American Studies Fellows during the initial
months of their fellowships, and with the participation of American
scholars, as a means of broadening the Fellows' contacts with American
academic life. The Committee and staff agreed to give further thought
to this matter.

C. Employment of Fellows in the U.S.

The Committee reviewed the Council policy of requiring agreement from Fellows, as a condition of accepting an ACLS American Studies Fellowship, neither to seek nor accept employment in the United States for a period of two years following the termination of fellowship tenure. The Committee reiterated its approval of this policy and disapproved any exceptions being made to this policy.

The meeting adjourned at 4:30 p.m.

345 EAST 46TH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. 10017

CABLE ADDRESS: ACOLSOCNEWYORK

TELEPHONE: YUKON 6-7393

May 12, 1970

Mr. Takuo Miyake
711 Kyodai-kansha
Gokanosho
Uji City
Kyoto
Japan

Dear Mr. Miyake:

I received today both your letter and your cablegram of acceptance. We are very pleased that you now find it possible to consider coming to the United States this September, and I have written today to Yale University, formally requesting your affiliation there as a Visiting Scholar with the Department of American Studies.

As soon as I receive notification of your acceptance by Yale University, I shall wish to send you your Terms of Award. In preparation of those Terms, I need now to have a bit more information. I understand that you will plan to come to the United States by yourself in early September, and that you would then hope to have your family join you in late December, and such an arrangement would be perfectly acceptable to the ACLS. Am I correct in assuming that you will secure a continuance of your salary, during your absence, from Kyoto University, and that the salary will be sufficient for the maintenance of your dependents during your absence? Secondly, approximately how much per month from your Kyoto salary would be available to help meet your living costs in the United States after your family joins you?

I will appreciate receiving your advice on these matters as soon as possible, so that I may proceed with the preparation of the documents I must send to you. I look forward to greeting you in New York City.

cc: Professor Norman Holmes Pearson - Thank you so much for taking Miyake under your wing, and inviting him to come to the U.S. this year.
Professor Yasuo Suga - Bell Wiley was up from Every University a few weeks ago, and spoke of his interest in going to Japan. I suggested to get in touch with Mervell Jensen - and I now understand he has been nominated to lead History at the Seminium this summer - and that the Seminium will be turned

CABLE ADDRESS: ACOLSOCNEWYORK

TELEPHONE: YUKON 6-7393

April 28, 1970

Mr. Takuo Miyake
711 Kyodai-kansha
Gokanosho
Uji City
Kyoto Prefecture
Japan

Dear Mr. Miyake:

As you will know from my letter to you of December 15th, you were selected as a Priority Alternate for an ACLS fellowship for the academic year 1970-71. It now gives me great pleasure to inform you that funds have been freed permitting the Council to offer you an American Studies Fellowship.

Will you please let me know by return airmail if it is still possible for you to accept this fellowship and come to the United States at the beginning of September, 1970. If you do wish to accept this fellowship, will you also please confirm your wish to be affiliated with the Department of American Studies at Yale University. (In this connection, I suggest you immediately contact Professor Norman Holmes Pearson at Konce Hall, Kyoto University, to see if he would be willing to act as your Faculty Advisor at Yale University and, if so, request him to let the Department know of his willingness so that the University may take quick action on the request for your affiliation which I am submitting to it this week.)

Finally, if it is your intention to accept this fellowship, will you also please inform me immediately if Mrs. Miyake will accompany you to the United States or not.

I hope to hear from you very soon, and meanwhile send you my best wishes and congratulations.

RWD:rc

bc: Professor Norman Holmes Pearson

Roster of Candidates
in
ART, EDUCATION, LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY and SOCIOLOGY

1. Mitsunobu AKAHORI, 38, Lecturer in Art, Kyushu Institute of Design, Japan: Modern development of American sculpture, under the influence of architecture and technology.

2. Masayuki AKIYAMA, 40, Assistant Professor of English, Mishima College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Japan: A study of American literature and Christian doctrine.
Estimated cost: $12,550

3. Shoji ARIKAWA, 42, Associate Professor of English, Kagoshima Prefectural Junior College, Japan: A study of Mark Twain.

4. George A.W. ARMSTRONG, 39, Lecturer, St. John's College and University of Auckland, New Zealand: The interrelated dynamics of religious conviction, theological concepts, and political attitudes in the formulation of specific public policies.

WITHDRAWN

5. Narahide ASANO, 33, Assistant, Department of Philosophy, Kyoto University, Japan: A study of contemporary American philosophy of language.
Estimated cost: $17,300

- 2 -

6. Robert F. BRISSENDEN, 42, Reader in English, Australian National University, Australia: A study of modern American poetry.
Estimated cost: $12,550

7. Tao-Lin CHANG, 44, Professor of Art, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan: A comparative study of modern American and Chinese painting.
Estimated cost: $10,200

8. Kenneth C. DEMPSEY, 36, Senior Lecturer in Sociology, University of New England, Australia: The social mobility of farm people.
Estimated cost: $15,700

9. Kazukimi EBUCHI, 36, Associate Professor, Fukuoka Kyoiku University, Japan: An ethnographic study of minority group education in the U.S.
Estimated cost: $8,800

10. Ruth Tsai FONG, 33, Instructor, College of Chinese Culture, Taiwan: Studies in modern American literature.

11. Yoshiharu HESHIKI, 37, Associate Professor of Sociology, Okinawa University, Okinawa: Levels of adaptation to American society of Americans of Japanese ancestry.

- 3 -

12. Yoko HOSOI, 27, Lecturer in Sociology, Toyo University, Japan: A study of judicial behavior from sociological viewpoints.
Estimated cost: $9,450

13. Motoo KAGE, 40, Associate Professor, Oita University, Japan: An historical study of teacher training in the U.S., 1820 to 1840.
Estimated cost: $8,750

14. Tatsuo KAMBARA, 40, Instructor, Tokyo University of Education, Japan: A study of mid-nineteenth century American literature.
Estimated cost: $8,850

15. Toru KANAZAWA, 40, Assistant Professor of English, Nihon University, Japan: A study of twentieth century American poetry.

16. Masayuki KASE, 38, Associate Professor, Junior College of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Japan: A study of William Faulkner and the South.

17. Paul L. KAVANAGH, 28, Tutor in English, University of Queensland, Australia: A study of the works of six contemporary American poets in relation to the background of American society, past and present.
Estimated cost: $12,400

- 4 -

18. Takao KAWAI, 32, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Keio University, Japan: A comparative study of social stratification and social change in the U.S. and Japan.

19. Tadao KAWAKAMI, 45, Professor, Osaka Women's University, Japan: The inter-
relation between style and theme, especially in the writings of
Henry James.

Estimated cost: $8,750

20. Yoichiro KOBORI, 45, Associate Professor, Kanto Gakuin University, Japan: Suburban anxieties appearing in the contemporary American "suburban" novel, particularly those of John Cheever, John Updike, Herbert Gold.

Estimated cost: $10,100

21. Yasuo KUBOTA, 41, Associate Professor of English and Linguistics, Yamanashi University, Japan: A study of the socio-linguistic situation in southeastern New England in the early colonial period, with special reference to the use of the auxiliary verb "do".

Estimated cost: $12,950

22. Yoshiteru KUROKAWA, 36, Professor of English, Hosei University, Japan: Eugene O'Neill's works from the point of stage production.

Estimated cost: $13,150

23. Fa-chi LEE, 40, Instructor in English, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan: Studies in American literature.

- 5 -

24. Kuo-chien LIANG, 35, Instructor in English, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan: A study of nineteenth-century American literature.
Estimated cost: $17,850

25. Eric Yeo-tu LIN, 32, Instructor, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan: Comparative research on the influence of John Dewey's educational philosophical thought on Chinese and American education.
Estimated cost: $12,550

26. Sara Su MA, 30, Instructor in English, Providence College, Taiwan: A study of Edgar Allan Poe.

27. Kan MATSUMOTO, Assistant Professor of English, Seinan Jo Gakuin Junior College, Japan: A study of American plays since 1960.
Estimated cost: $15,850

28. Masayuki MATSUSHITA, 32, Instructor in English and American Literature, Hirosaki University, Japan: A study of Hawthorne's inner intellectual life and the outer image of America in his earlier days.
Estimated cost: $11,050

29. Nobunao MATSUYAMA, 42, Professor of English, Doshisha University, Japan: A study of the conflict of natural and social values in the novels of Hawthorne and other mid-nineteenth century American novelists.
Estimated cost: $11,050

Brown

- 6 -

30. Takeshi MORITA, 30, Instructor, Nagoya University, Japan: A study of William Faulkner.
Estimated cost: $12,650

2

31. Teruhiko MUKAI, 36, Assistant Professor of English, Niigata University, Japan: A study of the poetry of the early American Puritans.
Estimated cost: $14,750

Yale

1.

32. Hisao NAKA, 42, Associate Professor of Sociology, Kyoto University, Japan: The problems of youth deviance in terms of the American social structure.
Estimated cost: $14,100
Indiana (Albert Cohen)
Yale (S. Wheeler)
Columbia

33. Naotada NAKAJIMA, 44, Associate Professor, Kyushu University, Japan: A multi-disciplinary study of the problems of teachers and educational administrators in the U.S.
Estimated cost: $8,850

34. Sueki NAKAYAMA, 37, Associate Professor, Waseda University, Japan: A study of American intellectual history.
Estimated cost: $8,700

35. Yoshitaro NISHIMURA, 41, Assistant Professor, Fukushima University, Japan: A study of "the Jewish mind in American literature."
Estimated cost: $8,750

- 7 -

36. Yozo OHTA, 36, Associate Professor of Fine Art, Chiba University, Japan: A study of the relevancy of American art and art education.

37. Minoru OKABAYASHI, 28, Instructor in English, Miyazaki University, Japan: The naturalistic novel of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Estimated cost: $14,300

38. Oscar Jiaw OUYANG, 35, Senior Lecturer, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan: A study of John Dewey's moral philosophy.
Estimated cost: $10,000

39. Tsui PENG, 43, Lecturer, College of Chinese Culture, Taiwan: A study of contemporary American fiction, particularly the psychological penetration into the lives of frustrated individuals.

40. Denis C. PHILLIPS, 32, Senior Lecturer in Education, Monash University, Australia: An investigation into the impact of scientific ideas on the work of the pragmatic philosophers James and Dewey.
Estimated cost: $14,625

41. Hidehisa SAKAI, 35, Associate Professor, Tokai University, Japan: The influence of C.S. Peirce on the development of American pragmatism.

- 8 -

42. Hajimu SASAKI, 36, Associate Professor of English, Tohoku University, Japan: The impact of American literary consciousness on the course of American Romanticism from 1783 to 1860. Estimated cost: $16,200

43. Joseph SHIA, 40, Instructor in English, Provincial Kaohsiung Teachers College, Taiwan: Modern American literature as it reflects American civilization.

44. Toru SOEDA, 37, Assistant Professor, Konan Women's College, Japan: A comparative study of Emily Dickinson and Wordsworth.

45. Rosemary H. SWEETAPPLE, 35, Lecturer in English, University of Adelaide, Australia: A study of Henry James. Estimated cost: $12,000

46. Tsuguhisa TAMAKI, 33, Assistant Professor, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa: A history of U.S. education law during the nineteenth century. Estimated cost: $10,500

47. Yu-Yao TANG, 42, Associate Professor of English, Taiwan Provincial Kaohsiung Teachers College, Taiwan: Studies in contemporary American literature.

- 9 -

48. Masami TANIGAWA, 40, Assistant Professor, Nihon University, Japan: The architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Chicago School.

49. Taizo TANIMOTO, 42, Assistant Professor of English, Konan University, Japan: A study of Melville. Estimated cost: $12,300

50. Man-shih TIEN, 44, Professor of Art, College of Chinese Culture, Taiwan: A study of the trends in modern American art and art education.

51. Morris Weihsin TIEN, 35, Instructor in English, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan: Studies in American literature.

52. Kiyoshi UEZU, 38, Instructor in English, Okinawa University, Okinawa: Research on the prosody of Robert Frost's poetry and the New England scenery closely related to his poetry. Estimated cost: $14,150

53. William G. WALKER, 41, Professor of Education, University of New England, Australia: The distribution of power in U.S. school systems, with particular reference to the influence of teacher organizations. Estimated cost: $17,000

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2

54. Shoh YAMAMOTO, 36, Lecturer, Keio University, Japan: A critical biography of Herman Melville.

Estimated cost: $13,000

Univ. of Chicago

55. James Min-Ching YANG, 34, Instructor in English, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan: A study of Thornton Wilder.

Estimated cost: $13,900

56. Kenji YOSHIDA, 32, Instructor, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Japan: The logic of probability and induction in American philosophy.

January 6, 1969

Mr. Richard W. Downar, Director
American Studies Program
American Council of Learned Societies
345 East 46 Street
New York, N. Y. 10017

Dear Dick:

Your letter of December 30th arrived just at the moment when I was about to phone you to ask for results of one or two of the applicants. Actually the one particularly in mind was K. K. Ruthven whom I had to write to thank for a copy of his book and an offprint by him. I was most grateful for the total list and will take it with me on the rare possibility that I may run across one or more of these either in Australia or in Japan. Since there is no one particularly in my field who will be coming to Yale I suppose the chances are much less.

It might be helpful however to me if I could have a copy of Mr. Miyake's application and letters of recommendation since I will be teaching at Kyodai and certainly to run into him. You may be sure that I shall not pretend, in my own defense, to have any relationship to the ACLS committee. On the other hand if I can do anything for you while I am in Japan or elsewhere on my trip please feel free to let me know. One thing that would be significant for me to know would be the results of the decision when that time comes. If you could send along a letter about this to me at Yale it will be forwarded on to me by my secretary who will keep the office open.

Our plans now seem fairly firm. We are flying on February 1st directly to Tahiti and Bora Bora, then to New Caledonia for a few days after which we will be in Sydney, Canberra and Melbourne. We will from there north through Alice Springs to Darwin, and fly directly to Ball for a week, then Central Java for another week and on to Singapore, Malacca and Penang where we will visit with friends. We will be for a few days in Taipei before arriving at Kyoto on April 1st. We will be staying there at Konoe Hall at Kyodai, which seems to be fortunate since absolutely no rooms are available either in Tokyo or Kyoto or Osaka unless one is on a package tour. You had better keep this in mind with reference to your fall trip, since your accommodations will have to be arranged far in advance, the fair still being on.

I gather from your letter that there is almost no chance for any of the alternates to receive grants, but if by any chance Miss Sweetapple should be successful do let me know immediately. I gather that she hopes to come to Yale although naturally in this year above all others we have no money even for our own students.

With all best wishes to yourself and Miss Craven for the new year,

Sincerely,

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MINUTES

1969-2 Meeting, December 12, 1969

ACLS Conference Room

The ACLS American Studies Advisory Committee met on December 12, 1969, at 10:00 a.m. All members of the Committee, as follows, were present.

Professor John B. Hurlbut, Stanford University

Professor Arthur S. Link, Princeton University

The Committee reviewed the requests submitted by foreign educational institutions and recommended the following action:

A. Western Europe

1. Approval of a matching grant of $7,000.00, effective until January 1, 1972, to <u>University College, Dublin</u>, Ireland, for library expansion in the field of American history.

2. Approval of a grant of $3,750.00 to the <u>University of Erlangen</u>, Germany, for expansion of the American Studies Department library holdings in the fields of American history and literature.

3. Approval of a grant of $1,500.00 to the <u>Nordic Association for American Studies</u> for use in the administration and planning of the Fourth Nordic Association for American Studies Conference to be held in Copenhagen, June 1970.

4. Approval of a revision of the grant of May 6, 1966, to the <u>University of Warwick</u>, England, to include an additional $4,800.00 to maintain the Lectureship in American Labor History at its established level for the academic years 1970-71 and 1971-72.

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B. Western Pacific

1. Approval of a grant of $5,000.00 to the Australian National University, for library expansion in the field of American literature.

2. Rejection of a request for a matching grant of $25,000.00 from La Trobe University, Australia, for library expansion in the fields of American government, history, and literature.

II. Fellowships: Western Pacific Fellowship Competition

The Committee reviewed the applications, supporting letters of reference, and R.W. Downar interview notes of fellowship candidates from the Western Pacific submitted to the Committee for consideration. The Committee recommended the awarding of ACLS American Studies Fellowships for the academic year 1970-71 to the following candidates:

1. Mr. Colin BROWN, Lecturer in Religious Studies, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; affiliation with Harvard University recommended.

2. Mr. Hiroyuki HATA, Associate Professor of Comparative Constitutional Law, Hiroshima University, Japan; affiliation with Columbia University Law School recommended.

3. ✓ Dr. Zensuke ISHIMURA, Professor of Law, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan; affiliation with Yale University recommended.

4. Mr. Takao KITAMURA, Instructor in English, Chuo and Aoyama Gakuin Universities, Japan; affiliation with the University of Pennsylvania recommended.

5. Mr. Yuji NAKATA, Associate Professor of American Literature, Konan Women's College, Japan; affiliation with the University of Chicago recommended.

6. Mr. Naoto SASAKI, Associate Professor of Economics, Sophia University, Japan; affiliation with the University of Pennsylvania or the Carnegie-Mellon University recommended.

7. Mr. Eiichi SHINDO, Lecturer in Political Science, Kagoshima University, Japan; affiliation with Princeton University recommended.

8. Mr. Yoshihiro TAGUCHI, Professor of Economics, Doshisha University, Japan; affiliation with the University of Chicago recommended.

9. Mr. Andrew TAYLOR, Temporary Lecturer in English, University of Melbourne, Australia; affiliation with the State University of New York at Buffalo recommended.

10. ✓ Dr. Fukutaro WATANABE, Professor of Economics, Gakushuin University, Japan; affiliation with Yale University recommended.

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11. Dr. Zu-Zan YANG, Associate Professor of Law, National Taiwan University, Republic of China; affiliation with the Harvard University Law School or the University of Wisconsin recommended.

The Committee selected the following candidates, listed in order of priority, to be recommended as alternates for the ACLS American Studies Fellowships for the academic year 1970-71:

1. Miss Rosemary SWEETAPPLE, Lecturer in English, University of Adelaide, Australia; affiliation with the University of Virginia or Yale University recommended.

2. Mr. Hajime WATANABE, Professor of Political Science, Ritsumeikan University, Japan; affiliation with the Brookings Institution recommended.

3. Mr. Takuo MIYAKE, Assistant Professor of English, Kyoto University, Japan; affiliation with Yale University recommended.

The Committee judged the following candidates recommendable for fellowships, and, although their applications for 1970-71 fellowships were unsuccessful, were worthy of encouragement to reapply in the 1971-72 competition.

1. Dennis P. ALTMAN, Lecturer in Government, University of Sydney

2. Katsuhiro JINZAKI, Professor of English, Nagasaki University

3. Sung-Tao KAO, Junior Specialist, Council for International Economic Cooperation and Development, Taipei

4. Haruko KIMURA, Lecturer in English, Tsuda College

5. Masayuki MATSUSHITA, Instructor in English and American Literature, Hirosaki University

6. Yoichi NAKAMURA, Associate Professor of Public Administration, Chuo University

7. Kenji SANEKATA, Professor of Law, Hosei University

8. Hajimu SASAKI, Associate Professor of English, Tohoku University

9. Gregory M. TOBIN, Temporary Lecturer in History, University of New South Wales

The Committee judged the following candidates not recommendable for ACLS American Studies Fellowships for the academic year 1970-71:

1. Sheng-te CHANG, Associate Professor of Philosophy, College of Chinese Culture

2. Tao-Lin CHANG, Professor of Art, National Taiwan Normal University

3. Tao-chi CHOU, Professor of Political Science, College of Chinese Culture

4. John A. DOWIE, Senior Research Fellow in Economics, Australian National University

5. John R. FORBES, Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Queensland

6. Shigeo FUKUDA, Associate Professor of Politics, Kanazawa University

7. Shoji GOTO, Assistant Professor of English, Rikkyo University

8. Kazuya HIROBE, Associate Professor of Government, Saitama University

9. Patrick Tung-chiao HO, Lecturer in English, Fu Jen University

10. Peter W. HOGG, Senior Lecturer in Law, Monash University

11. Hiroshi INAGAKI, Assistant Professor of Economics, Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.

12. Hiromitsu ISHI, Lecturer in Economics, Hitotsubashi University

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13. Toyohisa ISOBE, Associate Professor of Law, Tokyo Metropolitan University

14. Keiichiro KAMINO, Lecturer in Philosophy, Osaka City University

15. John L. KARASEK, Lecturer in Art, University of Canterbury

16. Raymond J.R. KING, Senior Lecturer in Education, University of Otago

17. Yoichiro KOBORI, Assistant Professor of English, Kanto Gakuin University

18. Okifumi KOMESU, Professor of English, University of the Ryukyus

19. Tsuyoshi KOTAKA, Assistant Professor of Administrative Law, Ritsumeikan University

20. Takashi KOTONO, Professor of Economic History, Keio University

21. Meng-chi KUO, Instructor in English, College of Chinese Culture

22. Ming LI, Associate Professor of English, Taiwan Provincial Chung Hsing University

23. Harold LUNTZ, Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Melbourne

24. Masami MORITA, Assistant Professor of English, Takasaki City University

25. Teruhiko MUKAI, Assistant Professor of English, Niigata University

26. Yoshihiro MURAKAMI, Associate Professor of Government, Osaka Prefectural University

27. Hisao NAKA, Associate Professor of Sociology, Kyoto University

28. Haruji NAKAMURA, Assistant Instructor in English, Doshisha University

29. Werner Y.F. NING, Associate Professor of Law, Taiwan Provincial Chung Hsing University

30. Yoriko NOJIRI, Instructor in Sociology, Sophia University

31. Robert NOLA, Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Auckland

32. Taketsugu OKAWA, Instructor in Economics, Yamagata University

33. Isamu OTA, Assistant Professor of Geography, Toyo University

34. John M.R. OWENS, Senior Lecturer in History, Massey University

35. John M. POWER, Senior Lecturer in Government, University of Sydney

36. Kenneth K. RUTHVEN, Senior Lecturer in English, University of Canterbury

37. Fumiko SEO, Assistant Professor of Economics, Kyoto University

38. Hiromu SHIMIZU, Assistant Professor of American Literature, Nara Women's University

39. Horo SHIRAKAWA, Professor of American Literature, Yokohama City University

40. Yu SUNG, Instructor in Art, College of Chinese Culture

41. Akira TAKAHASHI, Lecturer in Geography, University of Tokyo

42. Michi TAKAHASHI, Associate Professor of English, Tokyo Women's Christian College

43. Yoshiteru TAKEI, Associate Professor of Economics, Shinshu University

44. Hajime UEDA, Instructor in English, Kansai Junior College of Foreign Languages

45. Chia-chien WANG, Associate Professor of History, National Taiwan Normal University

46. Frank Shiu-hsiung WANG, Instructor in Art, National Taiwan Normal Univ.

47. Weilin WANG, Professor of Sociology, Taiwan Provincial Chung Hsing Univ.

48. Eric C.R. WARR, Senior Lecturer in Geography, Massey University

49. Benet Tze-ping WU, Instructor in English, Soochow University

50. Yee WU, Lecturer in Philosophy, College of Chinese Culture

51. Kenichi YAMAGAMI, Lecturer in Government, Kyoto Sangyo University

52. Shoichi YOKOYAMA, Associate Professor of Geography, Ehime University

53. Junshichiro YONEHARA, Lecturer in Economics, Osaka University

54. Kuo Tao YUI, Associate Professor of Economics, Taiwan National University

55. Kimiyoshi YURA, Assistant Professor of English, University of Tokyo

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### III. Other Business

The Committee recommended the issuance of a Senior Fellow Invitational Grant to Professor Ladislas Orszagh, Emeritus Visiting Professor at the L. Eötvös University in Budapest, Hungary, and formerly full professor of English and American literature and head of the English Department at the L. Kossuth University in Debrecen, Hungary, to enable him to visit the United States for three months during the summer of 1970 as a guest of the Council.

It was agreed to schedule the next meeting of the American Studies Advisory Committee for Friday, April 24, 1970.

The meeting adjourned at 5:30 p.m.

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July 17, 1970

Professor Norman Holmes Pearson
Konoe Hall
University of Kyoto
Kyoto
Japan

Dear Norman:

I don't believe I have acknowledged your letter of May 12th, so full
of information, and there is no impelling reason why I should be writing now--
except that the Seminar begins this weekend, and I want to send you and it my
warmest best wishes.

Merrill Jensen is due to come in to Tokyo this Sunday, and on down to
Kyoto the next day, as both he and Motoo Kaji have informed me this week. I very
much hope that the presence of yourself and Merrill will help the Japanese to
arrive at some reasonably clear ideas of how the Seminar might be continued. The
fear always remains at the back of my mind that I might have inadvertently muddied
the waters, rather than helped, by indicating ACLS interest in being of financial
assistance, if needed, in the progress of the discussions. If it is decided to
make every effort to continue the Seminar, I know all of you must be wondering if,
and to what extent, the ACLS would be willing to contribute financially. Since you
served on the Advisory Committee so long, you know how things go there. My own
personal feelings (and I have not given them to anyone else, but feel it only fair
to let you know, since you will treat them as confidential, background information)
are that the ACLS might find it possible to make an annual contribution which, de-
pending upon need, could go as high as fifteen thousand a year. I, myself, would
argue that ACLS support should be contingent upon simultaneous and significant
financial support from Japanese sources, and that we continue to reject the use of
ACLS funds to finance the provision of American faculty members. I continue to feel
very strongly about the latter since equally good arguments for similar grants could
be put up by the Salzburg Seminar, Grove Haines' Bologna Center, Seymour Betsky's
Utrecht seminars, the Columbia-Leiden-Amsterdam law seminars, the annual meetings
of the American Studies Association abroad, etc. I recognize the great value of all
such activities, but they could quickly exhaust ACLS funds, and would not contribute
directly to our prime purpose--raising the level of instruction in American Studies
at foreign universities.

Our fellowship competition for the Far East closed a few days ago. We
have had 172 applications, including 91 from Japan and 58 from Taiwan (many of the
latter, of course, are impossible). I leave here for New Zealand on September 13th,
and will be in Japan the latter half of October and early November, and will talk
with about 75 of the candidates, including four in Okinawa--and shall then "die" on
the beaches of Truk and Ponape for a week before coming back to New York.

July 17, 1970

Page two

I have now written to all the American Studies Associations, announcing our new Ford grant--although not giving the actual amounts. The announcement describes the new short-term assistance for established scholars, regardless of age, for which we will wish to receive applications directly from those interested. For the short-term graduate study scholarships, we have suggested the individual Associations might be willing to play a role by announcing and screening applicants, nominating no more than five a year to the ACLS for consideration. There are drawbacks, I know, in handling such grants through the Associations, but it is too small a program for the ACLS to contemplate receiving direct applications--the administrative costs would become insupportable. Besides, I like to think such Association cooperation would not only assist the ACLS, but would help contribute to the image and activities of the Associations themselves. The majority of the Associations have already responded--enthusiastically. Yet to be heard from are the Italian, the Japanese (who have acknowledged the request and have promised to take it under consideration) and the Australian-New Zealand which is undoubtedly waiting until they can discuss the proposal at their Conference next month.

We have backed away in defeat in the case of the Fellow offered the Black History appointment at Yale. The State Department has just abolished the two-year "return to country of origin" requirement for educational exchange visitors unless such visitors are financed by government grants--so we have no legal basis to force a Fellow to return to his own university or country after his ACLS grant. On the personal level, there are arguments on Rice's side making it difficult for him not to accept the Yale offer. He maintains that he still intends "eventually" to return to Britain, but we shall see.

Professor Skard is coming to join you in Kyoto this weekend, and I know how much pleasure each of you will derive from seeing each other again. Thanks again for doing so very much to smooth his way, and to make it enjoyable. I have written him a note, in care of you, and look forward very much to seeing him in Auckland in September.

I am sure the Seminar is a resounding success, and hope your burdens in making it so have not been completely exhausting.

With my best wishes,

RWD:rc

November 9, 1970

Dear Dick:

Thank you for letting me see Professor Cohen's report on his visit to Taiwan. He is in a much better position to comment on the situation there than I could possibly be as the result of one late afternoon and dinner meeting with a few of the local academics involved. And you too as a result of your several visits to Taiwan, especially this year with Cohen's report in mind will know what to think for yourself. I must say however that I still feel that in comparison with the situation there as first reported by you and by Larry Chisolm, I found great progress had been made.

Perhaps the greatest misunderstanding is likely to come from his remark that I had led the local group to count on a donation from ACLS, Obviously I could do nothing of the sort and if they felt more optimistic than I intended them to be, the fault is mine. Still one cannot always be pessimistic and I tried to stress with them the proper way of making out a request. One of the difficulties as I put it to them was that of matching funds with reference to whatever was requested from the ACLS. I said I thought that it was possible to count on the contributions toward the building as being in some way compensatory in the proposed budget and it seemed reasonable enough to me.

Of course, much as I admire what has gone on in Taiwan, I wish we could persuade the appropriate persons in the Ford Foundation to make a separate grant, to go with the other grant, and take care of Korea. I think only if you were to go to Korea itself would you realize quite the impression that is made by the inability of ACLS, and Americans, to help in an area which is an American dependency. I doubt that any other country than ours would act similarly.

Sincerely,

NHP/wh

24 June 1970

Dear Dick:

Returned Sunday night from my Taiwan tour and am probably more depressed than you were after your trip. Interest in American Studies has grown tremendously since I left the island in 1966, but the actual program development is less satisfactory than at first glance. Worst of all, the general intellectual climate has deteriorated and the events of the last two months suggest that some very bad days are ahead. I refer specifically to the fact that Ch'ien Shih-liang was bumped out of the presidency at National Taiwan University and replaced by a party hack. The minimal degree of independence that NTU professors have enjoyed is not likely to survive the removal of Ch'ien's shield.

I am enclosing a copy of a rough report I gave to Wood to pay for my supper. I think you will be able to read through my wretched typing. After comparing my report with your last letter it seems certain that your thoughts influenced the course of my investigation.

I think the American Studies Center might work under two conditions:

1) the amount of money they want becomes available

2) Herbert Ma and Hsu Cho-yun run the show

Since neither condition is likely to be realized, the Center will have its building at Nangang (thanks to Wang Shih-chieh and a little old-fashioned nepotism), a Director and a few research fellows--all from NTU and Cheng Chi. In short, I would expect the Committee members to take care of themselves and little more.

Clare Humphrey of the Asia Foundation asked me to stop by and we discussed the Center. I think he agrees with my analysis and is feeling less badly about the fact that his home office reduced the size of the grant the Foundation will make to the Center--but check with him. He also told me that you had been very frank about your inability to make a major contribution to the Center, but I fear that the Committee is much more optimistic. Apparently Norman Pierson inadvertently led them to believe they could count on the ACLS. When I expressed my doubts, Wang Chi-wu told me of your "obligation" to support the Center--in much the same terms I have often been told of the American "obligation" to recover the mainland.

I do hope you can help get Japanese advisors and lecturers to Taiwan. Apparently USEF has no authority to use "third country nationals". I think Prof. Saito could be of tremendous help and there are a number of people here who would be very valuable on lecture tours. Would love to see Mrs. Takano give a series of lectures at Tunghai.

If I can clarify anything for you, please don't hesitate to call on me. Will be in Seattle 5-11 August July (c/o Prichard, 3311-36th Ave. West, Seattle 98199) and at Hoover Library, Stanford, 13-25 July, returning to East Lansing early in August.

19 June 1970

From: Warren I. Cohen

To: Norman Wood, USEF/China

Subject: American Studies programs in Taiwan; examination of

1. Summary of visits and principal informants:

A. Committee for Center of American Studies. Wang Chi-wu dominated discussions. Others present included Hsu Cho-yun and Herbert Ma. All indicated essential agreement with Wang.

B. National Taiwan University. Hsu Cho-yun, Chang Chung-tung, Sun Tung-hsueh, Chu Li-min.

C. Tung-hai. Tu Heng-chih and others

D. Fu Jen. Father Wang and Father Murtha.

E. Tankang. Henry Mao, Ch'en Yuan-min, President Chang and others

2. Impressions.

A. Center of American Studies: Conception is bold; problem one of execution. Primary difficulty would appear to be financial, but there are also indications that Committees for Center may be self-serving--less interested in development of American studies programs than in facilitating research of members, furthering personal ambitions of small group of Taita and Chang Chi faculty. Their is little apparent desire for coordination with other existing programs. Wang Chi-wu's arrogance is hard to take, but he is clearly able.

B. Taita: Existing programs in history and literature adequate; no apparent need for visiting faculty. Program can use money for books, further training of staff (ACIS has program for latter). Can also use stimulus of guest lecturers on special subjects, as for example Fulbrighters from other universities or countries, other Asian scholars.

C. Tung-hai: The will is there but money is not. Needs outside help for staffing--something like earlier American studies package program at Taita would be excellent here.

D. Fu Jen: Has some staff, church support, sound curriculum. Can use Fulbright specialists, advanced scholars. Also has much useful experience to share with other schools.

2.

E. **Tamkang:** "Money no problem", but program needs focus. What is included in American studies; what will be taught; who will teach it? People I met are not really American studies personnel, but rather English teachers or American educated scholars in other fields. Library in desperate need of help with book purchases---utterly irrational.

OVERALL: Wide variety of talent available, especially in Taipei area; desperate need for coordination which Center does not seem interested in providing. It has not consulted with private schools, nor have the various schools considered pooling their experiences or resources. Some vagueness as to what constitutes American studies, especially at Tamkang.

3. Recommendations:

A. Promote badly needed island-wide coordination at 2 levels:

1. administrators interested in developing programs

2. faculty interested in American studies.

Separation between public and private schools must be bridged, perhaps through creation of an American Studies Association such as exist in Japan and Korea with USIS and/or USEF support. Japanese and Korean experiences would be useful to people here and I will arrange for some contacts. USIS might invite someone like Saito Makoto (Hepburn Professor of American History at Tokyo University, member of Fulbright Commission, past president of American Studies association) for consultation.

B. Rationalize book acquisitions which are terribly unsystematic. USIS might be able to bring together librarians to discuss problems or ask ACIS to send out an American librarian—or bring a Japanese University librarian.

C. Use Japanese program:

1. Fulbright professors in Japan available in February and March when Japanese schools are not in session.

2. Later, consider "little" Kyoto seminar. Once American studies faculty identified and organized, might be possible to bring Kyoto seminar faculty to Taiwan for 3 weeks in August. Expense would be relatively minor and this would be only way top American scholars could be induced to come to Taiwan.

D. Facilitate use of scholars already here. Send Fathers Murtha and Foley, Ch'en Yuan-yin on lecture tours around the island as specialists. Where programs exist, to stimulate interest where there are no programs.

3.

Use Japanese and Korean American Studies specialists. Again
Japanese scholars available in February and March. They go to Korea,
why not here. Mrs. Kikkawa at Tsuda, Saito at Tokyo, Kagi at Tokyo, Ide
at Japan Women's U.

F. Consider possibility of cooperation with American Historical
association's Committee on US-E. Asian Relations. They are training
people in American history to work with Chinese language, history.
These young scholars will be anxious to come here (such as James Fetzer,
Richmond College, CUNY, Staten Island, NY) and they can help programs here.

G. Use own Fulbrighters properly. Decide whether you want young people
to teach survey courses or advanced scholars to teach special courses,
work with graduate students and faculty. Don't try to get established
scholars for survey work.

H. Advise interested schools that there is no need to build institutes
and research centers. They should use their limited resources to develop
program a course or department at a time.

ACLS

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TELEPHONE: (212) 986-7393

MINUTES

American Studies Advisory Committee
1968-2 Meeting, December 14, 1968
ACLS Conference Room

The ACLS American Studies Advisory Committee met on December 14, 1968, at 10:00 a.m. Members of the Committee present were:

Professor William M. Gibson, New York University

Professor Norman Holmes Pearson, Yale University

Professor Richard C. Wade, University of Chicago

Dean Marver H. Bernstein, Princeton University, and Professor Arthur F. Burns, Columbia University, were unable to attend, but their recommendations concerning various agenda items were reported to the Committee. Staff members present were Mr. Richard W. Downar and Miss Ruth Craven.

The Committee reviewed the requests submitted by foreign educational institu-
tions and recommended the following action:

A. Western Europe

1. Approval of a grant of $10,000.00 to the <u>European Association of American Studies</u> for use in administrative and conference expenses.

2. Approval of a matching grant of $7,500.00 to the <u>University of Frankfurt</u> for library expansion in the fields of American art, American history, and American literature, with the suggestion that the University consult holdings in other universities such as the University of Cologne to avoid unnecessary duplication of rarely used items.

3. Approval of a matching grant of $2,000.00 to the <u>University of Salzburg</u> for library expansion in the field of American literature, with the suggestion that the University also encourage its students to make appropriate use, whenever possible, of the holdings in the library of the Salzburg Seminar in American Studies.

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B. Western Pacific

1. Approval of an increase from $4,000.00 to $5,000.00 per year in the contribution of the ACLS to the administrative expenses for the Kyoto American Studies Summer Seminar for 1968, 1969, and 1970.

2. Approval of a matching grant of $15,000.00 to the University of Queensland for library expansion in the fields of American government, American history, and American literature.

The Committee reviewed the applications, supporting letters of reference, and R.W. Downar interview notes of fellowship candidates from the Western Pacific submitted to the Committee for consideration. The Committee recommended the awarding of ACLS American Studies Fellowships for the academic year 1969-70 to the following candidates:

1. Mr. Kiyotaka AOYAGI, Associate Professor of Sociology, Tokyo Women's Christian College; affiliation with the University of California, Los Angeles, recommended.

2. Miss Elaine F. BARRY, Lecturer in English, Monash University; affiliation with Rutgers University recommended.

3. Mr. Koichiro FUJIKURA, Assistant Professor of Law, Doshisha University; affiliation with Emory University or Vanderbilt University recommended.

4. Mr. Fu HU, Assistant Professor of Political Science, National Taiwan University; affiliation with Yale University recommended.

5. Dr. Masahide KATOH, Associate Professor of Economics, Rissho University; affiliation with Yale University recommended.

6. Mr. Ian R. McPHAIL, Senior Lecturer in Geography, University of New England; affiliation with the University of California, Los Angeles, recommended.

7. Mr. Ko MITSUI, Lecturer in Art History, Miyagi University of Education; affiliation with New York University recommended.

8. Mr. Hideyo NAGANUMA, Assistant Professor of History, Tsuda College; affiliation with the University of Michigan recommended.

9. Mr. Shoichi OSHIMO, Associate Professor of History, Doshisha University; affiliation with Yale University recommended.

10. Mr. Hyakudai SAKAMOTO, Lecturer in Philosophy, Komazawa University; affiliation with the University of Chicago recommended.

11. Dr. John A. SALMOND, Senior Lecturer in History, La Trobe University; affiliation with American University recommended.

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12. Miss Hiroko SATO, Assistant Professor of English, Tokyo Women's Christian College; affiliation with Yale University recommended.

13. Mr. Junnosuke SAWASAKI, Assistant Professor of English, Tokyo Metropolitan University; affiliation with New York University recommended.

14. Dr. Hideo TANAKA, Professor of Law, Tokyo University; affiliation with Harvard University recommended.

15. Mr. Thomas Wen-hsing WANG, Associate Professor of English, National Taiwan University; affiliation with the State University of New York at Buffalo recommended.

The Committee selected the following candidates, listed in order of priority, to be recommended as alternates for the ACLS American Studies Fellowships for the academic year 1969-70.

1. Dr. Fukutaro WATANABE, Professor of Economics, Gakushuin University; affiliation with Princeton University recommended.

2. Mr. David A.L. SAUNDERS, Senior Lecturer in Architectural History, University of Sydney; affiliation with Yale University recommended.

The Committee judged the following candidates recommendable for Fellowships, and, although their applications for 1969-70 Fellowships were unsuccessful, were worthy of encouragement to reapply in the 1970-71 competition.

1. Mr. Nisuke ANDO, Assistant Professor of Law, Kyoto University

2. Mr. Alexander C. CASTLES, Professor of Law, University of Adelaide

3. Mr. Hiromitsu ISHI, Lecturer in Economics, Hitotsubashi University

4. Mrs. Yoshie ITABASHI, Associate Professor of English, Tsuda College

5. Mr. Katsuhiro JINZAKI, Professor of American Literature, Nagasaki University

6. Mr. Sung Tao KAO, Assistant Professor of Economics, College of Chinese Culture

7. Mr. Chi-hu MIAW, Lecturer in Political Science, Soochow University

8. Mr. Hisao MIYAJIMA, Instructor in Art History, Osaka University of Arts

9. Mr. Akio TAKEUCHI, Professor of Law, Tokyo University

10. Mr. Kuo Tao YUI, Associate Professor of Economics, National Taiwan University

### III. Other Business

The Committee recommended the issuance of an invitation to Professor Sigmund Skard, Director of the American Institute, University of Oslo, to visit, as the guest of the ACLS, the centers of American Studies in East Asia and the South Pacific for a period of two to three months for the purpose of reporting to Asian scholars on American Studies developments in Europe and to gather information on similar developments in Asia for dissemination among European scholars.

It was agreed to schedule the next meeting of the Advisory Committee for Monday, April 21, 1969.

The meeting adjourned at 5:00 p.m.

November 19, 1969

Mr. Wilcomb E. Washburn, Chairman
Department of American Studies
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D. C. 20560

Dear Wid,

I was sorry not to have been able to have the time on Sunday or Monday to look you up so that you could gloat over me on Dartmouth's ultimate victory over Yale. Obviously Dartmouth deserved to win, but in this topsy-turvy world I always hope for something to come out in Yale's favor. Dartmouth looks now to be well on its way to another deserved Ivy League championship. Perhaps you went to Princeton to see their triumph there. Obviously I am dictating this on Saturday morning of the game so that I am doing little more than predicting.

I was really very grateful for the two off-prints you sent me and particularly compliment you on the tact as well as the connaisseurship which went into your discussion of the renovation of the Patent Office Building. I went back to the National Collection of Fine Arts on Sunday in order to see Wendell furniture. I realized once again what a real difficulty both museums have in using the space. Incidentally I thought the collection of so-called folk art extremely interesting, but on the whole rather extraordinarily derivative from European and other models. We have a long way to go before we develop our own manner.

Your paper on "Speech Communication and Politics" equally interested me, especially with its reference to the difficulties of mutual understanding between the American Indian community and the rest of us. What you had to say must have had a very real background in your experience in Japan and abroad generally, for in diplomatic relations overseas it is absolutely essential to realize the differing context between what is said and what is heard.

I did enjoy the extended chance to see you both in Toledo and on the trip back. It was a rare opportunity and privilege for me. I hope that you will see as much of Bob Walker as you can in relation to the affairs of the national organization. He will need advice and I think encouragement. I admire him very much indeed but suspect he is a better manager than innovator. Our present demands of the time require at least an element of innovation too.

I returned from Washington only to have the doctor tell me that I had a pleasantly bleeding ulcer. As a result I have been taking it a little easy since then.

Sincerely,

NHP/wh

July 8, 1969

Dear Dick:

Your letter of July 2nd was only just preceded by one from Sigmund with much
the same sort of news that he sent to you. I am pleased that he is willing to
make his trip under the Council's sponsorship and particularly pleased that I
shall be able to see him in Japan when he visits there. No one ever says any-
thing very specific about the Summer Session of the Kyoto Seminar, but from
one remark which was made I gather that you are correct in assuming that I shall
be "Dean of the Seminar." At least it seems to be the custom to have as dean
whoever is a Fulbright for the preceding term in one or another of the cities
universities. It goes without saying that nothing could please me more than
to have Sigmund there, in any capacity that he might like. Either as a regular
seminar or as a series of informal discussions, I should think the topic of
American Studies in Europe would be of immense interest and value to the
Japanese.

As you know however Merrill Jensen's relationship to the Seminar is a very
special one. As chairman, he operates almost singlehandedly, to the great
convenience of the rest of us on the Committee. Actually he does a very good
job indeed, understands the Japanese temperament and is tolerat of their
many delays. But because of his position as Chairman, I think you ought to
write to him about Sigmund's participation, however telling him that I am
very enthusiastic about it. I feel certain that he will be too, especially
because the funds for next year's session are obviously going to be more
limited than ever before. If Sigmund can be there this is simply another basis
for our gratitude to the ACLS.

I should think that it might indeed be a good idea for his attendance at the
Seminar to be near the beginning of his visit, remembering of course in any
event that this is the vacation period for the Japanese. I would suggest that
he visit a few people in Tokyo, perhaps even making his visit to Tokyo first,
come early enough to Kyoto so that he could have the fun of two or three days
at the Osaka Fair, and perhaps then settle in to make acquaintances who would
welcome his visits elswhere. If I can be helpful in any way with arranging

Mr. Richard Downar

-2-

7/8/69

his schedule either in Japan or in Australia and New Zealand be sure to let me know. I know now that I shall be in New Haven all summer and could come down to New York to discuss the matter with you in blue-pencil detail if this seems useful.

I forgot to say that I have been given no firm dates for the 1970 Seminar, but I know that it comes in the last period of July. Reckoning on the basis of 1968 when it ran from July 22 (Monday) to August 2 (Friday) my guess is that the 1970 Seminar will be from July 20th to the 31st. But Jensen can perhaps be more specific.

I repeat how good it is that Sigmund can come.

Sincerely,

NHP/wh

CABLE ADDRESS: ACOLSOCNEWYORK

TELEPHONE: (212) 986-7393

July 2, 1969

Professor Norman Holmes Pearson
231 Hall of Graduate Studies
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut 06520

Dear Norman:

I promised to let you know when we eventually heard from Sigmund Skard. He has now written to say that all has been cleared with his university, and he definitely will be going to the Far East under this Council's sponsorship next summer. We shall begin blocking out a rough itinerary for him during the next several months. I would like, if you agree, to plan his trip in order that he may be in Japan for a period of three to four weeks centered around the schedule for the Kyoto Seminar, which I think would be most useful for him to observe (and possibly to which he might make some contribution?) since there he could meet and talk with people from all over Japan. He might even begin his stay in Japan with the Seminar, with his visits to other cities partly planned as a result of contacts made at the Seminar. Let me know what you think of this, since you will be there yourself (and serving, I assume, as Dean of the Seminar). Also, can you tell me the exact dates of the Seminar, which we seem to lack here at the Council?

Sigmund also told us of Øverland's as yet unofficial nomination for the new post at Bergen. Helge Nilsen, he reports, "did not come off so well in his *disputatio*: Bill Moynihan and myself found that his thesis has to be thoroughly revised. But he may well have a lectureship in Bergen as soon as Roppen is able to establish one. Per Seyersted's thesis here, on Kate Chopin, was a great success, with Dan Aaron as first opponent and me as second. Brita [Lindberg, originally from Uppsala, now married to Seyersted, and both of them former ACLS Fellows] and he make a nice couple, toward whom I have a fatherly feeling. If I have a new assistant professorship here as of January 1st, one of the two is sure to have it."

RWD:rc

June 10, 1969

Dear Dick:

It was indeed kind of you to write me on June 3rd and I am most grateful for it. My membership on the Committee for the Council's American Studies Program has been a particularly rewarding one, not only in terms of what I feel has been accomplished but also from the pleasure of being with you and the other members who have come from different parts of the country and different fields of learning. The very ease with which the Committee works is a kind of testimony to the reality of an American Studies approach.

If I can ever be of help to you on general or particular problems I know you will feel free to call on me. In any event I shall hope that we can see each other on one occasion or another, or one excuse or another, in the years to come. I shall be sorry that when I am in Japan will not be at the season of your visit. But if I can be of any use to you and the ACLS while I am there, I should consider it a privilege.

NHP/wh

CABLE ADDRESS: ACOLSOCNEWYORK

TELEPHONE: (212) 986-7393

July 15, 1969

Professor Norman Holmes Pearson
231 H G S
Yale University
New Haven, Conn.

Dear Norman,

Thanks very much for your recent two letters. As you suggested, I have written to Merrill Jensen, and am enclosing a copy of my letter.

Meanwhile I have heard again from Sigmund. He has decided he would like to go to the Far East via the American Studies Research Centre in Hyderabad rather than going directly to Japan via the polar route. When I hear from Merrill, I will begin to block out some definite schedules for Hyderabad and then either the Philippines or Taiwan (or both) en route to Japan so that he arrives in Japan about a week before the Kyoto Seminar begins - a week that he might spend making initial contacts in Tokyo and Osaka or Kobe. Anyway, when we begin arranging those schedules, I will be getting in frequent touch with you.

Sigmund has also said that he would not be unreceptive to invitations to give some talks or lectures along the way, and is sending to me later this summer a list of the topics he will be prepared to discuss.

On Jinzaki, he was a candidate last year. I thought him a dedicated Americanist and certainly recommendable and was a bit disappointed that he failed to arouse any interest at the Advisory Committee meeting last December. I encouraged him to reapply - so we will see how he fares this December, where I will add your letter to his other recommendations.

In the current competition, and in American Literature, there are as candidates 17 from Japan, 1 from Okinawa, 4 from Taiwan, three from Australia, and 1 from New Zealand. If you would be interested, I would be happy to send rosters of those applicants to you when they are drawn up later this summer.

10-22-43, Shiratori-cho
Nagasaki City 852
Japan

July 2, 1969

Dr. Norman Holmes Pearson
Professor of English
Yale University, New Haven
Connecticut 06520
U. S. A.

Dear Dr. Pearson:

I am very glad to hear that you are coming to Japan in 1970. I earnestly hope that you will come down to Nagasaki and stay here for several days and meet a group of scholars here majoring in American or English literature. I am happy to show you all over Nagasaki. Please be sure to let me know in advance when it would be convenient for you to come to Nagasaki. If by any chance I happen to stay away from Nagasaki, I will make arrangement beforehand and I will ask my friends to be hosts while you are in Nagasaki.

I would like to express my hearty congratulations to the revised and enlarged publication of *The History of American Literature* by Eihosha. I used the first edition as textbooks for my college students and found it very excellent, and sometimes in the very near future I am looking forward to being taught again through the second edition while reading together with my students in the class.

This year I intend to apply for an ACLS American Studies Fellowship to be initiated in 1970. Enclosed please find a copy of PRELIMINARY APPLICATION and other my personal data. Would you kindly advise me in enumerating three or four universities to be affiliated and several professors to work with that you suppose, with due regard to various conditions, my proposed program of research in the United States could be carried out most successfully, if awarded a Fellowship?

As is described in the preliminary application form, because of the deadline I asked three Japanese professors to write formal letters of recommendation. Though I suppose I am very bold to ask you another favor, I should appreciate it greatly if you would be so kind as to write a private letter of recommendation to the American Council of Learned Societies, if you should think I am qualified to and if you are willing to.

Reflecting that I am audacious,

PRELIMINARY APPLICATION

1. Name: Katsuhiro JINZAKI

2. Present address: 10-22-43, Shiratori-cho, Nagasaki City 852, Japan

3. Age: 42

4. University position: Professor of English, Acting Chairman of English Department, College of Liberal Arts, Nagasaki University

5. A brief description of the research I wish to undertake:

Often the truest image of what people felt and thought can be found in contemporary novels and short stories. Such was undoubtedly the case with the works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. His novels and short stories not only caught the prevailing tones of the time, but frequently colored and even created them. Fitzgerald was, as it were, a spokesman for the 1920's. He was the most perceptive observer of his age and for a long time its most famous symbol. His life itself was a legend during his lifetime, and his career was indistinguishable from the glittering and heart-broken postwar world. Both the man and his writings were closely related to the decade.

Consequently, if I am to really understand Fitzgerald's achievement, it is indispensable for me to investigate a substantial amount of primary source materials concerning the 1920's as well as his life. Most of these primary source materials are not available in Japan and can be studied only in the United States. Themes, such as "the dream of success or the morality of money," "disillusionment," and "the revolution in manners," will be investigated. A more detailed description of my study plan is as follows:

1) To investigate, as much as possible, those primary source materials which reflect the popular attitudes, the fads, and the trivial concerns of the period. They consist of now-forgotten contemporary literature, and of editorials, feature articles, and minor works of literature in newspapers and magazines such as *The New York Times*, *The American Mercury*, the *Atlantic Monthly*, *Harper's*, *Collier's*, *Vanity Fair*, and *The New Yorker*.

2) To read as much as possible of Fitzgerald's letters, literary manuscripts and documents. Unpublished materials are available

in the Firestone Library at Princeton, the Files of Charles Scribner's Sons, and the Files of Harold Ober Associates in New York.

After having studied the social and biographical background material, I hope to elucidate the representative quality of Fitzgerald's fiction as related to the Jazz Age; i. e., how Fitzgerald's writings deal not only with the social surface but also with the deeper social realities of the 1920's. I plan to discuss this, using such themes as "the dream of success," "dis-illusionment," and "the revolution in manners."

In addition, I hope to show how the themes and motives of Fitzgerald's works are connected with and dependent on the American fictional tradition.

The results and experience of my proposed research in the United States will not only be extremely useful for my teaching of American literature and American Studies at Nagasaki University, but is also vitally necessary as the major research project of my academic career. My subject of study is "the Americanness of American fiction in the 20th century." I am especially interested in the theme of "the dream of success or the morality of money in American fiction."

This study will be extended by comparing and contrasting American literature with both Japanese and British literature of the same period. My proposed research in the United States will, I believe, make possible this long-range plan for my career.

In addition, when time permits, in order to revise and enlarge my *Amerika Kenkyu Josetsu* (*An Introduction to American Studies*), I hope to make the necessary preparations that could only be made in the United States.

6. Names and addresses of three scholars who would be willing to provide letters of recommendation:

1) Professor Michio Masui

2) Professor Tadashi Kadota

3) Professor Kogoro Kojima

Articles:

"American Cultural Foreign Policy and Teaching English as a Second Language", *Eigo Kyoiku*, Vol. XVII, No. 9, pp. 4-6, 1968 (Japanese).

"The Background of the American Negro Problem", *ELEC Bulletin*, No. 24, pp. 6-9, 1968 (Japanese).

"American Humor in American Literature", *Eigo Kenkyu*, Vol. LVI, No. 9, pp. 12-13, 1967 (Japanese).

"American Studies and the Study of American Literature", *Eigo Bungaku Sekai*, Vol. II, No. 5, pp. 11-14, 1967 (Japanese).

"The American Dream of Success in the 1920's", *Kyushu American Literature*, No. 8, pp. 1-7, 1965 (English).

"The Process of Acculturation of the Japanese and the Japanese-Americans in Hawaii, 1895-1925", *Bulletin of Faculty of Liberal Arts, Nagasaki University*, Vol. 3, pp. 73-103, 1963 (English).

"Area Studies - Proseminar - Modern Foreign Languages", *Eigo Kyoiku*, Vol. XII, No. 3, pp. 22-24, 1963 (Japanese).

"The Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages in the United States", a pamphlet of 14 pages published in 1963 by the College of Liberal Arts, Nagasaki Univ.

"A Problem Approach to American Civilization: an Undergraduate Seminar at a University in Japan", *Kyushu American Literature*, No. 5, pp. 48-55, 1962 (English).

"Eugene O'Neill and American Reality", *Kyushu American Literature*, No. 4, pp. 25-28, 1961 (Japanese).

"Techniques of Hawthorne's Short Stories", *Hiroshima Studies in English Language and Literature*, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 208-13, 1961 (Japanese).

There are four other articles on Charles Dickens's novels and two other articles on the teaching method of English as a foreign language.

5) Background in American Studies:

During 1961 and 1962 I completed 8 courses of graduate program in American Civilization at the University of Pennsylvania, and wrote a thesis, "The Process of Acculturation of the Japanese and Japanese-Americans in Hawaii, 1895-1925." (temporarily at

During the past 15 years at Nagasaki University and other universities (Hiroshima University, Kagoshima University, Saga University and Nagasaki Prefectural Women's Junior College), I have taught courses such as "A History of American Literature," "Novels and Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald," "An Introduction to American Studies," etc.

As for my independent research, here I would like to mention the publication of *Amerika Kenkyu Josetsu (An Introduction to American Studies)*. This book is the first of its kind in Japan. Since it was published two years ago, it has been read and used as a textbook by more than 5,000 college professors, students, and secondary-school teachers in Japan. Most of my published research is described above. (Please see item 4.)

In addition, through other publishing activities, public lectures and seminars, I have tried to contribute my best effort toward the growth of American Studies in Japan, especially in the Kyushu area.

July 14, 1969

Professor Katsuhiro Jinzaki
10-22-43, Shiratori-cho
Nagasaki City 852
Japan

Dear Professor Jinzaki:

I am deeply honored by your comments on the revised edition of my *History of American Literature* and am pleased that you hope to use it. Naturally I am pleased with all three chances to have had books published in Japan, and feel that these have been a kind of introduction both to my old and newer friends in Japan. Both my wife and I are very much looking forward to returning to Japan in 1970 and I hope that we can manage a little more travel than we did the last time. I am not quite sure what sort of a schedule I shall have, but I hope that I can enlarge my experience in seeing all of the delights in your beautiful country.

I was pleased to learn that you are applying for an ACLS fellowship for 1970, and although I am no longer a member of the selection committee I have written, as you suggested, to Richard Downar. You will find him a most agreeable person when he comes to Japan in the fall. Because you are particularly interested in Fitzgerald, I should think that Princeton, Rutgers, or the University of Pennsylvania again would best suit your purpose. Each of these has excellent teachers, and the other two are near enough Princeton so that you could get at the Fitzgerald papers without too much difficulty.

I shall be eager to know the results of the competition in the late fall, and wish you all best chances for success.

NHP/wh

July 18, 1969

Dear Dick,

I hasten to reply to your letter of July 15th, chiefly because I am anxious
to get as much correspondence out of the way as I can before my secretary
goes on her summer holiday.

I should think that Sigmund's visit to Hyderabad would make good sense and
they will certainly welcome him. Once he reaches Japan I should think his
first week ought to be spent in Tokyo where he should have a sense of the
national capitol and its relation to the educational system. So far as
Osaka and Kobe are concerned they can be taken care of during his period in
Kyoto, and I doubt that anyone will be able to go to Osaka without being
sucked into the World's Fair. At least we will see that he sees it as well
as the Temple Gardens. Thank you for reminding me about Jinzaki; I was, as
I wrote you, favorably impressed by his application.

I should be most grateful if, as you suggest, you could send me the rosters
of those applicants who are being up for consideration in the fall. At least
the seventeen from Japan, the three from Australia, and the one from New
Zealand would interest me particularly, for I plan to go with my wife briefly
at least to Australia on the way out and am very likely to come in contact
with one or more of the successful candidates. Similarly in Japan it would
be helpful both to know who had applied and who had not been successful.
Indeed if at no particular extra cost you could have an additional set of
the applications made for me, it would be a sort of indoctrination for my
various visits. I had not thought to go to Taiwan when we are in Japan and
probably would not be able to afford to do so. In any event I have no
particular reason for doing so.

I shall be eager of course to help in any way I can to make Sigmund's visit
a pleasant one both for him and the Japanese. I like having one's professional
and personal gratifications coincide.

Sincerely,

NHP/wh

July 14, 1969

Mr. Richard Downar, Director
American Studies Program
American Council of Learned Societies
345 East 46th Street
New York, N. Y. 10017

Dear Dick:

I have been asked by Professor Katsuhiro Jinzaki, who is applying for an ACLS fellowship this fall, to write you a private letter about him, in addition to the formal letters of recommendation that he had asked from Japanese professors. He has sent me his vita and bibliography and it looks very satisfactory. He obviously writes extremely good English, has a position of importance in Japan and has evidenced his interest professionally both in American literature and in American Studies. I blush to say that I cannot really remember him very distinctly, although I must have met him at one or more of the national and regional meetings which I attended in 1963. He of course has had an earlier period of study in this country, but I daresay there has been enough time between then and now to warrant a return on his part. In view of his wish to concentrate on Scott Fitzgerald I should think that either Princeton or the University of Pennsylvania would be appropriate for him, since he could go back on forth between either one. If Hennig were willing to take him on he would be in very good hands indeed.

This is by no means intended to be a lukewarm letter of recommendation, but want simply to be modest in terms of my memory. I wish him all luck, but of course I do not know what the competition will be like.

Sincerely,

NHP/wh

April 30, 1969

Mr. Richard W. Downar, Director
American Studies Program
American Council of Learned Societies
345 East 46th Street
New York, N. Y. 10017

Dear Dick:

Thank you for your letter of April 25th with the
final arrangements for our conference on May 22nd.
I should be delighted to have lunch with you at
11:30 or whenever you say. On the other hand if
things get too involved for you let me know and I
will appear at one o'clock. I do like the idea
of meeting early and getting on with the business
at hand; otherwise a good deal of waste time is
consumed along with food.

I shall look forward to the background paper.

Sincerely,

NHP/wh

CABLE ADDRESS: ACOLSOCNEWYORK

TELEPHONE: (212) 986-7393

April 25, 1969

Professor Norman Holmes Pearson
American Studies Program
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut 06520

Dear Norman,

I wish to confirm the meeting on the afternoon of Thursday, May 22nd, of a small group of scholars to advise the ACLS on the activities it should consider proposing to the Ford Foundation in requesting continued support of the Council's American Studies Program.

We would like to begin the meeting at one o'clock, here at the Council's offices, and we should be through sometime between three and five. The Council, of course, will wish to reimburse you for any expenses involved. If you would be free to have an early lunch (11:30?) or dinner with me that day, or if there is anything else I can do for you, please let me know.

Within the next few days I will be sending to you a background paper for our discussions. Fred Burkhardt and I are very grateful that you have agreed once more to give assistance to the ACLS, and we look forward to seeing you on the 22nd.

RWD:rc

graphy, stemming primarily from tides which flow from the more influential European historiography. If so, it is highly significant, because the interest in such subjects would arise from the belief that these are significant factors in national policy-making and this would mean a shift from the dominance of socioeconomic analysis. In his paper given at the 12th International Congress of Historical Sciences in 1965, Professor Kenichi Nakaya called for broader interpretative paths; and these have been offered by such able "new direction" scholars as Akisuke Shimura, Hidetoshi Kato, Yoshimitshu Ide,

Akira Abe, Nagayo Homma, Tadashi Aruga, Katsuhiro Jinnzaki, and particularly Professor Makoto Saito.

Indeed, probably the most significant thing about Japanese writing on American society is the high quality of its research, the quantity of its efforts, the diversity of its themes, and theelan of its practitioners. As Professor Merrill Jensen has commented, despite obstacles of language and documentary sources, probably more good, serious writing on the United States is being done in Japan than in any other country except England, Canada, and the United States itself.

## New EWA Trustees

Herman B Wells, chairman of the board of trustees of Education and World Affairs, announced on March 22 the election of two new members to the board: former Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, who is now president of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and Harrison Brown, professor of science and technology at California Institute of Technology. At the same time Mr. Wells, chancellor of Indiana University, announced that Vincent M. Barnett, Jr., president of Colgate University, had been elected vice chairman of the board, succeeding Dr. Franklin D. Murphy, former chancellor of the University of California at Los Angeles.

Education and World Affairs was founded with funds from the Ford Foundation and the Carnegie Corporation of New York. Its president is William W. Marvel.

David M. Chalmers, "American Studies in Japan and East Asia," International Educational and Cultural Exchange, IV, 1 (Summer 1968), 47-54.

54

THE AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES

is a federation of national organizations concerned with the humanities—the languages and literatures, philosophies and religions, history and the arts, and the associated techniques—and the humanistic elements in the social sciences. It was organized in 1919 and incorporated in the District of Columbia in 1924.

The ACLS represents the United States in the International Union of Academies (Union Académique Internationale, Palais des Académies, Brussels).

THE CONSTITUENT SOCIETIES OF THE ACLS ARE:

* American Philosophical Society, 1743

* American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1780

* American Antiquarian Society, 1812

* American Oriental Society, 1842

* American Numismatic Society, 1858

* American Philological Association, 1869

* Archaeological Institute of America, 1879

* Society of Biblical Literature, 1880

* Modern Language Association of America, 1883

* American Historical Association, 1884

* American Economic Association, 1885

* American Folklore Society, 1888

* American Dialect Society, 1889

* Association of American Law Schools, 1900

* American Philosophical Association, 1901

* American Anthropological Association, 1902

* American Political Science Association, 1903

* Bibliographical Society of America, 1904

* Association of American Geographers, 1904

* American Sociological Association, 1905

* Organization of American Historians, 1907

* College Art Association of America, 1912

* History of Science Society, 1924

* Linguistic Society of America, 1924

* Mediaeval Academy of America, 1925

* American Musicological Society, 1934

* Society of Architectural Historians, 1940

* Economic History Association, 1940

* Association for Asian Studies, 1941

* American Society for Aesthetics, 1942

* Metaphysical Society of America, 1950

* American Studies Association, 1950

* Renaissance Society of America, 1954

* Society for Ethnomusicology, 1955

The ACLS Newsletter is published four times a year, in March, June, October, and December and distributed without charge.

Communications should be sent to Editor,

ACLS Newsletter, 345 East 46th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017

A DECADE OF AMERICAN STUDIES

In the December, 1960 issue of the Newsletter, it was announced that the Ford Foundation had approved a grant of $2,500,000 to the ACLS for a five-year program to encourage the development of American Studies in Western European universities. The Ford Foundation renewed its support in 1965 with a grant of $3,100,000 to continue the program for another five years in Europe and to extend its activities to Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and (beginning in 1967) Taiwan. At the same time the Carnegie Corporation of New York granted $160,000 to the ACLS for a three-year program of fellowships for scholars from Australia and New Zealand wishing to undertake advanced research in the United States on any aspect of American Studies. It is a pleasure to report now, a decade after the first grant, that the Ford Foundation has notified the Council that an additional five-year grant of $3,662,500 has been approved, effective July 1, 1971, to continue the program in Western Europe and the Western Pacific and to initiate a fellowship program for Eastern European scholars interested in doing advanced research in the United States on aspects of American Studies.

As scholars in the United States and abroad, in conjunction with foundation officials, examined the teaching of American history and civilization in European universities in the late 1950's it was evident that many inadequacies existed. Courses of instruction on the history and civilization of the United States that did exist then were handicapped by woefully poor library holdings due to lack of funds, purchasing gaps during the war and early post-war periods, and the comparatively high cost of American publications. Regularized course offerings — as distinct from the occasional course taught by a visiting American Fulbright scholar — were relatively few and scattered and European universities seemed markedly slow about initiating new courses. The reasons were many but among them were faculty resistance either because of political opposition or because of doubt as to the academic validity of such courses, lack of funds to initiate new (and therefore experimental and perhaps doubtful) teaching positions, library weaknesses, and, above all, the absence of young scholars with sufficient academic qualifications to merit appointment to university teaching posts in American studies.

The formal qualifications in European nations to secure a permanent university teaching post tend frequently to be more demanding than the equivalent of an American doctorate, and include publication of original post-Ph.D. research. Such post-doctoral research in American Studies would most often require the scholar to visit the United States and funds for this purpose were severely limited. Universities in Western Europe in the late 1950's had limited resources of their own to draw on for this support and American sources at the time tended to favor student exchanges.

1

To launch the American Studies program, the ACLS appointed an Advisory Committee under the chairmanship of Robert E. Spiller (University of Pennsylvania) which included as members Merle Curti (Wisconsin), John Hope Franklin (Brooklyn College), Walter H. C. Laves (Indiana), J. Roland Pennock (Swarthmore), and Henry Nash Smith (Berkeley). The Council appointed Richard W. Downar as Director of the program in March 1961. Extensive consultation was held with European scholars and with officials of European universities. Discussions were also held with officials of associations for American studies in England and on the continent.

The major areas of activity in the beginning of the American Studies Program were the provision of ACLS International Fellowships to European scholars, financial support to European universities for the establishment of permanent teaching posts devoted to specific aspects of the civilization of the United States, and financial assistance to universities and other organizations in Europe for the expansion of library holdings devoted to American studies or for other activities that might contribute to the Program's objectives.

The larger portion of the funds was devoted to the fellowship program. It was noted at the time that "With this entry into the field of international exchanges on the post-doctoral level the Council feels it has passed another landmark in its journey of service to humanistic scholarship." The fellowship program was primarily intended for junior members of the teaching staffs of European universities. In the first competition under the grant, announced in the fall of 1962, two hundred-fifteen applications were received. These were submitted to Screening Committees consisting of three or four European scholars appointed by the ACLS. Candidates approved by these Screening Committees were then interviewed by ACLS staff members and a final selection was made in New York in mid-April 1962 by the ACLS acting upon the recommendation of the American Studies Selection Committee. Twenty-nine Fellowships were awarded for tenure in 1962-1963 and arrangements were made with host American universities to receive these first ACLS International Fellows.

In its first full year of operation the Program also made grants to assist in the establishment of Chairs in American Studies at the University of Hull, the University of Oslo, and the University of Uppsala; for Readerships at Cambridge University, the London School of Economics and Political Science, the University of Manchester; and a Lectureship at the University of Pisa. Grants for the expansion of library holdings were made to the University of Hull, the University of Manchester, the University of Pisa, the University of Uppsala, the University of Bergen, the University of Copenhagen, the University of Leeds, the Royal University of Malta, and the University of Munich.

In 1962-1963 the ACLS, through its American Studies Program, initiated a new type of grant designed to provide for two-to-four-month visits to the United

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States by senior European scholars in American Studies who had not been here for at least five years. These were designed to assist prominent scholars in maintaining a close acquaintance with their American colleagues and with the American scene. These grants were non-competitive and were issued on an invitational basis. The first recipients in 1962-63 were Roger Asselineau (Sorbonne), Antonio La Pergola (Padua), Agostino Lombardo (Milan), and Tauno Mustanoja (Helsinki).

In the first five years of the Program 109 Fellowships were awarded, including twelve senior fellowships. The fields of interest covered were American government, geography, economy, social structure, philosophy, law, and art — American history and literature were preponderant as might have been expected. Fellows came from Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. During the period 1961-1966 grants were made to fifty-four universities, libraries, and associations for the support of teaching posts, the acquisition of library materials, conferences, and the preparation of scholarly tools. Library grants were made in all fields of American Studies and were given usually on a matching basis. With the help of the ACLS program the first university post in Switzerland specifically devoted to the United States was created, the Netherlands established its first chair in any aspect of American civilization, and the London School of Economics established the first European post devoted to American economic history. These examples are illustrative only and are not meant to be definitive.

As the ACLS American Studies Program began its second five year period in 1966 under a renewal grant from the Ford Foundation, it was possible to expand activities to the Western Pacific while continuing to support the development of American Studies in Western Europe which had been underway in the first five-year period. Forty fellowships were awarded for tenure during 1966-67 and four senior scholars were invited to visit the United States in that year. Included among the successful candidates were nine Japanese Fellows and four Fellows from Australia and New Zealand. Four of the Japanese Fellows, who did not have as fluent command of English as was desired, spent three months during the summer of 1966 at the English Language Institute of the University of Hawaii before coming to their host universities on the mainland.

The first institutional grants in the Western Pacific were made in 1966 to the University of Adelaide, South Australia; University of Auckland, New Zealand; University of Sydney, New South Wales; Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand; and the University of Western Australia. All of these grants were made for the purchase of library materials and all but one were made on a matching basis.

In April, 1967, the ACLS approved its first institutional grant in Japan. The

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ACLS provided the Kyoto American Studies Summer Seminar with partial
assistance to meet the costs of the 1967 session and offered partial assistance for
three succeeding summer sessions. The Seminar, held annually since 1951 under
the joint sponsorship of Doshisha and Kyoto Universities, plays an important
role in American Studies in Japan by providing Japanese scholars with the
opportunity of participating in seminars each summer conducted by outstanding
American scholars in the various branches of American Studies. Scholars from
Korea and Taiwan also attend the Summer Seminar.

In 1967 the ACLS also made its first grant toward the establishment of a
teaching post in the Western Pacific to Flinders University of South Australia,
Adelaide, Australia. This Professorship in American Studies was the first Chair in
American Studies to be established at an Australian university.

The first scholars from the Republic of China were appointed ACLS
International Fellows in 1967. In 1968 the last Fellows from Australia and New
Zealand were appointed under the three-year special grant from the Carnegie
Corporation of New York to assist scholars in those two countries. From 1969
on scholars from Australia and New Zealand have competed with candidates
from Japan and the Republic of China as individuals without regard to
nationality for the Pacific area fellowships supported by the ACLS American
Studies Program.

The ACLS Board of Directors has recently approved the appointment of Fellows under the American Studies Program for the year 1970-71. The total number of individuals receiving American Studies Fellowships since the program began nearly a decade ago is two hundred eighty-nine. Of that number, two hundred fifteen Fellows have been appointed from Europe and seventy-nine from the Far East.

The objective in originating the American Studies Program was to strengthen American subject-matter instruction at European educational institutions. Through the interest and cooperation of many members of the academic community in the United States and in Europe, the Program has been a success.

The ACLS Fellowship Program in Western Europe has played a primary role
in assisting the training of scholars to the point where they can assume university
teaching posts in American Studies and teach their subjects with a professional
degree of competence. No more than five returned Fellows have abandoned even
temporarily their academic careers. Moreover, they are teaching about the
United States and many of them are teaching in this field exclusively. Some of
the Fellows have stated that without ACLS Fellowship assistance they would
have been forced to turn to other fields of specialization. A large number of
monographs, articles, and books have resulted from their ACLS-sponsored
research and important contributions have been made to American and

4

European scholarship. European resources for American Studies, however,
remain underdeveloped and there continues to be a need for European scholars
to come to the United States for research. In countries such as Germany, Great
Britain, France, Norway, and Italy where new universities and additional posts at
old universities are being established, the need for qualified scholars available
for appointment can be expected to rise in the coming years and with it the need
for continued Fellowship assistance. The latest grant from the Ford Foundation
makes it possible to continue the fellowship program through 1975-76.

Through its institutional grants, the ACLS American Studies Program has also
had considerable impact on the state of American Studies in European
universities. Thirty new university teaching posts (lectureships, readerships, and
chairs or professorships) have been established. Support has been provided for
periods of time ranging from two to five years. To date, every such post has been
continued upon the expiration of the ACLS grant. The fields of study in which
such posts have been created include American art and architecture, American
economic history, American economic geography, American government,
American history, American labor history, American literature, and American
Studies. With the establishment of each post, regularly scheduled course
offerings in that subject have become a part of the institution's curriculum.
These institutional grants have not only accelerated the introduction of
American Studies but at the same time have encouraged young scholars to enter
an academic field in which reasonable career possibilities have now been
provided.

The new grant will make it possible to continue this kind of support at a
reduced level. Need still exists for the establishment of teaching posts in such
fields as American art, government, economic history, and social institutions.
Financial stringency within European universities in recent years has been
forcing a general postponement in the establishment of new posts so that all
aspects of American studies would benefit from some external support.

The ACLS Program of American Studies has provided major assistance in the
last decade to the expansion of European library holdings in American studies. A
total of $570,000 has been made available to seventy-one institutions. Basic
teaching collections have been stressed rather than research needs on the
assumption that courses cannot be taught without adequate library resources.

In addition to fellowships, support of teaching posts, and expansion of library
holdings, the ACLS has allocated a total of $117,500 during the life of the
Program ($70,000 during the first five years and the remainder during the
second grant) for support of other activities in American Studies: Grants have
been made for specific projects such as the compilation of Union Catalogues of
American Studies holdings in the libraries of Rome, of Florence, and of London;

5

a catalogue of all University holdings of American periodicals in the five Nordic countries; the preparation of the British Association of American Studies series of annotated bibliographies of books-in-print in the various fields of American Studies; the preparation of a European Handbook of American Studies by the European Association of American Studies; and administrative and conference support to the European Association.

The fellowship program in the Western Pacific is still relatively new but it is clear that it has been effective. Ford Foundation financed fellowships have been awarded since 1966-67 to Japanese candidates; since 1967-68 to Chinese candidates, and beginning with awards for 1969-70, to candidates from Australia and New Zealand. Including the 1970-71 awards; sixty fellowships have been granted (47 in Japan, 7 in Taiwan, 5 in Australia, and 1 in New Zealand - plus, with Carnegie funds, 9 in Australia and 5 in New Zealand). There is a strong desire on the part of scholars in these four countries to develop American Studies in their countries but outside assistance will be required for some time. The new Ford grant will continue the ACLS Program in this area for another five years.

Institutional grants in the amount of $350,000 have been allocated by the ACLS in the last five years in Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. With the exception of one grant in support of the annual Kyoto American Studies Summer Seminar in Japan, these have all been made to institutions in Australia and New Zealand. Two-thirds of the funds have been used in matching grant library support in thirteen different universities, and one-third has provided support for five years in the establishment of a Chair in American Studies at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, and a similar chair at the Flinders University of South Australia - the first professorship in American Studies to be established in each country.

At such time as a further expansion of the Program can be undertaken, it is clear from the steady flow of requests to the ACLS from individuals, organizations, and universities that there are other countries and areas highly interested in the development of American Studies. With unlimited funding - which is not available - the program could be extended with reasonable promise of success to Eastern Europe, South Korea and the Philippines, India, and selected areas of Latin America. In terms of the most recent renewal of funding for the program it is likely that activities can be extended only to Eastern Europe in the near future.

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DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC BIOGRAPHY

The ACLS is happy and honored to announce the appearance of Volumes 1 and 2 of the *Dictionary of Scientific Biography* under the distinguished editorship of Charles Coulston Gillispie of Princeton University. Sponsored by the ACLS, with the generous support of the National Science Foundation, this reference dictionary, hailed in *Publishers' Weekly* as "a monumental and invaluable work," will be published in 12 volumes between now and 1974. Charles Scribner's Sons, publishers also of the Council's *Dictionary of American Biography*, has borne the expense of all of the actual publishing cost in the production of the *Dictionary of Scientific Biography*.

The *Dictionary of Scientific Biography* makes professional knowledge of the history of science available to general scientists, historians, journalists, teachers, students, and interested laymen alike. While the integration of the scientific legacy into its proper place in world history is perhaps the most valuable function of these volumes, the *Dictionary* will enrich both the cultivation of science and the study of history. Its articles deal with the principal mathematicians and natural scientists of all regions and all historical periods, and include information never before available in collected form.

Each article offers not only concise, factual biographical information, compiled from direct knowledge of original sources, but also an account of how the subject's scientific interest received its direction. Each conveys the subject's scientific personality and presents an informed discussion of his work in relation to that of his predecessors, contemporaries, and successors, as interpreted by a modern expert. The carefully selected bibliography that concludes each piece will serve the reader as a guide into the professional literature.

The DSB is thus more than a useful and authoritative catalog of names, titles, dates, discoveries, and laws. The articles are designed to lead the reader to think through the scientific problems discussed and to understand them in relation to the state of scientific knowledge both then and now. It is anticipated that readers will be carried in their interest beyond the particular articles that they first consult into acquaintance with what is by now a considerable body of scholarship in the history of science. The *Dictionary* presents an accurate and sophisticated narrative of the development of science, not as a mere accumulation of technical information, but rather as the accomplishment that has ordered our understanding of nature. Since the history of science is daily employed in the transmission of science, such a work of reference is indispensable.

Volume 1 contains an Introduction on the format of the series and details the lives of scientists from Pierre Abelard to L. S. Berg. Volume 2 reaches from Hans Berger to Christoph Buys-Ballot.

7

Work began on the DSB in October, 1964. Lists of the subjects were tentatively compiled and examined by scientists and scientific academies in the United States and abroad. In the process the list grew to its present 5,000 names. The Editorial Board is composed of specialists in the various branches of science and includes: Carl B. Boyer (Brooklyn College), Marshall Clagett (Institute for Advance Study, Princeton), Erwin N. Heibert (University of Wisconsin), Robert Multhauf (Smithsonian Institution), A.I. Sabra (Warbug Institute, London) Cecil J. Schneer (University of New Hampshire), Leonard G. Wilson (University of Minnesota), and Harry Woolf (The Johns Hopkins University).

Supervising the project was the ACLS Committee on the Dictionary of Scientific Biography composed of: Henry Guerlac (Cornell University), Chairman, and I. Bernard Cohen (Harvard University), Gerald Holton (Harvard University), Ernest Nagel (Columbia University), Richard H. Shryock (American Philosophical Society), Cyril Stanley Smith (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Lynn White, Jr. (University of California at Los Angeles), and Frederick Burkhardt, President, American Council of Learned Societies.

Authors of articles were asked to place emphasis upon the scientific accomplishments and careers of their subjects. In some instances it seemed wise to divide among several authors the account of figures whose work was manifold. Personal biography has intentionally been kept to the minimum consistent with explaining the subject's place in the development of science. Each article concludes with a bibliography that will guide the reader to the original scientific work and also to the main biographical items concerning personal and public life. Authors of articles on prolific scientists have included in the bibliographies the most important papers and indicated in what publications others may be found. In many cases, the citation of a systematic and authoritative bibliography makes it unnecessary to duplicate readily available information.

The aim has been to include articles on those figures whose contributions to science were sufficiently distinctive to make an identifiable difference to the profession or community of knowledge. The Board has felt reasonable confidence in the information available to it in selecting the more important figures and doubts that notable bodies of scientific work have been excluded. For the subjects of marginal significance, however, an important and often decisive limiting factor in reaching decisions about their inclusion or omission has been the availability of scholarship. The Board has not wished to commission any articles unless satisfied that they could be based on first-hand study of the sources. Given the way in which the selection of the lesser subjects had to be made, it does not appear that either the configuration of the list as a whole, or that of various distributions that might be discerned within it, could properly serve for statistical analysis of the population of science in various times, places, or disciplines. One exception to that caveat may be admitted. The high proportion of persons who worked in the biological sciences, amounting to almost a third of the total, does not appear to be an accident of the selection

8

procedure. Their number reflects the historical situation. Until the nineteenth century only the sciences now pertaining to biology formed any part of the responsibility of a well-defined and populous profession, that of medicine. Perhaps for that reason, among others, the manner of growth of the biological and descriptive sciences requires taking account of a larger number of discrete investigations than does that of the physical and mathematical sciences.

Areas of science covered by the *Dictionary* are those that in modern times fall within the purview of mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and the sciences of the earth. There are a few articles on historians of science. Technology, medicine, the behavioral and social sciences, and philosophy are included only in the instances of persons whose work was intrinsically related to the sciences of nature or to mathematics. Thus physiologists who were also physicians appear in virtue of their biological contributions. Authors of articles in these ancillary fields were asked to treat mainly the matters relevant to science, and if they have not always been as restrictive as the policy contemplated, there is a limit to the rigidity with which such distinctions can usefully be applied.

Several other disproportions in the selection of subjects must be noted. In the twentieth century, the choice has been held to relatively important figures. The justification might well be that historical perspective on the recent past is notoriously deceptive in science as elsewhere, but a more practical reason is the shortage of technically qualified scholars in the contemporary history of science. The same consideration has governed in certain decisions about whether to publish articles on the careers of notable scientists who have died while the *Dictionary* was in preparation. In a number of cases it has not been possible to obtain a worthy article.

The limited availability of scholarship is also the factor that has determined policy in respect to the treatment afforded the scientific knowledge and natural philosophy of early India, China, and Japan. In modern times the scientific culture of Asia has merged with that of the West, the continuous history of which goes back from Europe on large part through Islam to its origins in classical antiquity and the ancient Near East. Although this latter tradition was the one that developed the type of science that has become world-wide since the seventeenth century, we should not want to assert that it alone was scientific. Ancient Indian, Chinese, and Japanese sciences are vast and fascinating subjects. The difficulty is that they have been very little studied in the West. In this situation, it was decided that the most practical course would be to publish a few articles that could be written to illustrate the kinds of work done in the ancient East and to leave any attempt at adequate representation of these subjects to the development of scholarship in the future.

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Taking note of the recent publication of the first volumes of the DSB, Hillary W. Putnam, Professor of Philosophy at Harvard and President of the United States National Committee for the History and Philosophy of Science wrote to Professor Charles C. Gillispie and others concerned with the event on June 11, 1970 the following:

I have the honor of communicating to you the following motion, adopted unanimously at the May meeting of the United States National Committee for the History and Philosophy of Science, meeting in Washington under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, in Washington, D.C.

1. The U.S. National Committee wishes to take notice of the publication of the *Dictionary of Scientific Biography*, edited under the auspices of the American Council of Learned Societies, Charles Coulston Gillispie, Editor-in-Chief, and published by Charles Scribner's Sons, an "undertaking [that] has been made possible by a generous grant from the National Science Foundation." This work will be of tremendous usefulness to historians of science, philosophers of science, and to all others who may wish to get information about any of the significant individuals who have been connected with the scientific enterprise.

2. In especially commending the publication of the first two volumes of this important work, the U.S. National Committee wishes especially to take note of the fact that the *Dictionary of Scientific Biography* has elicited such extensive collaboration between so many different countries, including both East and West Europe, and other far-flung parts of the world.

10

## THE DOCTOR OF ARTS DEGREE

*The following appeared in the Winter-Spring 1970 issue of the Carnegie Quarterly and is reprinted here with the kind permission of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and its Editor, Helen Rowan.*

"College teachers, after all, have much in common with their students: they are looking for relevance in their education."

With these words, Mary Wortham, instructor in a junior college in California, ended an article pleading for the creation of a new teaching degree for college teachers. Speaking from the other end of the institutional spectrum, Robert Paul Wolff, professor of philosophy at Columbia University, recently called for the same thing, suggesting also that both the Bachelor of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees be eliminated. (He described the Ph.D. as an "irrational" degree that rarely fulfills its pretentions, among them the fiction that the doctoral dissertation must contain an original contribution to knowledge. If this standard were adhered to, Professor Wolff said, "a university would probably grant only two of these degrees in a decade.")

Agitation for either creation of a new teaching degree or "reform" of the Ph.D. is nothing new. For years, critics have attacked the Ph.D. as unsuitable preparation for teaching. The Ph.D. is a research degree, they say, requiring such extreme specialization that even industrial research directors often complain of its narrowness. Little-usually no-effort is made to teach candidates anything about teaching, although the Ph.D. remains the only "respectable" degree for college teachers. Yet, as Christopher Jencks and David Riesman pointed out in *The Academic Revolution* (see the Spring 1968 *Quarterly*), no university would deny a competent scholar a Ph.D.-and hence a license to teach-even if he were *known* to be an incompetent teacher (and usually no one would know because no attempt would have been made to find out).

Other critics take a somewhat different line. The problem, they say, is not so much that the conventional Ph.D. program prepares teachers badly but rather that the nature of the Ph.D. probably deters many good men-and perhaps even more good women-who would be splendid undergraduate teachers but who have not the stomach for performing months or years of research on some minute topic.

Despite these and many other complaints, attempts to make end runs around the conventional Ph.D. have come to little. Various intermediate degrees (generally embodying academic programs similar to the Ph.D. but without a dissertation) have failed to catch on, partly because they lack the status and prestige of the doctorate. Many have come to believe that, if an alternative to the conventional Ph.D. is ever to gain acceptance by the best institutions and attract some of the best students, it must be a parallel rather than an

11

intermediate degree—a doctorate equal in rigor to the Ph.D. but with greater breadth, requiring heavy emphasis on the subject to be taught, and with some kind of supervised teaching experience.

Even this kind of proposal, however, was slow to gain support. Many academics who favored the creation of such a Doctor of Arts (D.A.) degree lacked the heart to push the idea because they felt that the graduate schools simply would not go along, and it is the graduate schools that dominate undergraduate education, they said (see, again, *The Academic Revolution*).

Changed conditions in recent years, however, have brought about changed attitudes in some quarters. Whether these changes will prove deep and lasting enough to have real effect is still in question, but support for the idea from an interesting variety of sources suggests that they may. Thus, for example, both the National Science Foundation and the National Academy of Arts and Sciences subscribe to the idea; the American Association of State Colleges and Universities endorsed it recently; the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education is considering doing the same; but most important, the Holy of Holies, the Council of Graduate Schools, has come out in favor of the degree. And last June, Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh granted the first four Doctor of Arts degrees.

The reasons for the changed climate are probably multiple. Graduate schools, like undergraduate institutions, have been under pressure to move with the times and to hark more to the needs, or at any rate wishes, of their students. Probably a more salient reason, however, is the dramatic change in the configuration of the higher education scene in general, with new kinds of institutions and greatly increased numbers of old kinds of institutions gaining in importance. As of now, about one quarter of all American undergraduates is enrolled in two-year colleges, and another quarter is in the four-year, public, state colleges. The primary need of these institutions is for subject-oriented, highly competent teachers, whose eyes are fixed more on their students than on specialized research or publication in the academic journals.

As Mrs. Wortham pointed out in the article cited earlier, there is enormous range in caliber of both students and subjects to be taught in the junior colleges, and the teaching function is central. The same conditions and requirements apply, by and large, to most of the state colleges, particularly in the lower division.

"In a graduate seminar," Mrs. Wortham writes, "the highly selected, highly motivated students may learn regardless of the teaching art of the professor. In the junior colleges (and to a great extent in all undergraduate work), the mixed bag of uncertainly motivated students will learn in proportion to the teaching skill of their instructors."

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An additional argument may be made in the case of the burgeoning state colleges. Their distinctive functions may be lost sight of if they are staffed with excessive proportions of Ph.D.'s whose vision of the good life and the good institution is identical to life in the institution they have just left, the graduate school. Some observers have already detected a trend in this direction, with many institutions falling prey to delusions of grandeur: yesterday State Normal School, tomorrow why not Berkeley?

The pity is not merely that the number of potential Berkeleys and Harvards is pretty well limited, but rather that the state colleges have jobs to perform that are just as important, among them educating the teachers, businessmen, engineers, housewives, and nurses of the nation. If the faculty of those institutions prefer as a model the highly selective liberal arts college or university whose primary job is preparing scholars for law, medicine, and the graduate schools of arts and sciences, the result is to create eighth-rate imitations of the few great research universities and to leave the fundamental job largely undone. The "ecology" of the educational system is thus thrown out of balance. The specter of an oversupply of Ph.D.'s looms large in the 1970's; the bull market for research specialists seems to be over. But if large numbers of Ph.D. candidates could be redirected into D.A. programs, a new market would open up in the community colleges (which are not now counted in statistics forecasting Ph.D. surpluses), and the ecology would be restored.

The experience thus far of the one institution that has graduated Doctor of Arts (numbers of others have announced plans to launch programs) has been encouraging. Carnegie-Mellon University now has eighty-nine candidates for the degree in the five departments offering it: English, history, mathematics, music, and the visual arts.

Edwin Fenton, professor of history and head of the Carnegie Education Center, which was established with Carnegie Corporation support several years ago, says there has been no trouble in recruiting top-flight students for the program (they are now having to turn away well-qualified applicants), and he thinks there will be no problem in their gaining acceptance and academic respectability.

"I'd be willing to take our first ten D.A.'s in history," he says, "and in ten years' time match them on rank in university, salary, and publication record against any ten consecutive Ph.D.'s in history from any American university, including Harvard."

Of Carnegie-Mellon's four D.A.'s of last June, one a mathematician, is now teaching at Williams College. The other three are historians, of whom two, after weighing about eight offers apiece, decided to stay at Carnegie-Mellon for the time being, one writing an inquiry-centered U.S. history for fifth graders, the

13

other developing materials for slow learners. The third historian, having considered a similar number of offers, went to Sacramento State College in California. Others who have completed the academic program but are still working on their dissertations are doing similarly well: one is head of the history department in a community college, another is assistant professor at Jackson State College in Mississippi, a third is academic vice principal of a high school.

The career lines these and other future D.A.'s seem to be following exemplify the hopes of the designers of the program: to produce good teachers for liberal arts colleges and for the undergraduate divisions of universities, important personnel for junior and community colleges and high schools, and persons who will act as bridges between the universities and the schools, as do those who are working on curriculum projects.

The Carnegie-Mellon program is run under the auspices of the Education Center. Everybody at the Center is on joint appointment from a subject matter department; it is not, in short, a school of education. Proponents of the D.A. emphasize the importance of keeping the program in the hands of the arts and sciences faculties rather than the education faculties in institutions where there is a school or department of education (there is none at Carnegie-Mellon). All subject courses for the D.A. candidates are given in the relevant department. The Center itself arranges internships and offers courses outside the subject matter field.

Three-fourths of a candidate's work is done in the field he will teach. In addition, all take one course in the cognitive processes, emphasizing the thinking of such men as Piaget and Bruner. Each must also take a graduate seminar in methods and curriculum. Each serves an Internship—perhaps working on a secondary school or college curriculum project, perhaps apprenticed to a faculty member who is developing a new undergraduate course, perhaps teaching an undergraduate course with close supervision and help from an experienced professor. (Teaching would be required of all candidates except that so many of those who have applied to Carnegie-Mellon already have had considerable teaching experience — another sign of the need many practicing college teachers feel for new and more relevant ways of continuing their education.) Finally, each must write a dissertation, carefully grounded in sound scholarship but with emphasis on advancing the teaching field rather than on developing new knowledge.

No doubt debate will continue as to whether the D.A. is as respectable academically as the Ph.D. But at Carnegie-Mellon, Allen F. Strehler, dean of graduate studies and himself a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin, says simply: "I'm tired of the 'equivalency' argument. It's time for us to look at the function to be performed and think about how to prepare people to perform it."

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## NEW MEMBERS APPOINTED TO THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON THE HUMANITIES

On March 25, 1970 President Nixon announced the appointment of nine new members to the National Council on the Humanities, the 26-member advisory body to the National Endowment for the Humanities. The new members, their current professional positions, and examples of their humanities-related activities are:

* Robert O. Anderson, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, Atlantic Richfield Company, New York City, Chairman, Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies

* Lewis White Beck, Professor of Philosophy, University of Rochester, Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences

* Leslie H. Fishel, Jr., President, Heidelberg College, Governing Council, American Association of State and Local History

* Leslie Koltai, Chancellor, Metropolitan Junior College District, Kansas City, Missouri, Member, Board of Directors, Kansas City Area Urban Coalition

* Sherman E. Lee, Director of the Cleveland Museum of Art, Member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences

* Herman H. Long, President, Talladega College, President, Board of Members, United Negro College Fund

* Louis W. Norris, President, Albion College, Fellow, International Institute of Arts and Letters

* Rosemary Park, Vice Chancellor, Student and Curricular Affairs, University of California at Los Angeles, Senator-at-large, Phi Beta Kappa

* Arthur L. Peterson, Executive Director, Center for Advanced Studies in International Business, Los Angeles, California, Author and Lecturer.

15

## ACLS STAFF CHANGES

Thomas J. Condon, Executive Associate since 1966, is leaving the ACLS on July 1, 1970 to become Professor of History and Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. He will be succeeded by Thomas A. Noble, who is at present Associate Dean, Yale Graduate School. Mr. Condon has been appointed Chairman of the ACLS Committee on Information Technology. He has served as staff member of the Committee for the past four years.

Dean Noble has his B.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Yale University and an M.A. from the University of North Carolina. His field of specialization is English Literature. He was a Master at Rustin Academy, Havana (1950-51) and at Aiken (South Carolina) Preparatory School (1952-56). Appointed an Instructor in the Department of English (1958) at Yale, he also served as an Assistant Professor (1962-67) and Dean of Saybrook College (1963-64), before becoming Assistant Dean (1964) and then Associate Dean of the Graduate School in 1966. Yale University published his George Eliot's "Scenes of Clerical Life" in 1965.

Marie Medina Wright, Administrative Assistant for Fellowships and Grants since 1957, is also leaving the Council on July 1, 1970. She and her husband are taking up permanent residence in Great Britain and are planning to move there this summer. She will be succeeded by Mrs. Helen Goldsmith, who joined the ACLS staff in September, 1969.

## BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Chairman: ROBERT M. LUMIANSKY, University of Pennsylvania

Vice-Chairman: H. FIELD HAVILAND, JR., The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University

Secretary: CURT F. BUHLER, Pierpont Morgan Library

Treasurer: WHITNEY J. OATES, Princeton University

GERMAINE BRÉE, University of Wisconsin

KINGMAN BREWSTER, JR., Yale University

FREDERICK BURKHARDT, ACLS (ex officio)

J. P. ELDER, Harvard University

MARK SCHORER, University of California at Berkeley

WILLIAM R. TYLER, Director, Dumbarton Oaks Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.

GREGORY VLASTOS, Princeton University

LOUIS B. WRIGHT, Director Emeritus, Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D.C.

C. VANN WOODWARD, Yale University

## ASSOCIATES OF THE AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES

AMHERST COLLEGE

BARNARD COLLEGE

BENNINGTON COLLEGE

BOSTON COLLEGE

BOSTON UNIVERSITY

BOWDOIN COLLEGE

BROWN UNIVERSITY

BRYN MAWR COLLEGE

CARLETON COLLEGE

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA

CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK

CLAREMONT COLLEGES

COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

CONNECTICUT COLLEGE

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

DARTMOUTH COLLEGE

DUKE UNIVERSITY

FORDHAM UNIVERSITY

GRINNELL COLLEGE

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

HAVERFORD COLLEGE

HOWARD UNIVERSITY

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

KENYON COLLEGE

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY

MACALESTER COLLEGE

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE

MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

OBERLIN COLLEGE

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

RICE UNIVERSITY

RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY

SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO

STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT STONY BROOK

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

TULANE UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA

UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, CHAPEL HILL

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME

UNIVERSITY OF OREGON

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH

UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY

WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY

WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY

WILLIAMS COLLEGE

YALE UNIVERSITY

16

AS Advisory Committee
1970-1 Meeting
Agenda Paper 13

## Short-Term Grants: Former Fellows and Senior Scholars
Suggested Procedures

From the initiation of the program through the academic year 1970-71, once scholars have held an ACLS American Studies Fellowship and have returned to their home countries, they have not been allowed to apply for a second fellowship.

Candidate during the first nine years of the program has been restricted to scholars of no more than forty-five years of age. Occasionally, however, the Council has invited senior scholars to visit the United States for periods of no more than three months as guests of the ACLS. Such invitations have gone to scholars who have played leading roles in the teaching of an appropriate field of American Studies and who have not visited the United States for at least five years. No announcement of such Senior Scholar Fellowship opportunities has been made, nor have applications been solicited. Invitations have been issued only as the interests of possible guests became known to members of the staff and of the Committee, and as the necessary funds became available.

The new Ford Foundation grant specifically provides $50,000.00 per year for "Short-term and Repeat Fellowships" in Europe, and $25,000.00 per year for similar grants in the Western Pacific. (Please, however, note Agenda Paper 14.)

To arrange for the utilization of these funds, an annual, regularly announced competition is suggested, along the following guidelines:

1) Applications would be invited from faculty members of universities in Europe and the Western Pacific seeking financial assistance for visits to the United States for research periods of one to three months in duration.

2) Applications would be restricted to candidates whose university teaching activities include significant attention to the history, institutions, or culture of the U.S.

3) Previous recipients of ACLS fellowship assistance would not be excluded, but no candidate should apply who has been in the United States during the previous five years for a longer period of time than one month.

4) Applications should arrive no less than six months before the initiation of the projected visit.

5) Applications should give the name and academic position of the candidate, a brief description of current teaching activities devoted to the United States, and an outline of the objectives and purpose of the intended visit. Applications solely for the purpose of attending a scholarly meeting or congress in the U.S. would not be accepted.

6) Benefits would consist of a $30.00 per diem and transportation within the United States up to a maximum of $400.00.

7) Transportation costs to the United States and return, and medical insurance costs must be borne by the candidate.

AS Advisory Committee

1970-1 Meeting

Agenda Paper 14

## Short-Term Pre-Doctoral Scholarships: Europe and Western Pacific

During the first few years of the program, a few candidates from England, Germany, and Scandinavia, who were still doing graduate studies toward doctoral degrees abroad, but not yet occupying teaching positions, were permitted to enter the competition, and three or four were actually awarded fellowships. During recent years, however, entry into the competition has been restricted almost exclusively to candidates already teaching, although a number are still working on advanced degrees (such as the *doctorat d'état* in France, the *habilitation* in German-speaking countries, the doctorate in Japan, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom, and the *libera docenza* in Italy). No such degree candidate has been given a short-term grant.

Strong recommendations have been made to the Council during the past several years urging the establishment of a program providing assistance to graduate students preparing doctoral theses abroad, and in need of a few months (one to four) of research in the United States for the purpose of gathering otherwise unobtainable materials. The plea for such a program has been particularly advanced by senior scholars in Australia, New Zealand, Italy and the United Kingdom. This type program has been urged in strong terms by Professors Bailyn, Cole and Goodwin.

It is suggested that the $50,000.00 per year now available for short-term grants in Europe and the $25,000.00 per year similarly available in the Western Pacific might be tapped for such a program. A program of this type could easily become unmanageable without severe restrictions, and the following guidelines are therefore suggested.

1) An announcement of the availability of such assistance might be made annually to the core departments of American subject matter instruction (history, literature, and possibly political science), or, where they exist, only to Departments of American Studies, in universities of the nations of Europe and the Western Pacific.

2) Candidates, to qualify, must be preparing a doctoral thesis specifically focussed upon the United States.

3) Applications should be submitted to the ACLS by the departments receiving the announcement, and no more than one candidate should be nominated by a department in a given year.

4) Nominations should include the subject of the dissertation, a description of the objectives of the proposed visit, and the department evaluation of the career plans and potentialities of the nominee.

5) Nominations should arrive at the ACLS no later than April 1st for visits to be made during the twelve month period beginning the following July 1st.

6) Benefits will include round-trip transportation, a per diem of no less than $15.00, for no less than one, and no more than four months, medical insurance, and the payment of programmed transportation within the United States, up to a maximum of $300.00. Formal, university affiliation within the United States is not contemplated, nor will permission be granted for any extension of stay in the United States.

AS Advisory Committee

1970-1 Meeting

Agenda Paper 15

Institutional Grants: Future Policy

Until now, the ACLS has been considering requests for financial assistance in support of American Studies from institutions and organizations in Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and (to a very limited extent) in Japan. In the past, institutional assistance has largely been of the following types:

1) Financing of the costs of a new teaching post, for periods from two to five years in duration, with reasonable assurance from the receiving institution that the post, upon termination of ACLS support, will be continued.

2) Grants for the purchase of library materials, usually on a matching basis. Such grants have generally been for amounts ranging from one to ten thousand dollars, granted to specific departments within a university, and have often been for the purchase of teaching rather than research materials. Large grants, for the purchase of research as well as teaching materials, have occasionally been awarded (the Universities of Manchester, Leeds, Cologne, Uppsala, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Flinders, and Canterbury at Christchurch).

3) Grants to organizations for administrative purposes (the European Association for American Studies and the Kyoto Summer Seminar in American Studies).

4) Grants for special projects such as Union Catalogues in London, Rome, Florence, and Scandinavia, or for publishing ventures such as the British Association for American Studies' series of bibliographies, the European Association's *American Studies Handbook*, the Rome Centro di Studi Americani's third volume of *American Literature in Italian Periodicals*, etc.

Under the current Ford grant, $70,000.00 per year has been available for Western Europe, and a similar amount has been available for Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.

Under the new Ford grant, $65,000.00 per year will be available for Europe and $40,000.00 per year for the four nations of the Western Pacific.

Under the new grant the Ford Foundation and the Council do not expect to make any institutional grants in Eastern Europe.

Observers have suggested that during the next five years teaching post grants and grants to individual universities or departments within a university be largely eliminated. The new funds, it is suggested, might largely and best be spent on grants having an impact greater than on one university, such as further support for Union Catalogues, support for identification and location of American Studies documents in foreign archives, support for further strengthening of a selected few research libraries abroad, and for other national or multi-national projects.

The Committee's thoughts on these matters and on guidelines for the operation of the Institutional Grant segment of the program during the next five years are requested.

AS Advisory Committee

1970-1 Meeting

Agenda Paper 11

Ford Foundation Grant

The ACLS had expected to have received, in late March, official
notification from the Ford Foundation of a new grant to the ACLS for con-
tinuance of the American Studies Program for an additional five years.
Agenda Papers 1, and 12 through 15 had been prepared by R.W. Downar in
February, prior to his departure for Europe, on the assumption that a copy
of the Ford Foundation grant would be at hand and available for distribution
at the present time. Unfortunately this has not occurred.

Agenda Papers referring to the "new Ford Foundation grant", there-
fore, remain at this date (April 3, 1970) expectations based upon draft
copies of the budget of the projected grant which Foundation officials
have shown to R.W. Downar. The Foundation now indicates that official
notification of the proposed grant will be forthcoming "within several
weeks", and hopefully will be at hand by the time of the Advisory Committee
meeting when changes, if any, in amounts and objectives will be reported to
the Committee. For the moment, therefore, Committee members are requested
to treat the amounts and the activities discussed in the following Agenda
Papers, as well as in Agenda Paper 1, as confidential, and as expressing
nothing more than the Council's hopes--hopes which may not be realized.
Since insufficient time remains, if the Agenda Papers are to reach the
Committee members two weeks before the meeting, to revise and restencil
all the Papers to reflect the present situation, we have left them unchanged,
substituting this explanation for the copy of the grant letter originally
intended for Agenda Paper 11.

AS Advisory Committee
1970-1 Meeting
Agenda Paper 12
(with 5 attachments)

Suggested Procedures: Regular Fellowship Program, Europe and Western Pacific

Under the present Ford Foundation grant, a maximum of $300,000.00 per year has been available for fellowships in Western Europe, and a minimum of $105,000.00 per year (supplemented during the years 1966-67, 1967-68, and 1968-69 by a total of $148,000.00 from the Carnegie Corporation of New York for fellowships in Australia and New Zealand) for fellowships in Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and (since 1967-1968) Taiwan. By utilizing all $105,000.00 in the autumn competition for Western Pacific fellowships, and then in the spring using the $300,000.00 (plus unexpended funds accruing when individual fellowship costs prove to be lower than estimated) for new fellowships to be granted to Western Europeans, plus fellowship renewals for Fellows from both Western Europe and the Western Pacific, the ACLS has in effect transferred an average of $50,000.00 per year from the Western European to the Western Pacific program.

Under the new Ford Foundation grant, $250,000.00 per year will be available for Western European fellowships, plus an additional $50,000.00 per year for use in Eastern Europe, and $175,000.00 per year for fellowships in the four nations of the Western Pacific.

Western Europe: Current Procedures

In Western Europe, the Council has sent an annual announcement of the fellowship competition to members of university administrations and faculties, as well as to scholarly organizations and journals, in all the countries covered. That list is constantly revised, and at present totals approximately 4,000 recipients. The announcement is mailed in early September, and a copy of the most recent announcement is enclosed (attachment 1). The deadline for receipt of preliminary applications--giving name, age, position, description of research interests, and names and addresses of three prospective referees--is December 1st.

Upon receipt of these preliminary applications, the staff decides whether the candidate is eligible by reason of age, position, and research interests, to enter the competition. If the staff decision is favorable (and a negative decision is taken only in clear cases), a formal set of application forms is sent to the candidate, and letter of reference forms mailed to the referees, with a deadline of January 1st for ACLS receipt of both. A detailed description of the fellowship program, copy enclosed (attachment 2), is sent to each recipient of the application forms.

In early December, the staff, on the basis of field of study distribution among the candidates, appoints European scholars of eminence in those various fields of study to serve as members of the European Screening Committees for that year's competition. To date, no scholar has been asked to serve on such committees more than twice, and no two scholars from the same country are asked to serve on one committee at the same time. (This procedure helps to publicize the program among as large a group of European scholars as is possible, and helps to eliminate possibilities of repeated national or discipline bias in the actions of successive committees.)

- 2 -

Applications with letters of reference and instructions (the most recent are enclosed as attachment 3) are sent to the Screening Committee members during the third week of January. The committees, with R.W. Downar in attendance, then meet at a selected city in Europe during the second or third week of February.

The committees review in detail each application submitted for consideration, and identify those candidates believed to be worthy of further review by the Council. The committees' judgments on each candidate are recorded by R.W. Downar, who, in the four or five weeks immediately following the Screening Committee meetings, interviews individually the candidates recommended for further consideration.

In early April, the American Advisory Committee members receive the applications and letters of recommendation of all candidates judged recommendable by the Screening Committees, along with those committee's evaluations and R.W. Downar's interview notes. The Advisory Committee also receives a roster listing the names, ages, positions, and research interests of all candidates rejected by the Screening Committees. The Advisory Committee then meets in late April at the ACLS to consider those nominated candidates. Reviewing the papers presented, and guided by the amount of money available, the committee selects those candidates it wishes to recommend to the ACLS for receipt of fellowships, identifying the university or institution in the United States they believe most suitable as host institution for each selected Fellow. Fellowship awards are then made during the last week in April, and Visiting Scholar affiliations with the appropriate American institutions are arranged.

No "quota" by field of study or by country is suggested by the ACLS to either the Screening Committees or to the American Advisory Committee. All committees, however, are asked to be reasonably liberal in evaluating the qualifications of candidates from Portugal, Spain, and Greece in view of the educational obstacles in those countries.

## Western Europe: Suggested Procedural Revisions

The staff believes that these procedures have, in general, proved satisfactory. Minor revisions, suggested for the Advisory Committee's consideration, are the following:

1. Some observers believe the ACLS American Studies Program has not been as receptive as desirable to applications in the social sciences, and that this is reflected in the announcement, where acceptable research projects are identified as those dealing with "the social structure, political or economic institutions of the United States." The appropriate sentence of the announcement might be revised to:

> Appropriate fields include American art, history, law, or literature, and the architectural history, economy, economic history, geography, government, philosophy, politics, or society of the United States.

Further, social science representation on the Screening and Advisory Committees might be increased.

2. Observers also suggest that the continued small number of applications, and of awarded fellowships, in Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Southern Italy should be improved. In correction of this situation, the staff should exert greater efforts in

- 3 -

publicizing the program and encouraging applications in those regions, and the committees might be urged to be even more liberal and sympathetic in reviewing applications from Southern Europe.

3) Criticism has been expressed of the failure of some American universities to take adequate measures to integrate ACLS Fellows into university life, and to accord the Fellows appropriate assistance and attention, particularly in view of the ACLS contribution of $500.00 per Fellow per semester to the host institution. In its letters requesting Visiting Scholar affiliation, the ACLS might be more explicit in setting forth the obligations it expects a host institution to assume in accepting the nominated ACLS Fellow. The Advisory Committee is requested to consider this, and to suggest other possible measures for improving the situation.

## Eastern Europe: Suggested Procedures

The ACLS expects to extend its regular fellowship program to Yugoslavia and Hungary, and is investigating the possibilities of extension to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.

The staff suggests that any extension to Eastern Europe be fully integrated into the present Western European program, that the program be renamed a European Program, and that identical current or revised Western European procedures be used for the new European Program. Public announcement and open application by potential candidates might be prohibited in some Eastern European countries, in which case nomination to the ACLS of nationally "approved" candidates--submitted by the individual universities or the concerned Ministries--might be acceptable, but with no change in current selection procedures. No announcement of any special "quota" for Eastern Europe would be made, nor would the existence of any such "quota" be intended to the European Screening Committees (upon which Eastern Europeans as well as Western Europeans could be serving)--with only the Advisory Committee aware that of the $300,000.00 available each year, the Ford Foundation and the ACLS would hope that approximately $50,000.00 (or more) would be allocated to Eastern European candidates if candidates with individually acceptable qualifications survive the Screening Committees and are submitted to the Advisory Committee for consideration.

## Western Pacific: Current Procedures

The ACLS, each February, sends to some 2,000 recipients in Japan, Taiwan, Australia, and New Zealand, an announcement of the fellowship competition (attachment 4), with a deadline date of July 1st for receipt of preliminary applications. Procedures in considering those preliminary applications are identical with those for Western Europe, and identical application forms and detailed description of the ACLS American Studies Program (see attachment 2) are sent to accepted candidates, with an August 1st deadline for receipt of letters of reference and completed application forms.

Because of distances involved, and the smaller number of applications, no regional Screening Committees are used in the Western Pacific as they are in Europe. On occasions when a large number of Japanese candidates in a given discipline enter the competition, one or two highly qualified Japanese scholars are asked to serve as Screening Consultants, individually evaluating the qualifications and promise of the candidates in their discipline. R.W. Downar interviews all Western Pacific

- 4 -

candidates (except those Japanese candidates evaluated as unacceptable when
Japanese Screening Consultants have been used). All applications, with letters of
reference and R.W. Downar interview notes, are sent to the Advisory Committee in
late November. The Advisory Committee meets in mid-December, reviews the applica-
tions, and selects those evaluated as recommendable (within the limits of the money
available) for ACLS American Studies Fellowships, identifying the appropriate
institution of affiliation for each in the United States.

At present, and if enough candidates are evaluated acceptable, all $105,000
available each year for Western Pacific fellowships are committed at this December
meeting, with no quota by country or field of study. (Fellowship renewals for
scholars from the Western Pacific are considered in April, with funds committed
drawn from the Western European program.)

Western Pacific: Suggested Procedural Revisions


No changes in the present procedures for announcement, screening, and
selection are suggested.

Under the new Ford Foundation grant, $170,000.00 will be available for Western Pacific fellowships each year (an increase of $65,000.00--while, in contrast, there has been a $50,000.00 per year decrease in the funds available for Western European fellowships). It is suggested that Western Pacific fellowship renewals no longer be charged against the Western European program. Instead, it is suggested that each December, when considering Western Pacific candidates, the Advisory Committee restricts its commitments for new fellowships to a maximum of $120,000.00, reserving a minimum of $50,000.00 for use in the mid-April meeting for the awarding of fellowship renewals to Western Pacific candidates. If renewal applications judged worthy of support in the April meeting fail to absorb the $50,000.00 reserved for such use, the excess can be used in awarding fellowships to Western Pacific candidates (if any) placed on the alternate list at the December meeting, or added to the Western Pacific fellowship funds available the following year.

General Revisions
---

The detailed description of the fellowship program (attachment 2), sent to
European and Pacific candidates alike, needs revision. A draft revision (attach-
ment 5) is enclosed for your consideration.

ACLS

345 East 46th Street

(At United Nations Plaza)

New York, New York 10017

Cable Address: ACOLSOCNEWYORK

Telephone: (212) 986-7393

FELLOWSHIPS FOR RESEARCH
IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The American Council of Learned Societies is pleased to announce an American Studies Fellowship Program for the academic year 1970-71 available to citizens of Western Europe. These Fellowships are for scholars of no more than 45 years of age, who are teaching at the university level and who wish to undertake advanced research in the United States on some aspect of the history, culture, or civilization of that country. Appropriate fields include American history or literature, the geography, economic history, law, or government of the United States, American art, architectural history, or philosophy, or the social structure, political or economic institutions of the United States. Research on the general theory or the techniques of any discipline is *not* appropriate to this program.

The Fellowships are for a minimum period of nine months, and provide for all expenses, including transportation, maintenance, and health insurance for the recipients and their accompanying dependents, as well as the recipients' educational and research expenses.

Selection of candidates will be on a competitive basis. Scholars interested in applying should write to *The American Studies Program, American Council of Learned Societies, 345 East 46th Street, New York, N. Y. 10017, U.S.A.*, before December 1, 1969. The letter should contain the applicant's name, address, age, position, a very brief description of the research he wishes to undertake and the names and addresses of three scholars who might serve as referees of the candidate's qualifications. If the ACLS judges the candidate to be qualified to enter the competition, formal application forms will then be sent to the candidate for completion and return before January 1, 1970. Announcement of awards will be made in April, 1970.

It is hoped that you will call the existence of the ACLS American Studies Fellowship Program to the attention of appropriate scholars of your acquaintance.

ACLS

345 East 46th Street

(At United Nations Plaza)

New York, New York 10017

Cable Address: ACOLSOC NEWYORK

Telephone: YUkon 6-7393

ACLS FELLOWSHIPS FOR RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AMERICAN STUDIES PROGRAM

THE AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES is a federation of organizations and societies in the United States of America concerned with the humanities and the humanistic elements in the social sciences. It was organized in 1919 and incorporated in the District of Columbia in 1924. It represents the United States in the Union Académique Internationale.

The ACLS since its foundation has actively contributed to the encouragement of the study in the American education system of the language, history, and culture of other nations, while in recent years an increasing number of the members of its constituent societies have engaged in the teaching of various aspects of the culture of the United States in the universities of other countries.

The ACLS has warmly welcomed the rising interest among scholars of other countries in the broad field of American studies. The Council believes that such scholarly research is of great importance to Americans because it will bring fresh insights and therefore deeper understanding of their own culture to Americans themselves.

It is also the conviction of the ACLS that just as the study of the culture of other countries is bringing a growing enrichment to the American educational system, so may intellectual life abroad derive benefits from an increased scholarly attention to the sources and development of American culture.

For these reasons the ACLS is gratified that it may contribute more substantially and more directly, through funds generously placed at its disposal by the Ford Foundation, in assisting foreign scholars who wish to broaden and deepen their knowledge of the United States.

The ACLS is therefore pleased to announce a Fellowship Program to enable such scholars to undertake a period of research in the United States. Approximately forty Fellowships will be offered each year to candidates under the following conditions of eligibility, selection, and tenure.

## ELIGIBILITY

1. Awards are open to scholars who are citizens of any of the following countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, the Republic of China, Denmark, Finland, France, The Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Malta, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and The United Kingdom.

2. Candidacy is open to university graduates who

a. are at present engaged in post-graduate research and lecturing at the university level;

b. propose to pursue a teaching career in which scholarly competence in some aspect of the civilization of the United States of America might appropriately be utilized; and

c. are interested in undertaking research in the United States on some branch of American studies, including American history, literature, geography, government, economic history, law, art history, architectural history, social institutions, etc.

3. Candidates must be in good health, should have a good command of the English language, and should be not over forty-five years of age at the time of the submission of their applications.

4. Previous experience in the United States does *not* disqualify an applicant.

## SELECTION

5. Selection of Fellows will take into account evidences of scholarly attainment, as well as present and prospective professional status.

6. Preliminary screening of application forms will be accomplished by the American Council of Learned Societies.

7. Application papers of candidates approved in the preliminary screening will be referred to one of several Screening Committees in the various disciplines. Each of these Screening Commit-

tees will be composed of scholars with internationally recognized competence in the pertinent branch of American studies. Each Screening Committee will nominate panels of approved candidates to the American Council of Learned Societies.

8. Most candidates whose applications have been favorably reviewed by the Screening Committee will be interviewed at or near their places of residence by an ACLS staff member. Announcement of awards will be made by the ACLS no later than January for candidates from the Western Pacific, and no later than the last week in April for candidates from Europe.

9. Confirmation of all Fellowship awards is conditional upon

a. the granting of an Exchange Visitor visa by the United States consular authorities, and

b. satisfactory completion of arrangements by the American Council of Learned Societies for the candidate's proposed program of research in the United States, including affiliation with an appropriate American university.

## TENURE

10. Fellows will normally be required to spend a minimum of nine months in the United States. Fellowships will be awarded initially for one year, with extension depending upon a review, in the latter part of the first year, of the Fellow's progress and needs.

11. Fellows are required to agree that during tenure they will not solicit nor accept any other appointment, award, or employment. Fellows must undertake to leave the United States at the conclusion of the Fellowship, and not to seek or accept residence or employment in the United States for a period of two years thereafter.

12. Fellows are required to follow a definite program of research and study acceptable to the ACLS, and are expected to be based at selected institutions. Every effort will be made to place Fellows where they are most likely to achieve their desired programs, and Fellows' own wishes will be given every consideration.

13. The ACLS encourages travel by a Fellow in the United States at the termination of his formal period of research and study. Such travel plans may be facilitated by extra financial assistance by the ACLS.

14. After completion of the Fellowship, a Fellow shall submit to the ACLS a report on his work and experience in the United States.

15. A Fellowship may be terminated by the ACLS if, in the opinion of its officers, a Fellow has not observed the obligations compatible with the purposes and nature of the Fellowship.

## EMOLUMENTS

16. Fellowship emoluments cover expenses of travel, residence and research during tenure, as follows:

### Basic

a. A basic stipend ranging from $300 to $450 a month, depending upon age and position.

### Emoluments

b. A basic book and equipment allowance.

c. Research expenses, fees, and tuition.

d. Travel from a Fellow's home to the United States and return.

e. Health insurance, for the Fellow and accompanying dependents.

### Supplementary Allowances

f. Travel from a Fellow's home to the United States and return for each accompanying dependent.

g. To a Fellow who at the time of award is married or has comparable family obligations: if the dependents do not accompany the Fellow to the United States, an allowance, if required and within a maximum of $175 a month, to supplement the Fellow's personal income and resources for maintenance of his home and care of his family in his home country during the tenure of the Fellowship.

h. To a Fellow who is married at the time of award and is accompanied to the United States by his wife and other dependents: a supplementary allowance of up to $100 per month for the wife, and up to $75 per month for each additional dependent, if required and taking into account their earnings and family resources other than the Fellow's own emoluments on the Fellowship.

i. For approved periods of travel while in the United States, a supplementary allowance to the Fellow may be allotted.

These emoluments and supplementary allowances are planned to enable a Fellow to live and travel in the United States so as to achieve the fullest realization of the purposes of the Fellowship, and payments to the Fellow for these purposes are expected to be expended in the United States.

## INFORMATION

17. The ACLS must receive completed applications from Europe no later than January 1st, and from the Western Pacific no later than August 1st.

CABLE ADDRESS: ACOLSOCNEWYORK

TELEPHONE: (212) 986-7393

MEMORANDUM

TO: Screening Committee Members, 1970-71 ACLS European Fellowship Competition

FROM: Richard W. Downar, Director, American Studies Program

The American Council of Learned Societies is pleased and honored that you have agreed to review the applications of European candidates for ACLS American Studies Fellowships for the academic year 1970-71. Two Committees have been established this year.

Committee I, to review applications in Economics, Government, History, and Law, will meet on Friday, February 13th, and will be composed of the following scholars:

Torstein ECKHOFF, Professor of Law, University of Oslo, Norway

John A. HAWGOOD, Professor of American History, University of
Birmingham, England

Erhard KANTZENBACH, Professor of Economics, University of Frankfurt, Germany

Paul VAN DE MEERSSCHE, Professor of Comparative Government and Public Administration, University of Louvain, Belgium

Committee II, to review applications in Art, Geography, Literature, Philosophy, and Sociology, will meet on Saturday, February 14th, and will be composed of the following scholars:

Erik ALLARDT, Professor of Sociology, University of Helsinki, Finland

Franz LINK, Professor of American Literature, University of Freiburg, Germany

Marcello PAGNINI, Professor of American Literature, University of Florence, Italy

Bryan R. WILSON, Reader in Sociology, Oxford University, England

Each Committee will meet at the University of London's Institute of United States Studies, 31 Tavistock Square, London W.C. 1 (telephone number 387 5534/5) at ten o'clock on the scheduled morning. With a break for lunch, the work of each Committee will probably be concluded by four o'clock in the afternoon.

Today we have sent to each of you a package containing the applications and letters of reference submitted by the various candidates to be considered by your Committee. PLEASE CABLE ME if you have not received the package within one week after receiving this memorandum.

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Accompanying the package will be a copy of the announcement of the com-
petition and a detailed description of the fellowship benefits. Also included is
a roster of the candidates being considered by your Committee with space for your
own notes on each applicant. (Purely for your own information, a roster of the
candidates being considered by the other Committee is also enclosed.)

As you know, the ACLS fellowships have as their objective the support of
scholarly research in the U.S. by younger European scholars engaged in, or commit-
ted to, teaching about the United States at the university level. The ACLS sets
no quota by country or by field of study, awarding its fellowships solely on pro-
fessional merit, although with due allowance given for slower development of
American Studies in the universities of Spain, Portugal and Greece. There is also
no exact number of fellowships the ACLS wishes to award. Financial limitations
will probably prevent awards to more than a total of twenty or twenty-five candi-
dates, but the ACLS would have no regret were you to rate no more than five or ten
candidates as presently worthy of selection. Since the awards are generous, each
recipient should fully merit his selection.

It is suggested that you rate each candidate in one of the following four
categories: 1--Outstanding; 2--Recommendable; 3--Marginal; 4--Not Recommendable.

In rating the candidates, it is suggested that the following criteria be
among those used:

1. Has the candidate the necessary professional qualifications to undertake his proposed study or research?

2. Is the candidate's research or study plan valid, feasible, and of scholarly interest?

3. Are the candidate's research or study plans and his present or probable teaching activities sufficiently focussed upon some specific aspect of the civilization or history of the U.S. to be compatible with the ACLS objective?

4. Is there sufficient assurance that the candidate, upon completion of his sojourn in the U.S., will contribute effectively within the European university systems to that branch of American studies in which he is specializing?

The ACLS hopes that each of you will come to London with at least a pre-
liminary evaluation of the merits of each candidate submitted to your Committee,
and not only those candidates in your own field of specialization. In arriving at
such preliminary evaluations, please do not hesitate to consult any of your own
colleagues in those cases in which you have considerable doubt. This may be par-
ticularly valuable in Committee II for the candidates in Art, Geography, and
Philosophy, since there are no representatives of those fields of study on the
Committee.

Following the London meeting, I shall personally interview each of the
candidates whom the Committees, by general agreement, rate as Outstanding or
Recommendable. Those candidates, with your evaluations and such supplementary
information as might be gathered in my interviews, will then be considered by this
Council at its April meeting when final selections will be made.

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I look forward to meeting each of you in London, and extend to you in advance the warm appreciation of the American Council of Learned Societies for your valuable assistance and cooperation.

Enclosure:

Check for expenses in attending the London meeting

345 East 46th Street

(At United Nations Plaza)

New York, New York 10017

Telephone: (212) 986-7393

AMERICAN STUDIES FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM

The American Council of Learned Societies is pleased to announce a competition for American Studies Fellowships, to be initiated in 1971 and available to scholars of Australia, the Republic of China, Japan, and New Zealand. These Fellowships are for scholars of no more than 45 years of age who are teaching at the university level, and who wish to engage in advanced research in the United States on some aspect of the history, culture, or civilization of that country. Appropriate fields include American art, history, law, or literature, and the architectural history, economy, economic history, geography, government, philosophy, politics, or society of the United States. Research on techniques or general theory of any discipline is *not* appropriate to this program.

The Fellowships are for a minimum period of nine months and may be extended to a maximum period of twenty-two months. The Fellowships provide for all expenses, including transportation, maintenance, and health insurance for the recipients and their accompanying dependents, as well as the recipients' educational and research expenses, including English language instruction where necessary.

Selection of candidates for these Fellowships will be on a competitive basis. Scholars interested in Fellowships to be initiated during the year 1971 should write as soon as possible to *The American Studies Program, American Council of Learned Societies, 345 East 46th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A.* The letter, which must arrive at ACLS before July 1, 1970, should contain the applicant's name, address, age, university position, a brief description of the research he wishes to undertake, and the names and addresses of three scholars who would be willing to provide letters of recommendation. If the ACLS judges the candidate to be qualified to enter the competition, formal application forms will immediately be sent to the candidate for completion and return before August 1, 1970. Announcement of awards will be made in December, 1970.

It is requested that you call the existence of the ACLS American Studies Fellowship Program to the attention of appropriate scholars of your acquaintance.

CABLE ADDRESS: ACOLSOCNEWYORK

TELEPHONE: (212) 986-7393

The AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES is a federation of organizations and societies in the United States of America concerned with the humanities and the humanistic elements in the social sciences. It was organized in 1919 and incorporated in the District of Columbia in 1924. It represents the United States in the Union Académique Internationale.

The ACLS is therefore pleased to administer a Fellowship Program to enable such scholars to undertake a period of research in the United States. Approximately forty Fellowships will be offered each year to candidates under the following conditions of eligibility, selection, and tenure.

ELIGIBILITY

1. Awards are open to scholars who are citizens of any of the following countries: Australia, the Republic of China, Japan, New Zealand, and the nations of Europe except the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

2. Candidacy is open to scholars who

a. are at present engaged in lecturing at the university level; and

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b. are interested in undertaking research in the United States on some branch of American studies, including American history, literature, geography, government, economic history, law, art history, architectural history, economy, society, etc.

4. Previous experience in the United States does not disqualify an applicant.

## SELECTION

7. Application papers of candidates approved in the preliminary screening will be referred to Screening Committees composed of scholars with internationally recognized competence in the pertinent branches of American studies. The Screening Committees will nominate panels of approved candidates to the American Council of Learned Societies.

8. Most candidates whose applications have been favorably reviewed by the Screening Committees will be interviewed at or near their places of residence by an ACLS staff member. Announcement of awards will be made by the ACLS no later than January for candidates from the Western Pacific, and no later than the last week in April for candidates from Europe.

a. the granting of an Exchange Visitor visa by the United States consular authorities; and

## TENURE

10. Fellows will normally be required to spend a minimum of nine months in the United States. Fellowships will be awarded initially for an academic year, with extension depending upon a review, midway during tenure, of the Fellow's progress and needs.

11. Fellows are required to agree that during tenure they will not solicit or accept any other appointment, award, or employment. Fellows must undertake to leave the United States at the conclusion of the Fellowship, and not seek or accept residence or employment in the United States for a period of two years thereafter.

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12. Fellows are required to follow the program of research set forth in their applications. University affiliation in the U.S. will be arranged by the ACLS. Every effort will be made to place Fellows where they are most likely to achieve their desired programs, and Fellows' own wishes will be given every consideration.

13. The ACLS favors travel by a Fellow in the United States at the termination of his formal period of research and study. Such travel plans may be facilitated by modest financial assistance from the ACLS.

14. A year after completion of the Fellowship, a Fellow will be asked to submit to the ACLS a report on his work and experience in the United States.

## EMOLUMENTS

a. A basic stipend of $500.00 a month, with downward adjustments if the Fellow's salary from his home institution or income from other sources is available.

### Basic Emoluments

b. A basic book and equipment allowance of $250.00 per semester.

c. Fees, tuition, and $250.00 for professional travel expenses within the U.S.

d. Travel from a Fellow's home to his American institution of affiliation and return.

e. Health insurance for the Fellow and accompanying dependents.

### Supplementary Allowances

f. Travel from a Fellow's home to his American institution of affiliation and return for each accompanying dependent.

g. To a Fellow who at the time of award is married or has comparable family obligations: if the dependents do not accompany the Fellow to the United States, an allowance, if required and within a maximum of $175.00 a month, to supplement the Fellow's personal income and resources for the care of his family in his home country during the tenure of the Fellowship.

h. To a Fellow who is married at the time of award and is accompanied to the United States by a spouse and other dependents: a supplementary allowance of up to $150.00 per month for the spouse, and a similar amount for the first child, plus $100.00 per month for each additional dependent.

CABLE ADDRESS: ACOLSOCNEWYORK

TELEPHONE: (212) 986-7393

May 1, 1969

MEMORANDUM

FROM: R.W. Downar, Director, ACLS American Studies Program

SUBJECT: ACLS American Studies Program Planning Meeting

The meeting will be held in the ACLS offices on the afternoon of Thursday, May 22, 1969. Participants will include: James W. Angell, Professor Emeritus of Economics, Columbia University; Marver H. Bernstein, Professor of Politics and Dean, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University; John Hope Franklin, Professor of American History, University of Chicago; Oscar Handlin, Charles Warren Professor of American History and Director, Charles Warren Center, Harvard University; Norman Holmes Pearson, Professor of English and American Studies, Yale University; Robert E. Spiller, Professor Emeritus of English, University of Pennsylvania; President Burkhardt; and myself. It is hoped that you will be able to have an early lunch so that the meeting may begin at one o'clock, and conclude before too late in the afternoon.

As you know, Ford Foundation support for the ACLS American Studies Program is currently scheduled to terminate with the academic year 1970-71. The Council intends to request, during the next several months, that the Foundation consider continuation of the program. The Foundation is aware of the Council's intention, and is at present reviewing the effects of the ACLS program thus far. In Europe that survey is being undertaken by Provost Taylor C. Cole of Duke University and Professor Bernard Bailyn of Harvard University, and in the Pacific by Vice Provost Craufurd D. Goodwin of Duke University.

Your counsel, advice, and recommendations on continuation of the program in Europe and the Western Pacific, possible extension to other areas, and modifications in present activities, policies, and procedures are much needed. To assist you, I have enclosed a short, twelve-page background paper reviewing the program to date, along with some attachments giving more specific information which you may find of interest.

We are very grateful to you for agreeing to give the Council your assistance.

CABLE ADDRESS: ACOLSOCNEWYORK

TELEPHONE: (212) 986-7393

## ACLS AMERICAN STUDIES PROGRAM

### I. Background

Following discussions in 1960 between Ford Foundation officials and President Burkhardt and others at the ACLS, the Foundation made a five-year grant to the Council of funds "to strengthen American subject-matter instruction at European educational institutions" - subsequently defined as universities in Western or Free Europe. That initial grant provided financial support for institutional awards throughout the five years and for fellowships for the four academic years beginning with 1962-63, and consequently scheduled to terminate in July, 1966.

At the end of 1964 the Foundation approved a continuation of the program, with extension of its area of activity to include Japan, Australia, and New Zealand and, in 1967, Taiwan, through the academic year 1970-71. There was thus provided a total of ten years of financial support ($1,690,000.00) for direct grants to foreign educational institutions, and nine years of financial support ($3,225,000.00) for fellowships. (In 1965 the Carnegie Corporation of New York also awarded a grant of $148,000.00 to the Council for American Studies fellowships for three years to be made available to candidates from Australia and New Zealand - a grant which has just terminated and is not being renewed.)

The program has been administered, under the direction and supervision of President Burkhardt and the ACLS Board of Directors, by myself (R.W. Downar) and an Administrative Assistant (Ruth Craven since July, 1966). Policies have been established and grants awarded with the counsel and recommendations of an Advisory Committee normally composed of eight American scholars with two to four members of the Committee changed each year.)

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## II. Fellowships

### A. Policies and Procedures

Fellowships for advanced research were initially made available to candidates who were no more than forty years of age and who were either teaching about the United States at the university level or were in the final stages of preparation for such a career. The maximum age limit was subsequently raised to forty-five.

Availability of the fellowships has been publicized annually - primarily through the sending of announcements to some five thousand individual scholars in the appropriate departments of the foreign universities.

No quota by country or field of study was established. Initial screening of candidates permitted to enter the competition has been accomplished by annually appointed committees of European scholars. Final screening is one of the responsibilities of the ACLS Advisory Committee.

In the competitions it developed that graduate students with no university teaching experience were rarely selected for fellowships, and when the program was extended to the Pacific area, prospective candidates there were required to be teaching at the university level to qualify for entry into the competition. No screening committees of Pacific scholars were established, although individual screening consultants have been used from time to time.

Fellowships have been granted for one year, with ready consideration of extensions for a second year. Emoluments have been reasonably adequate, including transportation and health insurance for recipients and their accompanying dependents, membership in the American Studies Association, $750.00 per year for book purchases and research expenses, and a maintenance allowance currently at the rate of $500.00 per Fellow per month, plus an additional $100.00 per month for each accompanying dependent. (Fellows receiving a continuation of their university salaries receive a proportionately reduced ACLS maintenance allowance.)

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The Advisory Committee recommends an appropriate university affiliation in the United States for each recipient. The ACLS arranges "Visiting Scholar" affiliation with those institutions, contributing $500.00 per Fellow per semester to the host university. (In those rare cases where Fellows request and are granted permission to enroll in an American university as a degree candidate, the ACLS pays regular tuition fees.)

Occasionally the ACLS, upon the recommendation of the Advisory Committee, has invited senior scholars prominent in some branch of American Studies and who have not visited the U.S. for at least five years to come to this country for a period of two or three months as "Senior Fellow" guests of the ACLS. (Senior Fellow grants thus far total 18.)

## B. Results

The academic year 1968-69 is the seventh year in which Fellowship recipients have been in the United States, and grants have now been awarded for the academic year 1969-70, the penultimate year of the presently approved program. In those eight years a total of 180 individuals from Europe and 58 from the Pacific will have received regular ACLS American Studies fellowships, and of those, 53 have received extensions of their fellowships for additional periods of four to fourteen months. Enclosure 1. gives a tabulation of those recipients by country and field of study.

Enclosure 2. lists the American universities, in order of frequency of affiliation, which have served as host universities to the recipients of the regular fellowships through the first semester of the academic year 1969-70.

During these eight years, 776 candidates, as broken down by country and field of study in Enclosure 3. have unsuccessfully submitted formal applications. An undetermined but at least equal number of individuals have submitted preliminary applications but were not provided with application forms for entry into the competitions, having been considered by the ACLS staff as inadequately or unsuitably qualified.

- 4 -

We believe the fellowship program has been highly successful. Scholarly publications resulting from research made possible by the fellowships are many. Appointments and promotions for returned Fellows, often directly attributable to the recognition given them in being selected for an ACLS fellowship or to the work they have accomplished in the U.S. under Council sponsorship, are frequent.

Former Fellows are warm in expressing their appreciation and in evaluating the results in their own professional advancement. Generally speaking they have also taken surprising initiative in maintaining contact with the ACLS, informing the Council of publications, changes in address, promotions, and so on. For many, their period of research in the U.S. has been of crucial importance in career advancement and possibly unobtainable except through the ACLS award. Illustrative of the success of the program is the relatively very small number of "failures" - Fellows whose subsequent activities have been contrary to the letter of the program's objectives. There have been six such "failures" to date: a Swede who transferred from his university to his Foreign Ministry's American desk; a Swede who has now accepted a teaching post appointment in an American university; a German who transferred from university work to an administrative position in the central headquarters of the Goethe Institute; a German who married a Columbia University professor and now lives in the United States; a Frenchwoman who, for reasons of mental health was unable to retain her university position, although she is now teaching at the lycée level; and a New Zealander who, upon the conclusion of his fellowship, relinquished his New Zealand post and accepted an American Studies teaching post in a Canadian university.

Geographically speaking, the program has been relatively unsuccessful in attracting qualified candidates from Iceland, Ireland, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Belgium. In all except Belgium it is probable that there are very few qualified candidates who could compete successfully with their peers in the other nations of

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Western Europe, which may account for the dearth of applicants.

The spectrum of the fields of study represented among the fellowship recipients is broad and reasonably balanced if one recognizes that the preponderance of Fellows in the field of American literature is a reflection of the total number of American literature applicants, which in turn reflects the overriding popularity of that field of study, compared with other aspects of American civilization, in foreign universities.

### III. **Institutional Grants**

#### A. **Policies and Procedures**

In the original announcement publicizing the Program which was sent to the universities of Europe in 1961, and subsequently to Australia and New Zealand in 1965, the ACLS said that it was prepared to consider requests from the universities for direct financial assistance needed to initiate or develop teaching activities focussed upon the United States. (No similar announcement was made in Japan because of the large number of institutions and concomitant financial and political factors, although the possibility of institutional grants in Japan has not been excluded. In the extension of the Program to Taiwan, only fellowship assistance was requested of, and approved by, the Ford Foundation.)

Apart from that original announcement, the ACLS has taken no initiative in suggesting that universities approach the Council. The availability of ACLS assistance has become known, of course, through publicity given to ACLS grants, when made, by the newsletters of the various American Studies associations, newspapers, and journals as well as by word of mouth among foreign scholars themselves. Reliance upon the initiative of foreign universities in approaching the ACLS has been a deliberate Council policy helping to ensure the existence of a genuine interest

- 6 -

and commitment on the part of the requesting officials and weakening the grounds
for the familiar charge of "cultural imperialism."

The majority of the requests, and the large majority of the grants approved,
have been for financial assistance in the establishment of new teaching posts de-
voted to some aspect of American history or civilization, or for an expansion of
pertinent library holdings. Policies developed by the Advisory Committee include
the following:

1. The financing of new teaching posts has been approved for periods of time ranging from two to five years with assurance, if guarantee is impossible, secured from the receiving institution that every attempt would be made to continue the post under the institution's regular budget upon termination of the ACLS grant.

2. Requests involving the "permanent" assignment of American scholars to teaching posts abroad have been viewed unfavorably since expenses and administrative problems are large, and the record of success in such appointments under other programs has been low.

3. After the first several years of the Program's operation, library grants have normally been made on a matching basis to ensure that ACLS support for the purchase of American Studies holdings would not have the end result of transferring the receiving institution's regular library budget for such purchases to other fields of study.

4. Requests for financial support to assist an institution in establishing study and research fellowships (with tenure either abroad or in the U.S.) have normally been viewed unfavorably.

5. Requests for financial support for publications, including journals, have rarely been approved. Exceptions have been grants to the British Association for a series of American Studies bibliographies, to the

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European Association for a Handbook, and to the Italian Association for a bibliography.

## B. Results

Thus far ninety-three institutional grants have been made in Europe (summarized by country in Enclosure 4) and fourteen have been made in the Western Pacific (Enclosure 5). Funds available for such grants are now approaching exhaustion. Most of the grants, understandably, were for amounts or activities less than requested. Institutional requests formally rejected include six from the Pacific (Enclosure 6) and thirty-four from Europe (Enclosure 7). In addition, at least twenty-seven institutions have been discouraged by the ACLS staff, on the initial approach, from submitting formal proposals (Enclosure 8 in which it will be noted that many are from British universities, discouraged during the past four years in view of the diminishing financial resources of the Council and the large number of grants made in the U.K. in the early years of the program).

No institutional grants have been made in Finland, Greece, Portugal, Spain or Iceland - from which countries no requests for assistance have been received.

The ACLS institutional grants have been spread rather widely among a number of institutions in a number of countries. It may be thought that this represents too great a diffusion of the ACLS funds, particularly in library grants which might be concentrated more advantageously in a very small number of institutions for the creation of major research libraries. Major assistance for such purposes has, of course, been given to a few libraries, such as Manchester and Cologne, but smaller library grants have been the rule. In justification, the ACLS can point to the purpose of the Ford Foundation grant - "to strengthen American subject-matter instruction" - which would appear to emphasize teaching materials rather than research. On that basis the library grants have had satisfactory results. In nearly all cases the required matching funds have been secured, courses of instruction

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utilizing the enriched bibliographic resources have been initiated or expanded, and
the scholars teaching those courses have derived needed moral support and encourage-
ment.

The grants for the establishment of new teaching posts have also been very
successful. To date each such post has been continued by the foreign university
following the termination of ACLS support.

Among the other types of grant, the compilation of the Union Catalogues in
Italy, Britain, and Scandinavia are already being widely utilized, while assistance
to the Nordic, British, and European Associations have enabled them to enhance
their reputations as service organizations of value to their constituents.

During the past decade, despite many continuing areas of weakness, the posi-
tion of American Studies in the universities of Western Europe has improved
dramatically in the number of courses of instruction offered and the number of dis-
sertations being written - and the ACLS program has been an undeniably important
factor in that change. Similar changes are under way in the Western Pacific, al-
though the introduction there of ACLS support is still too recent to have produced
measurable results.

#### IV. The Future

Under the Ford Foundation grant all funds for institutional grants have now
been committed except for approximately $40,000.00 in Europe and $28,000.00 in the
Western Pacific. Fellowship competitions in both regions for the academic year
1970-71, the final year for such assistance, will have been completed by the end of
this year. Without further Ford Foundation support, the ACLS American Studies
Program will shortly come to an end. The Council believes in the general need and
desirability of continued American interest in, and support of, American Studies
abroad, particularly at the non-governmental level, and of course is aware of the

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drastic cuts in Harkness, Fulbright, and other exchange programs where there has
been at least the possibility of some American Studies assistance.

Your advice, suggestions, and recommendations on the extent and type of ACLS activity which should be presented to the Ford Foundation for support is requested.
The following paragraphs, divided by geographical area, suggest a few of the items we might consider and discuss at our meeting.

A. <u>Western Europe</u>

1. Should funds be requested for additional direct grants to educa-
tional institutions? During the first five years $198,000.00 per year were
available; during the past five years $70,000.00 per year were available.
Teaching post assistance to <u>encourage</u> institutions to initiate instruction
might still be considered desirable in a number of countries, and for such
support as well as continued though modest assistance in library expansion,
$50,000.00 a year might be adequate. If, rather than solely encouragement,
straight financial need were also accepted as a criterion - and here one
thinks primarily of the United Kingdom - much larger funding would be re-
quired. On library assistance, should more limited objectives and criteria
be established?

2. Should institutional grant assistance to teacher training colleges and to secondary schools be considered? When queried on this point, the British Association gave a resounding yes, the German Association supported the idea, and the French and Nordic Associations were quite negative.

3. Should other types of assistance be considered, such as funds to be given to institutions to arrange conferences, to establish student and faculty exchanges with specific American institutions, to expand publication of books and journals, to encourage further and hasten the compilation of Union Catalogues, etc.?

- 10 -

4. What changes should be made in the fellowship program? Some believe that by excluding such subjects as applied linguistics, economic theory, business management, psychology, communications, and education, the ACLS gives too limited a definition to American Studies. Others believe the ACLS has given too wide a scope to "pure" American Studies by including such fields as geography, philosophy, and some areas of law, sociology, and economics.

The majority of the European countries approve the present level of the fellowship program - aimed at the U.S. equivalent of university in-structors and assistant professors. Others, however, and particularly scholars in the United Kingdom, Spain, and Portugal, urge the establishment of a second competition for graduate students - the British to undertake re-search on doctoral dissertations to be submitted to British universities; the Iberians for graduate student fellowships leading to an American post-B.A. degree. A number of European scholars also hope that the ACLS will establish short-term (two to five months) fellowships for candidates at all age groups above twenty-one, and all the past recipients of ACLS fellowships urge that they be permitted to reapply, after a reasonable length of time, for addi-tional fellowship assistance.

To continue the program as it is presently structured, and if the applications do not increase markedly, an annual grant of $200,000.00 might be sufficient. If graduate student, short-term, and repeat fellowships were to be considered, another $200,000.00 would probably be needed.

## B. *Western Pacific*

1. Should institutional grants continue to be made available in Australia and New Zealand? If so, a total of $100,000.00 over a five-year period would appear to be sufficient.

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2. Should the ACLS consider institutional grants to the universities of Japan? If so, what types of grant should be contemplated, how should the availability of funds be announced, and what might be an appropriate amount of money over a five-year period to be set aside for such grants? Similar questions might be raised concerning Taiwan.

3. In the four countries of the Western Pacific there are currently available $125,000.00 per year for fellowships. More money than that is currently being spent by transferral of unutilized Western European funds. If the Western European fellowship program is eliminated or reduced, the Western Pacific funds should be raised to at least $150,000.00 per year to keep the program at its present level, which appears both needed and satisfactory. There is general approval in those four countries of the present program, but Australia, New Zealand and Taiwan all urge the ACLS also to offer graduate student degree fellowships. Should the ACLS consider such a program?

### C. Other Areas

#### 1. Eastern Europe

Interest in an extension of the ACLS program is known to exist in Eastern Europe. Should the Council consider extending at least the fellowship program to Yugoslavia, and possibly to other Eastern European nations?

#### 2. Asia

Institutions and scholars in India, Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand increasingly request assistance from the ACLS, and those countries, as well, perhaps, as Turkey, Israel, and Pakistan are possibilities worthy of discussion. What type of assistance, if any, might be undertaken in those areas?

- 12 -

3. Western Hemisphere

Are there nations in the Western Hemisphere in which the ACLS
program, if introduced, might be fruitful?

The above items and questions are suggestions arising from our experience
with the program. Other subjects will undoubtedly occur to you.

CABLE ADDRESS: ACOLSOCNEWYORK

TELEPHONE: (212) 986-7393

ACLS AMERICAN STUDIES PROGRAM

INSTITUTIONAL GRANTS: WESTERN EUROPE

(to July 1, 1969)

AUSTRIA

<table><tr><td>University of Innsbruck:</td><td>Grant made December 14, 1962; $1,000 for the purchase of periodicals in American literature.<br/>Grant made April 25, 1967; $3,500 for library expansion in American Studies, plus an offer of $3,500 in the spring of 1968 upon receipt of assurance of qualified occupancy of post of Director of the Amerika-Institut for the 1968-69 academic year.</td></tr><tr><td>University of Salzburg:</td><td>Grant made December 18, 1968; $2,000 matching grant for library purchases in American literature.</td></tr></table>

BELGIUM

Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, Brussels: Grant made April 21, 1965; $15,000 for an expansion of library holdings on the history and civilization of the United States.

DENMARK

University of Copenhagen: Grant made December 6, 1961; $5,000 for library purchases in the field of American literature.

FRANCE

<table><tr><td>University of Aix-Marseille:</td><td>Grant made December 14, 1966; $5,000 matching grant effective until January 1, 1969, for library purchases in American Studies. (Original request -- $10,000)</td></tr><tr><td>University of Caen:</td><td>Grant made May 5, 1966; $5,000 matching grant effective until January 1, 1969, for library purchases in American literature and civilization.</td></tr><tr><td>University of Clermont-Ferrand:</td><td>Grant made January 22, 1964; $1,500 for library purchases in American history and literature.</td></tr><tr><td>University of Dijon:</td><td>Grant made December 15, 1965; $2,000 library grant for the purchases of materials in the fields of American literature and civilization.</td></tr><tr><td>University of Grenoble:</td><td>Grant made January 22, 1964; $2,000 for library purchases in American literature and civilization; $2,000 matching grant for the same purpose.</td></tr></table>