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R. B. WHITE
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WESTERN
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NEWCOMB CARLTON
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J. C. WILLEVER
FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT

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DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

South Wardsboro, Vermont
August 9th 1937

Albert R. Erskine, Jr.
The Southern Review
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Dear Mr. Erskine:

I have just completed the manuscript of my article on LIBERALISM AND THE CASE OF LEON TROTSKY and sent it to the city for typing. As soon as the typed copy is returned to me I shall forward it to you by air-mail. It should reach you by August 15th or a day or two later. The article, so far as I can judge, is approximately 6000 words: much shorter indeed than Mr. Schuman's.

In order to keep my article within the space limits you assigned, I was compelled to omit some highly important material some of it of a documentary nature concerning Mr. Beals' communication. I am wondering whether you will take for your correspondence columns a comment on Mr. Beals' communication not exceeding in length, and possibly shorter, his own. I have some first hand information concerning the organization of the Dewey Commission of Inquiry which I wish to keep distinct from my discussion of the Trotsky case per se.

All communications until September 12th should be sent to me at South Wardsboro, Vermont.

WASHINGTON SQUARE EAST, NEW YORK

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

South Wardsboro, Vermont

August 12, 1937

Dear Mr. Erskine;

I am enclosing my article for the next issue of *The Southern Review*. My Vermont address may serve until Sept. 10th. Anything mailed to me by or on that date will reach me here. After that date the University address will serve as usual. To expedite matters, it may be well to send proofs to me here as well as to the University -should there be any doubt as to where I am. My communication about Mr. Beals will reach you in a few days.

In the event that the enclosed article brings a response from Mr. Schumann, or anyone else, I shall appreciate the courtesy of being permitted to reply in the same issue in which the rejoinder appears. Although it was Professor Dewey, who feels very keenly about Mr. Schuman's totally unjustified imputations against his honesty, who called my attention to Schuman's article, he has not seen my article nor have I consulted him in any way. The responsibility for all statements it contains are mine.

For the benefit of your contributor's column, I do not pretend, like Mr. Schuman, to have no social opinions. As far as doctrine is concerned I am a "democratic, as distinct from a totalitarian, socialist". If liberalism be defined as a wholehearted acceptance of the methods of scientific inquiry in all problems of social life, then I am a liberal in this sense and in no other.

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SIDNEY HOOK SOUTHWARDSBORO VERMONT.

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

October 2,1937

Dear Mr. Erskine;

Here is my reply to Beal's and Schuman's rejoinders -
brief, quick and to the point.

I can only interpret the excited and personal replies of
Messrs. Beals and Schuman as a confession of their inability to
meet the evidence and arguments presented by me in the present
issue of *The Southern Review*. Both gentlemen are following the
time-worn practice of attorneys who, having no case, can do nothing
else but abuse the plaintiff. There is nothing to be gained by
continuing the discussion on this level. The intelligent reader can
draw his own conclusions on the basis of the published record.

In the interests of truth I merely wish to make a comment on
only one point. Far from being a "Trotsky zealot", as Mr. Beals writes,
or one whose views are "endorsed by Trotsky" as Mr. Schuman writes, I
am not and have never been a political follower of Trotsky; nor do we
see eye to eye on the fundamental questions of Marxism. This too is a
matter of record as all informed people know.

New York City

Oct. 2, 1937

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

South Wardsboro, Vermont

August 6, 1938

Editors

Dear Mr. Brooks;

Thank you for your note of August 10th and your kind
remarks about my article "Reflections on the Russian Revolution".
I hope, of course, that the editors can see their way clear to print it
but I can very well understand that they will need some time to come
to a decision. Some people to whom I have shown a copy are quite
excited about it although not all in agreement; at any rate I anticipate
a lively response from any or all groups who think they are in
possession of the 'holy Grail'.

WASHINGTON SQUARE, NEW YORK

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

South Wardsboro, Vermont

August 6th 1938

Dear Mr. Pipkin;

I do not know whether the readers of the SOUTHERN REVIEW have reached the saturation point of their interest in respect to articles by me; or whether the publication policy of the editors rules out articles of the length of the one I am enclosing. But on the chance that neither is the case, I am submitting for publication in your review, a critique of the fundamental assumptions of Bolshevist theory and practice as held by Lenin, Stalin and Trotsky, from the standpoint of a democratic theory of social change. I regard it as one of the most important things I have written not merely because it has taken me more than a year to do but because its challenge is directed to myths and legends entertained by an ever growing number of people. The coming November marks the twenty first anniversary of the Russian Revolution - it is of age and must be evaluated not as an experiment but as a result.

Since its length may preclude its use, I am enclosing sufficient
postage to cover its return.

WASHINGTON SQUARE, NEW YORK

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

October 19, 1938

Dear Mr. Warren;

Thank you for your letter inviting me to
review Trotsky's book on Stalin when it is released. I
am happy to accept.

The news that my piece "Reflections on the Russian
Revolution" is scheduled to appear in your Winter issue is
very welcome. I shall be obliged if you will send the proofs
to me at the above address.

SH/ak

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

April 3,1939

Dear Dean Pipkin;

Thank you for your letter of March 31, concerning the
review of Crane Brinton's _Anatomy of Revolution_. I shall be very
glad to do it, and will try to get it to you in time for the summer
issue.

Some months ago the editors asked me to review Leon Trotsky's
*Stalin* when it appears, which will probably be late in the fall. I
have just learned that the Alliance Publishers (Longman's Green & Co)
are publishing an English translation of B.Souvarine's *Staline*. Unless
you have made other arrangements, I should like to do both of these
together since they are on the same theme.

Dean Charles Pipkin
The Southern Review
Baton Rouge, La.

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

April 13, 1939

Dear Dean Pipkin;

It is with not a little embarrassment that I
am sending you an article on "Abstractions in Social Inquiry",
which attempts by simple but rigorous methodological analysis to
rule out verbal monsters from social discussion. I don't know which
whether the readers or editors of the Southern Review or both,
have had enough of me, or whether the material is suited for your
purposes. At any rate I want to reach the intelligent layman and so
instead of burying this in a technical *Fach* periodical, which I
can easily do, I am sending it on for possible use by you.

WASHINGTON SQUARE, NEW YORK

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

April 26,1939

Dear Mr. Warren;

Thank you for returning the manuscript on "Abstractions
in Social Inquiry" so promptly. Professor W.W. Cook of Northwestern
University, who had seen a copy, has asked for permission to publish
it in one of the publications of his University. Everyone's happy!

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

November 5, 1939

Dear Dean Pipkin;

Can you clarify the following mystery? I received the enclosed letter last March, acknowledged it in the affirmative, but never received the book. Two queries which I sent brought replies that the book was on the way but it still hasn't shown up. Are you still interested in a review article or an article based on the theme considered by the book or shall we let this series of mishaps end the matter?

I have asked my publishers (John Day) to send you a review copy of my latest book JOHN DEWEY: An Intellectual Portrait. I trust it has already been received.

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

South Wardsboro, Vermont

June 15th 1940

Dear Mr. Brooks;

If my article on "What Is Living and Dead in Marxism" has already been set in type, please disregard this note. If it has not yet been set in type, I shall be obliged if you will kindly substitute this revised version of the concluding section on "Ends and Means". It is substantially the same but more carefully formulated and makes clearer that the failure of Marxism is a failure of men, and therefore a moral failure.

Since I shall be here until Sept. 15th, it will facilitate matters if proofs are addressed to me at the above address.

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

August 31, 1940

Editors
Southern Review
Baton Rouge
Louisiana

Gentlemen;

Early in June I wrote you requesting your kind permission to reprint some articles of mine, which appeared in the *Southern Review*, in a book I am writing entitled *REASON, SOCIAL MYTHS AND DEMOCRACY*. I presume my letter was overlooked during the vacation period and so I am writing again. The articles in question are "Democracy as a Way of Life" (Summer 1938), "Reflections on the Russian Revolution" (Winter 1938-9) and "What is Living and Dead in Marxism". The articles will not be literally reproduced, for I have made important additions to all of them. Proper acknowledgments, of course, will be made to the *Southern Review*.

Thanking you for your courtesies,

WASHINGTON SQUARE, NEW YORK

DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY

November 19, 1940

Editors
Southern Review
University, La.

Gentlemen;

Together with many others, I read Mr. Tate's article in the current issue of *The Southern Review* with amazement at both its contents and tone. I am therefore submitting this short note to you to use as you see fit. If Mr. Tate is invited to reply to it I suggest that a copy be sent to Mr. Daiches as well; and if you believe that the pages of *The Southern Review* will be enlivened by a further rejoinder from me I shall be happy to oblige.

Means and Ends

If we evaluate the validity of Marx's ideas in the light of their predictions, we reach an interesting conclusion. Insofar as they bear upon what may be called the instrumental presuppositions of socialism -- the economic structure of the new society, to be built in the shell of the old -- they are, by and large, true. Insofar as they bear upon the social and political ideals which were to be realized within this new institutional framework, they are almost completely false. These ideals are valid but they are not automatic by-products of economic processes.

Consider to what extent the following more or less explicit predictions of Marx and his followers have been realized: the concentration and centralization of capital, the ever closer alliance between government and economy, the increase in rationalization of industry, the place of technological engineering, the mechanization of agriculture, -- in short, the features of what we know as corporate economy. Let us make no mistake about it. The fundamental tendency of economic development shows the same pattern in England, France, and the United States as in Germany, Italy, and Russia.

Consider, however, the poignant disparity between the predictions about the political, social and cultural ideals to be realized by the new economy, and the facts. To-day there exists an inverse relation between the degree of economic integration and the degree of democracy of which socialism was to be the fulfillment. There is irony in a situation in which socialists of many countries must look back with nostalgia to the freedoms of a capitalistic democracy they had considered as their mortal enemy.

The means of socialism, its economic instrumentalities, have proved not to be integral with the ends of socialism. Obviously, the political methods of Marxism have also been found wanting, for reasons already considered.

What, then, are we to conclude? Our conclusion will satisfy neither those who have already written autopsies of Marxism nor those doctrinal diehards who would