Germany

4.

<table><thead><tr><th>Date</th><th>Terms</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>4. The area of Greater Berlin to be occupied by forces of each of the four powers. An Inter-Allied Governing Authority (Kommandatura) consisting of four commandants to be appointed by their respective commanders-in-chief, to be established to direct jointly its administration.</td></tr></tbody></table>

5. The administration of the Greater Berlin area was to be directed by an I Inter-Allied Governing Authority which would operate under the general direction of the Control Council, and consist of four commandants.

<table><thead><tr><th>Violation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>(See also May 1, 1945.)</td></tr><tr><td>1. The Soviet Representative walked out of a meeting of the Kommandatura on June 16, 1948.</td></tr><tr><td>July 1, 1948, Soviet authorities announced that they would no longer participate in any meetings.</td></tr></tbody></table>

These acts destroyed the quadripartite control machinery of Berlin. In addition since 1952, West Berliners have virtually been barred from entering East Berlin.

1. June 16, 1948, Soviet walkout on Kommandatura meeting.

2. July 1, 1948, Soviet announcement that they would no longer participate in these meetings.

3. Berlin blockade July 2, 1948-May 12, 1949, was a further effort to destroy the quadripartite of the city.

4. Nov. 29, 1955, Major General P. A. Donovan disclosed that the Soviet Union considered that its occupation of East Berlin was ended and that it was now a part of the German Democratic Republic. This followed Molotov's stop in Berlin en route to Moscow from the Foreign Ministers' meeting in Geneva.

[10]

GERMANY
(Not a Signatory)

| **Date** | **Terms** | **Violation** |
|---|---|---|
| Mar. 10 to <br> April 4, 1947 | Foreign Ministers Conference - U.S.S.R., <br> U.K., U.S.A. and France - at Moscow. <br> <br> 1. German prisoners of war located in <br> the territory of the Allied Powers and <br> in all other territories will be re- <br> turned to Germany by Dec. 31, 1948. <br> <br> The U.S.S.R. - in reply to the U.S. <br> note said that repatriation would be <br> completed in 1949.) | 1. Jan. 3, 1949, U.S. protest to U.S.S.R. <br> for its failure to furnish information <br> on its repatriation of prisoners.<br> <br> a. pointed out that the U.S.S.R. at <br> the Moscow Conference had said it had <br> 890,532 POW's and that only 447,367 <br> were officially known to have returned <br> to Germany.<br> <br> 2. Aug. 1955, Soviet-West German trade <br> talks were halted. The Soviets refused <br> to discuss repatriation of an estimated <br> 80,000 Germans in the U.S.S.R.<br> <br> 3. 1957 - The U.N. Ad Hoc Commission on <br> Prisoners of War received a memo from <br> the Federal Republic of Germany which <br> stated:<br> <br> a. As a result of German-Soviet ne- <br> gotiations in 1955 the U.S.S.R. promised <br> to release 9,626 and any additional per- <br> sons who might be traced to the U.S.S.R. <br> - provided such persons had German na- <br> tionality. Only 1,772 POW's had been <br> returned since Sept. 1956.<br> <br> b. The U.S.S.R. had refused to repat- <br> triate more than 100,000 military and <br> civilian prisoners who had been forced <br> to settle in the U.S.S.R. following the <br> elimination of certain forced labor camps. |

Bilateral Treaties

FINLAND - U.S.S.R.

<table><thead><tr><th>Date</th><th>Terms</th><th>Violation</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Oct. 14, 1920</td><td>Treaty of Dorpat - establishing peace<br>1. USSR recognized sovereignty and independence of Finland (also recognized by R.S.F.S.R. on Dec. 31, 1917)</td><td>Dec. 3, 1939, after the invasion of USSR troops on Nov. 30, 1939, a pact of mutual assistance and friendship was concluded by a puppet Finnish Government entitled the "People's Government of Finland". This Finnish Government was headed by Kuusinen. The treaty included the cession of territory extending across the Isthmus of Karelia to the USSR and the lease of the port of Hanko for 20 years.</td></tr><tr><td>June 1, 1922</td><td>2. Joint boundaries were defined. Finland and the R.S.F.S.R. concluded an agreement regarding protection and inviolability of frontiers.</td><td>1. Oct. 1939, the USSR presented a series of demands to Finland including cession of territory and disarming zones along the Fino-Soviet border. Negotiations were deadlocked.<br>2. See treaty above with puppet government (Karelia and Hanko).</td></tr><tr><td>April 28, 1938</td><td>Protocol on USSR-Finnish boundaries was signed.</td><td>3. March 12, 1940, the USSR took over the city and region of Viipuri and other territories.</td></tr><tr><td>Jan. 21, 1932</td><td>USSR and Finland signed a non-aggression pact.</td><td>1. Nov. 28, 1939, the USSR announced the abrogation of the non-aggression pact after a "frontier incident and rejected Finnish proposal for a commission of enquiry.</td></tr><tr><td>Dec. 19, 1933</td><td>Non-aggression pact extended.</td><td rowspan="2">2. Nov. 30, 1939, the USSR attacked Finland without a declaration of war and set up a "Finnish People's Government" under Kuusinen.</td></tr><tr><td>April 7, 1934</td><td>Non-aggression pact renewed for 10 years.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Poland and the USSR

2.

b. April 25, 1943, the USSR severed relations with the Polish government-in-exile in order to justify the annexation of Polish territory.

c. The Polish Committee of National Liberation and the USSR signed an agreement on relations of the Soviet Army and Polish administration in liberated areas. (July 26, 1944)

d. July 26, 1944, the Polish Committee on National Liberation and the USSR established diplomatic relations

e. January 5, 1945, the USSR recognized the Lublin group as the Provisional Government of Poland.

f. 1947 Poland dominated by USSR.

3. Rendition of mutual aid against Germany.

a. July 1944 - Poles with only occasional assistance from the Red Army liberated Warsaw. Immediately following the liberation, the Red army withdrew - leaving the city exposed to the Nazi counter-attacks. The Government-in-exile appealed to Stalin for help; not only was this refused but Allied aircraft aiding the underground were refused landing facilities in the Communist-occupied territory. After 63 days with the Red army within easy striking distance, the city again surrendered to the Nazis. A total of 250,000 of the underground and home army had been killed. Uncounted thousands

Poland and the USSR

4. Authorization for the formation of the Polish army in the USSR.

5. Amnesty to Polish prisoners in the USSR.

3.

starved to death as the Soviets not only sent no ammunition but also no food. After the fighting stopped, the Red Army did not move from the Vistula. Three months later it entered Warsaw and arrested all home army throughout Poland, disarmed them and sent them to Siberia.

a. Great difficulty was had in forming the Polish Army in the USSR as the Soviets refused to give the promised equipment and rations. A major obstacle was that 14,000-15,000 Polish officers known to have been in POW camps could not be located. The bodies of 4,143 were found by the Nazis in 1943 in mass graves outside Katyn. The Special House Committee on Communist Aggression established that they had been massacred by the NKVD.

Between 1,500,000 and 1,600,000 Polish citizens were deported to the USSR. In 1942 some 115,000 of them escaped to Persia with the aid of the Polish forces. Polish embassy officials had definite information as to 430,000 persons who had registered in 1942. The remainder are unaccounted for.

Treaties Concerning Poland -- Poland not a Signee

4.

Yalta Agreement - U. S. A., Great Britain, U.S.S.R.

<table><thead><tr><td>Date</td><td>Terms</td><td>Violation</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>February 4, 1945</td><td>1. "A new situation has been created in Poland as a result of her complete liberation by the Red Army. This calls for the establishment of a Polish Provisional Government which can be more broadly based than was possible before the recent liberation of western Poland. The Provisional Government that is now functioning in Poland should therefore be reorganized on a broader democratic basis with the inclusion of democratic leaders from Poland and from Poles. This new Government should then be called the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity."<br/><br/>(a) Moscow Commission to be set up. "Mr. Molotov, Mr. Harriman and Sir A. Clark Kerr are authorized as a commission to consult in the first instance in Moscow with members of the present Provisional Government and with other Polish democratic leaders from within Poland and from abroad, with a view to the reorganization of the present Government. . .<br/><br/>(b) "This Polish Provisional Government of National Unity shall be pledged to the holding of free and unfettered elections</td><td>April 21, 1945, the Yalta agreement regarding the setting up of a new government in Poland was violated when the USSR and the Soviet-controlled Polish Provisional Government signed a 20-year friendship, assistance and postwar pact.<br/><br/>May 3, 1945, at the San Francisco Conference, Molotov admitted that 16 Polish leaders who had been assured of their personal safety were arrested by the Soviet Government. Thus only representatives of the Soviet controlled Polish Provisional Government were able to consult with the Moscow Commission.<br/><br/>On several occasions prior to the elections and following persistent reports of reprehensible methods employed by the Government against</td></tr></tbody></table>

Treaties Concerning Poland

5.

as soon as possible on the basis
of universal suffrage and secret
ballot."

the democratic opposition. The U. S. and Great Britain reminded the Polish Provisional Government of its obligations. On Jan. 5, 1947, the British and the Soviet Governments were asked to join the U. S. in approaching the Poles on this subject. The British Government made similar representations to the Soviet Government for Soviet support calling for strict fulfillment of Poland's obligations. The Soviet Government refused to participate. The British and American representations were summarily rejected by the Polish Government as 'undue interference' in the internal affairs of Poland.

1947 Parliamentary elections. The Polish Peasant Party (reported to represent a large majority of the population) obtained only 28 of the 444 seats. 1952 election was a single slate Soviet-type and did not permit even the token representation of Government opposition that obtained in the 1947 election. This type of election was sanctioned by the Constitution of July 22, 1952.

2. The conference agreed that the final delimitation of Poland's western frontier should await the peace conference.

July 6, 1950, the Soviet controlled Governments of East Germany and Poland signed an agreement making the Oder-Neisse line the definitive German-Polish frontier.

## Potsdam Conference

Term 2 of Yalta was confirmed

(See above)

[L]

Bilateral Treaties

CHINA AND U.S.S.R.

<table><thead><tr><td>Date</td><td>Terms</td><td>Violation</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>May 31, 1934</td><td>1. China and the U.S.S.R. established diplomatic relations.<br>2. The U.S.S.R. renounced all privileges, concessions and rights of extraterritoriality in China.<br>3. The U.S.S.R. agreed to the removal of Soviet troops from Manchuria and joint ownership of the Chinese Eastern Railway.<br>4. The U.S.S.R. recognized China's sovereignty in Outer Mongolia.</td><td>Dec. 14, 1927, a Chinese raid on the Soviet Embassy turned up documents revealing Communist designs on China; China broke diplomatic relations (diplomatic relations were resumed Dec. 12, 1932).<br>March 23, 1935, the U.S.S.R. sold its share of Eastern railway to Manchuhuo despite China's protests. (Also a violation of Khabarivsk protocol, Dec. 22, 1929, settling Sino-Russo dispute over the railway.)<br>March 12, 1936, the Mongolian People's Republic (Outer Mongolia) and the U.S.S.R. signed a mutual assistance protocol.<br>April 7, 1936, China protested the Soviet Mongolian Pact as a violation of the May 31, 1924, treaty. In response to China's protests the Soviet Union affirmed its adherence to the 1924 Sino-Soviet treaty.<br>April 14, 1941, a Japanese-U.S.S.R. neutrality pact provided Japanese recognition of the "so-called Republic of Outer Mongolia." This was a violation of the above agreement according to Chiang Kai-shek.</td></tr></tbody></table>

China and U.S.S.R.

3.

<table><thead><tr><td>Date</td><td>Terms</td><td>Violation</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>4. Darien was established as a free port.</td><td>In violation of the preceding articles and term No. 4, the Chinese Government troops (under Chiang Kai-shek) were denied the right to land at Darien by the Soviet authorities there when they attempted to enter Manchuria subsequent to the Japanese surrender.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5. Only the National Government of China should be recognized as the Government of China.</td><td>Oct. 1, 1949, the U.S.S.R. recognized the Chinese People's Republic - thereby breaking relations with Nationalist China.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6. China and the U.S.S.R. reached an agreement relating to the independence of Mongolia. Soviet Russia promised independence to Mongolia if desired by the people at the end of the Japanese war.</td><td>Feb. 27, 1946, the Mongolian People's Republic and the U.S.S.R. signed a military alliance and economic and cultural protocol. General Chiang Kai-shek write that while this treaty left Mongolia nominally independent, actually Outer Mongolia became a part of Soviet territory.</td></tr></tbody></table>

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

BRIGADIER GENERAL ROBERT C. RICHARDSON, III, USAF

Present Position: Chief, Long Range Objectives Group Directorate of Plans, DCS/Plans and Programs, Hq USAF

Birthplace and Date: Rockford, Illinois
January 5, 1918

Education:

Graduated U.S. Military Academy 1939; National War College 1956.

Military Background:

During World War II he was with Headquarters, United States Strategic Air Force and commanded the 365th Fighter Bomber Group, Ninth Air Force, ETO; subsequent assignments have been in the War Plans Division, Headquarters USAF 1946-47; with the Strategic Plans Group of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1947-1949; as Air Member of the NATO Standing Group in Washington 1949; and from 1950 to 1955 with the Plans Division, Headquarters USAFE, and in the Office of the Air Deputy, Headquarters SHAPE. Graduated from the National War College in 1956. Commander, Fourth Fighter-Day Wing (TAC) at Seymour-Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina, 1956-1958. Assigned to Headquarters USAF, 1958 to present.

Previous War College Lectures: None

**LECTURE NO:** 12 6 May 1960, 1300 Hours

**TITLE:** DEFENSE ORGANIZATION FOR FUTURE SECURITY

**LECTURER:** Brigadier General Robert C. Richardson

**PURPOSE AND SCOPE:**

The purpose of this lecture is to investigate the problems of defense organization, analyze the requisites of an effective national defense establishment, and present various reorganizational proposals which have been made for the Department of Defense.

The lecture is based on research and highlights issues and considerations which would be worthy of full lecture coverage themselves. The presentation rests on the assumption that the audience is familiar with the procedural characteristics of JCS operations and the important changes in military affairs which have been introduced in DOD since the 1958 Defense Reorganization Act.

The lecturer could contribute to the phase objectives by addressing himself to the following questions:

A. What are the major functions of the respective military services today? What will they be 10 to 15 years from now?

B. Is the present organization of the DOD adequate for today's functions? For tomorrow's?

C. What are the major difficulties and problems of the existing defense establishment?

D. What may be the impact of new weapons upon assigned functions?

E. What DOD organizational changes may be appropriate to satisfy the changing requirements of general war? Small wars? Cold War?

43

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

LIEUTENANT GENERAL CLARENCE S. IRVINE, USAF (Ret)

Present Position: Vice President and
Director of Planning
AVCO Corporation

Birthplace and Date: St. Paul, Nebraska
16 December 1898

Education:

St. Paul's College and University of Nebraska

Military Background:

Entered Army as airplane engine mechanic in 1918; received wings and commission in 1921 at Kelly Field, Texas; in 1926, received regular commission as 2nd Lt. in the Army Air Corps and spent next four years as gunnery and engineering officer at Selfridge Field, Michigan, and Clark Field in the Philippine Islands. For three years was top aerial gunner in the Air Corps; in 1930 became an engineer at Wright Field, national center of military air research and development; attended the Air Corps Engineers School and in 1938 was sent to the Army Industrial College; in 1942 became Executive of the Production Division; in 1943 was assigned to Army Air Forces Headquarters in Washington as Special Assistant for Aircraft Production and later as Chief of the Very Heavy Bomber Program; spent tours in England, North Africa and China; in 1944 went to Pacific as Deputy Chief of Staff of the 21st Bomber Command and remained in Pacific and Far East as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Pacific Air Command until 1947, when he joined the Strategic Air Command. During Korean War buildup, he was Deputy Commander of the Air Materiel Command for Production and Weapon Systems. He later became Deputy Chief of Staff, Materiel, Headquarters, USAF. He retired from Air Force in 1959.

46

**LECTURE NO:** 13 9 May 1960, 0830 Hours

**TITLE:** INDUSTRY AND STRATEGY FOR THE FUTURE

**LECTURER:** Lieutenant General C. S. Irvine, USAF (Ret)

**PURPOSE AND SCOPE:**

The purpose of this lecture is to increase understanding of the role of industry as an element of United States forward strategy.

It is generally accepted that the industrial strength of the United States was a major factor in insuring military victory in two World Wars. However, today the increasing complexities of the conflict between the Sino-Soviet Bloc and the Free World, and the probable nature of nuclear warfare in the future, combine to give industry a more inclusive and even more vital role in the future conduct of the economic, psycho-social, technological and military aspects of warfare. The lecturer could contribute to an understanding of this important subject by addressing himself to the following questions:

A. What role can industry perform best in support of U.S. strategy for the future? Should this role encompass the use of industry in operational positions within the U.S. military forces?

B. Are there ways, not being pursued by the Free World, in which the industrial strength of the United States could be used in furtherance of victory over Communism?

C. What would be the ability of industry to recover from a nuclear attack on the United States? What would be the feasibility of the planned dispersion of industry in order to lessen its vulnerability?

D. What would be the feasibility of using the combined industrial strength of the Free World in a concerted effort against the Communist threat? Could this industrial strength be combined without destroying the sovereignty of the nations concerned?

49

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

REAR ADMIRAL LAWSON P. RAMAGE, USN

Present Position: Director, Anti-Submarine/
Submarine Warfare Division

Birthplace and Date: Monroe Bridge, Massachusetts
19 January 1909

Education:

Williston Academy in Easthampton, Massachusetts,
U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland.

Military Background:

Commissioned Ensign June 1931 and following four years
had sea duty with successive service in the USS DICKERSON,
USS LAWRENCE and USS LOUISVILLE after which he served in
the USS S-29 based in Honolulu; joined the USS SANDS at her
recommissioning on 26 September 1939 and served as Executive
Officer until February 1941; then became Commander, Submarines,
Pacific Fleet; from April to June 1942 participated in a War
Patrol of the USS GRENADIER (SS212); in 1942 assumed command
of the USS TROUT (SS202) and in that command participated in
action at Midway, Truk, the Solomons and South China Sea; in
1943 was detached from the TROUT and after fitting out the
USS PARCHE, assumed command at that submarine's commissioning;
in 1945 had duty as Personnel Officer on the Staff of Commander
Submarines, Pacific Fleet; in 1946 served as Commander Subma-
tine Division 52 based at Pearl Harbor; 1947 was assigned
duty as Chief, Surface Objective Section and in 1950 joined
the Staff of Commander Submarines, Atlantic to serve as Readi-
ness and New Developments Officer; next commanded Submarine
Squadron SIX and assumed command of the USS RANKIN (AKA-103)
1953; in 1955 was designated Chief of Staff and Aide to Com-
mander Submarine Force, US Atlantic Fleet and later became
Special Assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations, Navy De-
partment; then served as Director, Surface Type Warfare
Division, Office of Chief of Naval Operations; on 2 Sept 58
assumed command of Cruiser Division TWO, Cruiser Force U.S.
Atlantic Fleet; assumed present position in the Office of
Chief of Naval Operations on 17 December 1959.

52

## Decorations:

Medal of Honor, the Navy Cross with Gold Star, the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, Commendation Ribbon, the Presidential Unit Citation Ribbon with two stars, American Defense Service Medal, Fleet Clasp, the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with engagement stars, the World War II Victory Medal, the National Defense Service Medal and the Philippine Liberation Ribbon.

Previous War College Lectures: 1957, 1958.

LECTURE NO: 14 10 May 1960, 0830 Hours

TITLE: UNDERSEAS WARFARE AND FUTURE STRATEGY

LECTURER: Rear Admiral Lawson P. Ramage, USN

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

The purpose of this lecture is to provide better
understanding of the role of the nuclear submarine in
U.S. military strategy for the future.

Nuclear propulsion and the capability for submerged
launch of ballistic missiles has greatly enhanced the
potential of the submarine in future wars. The lecturer
could contribute to this important subject by giving con-
sideration to the following questions:

A. What is the strategy for the employment of the
submarine in a deterrent role? In general war?

B. How will the submarine contribute to the Navy
capability for small wars?

C. What will be the probable effect of the nuclear
submarine on the Navy surface ship construction program?
On the development and production of other U.S. offensive
and defensive weapon systems?

D. What will be the effect of the nuclear powered
ballistic missile submarine on concepts for anti-submarine
warfare in the future?

E. What is the vulnerability of the submarine as a
weapon system?

READINGS:

Recommended:

Allen, Leland C., "The Role of Undersea Warfare in
U.S. Strategic Doctrine," Military Affairs, Fall 1959.

55

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

DR. HENRY C. WALLICH

Present Position: Member of Council of
Economic Advisors

Birthplace and Date: Berlin, Germany
June 10, 1914

Education:

Bismarck Gymnasium, Berlin, Oxford University, M.A.,
Harvard, Ph.D.

Positions Held:

Chemical Bank & Trust Company, New York City, 1935-36;
1936-40 with Hackney Hopkinson & Sutphen Securities, New
York City; 1941-51 Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Foreign
Research Division, Chief 1946-51; 1951-, Professor of Eco-
nomics, Yale University. Consultant to various Government
agencies, and foreign central banks and governments; 1958-59,
Asst. to Secretary of the Treasury, on leave from Yale Univ.
1959 to present, Member of the President's Council of Economic
Advisers.

Principal Activities:

Professor of Economics, lecturer, advisor and writer.

Publications:

Monetary Problems of an Export Economy, 1950; Public Finances of a Developing Country (with John Adler) 1951; Mainsprings of the German Revival, 1955 and numerous articles.

58

LECTURE NO: 15 11 May 1960, 0830 Hours

TITLE: AN ECONOMIC STRATEGY FOR THE FUTURE

LECTURER: Dr. Henry C. Wallich

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

The purpose of this lecture is to examine a strategy
of international economic relationships and agreements as
instruments of U.S. national policy.

Many elements will affect the international economic
relationships of nations in the future as increasing
interdependence vies with increasing competition for
world markets. The interaction of the economic system
of the U.S. with that of Free World allies, as opposed
to conflicting economic interests of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc, presages serious international conflicts related
to national policy and strategy. In addition, the in-
creasing technological and economic demands of under-
developed nations, seeking to satisfy national interests
by appeals to one side or the other of multifarious world
trade and support potentials, will place greater emphasis
on the need for an integrated economic strategy at the
national level.

The lecturer could contribute his concepts of a
future economic strategy in the furtherance of national
policy with regard to international trade and economic
aid by responding to the following questions:

A. What international trade relationships and
agreements should be implemented during the next decade
to strengthen Free World alliances?

B. Will application of the Common Market concept and the reduction or elimination of tariff barriers assist the future economic position of the U.S. vis-a-vis the Free World? the Sino-Soviet Bloc?

59

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

DR. RAYMOND J. SAULNIER

Present Position: Chairman, Council of Economic Advisors, Executive Office

Birthplace and Date: Hamilton, Massachusetts
September 20, 1908

Education:

B.S. Middlebury College, Vermont, 1929; he did
graduate work at Tufts College in Medford, Massachusetts,
where he received the M.A. degree in 1931. Granted a
Ph.D. degree at Columbia University in New York City in
1938.

Positions Held:

Since 1934 Dr. Saulnier has been on the faculty of
Columbia University. He was an instructor at Columbia
College from 1934 until 1938, when he went to Barnard
College as an assistant professor. His promotion to an
associate professorship came in 1946 and to a full pro-
fessorship in 1949. He was named executive officer of
the economics department in 1950. During World War II he
lectured on military government at Columbia University,
Princeton University and Naval schools. A consultant to
the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System in
1950 and 1951, he helped write the system's "regulation X"
to curb mortgage credit during the Korean conflict. In 1951
and 1952 he served on a special advisory committee of the
Farm Credit Administration. In the spring of 1953 Dr.
Saulnier was named a consultant to the Council of Economic
Advisors. By Presidential appointment he became a member
of the council in April 1955, and was named chairman of
the council on November 13, 1956.

Publications:

"Contemporary Monetary Theory: Studies of Some Recent Theories of Money, Prices and Production", "Business Finance and Banking," "Federal Lending and Loan Insurance," "Industrial

62

[L]

LECTURE NO: 16 12 May 1960, 0830 Hours

TITLE: DOMESTIC ECONOMIC POLICY AND FUTURE STRATEGY

LECTURER: Dr. Raymond J. Saulnier

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

The purpose of this lecture is to further develop understanding of proposals for management of the national economy to insure the future security and prosperity of the United States.

The increasing productive capacity of the Soviet Union presents a competitive challenge to the future economic system of the United States and its position as a world power. Within the conceptual framework of a free capitalistic society, the nation must meet this challenge by insuring progressive development and growth of those economic factors essential to its well-being and security. The future relationship and balance between population growth, personal and national income, consumption requirements, capital investment, resources and capacities, and government expenditures and debt seemingly require a total national effort to include planning and direction at the national level. The nature and amount of centralized management of the economy, without sacrifice of traditional values inherent in a "laissez-faire" system, pose a complex problem for those concerned with national strategy for the future.

To assist in understanding what can and should be done about these economic variables, the lecturer could contribute his ideas about the following:

A. What measures should be taken to insure maximum and efficient production to meet security, as well as consumer, requirements for the future? Are government controls the best answer?

65

B. Is industrial peace between management and labor an essential to our national security? If so, how can this industrial peace best be maintained?

C. What relationships should be maintained between taxation, annual budget, debt ceiling, and debt retirement during the next decade?

D. What plans should be implemented to insure purchasing power of the dollar, sound return on investments, and control of possible inflationary spirals?

E. What controls, if any, should be established over utilization of resources?

F. What role should the national government play in supporting segments, or all, of the economy during periods of depression that may develop in the future?

## READINGS:

### Recommended:

McElroy, Neil H., "Sound Economy and U.S. Defense, The General Electric Defense Quarterly, January-March 1960. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

Harvard University Panel Discussion, "Marshalling Business to Meet the Communist Threat," The General Electric Defense Quarterly, January-March 1960. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

Hamlin, Fred, "What Defense Spending Means to the U.S. Economy," Armed Forces Management, March 1959. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

"The Mutual Security Program FY 1961," International Cooperation Administration Publication, March 1960. (Handout).

66

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

GENERAL LYMAN L. LEMNITZER, USA

Present Position: Chief of Staff, USA

Birthplace and Date: Honesdale, Pennsylvania
August 29, 1899

Education:

U.S. Military Academy, 1920; Command and General Staff School, 1936; The Army War College, 1940.

Military Background:

Assignments prior to World War II included instructor, U.S. Military Academy and Department of Tactics, Coast Artillery School; 1941, War Plans Division, War Department General Staff; Subsequently, Assistant G-3, General Headquarters, U.S. Army, and Chief, Plans Division, Army Ground Forces; assumed command 34th Anti-Aircraft Brigade 1942; later assigned as Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, Allied Force Headquarters for planning and early operations of North African Invasion; Deputy Chief of Staff, Fifth Army, January-February 1943; commanded 34th Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Tunisian and Sicilian Campaigns; 1943 Commanding General, U.S. Contingent, 15th Army Group and Deputy Chief of Staff to Commander-in-Chief, 15th Army Group and Allied Armies in Italy; 1944 Deputy Chief of Staff, Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean; 1945 Chief of Staff to Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean, and Chief of Staff to Commanding General, (U.S.) Mediterranean Theater of Operations; late 1945 Army Member of the Joint Strategic Survey Committee, Joint Chiefs of Staff; 1947, Deputy Commandant of the National War College; 1948 headed the U.S. Delegation to the Military Committee of the Five Powers (Brussels Pact) in London; 1948, additional duty as Assistant to Secretary of Defense for foreign military aid matters; 1949, Director of the Office of Military Assistance, Office of Secretary of Defense; 1952-54 Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Research; 1955-57 Commander-in-Chief of the Far East Command; late 1957, Vice-Chief of Staff, USA.

68

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

VICE ADMIRAL BERNARD L. AUSTIN, USN

Present Position: Deputy Chief of Naval Operations
(Plans and Policy)

Birthplace and Date: Wagener, South Carolina
15 December 1902

Education:

Attended Citadel Military College in Charleston, South Carolina; graduated from U. S. Naval Academy in June 1924; National War College in June 1947.

Military Background:

Commissioned Ensign, USN and assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance, Navy Dept., Washington, D. C., for temporary duty under instruction at the Naval Gun Factory, Navy Yard, the Naval Proving Ground, Dahlgren, Virginia, and at the Naval Powder Factory, Indian Head, Maryland; completing instruction in August 1924, joined the USS NEW YORK; between July and December 1926, had instruction at the Naval Torpedo Station, Newport, Rhode Island; 1927, joined the submarine R-10, based in Pearl Harbor, T.H., and in June 1929 was transferred to the submarine R-6 and served until May 1931; served as instructor in Department of Electrical Engineering and Physics at the Naval Academy until 1934; returning to sea, commanded submarine R-11 until 1937; next six months served as Executive Officer of the USS POTOMAC; Press Relations Officer, Navy Dept., Washington, D. C., 1937; remaining in that capacity until 1940; was assigned duty as Special Naval Observer at the American Embassy, London, England; Commanded USS WOOLSEY from February 12 to December 1942; assumed Command of the USS FOOTE, 1942, and in 1943, became Commander, Destroyer Division 46; 1943, Commander, Destroyer Squadron Fourteen, and with additional duty as Commander, Destroyer Division Twenty-seven, and on April 15, 1944, was transferred to duty as Asst. Chief, Staff for Operations and Training on the Staff of the Commander Destroyer, Pacific Fleet; 1944, became Asst. Chief of Staff for Administration to the Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas; 1945 was

72

ordered to duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Navy Dept., and in December of the same year, was assigned duty as Navy Secretary of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee; 1947, was detached to duty as Asst. to the Asst. Chief of Naval Operations for Politico-Military Affairs, Navy Dept.; served in that capacity until 1949 when he went to England for special duty for one year; 1950, was designated Commander, Service Squadron One, and in July was sent to the Western Pacific to organize and command Service Squadron Three; 1956 became Director of the Joint Staff Office, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D. C., reporting in that assignment in the rank of Vice Admiral; 1958 assumed command of the U. S. Second Fleet in the Atlantic and served as Commander of that Fleet until 1959; was then assigned present position as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Plans and Policy).

## Decorations:

Navy Cross with Gold Star, Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit, Bronze Star with Combat "V," Ribbon for the Presidential Unit Citation, American Defense Service Medal, Fleet Clasp, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Korean Service Medal and the United Nations Service Medal.

Previous War College Lecture: 1956.

73

LECTURE NO: 18 17 May 1960, 0830 Hours

TITLE: THE U.S. NAVY AND FORWARD STRATEGY

LECTURER: Vice Admiral Bernard L. Austin, USN

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

The purpose of this lecture is to present the views
of the Chief of Naval Operations on the role of the United
States Navy in U.S. strategy for the future.

The lecturer could contribute to the phase objectives
by presenting the opinions of the Chief of Naval Operations
relative to the probable nature of warfare in the 1963-1975
time period and the probable role of the United States Navy
in furtherance of U.S. national interests during that era.
He could indicate foreseeable trends, both political and
military, and their implications in terms of U.S. Navy
planning for the future.

READINGS:

Recommended:

An Editorial, "The Case for the Nuclear Powered
Aircraft Carrier," Armed Forces Management,
March 1959. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

Murphy, Charles J. V., "U.S. Sea Power: 'The New Mix', "Fortune, August 1959. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

75

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

GENERAL DAVID M. SHOUP

Present Position: Commandant of the Marine Corps

Birthplace and Date: December 30, 1904
Battle Ground, Indiana

Education:

Graduated from DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana in 1926; completed Basic School at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1928; completed Junior Course at Marine Corps Schools, Quantico in 1938.

Military Background:

After graduating from DePauw University, was member of the Reserve Officers Training Corps at the University and served for a month as a second lieutenant in the Army Infantry Reserve before being commissioned second lieutenant 1926; served in China most of 1927, then Sea School at San Diego, California, until 1929 then began a two-year tour of sea duty aboard USS MARYLAND; 1934, served with the Fourth Marines at Shanghai and at the American Legation in Peiping before returning to the United States early in 1936;1938, instructor at Marine Corps Schools, Quantico; joined the Sixth Marine Regiment and a year later embarked for Iceland where after serving as Regimental Operations Officer, became Operations Officer of the 1st Marine Brigade in 1941; 1942 assumed command 2nd Battalion, Sixth Marines and in July of that year became Assistant Operations and Training Officer, 2nd Marine Division; G-3 Operations and Training Officer of the Division during its training period in New Zealand; Commanding Officer, Second Marines, 2nd Marine Division, 1943; commanded Second Marines (Reinforced) at Tarawa and also served as an observer at Guadalcanal and at New Georgia; early 1944, Chief of Staff of the 2nd Division; later became logistics officer in the Division, then logistics officer in the Division of Plans and Policies, Hq, Marine Corps, Wash. D.C.; 1947, Commanding Officer, Service Comd., Fleet Marine Force, Pacific; 1949, joined 1st Marine Div at Camp Pendleton as Div Chief of Staff; then commanded Basic School of Quantico; 1952, Office of the Fiscal

76

Director, Marine Corps Hq; promoted to Brig. Gen. Apr. 53; after serving as Assistant Fiscal Director, was named Fiscal Director of the Marine Corps in July 1953; promoted to Maj. Gen. Sept 55; 1956, Inspector General of the Marine Corps; 1957, Commander of the 1st Marine Division, Camp Pendleton; 1958, Commanding General, 3rd Marine Division; upon returning to the States was assigned as Commanding General Marine Corps, Recruit Depot, Parris Island; Nov. 2, 1959 became Chief of Staff at Headquarters, Marine Corps, Washington D. C.

### Decorations:

Medal of Honor, Legion of Merit with Gold Star, the Ltr of Commendation with Commendation Ribbon, the Purple Heart with Gold Star, the Presidential Unit Citation, the Yangtze Service Medal, the Expeditionary Medal, American Defense Service Medal with Base clasp, European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four bronze stars, American Campaign Medal, the WW II Victory Medal, the National Defense Service Medal and the British Distinguished Service Order.

**LECTURE NO:** 19 18 May 1960, 0830 Hours

**TITLE:** THE MARINE CORPS AND FORWARD STRATEGY

**LECTURER:** General David M. Shoup, USMC

**PURPOSE AND SCOPE:**

The purpose of this lecture is to present the views of the Commandant on the role of the Marine Corps in U.S. strategy for the future.

The Commandant could contribute to the phase objectives by presenting his opinions relative to the probable nature of warfare in the 1963-1975 time period and the probable role of the Marine Corps in furtherance of U.S. national interests during that era. He could indicate foreseeable trends, both political and military, and their implications in terms of Marine Corps planning for the future.

**READINGS:**

**Recommended:**

* Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, "Thoughts Along the China Border: Will Neutrality Be Enough?" *Foreign Affairs*, January 1960. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

* Reinhardt, G. Frederick, "What SEATO Means to the United States," *Department of State Bulletin*, 23 March 1959. A reprint. (Handout).

* "SEATO, the Second Year," *SEATO Council Representatives Publications*, 1957. (Handout).

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

BRIGADIER GENERAL H. A. BOUSHEY, USAF

Present Position: Assistant for Advanced Technology
DCS/Development, Headquarters, USAF
Washington, D. C.

Birthplace and Date: San Francisco, California
5 December 1909

Education:

Stanford University, 1929-32 and 1934-36; (Degree, A.B. in Engineering) Air Corps Flying Schools (Pursuit) 1932-33; Air Corps Technical School (Maintenance Engineering) 1938-39, Industrial College Armed Forces, 1948-49.

Military Background:

Commissioned 2nd Lt., Air Corps Reserve 1933; commissioned 2nd Lt., Air Corps 1936, and advanced through grades to Brigadier General 1957. Assignments: 1933-1938 Tactical flying 8th Pursuit Group, 91st Observation Squadron; 1938-41 Technical Training Command and Engineering Division Wright Field; 1942-48 Commanding Officer 20th Pursuit Group, 412th Fighter Group (U.S. first jet propelled unit), 18th Fighter Group (Jet), 51st Fighter Group (Jet); 1949-52 Programs and Policy, Hq USAF Office of Deputy Chief of Staff, Development; 1952-56 Chief, Equipment Lab., Director Weapon Systems, Chief of Staff, Vice Commander, Wright Air Development Center; 1956 to date; Hq USAF, Assistant Director Research and Development, Assistant for Advanced Technology, Office of Deputy Chief of Staff Development.

Decorations:

Legion Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster, D.F.C., Air Medal.

80

**LECTURE NO:** 20 19 May 1960, 0830 Hours

**TITLE:** AEROSPACE AND FUTURE STRATEGY

**LECTURER:** Brigadier General Homer A. Boushey

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

The purpose of this lecture is to increase understanding of the necessity for the conquest of space by the United States and the implications that failure to keep pace with the USSR may have in this important area. The lecturer could contribute to an understanding of this subject by including a discussion of the following questions:

A. What military strategy could emerge from the conquest of space? Why man in space?

B. What social or psychological strategies can accrue through the Free World conquest of space? What detriments in these two areas will occur if the USSR leads the Free World in the conquest of space?

C. Are there foreseeable economic exploitations in the conquest of space?

D. How can the evolution of space law be shaped and influenced to secure a strategic advantage for the United States?

READINGS:

Recommended:

Glennan, Dr. T. Keith, "Space...the Realities," *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, October-December 1959. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

Boushey, Brig. Gen., H. A., Speech. "Air Force Uses of Space," 17 November 1959. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

81

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

GENERAL NATHAN F. TWINING

Present Position: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

Birthplace and Date: Monroe, Wisconsin
11 October 1897

Education:

U.S. Military Academy, 1918; graduated from Flying School 1924 and transferred to the Air Service in 1926; A.C. Tactical School, Maxwell Field, 1936; C&GS School, Ft. Leavenworth, 1937.

Military Background:

For ten years after graduation from Flying School he had normal tactical assignments mainly in pursuit and attack; 1941, assigned duty in the Operations Division of the AAF, and in February 1942, appointed Assistant Executive in the Office of Chief of Staff, AAF; later became Director of War Organization and Movements in that office; July 1942 went overseas as Chief of Staff of the AAF in South Pacific, after which became C.G. of the 13th AF in that theatre; 1943 was placed in tactical control of all Army, Navy, Marine and Allied Air Forces in the South Pacific area and in this capacity directed air movement prior to and during the occupations of Treaskry Islands and Bougainville Island; 1943 assumed command of the 15th AF in Italy and later became Commander, Mediterranean Allied Strategic Air Forces; returned to the U.S. July 1945 and a month later assumed command of the 20th AF, South Pacific; 1945 assigned to Continental AF Headquarters and two months later became C.G. of Air Materiel Command; appointed C.G. Alaskan Department 1947; 1950 returned to U.S. for duty as Acting Deputy Chief of Staff, Personnel, Headquarters USAF; assigned duty as the Vice Chief of the Air Staff until 1953 when he became Chief of Staff; held this position until 1957 then assumed present position as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs; rated as Command Pilot, Combat Observer and Aircraft Observer.

LECTURE NO: 21 19 May 1960, 1100 Hours

TITLE: UNITED STATES FORWARD STRATEGY

LECTURER: General Nathan F. Twining

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

The purpose of this lecture is to present the views
of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the role
of United States military power in U.S. strategy for the
future.

The speaker could contribute to the phase objectives
by outlining the probable course of U.S. national strategy
in the 1963-1975 time period and the probable role of the
armed forces in its implementation. Particular emphasis
could be placed on the adequacy of the present decision-
making process, both political and military, in insuring
security of the nation and in furtherance of all U.S.
national interests. He could indicate foreseeable trends,
both political and military, and their implications in
terms of Joint Chiefs of Staff planning for the future.

READINGS:

Recommended:

Foster, Richard B., "Values, Power and Strategy,"
The Stanford Research Institute Journal, Fourth
Quarter, 1959.

Dodd, Thomas J., "If Coexistence Fails: The Khrushchev
Visit Evaluated," *Orbis*, Winter 1960. (Reading
Selections Vol. II).

Barnett, Frank R., "Disengagement or Commitment,"
*Orbis*, Winter 1959.

85

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

GENERAL MAXWELL D. TAYLOR, USA, (Ret)

Present Position: Chairman of the Board
Mexican Light & Power Company, Ltd.
Mexico City, Mexico

Birthplace and Date: Keytesville, Missouri
26 August 1901.

## Education:

B.S., U.S. Military Academy, 1922; student Engineering School, 1922-23; F. A. School, 1932-33; Command and General Staff School, 1933-35; Army War College, 1939-40; D. Eng., (Hon) New York University 1946; LL.D., Bowdoin Coll., 1948; University of Missouri, 1951; Williams College, 1952.

## Military Background:

Commissioned 2nd Lt. Engrs. Corps, 1922; promoted through grades to General; transferred from Corps of Engineers to Field Artillery, 1926; instructor French and Spanish, U.S. Military Academy, 1927-32; studied Japanese language in Tokyo, 1935-39; Assistant Military Attache, Peking, China; Chief of Staff and Artillery Commander, 82nd Airborne Division, 1942; served overseas in Sicilian and Italian campaigns, 1943-44; Division Commander, 101st Airborne Division, Western Front, 1945-49; Superintendent U.S. Military Academy, 1945-49; Chief of Staff for American Forces in Europe, 1949; Commander American Military Government and Army Forces in Berlin, 1949-51; Dep. Chief of Staff for operations and administration of Army, 1951-53; Commander 8th Army Korea, 1953; Commander U.S. Army Forces, Far East, 1954, U.S. and U.N. Commander in Far East, 1955; Chief of Staff, U.S. Army 1956-1959; retired 1959 and became Chairman of the Board, Mexican Light & Power Co., Ltd.

## Decorations:

Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster; D.S.C., D.S.M., Legion of Merit, Bronze Star, Purple Heart, Unit Citation (U.S.), Distinguished Service Order, Order of the Bath (England).

Previous War College Lecture: 1957

86

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

GENERAL CHARLES P. CABELL

Present Position: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence

Birthplace and Date: Dallas, Texas
11 October 1903

Education:

B.W., U.S. Military Academy 1925, Graduate Air Corps
Primary Flying School, 1931, Advanced Flying School, Observation Corps, 1931, Command and General Staff School, 1940,
Army and Navy Staff College, 1943.

Military Background:

Commd, 2d Lt. - F.A., A.U.S., 1925, advanced to General (USAF), 1958; served successively as Asst Chief, Operations Section, Training and Operations Division, as Chief, Photo Unit, and as Chief, Tech. Coordination Branch; Office of Chief of Air Corps, Washington, D.C., 1941-42, Asst. Exec. for Tech Planning and Coordination, 1942-43; member Advisory Council Hq. Army Air Forces, Washington, D.C. 1942-43, Dir of Plans, U.S. Strategic Air Forces, April-July 1944; Mil Air Advisor to U.S. Representative on European Adv. Comm., London, May-July 1944, Dir of Operations and Intelligence, Mediterranean Allied Air Forces, July 1944-May 1945; attended Yalta Conf., Chief of Strategy and Policy, Div of Air Plans, Hq. A.A.F., Washington, D.C., May-December 1945; attended London Conf. of United Nations, Jan-Feb 1948; U.S. Air Representative on Mil. Staff Com. of United Nations in New York; Director of Intelligence, Hq. U.S.A.F., Washington, 1948; Director, Joint Staff, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1951; Deputy Director, Central Intelligence 1953 to present.

Decorations:

D.S.M., Legion of Merit, Air Medal (Oak Leaf Cluster),
Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star.

88

LECTURE NO: 22 23 May 1960, 0900 Hours

TITLE: THE WORLD SITUATION

LECTURER: General C. P. Cabell

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

The purpose of this lecture is to present a survey of
the world in 1960, highlighting major problem areas and
the relative position of the two power blocs with respect
to problem areas.

This lecture should present an analysis of the signifi-
cance of the neutral nations and the relatively underdeveloped
area to the power balance, and should give an estimate of
Communist capabilities and limitations for approximately the
next ten years. It should provide an analysis of projected
trends affecting the security interests of the United States
and the national strategy designed for their protection and
interest, including an analysis of the relative political
and economic strengths and weaknesses of the Communist world.
Included in the presentation should be a discussion of the
psychological implications involved in the development and
implementation of the economic aspects of national strategy.

READINGS:

Recommended:

Schapiro, Leonard, "Has Russia Changed?" *Foreign Affairs*, April 1960. (Reading Selections Vol II).

Doolittle, James H., "Soviet Russia Today and the Challenge of Tomorrow," *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, October-December 1959. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

Strausz-Hupe, Robert, "Protracted Conflict: A New Look at Communist Strategy," *Orbis*, Spring 1958. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

89

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

MR. PAUL H. NITZE

Present Position: President, Foreign Service Educational
Foundation, Washington, D. C.

Birthplace and Date: Amherst, Massachusetts
16 January 1907

Education:

A.B., cum laude, Harvard, 1928.

Position Held:

Vice President, Dillon, Read & Company, Investment
Bankers, New York 1929-38 and 1939-40; President, P. H.
Nitze Y Co., Inc., 1938-39; Vice President, Director U.S.
Commercial Co., Director, Rubber Development Co. Served
with U.S. Government as Financial Director Coordinator
Inter-American Affairs; Chief, Metals and Minerals Branch,
Board Economic Warfare; Director Foreign Procurement and
Development Branch, Foreign Economic Administration; Spe-
cial Consultant to War Economic Administration; Special
Consultant to War Department; Vice Chairman, U.S. Strate-
gic Bombing Survey, 1944-46; Deputy Director, Office of
International Trade Policy, Department of State, 1946;
Deputy to Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Af-
fairs, 1948-49; Director Policy Planning Staff Department
of State, 1950-53.

Decorations:

Awarded Medal for Merit

Previous War College Lectures: 1950, 1954, 1955, 1956,
1957, 1958

90

LECTURE NO: 23 24 May 1960, 0830 Hours

TITLE: THE POLITICAL ASPECTS OF NATIONAL STRATEGY

LECTURER: Honorable Paul H. Nitze

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

The purpose of this lecture is to provide an analysis
of the short and long range political objectives of the
U.S. and the Sino-Soviet Bloc and the practical application
of the nation's resources toward attainment of these objec-
tives.

The lecturer could show the relationship between politi-
cal objectives and cold, small or general war. He could
analyze the implications involved in the development and
implementation of the political aspects of U.S. Strategy
for the Future, and he could summarize the optimum policies
required to implement this national strategy. The lecturer
could emphasize the roles and responsibilities of industry
and the roles and responsibilities of labor in furtherance
of U.S. national interests. He could make a major contri-
bution to the phase by discussing the impact of a nuclear
stand-off on U.S. and Sino-Soviet strategies for the future
and by discussing the political and military policies which
will probably evolve in the U.S. as additional nations
achieve a nuclear capability.

READINGS:

Recommended:

Rusk, Dean, "The President," *Foreign Affairs*, April 1960. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

Pearson, Lester B., "The Next Decade in World Affairs,"
*The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, October-
December 1959. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

91

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

LIEUTENANT GENERAL BERNARD A. SCHRIEVER

Present Position: Commander, Air Research and Development Command

Birthplace and Date: Bremen, Germany
14 September 1910

Education:

B.S. Texas A & M College, 1931; M.A. Stanford 1942; National War College, 1949-50; D.Sc. Creighton University, Rollins College.

Military Background:

Began military career 1931 in Field Artillery; was commissioned 2d Lt in Air Corps Reserve June 1933 and became bomber pilot; Sept 1937 was reverted to inactive reserve status and accepted position as pilot with Northwest Airlines; re-entered service in Oct 1938 as 2d Lt in regular Army; assigned to 7th Bomb Group at Hamilton Field Calif; Oct 1939 was assigned to test pilot duties at Wright Field, Ohio, also attending Air Corps Engineering School, graduating in July 1941; July 1942 joined 19th Bomb Group in Southeast Pacific, participating in Bismarck Arch, Leyte, Luzon, Papue, North Solomon, South Philippine and Tyukus Campaigns; Dec 1942 became Chief of Maintenance and Engineering Division, 5th Air Force Service Command; Aug 1943 was appointed Chief of Staff, 5th Air Force Service Command; Sept 1944 assumed command of Advanced Headquarters, Far East Air Service Command and supported theater operations from bases in Hollandia, New Guinea, Leyte, Manila and Okinawa; assigned to Army Air Force Headquarters in Jan 1946 as Chief, Scientific Liaison Section, Deputy Chief of Staff, Materiel; June 1950 became Asst for Evaluation, Office of Deputy Chief of Staff, Development; Jan 1951 was assigned Asst for Development Planning; May 1954 became Asst to Commander, ARDC and in August also became Commander, Air Force Ballistic Missile Division; at present is Commander, Air Research and Development Command.

92

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

HONORABLE JAMES H. DOUGLAS

Present Position: The Deputy Secretary of Defense

Birthplace and Date: Cedar Rapids, Iowa

11 March 1899

Education:

A.B., Princeton 1920; studied Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University 1 year; LL.B., Harvard University, 1924.

Positions Held:

Admitted Illinois bar, 1925, practiced at Chicago;
Associate, Winston, Strawn & Shaw until 1929; with Field,
Glore & Company, investment bankers, 1929-32; Fiscal Assist-
ant Secretary of the Treasury, 1932-33; Under-secretary De-
partment of the Air Force, 1953-57, Secretary of Air Force
1957-; member, firm Gardner, Carton & Douglas since 1934;
member Douglas, Proctor, MacIntyre & Gates, Washington, 1946-
48; Director, American Airlines, Inc., The Chicago Corporation,
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Chicago Title and Trust
Company, Director, Fund for Advancement of Education, Ford
Foundation; member board of Trustee, University Chicago since
1933; member Graduate Council of Princeton, 1933-45; Vice
Chairman, Illinois Pub. Air Common., 1941-43; President,
Chicago Council Boy Scouts of America, 1941; member, National
Executive Board, Boy Scouts of America; President, Community
Fund, Chicago, 1949-52; Treasurer, Rep. Program Com., 1939,
Comm; 2nd Lt. Infantry, U.S. Army, 1918; served at Camp Han-
cock, Georgia; Colonel, Chief of Staff, Air Transport Command,
1942-45; Awarded Distinguished Service Medal; member American,
Illinois, Chicago and District of Columbia bar associations.

Previous War College Lecture: 1959

94

LECTURE NO: 24 26 May 1960, 0830 Hours

TITLE: NATIONAL DEFENSE PROBLEMS IN A CHALLENGING AGE

LECTURER: Honorable James H. Douglas

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

The purpose of this lecture is to increase understanding
of the major problems facing the Defense Department in the
future and to interrelate these problems with defense stra-
tegy and the decision-making process. The speaker can make
a major contribution to this subject by discussing the
following questions:

A. What is the impact of disarmament or peace overtures
on planning and implementing a phased integration of future
weapon systems?

B. There are indications that Congress is moving more
into the decision-making process, particularly with respect
to new weapon systems. What effect does this have upon
defense planning?

C. What is the trend in future military strategy? Is
it toward balanced forces? Flexibility to meet all con-
tingencies? Continued massive retaliation?

D. Is there a missile gap? If so, what major changes
in our strategy are indicated?

READINGS:

Recommended:

Muir, Malcolm Sr., "America's Next Ten Years," *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, October-December 1959. (Reading Selection's Vol. II).

Herter, Christian A., "The Survival of Freedom,"
*Department of State Publication*, 1959. (Handout).

95

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

DR. HENRY A. KISSINGER

Present Position: Associate Director, Center for Inter-
national Affairs, and Director, Defense
Studies Program, Harvard University

Birthplace and Date: Fuerth, Germany
27 May 1923

Education:

Harvard College A.B. (Summa Cum Laude); Graduate
School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, M.S.;
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University,
Ph.D.; Academic Honors: Phi Beta Kappa; Harvard National
Scholarship; Harvard Fellowship (non-stipendiary), Harvard
Det ur, Rockefellow Fellowship for Political Theory.

Positions Held:

Consultant to the Operations Research Office, 1950 to
present; consultant to the Director of Psychological
Strategy Board, 1952; served on panel as special assistant
to the President for Cold War Strategy, 1955; Consultant to
the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, 1956 to present. Editor, *Confluence*, an international
Forum; Executive Director, Harvard International Seminar;
Study Director, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy, Council
on Foreign Relations; Director, Special Project, Rockefellow
Brothers Fund, Inc.

Publications:

*Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy; A World Restored;*
and various articles in *American Political Science Review*,
*Yale Review*, *Foreign Affairs*, *The New Republic*, *World*
*Politics*, and *The Reporter*.

98

Military Background:

February 1943-May 1946: 84th Infantry Division;
970th Counter-Intelligence Corps; At present, Captain,
Military Intelligence Reserve with mobilization assign-
ment at Hq. Counter-Intelligence Corps.

Awards and Decorations:

Bronze Star, Letter of Commendation - CG, 84th
Infantry Division; Letter of Commendation CG, Counter-
Intelligence Corps.

Previous War College Lectures: 1957, 1958, 1959.

99

[L]

LECTURE NO: 25 26 May 1960, 1045 Hours

TITLE: SMALL WARS AND FUTURE STRATEGY

LECTURER: Dr. Henry A. Kissinger

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

The purpose of this lecture is to assess the likelihood
of small wars in the post-1963 period and to further under-
standing of the impact this likelihood should have on U.S.
strategy for the future.

The piecemeal deterioration of the United States'
strategic position through a continuum of small wars is
a possibility. The lecturer could contribute to an under-
standing of this subject by discussing the following
questions:

A. What is the significant difference between forces needed to deter or win small wars and those forces developed primarily to deter or successfully prosecute general war?

B. Is it feasible for the United States to develop and maintain special forces tailored for use in small wars?
What are the implications on the military budget?

C. What are the factors which tend to preclude forces designed primarily to deter or successfully prosecute general war from being used in lesser military conflicts?

D. How could forces designed primarily to fight small
wars best be used to deter such wars?

E. How could such forces best be used to attain limited political objectives?

READINGS:

Recommended:

Church, A. T., Jr., "Deterrence and Delusion," _Orbis_,
Summer 1959. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

101

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

GENERAL THOMAS S. POWER

Present Position: Commander-in-Chief
Strategic Air Command

Birthplace and Date: New York, New York
18 June 1905

Education:

Barnard Prep. School, New York, N.Y., 1924; A.C.
Primary Flying School, 1928; Advanced Flying School, 1929;
Tech, School, 1932; Tactical School, 1940.

Military Background:

Commissioned 2nd Lt., Sept. 1929 and advanced through grades to General. Between 1929 and 1943, served primarily with Bombardment Units except for occasional breaks while attending service schools. Jan. 1944, assigned to 304th Bomb Wing in North African Theater and flew combat missions in B-24s based in Italy. Aug. 1944, returned to U.S. and placed in command of 314th Bombardment Wing (VHB). This wing moved to Guam in Dec. 1944 as part of 21st Bomber Command, and from this point, General Power led and directed first large-scale fire bomb raid on Tokyo on 9 March 1945. Deputy Chief of Operations, 1945, under Commanding General of U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Pacific and acted in this capacity during atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Asst. Deputy Task Force Commander for Air on Admiral Blandy's staff during "Crossroads" atomic bomb test at Bikini Atoll in 1946. Aug. 1946 assigned to AF Hqs. as Deputy Asst. Chief of Air Staff. Vice Commander, SAC, Oct. 1948-Apr. 1954. April 1954, Commandery of Air Research and Development Command, Baltimore, Maryland; assumed present position 1 July 1957.

Decorations:

Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Legion of Merit with one Cluster, Distinguished Flying Cross, Bronze Star Medal, Air Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster, Commendation Ribbon with one Cluster, and French Croix de Guerre with Palm.

Previous War College Lectures: 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959.

104

LECTURE NO: 26 27 May 1960, 0830 Hours

TITLE: FUTURE SECURITY THROUGH DETERRENCE

LECTURER: General Thomas S. Power

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

The purpose of this lecture is to present the case for developing and maintaining military forces designed primarily to deter general war.

The lecturer could define deterrence as he sees it and outline those factors which determine the adequacy of a deterrent. The question could be raised as to whether the possession of a military force designed primarily to deter or win a general war has an effect on the political will and the military capability to react to lesser challenges to our national security and interests. The lecturer could also assist in an understanding of this subject by discussing the relative merits and limitations of a counter force strategy and a counter nation strategy.

READINGS:

Recommended:

Strausz-Hupe, Robert, "The Disarmament Delusion,"
United States Naval Institute Proceedings,
February 1960. (Reading Selections Vol. II).

Brodie, Bernard, "The Anatomy of Deterrence,"
World Politics, January 1959. (Handout).

105

APPENDIX C

TO

INSTRUCTION CIRCULAR

PHASE 60-6

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Acheson, Dean G. Speech. "Revising Forward Political Strategies and Improving the Organization of the Free World." 21 July 1959.

Acheson, Dean G. "The Premises of American Policy," *Orbis*, Fall 1959.

*Air Force Magazine*, Missile and Space Almanac, April 1960.

Allen, Leland C., "The Role of Undersea Warfare in U.S. Strategic Doctrine," *Military Affairs*, Fall 1959.

An Editorial, "The Case for the Nuclear Powered Aircraft Carrier," *Armed Forces Management*, March 1959.

*Armed Forces Management*, Special Defense Organization Edition, November 1959.

Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, "Thoughts Along the China Border: Will Neutrality Be Enough?", *Foreign Affairs*, January 1960.

Barlow, E. J. "Is Deterrence Enough or Should We Be Prepared to Fight a General War in the 1960's?", *RAND Report* P-1850, 11 December 1959.

Barnett, Frank R. Speech. "New Dimensions in National Strategy." 16 April 1959.

Borklund, B., "Can We Stop the Silent Assassin?", *Armed Forces Management*, March 1959.

Borklund, B., "Crystal Ball Gazing at the Puzzle Palace," *Armed Forces Management*, December 1959.

Boushey, Brigadier General H. A., Speech. "Air Force Uses of Space," 17 November 1959.

Bowles, Chester, "The China Problem Reconsidered," *Foreign Affairs*, April 1960.

Brodie, Bernard, "The Anatomy of Deterrence," *World Politics*, January 1959.

Church, A. T., Jr., "Deterrence and Delusion," *Orbis*, Summer 1959.

Cohen, Paul, "The Future of the Submarine," *Foreign Affairs*, October 1959.

*Department of the Air Force*. Distribution of Costs by Weapon Systems and Mission Areas.

*Department of the Army*. Cost of Weapon Systems and Other Military Programs. (MS-3) 1 October 1959.

*Department of Defense Appropriations for 1961*. Hearings before the Sub-committee on appropriations, House of Representatives, 86th Congress, Second Session, Part 1, Secretary of Defense Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960.

*Department of Defense Appropriations for 1961*. Hearings before the Sub-committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, 86th Congress, Second Session, Part 2, Policy Statements, Service Secretaries and Chiefs of Staff. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960.

*Department of Defense Appropriations for 1961*. Hearings before the Sub-committee on appropriations, House of Representatives, 86th Congress, Second Session, Hearings on Air Defense. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960.

2

**Department of the Navy.** Current and Projected Program and Funding Information on Selected Major Military Programs (MS-3-A) 1 October 1959.

**Department of the Navy.** Summarization of the Statement of Navy Long Range Objectives (LR-59), 31 March 1959.

Dillon, Douglas, "American Foreign Economic Policy," *The Department of State Bulletin*, 23 November 1959.

Dulles, John Foster, "Disarmament and Peace," *Department of State Publication*, July 1957.

Dyson, Freeman J., "The Future Development of Nuclear Weapons," *Foreign Affairs*, April 1960.

Eliot, George Fielding, "The Fatal Virus of a Static Strategy," *United States Naval Institute Proceedings*, February 1960.

Foster, Richard B., "Values, Power, and Strategy," *The Stanford Research Institute Journal*, Fourth Quarter, 1959.

Gavin, James M., *War and Peace in the Space Age*. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958.

Glennan, Dr. T. Keith, "Space . . . the Realities," *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, October - December 1959.

Haller, Dr. George L., "Industry's Role in Defense Planning," *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, October-December 1959.

Hamlin, Fred, "What Defense Spending Means to the U.S. Economy," *Armed Forces Management*, March 1959.

Harnwell, Gaylord P., "Science, Technology and the North Atlantic Community," *Orbis*, Summer 1958.

Harvard University Panel Discussion, "Marshalling Business to Meet the Communist Threat," *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, January - March 1960.

Hayward, Vice-Admiral John T., U.S.N., "The Navy of 1960-1970." *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, October-December 1959.

Heymann, Hans, Jr., "Soviet Foreign Aid as a Problem for U.S. Policy." *RAND Report* P-1769, 11 September 1959.

Hoeber, Francis P., "Soviet Economic Potential and Strategies," *The Stanford Research Institute Journal*, Fourth Quarter, 1959.

Horelick, Arnold, "Some Soviet Views on the Nature of a Future War and the Factors Determining Its Course and Outcome," *RAND Report* T-97, 15 September 1958.

Huntington, Samuel P., "Strategic Planning and the Political Process," *Foreign Affairs*, January 1960.

Jackson, Henry M., "Organizing for Survival," *Foreign Affairs*, April 1960.

Jones, Thomas V., "Are Our Sights Set High Enough?", *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, January - March 1960.

Kennan, George F., "Peaceful Coexistence: A Western View," *Foreign Affairs*, January 1960.

Kintner, William R. and Cottrell, Alvin, "The Protracted Conflict," *Stanford Research Institute Journal*, Fourth Quarter, 1959.

Kohn, Hans, "The Difficult Road to Western Unity," *Orbis*, Fall 1959.

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Knorr, Dr. Klaus E., "Can We Accelerate American Economic Growth?", *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, January - March 1960.

McElroy, Neil H., "Sound Economy and U.S. Defense," *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, January - March 1960.

Morton, Louis, "Historia Mentem Armet - Lessons of the Past," *World Politics*, January 1960.

Muir, Malcolm Sr., "America's Next Ten Years," *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, October - December 1959.

Murphy, Charles J. V., "U.S. Sea Power: 'The New Mix'," *Fortune*, August 1959.

Mutchmor, James R., "Don't Take Canada for Granted," *The Christian Century*, 12 August 1959.

The Mutual Security Program FY 1961," *International Cooperation Administration Publication*, March 1960.

"NATO, the First Ten Years," Article, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1959.

Ohly, John H., "Competitive Aspects of Foreign Aid," *The Stanford Research Institute Journal*, Fourth Quarter, 1959.

Palmer, General W. B., USA. Speech. "The Military Situation of the United States." 1 May 1959.

Pearson, Lester B., "The Next Decade in World Affairs," *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, October - December 1959.

Peterson, N. C., "Comments on Warfare in the Next Ten to Twenty Years," *RAND Report* P-889, 19 June 1956.

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Phased Integration of Future Air Force Weapon Systems,
Research Studies Institute, Air University.

Platt, William J., "A Prologue to the Spectrum of Conflict," *Stanford Research Institute Journal*, Fourth Quarter, 1959.

Possony, Stefan T., Speech. "The Military Front: The Spectrum of Military Conflict," 20 July 1959.

Reinhardt, George C., A Book Review, "War - 1974," *RAND Report* P-1326. 2 April 1958.

Reinhardt, George C., "Technology and National Survival," *Orbis*, Winter 1959.

Rockefeller, Nelson A., "Purpose and Policy," *Foreign Affairs*, April 1960.

Rubottom, Roy R., Jr., "Communism in the Americas," *Department of State Publication*, March 1958.

Schapiro, Leonard, "Has Russia Changed?", *Foreign Affairs*, April 1960.

"SEATO, the Second Year," *SEATO Council Representatives Publication*, 1957.

Strausz-Hupé, Robert, "Protracted Conflict: A New Look at Communist Strategy," *Orbis*, Spring 1958.

Strausz-Hupé, Robert, "The Disarmament Delusion," *United States Naval Institute Proceedings*, February 1960.

Taylor, General Maxwell D., *The Uncertain Trumpet*, Harper and Brothers, 1960.

6

Tannenbaum, Frank, "The Political Dilemma in Latin America," *Foreign Affairs*, April 1960.

Trudeau, Arthur G., "The Pattern of the Future Army," *The General Electric Defense Quarterly*, October - December 1959.

"United States Foreign Policy in a New Age," *Background*, Department of State Publication, October 1959.

"Vigilance, the Price of Liberty," The Story of NATO, Article. *A Netherland Publication*, 1960.

White, General Thomas D., Speech. "Strategic Implications of Recent Technical Developments," 16 November 1959.

Wigglesworth, Ambassador Richard B., "Canadian - United States Cooperation for Peace," *The Department of State Bulletin*, 25 January 1960.

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Revised 19 April 1960

HOST OFFICERS PHASE 60-6

<table><thead><tr><th>LECTURER</th><th>DATE</th><th>WAR COLLEGE<br>HOST OFFICER</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Dr. Bernard Brodie<br>Hon. Walter H. Judd</td><td>25 April<br>25 April</td><td>Col. Kline<br>Col. Welch</td></tr><tr><td>2. Hon. Adolf A. Berle, Jr.</td><td>26 April</td><td>Col. Tudor</td></tr><tr><td>3. Gen. Cortlandt Schuyler</td><td>27 April</td><td>Col. Hopkins</td></tr><tr><td>4. A.C.M. Sir George Mills</td><td>2 May</td><td>Col. Tudor</td></tr><tr><td>5. Wg. Cdr. John Gellner</td><td>2 May</td><td>Col. Schneider</td></tr><tr><td>6. Col. J. V. Adams, Jr.</td><td>3 May</td><td>Col. Stark</td></tr><tr><td>7. Dr. L. P. Bloomfield</td><td>3 May</td><td>Col. Blakeney</td></tr><tr><td>8-9 Dr. Herman J. Kahn</td><td>4-5 May</td><td>Col. Hicks</td></tr><tr><td>10. Gen. Curtis E. LeMay</td><td>5 May</td><td>Col. Tudor</td></tr><tr><td>11. Dr. William O. Davis</td><td>6 May</td><td>Col. Vinzant</td></tr><tr><td>12. L/Gen. C. S. Irvine</td><td>9 May</td><td>Col. Arnold</td></tr><tr><td>13. R/Adm. L. P. Ramage</td><td>10 May</td><td>Col. Clint Ball</td></tr><tr><td>14. Dr. Henry C. Wallich</td><td>11 May</td><td>Col. Norton</td></tr><tr><td>15. B/Gen. R. C. Richardson</td><td>12 May</td><td>Col. Johnson</td></tr><tr><td>16. Dr. Raymond J. Saulnier</td><td>16 May</td><td>Col. Welch</td></tr><tr><td>17. Gen. L. L. Lemnitzer</td><td>16 May</td><td>Col. Blakeney</td></tr><tr><td>18. V/Adm. Bernard L. Austin</td><td>17 May</td><td>Capt. Bernard</td></tr><tr><td>19. Gen. David M. Shoup</td><td>18 May</td><td>Col. Pedrazzini</td></tr></tbody></table>

**PROBLEM NO:** 1

**TITLE:** U.S. MILITARY STRATEGY AND THE ROLE OF THE AIR FORCE

**MONITOR:** Seminar Faculty Advisor

**PURPOSE AND SCOPE:**

The purpose of this problem is three-fold. First, to increase student understanding of the world-wide situation likely to exist in the post 1963 time period with forecasts to 1975. Second, to present a brief concept of military operations for cold, small and general war in the light of the world-wide situation developed above. The role of the Air Force will be amplified although other service roles and missions must be considered. Third, to prepare force tabs for the three services under specified budget ceilings.

By accomplishing this problem, students will gain an understanding of the interrelationship of future strategy, future military requirements and military costs. They will therefore develop an appreciation of the tasks involved in projecting weapon systems to support military strategy for the future.

Students can best accomplish this purpose by considering the future military posture of the United States and the roles of the three services during the 1963-1975 time period. They should forecast the future strategic environment within which they need to construct a military strategy. They also need to predict the technical capability of weapons which can be made available within the state-of-the-art likely to exist. When these forecasts have been made, the task still remains of projecting weapon costs and of determining force structures so that the most economical and effective operational inventory will be purchased. Students must therefore become familiar with those portions of military costs which pertain to major weapon systems and their direct support. Some of these weapon systems will continue in the force beyond the time period indicated in the cost manuals, while the components of other systems will not have been costed, except, perhaps as Research and

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Development items. Students must project or estimate costs of these components and systems on a reasonable basis in order to compute the force structure basic to their proposal for a military strategy for the future. These costs need not be precisely determined but relative costs are important. Hence, within each seminar the same or similar cost criteria should apply to each major system.

## REQUIREMENT:

This problem is divided into three distinct but, nevertheless, interrelated parts:

Part 1. The presentation of a brief estimate of the worldwide situation likely to exist in the 1963-1975 time period. This estimate should include the military threat in major detail; i.e.: overall force strengths, major weapons capability, and strategic position.

Part 2. The presentation of a brief strategic concept of military operations for cold, small and general war during the 1963-1975 time period. The role of the Air Force within this concept should be amplified.

Part 3. The presentation of two Force Tabs for the three services in support of the strategy developed in Part 2. These Tabs should show the forces in 1965 and those in 1970 within imposed budget ceilings. If the strategy cannot be executed within imposed ceilings, forces and justification for increased budget will be shown under separate inclosure to the Tabs.

## ASSUMPTIONS:

All seminars will use the 1961 Department of Defense budget as a base. The following assumptions will be made:

* The 1965 Department of Defense budget will be 46 billions.

* The 1970 Department of Defense budget will be 50 billions.

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By 1965 both the U.S. and USSR will have adequate numbers of accurate ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads readied in hardened sites.

## ADMINISTRATIVE:

Seminar chairmen will make problem status reports to their faculty advisors as scheduled. These reports will be oral but the advisor may ask for written demonstration of the seminar's results as of that date. Certain solutions may be reviewed by the Commandant. Selected solutions will be presented in Room 1.

School Services will type one draft of the seminar solution; then one final copy for possible reproduction and distribution.

Stenographers will not be permitted to take dictation or transcribe from tapes.

Stenographic assignments to seminars will be furnished later.

Information contained in the references listed below is necessary for a solution to this problem. While utilization of this information and the past academic and practical experience of the students will form the major portion of the background required, additional research will be needed for a quality paper.

### a. References:

(1) Department of Defense Appropriations for 1961. Hearings before the Sub-committee on appropriations, House of Representatives, 86th Congress, Second Session, Part 2, Policy Statements, Service Secretaries and Chiefs of Staff. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960.

(2) Department of Defense Appropriations for 1961. Hearings before the Sub-committee on appropriations, House of Representatives, 86th Congress, Second Session, Part 1, Secretary of Defense Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960.

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(3) Department of Defense Appropriations for 1961.
Hearings before the Sub-committee on appropriations, House of Representatives, 86th Congress, Second Session, Hearings on Air Defense. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960.

(4) Department of the Air Force. Distribution of Costs by Weapon Systems and Mission Areas.

(5) Department of the Navy. Current and Projected Program and Funding Information on Selected Major Military Programs (MS-3-A) 1 October 1959.

(6) Department of the Army. Costs of Weapon Systems and Other Military Programs. (MS-3) 1 October 1959.

(7) Phased Integration of Future Air Force Weapon Systems, Research Studies Institute, Air University.

(8) Department of the Navy. Summarization of the Statement of Navy Long Range Objectives (LRO-59), 31 March 1959.

(9) Gavin, James M., War and Peace in the Space Age.
New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958.

PROBLEM NO: 2

TITLE: THE FADING NUCLEAR DUOPOLY

MONITOR: Seminar Faculty Advisor

PURPOSE AND SCOPE:

The purpose of this problem is to examine the possible
effects of the fading nuclear duopoly upon U.S. and Soviet
strategy during the 1963-1975 time period.

This purpose can best be accomplished by the student considering the impending acquisition of nuclear capability by more nations of the world. The addition of the U.K. nuclear capability to the Western Alliance apparently has been beneficial to the Deterrent Strategy. However, the student should examine the further expansion of this capability to other friendly nations such as France, West Germany or Japan. Does such expanded capability strengthen or weaken the unity of the anti-communist forces? What effect would such a capability have on the neutral nations' willingness to align themselves with either the East or the West or remain neutral? If other nations such as France, Czechoslovakia or Communist China attain the capability for development, production and delivery of nuclear weapons, what effect upon U.S. military strategy for the future can be foreseen? Upon NATO's organization and strategy? Upon USSR strategy? Will a multinational nuclear capability heighten pressure for disarmament?

REQUIREMENT:

Each student will prepare a paper of 8-10 pages, typed,
double spaced, (or the equivalent thereof) in which he will
discuss these implications, and others that may occur to him,
of the waning nuclear duopoly. Solutions will be turned in
to the Faculty Advisors for evaluation by 1700 hours, 12 May
1960. Selected solutions will be presented in Room 1.

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