to overlook the political and psychological effects of the very fact that, rightly or wrongly, Germans are more afraid of, which means more impressed by, Russian than American power and purposefulness.

To blame the men on the spot, the Army that is and, to a lesser extent, our diplomatic representatives and the press would be as easy as it would be unjust. It must be said quite openly, in fact, that if it is at all possible to find individuals with a thorough understanding of the issues discussed in this article, they will be discovered among those manning our somewhat forlorn outposts in Europe. There is an element of tragedy in the situation of the few officers and enlisted men, war department civilians and consular officials who because of the specific tasks assigned to them and as a result of hard work and patient observation have gained a thorough understanding for the underlying intangibles of the European and German situation - but are virtually powerless to do anything about it. They may advise here and make suggestions there, but whatever measures are finally taken are carried out (hysteroscopy in a somewhat routine fashion not in a passionate, imaginative spirit of urgency, the story of the Army sponsored German Youth Activities Program being an example in point. Little or nothing can be accomplished, in fact, as long as we at home remain unwilling to supply the men, the qualified men that is, the means, and the full moral support needed by the Army or any other US authorities in Europe to undertake this all important psychological warfare mission in the Spirit not of hopeless defense but of a large scale and enthusiastic initiative.

Domestic initiatives.

In the spirit ofAAF defense but of a large scale and co-
nstitution in Europe to understand this all important political and
means, and the will most abhorred by the Army or any other U.S.
home remain unwilling to supply the men, the qualified men that is, the
in point. Riffle or nothing can be accomplished, in fact, as long as we of
story of the Army sponsored German Youth Activities Program point an example
routine station not in a beatitude, imaginative spirits of undisc
means are finally taken out (patriotism) in a common
about it. They may achieve here and make achievements there, but never
Europe and German situation - but are virtually impossible to do without
furnishing a thorough understanding for the underlying intangible of the
result to them and on a result of hard work and patient observation have
made officials and common officials who because of the specific tasks
triedly in the situation of the few officials and illiterate men, must depart-
ving our somewhat foreign outposts in Europe. There is an element of
finance disarranged in this article, they will be discovered among phase men-
all possible to find individuals with a thorough understanding of the
it would be absent. It must be said quite clearly, in fact, that it is at
extant, our diplomatic representatives and the Press would be as easy as
To please the men on the front, the Army that is and, to a lesser
fly, Russian then American power and burloomeiness.
rightly or wrongly, Germany are more afraid of, and mean more impressed
to overlook the political and psychological effects of the very last fust,

34

Our present effort in Germany is not sufficiently sustained in the face of problems transcending by far the purely military and economic fields. We are concerned with facts and figures, imports and exports, bizonal and trizonal organization, but the importance and challenge of psychological and spiritual factors is being underestimated. On the basis of long and varied experience this writer feels that the handwriting is already on the wall. If the nation does not awake to the danger there would seem to be a distinct risk that in a few years the only question in regard to Germany will be this.... Is she going to be National Bolshevik or Bolshevik Nationalist. In either case the western democracies, and the US in particular, would be the losers.

US in particular, would be the leaders.

on Bolshevist Nationalist. In either case the western democracies, and the
in regard to Germany will be this.... In the end it to be National Bolshevist
would seem to be a distinct risk that in a few years the only question
is already on the way. It the nation does not wake to the danger there
of long and varied experience this writer feels that the wandering
broader theoretical and spiritual factors lie before underestimated. On the basis
of national and national organization, but the importance and challenge of
life. We are concerned with laws and finances, imports and exports,
the race of problems transcending it for the twenty years and economics
Our present effort in Germany is not sufficiently sustained in

[x]

32

Refuse

Deadwood, drying in the sand, in the sun,--
Deadwood, washing in the waves, in the ocean,
Listlessly and lifelessly in undulating motion,
Salted, and rotted, and broken, and done,--

Beached by a breaker and steaming in the sun.....

Lazy bird of carrion, screaming in the sky,
Pebble-foam and shell-foam, rolling on the strand,
Fish-dead and weed-dead, scattered on the sand,
Water-sculptured rockface,.....

...and there am I,--
Sad love, dead love, love without emotion,
Shunning respite,........wanting only one........

Deader than the deadwood lying in the sand,...
(Roar, wave! Whine, wind! Cry, gull, cry!)
Deader than the deadwood drifting by.

Victor Guala

Victor Onufs

Desder than the deadwood drifting by.
(Boat, wave! White, wind! Cra, bull, cry!)
Desder than the deadwood drifting in the sand,...

Shunting respite, ...wailing only one.......
Bad love, dead love, love without emotion,
...and there am I,--

Water-sculptured rockface, ....
Laid-dead and weed-dead, scattered on the sand,
Pepple-tow and shell-tow, rolling on the sand,
Pony bird of carrion, screaming in the sky,
Beached by a preker and atteming in the am....

Salted, and rotted, and broken, and done,--
Flattlessly and fifelessly in unquenching motion,
Deadwood, washing in the waves, in the ocean,
Deadwood, drying in the sand, in the am,--

Refuse

Die dorischen Tempel in der sonnigen Einsamkeit von Paestum
leuchten noch.........

Mein Herz schlägt nur noch trübe

Der klare Klang, dem so oft ich voll Selbsttrunkenheit gelauscht,
Ist längst verhallt.

Die Sterne, die am Himmel meines Anfangs standen,
Sind verloschen.

Der Brand ist ausgebrannt,
Der breite Strom versiegt,
Der Wein ward schal,

Starke Äste und biegsame Zweige sind gleicherweise verdorrt,
Kein Lied mehr klingt in der tönend leeren Halle
Meiner Seele.

Aber die Sonne über Ischia ist die gleiche geblieben

Und in Rom springen nachts die Brunnen wie ehedem

Die dorischen Tempel in der sonnigen Einsamkeit von Paestum
Leuchten noch

Und am Abend landen im ganzen Golf von Neapel
Rotbesegelte Barken in heiteren Häfen.

1941

Victor Onits

Desder than the deadwood drilling by.
(Goar, wave! White, wind! Gray, bull, cry!)
Desder than the deadwood drilling in the sand,...

Shunting resists, ...wanting only one.......
Bad love, dead love, love without emotion,

...and there am I,--

Water—scriptured rockface, ...

Flap-dead and weed-dead, scattered on the sand,
Pepple-lam and shell-lam, rolling on the strand,
Lay bird of carrion, screaming in the sky,
Beached by a preker and atoning in the am...

Salted, and rotted, and broken, and done,--
Littlesely and little easily in unquenching motion,
Deadwood, washing in the waves, in the ocean,
Deadwood, dry ink in the sand, in the am,--

Refuse

1941

["SIBLET", 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萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千萬了千

had relatives to support; many of us, as f.i. myself, lost their professional work and income soon after the Nazis too over, just because we refused to compromise with National Socialism. We were able to withstand this economic boycott because we still had financial resources to live on. But we had to consider it more luck if our property was not confiscated, if we were not deprived of our German citizenship. This would have left us absolutely helpless, as demonstrated by the case of Dr. Rudolf Breitscheid, one of the Social-Democratic leaders in the Reichstag who was thus deprived of his citizenship. I myself, f.i., transferred all my property to my sister's name on the evening of the day when the Gestapo first searched my house, in order to keep it safe for my young son. But not everybody decided quickly enough on such devices. The justified fears of economic boycott and ruin were indubitably the reason for which many strict opponents of National Socialism did not protest openly. Nevertheless their silence cannot be construed as approval. The terrible consequences of not keeping silent I know from my own experience.

A large number of the upper middle class, higher civil servants, scientists, doctors, and lawyers, remained in their positions after the Nazis had taken over although they fully realized the true character of National Socialism. Not so much for fear of economic reprisals, but because these people nurtured the fatal illusion that they could act as an effective brake on National Socialism through professional, personal, and social influence. Sincerely, but strangely, they hoped to prevent something they believed to be still worse than their remaining in office. But the longer they remained the more they became entangled in the Party mechanism. Thus they lost all liberty of action; but a refusal to cooperate at that late date meant certain death for them. Some of these people committed suicide later on, suddenly realizing the profound mistake they had become guilty of in their unwilling and gradual participation in the crime. Others are still alive, awaiting trial.

Many members of the so-called "upper classes" served the Party long before Hitler came to power in a more indirect manner. They helped the Nazis, not so much because they agreed with their aims and outlook, but because they were traditionally fierce opponents of the "Marxists" due to their nationalistic feelings. In the name of the Party they only heard the "National" of National Socialism, and got drunk on it. They

those to ignore the second part of the name "Socialism" and fell for
the cunning and deceitful slogan: "Fight against Marxism to the point
of the knife". In this group were not only large estate owners, in-
dustrialists, bankers, scientists, teachers, even clergymen, but also
many politicians from reactionary circles, especially from the German
National People's Party, the German People's Party, the right wing of
the Center, the Bavarian People's Party, and the Bavarian Farmers' Party.

Sum up all these and you have millions who, as Hitler put it in
"Mein Kampf", were the "cowardly and drifting followers of the Party",
who nevertheless were quite useful to the Party just because of their
passive attitude. The ugly aspect of it was that these people remained
silent, either actually forced or in fear of reprisals, and were criti-
cising the Party only in very select and private circles.

Only too many people fell for the very clever appeals to human
vanity and ambition. The immense number of newly created jobs and ranks
from the smallest "Pimpf" and "Jungmädel-Leader", from the simple "Zellen-
wart" and member of the Frauenenschaft upwards the badge of their "official
importance", their resplendent uniforms, the delight in being able to give
orders to others, be it even among children on the playground, the chance
to put on airs and to feel important - inspite of all inferiority - these
were very effective attractions. Many men, being hen-pecked husbands
at home, now could boast of their little posts of honor. Wives and
daughters who were not even allowed to open their mouths at home were
now in a position to swagger in the BdM, Frauenenschaft, or other women's
organizations. The men basked in the slogan "We are the masculine State
throughout". Yet, boundless women thought themselves so important that
they had no feeling at all for the humiliating serving position in which
they were kept. Not to mention the sex-appeal of smart uniforms and
strong muscles. Let me give you an example of the inferiority of even
the official Nazi women's leader, Mrs. Scholz-Klink. Occasionally this
woman complained bitterly that even she was never allowed to attend any
meetings where the "Leaders" took important decisions affecting German
womanhood. She was never even asked for advice before any particular
decision was made; she got orders which she had to carry out from the
so-called male "experts". The judgment of these "experts" covered the
swaddling of babies as well as the operation of household-schools, girls'
education etc.

In the same manner men and women were imposed upon in the field of
parenthood. The possibility to educate their own children was virtually
taken away from the parents. The Party ruled over the life of the chil-
dren in their work as well as in their sparetime, and in their attitude
towards the church. A father who spanked his son wearing NJ uniform risk-
ed to be denounced, by his own son, for having insulted the uniform by
spanking a NJ trousers' seat.

Every personal initiative was forbidden. It was absolutely impossible
to for any individual judgment because there was only one government-dir-
ected press which systemetically spread lies and half-truths. Those who
still dared to have an opinion of their own and to express it risked
their lives because everywhere - even in their own families - spies,
agents, payed informers, were at work./ Children were officially asked
to report to their teachers and youthleaders what they heard from the
conversations of the grown-ups, including their own parents, at home.
At streetcar stops spies listened. Payed informers - especially women -
watched for every word of criticism or disgust uttered by passers-by when
money was collected in the streets for Party purposes. These watchers
immediately pointed out the unwilling or reluctant donors to Gestapo-men,
waiting around the corner.

Who could keep sufficient moral strength for independent thinking?
Who could still have courage enough to utter openly his criticism?
Thinking, commanding, acting, were allowed to only one, the "Führer".
The cringing slogan "The Führer is always right" could be seen on the walls
of all public offices in Germany. This phrase suited the stupidity of
the misled masses as well as their innate reluctance to take any personal
unwillingly risk, placing responsibility on the shoulders of others.

Taught to suppress every personal wish or will the broad masses be-
game accustomed to accept every command or which of the Party of the State
as guided by divine inspiration. The few exceptions became hopelessly
resigned and submitted to everything as to an inevitable fate.

This systematic education to stupidity and the suppression of the
will to take responsibility also extended to the whole apparatus of the
State as well as to the schools, universities, colleges, offices, fac-
tories, shortly to every human activity. Trustworthy Partymembers were
attached to all Civil Servants. In all the ministries a so-called "Co-Re-
ferent" or Party Adviser was appointed to watch over his non-Nazi colleagues

and prevent any action that might run counter to the Party line. By this method of supervision and pressure the entire higher administration became paralyzed and corrupted. The members of the Cabinet themselves were subjected to the same system, aimed at setting them against each other, following the old Roman principle: "Divide and Conquer". Let me illustrate this with an example. Several years ago I asked an old friend of mine, the then Prussian Minister of Finance, Dr. Popitz (who, by the way, was hanged in fall 1944), some questions, mainly on the limitations of powers of Reich Minister of Finance, Count v. Schwerin-Krosigk.

Popitz, Prussian Minister of Finance, was unable to answer satisfactorily because he was no longer kept informed of what was going on in the Reich Ministry of Finance. Popitz told me that joint discussions between the ministers never occurred, that none of them had any idea of the work of the others, especially if they were non-Nazis.

This method of keeping people uninformed and of depriving them of any real power to make decisions was also used with regard to the members of the Reichstag. Let me give you an example: Once, in 1936, I entered the Reichstag library - which remained intact inspite of the fire - to ask for some scientific books. On my way I had to pass the room where formerly political material was distributed to the members of Parliament. Now all the shelves were entirely empty, not a single sheet of paper was to be seen. The official in charge whom I had known for many years told me that no delegate ever was given warning of any draft of a bill. Therefore no discussion could be held in the fraction between the members. Furthermore, the representatives could not seek additional information from the competent officials. Consequently they entered the meetings of the Reichstag in complete ignorance. But that didn't matter because the President (Göring) only read out what the Government, that is Hitler, required. No discussion took place, no motion could be put on the floor. The members had only to vote by raising their right hand in token of their consent. Then they had to rise, to sing the national anthems, and to shout, three times, "Sieg Heil". They drew RM 600.- per month for this tiring work; therefore the people called them the "best paid singers in Germany".

The same methods prevailed in the entire scientific sphere. In the schools, history and literature, as well as geography, mathematics, and

physics, were built up on nationalistic, militaristic, and racial principles and examples; even during religious instruction it had to be demonstrated that Christ was of Aryan origin. The radio was nothing but an instrument of Party propaganda.

All this happened only after Hitler came to power. The preparations, however, were worked out for many years before that time. Perhaps Hitler's methods may be compared to military measures aimed at the encirclement of troops or of a fortress. It is more than probable that the highly intelligent and effective methods have been developed with the help of experienced strategists and tacticians. The tactics by which the Party leaders conquered one sphere of Germany after the other may be compared to the so-called "Island hopping" of American forces during the Japanese War, until Japan at last became completely paralyzed and broke down entirely.

This strategy of internal German Island hopping was the more effective due to the inconceivable inactivity of the democratic Republican government against unconstitutional Nazi propaganda. Let me quote two examples: One day two Nazis attacked an opponent in the street and killed him. Of course they were arraigned in court. But Hitler himself sent a telegram, congratulating, praising, and thanking the murderers. This telegram was delivered to the criminals in jail and published in the Nazi press. - Another time I met the ill-famed member of the Reichstag, Heines. By the way, Hitler, later on, had him killed during the so-called Röhm-Putsch or Blood Punge. I met Heines in Dortmund where he was scheduled to speak. The posters advertising his meeting ran about as follows: "Citizens of Dortmund, come and listen to Heines, the famous Fehme MURDERER". - The Social-Democrat and their ministers often closed both eyes to such happenings, partly for fear of being accused of "Prussian Grenadier Boot" methods, if they did anything to suppress such activities, whereby they would have laid themselves open to Communist attacks; partly because these people had never been trained to really govern, as f.i. their lame attitude towards the Kapp-Putsch in 1920 had proved. Another inherent weakness of the Republic was that too many high officials and high ranking officers of anti-Republican, reactionary affiliations were left in responsible positions. By their perfect manners these people deeply impressed the Social-Democratic leaders of the Republic who dared not take any action against them, whilst they, on the other hand, most skillfully exploited every weak point in the Republican structure. The Communists,

exploited every weak point in the Republican structure. The Communists, and section against them, whilst they, on the other hand, meet skillfully braced the Social-Democratic leaders of the Republic who desired not to show themselves. In their berrier numbers these people commonly occupied anti-Republican, resolutely utilistions were left in re-
markness of the Republic was that too many high officials and high ranking
attitude towards the Kehh-Bufson in 1920 had broached. Another inherent
these people had never been trained to reach Government, so that their fame
would have laid themselves open to Communist attack; briefly because
methods, if they did advertising to subdue such officials, wherever they
happenings, briefly for fear of being accused of "Russian Grenadier Corp.
the Social-Democrat and their ministers often closed their eyes to such
Dortmund, come and listen to Heine, the famous Poet MUNIMER". -
The Communists advertising his meeting last about as follows: "Citizens of
or Bock Brange. I met Heine in Dortmund where he was scheduled to be back.
the way. Hitler, listen, had him killed during the so-called Kehh-Bufson
Another time I met the ill-famed member of the Reichstag, Heine. By
delivered to the criminals in Jell and Huttled in the last press. -
congratulating, basing, and financing the murders. This telegram was
course they were assigned in court. But Hitler himself sent a telegram,
One day, two Names attacked an opponent in the street and killed him. Of
went sterner munitionistlons had probabes. Let me prove two examples:
due to the incipient instability of the democratic Republican Government.
This strategy of internal German Island hopping was the more effective
way, until then at least because completely basiined and broke down entirely.
to the so-called "Island hopping" of American forces during the warlike
fights conducted one after one of Germany after the other may be combined
experienced strategists and tacticians. The strategy which the Party
infallible and effective methods have been developed with the help of
ment of troops or at a fortress. If it is more than probable that the fight
for a mission may be combined to militarily measure up at the encircile-
ment, were marked out for many years before that time. Perchaps Hif-
All this has happened only after Hitler came to power. The preparation,
an instrument of party probabes.
monitored that Chief was of Austrian origin. The radio was nothing but
ables and examples even during religious instruction if he had to be de-
barred, who built up on nationalistic, militistic, and national sin-
- G -

although for very different motives, were as eager as the Reactionaries and the Conservatives to capitalize on every mistake the Republicans made. The result of this situation became obvious enough in the Reichstag: When most important bills had to be put to the vote the Nazis together with the Communists, often supported by members of the Conservative, right-wing parties, voted against the government measures, and often prevented their passage. This combined merely negative obstruction prevented, f.i., the passage of the so-called "Labor Service" bill, devised as a means to check unemployment. But just the introduction of compulsory Labor Service immediately after the National Socialists came to power induced millions to support and praise the Nazi Party because of the rapid decline of unemployment. The Nazis cleverly had foreseen the psychological effect upon the millions of unemployed. I myself, later on, had occasion to read secret Nazi Party documents which instructed party members to prevent all measures likely to diminish unemployment as long as the Nazi Party was not yet in power. After having come to power the National Socialists passed the "Compulsory Labor Service" act immediately. Very soon the psychological effect and political results became apparent. Many non-Nazis praise the Party, even today, because of its successful fight against unemployment. These people knew nothing of what was going on behind the scenes. They were not aware of the underlying militaristic aims.

Others appreciated the pleasure trips organized by the so-called "Strength through Joy" organization of Mr. Ley, preferring recreation to work. Such individuals therefore overlooked the growing agitation against labour organizations as well as against the Churches and the Jews, and even the murder of many thousands of intellectuals. No doubt, many overlooked all these shameless brutalities because fundamentally they approved of them. Some nurtured traditionally anti-Semitic feelings. Others were traditionally hostile to labor-unions. Many members of the labor-unions hated employers as a class. The labor-unions themselves traditionally fought against one another. The small shopkeepers attacked the wholesalers. The employees mistrusted the officials. The wives of business men envied the wives of Civil Servants and Officers. A typist looked down upon working class girls even though her own father might be a

down when working class girls even though per own father might be a
man earned the wages at Civil Service and Officers. A chief looked
upon the employee mistreated the girls. The wages of business
only taught against one another. The small shopkeepers attached the whole
unions based employers as a class. The labor-union themselves tradition-
ally traditionally resist to labor-union. Many members of the labor-
of them. Some begraved traditionally anti-unionistic feelings. Others
looked all these employees brutalize because fundamentally they abhorred
even the murder of many prisoners of injustice. No doubt, many over-
lap their organizations as well as against the Church and the law, and
work. Such individuals therefore overtook the growing agitation against
"straightforward loa" organization of Mr. Lea, breaking up recreation to
offend associated the prisoner tribe organized by the so-called
the underlyingGORGEOUS time.
nothing of what was going on behind the scenes. They were not aware of
because of its successful fight against unemployment. These people knew
results become apparent. Many non-Marxists brine the party, even today.
vice, set immediately. Very soon the revolutionary effect and beneficial
come to power the National Socialist based the "Comintern" labor ser-
bility as long as the Red Party was not let in power. After having
enjoyed party membership to prevent all measure likely to diminish unem-
ployer on, had occasion to read secret Red Party documents which in-
the revolutionary effect upon the millions of unemployed. I wheat.
of the right definition of unemployment. The State clearly had foreseen
to borrow induced millions to absorb and broke the Red Party cause
compulsory labor service immediately after the National Socialist came
out as a means to check unemployment. But just the introduction of
breastfed, 2.1% the benefit of the so-called Labor Services, did re-
ally prevent their braveness. This confined merely negative operation-
tive, right-wing parties, voted against the Government measure, and of-
fered with the comment, often authorized by members of the Conserva-
tive, when most important bills had to be put to the vote the State to-
make. The result of this situation became obvious enough in the Retina
and the Conservative to abdicate on every occasion the Republiines
strong for very different matters, were we enter as the reactionaries

working man.

Maybe most of them disapproved of the brutality, violence, and recklessness of the Party as a means, but very many approved of the purpose. Millions and millions still lived in a condition of mind and soul which the ancient Roman author Tacitus had already described as a German national characteristic: they acted and thought "propter invidiam", that is prompted by discord and envy.

Other lecturers have talked to you about the historical background of National Socialism. I have only tried to answer, from my own observations and political experience, the question:

How was it possible?

How was it beautiful?
Character and political experience, the question
of National Socialism. I have only tried to answer, from my own of-
der. Other rectifiers have failed to do so about the historical background
in which it is promulgated by discourse and away.
As a German national characteristic: they acted and thought "brother
and brother" which the ancient Roman author Tacitus had already described
in his work. Millions and millions still lived in a condition of mind
resistance of the party as a measure, but very many approved of the
way most of them disapproved of the prudence, violence, and
working man.

- 8 -

ADDENDA

The fact that leading personalities remained in office also misled many others into feeling justified to compromise with the Nazi Party. "If" - so they argued - "such well known and respected people as Mr. X. and Mr. Y. have joined they Party, then it is also our duty to cooperate with the New State." And who can say what their deeper motives were: Opportunism, fear, moral cowardice, or traditional sense of duty. For many, no doubt, the last was the strongest motive. In order to appreciate this fact one has to know how strongly most Higher Civil Servants identified themselves with the State and the Government, with any German State and any German Government, no matter what its political tendencies.

The usual Sunday exercises of the HJ generally coincided with church time. The members of the HJ had to assemble in front of the Church some time before services started. As soon as the church service started the HJ started drumming near the church entrance. Next, they marched around the church, molesting church-goers and singing songs obviously odious to the churchgoers, such as "Jewish blood must flow ..." or

Wir wollen keine Christen sein
Christus war ein Judenschwein

We don't want to be Christians
Christ was a Jewish pig

In this context, too, the Gestapo once tried to trip me up over a copy of a letter I had written to my son's parson and religious instructor. In this letter I had expressed the wish that in the course of religious instruction preceding my son's confirmation he might become acquainted with the Old Testament. This wish alone, in the Gestapo's eyes, made me a "Judenknecht" or "Jewish henchman".

each, made me a "student of Christ," or "student panegyrist." Abundantly with the Old Testament. This was alone, in the Gattsebo's of religious instruction preceding my son's confirmation he might become a minister. In this latter I had expressed the view that in the course a copy of a letter I had written to my son's person and relations in this context, 400, the Gattsebo once tried to支 his mb over.

Christians are independent
With whom he comes Christain sein

We don't want to be Christians
"Tender flood must flow ...", or

tender love accordingly, to the church/creatures, and so
Next, they marched around the church, molesting church/creatures and
also iterated the Hl. asked them to leave the church/creatures entrance.
Once again some time before services started. As soon as the church set-
came time. The members of the Hl. had to assemble in front of the
Church again. The usual Sunday exercises of the Hl. generally concluded with

Government, no matter what its political temperature.
the State and the Government, with any German State and any German
now strongly most higher Civil Servants identified themselves with
strongest active. In order to appropriate this fact one has to know
traditional house of duty. For many, no doubt, the last was the
their doctor's practice was: Chiropractic, fear, moral consideration, or
our duty to coöperate with the New State. " And who can say what
people so Mr. X. and Mr. Y. have joined their Party, then it is also
not Party. " It" - so they argued - and well known and reëdicated
mated many others into feeling justified to coöperate with the
The fact that leading bottomless remained in office also

VIRGENA

ADDENDA II

A little example; A High School Principal in Heidelberg, Miss von Thadden, well known and respected in German educators circles, one day had a group of people for tea in her apartment. A friend of hers of long standing introduced a man whom she had not known before, but who seemed to know a number of her friends and acquaintances as he delivered their regards to Miss von Thadden. This man was an informer. In the course of conversation the question was discussed if and how Germany could be reconstructed economically after the war. A Dr. Kiep, former German Ambassador in Washington, participated in the discussion. The informer denounced both, Miss von Thadden and Dr. Kiep, and both, shortly afterwards, were executed.

The number of unemployed in 1933 was 6½ million. Two years later the figure was reduced to 2 million, that is a decrease of 4½ millions. Public works program, like the Autobahn project, employed many hundreds of thousands. In 1935, for example, 93,000 people were directly employed on road constructions, while another 150,000 found indirect employment through transport, procurement agencies, office jobs etc. working on the same projects.