( 487 )

its clearness and simplicity. Although it possess by means
of its inflexions great facilities for inversion and trans-
position, it has totally discarded the rhetorical contrivances
of the ancients. Its periods, however long, are never in-
volved, and the sequence of the different parts of speech is
at once direct and logical. This result, however, is attended
without any rigid or inelastic formality.

Its flexibility is shown by the following examples, in
which the meaning is in no wise affected by transposition :

Я разговаривалъ съ нимъ о его дѣлахъ.

I conversed with him about his
affairs.

This may be rendered also :

Разговаривалъ я съ нимъ о его дѣлахъ.

Съ нимъ я разговаривалъ о его дѣлахъ.

О дѣлахъ его я съ нимъ разговаривалъ.

Съ нимъ о дѣлахъ его разговаривалъ я.

The natural order of words in an affirmative or negative
proposition is as follows :

The first place is occupied by the subject (подлежáшее)
and its adjuncts, if any, and the second by the predicate
(сказуємое) followed by its adjuncts, if any.

Богъ сотворилъ міръ въ шесть дней,
и человѣка по образу своему и
подобію.

God created the world in six days,
and man after his own image.

ОBS. 1.—The predicate or even a subordinate word may
take the first place for the sake of emphasis.

Былъ я вчерá въ театрѣ.
Во Франція я былъ.

I was in the theatre yesterday.
I have been to France.

ОBS. 2.—The subject is placed after the predicate and at

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the end of a clause when it is desired to give to the subject
a greater prominence.

Всё что мы вийдимъ сотворилъ Богъ. God created all we behold.

Adjectives employed as epithets precede the noun :

Прилѣжный ученикъ читаетъ полез-
выя кніги. The diligent scholar reads useful
books.

Adjectives employed as attributes or as surnames follow
the noun :

Это (есть) дѣло дѣбое.
Его читаютъ человѣкомъ благо-
мѣ слящимъ.
This is a good act.
He is considered to be a sensible
man.

The apposition follows the substantive to which it refers :

Колюсъ Родосскій, одинъ изъ семі
чудессъ свѣта, былъ вѣлить изъ
бронзы.

The Colossus of Rhodes, one of the
seven wonders of the world,
was made of bronze.

The adverb precedes the verb; the complement follows
the word to which it refers; words of circumstance follow
those which determine them :

П умпѣшій человѣкъ не всегда
выйдить вѣходъ изъ затруд-
неній.
Even the most sagacious do not
always see an escape from dif-
ficulties.

When two or more determinative words come together,
first the determinative, then the demonstrative pronoun, and
lastly the numeral or adjective precede the substantive.

Всѣ эти пѣрвыя мыста уже за-
няты.
All these first seats are already
taken.

Demonstrative, possessive, indefinite and definite pro-
nouns precede the substantive.

Эта книга мой.
Мой братъ здоровъ.
Какой-то домъ горитъ.
Всѣ домъ горитъ.
This book is mine.
My brother is well.
Some house is on fire.
The whole house is on fire.

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Subordinate clauses follow those on which they depend
either in the way of meaning or syntactical connexion :

Скажій брátу, что зáвтра бýдутъ гó-
сти, котóрыхъ пúжно хорошó
принábтъ, ҫели опъ пе хóчетъ
прослýть певýжливымъ.

Tell my brother that to-morrow
there will be guests who must
be well received, if he wishes
not to pass for an uncivil man.

The relative pronouns котóрый or кой, ‘who, which,’ in
the genitive precede the substantive of the subordinate
clause when the former is without a preposition :

Человѣкъ, котóрато словámъ мōж-
но въбрить.

Кнйга, кой содержáние любопит-
но.

A man whose words one may be-
lieve.

A book whose contents are interest-
ing.

ОВЫ. 3.—In the same instance, however, the substantive
with a preposition precedes the relative pronoun :

Человѣкъ, на словá котóрато мы
мōжемъ положиться.

Страпá, въ предѣлахъ котóрой мы
живёмъ.

A man on whose words we may
rely.

A country in whose limits we
dwell.

In interrogative sentences the order varies somewhat from
the English, inasmuch as the word which conveys the pur-
port of the question takes the first place :

Съ брátомъ ли вы говорилъ?

Нѣтъ, съ сестрой.

Не сám и мы всповѣаты въ пá-
шихъ несчастіяхъ?

Have you spoken to the brother ?

No, to the sister.

Have we not ourselves to blame for
our misfortunes ?

ОВЫ. 4.—Interrogative sentences expressing participation
commence with the conjunction и.

II онъ тамъ былъ?

II тамъ онъ былъ?

П то онъ знаетъ?

Was he there too ?

Was he also there ?

Does he know even that?

ОВЫ. 5.—In asking a question, when one is convinced of

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the contrary of the fact implied, the sentence begins with
the interrogative adverb развѣ :
Развѣ мóжетъ человѣкъ провестй

Развѣ мóжетъ человѣкъ провестий
всю жизнь безъ горя ?

Can man go through life without
sorrow ?

ОBS. 6.—To express doubt the sentence begins with the
interrogative adverb пежели, ужели.

Неужели ещё не вйдите, что вы
не можете застануть насъ вѣ-
рить такой сказкѣ

Do you not yet see that you cannot
make us believe such stories.

A question may be expressed by a mere stress of the
voice on a particular word, without any interrogative par-
ticle:

Вы вчерá разбýли стаканъ ?

Вы вчерá разбýли стаканъ ?

Did you break the glass yesterday ?

ОBS. 7.—When the interrogative clause follows an
affirmative one, the particle ли is retained:

Я желáю знать, былъ ли опъ тамъ?

I want to know whether he was
there ?

ОBS. 8.—When it is sought to draw attention to the
particular thing requiring an answer, the interrogative
word is placed after the circumstantial clause.

Взъ мибгихъ күплеппыхъ вмъ кинтъ,
которую онъ подарилъ ему?

Въ жизни сколько вы успѣли вЫ-
стропить воздушныхъ замковъ
прежде, нежели вы окончатель-
но поселились въ нынѣшней вá-
шей скромной обстаповкѣ?

To forebode, to foretell,
Is the owl a bird of good omen ?
No, it is of ill omen.

Which book did he give him of the
many he bought ?

How many castles in the air have
you had time to make in your
lifetime, before you finally set-
tled down in your present
humble position ?

Предѣщать.
Хоровая ли предѣствица сова ?
Нѣтъ, она дурная предѣствица.

( 491 )

To use bad words,
To come to blows,
To separate, n. v.,
To be wroth with—.

To dress (wounds).
To rejoin (in speaking).

To argue, спорить.
Superstitious, суеверный,
A cuckoo, кукушка.

Браниться, р. а. пообраниться.
Подраться, р. а.
Расходиться, р. а. разойтись.
Быть въ сердцахъ на, with
the acc.

Перевязывать, р. а. перевязать.
Возражать, р. а. возразить.

To pass through, проходить.
Bruised, избить.
Simpleton, простакъ.

## EXERCISE CXXXII.

One fine morning two peasants, John and Peter, were out walking together, and, while passing through a wood, heard the cry of a cuckoo for the first time. "The cuckoo is a bird of good omen," said the superstitious John. "Her cry foretells something lucky for me; at least a purse full of money."—"And why to thee?" rejoined Peter, who was not wiser than John. "I do not know why the cuckoo should foretell luck to thee alone. I am somewhat older and a better man than thou art, and I am sure her cry will bring me luck." Instead of enjoying the beauties of the morning they began to argue, and then to use bad words. After some quarrelling they came to blows, and at length the two friends separated, both very much bruised and wroth with each other. On the following day they met at the doctor's, and whilst he dressed their wounds, they recounted to him how the quarrel arose (пропозойті), and asked him for whose benefit the cuckoo really had cried. The doctor laughed and said: "She cried for the benefit of neither of you, you simpletons, but for mine, because you have come to me to be treated, and will have to pay me for my treatment and medicine."

( 492 )

SIXTY-SIXTH LESSON.

Шестьдесятъ шестой Уропъ.

POSITION OF WORDS (Continued).

In an imperative clause the first place is occupied by the verb, followed by the complement and its adjuncts.

Читайте книгу, которую вы сегодня купили.
Read the book which you bought.

ОBS. 1.—The personal pronoun precedes the verb in the imperative only for the sake of pointing out contrast or opposition.

Вы оставайтесь здесь, а я пойду домой.
You remain here, and I will go home.

ОBS. 2.—The personal pronoun or the subject follows the verb when the imperative is employed instead of the potential or subjunctive mood.

Съдълзай это я, всё на меня нападуть.
Were I to do this, everybody would attack me.

When the imperative is formed by means of the con-
junctions пусть or пускай, ‘let,’ the subject may be placed
between пусть and the verb.

Пусть люди говорят.
Пускай опъ пропят.
Let them speak.
Let him ask.

ОBS. 3.—But the conjunction да is never separated from the verb in the imperative.

Да будет свѣт.
Let there be light!

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The auxiliary быть and стать, usually placed before adjectives, participles or the infinitive, come after them when to the compound verb an adverb, conjunction or other ad- junct is added.

Я бýду готовъ
Я стáну работать.
Скóро готовъ бýду.
Скóро работать стáну.

I shall be ready.
I shall begin to work.
I shall be ready soon.
I shall soon begin to work.

The conjunction бы, by means of which the potential mood is formed, is placed immediately after the word to which it refers, but the conjunctions же, ли, таки, то are generally inserted between бы and the word preceding it.

Онъ же бы сдѣлалъ это
Онъ то бы сдѣлалъ.
Емý такъ бы послýшаться.

Сдѣлалъ ли бы онъ?
Полéзно ли бы было?

He, however, would do it.
He would do it himself.
He ought to have obeyed neverthe-
less.
Would he do ?
Would it be useful ?

The following extract will serve to illustrate the foregoing rules.

Въ литературѣ какъдяго парóда есть
свой великий людь.

Каждый народъ съ гóрдостью укáзы-
ваетъ на немий пухъ пэбрáпоп-
ковъ въ общечь кругъ свойъ
литератúрыныхъ дѣятелей, и па-
зываетъ пхъ великий потому,
что онъ стóятъ вýше всего окру-
жáющаго ихъ, потому, что пхъ
дѣятельность не уклáдывается въ
тѣ ýзкія рámки, которыея слý-
жатъ естéственною гранейцю для
дѣятельности пхъ соврéменни-
ковъ и собрáтй.

There are great men in the literature
of every nation.

Each with pride points to a chosen
few in the whole circle of literary
workers, and calls them great
because they stand higher than
all that surround them, for the
reason that their activity is not
cramped within those narrow
frames which serve as a natural
limit for the exertions of their
contemporaries and colleagues.

( 495 )

EXERCISE CXXXIII.

Gallienus, the Roman Emperor, had a beautiful wife, named Salonica, whom he tenderly loved. It came to pass that a diamond merchant sold her some false precious stones. Salonica discovered (замѣтить) the fraud, flew to her husband and demanded that he should punish the offender. "Certainly," replied Gallienus, "nothing is easier. A lion has been lately sent to me from Africa; I shall have him exhibited to-morrow in the arena; he will be very hungry, and—." "He will be very hungry!" interrupted Salonica with a shudder. "Enough! not a word more," rejoined the Emperor abruptly, and calling a prætorian guard he gave him an order in a low voice. On the following day there was a great concourse of sightseers in the amphitheatre at the appointed hour. The terrible roar of the lion was heard from the dens below. Among the crowd, thrilled with expectation of a favourite spectacle, it was said that the diamond merchant who had cheated Salonica was about to be thrown to the lion. The sound of a trumpet and the voice of the crier soon stopped the general talk (говоръ). The door of one of the dens was suddenly thrown open (отворить), and out of it was brought the trembling criminal pale as death and extending his arms in token of supplication towards Gallienus. The roaring of the lion grew louder and louder; the unhappy diamond merchant fell upon his knees, bowed (сконить) his head on his breast and covered his face with his hands. The fatal moment arrived. The door of another den flew open (раство-

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рýть), and lo! from it bounded forth a—lamb. The laughter of the spectators somewhat revived the despairing wretch; he opened his eyes, sighed (вздохнýть) and took heart again. Then the crier proclaimed to the crowd that according to the orders of Gallienus the deceiver had been punished in his turn with deception. Salonica giving her hand to her husband thanked him for the lesson.

END OF PRACTICAL PART.

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APPENDIX.

I. ETYMOLOGY.—СЛОВОИРОИЗВЕДÉНІЕ.

INTRODUCTION.

1. All the words of the Russian language are divided
into eight parts of speech, (чáсти рѣчи), viz :

(1) The Substantive, íмя существительное.

(2) The Adjective, íмя прилагательное.

(3) The Pronoun, МЕСТОИМЕНЬ.

(1) The Verb, ГЛАБОЛЬ.

(5) The Adverb, НАРЧИЕ.

(6) The Preposition, ПРЕДЛОГЪ.

(7) The Conjunction, СОЮЗЬ.

(8) The Interjection, МЕЖДОМÉТИЕ.

2. The first four parts of speech being subject to changes
in their terminations are called variable (ИЗМѣНАМЫЯ), the
four last are invariable (НЕИЗМЕНАМЫЯ), except the adverb,
which has degrees of comparison.

3. Words are either primitive (первообразныя), or derivative (пронOUNДНЫЯ).

<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Primitíres.</th>
      <th>Derivatives.</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>ЛИКЪ, image, face ;</td>
      <td>ЛИЦО, face.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>ЗРѣТЬ, to see ;</td>
      <td>АРЪВЬЕ, sight.</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

4. There are no articles in the Russian language.