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their working as guests in the laboratories of other scientists constitute the main pathways of scientific collaboration among scientists all over the world. We note that there has been substantial progress in recent years in the area of scientific exchange. Scholars of many nations have the opportunity to meet and discuss scientific questions at international conferences, symposia, and other meetings organized by international scientific organizations as well as by the national organizations of scientists and institutions of higher learning. In this epoch of accelerating progress in science the fostering of such international contacts and exchanges has become an increasingly urgent necessity. During the past decade, the accomplishments of the International Geophysical Year have provided triumphant demonstration of the fruitfulness of international cooperation in science. Moreover, the development of cooperative research among scientists of many countries and the consequent internationalization of Antarctica has given a concrete demonstration of how such cooperation can set precedents for constructive agreements among nations.

We express regret that there exist a number of difficulties which interfere in major ways with the further broadening of scientific collaboration and exchange.

## A. Exchange of Scientists

We recommend that the planned exchange of scientific personnel initiated by the Bronk-Nesmeyanov and similar agreements should be considerably increased. The visits should be extended over periods sufficient for the completion of research projects. In addition to planned exchange, the framework of these agreements should allow

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for and encourage invitations to scientists in the country in
which they are to visit, and for the invited scientists to be
able to accept such invitations. We find that application of the
quid pro quo principle to visits under the agreement (that is, the
exchange of one solid state physicist for another solid state
physicist, etc.) has tended to hamper fruitful exchange, and we
urge that such regulations be set aside in future agreements.

The role of government bureaucracies in the administration of
these agreements should be minimized. To implement this recommendation,
we urge governments to expedite visas and passports for scientists,
since past and present failures in this respect have seriously
hampered scientific exchange.

We recommend that in addition to exchange via formal arrangements
the other traditional forms of scientific exchange--personal visits
and correspondence among scientists, attendance at international
scientific meetings and at meetings of scientific societies of other
nations, the framing of common plans for joint and parallel research
enterprises and so on--be encouraged and facilitated.

We recommend that the scientific organizations of various nations
should consider ways to facilitate the travel of pre- and postdoctoral
fellows across national boundaries to study for adequate periods of
time (one year or more) at research centers and under teachers where
their training and scientific maturation can be best enhanced.

## B. Exchange of Information

Noting the obstacle to the exchange of scientific information
presented by the mounting volume of current publication, which is
increasing exponentially and doubling about every decade, we feel that

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the situation calls for radical measures of rationalization to be
designed and carried out through international agreement and
cooperation. Among potentially useful measures are the following:
to review and coordinate the character and content of journals
published in all countries with a view to reducing the number and
variety of journals which a scientist must follow to keep abreast
of work in his discipline; to institute standard formats for the
presentation of scientific papers; to formulate a standard system
for the annotation of the contents of published papers suitable
for coding and manipulation by machines for the storage and retrieval
of information; to institute regional depots under international
coordination to store complete experimental records and other
documentation in support of the brief published papers; to make
such material rapidly available to interested scientists; to
consolidate the abstracting services now carried on independently in
many countries, a measure that could reduce present duplication of
effort by a conservatively estimated factor of three.

We recommend that measures be taken to bring significant work
going forward in all countries to the attention of interested scientists.
This objective could be served by the publication of international
review journals of two types: interdisciplinary review journals written
in relatively nontechnical language for the benefit of scientists in
different disciplines and more specialized review journals which would
keep scientists working in a given area abreast of the work going on in
the same or related areas all over the world.

We urge that all governments open their postal systems to the
untrammeled flow of scientific publications whatever their country of
origin or destination.

52-541 - M.O.T.
Cambridge 39, Mass.

14 August, 1961.

MEMORANDUM to all Session II American participants at the SEVENTH CONFERENCE

ON SCIENCE AND WORLD AFFAIRS

The schedule for COSWA VII has now been established as follows:

Tuesday morning, September 5 through Saturday noon, September 9 --
Session I on International Cooperation

Saturday noon, September 9 through Sunday night, September 10 --
no formal meetings

(A boat excursion on Lake Champlain has been arranged from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Sunday, September 10 for all participants.)

Monday morning, September 11 through Saturday noon, September 16 --
Session II on Disarmament and Arms Control

We are hoping that as many of you as possible will arrive in Stowe in time to go along on the Sunday excursion on Lake Champlain. Space may be somewhat tight at The Lodge in Stowe on Saturday night, September 9, since Session I participants may not all have checked out before the new group arrives. It may therefore be necessary to ask you to stay in a local inn or motel for that night until space opens up at The Lodge on Sunday.

In addition, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences is planning a reception on Sunday, September 17 at its headquarters near Boston, and we hope that all participants who live in the Boston area or who can make their way home after the Conference via Boston will try to attend.

If you haven't already done so, please let me know your travel plans as soon as possible, and particularly whether your wife plans to accompany you to Stowe.

52-541 - M.I.T.
Cambridge 39, Mass.

11 August 1961

MEMORANDUM TO AMERICAN PARTICIPANTS AT Session II of THE SEVENTH CONFERENCE

ON SCIENCE AND WORLD AFFAIRS

As most of you know, it was the original plan to attempt to draft
some kind of a "consensus" paper to be the basic American background paper
for Session II of the Conference. It has become increasingly clear to the
Planning Committee that it would be impossible to develop any real consensus
paper that would be shared in by all participants and had anything to say.

Consequently, an alternative scheme has been devised. Harrison Brown, Don Brennan, and Amron Katz are planning to meet for a couple of days in California later this month and attempt to hammer out what will be at least a Brown-Brennan-Katz consensus. Their effort will draw on recent papers by Leo Szilard and others.

We have scheduled an all day meeting (9 to 5) at the Institute of
Defense Analyses, 1707 H Street N.W. (Suite 500), Washington D.C., for
Tuesday, August 29 to discuss and perhaps add some appendices to the
Brown-Brennan-Katz paper. We are hopeful that as many of the U.S. participants
as possible will be able to attend this meeting. No effort will be made to
have others sign on to the paper, but we will simply attempt to be better
prepared to discuss it at the Conference.

Since the Conference budget is extremely tight, we hope that as many
of you as possible will be able to find other sources to finance a trip to
Washington. IDA may be able to help out a little if anyone is really stuck.
Please let me know at your earliest convenience whether you will be able to
be there.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

PASADENA, CALIFORNIA

GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES

June 6, 1961

Memo to: All participants in the Conferences on Science and World Affairs
September 5 - 16, 1961

From: Harrison Brown

The present status of participation in the forthcoming conferences is
as follows:

1) American Participation

a. Conference on Scientific Cooperation, originally scheduled for Woods Hole, Massachusetts, September 5-8, 1961. It should be mentioned that there is a good possibility that the location of this conference will be shifted to Aspen, Colorado, for logistic reasons. A communique will be sent later covering this point.

Paul Doty, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Bentley Glass, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.

Columbus O'D Iselin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Mass.

Chauncey D. Leake, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Linus Pauling, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.

William Pickering, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.

Gerard Piel, Scientific American, New York, New York.

Eugene Rabinowitch, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

Roger Revelle, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California.

Ernest L. Stebbins, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health,
Baltimore, Maryland.

Alvin Weinberg, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Harry Wexler, Weather Bureau, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C.

b. Conference on Disarmament and Arms Control

Donald Brennan, Lincoln Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, Mass.

Harrison Brown, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.

Paul Doty, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Henry Kissinger, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

George Kistiakowski, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Charles Lauritsen, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.

Richard Leghorn, Itek Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts.

Leon Lipson, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

Wolfgang Panofsky, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California

Isador Rabi, Columbia University, New York, New York

Louis Sohn, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Leo Szilard, University of Chicago, Chicago 37, Illinois

I have not yet heard from Purcell and Bethe.

In addition to the above a number of persons are being invited as
observers and rapporteurs.

April 24, 1961

Professor Harrison Brown
California Institute of Technology
Department of Geological Sciences
Pasadena, California

Dear Professor Brown:

Thank you for your letter of the 18th and your kind invitation to attend the Seventh Conference on Science and World Affairs which is being held at Aspen, Colorado from September 10th to 17th.

I am already planning to be at Aspen from September 3rd to 12th for the Aspen Institute's Executives Program, and have written to Mr. Robert Craig, their Executive Secretary, to ask whether it would be possible for me to combine my attendance for the last two days of his program and the first two of yours. Assuming that arrangements can be made to do this, I am accepting with pleasure your invitation, and hope that I may give you a definite acceptance as soon as I hear from Mr. Craig. I would think that some adjustment might be made between the two of you about my transportation expenses, and perhaps this could be done after I have heard from Mr. Craig.

P.S. My wife will be accompanying me to the Executives Program, and I would be grateful if arrangements could be made for her to stay at Aspen with me until the 17th, at my expense.

GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES

April 18, 1961

Dr. Henry Kissinger
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Dear Dr. Kissinger:

On behalf of the Conference Committee for the Seventh
Conference on Science and World Affairs, I would like to
 invite you to participate in the discussions of disarmament
and arms control, which will be held in Aspen, Colorado,
from September 10 to 17, 1961. The enclosed memorandum describes
the background of these conferences and gives some details con-
cerning the forthcoming meetings.

Your traveling expenses in connection with attending the
session in Aspen will be paid and you will receive hospitality
while there.

After reading the enclosed material, should you have any
questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.

In view of the limited number of American "spaces" avail-
able at this conference, I would appreciate hearing from you
as soon as possible as to whether or not you can accept this
invitation. The members of the Conference Committee sincerely
hope that you will participate.

With many thanks,

HB/eb

Enclosure

April 17, 1961

The Seventh Conference on Science and World Affairs
(formerly known as Pugwash Conferences)

Plans are now being worked out for the Seventh Conference on Science and World Affairs, this one to be held in September in the United States. The arrangements which have thus far been formulated have been approved at a meeting of the International Continuing Committee which was held in London in early March. The National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences will act as co-hosts of the meeting.

The meeting will be held in two parts. The first will be held in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, September 5 - 8 on the general subject of International Scientific Cooperation. The second part will be held in Aspen, Colorado, September 10 - 17 on the general subject of Disarmament and Arms Control. A generous grant from the Ford Foundation will provide somewhat over one-half of the estimated funds needed for the Conference.

It was agreed in London that there will be approximately 50 participants distributed as follows: U.S.S.R.-15, U.S.A.-15, other countries - 20. Participants in the Woods Hole meeting may be different from those in the Aspen meeting.

A Conference Committee has been established by the American Members of the International Continuing Committee to handle the arrangements for the meeting as follows:

Harrison Brown (Chairman)
Paul Coty (Vice Chairman)
George Fischer
Bentley Glass
Richard Leghorn
Eugene Rabinowitch

Dean Arthur Singer of M.I.T. has agreed to serve as full-time Conference Administrator.

Agenda Committees have been appointed for both parts of the Conference to make recommendations to the Conference Committee on matters connected with the agenda and participants. These Committees are as follows:

Woods Hole

Eugene Rabinowitch (Chairman)
Bentley Glass
William Consolazio

Aspen

Richard Leghorn (Chairman)
Donald Brennan
Amrom Katz

-2-

In order to provide all previous American participants in these con-
ferences with the opportunity of meeting their colleagues from abroad again,
the evening of Friday, September 8th, and all day Saturday, September 9th,
are being reserved for special meetings in Boston. We hope to have travel
funds available for this purpose so that all who wish can participate. A
committee consisting of Hudson Hoagland (Chairman), Paul Doty and Alex Rich
has been established to handle the Boston arrangements.

The agenda remains to be worked out in final form. This will be done
in line with the agreements reached at the early March meeting in London
of the Continuing Committee. Detailed agenda proposals will be prepared
by the Agenda Sub-committee on Disarmament and Arms Control and the Agenda
Sub-committee on Scientific Cooperation, and then approved and circulated
by the Conference Committee before the end of April.

The topics suggested for discussion at the Woods Hole Conference include:
1) exchange of scientists and science students;
2) international research programs;
3) international research institutes;
4) cooperation in scientific and technical assistance to new nations;
5) organizational plans.

The agenda for the Aspen Meeting has been prepared thus far in somewhat
more detail. Two major papers will be prepared well in advance of the con-
ference. The first will be prepared by the Russians and will describe in
detail what they mean by "general and complete disarmament" and will describe
a specific disarmament plan in terms of substance, phasing and technical detail.
The second paper will be prepared by the Americans and will describe in detail
what might be considered an adequate inspection scheme and will outline a specific
disarmament plan in terms of substance, phasing and technical detail. Discussion
of "transitional deterrence" can in part be taken care of in this paper.

These papers will not be delivered orally at the Conference. Instead
at the opening session on Monday, four critiques will be presented as follows:
1) an American critique of the Russian paper;
2) a Russian critique of the
American paper;
3) a Western European critique of both papers;
4) an Eastern
European critique of both papers. The balance of that day will be devoted to
general discussion of the papers and the critiques.

A substantial part of the work at the Aspen meeting will be done in working groups consisting of from six to eight persons. These groups will start their meetings on Tuesday.

At the London meeting, the following areas of discussion were agreed upon, each insofar as possible, to be handled by a working group:

1) Problems of secession of production and elimination of weapons, including means of delivery and fissile materials.

2) Problems of prevention of militarization of space and possible agreements in this field.

-3-

3) Interdependence of international political settlements and arms reduction, including problems of disengagement, zonal elimination of nuclear weapons, tactical nuclear weapons and military bases.

4) Implications of an American-Soviet nuclear test ban agreement.

5) Measures to reduce dangers of unintended war.

6) Rules of peaceful coexistence. What will a disarmed world look like? International security forces. Methods of settlement of international disputes.

7) Preconditions to possible success of negotiations and initiation of disarmament measures. International behavior. Conditions for creating trust and confidence.

8) The role of the scientist.

At least the following Russians will participate in the American Conferences: Topchiev, Federov, Skobeltzyn, Tamm, Vinogradov, Bogolubov, Semonov, Sissakian, Emelyanov, Khvastov, Talensky, Arzumanyan, Rubinstein, and Blochin (President of the American Academy). Others may attend as well.

Likely British attendees are Zuckerman, Cockcroft, Blackett, Bullard, Noel-Baker, Michael Howard, Mott.

There will be participants from France, Federal Republic of Germany, Canada, Australia, India, Poland, Austria, Denmark, Italy, East Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.

Discussions are now taking place to determine whether or not it might be possible for scientists from the Chinese People's Republic to participate.