CABLE ADDRESS - MUSEUM, CHICAGO

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

ROOSEVELT ROAD AND LAKE MICHIGAN
CHICAGO

January 15, 1932.

Prof.G.R.Wieland,
Osborn Laboratory,
Yale University, New Haven,

Dear Dr Wieland:-

Your letter received this morning.

The Field Museum printer is not a stickler for clean manuscript.

All that is required is that it be typed and clearly readable.

It could be re-typed here if desirable, but that in turn would

make corrections necessary. On the whole it will be best to send

the manuscript as it is, and if any parts are in doubtproof reader

will catch them in the make-up before the copy goes to the print-
er.

The Field Museum has a heliotypist who makes most of
the illustrations for the Museum publications. It may be best
for you to look through these publications in your library and
see if you think they will be satisfactory. If not, the probable
alternative would be to have half tones.

It will be quite right for you to retain the collection
until your paper is out. A number of Museums have asked for
specimens of the cones. Don't you think it advisable to distrib-
ute some of the broken cones, retaining those which you have
reproduced here?

You may send the plates and the manuscript to me.
I will recommend it for publication, as has been arranged, and
will attend to forwarding proofs to you.

ADDRESS ALL CORRESPONDENCE, PUBLICATIONS AND PACKAGES
TO FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, CHICAGO, U. S. A.

## REPRESENTATIVES FROM VOL. I.

A NEW DAY FOR SCHOLARSHIP
Frank Aydelotte

JOHN MARSHALL
James Truslow Adams

THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF BEAUTY
Ralph Adams Cram

THOMAS JEFFERSON
Gilbert Chinard

THE UNIVERSITY IN SOUTH AMERICA
Stephen P. Duggan

SHALL THE SOUTH ACCEPT MEDIOCRITY?
Edwin R. Embree

THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR
John Erskine

SCHOLARS AND THE GREAT BOIC
Dorothy Canfield Fisher

FOREIGN ISSUES IN THE CAMPAIGN
Norman Hapgood

REPARATIONS AND WAR DEBTS
Huger W. Jervey

THE THREE PHARAOHS (A poem)
Hermann Hagedorn

HUMANIZING EDUCATION
Hamilton Holt

THE LIBRARY IN THE CRISIS
Carl H. Milam

THE ROAD TO WEIMAR
Bliss Perry

WILLIAM JAMES
Ralph Barton Perry

AMERICAN LOYALTIES
Paul Shorey

# AN ANNOUNCEMENT

PHI BETA KAPPA, the college honorary society founded in 1776, began in January 1932 the publication of a new quarterly, THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR.

This periodical is designed not only for members of Phi Beta Kappa but for all who have general intellectual interests.

"THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR can contribute to the development in America of an imaginative and liberal scholarship which is essential not only to learning and the fine arts but also to the science and art of citizenship."

OWEN D. YOUNG, Chairman,
The General Electric Company.

THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR

has taken as its name the title of Emerson's
famous address to Φ Β Κ at Harvard.

"In the right state the scholar is Man
Thinking." —RALPH WALDO EMERSON.

- 2 -

OBJECTIVES

The promotion in America of liberal scholar-
ship.

A medium for scholars and all persons who are interested in intellectual pursuits, higher learning, and the cultural development of America.

A synthesis of the arts and sciences essential
to liberal education and a guiding phi-
losophy of life.

An esprit de corps among the educated.

The scholar's responsibility for major social
tendencies.

A whole diet for the whole mind.

"I believe that the success of THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR will depend upon its strict adherence to the aim of serving and promoting scholarship. The less popular it may seem to be, the more truly popular it will certainly become!"

ALBERT SHAW, Editor,
The American Review of Reviews.

- 3 -

# CONTENTS

## ARTICLES scholarly but non-technical

- by eminent leaders of thought and action at home and abroad.

- introducing creative minds to the intellectual world.

- carefully selected from the work of young scholars, even undergraduates.

- interpreting literature to non-critics, physics to non-physicists, and economics to non-economists, for example; and education, art, philosophy, and religion not merely to the professionally interested but to the intellectual generally.

## POEMS

### NEWS of general intellectual moment

"The journal has an opportunity in appealing to a really educated group, to publish material that the more popular magazines would be afraid of. I can see the possibility of a periodical that would add greatly to the distinction of Phi Beta Kappa."

WILLIAM ALLAN NEILSON,
President, Smith College.

- 4 -

# A WORD FROM THE WISE

"THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR appeals strongly to me. I am sure that such a quarterly will be welcomed by many readers with scholarly tastes, if not 'scholars' in the technical sense."

MARY E. WOOLLEY, President, Mt. Holyoke.

"We need just such a magazine as THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR promises to be, a vehicle for the serious thought of the country in scholarly fields, addressed to the thoughtful reader. Thoughtful readers are far more numerous than we suspect and scholarship when presented in intelligible form has a lure even for some readers who do not yet know they are thoughtful."

JOHN ERSKINE, President,
The Juilliard School of Music.

"I shall watch with keen interest the development of THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR. Such a magazine offers the opportunity for the serious presentation of important matters that our more popular magazines cannot handle. I trust that it may live and flourish and make a notable contribution to the intellectual culture of America."

HARRY EMERSON FOSDICK, Minister,
The Riverside Church.

- 5 -

## A WORD FROM THE WISE

"Among the consolations of this short speaking trip has been making acquaintance with THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR. It is a keen pleasure for me to find new-born in the United States a magazine of such intellectual competence.... Well, the train starts, and I merely thank you for the magazine and hope that America will appreciate it."

NORMAN HAPOOD, Editor, Author.

"The college trained are the special custodians of the liberal outlook in American civilization. Since THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR has assumed its obligation and prerogative to express the function and method of culture in our life, college graduates will now have a vital medium of communication."

HENRY SUZZALLO,
President of the Carnegie Foundation.

"THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR will unite the permanent and the timely in scholarship and thoughtfulness."

CHARLES F. THWING, President Emeritus,
Western Reserve University.

- 6 -

## FORMAT

At least 128 seven by ten inch pages

General articles in twelve point Caslon type
the strength of which is due mainly to its
boldness and the absence of hair lines

News section in double column ten point

Overhang cover, book sewn

Strong envelopes for mailing

Printed by The Scribner Press, New York

"Perhaps it is the very rush of life today that creates a want and a need for the sedate pace of a tri-monthly periodical. Perhaps the pace after a while becomes so furiously fast that we cannot spare any time for a serious view of the world more than once every three months. Perhaps, again, the reading public grows occasionally aware of how fast the red-hot summaries of the world's events and the red-hot philosophies are repealed."

Editorial, The New York Times.

- 7 -

THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR

as a gift

for your intellectual friend will be recurring,
and appropriate

- at Christmastide

- in honor of graduation or birthday

- to encourage scholarship

- for information and enjoyment

"I think *THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR* has attained a permanent place. For one reason, our libraries have increasing demands for serious reading. You seem to be realizing the objective of making *THE AMERICAN* Scholar comprehensive and authoritative but never discouragingly technical. I'm glad to see scholarship and a good literary style linked with practical as well as theoretical questions. The general appearance and the type are most pleasing—and so is your price. Virtually every serious library will want this Quarterly."

CHARLES E. WILLIAMSON, Director,
Columbia University Libraries.

THE ΦΒΚ SENATE

FLORENCE E. ALLEN
JAMES ROWLAND ANGELL
FRANK AYDELOTTE
EDWARD ASAHEL BIRGE
JULIAN A. C. CHANDLER
JOHN W. DAVIS
GEORGE H. DENNY
JOHN HUSTON FINLEY
GUY STANTON FORD
RAYMOND B. FOSDICK
FRANK P. GRAVES
EDWIN A. GROSVENOR
JOHN GRIER HIBBEN

NELSON GLENN MCCREA
ROBERT A. MILLIKAN
DWIGHT W. MORROW
CLARK S. NORTHUP
ELLEN FITZ PENDLETON
ROSCOE POUND
ALBERT SHAW
FRANCIS W. SHEPARDSON
HENRY SUZZALLO
CHARLES F. THWING
JOHN JAMES TIGERT
OSCAR M. VOORHEES
MARY EMMA WOOLLEY

OWEN D. YOUNG

THE EDITORIAL BOARD

ADA LOUISE COMSTOCK
JOHN ERSKINE
JOHN HUSTON FINLEY
CHRISTIAN GAUSS
WILL DAVID HOWE

ADAM LEROT JONES
WILLIAM ALLAN NEILSON
HARRY ALLEN OVERSTREET
J. HERMAN RANDALL, JR.
FREDERICK J. E. WOODBRIDGE

EDITOR

WILLIAM ALLISON SHIMER

CONSULTING EDITOR

CLARK SUTHERLAND NORTHUP

EDITORIAL OFFICES

145 WEST 55TH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y.

- 8 -

Date __________, 193_________

Please send THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR for one year to the following addresses. For each subscription $2 [Canada $2.25, foreign $2.50] is enclosed.

Kindly check your name if above or

Sign here

Address

Make check payable to Treasurer, Phi Beta Kappa, 145 West 55th St., New York, N. Y.

Please give addresses of persons who might be interested.

## SENATORS

FLORENCE ELLINWOOD ALLEN, A.M.
Western Reserve 1909

JAMES ROWLAND ANGELL, Litt.D.
Michigan 1909

FRANK AYDELOTTE, Litt.D.
Indiana 1911

EDWARD ASAHEL BIRGE, PH.D.
Williams 1878

JULIAN A. C. CHANDLER, PH.D.
William and Mary 1899

JOHN WILLIAM DAVIS, LL.D.
Washington and Lee 1911

GEORGE HUTCHSON DENNY, PH.D.
Washington and Lee 1911

JOHN HUSTON FINLEY, LL.D.
Knox 1887

GUY STANTON FORD, PH.D.
Wisconsin 1918

RAYMOND BLAINE FOSDICK, LL.D.
Princeton 1905

FRANK PIERREPONT GRAVES, PH.D.
Columbia 1890

EDWIN AUGUSTUS GROSVENOR, LL.D.
Amherst 1867

JOHN GRIER HIBBEN, PH.D.
Princeton 1899

NELSON GLENN MCCREA, Litt.D.
Columbia 1885

ROBERT A. MILLIKAN, PH.D.
Oberlin 1910

CLARK SUTHERLAND NORTHUP, PH.D.
Cornell 1895

ELLEN FITZ PENDLETON, Litt.D.
Wellesley 1906

ROSCOE POUND, PH.D.
Nebraska 1896

DAVID A. ROBERTSON, Litt.D.
Chicago 1902

ALBERT SHAW, PH.D.
William and Mary 1904

FRANCIS W. SHEPARDSON, PH.D.
Brown 1884

HENRY SUZZALLO, PH.D.
Stanford 1905

CHARLES FRANKLIN THWING, Litt.D.
Harvard 1876

JOHN JAMES TICERT, ED.D.
Vanderbilt 1904

MARY EMMA WOOLLEY, L.H.D.
Brown 1900

OWEN D. YOUNG, L.H.D.
St. Lawrence 1902

# PHI·BETA·KAPPA

## THE UNITED CHAPTERS

1776

1883

145 WEST 55TH STREET · NEW YORK · N.Y.

November 11, 1932

Greetings!

Phi Beta Kappa, in addition to its function as an undergraduate honorary society, is endeavoring to associate outstanding persons in the cultural development of America. The chief medium is our new quarterly, THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR, an announcement of which is enclosed. A few titles and authors from Vol.I are listed.

I should like to print a non-technical article by you which would give thoughtful readers a general understanding of your field of special interest. We can pay modest honoraria.

Since both the comprehensiveness and thoroughness of THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR will appeal to your interest, I should like also to have you among our regular readers. If you already are, please pass the announcement to a friend. If you are not, you will want to see for yourself whether we are not making a worth while contribution to the quality of American life. All articles used have been read and approved by at least two of the Editorial Board. We hope you will send now a trial subscription--512 pages of a quality magazine for only $2.00 (Canada $2.25, foreign $2.50).

The enclosed "Christmas blank" can relieve your mind and compliment your friends. The esthetic and non-commercial qualities of the magazine make it particularly appropriate as a gift.

Since cooperation is essential to the life of THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR, we shall always be grateful for your suggestions and support.

## OFFICERS

### THE UNITED CHAPTERS

CLARK SUTHERLAND NORTHUP, PH.D.
President
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

ELLEN FITZ PENDLETON, LL.D.
Vice-President
Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass.

OSCAR MCMURTRIE VOORHEES, LL.D.
Historian
5531 78th St., Jackson Heights, L.I., N.Y.

WILLIAM ALLISON SHIMER, PH.D.
Harvard 1918, Secretary
145 West 55th Street, New York, N. Y.

DAVID LAYTON, M.S.
Rutgers 1894, Treasurer
146 West 55th Street, New York, N. Y.

### THE ΦBK FOUNDATION

OWEN D. YOUNG, L.H.D.
Chairman
120 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

JOHN HUSTON FINLEY, LL.D.
Vice-Chairman
229 West 43rd Street, New York, N. Y.

WILLIAM ALLISON SHIMER, PH.D.
Secretary

DAVID LAYTON, M.S.
Treasurer

### THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR

The ΦBK Quarterly

WILLIAM ALLISON SHIMER, PH.D.
Editor

CLARK SUTHERLAND NORTHUP, PH.D.
Consulting Editor

### EDITORIAL BOARD

JOHN HUSTON FINLEY, LL.D.
Knox 1887, Chairman

ADA LOUISE COMSTOCK, Litt.D.
Smith 1918

JOHN ERSKINE, PH.D.
Columbia 1900

CHRISTIAN GAUSS, Litt.D.
Princeton 1918

WILL DAVID HOWE, PH.D.
Indiana 1911

ADAM LEROY JONES, PH.D.
Columbia 1929

WILLIAM ALLAN NEILSON, PH.D.
Harvard 1918

HARRY ALLEN OVERSTREET, B.S.
California 1899

J. HERMAN RANDALL, JR., PH.D.
Columbia 1918

FREDERICK J. F. WOODBRIDGE, L.H.D.
Amherst 1889

- 2 -

forty kilowatt hours, valuing the average kilowatt hour at 21½. Engineers and statisticians could discover easily enough the fair value for the definition. If we define, then, forty kilowatt hours as the electric dollar, we have a real, useful, electrical measure of value, extremely uniform throughout the United States. Forty kilowatt hours by the definition of the standard of value would become for five years the "electric dollar" in which rents, wages and prices would be quoted. Corporations would pay wages and dividends in "electric dollars". The volume of currency necessary to do the country's business would come about in this way.

## The Source of "Edison Dollars"

The present bond-secured bank notes arise by banks depositing gold bonds (the specified government issues) with the United States Treasury against which bank notes are issued to the banks and pass into the monetary circulation. Government bonds are futures in gold, a promise by the government to pay gold at a future date. In a similar way, the electric light companies would deposit with the United States Treasury futures in kilowatt hours, i.e., their promise to deliver kilowatt hours in the future to an amount fixed in a manner which will be explained below, against which the United States Treasury would deliver "electric dollars". The bond held by the government for performance of the ultimate redemption would be a lien ahead of all obligations on the property of the electrical corporations.

## How "Electric Dollars" enter the Circulation

So the "electric dollars" would go to the electrical companies instead of to the banks as now, to be paid out in wages, dividends and in payment of supplies, everywhere in the general circulation just as bank-note currency is paid out by the banks. Banks would keep checking accounts in electric dollars and the gold paper substitutes would be retired gradually.

Long term contracts longer than five years could be made in "Edison dollars" or in "gold dollars" at the option of the parties. Gold currency would fluctuate in price with reference to the "Electric dollar" standard just as foreign exchange rates do now. If a depositor deposited gold currency in his bank account, he would be credited or debited the premium or discount as in his deposits of Canadian funds here now. The electric dollar would not fluctuate inasmuch as it would be the country's legal standard of value. Gold currency probably would go to a discount as the intrinsic value of the metal gold would be cheapened, particularly, if other nations followed our salutary example.

## The "Edison Dollar" Made Stable in Purchasing Power

Stability of value would be measured by the standard deviation of the average of prices of commodities expressed in the electric standard. Index numbers indicate how widely the purchasing power of the gold standard fluctuates. In the United States we have Dun's, Bradstreet's, the Annalist's, Irving Fisher's, Bureau of Labor and the writer has computed two series, the Gibson Index Number and the Norton - Sauerbeck Index Number, the latter following closely the British system.

The quantity of paper substitutes for gold issued determines to a considerable extent how the index number fluctuates. Therefore, if the United States Treasury is directed along the lines of the Goldsborough Bill to maintain the index number at a given level, it is simply necessary to declare when the index number rises in the electric dollar stan-

- 4 -

currency" is impregnable. 2. It can be expanded and contracted auto-
matically to control the index number. 3. The kilowatt-hour is a unit
stable and uniform throughout the United States, ideal for a short term
standard of value. 4. For a given period, the legal ratios of average
ton mile rate as well as of postage to kilowatt hour unit can be fixed
with ease and justice. 5. Gold is left free for all to use as a stan-
dard of value in long term contracts, or as an international money, or
again for whatever other purpose _homo sapiens_ may deem proper.

This, too, is equally clear. Not, hereafter, in the United States
would investors see their savings swept away by a stampede to use gold
as a store of value as in this great depression. Never again, oratori-
cally, "would labor be crucified upon a cross of gold" through unemploy-
ment as now. Never again rhetorically, "would a crown of golden thorns
press down upon the heads of luckless debtors" as evidenced by the whole-
sale foreclosures. Never again would bond-holders lose their savings
measured in purchasing power through the wide upward fluctuations in
price levels which come so frequently in this erratic and dishonest
standard.

The Crime of the Ages Hereafter Impossible

Ancient indeed is the use of gold as a store of value. In Exodus,
the Scriptures read: "And the children of Israel did according to the
word of Moses; and they borrowed of the Egyptians "vast amounts" "of
silver and of gold". "And the Lord gave the people favour in the sight
of the Egyptians so that they lent unto them such things as they re-
quired. And they _spoiled_ the Egyptians."

This, perhaps, was not the first time a stampede to use gold as a
store of value "spoiled" a whole nation any more than that the recent
hoarding of gold worldwide which precipitated the great depression will
be the last. The small amount of gold in the world makes this standard
a long-levered wrecking bar for the sinister-minded international wreck-
ing crews. By alternately hoarding and releasing gold, mighty swings in
the price levels come about causing at the ends of the swings vast pro-
fits to some and vast losses to others. With the precision of the elec-
tric chair, the "electric dollar" could end abruptly this nuisance, which
probably has proved a profitable pastime for kings and finance ministers
with banks of issue in a loose cooperation down through the ages.

The race to convert gold securities into equities would be swift,
since holders of gold bonds, contemplating the cheapening of gold would
be eager to cancel gold contracts in favor of a stable standard. With
proper forethought, the transition period could be arranged along just
lines.

Elasticity Needed in the Third Function

Jevons, that severe thinker along economic lines, has delineated in
his writings the three functions of money, namely, as a standard of value,
as a medium of exchange and as a store of value. Economists may have
placed too great emphasis on the first two functions and too little on
the third, the function of storage of value. Elasticity in the third
function is an important consideration.

A Crisis - A Stampede to Store Value.

I remember that Professor William Graham Sumner once remarked that
a crisis was produced by a stampede to use money as a store of value,-

* Free translation by the writer.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF PALEONTOLOGY
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA

March 27, 1933

Dr. George R. Wieland
Osborn Botanical Laboratory
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut

Dear Dr. Wieland:

Upon receipt of your letter of several weeks ago, I immediately sent a copy to Dr. Spoehr. I expect we shall both hear from him regarding it within a short time.

I am glad to learn that your investigations are continuing as usual. I am particularly interested in your comments on Mesa Verde material and of its comparison with previously studied types.

I have recently arranged with Dr. Simms to secure several additional cones for the University of California. It is fine that they are to publish your paper so soon.

I feel sure that Dr. Spoehr will do everything in his power to facilitate the preparation of manuscript and illustrations and to assist you in such other ways as his funds of this year permit.

With best wishes,

Sincerely yours,

RWC:W

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION OF PLANT BIOLOGY

P. O. ADDRESS:
STANFORD UNIVERSITY
CALIFORNIA

August 31, 1933

Dr. G. R. Wieland,
Osborn Botanical Laboratory,
Yale University,
New Haven, Conn.

Dear Dr. Wieland:

With this I am sending you a copy of the
annual report of your research activities as it was
submitted to President Merriam. As I wrote you, it was
found necessary to limit the length of the reports this
year, and most of the reports have been materially reduced
in length below that of last year. It is of course exceed-
ingly difficult to adhere strictly to any definite formula
in this respect and your own report is longer this year
than last year. Such cuts as were made--after consultation--
were done with a view to limiting the report to a statement
of the most significant results.

May I please remind you again that it will
be most desirable to have a clear statement regarding the
status and progress of your *concluding* text, in order that
a strong case can be made for the special appropriation
which you have requested in connection with preparation of
illustrations. With the heavy demands which are being made
on the Administration for special aid in many fields, it will
be desirable to have such a statement in the hands of the
Administration as soon as practicable.

Very sincerely yours,

for the輪滑ball publication

Cycadoid Investigations

By G. R. Wieland

In the Year Book for 1950 reasons for regarding angio sperms as being as old as conifers, were briefly outlined. There had come into view in a single day as it were, after a serach that had extended through quite twenty-five years, the imposing series of cycadeoids from the San Juan basin freely illustrating the types with small flowers in all leaf base axils. There was seen for the first time in fuller alignment in a greater fossil gymnosperm group, a flowering as profuse as that of monocotyledones, or of hardwood trees, or of pines. Moreover, these small complete flowers in the axils of all leaf bases seemed then, and still seem to suggest an ancient type become specialized. That is to say, taking into account the fact that within the cycadoid alliance there is found both free branching in slender stems, and yet smaller flowers, it at once became necessary to go back at least as far as older Pteriodosperm times in accounting for the origins of floral types in general. The greater lines of seed plants were all floral.

The conifers it was thought must mainly be a secondary and inflorescent, rather than a truly primitive group ancestral to later floral types. The basis for this view depended on a study of the remarkable Araucarian series of the Field Museum from Patagonia, on studies of present-day cones, amphisporangiate and mature, and on what was considered to be the general result of the botanical study of cone constitution which had gone on for just about one hundred years. At present there seems to be

-2-

no reason greatly to modify the views of floral origin from
time to time set forth during the longer course of cycadoid
investigation.

A restudy of the wood structure of the entire cycadoid
group (including European and Asiatic as well as American
types) shows it to be a unit. The wood is mainly scalariform
throughout, and very close to that of the homoxyious angiosperms.
Moreover, it is very easy to see how the wood of the angiosperms
in general has arisen from sucholder scalariform types. Nor is
foliage or flower in the way. To repeat, in accounting for
the origin of the cycadeoids we are driven far back into Pteriod-
osperm times, and quite possibly, as Seward would also hold,
into Pteriodosperm relationships. There one might even look
for the origin of the angiosperms as well. The conifers go
back to those times too, and they were always floral in a high
degree. They do suggest approaches toward angiosperm structure.
But they early became aplastic as far as may be discerned,
whereas the more characteristic cycadeoids were not only plastic
in habitus, in wood, in foliage, but, so far as analogy goes,
in their floral structure. It is amongst the latter rather
than the conifers, therefore, that in Permo-Carboniferous times
the more defined angiosperm antecedents (in so far as not
discrete) should first be sought for.

We see that the free fruiting heavy stemmed cycadeoids
extend from the close of the Jura well on toward the close of
Cretaceous time, with also wide geographic distribution. But
whether as supposed this is the older and more characteristic

-3-

section of the heavy stemmed group or not, cycadoid study in
general has been given a marked impetus by the assemblage
of the Mesaverde series. In fact here is the key to study of
the heavy stemmed types. Because of the uniformity in the
complementary floral series, both thin and thick sectioning
take on a completeness not before seen. Particularly good are
the serial sections cut through the cortex to show the origin
and course of both leaf and peduncle bundle. Also, in the
course of these later studies the methods of preparation have
been markedly improved. Hitherto, there has been much reliance
on thin sections always difficult to prepare if of large size
or from dense material; while it was thought generally necessary
to polish all larger or thick sections in order to bring into
view such features as might be present. But during the work
of the past year most of this extra work of preparation has been
dispensed with. Etching with hydrochloric acid for calcified
material, and with hydrofluoric acid for silicified structures
has often been found so effective that it may well be said that
thin sections, while of great use and often of a surpassing
beauty, are as taken by themselves a thing of the past. In some
of the thick sections cut through Raumeria fruits and then
etched the results are far finer than any that could be had
from any thin sections. In this work I have had some aid from
Professor Fredda D. Reed of Mount Holyoke College, and she has
shown in the instance of those finer silicified gymnosperm
stems with residual carbon that but few descriptions may be
thought quite complete without some further study aided by
etching of polished surfaces.

-4-

This use of etching extends to the larger sawcuts of all sizes, of which many have been cut in the study of the Mesaverde group. In these types the freshly sawn surfaces are sometimes light of color, sometimes dark. But whether of one tint or another, by the combination of etching and retouching fluids such as are used in facing old paintings, or again by the use of shellacs (with or without polishing), the structures may usually be brought up on the rough sawcuts quite as effectively as by any course of polishing alone. Though certainly if surface polishing procedes etching clearness of pattern may often be heightened. Drawing in of structure features on these treated surfaces previous to their photography is done with complete accuracy, and has already resulted in a series of illustrations of an excellence hardly reached in our previous work. It may be cautioned that in certain dark specimens addition of a retouching fluid direct may so darken the texture as to quite blot out the structure. But in such the hydrofluoric etching is often effective by itself.

YALE UNIVERSITY

OSBORN BOTANICAL LABORATORY

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT

April 12, 1934.

Dear Mr. Clymer,

As promised, herewith the reply of
Professor Olivier to the meteor correspondence sent him.

It is by this time clear that such a
spectacular fall should have been noted, and that we all
did the best we could considering our lack of training for
the event.

In fact "fire ball" would afford quite
as hot a chase as golf. Who knows but it may be the coming
game?

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
PHILADELPHIA

FLOWER ASTRONOMICAL
OBSERVATORY

Headquarters American
Meteor Society
Charles P. Olivier
*Director*

Prof.G.H.Wieland,
Osburn Bot.Lab.,
New Haven, Conn.

Dear Dr. Wieland:

April 10, 1934.

Your package containing personal letter and the
large number of replies you received on the fireball of March 22 has
just been received. The letter has been read and a few of the other
papers glanced at.

I however hasten to thank you for your kindness in sending this material to me. Of course we will undertake its reduction, but please be patient with us, for we have a full dozen similar cases unfinished, and it will be months probably before it can be properly reduced. It will be eventually however. So much of this I have to personally thank with my other duties final reductions for fireballs are greatly delayed.

First of all, I am going to trouble you by asking some
more questions as to what you yourself saw. To do this, the simplest
way is to enclose the standard questionnaire, which contains the things
needed to define a path and get all other usable data. Will you be
good enough to keep the paper itself for future reference, and simply
reply by numbered question. Naturally, you can scarcely remember all
of them but I am most concerned with the direction and altitude at
which the object started and the same coordinates of the last point
you saw it. Only one of these is explicitly stated, the azimuth of
starting point as NNW; I am not sure about the rest. These are what
we specially need.

I have found the press most anxious to help out in such
cases so am not surprised at the hearty reception you met with and
the large number of replies received. You certainly did us a favor in
asking; were other scientists equally helpful meteoric astronomy-which
perforce partly depends upon public help as in this case-would pro-
gress much more rapidly.

Dr. Schlesinger has always been a particularly good friend
of mine, and I am very glad he suggested to you to send this material.
Again thanking you I remain

Very sincerely yours,

THE AMERICAN METEOR SOCIETY

BULLETIN NO. 13

FLOWER OBSERVATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA—REPRINT NO. 13

A very brilliant meteor or fireball is reported to have passed in your vicinity on ______________ at the hour of ______________. Will you please answer as fully as possible the following questions, which are asked on behalf of the American Meteor Society in order that permanent records of such phenomena may be obtained. When these reports are published each contributor whose report is fairly complete will be mentioned by name and due credit given. It is only by the help of those who can give personal information that data can be secured for the computation of the orbits of meteors. These

data are of great scientific value and all reasonable efforts should be made to obtain them. If you are unable to answer all questions below, answer those you can, as they may be of the greatest importance. Fill in replies in blank spaces left and enclose an additional sheet with any further comments or description if you need more space.

Complete instructions are given at the end of the questions. Please read them all before attempting to write any answers.

(1) Give your name and address.

(2) Where were you when you saw the meteor?
(If the town is small please give county as well.)

(3) Give the hour and minute when the meteor appeared; also kind of time used.

(4) In what direction did it appear (or in what direction was it first seen)?

(5) In what direction did it disappear (or in what direction was it last seen)?
For questions 4 and 5, simply N, E, S, or W is not accurate enough, unless these were the exact directions.

(6) At what height did it appear? (Use degrees in answering.)

(7) At what height did it disappear? (Use degrees in answering.)

(8) Did it pass *directly* overhead (i.e., through the zenith)?

(9) If not, to which side of the zenith did it go, and how far from it? (Use degrees in answering.)

ADMINISTRATION OFFICE
OF THE
A. A. INVESTIGATION AND RESURRECTION FUND

An ASSOCIATION of STOCKHOLDERS
for an investigation into the affairs of
Admiralty-Alaska Gold Mining Company
New York City and Juneau, Alaska.

INA RAY OLWELL
TREASURER

FIFTY PINE STREET
NEW YORK, N. Y.

TELEPHONE
JOHN 4-1184

July 28, 1934

To Investors and Stockholders in the
ADMIRALTY ALASKA GOLD MINING COMPANY,
and for the Information of Members of the
ASSOCIATION of STOCKHOLDERS:

I heretofore sent you considerable information about your holdings in the Admiralty-Alaska Gold Mining Company and asked for your cooperation and invited expressions of opinion and suggestions. I feel gratified and am appreciative of the excellent response I have had, particularly as I was only a short time ago, comparatively a stranger to most of you stockholders personally, but not so of the company, I being one of the two or three original contributors back in 1915, and the first part of 1916. We are not strangers any longer. I went into the company to help make it a mining success and the money put into it a source of profit, and I have not changed my purpose; I have now become insistent, after many long years of waiting, instead of continuing patient and long suffering.

You are already familiar with the fact that an Association of Stockholders is now functioning in behalf of stockholders. In addition to what I have personally furnished the information and Fact Finding Department of the association, it has collected much valuable information and evidence from numerous stockholders and other sources--all of which is preparatory to making a mine examination and audit in Alaska and for taking such further action as may be found necessary or deemed advisable. We want to restrict policies and practices detrimental to stockholders' interest by first making available--as we have done--adequate information to the investing stockholders upon which they can act intelligently. You stockholders have waited too long on present management--some of us impatiently because the time limit for patience has passed. It is time you took part in this activity of stockholders.

A large number of the stockholders are in accord in wanting a full investigation made and have disclosed opinions of their own and scores of such expressions were voluntarily evidenced in writing. The above mentioned Information and Fact Finding Department has compiled some of its great volume of such data in a readily readable digested form, to which has been added some observations and pertinent comment that will be interesting to you stockholders, therefore such a document is mailed to you for your enlightenment.

Too much valuable time has been frittered away by directors and a manager interested in personal stock sales and talk about potential value of stock and not enough attention given to mining and milling ore. The development stage was passed ten years ago if one is to believe company's old printed matter. A real and successful mine operator should have been put in as boss years ago. I assume mistakes have been made by the Admiralty-Alaska management; honest mistakes can be overlooked. We all make mistakes. Doing nothing is often the worst kind of a mistake. If a management does not recognize their mistakes and correct them before they are fatal they have no business being the management; and they won't be long, if procrastination, inactivity and non-production continues.

Just last week information was received from the Auditor of the Territory of Alaska that another set of Amended Articles of Incorporation of Admiralty-Alaska Gold Mining Company had been filed in his office May 29, 1934. This appears to be another attempt of the present management to put over the issuance of the $5,000,000 of preference or preferred stock that is intended to be ahead of stock such as you hold. I or no other stockholder that I have heard of, ever got any notice of a meeting to Amended Articles or of such action. It appears to me that the Articles just filed are also usable as a method to vest a virtual dictatorship in Mr. Pekovich and the company's Alaska directors who, in my opinion, are in office because of the Pekovich "control" by the issuance of what is called the "promotion" stock and can do most anything without consent of the New York directors; a showdown on legality

(over)

INA RAY OLWELL
TREASURER

TELEPHONE
JOHN 4-1184

August 1, 1934

REGARDING THE WILLIAMS PROPERTY

Just a casual investigation of the affairs of the Admiralty-Alaska Mining Company and status of its stockholders should indicate to you that the Admiralty-Alaska stockholders have an underlying interest in the Williams property that should be ascertained and such interest be made to accrue to their financial benefit. The making of a full investigation is warranted, because of evidences already apparent.

Bulletin 857A, recently issued by the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION, entitled MINERAL INDUSTRY OF ALASKA IN 1932, contains this information about Admiralty-Alaska Gold Mining Company:

"Elsewhere in the northern part of southeastern Alaska the only other property from which gold was produced in 1932 appears to have been that of the Admiralty-Alaska Gold Mining Co., on Funter Bay, Admiralty Island. During the year this company acquired an option on a large number of claims adjacent to its own property and extending all the way to Hawk Inlet. Further prospecting and exploration are reported to be contemplated before definite plans looking toward placing the property on a continuously productive basis are formulated."

The property described as "extending all the way to Hawk Inlet" is undoubtedly the Williams property as a special Government map of that region indicates that it is the Williams property.

I obtained information from an official of a reliable New York Stock Exchange Firm, not interested in Admiralty-Alaska stock, in 1932 about the Williams property--summed up by informant, under date of April 20th, 1932, as follows:

"I talked with W. S. Pekovich of the Admiralty-Alaska Gold Mining Company yesterday.

He advised me that he is now trying to arrange for some financing for the Admiralty-Alaska, but so far has not had any success. He expects to stay down here until he does get some money for development work. However, he has just recently arranged to get $500,000 for operations and development work on the Williams claim. He expects it will take $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 to properly develop the Williams property. A new company will be formed to take over this Williams claim, and the stock of this new company will be turned over to Admiralty-Alaska Gold Mining Company probably within three or four years.

There is a small mill of fifty-tons capacity daily on the Williams property, and the mill serving the Admiralty-Alaska property has a capacity of 250-tons daily. It is planned to start both of these mills at once. On the Williams property, there is one working that has about 500,000 tons of ore which can be fed into the small mill. As soon as proper financing can be arranged, it is planned to enlarge the mill on the Admiralty property to about 1,000 tons daily. Apparently but very little development work has been done on either property, and any estimate of the ore reserves would be entirely premature."

(over)

-2-

The Government must have received its information from reliable sources. What became of the Admiralty-Alaska gold production?

Notwithstanding that according to the Government's information the Williams property was acquired for the Admiralty-Alaska Gold Mining Company and the information that Mr. Pekovich personally gave out in 1932 that ownership "will be turned over to the Admiralty-Alaska Gold Mining Company, probably in three or four years", we have been told, as set forth in Mrs. Olwell's printed letter of May 15, 1934, it (Williams mine) is reputed to be Mr. Pekovich's "personal" property. When Mr. Pekovich said it would belong to you Admiralty-Alaska stockholders he may have been thinking of only a "favored few"--not all of us stockholders; No report on the important Williams property subject by Admiralty-Alaska management appears to have been sent to all of the Admiralty-Alaska stockholders, if to any of you; if any of you stockholders did receive such a report, please mail a copy to me because I and the associated stockholders want the stockholders to have only that which is the exact truth and all thereof.

We have had considerable information voluntarily given us about the Williams property by people who might object to having their names used or such data quoted from at the present time.

The Auditor of Alaska, in whose office corporation records of Alaska are kept, reported in May 1934, in answer to an inquiry by me, that the Alaska Empire Gold Mining Company was incorporated in August 1932 by Messrs. Henry Roden, L. P. Dawes and G. W. Nostrand.

Doctor Dawes' name appeared in the Admiralty-Alaska Annual and Statistical Report for 1931 as a director, and Mr. Nostrand now appears to be Secretary and Treasurer of the Admiralty-Alaska Gold Mining Company and he theretofor appeared to be a Notary and law clerk in Mr. Roden's law office.

The Company's Annual and Statistical Report for 1931 devotes two pages to generalities about what the U. S. Geological Survey and its publications and Bulletins say about the Admiralty-Alaska mines. Aside from statements about location, gold belts, formations and geological structures, the Bulletins do not serve to establish the existence of millions of tons of developed ore claimed, nor the millions of dollars of value of ores asserted by the Admiralty-Alaska Company as the value of said ore. If you go to the main Public Library in New York City or elsewhere and read all the U. S. Geological Survey's Reports and Bulletins published about Admiralty Island and particularly Bulletin No. 783B, you will more than likely easily form an opinion that the Williams property is the most valuable mine located on the Island. Do you want to know all about the Williams property and whether you are sitting in or out of it? I would like to hear from you on that subject. An Admiralty-Alaska stockholder in Juneau, Alaska just sent in this information: "Pekovich received a new mill for his Williams property--it arrived last week on S. S. Alaska."

The Admiralty-Alaska and Williams property both have a frontage on the ocean and are said to adjoin. The Williams property location can be described as being around the point of ocean front and just over the hill from Admiralty-Alaska, and both comprise the main part of what has been called the Funter Bay Gold Belt. The Williams property is said to be now and for 3 or 4 years just past, profitably producing gold with a smaller mill than the Admiralty-Alaska mill. Is the gold production of the Williams property now being used to buy up the stock of discouraged Admiralty-Alaska stockholders at a nominal part of actual value asserted for it and at only a small fraction of the potential value claimed? I am informed Mr. Pekovich claims to own the Williams project nearly 100% and the "control" of the Admiralty-Alaska. How remarkable! Just imagine how wonderful it would be for Mr. Pekovich if stockholders were foolish enough to sleep on their rights and do nothing about it.

Respectfully submitted,

NATURHISTORISKA RIKSMUSEUM
PALEOBOTANISKA AVDELN.

STOCKHOLM 50

1.8.1934.

Dear Dr. Wieland,

I beg to express to you my sincere thanks for the very kind and appreciating review of my paper on fossil Cycadales which you have recently published in the American Journal of Science and sent me separate of through the office of the journal. The words "so gut wie wertlos" referred to your system but exclusively regarding the sterile not-petrified material, which cannot in my opinion be properly classified unless the epidermal structures have been examined. The configuration and venation of the fronds are, as generally accepted, unfortunately not sufficient for such a purpose.

In the near future I hope to be able to finish a rather comprehensive paper on the histology of the leaves of Mesozoic Ginkophyta. The material in question is admirably preserved and shows also the internal structure. I have for instance been able to examine the structure of the tracheides in the leaf-bundles and to photograph the details under a magnification of 1500 x.

After this paper I hope to be able to finish the Palaeozoic Coniferales.

With all best wishes, I am

Yale University News Statement

FROM THE SECRETARY'S OFFICE

WOODBRIDGE HALL • 105 WALL STREET • NEW HAVEN • CONNECTICUT

Released for

the papers of THURSDAY, February 14, 1935

YALE SCIENTIST HONORED BY INDIAN BOTANICAL SOCIETY

New Haven, Conn., Feb. 13—Professor George R. Wieland, of the Botanical Department at Yale University, has been elected an Honorary Member of the Indian Botanical Society, according to notices received here today.

Professor Wieland, who is internationally known for his studies of fossil plants, is a member of the Italian Royal Academy of Sciences, the Geological Society of Mexico, the Sociedad Antonio Alzate of Mexico, and the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is an associate on the editorial staff of the German geological journal "Taleontographica" published at Munich, to which he is also a contributor.

Notification of the election to the Indian Botanical Society came from Dr. Birbal Sahni, of Lucknow University, who stated, "We are very happy thus to have been able to join other societies in the world in their appreciation of your truly monumental work on the Fossil Cycads."

X.X.X.X.X.X.X.

CROP PROFITS GO UP WHEN COSTS GO DOWN

WHARTON BROS.

M'CORMICK DEERING
FARM MACHINES
AND
IMPLEMENTS

THE WORLD'S FIRST REAPER
PUBLIC TEST OF
CYRUS HALL MCCORMICK'S INVENTION
STEELE'S TAVERN, VIRGINIA, JULY 1831

Roseburg, Ore.

October 3, 1935.

Dr. G. R. Wieland,
Yale University,
New Haven, Conn.

Dear Sir:

Your article on "Petrifaction" in The Mineralogist magazine was read with much interest. Recently I found a large specimen of petrified or carbonized wood with limestone filled worm holes. Inclosed you will find a picture and a small chip to show you the formation. It polishes fairly well and sometimes shows a faint line of metal around some of the holes. I have since found a piece from the same locality that weighs about 500 pounds.

Some people have told me that this material is not very common and I thought possibly you would like to know about it and see the picture.

I have a small collection of petrified wood from this section of the country and would like to know the names of any books or articles that you have written on the subject.

J.R. Wharton,
802 E. Douglas St.
Roseburg, Oregon.

"GOOD EQUIPMENT MAKES A GOOD FARMER BETTER"

THE COMPANY WILL APPRECIATE SUGGESTIONS FROM ITS PATRONS CONCERNING ITS SERVICE

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1935 001 16 04 3 2

DR GEORGE R WEILAND, OSBORNE BOTANICAL LABORATORY

<table><thead><tr><th colspan="2">MINUTES IN TRANSIT</th></tr><tr><th>FULL-RATE</th><th>DAY LETTER</th></tr></thead></table>

YALE UNIVERSITY NHVN=

PRESIDENT MERRIAM ASKS ME ADVISE YOU THAT INSTITUTION AGREES
PROVIDE YOUR TRANSPORTATION EXPENSE AND ALLOWANCE FIVE
DOLLARS PER DAY COVERING JOURNEY TO FOSSIL CYCAD MONUMENT
FOR FIELD CONFERENCE WITH NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
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