THE
HENRY M. JACKSON
FOUNDATION

**Principal Office**
1001 Fourth Avenue
Suite 3317
Seattle, WA 98154-1101
(206) 682-8565
FAX (206) 682-8961

**Washington, D.C. Office**
Sixth Floor
1050 Thomas Jefferson Street NW
Washington, D.C. 20007
(202) 298-1800
FAX (202) 338-2361

September 21, 1995

SEP 25 1995

The Honorable Henry A. Kissinger
350 Park Avenue
26th Floor
New York, NY 10022

Dear Henry:

I am delighted to enclose a copy of the conference publication associated with the international conference in Jerusalem honoring my late husband, Senator Henry M. Jackson and commemorating the 20th anniversary of the Jackson-Vanik Amendment and the decades-long Soviet Jewry movement.

We are pleased to have compiled this commemorative volume containing highlights from the conference, entitled "Senator Henry M. Jackson and the Struggle for Human Rights." In order to underscore the report's present-day relevance, we have included three short essays by Dr. Robert Kaufman, Dr. William Korey, and Dr. Bernard Lewis which discuss current foreign policy implications and the historical and regional context of the Jackson-Vanik Amendment. Several documents of historical interest -- including the text of the Jackson-Vanik Amendment itself -- have also been included.

We hope you find this publication of lasting value and welcome your comments.

**Officers**
Helen Hardin Jackson
Chairman of the Board
Stanley D. Golub
Vice Chairman
William J. Van Ness, Jr.
President
Grenville Garside
Vice President
Joel C. Merkel
General Counsel
Julia P. Cancio
Secretary
Keith D. Grinstein
Treasurer
Donald D. Donohue
Exec. Asst. to the Chairman

**Board of Governors**
Nathan S. Ancell
Gordon C. Culp
Leonard Davis
S. Harrison Dogole
James Ellis
Dorothy Fosdick
Booth Gardner
Grenville Garside
William P. Gerberding
Nathan Golden
Stanley D. Golub
Gerald Grinstein
D. Michael Harvey
Helen Hardin Jackson
Peter H. Jackson
Max M. Kampelman
Henry Kaufman
C. Gerald King
Lane Kirkland
Jeane Kirkpatrick
Anna Marie Laurence
Robert A. Low
Charles F. Luce
John D. Mangeis
Lloyd Meeds
Elizabeth A. Moler
David Packard
Richard S. Page
Richard Perle
Kenneth B. Pyle
Albert B. Ratner
James R. Schlesinger
Dorothy Stimpson
Robert S. Strauss
Leonard Strelitz
Samuel N. Stroum
William J. Van Ness, Jr.
James Wickwire
Thornton A. Wilson
Suzanne Woolsey

**Congressional Advisory Council**
Bill Bradley
Dale Bumpers
Robert C. Byrd
Norman D. Dicks
Robert Dole
Pete V. Domenici
Jennifer B. Dunn
Wendell H. Ford
Stlade Gorton
Lee H. Hamilton
Daniel K. Inouye
J. Bennett Johnston
Nancy L. Kassebaum
Frank R. Lautenberg
John McCain
Jim McDermott
Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Patty Murray
Sam Nunn
Alan K. Simpson
Arlen Specter
Ted Stevens
John W. Warner
Sidney R. Yates
Don Young

Printed on Recycled Stock

CYJ

HAK:

Amb. Jaidi asked you to write "your friends" at Yale, Stanford and Harvard on behalf of his daughter.

The letters are identical, except for the name and address of the University.

ssm

THE AMBASSADOR OF MOROCCO

FEB 27 1995

27 February 1995

Dr Henry Kissinger
350 Park Avenue
26th Floor
New York, New York

Dear Dr Kissinger

I hope that this letter finds you and Mrs Kissinger well and in good spirits. I am sure that you are quite busy, but I hope that you will have the time to fulfill a request which I am making on the behalf of my daughter, Myriam. Myriam is currently applying to several Universities to pursue her JD-PhD and I would be very grateful if you would write some letters of recommendation to your friends in Yale, Stanford, and Harvard Universities regarding her application. Following below, you will find her letter describing her interests and achievements, as well as her Curriculum Vitae.

I thank you in advance for any help that you could extend to Myriam in this matter. Please give my very best regards to Mrs Kissinger.

Very truly yours

L'AMBASSADOR

ABDESLAM JAIDI

M. Jaidi

☎914-337-9118

☑2/26/95

07:52 PM-

1/3

MYRIAM JAIDI

Permanent Address:

16 Oriole Avenue

Bronxville, NY 10708

(914) 337-8484

## EDUCATION

9/93-6/94
**Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA**
M.A. in American History, June 1994. Focus on 19th Century American history. Course work includes Graduate Core Colloquium in American History, 19th Century Graduate Seminar, Introduction to American Law, Arabic and dance.

9/87-6/91
**Harvard University, Cambridge, MA**
B.A. *cum laude* in History, June 1991. Focus on American and African histories. Additional course work in African-American literature, world religions, biology, economics and government. John Harvard Scholarship, Harvard College Scholarship, Elizabeth Cary Agassiz Certificate of Merit.

9/91-12/91
**Tibetan Studies Program, School for International Training, Brattleboro, VT**
Studied Tibetan language, culture and history while living with Tibetan families in India and Nepal.

## EXPERIENCE

### TEACHING

2/93-6/94
**Tutor**, Tibetan Resettlement Project, San Francisco, CA
* Designed and taught lessons on English listening and speaking, computer literacy, job interview and application skills in one-on-one and group settings

9/89-5/90
**Tutor**, Philips Brooks House, Harvard University
* Tutored recent immigrants in basic English to prepare them for employment

9/85-5/87
**Private Tutor**, Self-employed
* Worked with middle school students who experienced a lack of motivation and organizational skills
* Tutored in all subjects (biology, math, English, history, French)

### LEADERSHIP

2/92-6/92
**Production Assistant**, Choreographers, Ink, Dance Company, Cambridge, MA
* Served as liaison between dancers and director, scheduled rehearsals, recruited stage hands
* Taught new movements to dancers, resolved personality clashes

9/89-5/90
**Chair, Social Sciences Tutor Selection Committee**, Winthrop House, Harvard University
* Selected committee members, arranged and conducted interviews

M. Jaidi

☎ 914-337-9118

002/26/95

07:53 PM

Myriam Jaidi, 16 Oriole Avenue, Bronxville, NY 10708 (914) 337-8484, Page 2

ADMINISTRATIVE

**1/95- present**
**Acting Director of Housing and Student Activities, Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane, Morocco**
* Advise Vice President for Student Affairs on ways in which to coordinate the Department of Student Affairs with the Department of Academic Affairs
* Initiate communication between: students and the Administration, faculty and the Administration, and Department of Student Affairs and Department of Academic Affairs
* Active member of the Disciplinary Committee which investigates and deals with any breach of University policy
* Designed Housing structure for the University
* Selected Residence Directors, Resident Assistants, prepared handbooks on American educational and advising system for same
* Coordinate Student Activities and encourage students to design programming for themselves and their classmates
* Serve as Residence Director in one of four women's dormitories: help students solve personal and academic problems through careful thought and self-examination, serve as liason between students and their professors

**10/94-12/94**
**Assistant to the President, Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane, Morocco**
* Advised President and other administrators regarding policy initiatives and details of American system of higher education. Drafted: recommended changes to regulations regarding student conduct and discipline; campus security guidelines; assessment of Humanities Department programs
* Served as liason between staff and President
* Developed a seminar for the faculty on approaches to academic and general advising (from perspective of both students and faculty); serve as advisor and resident tutor to students starting in January
* Created a weekly campus newsletter, *The University Forum*, as a means of promoting the development of a dialogue concerning the progress of and possible projects for the University

**11/03 6/04**
**Member, History Graduate Student Association Minority Concerns Committee, Stanford University History Department**
* Co-drafted graduate student proposals for minority student recruitment, admission and retention as well as minority faculty recruitment

**10/92-5/93**
**File Clerk, Howard, Rice, Nemerovski, Canady, Robertson & Falk**
* Organized and filed pleadings and other legal documents, maintained records
* Assembled evidence for trials

**10/91**
**Translation Aide, Redrafting Committee for the Constitution for Future Tibet, Dharamsala, India**
* Helped translate into English a working draft of the proposed Constitution

ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION

* Proficient in French, some knowledge of Arabic and Tibetan

* Danced with Choreographers, Ink. and The Harvard/Radcliffe Dance Company, 1989-92

* Participated in Aids Education and Outreach seminars and teach-ins, 1989-91

* Radcliffe Novice Crew 1987-88; Winthrop House intramural soccer

* Traveled in Morocco, Kenya, India, Nepal, Bhutan, France, Southwest US.

M. Jaldj

☎️ 914-337-9118

02/26/95

07:35 PM

☐ 1/5

26 February 1995

Dear Papa,

Here is my updated C.V. I have applied to Yale, Harvard and Stanford in addition to New York University School of Law. My interests lie in the areas of the intersection between law and history and, ultimately, I would like to pursue a joint JD-PhD with History concentrating on race relations, racial definitions, and the interplay of race and gender in the U.S. and, perhaps, in other nations. I am especially interested in the over-lapping of history and law in these areas and the ways in which the law has influenced and been influenced by the construction of race and gender in the U.S.

Once I obtain my degrees, I would like to practice and to teach law and to be a part of the founding of universities like Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane, the central mission of which is to encourage intercultural communication as a means to solving the problems of the world today. I feel that education offers people a chance to develop their minds not only for the purpose of financial gain but also for the good of the alleviation of poverty, racism, and ignorance, all of which result in little more than war and hatred. However, the type of education offered must encourage consideration of other peoples and other cultures as well as the re-examination of one's own origins. In addition, a complete education must encourage students to develop effective ways in which to apply their knowledge and to persist in their efforts to make change.

Despite any title I may have been given at this University, I continue to act as a jack of all trades, suggesting and reworking solutions to any problems I come across regardless of whether or not those problems are part of my "job." At a university so young and fragile as this one, I believe it is essential for all members of the University community to contribute to the establishment of sound policies for the future. For this reason, I initiate means of communication among the administrators and between the students and the administration. This work has been the most difficult and at the same time the most fulfilling experience of my life. At times, my initiatives and my policy suggestions work. At other times, however, I find that I needed to tailor them more specifically to fit a University in Morocco, a nation of complex cultural interactions.

I hope that this letter contains all the information you need. I believe that I am a very strong candidate for all of the schools to which I have applied and I would like to know that I got into school on my own merits. I would prefer if you did not ask for additional recommendations for me but I realize you want only the best for me and that your only aim is to help me. For these reasons, I have sent you this information. Thank you for everything.

I love you.

-Myriam

GPA

Freshman Year: 3.08 Sophomore Year: 3.00
Junior Year: 3.37 Senior Year: 3.72
Overall: 3.29 Concentration: 3.42 Non-Concentration: 3.23

Graduate school: 3.81

LSAT Score: 160 (83 rd percentile)

I wrote a thesis and received a degree with honors (cum laude). I wrote about women in the Harlem Renaissance, specifically Zora Neale Hurston, Nella Larsen, and Jessie Fauset and their approaches to overcoming or dealing with the barriers of race and gender they faced during the 1920s and 1930s.

At Stanford, I wrote a more successful thesis on the Black Seminoles in the Seminole Nation between 1840-1860. I argued that the Black Seminoles were an integral part of Seminole identity and that without the Black Seminoles, the Seminoles would not have survived the difficulties of removal to the Indian

M. Jaldí

☎ 914-337-9118

02/26/95

07:36 PM

02/6

Territory and subsequent adjustments. I found that within the Seminole Nation, race did not determine interpersonal relations between Black Seminoles and Seminole Indians as it determined the relations between blacks and whites in the US. Even Seminole enslavement of Black Seminoles did not revolve around racial subjugation as white American slavery did. (In fact, Seminole slavery, which was more nominal than real, served to protect both Seminoles and Black Seminoles from the consequences of white American notions of race and racial hierarchy in the mid-19th century). Only when US power to manipulate events in the Indian Territory intensified did race become a more influencial factor in determining events in the Seminole Nation. I concluded that the operation of race in the Seminole nation revealed that there were many alternatives to white racism in the US; an exploration of these alternatives could result in significant discoveries about the development of racial attitudes in the U.S

Academic prizes and honors: John Harvard Scholarship, Harvard College Scholarship, Elizabeth Cary Agassiz Certificate of Merit

HENRY A. KISSINGER

March 3, 1995

To The Director of Graduate Admissions,
Joint JD-Ph.D Program:

I understand that Myriam Jaidi has applied for
admission to Yale's joint JD-Ph.D program in
History, and I would like to add a word on her
behalf.

Myriam is the daughter of Ambassador Abdeslam Jaidi of Morocco, a friend of long standing and a distinguished diplomat for whom I have great respect. While I am not well acquainted with Myriam personally, I know that she has been raised in a family environment that places great emphasis on accomplishment, responsibility and integrity. I feel she is a young woman of promise who can make a significant contribution in the future to her own country and to ours, and I would like to see her fulfill her educational goals. I hope her application will receive favorable consideration.

Henry A. Kissinger

Director of Graduate Admissions
Joint JD-Ph.D Program
Yale University
New Haven, CT 06511

TWENTY-SIXTH FLOOR • 350 PARK AVENUE • NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10022 • (212) 759-7919

(Translation)

Dr. Henry Kissinger
Chairman of the America-China Society
New York, USA

1 November 1995

Dear Dr. Kissinger,

I was very delighted to meet you again during my stay for the special commemorative activities for the 50th anniversary of the United Nations. The grand luncheon hosted in my honor by the America-China Society under your chairmanship and other five groups gave me an opportunity to get acquainted with eminent people from various circles in the United States and to brief them on China's reform and opening-up and our views on China-US relations. While thanking you for your thoughtful arrangement, I wish to express my appreciation for the long-standing efforts you have made in promoting the development of China-US relations.

China and the United States are two big countries. Maintaining and developing a healthy and stable relationship serves the fundamental interests of the two peoples and contributes to the maintenance of peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region and the world at large. China always attaches importance to China-US relations and wishes to see a stable and constructive relationship between the two countries. My latest meeting with President Clinton was positive and useful, and increased mutual understanding. It is my hope that our two sides can take stock in the long-term strategic interests of our two countries, build upon the New York summit meeting and step up concerted efforts in improving and developing China-US relations.

With my best wishes.

(Signed) Jiang Zemin

President of the
People's Republic of China

美国 纽约

美中协会主席

亨利A·基辛格博士

亲爱的基辛格博士：

我很高兴在出席联合国成立五十周年特别纪念活动期间再次同你见面。你领导的美中协会等六个团体为我举行了盛大的午餐演讲会,使我有机会结识美各界知名人士并向他们介绍中国的改革开放和对中美关系的看法。我对你为此所作的周到安排表示感谢,对你长期以来为促进中美关系的发展所作出的努力表示赞赏。

中美作为两个大国,保持和发展健康、稳定的双边关系,符合我们两国人民的根本利益,也有利于维护亚太地区乃至世界的和平与稳定。中国一贯重视中美关系,希望两国能建立一种稳定、建设性的关系。我这次同克林顿总统的会晤是积极的、有益的,增进了相互了解。我希望我们双方能把握两国的战略和长远利益,以纽约首脑会晤为契机,共同

HENRY A. KISSINGER

June 29, 1995

Dear Mr. Harris:

It is a great pleasure to be asked to join with the American Foreign Service Associates in honoring U. Alexis Johnson today. I only regret that my travel to Asia makes it impossible for me to be there in person.

In the course of his extraordinary career, Alex Johnson was a model of the skilled and valuable diplomat. Over a period of more than 40 years, Alex served seven Presidents of both political parties in places as varied as Korea, Brazil, Thailand and Czechoslovakia. But it was as one of the country's foremost experts on Asia and Japan that Alex made his greatest mark. Fluent in the language, a sensitive but hard-headed student of the culture, Alex knew Japan better than anyone else in the American government. I know from working closely with them how greatly Presidents Nixon and Ford valued Alex's insights and recommendations.

But Alex was more than a great Asianist. He was a model Foreign Service Officer, dedicated at all times and often at considerable personal hardship, to serving his country. Like the best of our great post-war diplomats, Alex never hesitated to give his views, always well-considered, on matters of high policy. And he could be relied upon to implement the President's policy flawlessly and loyally. Today when the concept of discipline has been lost to so much of our society, Alex Johnson is a shining example of what public service really means.

I join the many thousands of friends, colleagues and admirers in congratulating Alex on receiving the award for his lifetime contribution to American diplomacy.

Mr. Tex Harris
President
American Foreign Service Association
2101 E Street, NW
Washington, DC 20037

06/09/95 14:14

☎️202 338 6820

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American Foreign Service Association

2101 E Street NW Washington, DC 20037 (202) 338-4045

June 9, 1995

The Honorable L. Paul Bremer III
Kissinger Associates
FAX 212-759-0042

Dear Ambassador Bremer:

AFSA President Tex Harris asked me to send you some background information on U. Alexis Johnson. I understand that Secretary Kissinger was unable to accept our invitation to present an award to Johnson, but said he would send a message to be read by Tex Harris on this occasion. Tex promised you some material that might be helpful in writing such a message.

The American Foreign Service Association has established a new award for "Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy". This award is not limited to career Foreign Service Officers, but the Governing Board has decided the first winner should be a career person and selected U. Alexis Johnson. Ambassador Johnson has been informed and has expressed pleasure at the prospect of receiving this award.

This award will be conferred, along with others (list attached), at a ceremony in the Benjamin Franklin Diplomatic Reception Room on the eighth floor of the Department of State from 12 to 12:45 on Thursday, June 29. Following the ceremony the winners, their families, the presenters and the judges will adjourn to the Foreign Service Club for a 1 pm luncheon.

Enclosed are a brief biography of Johnson drawn from his autobiography, and the
<u>Who's Who</u> entry for him.

I suggest you mail any message to Tex at the address on this letterhead or fax it to him at 202-338-6820. If I can be of further assistance please phone me at 202-338-4045.

Thanks very much for your help.

Attachments:
* Bio on Johnson
* Who's Who item on Johnson
* AFSA Award Winners 1995

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Brief Biography of U. Alexis Johnson
(taken from his autobiography, *The Right Hand of Power*)

Ural Alexis Johnson was born October 17, 1908 in the small farming town of Falun, Kansas. His father, Carl, was cashier and only employee of the local bank, and his mother was a woman of talent and ambition. In 1923 the family moved to Los Angeles where Johnson went to high school and then to Occidental College, receiving a BA in Economics.

Urged by a professor at Occidental to consider the Foreign Service, Johnson went to Washington, DC in 1931 and eked out a meager living as a typist while taking courses at the Georgetown School of Foreign Service. In 1932 he married Patricia Ann Tillman and passed the Foreign Service written and oral examinations. Because of a freeze on State Department hiring he worked as night shift manager at a car repair garage until 1935 when he was finally offered an appointment as a Foreign Service Officer.

His first assignment was to spend *two* years in Japan learning Japanese, a development which turned out to be very important for his subsequent career. Thereafter he was assigned as Vice-Consul in Seoul, Korea, at that time under Japanese occupation. In 1939 he was sent temporarily to Tientsin, China, also under Japanese control, with the thought that his Japanese language ability would better enable him to deal with the Japanese authorities. After returning to Seoul for some time, in 1940 he was sent to Mukden, China, again for the purposes of dealing with the Japanese military authorities in charge there. Later that year his family was evacuated (by then including three children), and when war began in December 1941 he was interned by the Japanese. He was finally released and rejoined his family in the fall of 1942 after two years of separation.

Johnson's next assignment was Rio, since Brazil had an important Japanese population and was in various ways important to the Allied war effort. In 1944 he spent six months at a school to train military officers to govern Japan following victory, and in the spring of 1945 was assigned to Manila to assist in repatriating the many people of various nationalities who had been interned by the Japanese. When Japan surrendered he was sent to Japan and soon found himself in charge of the Yokohama Consulate responsible for consular work in all of Japan. There he had a good opportunity to observe General MacArthur's imperial rule of Japan. His family

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joined him in 1946, and he remained there until 1949, when he returned to Washington to become Deputy Director of the Office of Northeast Asian Affairs, which covered Korea and Japan (his first Washington assignment). When the Korean War broke out in June 1950 Johnson became a key Department official dealing with the war and with peace negotiations, with successively higher positions, until the armistice was signed in July 1953. From this vantage point he again had a good opportunity to observe General MacArthur, including the events leading up to his dismissal.

Johnson was named in 1953 as ambassador to Czechoslovakia, at what was considered then the young age for an ambassador of forty-five. His four years there were relatively uneventful but gave him a good understanding of life behind the Iron Curtain. In 1954 he was pulled out to become coordinator of the 1954 Geneva Conference on Korea and Vietnam, an important international event which resulted in the division of Vietnam. Also, from 1955 through 1957 Johnson met regularly with a Chinese representative in Geneva, the only formal contact between the two countries. There were some practical results in terms of prisoners released.

An ambassadorial tour in Thailand from 1958 to 1961 gave Johnson further Southeast Asian experience in a country where the US has many interests and activities. He was also US representative to the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, at that time an important defense pact for the United States. The entanglement of Laos in the Cold War was a significant concern during this period.

Johnson was called back to Washington to serve as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 1961 to 1964, serving Secretary of State Dean Rusk (whom he had known in the early 50s when Rusk was Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs). Johnson strengthened cooperation with other key agencies and established the State Department 24-hour Operations Center. He was a member of the Executive Committee of the NSC which developed US policy recommendations during the Cuban missile crisis.

In 1964 Johnson became a Career Ambassador, the highest career rank, and was also sent to Saigon as Deputy Ambassador to General Maxwell Taylor where he endured coups and the car-bombing of the American embassy, and saw the beginning of the build-up of US forces. In 1965, when Taylor was replaced by

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Henry Cabot Lodge, Johnson returned to Washington and resumed his earlier position as Under Secretary.

Finally, in 1966, Johnson achieved a long-time dream of being appointed ambassador to Japan, where he had started his career 30 years before. While relations were basically sound, he had to deal with difficult economic and security issues, including US bases in Japan and the status of Okinawa (then under US administration).

In early 1969 Johnson returned to Washington to take the position in the Nixon Administration of Under Secretary for Political Affairs, the third-ranking position in the Department of State, under Secretary of State William P. Rogers. During his four years in this position Vietnam was a leading foreign policy issue, and the breakthrough in relations with China took place.

In February 1973 Johnson began his last job in the Foreign Service: Ambassador-at-Large and Chief of the US Delegation to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT). The SALT I agreements had been signed in May 1972, and when Johnson came on board it was a matter of defining the areas for further negotiation. These talks were frustrating, not least because of the difficulty in formulating US positions. President Nixon resigned August 9, 1974, and President Ford gave new impetus to the talks. However, no further SALT agreement was reached, although considerable progress was made, and Johnson retired with high honors in February of 1977.

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mission, which has opened our eyes to worlds which I had previously only glimpsed dimly, through earth bound telescopes as a boy and a young astronomer.

JOHNSON, U. ALEXIS, diplomat; b. Falun, Kans., Oct. 17, 1908; s. Carl Theodore and Ellen Irene (Forsse) J.; m. Patricia Ann Tillman (dec. 1981); children: Judith Ann. Stephen Tillman, William Theodore Kim, Jennifer Ellen; m. Dode Fee, Aug. 19, 1989. AB, Occidental Coll., 1931, LLD (hon.), 1954. Fgn. service officer Dept. of State, Washington, 1935-77; ambassador Dept. of State, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1953-58, Bangkok, Thailand. 1958-61; dep. under sec. Dept. of State, Washington, 1961-64, under sec., 1965-66; ambassador Dept. of State, Tokyo, Japan, 1966-69; under sec. Dept. of State, Washington, 1969-73, ambassador at large, 1973-77; vice chmn. Atlantic Coun. U.S., Washington, 1984—; chmn. Washington Inst Fgn. Affairs. 1984— Author. Right Hand of Power. 1984: co-author: China Policy for the Next Decade, 1984, The Common Security Interests of Japan, the U.S., and NATO, 1981. Recipient Disting. Service award, Pres. Nixon, 1971, Disting. Hon. award, Sec. of State, 1977, Disting. Pub. Service, Sec. of Def., 1977, Rockefeller Pub. Service award, Princeton U., 1965, Order of the Rising Sun, Japanese Emperor, 1982. Home and Office: 3133 Connecticut Ave NW Washington DC 20008-5147

JOHNSON, VAHE DUNCAN, lawyer; b. Providence, Dec. 18, 1938; s. Vahe D. and Katharine (Simpson) J.; m. Diana E. Lepow, Apr. 13, 1964; children: Alexandra, Mark Adam. AB, Harvard U., 1960, LLB, 1963. Bar: R.I. 1964. From assoc. to ptnr. Edwards & Angell, Providence, 1963—; bd. directors. Fleet Nat. Bank. Trustee Providence Found., 1985, Providence Pub. Libr., 1988, Miriam Hosp., Providence, 1990, Capitol Ctr. Commn., 1991. Office: Edwards & Angell 2700 Hospital Trust Tower Providence RI 02903-4706

JOHNSON, VAUGHAN, football player; b. Morehead City, N.C., Mar. 24, 1962. Student, N.C. State U. With Jacksonville Bulls, 1984-85, New Orleans Saints, 1986—. Named to Sporting News coll. All-Am. team, 1983,

Charlottesville, 1958-61; nuclear engring., 1961; nuclear engring., 1963; emeritus, 1992—; adm. Appeal Bd., Bethesda, shielding and nuclear Relations, Charlottesville and dosimetry (Delta Kappa. Episco Nuclear Engring Dept. 977)

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JOHNSON, WALTER Weikert, Pa., Jan. 6, 1909; Sept. 1, 1934; children: B.S., Pa. State tric Co., 1934-37; E.E. Princeton, 1937, prof. engring., 1963-81. Art. dept., 1950-65; engring. Labs., 1968. Author: Analysis, 1944, Trans. Comptment) Electrical Engr. Recipient Western Eng. Engring. Edn., 1967; Engrs., 1939. Fellow (chmn. elec. engring. department). Home: 20 Mccosh Cir

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JOHNSON, WALTER Horace Edward and Ice 2, 1950; children: Kris U. Minn., 1948, MS, 1; Greeley and Hansen, King, Duvall, Anders Mnlc 1955— assoc.

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AFSA Award Winners 1995

The American Foreign Service Association will confer its annual awards on Thursday June 29 at a 12 noon ceremony in the Benjamin Franklin Diplomatic Reception Room of the Department of State.

A new award for **Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy** will be conferred on former Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs **U. Alexis Johnson**.

The winners of three awards given to Foreign Service Officers for "extraordinary accomplishment involving initiative, integrity, intellectual courage and constructive dissent" are:

**The Christian A. Herter Award**, for senior officers: **Dennis C. Jett**, Ambassador to the Republic of Mozambique. (Runner-up: Charles P. Ries, Minister-Counselor for Economic Affairs, U.S. Mission to the European Union, Brussels.)

**The William R. Rivkin Award**, for mid-level officers: **Janice Weiner**, Political Officer, Embassy Ankara. (Two runners-up: Leonard A. Kuznitz, Political Officer, American Embassy Guatemala; and Philip N. Suter, Office of International Security and Peacekeeping Operations, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs.)

**The W. Averell Harriman Award**, for junior officers: **Gregory H. Stanton**, Office of UN Political Affairs, Bureau of International Organization Affairs. (Runner-up: Richard Holtzapple, Political Officer, American Embassy Zagreb.)

The award for Foreign Service Secretaries, the **Delavan Award**, which recognizes extraordinary contributions to effectiveness and morale beyond job responsibilities, is being conferred on two co-winners: **Diana Clayton**, former Administrative/RSO secretary at the American embassy in Damascus, and **Charlotte Stottman**, Ambassador's secretary at the American embassy in Zagreb. (Because there are two co-winners, no runner-up was named.)

A new award for an outstanding Community Liaison Officer was established this year, the **M. Juanita Guess Award**, and it will be conferred on **Denine L. Scott**, former CLO at the American Embassy in Belgrade. (Two runners-up: Oya Cofman, Embassy Baku, and Cheryle Ennis, Embassy Brazzaville.)

The winner of the **Avis Bohlen Award**, given to the member of a Foreign Service family whose relations with the American and foreign communities at a Foreign Service post have done the most to advance American interests, in the tradition of the late Avis Bohlen, is **Anne Bridgman**, previously at the American embassy in Moscow. (Runner-up: Carol Ross, wife of the American ambassador in Damascus.)

The winners of the **Matilda W. Sinclair Awards**, for distinction in the study of a hard language and its associated culture, are:

<table><tr><td>Phillip L. Antweiler</td><td>Indonesian</td></tr><tr><td>Charlie H. Ashley</td><td>Polish</td></tr><tr><td>Matthew Boyse</td><td>Polish</td></tr><tr><td>Katherine Howard (USIA)</td><td>Hebrew</td></tr><tr><td>Laurence Kerr</td><td>Georgian</td></tr><tr><td>Linda Lazarevic</td><td>Polish</td></tr><tr><td>Jessica Lecroy</td><td>Georgian</td></tr><tr><td>James C. Martin</td><td>Uzbek</td></tr><tr><td>David D. Pearce</td><td>Persian</td></tr><tr><td>Daniel M. Perrone</td><td>Bengali</td></tr></table>

The winners of the **AFSA Achievement Awards**, for service to AFSA, are **Stephen A. Klaus** (AID active duty) and **L. Bruce Laingen** (retired). Honorable Mention: **Sandra M. Muench** (State active duty).

JUN-09-1995 15:16

202 338 6820

97%

P.06

HENRY A. KISSINGER

BY FACSIMILE
404/827-4215

October 24, 1995

Dear Tom:

Your assistant Joan very kindly offered
to accommodate me should I be able to
attend one of the World Series games.
Were it not coinciding with perhaps the
most hectic week this year in New York,
one which ends for me with a quick trip
to San Francisco, I can assure you I
would enjoy nothing more!

I just wanted you to know that I
appreciate the thoughtful gesture and
will be following the scores in the hopes
that the Braves' streak continues.

With every good wish,

Mr. Tom Johnson
Cable News Network
One CNN Center
Box 105366
Atlanta, Georgia 30348-5366

SUITE 1021 • 1800 K STREET, N.W. • WASHINGTON, D.C. 20006 • (202) 872-0300
TELEFAX (212) 753-7248

Michael Tobin

JMT PRODUCTIONS

2118 Wilshire Blvd., Suite #572

Santa Monica, CA 90403

Tel: 310-454-4518; Fax: 310-454-7248

E-MAIL ADDRESS: MCTOBIAS@AOL.COM

1.13.95

Marvin Josephson
ICM

Fax: #212-556-6886

Dear Mr. Josephson,

I've directed and produced some 100 documentaries, including the new 26-part PBS series, A PARLIAMENT OF SOULS, the 4-hour PBS series THE POWER GAME (with New York Times Bureau Chief Hedrick Smith), the ten-hour series VOICE OF THE PLANET for Turner (with Faye Dunaway and William Shatner), a 32-part science series for PBS, the National Geographic/British television special, CLOUDWALKER, and such Emmy- and Ace-nominated films as BLACK TIDE (Discovery Channel), ANTARCTICA -THE LAST CONTINENT (PBS), A DAY IN THE LIFE OF IRELAND (PBS), AHIMSA -NONVIOLENCE (PBS), and the new WORLD WAR III. I developed such award winning series for PBS as last years six-hour SEA POWER, and 4-hour MINIDRAGONS series, and have shot films in over 30 countries. Prior to filmmaking, I was a professor at Dartmouth of public policy, the history of ideas, and environmental affairs. Andrea Eastman can tell you more about me. I have been an executive with PBS and for 15 years an independent filmmaker. I have also written 20 books, the most recent being WORLD WAR III, which was just hailed as one of the top non-fiction works of the year in England by the Independent, and has been receiving cover story raves on newspapers across the country.

A stuffy prelude to a simple question: has Kissinger done something in the documentary TV arena for DIPLOMACY? If not, I would like to discuss trying to set it up immediately, with Kissinger as host, much in the Abba Eban/Jacob Bronowski/John Kenneth Galbraith role. I see it as a monumental series (i.e. 13 hours) for PBS.

I've read the book twice and find it to be the essence of clear thinking, exquisitely timed irony, courageous writing, and breathtaking in its proportions and scope. When Hedrick

HENRY A. KISSINGER

January 12, 1995

Your Majesty:

I am pleased to announce that the International Jury of the UNESCO Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize met on January 10 in Paris and decided to award the 1994 Peace Prize to you and President Jimmy Carter.

The Jury based its decision on Your Majesty's distinguished contribution to the restoration of democracy, respect for human rights and advancement of peace in your country and in the rest of the world.

The Jury wishes to encourage President Carter in his efforts to pursue peace in different parts of the world.

As Chairman of the International Jury, I would like to take this opportunity to add my personal congratulations and my best wishes.

With every good wish and warm regards,

His Majesty
Juan Carlos I
King of Spain
Madrid

SUITE 1021 • 1800 K STREET, N. W. • WASHINGTON, D. C. 20006 • (202) 872-0300
TELEFAX (212) 753-7248

[LC]

# Henry Kissinger

## Kissinger's Background

### The Kissingers (Father's side)

Kissinger's great-great grandfather was born in Kleinbstadt, Germany in 1767. His name was Meyer. In 1817, at the age of 50, Meyer moved to a small town called Rodelsee. In Rodelsee, Meyer took on the name of Kissinger after a town called BadKissing. His first son was born the next year, 1818. He was given the name of Abraham. Abraham was the only child out of ten who survived birth.

Abraham grew up in Rodelsee. Later, he married and had eight children- four sons, by the names of Joseph, Mair, Simon and David and four daughters, all of whom became teachers. They were a pious, middle class strictly orthodox Jewish family.

David, the youngest of the four sons, was born in Rodelsee in 1860. He grew up and moved to Emershausen, a neighboring town. David soon founded a Jewish seminary in Würzburg. A few years later, David married a woman named Linchen.

David and Linchen's first child was born in 1887. He was named Louis and he was followed by six other children. Louis was the only one who went on to become a teacher. He studied at Heidelberg University and then graduated from a teacher's academy in the town of Nuremberg. It was at this academy that he met Paula Stern.

### The Sterns (Mother's side)

Paula Stern's great-grandfather founded a small, yet profitable business in cattle trade, in the early 1800's. The business was later built up by her grandfather, Bernhardt and Paula's father, Falk. Falk Stern lived in Leutenshausen about 30 miles east of

2

Paula Stern's great-grandfather founded a small, yet profitable business in cattle trade, in the early 1800's. The business was later built up by her grandfather, Bernhardt and Paula's father, Paul. Paul Stern lived in Leutershausen about 30 miles east of

## The Sterns (Mother's side)

academy in the town of Nuremberg. It was at this academy that he met Paula Stern, teacher. He studied at Heidelberg University and then graduated from a teacher's was followed by six other children. Loms was the only one who went on to become a David and Iinchen's first child was born in 1887. He was named Loms and he in Nuremberg. A few years later, David married a woman named Linchen and moved to Germany, a neighboring town. David soon founded a Jewish seminary.

David, the youngest of the four sons, was born in Rodelsees in 1800. He grew up became a teacher. They were a pious, middle class strictly orthodox Jewish family sons, by the names of Joseph, Man, Simon and David and four daughters, all of whom Abraham grew up in Rodelsees. Later, he married and had eight children, four

Abraham. Abraham was the only child out of ten who survived birth. Badkissing. His first son was born the next year, 1818. He was given the name of Rodelsee. In Rodelsee, Meyer took on the name of Kissing after a town called His name was Meyer. In 1817, at the age of 30, Meyer moved to a small town called Kissingor, a great-great grandfather was born in Kleinbadstätt, Germany in 1807.

### Kissingers' Background

#### Henry Kissingor

Henry Kissinger

Nuremberg. He was highly respected in the town and owned a house in the middle of the town square. He was not very interested in politics or educational papers. His first wife, Beppi Behr, who was also from a cattle trading family, died after she had their first child, Paula in 1901. Falk remarried but never had any more children. (Isaacson 22) Paula was sent to school in Furth where she met Louis Kissinger. They were married in 1922.

Paula was 21, and Louis was 35. They lived in a Jewish neighborhood in Furth, in a nice 5-room second floor apartment. (Isaacson 23)

3

5-room second floor apartment (Jaccerson 23)

Paula was 21, and Louis was 33. They lived in a Jewish neighborhood in Frankfurt in a nice
sort to school in Frankfurt where she met Louis Kissinger. They were married in 1933.

Paula in 1901. Hekli married but never had any more children (Jaccerson 23). Paula was
Beppi Hecht, who was also from a cattle trading family, died after she had their first child,
townmate. He was not very interested in politics or educational papers. His first wife,
Nuremberg. He was highly respected in the town and owned a house in the middle of the

Henry Kissinger

[L]

Henry Kissinger

Heinz Alfred Kissinger

On May 27, 1923 Heinz Alfred Kissinger was born. At this time the Jewish
population in Furth was growing smaller. Jews were beginning to be treated as
foreigners rather than friendly neighbors. (Isaacson 25)

As a child, Heinz loved to go watch soccer games, and even though the local
stadium did not allow Jews, he and his year younger brother Walter managed to get in
one or two times. Heinz himself was not that athletic, instead he preferred to read. His
grades in school were fantastic and Louis wanted both his sons to attend the state High
School. Heinz did not get accepted because of his religion and instead attended the
Israelitisch Realschule, a school that was the same academically as the local school, but
did not have as much prestige. (Isaacson 31)

After graduating, Kissinger went on to study at the Jewish Seminary his
grandfather had founded. At this point in time, the Nazi Youth, a group of anti-Semitic
adolescents, began to grow. Signs popped up everywhere, usually reading something
along the lines of "Juden Verboten" (Jews forbidden). The anti-Semitic feeling grew
beyond these youths. Louis was soon fired from his job and was forced to teach at a
strictly Jewish school.

As a father, Louis lacked the patience to deal with children's problems, although
he was a kind father. Paula was the one the boys went to with any problems. She was
kind, caring and had all the patience in the world, along with a great sense of what was
going on around her. Perhaps it was this sense which began to tell her that because they

4

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Henry Kissinger

were Jews, Germany soon might not want them. Paula realized the power that Hitler had.
She quickly wrote to a distant cousin who had recently immigrated to Washington
Heights asking if they could come and join him. His response was affirmative. On
August 20, 1938 they sailed from Germany, headed for the United States of America.
Henry was 15, Walter was 14, Louis was 50 and Paula was 37. No one knows what
would have happened if they had stayed. At least 13 close relatives of the Kissingers
were either killed in a gas chamber or were tortured to death.

America

Three months later, the Kissinger's moved into a "moderate, yet comfortable 3-story apt. in a 6-story brick building at fort Washington Ave. and 187th St."¹

In September of 1938, Kissinger enrolled at the local school, George Washington
High. He and the rest of the family were adjusting well to the new country. Of the four,
it was Louis who was having the most trouble. Perhaps due to his old age and a
continuing gall-bladder infection, he found it hard to find a job. It was only in 1940 that
he found a job as an underpaid bookkeeper. Paula, on the other hand, was luckier. She
worked in various menial jobs until she went into a business of her own, catering. In this
field she became quite successful.

Henry did well in school. He had a 90 average in most of his subjects, with the
exception of an 85 in "Industries and Trade" class. As he made his way through high
school, Kissinger began to develop a taste for politics. He declared himself a firm

¹Quote from *Kissinger: A Biography*, page 33.

5

[LC]

Henry Kissinger

Republican and would spend late nights arguing with his father's friends, mostly
"stubborn" Democrats. (Isaacson 36)

Kissinger in the Army

Kissinger was determined to succeed in the new country. A friend of his father's
describes him as being:

Eager to blend into society, more than other immigrants who tended to identify
with their ethnic heritage rather than change into American styles. Henry was
adept at picking up the culture.²

One year passed before Kissinger decided to take night classes at George
Washington High. He acquired a job at Leopold Asher Brush company, owned by
cousins of Paula. Soon Kissinger graduated from George Washington and applied to the
City College. Kissinger did well. He had a straight A average in every class, except
history. He wanted to become an accountant. Yet with all his ambitions, Kissinger was
searching for something. When he was asked to join the draft during February of 1943,
he regarded it as the change he was awaiting. (Isaacson 41)

The Army offered a special course to anyone who wanted to take a special
aptitude test. Kissinger scored high and at the government's expense, he was sent to
Lafayette College in Easton Pennsylvania to study engineering.

At Lafayette, Kissinger's attitude toward his books and studies was very serious.

Charles Coyler, Kissinger's roommate describes Henry's attitude as the following:

²Quote from *Kissinger: A Biography*, page 37

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[L]

Henry Kissinger

He didn't read books, he ate them with his eyes, his fingers, his squirming in the chair, and with his mumbling criticism. He'd be slouching over a book and suddenly explode with an indignant, German accented four letter word blasting the authors reasoning.³

Kissinger's grades were all A average and he had a steady 100 in Chemistry.

The European Invasion in April of 1944 closed down the engineering school.
Kissinger did not want to fight in combat, so he applied to study as a medical doctor. He
was among the 25 finalists. Again he was sent off to Lafayette, this time to medical
school. However, Kissinger did not make the final five finalists and he was sent to
training camp in Louisiana to join the 84th Infantry division.

Kissinger trained throughout the summer of 1944. It was a typically hot Southern
day when a certain Private Kreamer came to talk to Henry's division about the war.
Kissinger liked Kreamer's speech so much that on the next day, Kissinger wrote to him.
Kreamer has been referred to on numerous occasions as "the man who discovered
Henry." After talking to Kissinger, Kramer temporarily moved him out of the force and
employed him as a translator. (Isaacson 46)

It was in September of 1944 when the 84th Infamtry division set off towards
Europe. Kissinger (who's serial no. was 32816775) reluctantly sailed away from pier
number five in Manhattan, on the *U.S.S. Sterling Castle*. But, thanks to Kraemer, he was
asked to work as a German speaking translator for a U.S. general. (Isaacson 47)

³ Quote from *Kissinger: A Biography*, page 41

7

[10]

# Henry Kissinger

Soon, he was transferred as a driver for the C.I. Corps. He soon was made a sergeant and then given a Star of Honor for picking up more than 100 members of the Gestapo.

The long war finally ended in May of 1945 just a few days short of Kissinger's 22 birthday. After the war, Kissinger decided to go back to his childhood towns to see what remained of them. In a letter to his family, he describes what he saw and felt; a feeling he would carry with him during his life.

We drove very slowly, past the ghosts of all the who lived and died in the hatred of the years. I thought of the little boy who had played football in the yard and the old man who used to stand and watch him. All those years came back and for a moment time stood still.

If we could go back over the hatred and the intolerance, I would find that it had been a long hard road. It had been covered with humiliation, with disappointment. Thirteen years is a long time to go back to. I thought of all the walks in the woods and what was and what might have been. I looked at Nuremburg. I thought of my old teacher's words: You'll come back to your birth place someday and you won't find a stone unturned. A shattered sign lay in the road. Nuremburg 7 km, Furth 6km, it said.

Those who live by the sword will parish by the sword. There overlooking Nuremburg, I said farewell to my youth.⁴

## Kissinger's Harvard Years

⁴ Quoted from *Kissinger: A Biography*, pages 50 and 51.

8

## Henry Kissinger

In many ways, Kissinger came out of the Army stronger. When he returned to America in July of 1947, at the age of 24, Kissinger was more self confident and tougher. Kraemer immediately advised him to go to a college such as Harvard. Kissinger applied, stating his interests as music and contemporary literature. He also applied to Columbia and Princeton, but decided to go to Harvard mainly because it was the only college which would allow him to enter so late.

In the fall of 1947, Henry Kissinger joined the class of 1950 as a sophomore. He was not very social and did not participate in many sport or club activities. He soon decided to choose government as his major.

## Anneliese Fleicher

Kissinger met his American girlfriend at ballroom dance classes. Seeing that neither had a special taste for dance, he and Annaliese quickly became friends.

Annaliese was also a refugee from Nuremberg, Germany. She lived on Ellwood Street on the northern edge of Washington Heights. Her dark hair gave her a nice complexion and she seemed to blend in with the art, music and literature she loved so much. Annaliese had one sister, a mother who worked as a cook, and a father who was left partially paralyzed by a stroke and carried deep psychological wounds of Nazi horrors. (Isaacson 68)

## Kissinger's final Harvard years

During Kissinger's second year at Harvard he finally married Annaliese Fliecher. The service was held on February 6, 1949, when Kissinger was 25 and Annaliese was 23. Kissinger and Annaliese lived about a 1/2 hour away from Harvard. Mrs.Kissinger

9

Kissinger and Annalise lived about a 1/2 mile away from Harry and Mrs. Kissinger.

The service was held on February 6, 1949, when Kissinger was 53 and Annalise was 53.

During Kissinger's second year at Harvard he finally married Annalise Fliecher.

horrors (Danacon 68)

left partially paralyzed by a stroke and carried deep psychological wounds of Max much. Annalise had one sister, a mother who worked as a cook, and a father who was complexion and she seemed to blend in with the art, music and literature she loved so much on the northern edge of Washington Heights. Her dark hair gave her a nice straight.

Annalise was also a refugee from Nuremberg, Germany. She lived on Billwood number 1 and a special taste for dance, he and Annalise quickly became friends.

## Annalise Fliecher

in the fall of 1947, Henry Kissinger joined the class of 1950 as a sophomore.

He would allow him to enroll so late.

and Princeton, but decided to go to Harvard mainly because it was the only college which stating his interests as music and contemporary literature. He also applied to Columbia. Kissinger immediately advised him to go to a college such as Harvard. Kissinger applied. America in July of 1947, at the age of 24, Kissinger was more self confident and tougher.

## Henry Kissinger

Henry Kissinger

worked as an accountant at a nearby furniture store. Here she received minimal pay,
making life hard for both of them. This prompted Kissinger in 1950, to ask Harvard for
financial aid. They eagerly granted it to him.

It was Kissinger's senior thesis which caught everyone's attention. It was no less
than 383 pages. In it he brought together many great philosophers and writers and
produced a clear concise analyses of their works which amazed all. Kissinger was not
only able to point out their faults but his style and perception gave the paper a deep
perspective. His thesis and grades were able to graduate him summa cum laude.

The Harvard International seminar

In 1951 one of Kissinger's professors helped him form the Harvard International Seminar. The seminar was created for students in their early thirties. Kissinger would invite speakers such as Eleanor Roosevelt, Poet John Crowe and labor leader Walter Reuther. The speakers would discuss politics and humanitarism. The program was culturally based in a social way, not only giving such diverse students a time to share their cultures but also, opening them to the classic American traditions such as Baseball and a variety of films. A total of 600 hundred students participated in the seminar before it ended in 1969. Many of the students went on to be politicians and high powered business executives. Some played a big role in Kissinger's later career. A professor once commented, "Henry collected a repertoire of people. I don't think it was altruism. He had an instinct for inviting who could later turn out to be his host."⁵ The seminar

⁵ Quoted from *Kissinger: A Biography*, page 71.

10

Henry Kissinger

enabled to meet a variety of politicians and is considered the basis for Kissinger's entry
into International Diplomacy. (Isaacson 69)

Professor Kissinger

During his time at Harvard as a professor, Kissinger published a few articles,
mainly on foreign policy.

At an assembly in Washington, where Kissinger had been asked to discuss
national security, he met Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller, who at this time was working as
an advisor to president Eisenhower. Kissinger and Rockefeller soon established a firm
relationship.

In March of 1958, at the age of 32, Kissinger received his tenure at Harvard. And
exactly a year later, Kissinger's and Annaliese's first child, Elizabeth was born, followed
by her brother David in 1961.

Soon Kissinger became more and more active in the political world. Still a
professor, he also was an advisor to Presidents Kennedy, Johnson and Mayor Rockefeller
during 1961 to 1968. Yet he and Annaliese soon began to grow apart, and in 1962, they
were separated. Though they talked frequently about the children, they rarely saw each
other.⁶

In 1964 Kissinger helped Rockefeller run for president, under a republican
nomination. At one of the fund raisers, Kissinger met Nancy Sharon Magginess, later to
become his second wife. Rockefeller lost the election, but on Friday, November 29,
1968, at the age of 45, Kissinger agreed to become Nixon's national security advisor.

⁶Later, Annaliese was re-married to a Chemistry professor at Brandeis, named Saul Cohn

11

Henry Kissinger

Nancy Sharon Maginess

Nancy Maginess was born on April 13, 1934 in Manhattan. Her family later
moved to White plains NY, where Nancy was raised. Her father, Albert Bristol Maginess
was a semi-professional football player who later became a trust and estate lawyer.
Nancy's mother was Agnes McKinnley who was very active in charity work. (Isaacson
587)

Nancy and her two brothers went to elementary school in White Plains, and then Nancy went on to high school at The Masters School in Dobbs Ferry. She graduated from Mt. Holyoke College in 1955, after she went back to Masters to teach for two years. After teaching at Masters, she went on to Berkeley to get her doctorate.

On March 30, 1973 Kissinger, at the age of fifty, and Nancy at the age of 39 were married at 4:00p.m. by Judge Francis Thomas. They went to Acapulco for their honeymoon. (Isaacson 591)

Secretary of State

In 1973, Nixon had to choose a new Secretary of State. His first two choices were Kenneth Rush, and John Connally. In the end, Nixon ended up choosing Kissinger.

On September 21, congress confirmed Kissinger as the new Sec. of State. The votes were 78 to 7. Those who did not support Kissinger, including Jessie Helms, said "We know enough about Kissinger to know that he is capable of deceiving both congress and the public."⁷ In spite of this, Kissinger was sworn in as the 54th secretary of state on

⁷Quoted from *Kissinger: A Biography*, page 505 para.3

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Henry Kissinger

September 22, 1973, on a King James version of the bible. He was the first non-
American to become Sec. Of state.

In August of 1947, President Nixon resigned. Kissinger was not connected with Watergate, but there were a few suspicions. President Ford decided to keep Kissinger as Sec. of State. Nixon gave the incoming staff this advice on Kissinger "Henry is a genius. But you don't have to except everything he recommends. He can be invaluable and he can be loyal, but you can't let him have a totally free hand." In 1976 Jimmy Carter became President. He chose a new secretary of state. (Isaacson 491)

Kissinger Today

Kissinger comfortably left the rush of Washington and relaxed in his home in
Connecticut and New York. He still lives there today, and consults different politicians
on different matters.

In 1982, Louis died at the age of 95. His mother, Paula still lives today.

13

13

In 1982, I was died at the age of 93. His mother, Pauline, still lives today.

Connecticut and New York. He still lives there today, and consults different politicians.
Kissinger comfortably left the state of Washington and relaxed in his home in
Kissinger Today

became President. He chose a new secretary of state (Jameson 491).
can be loyal, but you can't let him have a totally free hand." In 1976 Jimmy Carter
but you don't have to except everything he recommends. He can be invaluable and he
Sec. of State. Nixon gave the incoming staff this advice on Kissinger. Henry is a genuine
Watergate, but there were a few snopes. President Ford decided to keep Kissinger as
in August of 1974. President Nixon resigned. Kissinger was not connected with
American to become Sec. of State.

September 22, 1973, on a King James version of the bible. He was the first non-
Henry Kissinger

Henry Kissinger

# Henry Kissinger

## Vietnam

Until 1945, Vietnam was a French colony. In 1946 a man by the name of Ho Chi Minh led a movement for independence. This movement was influenced by Communism, which is why the French would not allow independence. But the Vietnamese at this point would not take no for an answer, and the fighting began.

In 1955, The Geneva Treaty was signed. The treaty split Vietnam in half. The north was under Communist control and the south called for democratic elections. Mr. Minh controlled the north and a man by the name of Diem controlled the south. Though Diem started out as a democratic leader, he slowly became an authoritarian leader. The Vietnamese were quite unhappy about this fact. Soon, the Communist north moved toward the south, creating a lot of infiltration.

From 1955 to the 1960's the Secretary of State before Kissinger, John Foster Dulles, encouraged America to support Diem and the democracy in south Vietnam. Complying to Dulles' suggestion, the US sent military advisors to Vietnam, because the situation was getting a little hot. The heat continued to rise as the American involvement grew more intense.

In 1963 Diem was assassinated. This was followed by an attack by the North Vietnamese on a US Warship in the Gulf of Tonkin in 1964. This attack was followed by another attack, by North Vietnamese attack on a American base called Pliku. All this conflict built up to a high level of tension. The Americans were now angry at the Vietnamese, who are still mad at the French and now the Americans for intervening.

[LC]

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Henry Kissinger

In 1976, the South Vietnamese surrendered. Their leader, Thieu, resigned and the North Vietnamese took over the capital city, Saigon and re-named it Ho Chi Minh City. Kissinger offered to give the Nobel Prize back, but the offer was declined.

Because the Vietnam situation was never legally classified as a war many condemned Kissinger's negotiations. I choose Kissinger's negotiations in the Vietnam war, to show that no hero is perfect. No one can assume that a human will not make any mistakes and we should be careful on how much we really think they are perfect.

16

Henry Kissinger

In 1968, Johnson decided not to run again and Nixon became president. Nixon
seeing the major conflict decided that America should stay involved for the time being.
The fighting continued, in Vietnam, until 1972, when Kissinger, who at this time was
Nixon's Foreign Advisor, negotiated a peace treaty in Paris. (Isaacson 175)

A month after the treaty Kissinger was sworn in as Secretary of State. He received the Nobel Peace Prize for his Paris negotiations. Yet the situation was very tender and it was not known how peaceful the Vietnamese really were. Many Americans felt that Kissinger and Le Duc Tho, the other man who was supposed to receive the prize with Kissinger, should not receive the prize, because of the unstable situation. One man on the Prize committee resigned and Le Duc Tho did not accept the prize because he felt that peace was far from accomplished. He turned out to be right. Kissinger sent the American Ambassador to accept the prize and donated the money to charity for the Vietnam soldiers.

After the Paris peace treaty, the US. began to pull out of Vietnam. Yet, as the US
was pulling out, the North Vietnamese attacked the northern part of South Vietnam,
ignoring the Peace treaty. However, they were unable to take the capitol, Saigon. The
United States decided that in order to help South Vietnam, it was going to bomb North
Vietnamese material camps. Some of these camps were thought to be in neighboring
countries, such as Cambodia and Laos. So, the US bombed those countries too. The
American people were very angry, especially since the bombing continued for about a
year and the Vietnamese situation was never declared as an official war by
congress. (Isaacson 180)

[CC]

15

Henry Kissinger

The Middle East

In 1967, Egypt invaded Israel. Israel quickly defeated Egypt in 6 days. After the short war, Russia decided to support Egypt and the US decided to support Israel. Both the US and Russia began sending arms and military and economic aid, during the period of 6-7 years.

While Kissinger was dealing with Vietnam, the Middle East was at an anti-climax point. Kissinger wrapped up in the Vietnam negotiations did not notice the signs of the growing tension between the Middle East and Israel. On October 26, 1973, the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur, Egypt and Syria attacked Israel. Israel quickly pleaded for help from the US who decided to become involved. Israel with help from the U.S. successfully beat Egypt and almost destroyed the entire Egyptian Army. This prompted Russia to intervene, since they did not want to see Egypt humiliated again.

During the late 1970's Russia and the US were 'eye to eye'. Kissinger declared that rather than war between the US, Russia, Israel and Egypt, he would try and negotiate a settlement so all countries would remain at peace with one another. After about a year, Kissinger succeeded. (Isaacson 541)

During these negotiations, Kissinger flew back and forth between Egypt, Israel and Europe gaining support. This flying from one country to another became known as the "Shuttle Diplomacy". (Isaacson 590)

Kissinger's role in the Middle East is another reason why he is my hero. He promoted peace and set up one of the most ingenious methods of negotiations- The

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# Henry Kissinger

## Kissinger the Hero

A hero can be defined in many ways. In this case it is best to say that a hero is defined as one who is highly admired. It is because of this that when I learned of this project I immediately thought of Kissinger. The accomplishments of this one man seemed to me particularly special. He is indeed a man whom I admire highly. He is my hero.

Henry Kissinger's background is that of a simple middle class family. They had their own aspirations and diligently went about accomplishing them, a trait very clearly marked in Kissinger. For example, Meyer was determined that his son Abraham be a Jew. Abraham became one of the more pious of the Kissinger family. He, in turn, wished all his children to become teachers. They all did. David also trained Louis to become a teacher. From his mother, Kissinger inherited a strong sense of right and wrong and the willingness to move across oceans to achieve goodness. Perhaps this genetic make-up, his escape from Nazi brutality, and his experiences in the Army, caused him to pursue a career in diplomacy.

Kissinger's childhood did not prepare him well for politics, yet his loathing of war and belief in peaceful co-existence is what truly made him a Heroic Secretary of State. From his background and during his life, Kissinger gained his sympathy, his compassion and his love for life, a trait which beyond anything else is truly what makes him such a fantastic person.

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[LC]

Henry Kissinger

Henry Alfred Kissinger should always be remembered. To me he is on of the greatest foreign politicians ever to live. To others, he may be the worst. Yet, it is essential that we not forget that Kissinger, from nothing carved his own path out of his own dreams and ended up on top. Whether his accomplishments are great or awful, the achievements this one man made should forever be commended. Simply, Kissinger's background intrigues me, his education astonishes me and his life in politics is something I can hope to strive for. He seems to have a special air about him, the quiet yet perfect gentleman. He is the perfect hero.

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Henry Kissinger

BIBLIOGRAPHY

*Current Biographies, 1972*, Published by H.W. Wilson Co. N.Y. N.Y.c.

*Current Biographies, 1958*, Published by H.W. Wilson Co. N.Y. N.Y.c.

*Isaacson, Walter* - *Kissinger: A Biography*, Published by Simon & Schuster, 1992, N.Y. N.Y.c.

*I.M. Restler, Leslie H. Gelb and Anthony Lake* - *Our own worst enemy*,
*The unmaking of Foreign Policy*, Published by Simon & Schuster inc., 1984,
N.Y. N.Y.c.

*Archer, Jeffrey* - *A Twist in the Tale*, Published by Harper Paperbacks,
1989 N.Y. N.Y.c.

*Schulzinger, Robert D.* - *Henry Kissinger, Doctor of Diplomacy*, Published by Columbia University Press, 1989, N.Y. N.Y.c.

*Encyclopedia Britanica Vol.12*, Published by Encyclopedia Britanica Inc.
1987.

*Encyclopedia Americana Vol.15*, Published by Grolier Inc. 1987.

*The New York Times*, November 1st, 1963.

*The New York Times*, April 5, 1974.

*Fallacci, Oriana* - *Interview with History*, Published by Houghton Mifflin Company, 1977 Boston.

*Kissinger, Henry* - *Diplomacy*, Published by Simon & Schuster, 1994 N.Y.
N.Y.c.

*American Map Corporation* - *Scholastic World Atlas*, 1993

*Kissinger, Henry* - White House Years, Published by Little, Brown + Co.,
1979, Boston and Toronto

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1929 Boston and Toronto

Kissinger, Henry - White House Years, Published by Little, Brown & Co., American Map Corporation - Scholastic World Atlas, 1963

N.Y.C.

Kissinger, Henry - Diplomacy, Published by Simon & Schuster, 1964 N.Y. Company, 1977 Boston

Palluck, Orona - Interview with History, Published by Houghton Mifflin

The New York Times, November 1st 1962

Encyclopaedia Americana Vol. 12, Published by Grolstet Inc. 1987

1927

Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. 12, Published by Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. by Columbia University Press, 1989, N.Y. N.Y.

Schulzinger, Robert D. - Henry Kissinger, Doctor of Diplomacy, Published 1989 N.Y. N.Y.

Archer, Jeffery - A Twist in the Tale, Published by Harper Paperbacks N.Y. N.Y.

N.Y. N.Y.

The making of Foreign Policy, Published by Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1984

V.M. Reuter, Vladimir Gorb and Anthony Lake - Our own worst enemy

Schuster, 1985 N.Y. N.Y.

Teitelbaum, Walter - Kissinger: A Biography, Published by Simon &

Current Biographies, 1958, Published by H.W. Wilson Co. N.Y. N.Y.

Current Biographies, 1975, Published by H.W. Wilson Co. N.Y. N.Y.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Henry Kissinger

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