28 July 1944.

EDUCATION AND RE-ORIENTATION OF GERMAN PRISONERS OF WAR

Recommendations based on survey made at POW camps Crossville, Como, McCain, Clinton and Mexia, between July 13-23, 1944.

A. GENERAL:

Besides other known and generally agreed-upon reasons which speak for the re-orientation of German POW's, it must be realized:

1. That the tremendous crisis which lies ahead of Germany will make itself strongly felt in POW camps.

2. That the behavior of the great majority of the prisoners could not be classified as "good" or "bad", and that it will definitely be influenced by outside quantities which must be strong, truthful and promising in the meantime.

3. That we must realize that many sturdy Axis within the barbed wire will be among the first to change their stripes, and that definite, unfailing steps must be taken now in order to nail them down and to make their guilt known before the final stage of the crisis sets in.

4. That the presence of German POW's in the United States provides us with one of the best opportunities to help destroy National-Socialism with German hands through a proper and always controlled re-orientation program as prepared by the Special Project Branch, POW Division, with the cooperation of other agencies.

5. That the character of such a program must be clearly recognized as an important part of Psychological Warfare with the stress on educational and recreational means, and that, therefore, all recommendations which might be made by the Special Projects Branch in connection with administrative matters,

It be carefully considered.

6. That despite the adopted rule "work for prisoners comes first", a properly conducted re-orientation program will not interfere with work projects, but might in time, and in view of opinion expressed in Paragraphs 1 and 2, increase work capacity, i.e. bolster morale and discipline in our sense and in the interest of our aims instead of in the interest of Nazi party groups within the camps.

## B. HOW TO ASSIST CAMP COMMANDERS:

1. In all POW camps, the entire staff should be informed concerning the need for an effective re-orientation program. It is suggested that all commanding officers deliver one lecture covering the whole subject in one (1) hour, including the interpretation of new directives.

2. Each camp selects one (1) officer who advises the commanding officer on all matters concerning the program. If possible, this officer should be a college graduate and able to understand German. He should have experience in handling prisoners, and should be familiar with the educational system, movie industry and respective literature of the United States.

3. Each Service Command, in succession and according to dates provided by the War Department, will delegate those officers selected under B., Paragraph 2, to attend a ten (10) day school organized by the Service Command and supervised by personnel representing the War Department. One (1) representative of selected Universities or colleges within the area of the Service Command should be invited to attend those sessions which discuss the cooperation with educational institutions. Each conference should be administered by the Service Command, Chief of Staff, Security Division.

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## PRELIMINARY ADMINISTRATIVE STEPS:

1. It must be realized that every camp contains such POW's who have been sufficiently trained to recognize attempts of re-orientation. They will denounce any program as propaganda, no matter how carefully prepared the program may be. Such POW's must be screened and retained at places where their political influence can do no harm. In recent directives published by the Nazi Underground Press at Camp Mexia, Texas, it says:

> "The enemy aims at the disintegration of our national socialist Weltanschauung because it is the backbone of the POW, and gives him the necessary faith in the power and future of our people. The enemy wants to weaken all POW's. His main methods are open and hidden propaganda. With the help of the free press and Jewish literature of the United States, the American tries to show off his ideals of freedom in order to Americanize the POW's. The first step to get there is the national segregation. In this connection we think, first of all, of the attempts to separate the best part of our Volk, the Ostmærker (Austrians) from the rest of us. It is a pity that the enemy succeeded in some cases — thanks to the disunity which ruled in some camps. *** The enemy also tries to reach the people in Germany through the POW: 130,000 of us write to about 3,500,000 addresses in Germany, and the enemy wants that those tell other millions about the abundance of American life, and so forth. Here we have the reason why the enemy fills our canteens with all kinds of stuff, some of which is rationed for the American people, and that, too, is the reason why we are fed so well in the mess hall....."

2. POW's who are especially alert and especially trained for the job of political commissars in camps, are in most cases not the spokesmen. But they are in a position to control, advise and even blackmail the spokesmen (seniors), no matter what their rank may be. The presence of political commissars will make a successful conduct of re-orientation programs impossible. They must be removed. No matter how often a camp has been screened, the following types belong in this category, regardless of rank:

a. All Party members with membership number below 5,000.

b. All Hitler Youth members with membership number below 25,000.

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c. All POW who were assigned to educational (political indoctrination) jobs within the German Army.

d. All members or former members of the SS.

e. All wearers of the Golden Party Medal.

f. All wearers of the Golden Hitler Youth Medal.

g. All wearers of the Blood Order Medal.

h. All POW who were employed by Party institutions at one time or another (including newspapers, radio, etc.).

3. POW educational directors should again be investigated as far as possible. Membership in the National Socialist Teachers Association was obligatory and does not necessarily indicate degree of Nazi indoctrination. A careful check on type of school attended, professors, family, interest in educational work, etc., will usually bring the necessary results. Educational directors who are non-cooperative can be extremely harmful. Their selection is a tough job which has to be carried out carefully in order to assure the conduct of a successful program.

4. Each program should be adapted to age groups rather than nationalities. The amount of Nazi indoctrination of German and Austrian members of the Hitler Youth will show little difference, but there is a definite difference between youngsters and older men who even slightly remember political life of a different system. It is therefore highly recommended to adapt re-orientation programs to:

a. Age and maturity.

b. Years spent under Nazi system.

It is also believed that such a breakdown could not possibly do any harm to existing work programs, but might even, in the long run, increase working capacity of each group and individual.

5. The term "Anti-Nazi" adopted to classify certain POW's is in most cases misleading. It is suggested to use the term "Non-Nazi" because only a few

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7. If a greater number of POW's, Officers and Enlisted Men alike of the caliber of Springe and Freze, could be in some way made available to the Special Project Branch, they would be of great value. It is suggested to keep such POW's in Ft. Meade, Maryland, and within a separate compound under direct supervision of the POW Division. Ft. Meade could become an experimental station, absorb cooperative POW's with sufficient educational background (Springe and Frezer are now in the Guard House for their own "protection") and if possible, utilize them to support re-orientation programs in various camps from time to time. It is not suggested that they assume a special or privileged trustee position. Observer found single cases such as Frezer's and Springe in every camp visited. (See also statement by 20 POW's at Camp Ruston, La. In file.)

## E. BASIS OF PROGRAM:

1. The program itself should in all cases be organized in such a way as to indicate its voluntary character on the part of the POW's. It should always be stressed that the United States is not interested to support a Nazi Party school within the camps, but that attempts to organize courses within the directives issued by the German High Command and for educational and vocational purposes only will be supported. The four main levels as outlined by the German Army are:

a. University.

b. High School.

c. Wehrmachtsfachschule (mostly for active NCO's).

d. Berufsschule for EM (general, vocational).

The statement that we are not interested in hindering the natural intellectual development of each POW, that we are not interested in widespread "Lagerkollers" (barbed wire psychosis) but that we are willing to help build the bridge from

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THE MEDIUM:

1. The most important job is the selection and final approval of correct materials. It is recommended to discourage direct dealings between POW's and third and fourth rate houses such as Stechert, Westermann, Barnes & Nobles, etc. Catalogues from these sources (available at camps) do not always contain sound material, do not indicate amount on hand, and are far too expensive. The danger exists that some firms will try to "butt in" and make a racket of it. Lists of all material available should be centralized and distributed by the Special Project Branch. This includes not only books but also films, music, plays, recordings, etc. It is recommended that:

a. A survey be made of all books available in German and English.

b. A list be prepared and made available to each POW camp.

c. One central agency be appointed by the War Department (Infantry Journal, if possible) to facilitate the collection of orders and shipment direct without any interference with censorship.

d. Responsible and sound publishers be informed about urgent needs to enable us to incorporate their expert opinion on this matter (Holt, Farrar & Rinehart, both publishers of textbooks in German for high schools in the United States.).

2. In the camps visited, films shown to POW's are not up to standard and are not selected according to plan. POW's are interested in cultural films, travelogues, and good historical pictures which contain human interest stories. They will ask for it if shown sufficient sources. There is no need to show them America as it exists only in the eyes of the cheapest part of our film industry. In some camps planlessly selected films have been utilized by the local Nazi commissars for anti-American propaganda; German description of the films are being prepared and read to the audience. Here is a typical example:

"The main picture, 'DuBarry Was A Lady', supersedes everything up to this date, because of its unmeaning and its bad taste, which is a hard test of the nerves of the German audience. With a final song to the friendship, the curtain of this intended American culture falls.

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"This creation which has been advertised as 'top picture' was a 'box-office hit' of the 1943 season, which permits a conclusion of the mental standard of the American public."

"Those gentlemen who have had enough after seeing the main picture will be given an opportunity to go home. People with strong nerves will see the movie short: "Rationed Rhythm". It shows what nice music is being produced here in the USA, including a few blows about rationing. The assertion of the short that even the strongest rationing cannot kill the swing, we do believe. The acting of the main picture, 'Happy-Go-Lucky' moves in trampled out pathways. The performance has enough shallowness and mental dullness. Also the other actors produce quite a lot of ordinary acting. It seems to be the best to act most unmannerly and most insulting on the state."

"If you should become inpatient during the picture 'Seven Sweethearts', then do like Billie did: Just pull the lobe of your ear a little, which will specify your nerves!"

(Camp Mexia, July, 1944)

We must be sure to realize that Nazi fanatics will try to make propaganda out of everything, but they will have a tougher job if we don't play directly into their hands. The average POW will be in a position to see the difference between silly cowboy pictures and first rate films which show the true American life. As one POW put it during a conversation:

"Before the war in Germany we were able to see excellent American films. Over here our estimation of America had to be turned back some 15 years because the pictures we see in camp speak of a sad state of affairs."

It is recommended that:

a. All available films, commercial and otherwise, which provide good re-orientation material should be pooled and made available to the Special Project Branch. ("Mr. Smith Goes to Washington", "The River", "The Declaration of Independence", "America Can Give It", "TVA", "Home Place", "The Land", etc. and if possible, the "Why We Fight" series or part of it). This should include pre-Nazi German films.

c. A circuit be established in connection with "GI Movies" and based on our own experience.

d. The time element be considered in order to achieve 100% attendance in each compound.

e. Measures be taken that showings in side camps are guaranteed.

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3. Most POW groups are willing to purchase their own projection machine. Assistance should be given in all instances to assure the purchase of projection machines in good condition locally, and if possible, to assure priority. Without projection machines, re-orientation programs, especially in side camps, will be a failure.

# I. CONDITIONING OF AMERICAN PERSONNEL DEALING WITH POW'S:

1. German POW are trained to discover "speak" points of each individual. After listening to talk about the "niggers" for several weeks, we can be sure that the POW will come back with his theory on the racial question, and point out, that all white men have the same idea on the subject. There exist several directives published underground in POW camps showing ways and means of how to argue with the "enemy". It is therefore of utmost importance to conduct the regular Orientation program within the provisions of War Department directives and under consideration of special POW camp problems. It is suggested that the Special Project Branch in connection with the Orientation Branch, Morale Services Division, furnish the following special material (in kits) to all POW camps:

## (Material on hand)

a. Selected Fact Sheets (Orientation Branch) about "Our Enemy Germany" with special introduction for American POW camp personnel.

b. Series of pamphlets prepared by the American Historical Association for the Education Branch, MSD, i.e., "What Shall Be Done About Germany After the War:": "Can We Prevent Future Wars?"

c. Series of "Army Talks" published in ETO about the German enemy. Reprints through Orientation Branch.

d. Recordings from the MSD containing dramatized Nazi history, i.e., "Germany Speaks."

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WDGAP 383.6

022 May 1944

MEMORANDUM FOR THE COMMANDING GENERAL, ARMY SERVICE FORCES:

Subject: Reorientation of German Prisoners of War.

1. The Secretary of War has approved in principle the establishment of a program of reorientation of German prisoners of war. Specific proposals for such a program, for submission to the Secretary of War, are being considered by the Interdepartmental Board on Prisoners of War, consisting of representatives of the State, War and Navy Department.

2. The program will be under the jurisdiction and control of the War Department. The Provost Marshal General will be charged with the responsibility of carrying out this program.

3. The program will have as its basic objective, the creation and fostering of a spontaneous reaction on the part of the German prisoners toward activities and contacts which will encourage an attitude of respect on their part for American institutions. It is considered that any approach which leads the prisoner to suspect an attempt to propagandize them will render impossible the achievement of the mission.

4. To some extent the basis for such a program already exists within PW camps in the form of movies; camp libraries for prisoners containing both German and English texts; athletic activities; educational courses; camp newspapers; theater and art projects, etc. It is considered that the existing basis can be enlarged, diversified and integrated into a single organized program for the achievement of the described mission.

5. It is desired that a highly capable officer, with sufficient background and experience to organize and direct such a program, be recommended for this purpose. His first task will be to conduct a field and War Department survey of the problem and to present recommendations to the Interdepartmental Board as to a detailed course of action to initiate the program; the number and types of personnel necessary; their training, indoctrination, assignment and supervision; and available aids and facilities within and without the War Department.

6. There is to be no publicity given this program.

M. G. WHITE,
Major General,
Assistant Chief of Staff.

WAS 3-1444

MORALE SERVICES DIVISION
ARMY SERVICE FORCES

FROM EXECUTIVE BRANCH

DATE 24 May 44

**TO**
Director
Deputy Director
Assistant Director
Executive Officer
Administrative Officer
Intelligence Officer
Publications Officer
Security Officer
Technical Information Officer
Analysis and Planning Branch
Army Education Branch
Army Information Branch
Army Orientation Branch
Executive Branch
Field Service Branch
Operations and Training Branch
Research Branch
Special Projects Branch
Civilian Personnel Section
Mail and Files Section
Military Personnel Section
Reference and Records Section
Supply and Service Section

**FOR**
Appropriate Action
As requested
Circulation
Compliance
Concurrence or Comment
Coordinate with Necessary Branches
Direct Reply
Discuss with me
File
Follow up
Historical Records
Information on which to base reply
Note and return
Preparation of reply
Remark and Recommendation
Signature
Your consideration
Your information

Attention of:

(Informal reply in available space and on reverse side, turning bottom edge up)

ARMY SERVICE FORCES
OFFICE OF THE COMMANDING GENERAL
WASHINGTON 25. D. C.

CONFIDENTIAL

SPEX

24 May 1944

MEMORANDUM FOR THE DIRECTOR, MORALE SERVICES DIVISION:

Subject: Assignment of Officer for duty with the Provost Marshal General in connection with Orientation activities of Prisoners of War.

1. The Director, Morale Services Division, has recommended that Major Edward Davison, A.U.S. be selected for this assignment. This selection is approved.

2. The Director of Personnel, Army Service Forces, will issue the necessary orders.

3. The Director, Morale Services Division is requested to have Major Edward Davison report to the Assistant Chief of Staff; G-1 at his convenience on May 25th for discussion of some of the problems involved.

Copies to:

Deputy Chief of Staff, Service Commands

Provost Marshal General (Attention General Bryan)

Director of Personnel, ASF

Assistant Chief of Staff, G-1

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

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programs. A few U.S. foreign language (German) newspapers have been imported, but, after censoring, did not arouse much interest. The news, from day to day, very strongly affects the moods and opinions of the prisoners. There is a noticeable decline in their self-assurance when the news is bad.

There is very little religious interest in the camps. 35% of the Germans are Lutherans and there are a few prisoner chaplains of that sect, mainly ex-missionaries; but they have little influence on camp life. Prisoners will not listen to U.S. chaplains and clergy. A Catholic prisoner chaplain was invited (and permitted) to visit another camp than his own, where there was no chaplain, but only 25 men attended Mass. The Director believes that he was invited as a means of procuring news of camp life elsewhere. The chaplain was instructed to confine his activities exclusively to ceremonial matters. This same chaplain was also permitted to spend Holy Week at an ecclesiastical institution where he was accompanied by a Canadian priest. The chaplains have nothing specially to do with educational activities.

**Educational Activities.** There is no suspicion of or hostility towards education activities. These are entirely within the control of the prisoners who have set up numerous courses in a very large number of subjects with volunteer prisoner instructors, many of whom are University graduates, though not teachers. A YMCA representative visits the camps in rotation (about one visit each month). His functions are

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to discuss the needs of the program, expedite and obtain
supplies of necessary materials for recreation as well as
education, especially books, textbooks, and other materials;
to help improve the prisoners' organization, act as liaison
with other camp programs, help smooth out difficulties with
the Camp Commandants. These representatives appear to know
little or nothing of what goes on in the actual courses.
Nor is Army personnel any better informed, excepting (to a
small extent) the censor-interpreter at each camp. He is the
man in the key position who, under any scheme of indoctrina-
tion (which the Canadians don't have), could be the most
effective instrument available under their system. About
50% of the prisoners can speak English well enough for
general purposes. There were few men of the "student class"
among the first prisoners. More recently about 20% of pris-
oners (some 2000) are of that "student class". Hence the
European Student Relief Fund organization is taking a most
active part in collaboration with the YMCA to aid the pris-
oners of this class. Each of the large camps has six speci-
huts (24 by 120 feet) set aside as classrooms. These are
in addition to the big auditoriums already mentioned which
are used for general social and recreational purposes.

**Matriculation Courses.** The camps contain considerable
numbers of officers and men who have not yet finished Gym-
nasium and who wish to take the necessary courses (and receive
credit after the war by arrangement with their Government)

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that will enable them to attend Universities when they are
freed. Textbooks are particularly required for these courses,
but are not available in anything like the numbers required.
This is true of textbooks for courses at all levels. At the
Bowmanville officers' camp an attempt is being made to
mimeograph these textbooks for circulation throughout all
camps. The prisoners (if they can get enough paper) would
be glad to furnish copies for use in U.S. prison camps where
textbooks are unavailable.

**Correspondence Courses.** Some prisoners are already taking correspondence courses through the Extra-Mural organization of the University of Saskatchewan which does not appear to be very well equipped (from an American point of view) to do the work. Prisoner students may not take more than two of these courses at a time. They pay $2.00 fee for each course. The prisoners would much prefer to be able to do this work through some University (preferably American) of higher standing. (It would be well to find out what, if anything, is being done in this regard for American prisoners of war in Germany).

**Books.** The libraries supplied by the YMCA are very sketchy. Prisoners wish there were more German books. Much of the English and American material in the library is second rate, and some is rubbish. Requests from individual prisoners for the temporary loan of particular books have been received by the YMCA in large numbers. Many of the authors and titles

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asked for are revealing, e.g. Zola. Dorian Grey. Bury's
Ancient Greece. Cervantes. Saroyan. Dos Passos. James Joyce.
Trevelyan's History of England. Microbe Hunters. Gunther's
books. The Married Woman. Mahan's Sea Power. Nietzsche.
Aldous Huxley (Ends and Means). Ludwig's Stalin. Freud.
Note that some are books proscribed by the Nazis. Book
exchanges (especially with University libraries) are very
badly needed, especially for the provision of law books,
scientific and medical books, etc. The current scope of
such exchanges is most inadequate from the prisoners' point
of view.

Red Cross and International YMCA books are not censored, but
all private loans of books requested by prisoners are carefully
censored. Some propagandist material in the German textbooks
has also been censored.

The Literary Digest, Fortune, and some other magazines have
been taken out of the camps. Colliers, Liberty, etc. remain.
The prisoners complain of this.

**Special Lectures.** Officer prisoners at Camp Bowmanville had asked for lectures on American Government and History and arrangements were made for a Professor of History from the University of Toronto to deliver a series of six lectures (with question periods following each) which have been attended voluntarily by all prisoners in camp. The General himself introduced the professor to the audience. The lecturer had his training at the University of Chicago and,

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from all accounts, gave an excellent and interesting series which was carefully followed by the prisoners. These lectures, and another series by another Toronto professor (on the English Novel) are the nearest approach that has existed to anything in the nature of indoctrination. The history professor deliberately slanted his talks very cleverly with that purpose in view. This, of course, was his own idea; but the Canadian officers realized what he was doing and liked it. Similar influences were at work in the lectures on the novel.

Movies. 16mm films with sound track are used, but often have to be brought into the camp for the occasion. Films that are shewn to the guard are shewn also to the prisoners, and vice versa. There seems to have been no principle governing the choice of films. Prisoners ask for particular commercial movies, and sometimes get what they have asked for. In general, the camps show two movies each week supplemented by short documentaries, nature films, and films about civil life and affairs, and geography (travel?). Pre-Hitlerian German movies are censored before exhibition. But few of them are available. Prisoners say that the U.S. government confiscated all such films on the outbreak of war and wish they could be released to Canada. There is no censorship of Hollywood movies. The prisoners complained (these were the officers) that most of the movies they are allowed to see are very inferior. No "ideological" films have been shewn. Prisoners (officers) were asking for French movies and educational films.

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**Textbooks.** The chief cause of discontent is the lack of textbooks in German (or indeed in any language). Sources of supply are distant - German Red Cross through Switzerland and Sweden - supplies themselves seem to be short. Courses are held up and progress slowed. In conversation the prisoners reverted to this matter again and again. Until the past few weeks, when paper supplies were rationed by the Canadian Bureau of Prisoners of War to two scratchbooks a month, officer prisoners had mimeographed copies of German textbooks for class use and had even sold some copies to other camps. They are at present denied paper enough to continue this activity and are indignant and resentful about it.

**Music.** There is a great deal of interest. Prisoners ask for more and more records. They are making records of their own (instrumental and limited vocal music) to send back to Germany.

**Long term plans.** There seems to be no definite long term plan. An enquiry was answered by the Director - "There are definite plans for the educational rehabilitation of Canadian soldiers after the war and the staff that orients them will be capable of taking care of prisoner re-education."

**Plays.** There is a lot of theatrical activity. Some scenes from Shaw's St. Joan were recently staged at Bowmanville. Certain passages, aimed at the English by GBS, were uproariously received.

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Nobody has any really first hand knowledge of what goes on in the prisoner instructed courses. A belief was expressed that they contain a certain amount of continuing Nazi propaganda, particularly racial doctrine. Most of the courses have the very definite aim of post-war academic credit. The German Government has ordered the prisoners to make good use of their time, and up to 50% of them are registered for one or more courses.

The YMCA in the Canadian camps thought that, if supplies were coming in regularly and sufficiently, there would be a good case for attaching a permanent representative to each camp. As things are there would not be enough work for him to do. Such a representative would look after supplies, advise the educational groups, etc.

**Summary of Impressions.** The Canadians do not appear to take much interest in indoctrination possibilities. Certainly they have no plan, and no machinery to operate a plan if they had one. Except for the two informal lecture courses given at the Bowmanville officers' camp by the two Toronto University professors, nothing indoctrinal is being done: and even that is the result of a fortunate accident, not of a set purpose. That the course in American History and Government should have been so successful is due to the character and interest and skill of the man who happened to be invited to give the course. His experience is full of valuable suggestions for

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us and points a way that might well be followed in our camps. None of the Canadian officers at the Prisoners of War Bureau appeared to have much interest in political ideas, as such. The thought of influencing the prisoners, either directly or indirectly, did not appear to be in anyone's mind. Books in the camps seem to have been provided in a casual, if not haphazard manner. The YMCA places a basic library in each camp. I could not see that any special purpose, other than the provision of material for recreational time, governed the choice of books. A few books had been destroyed by the prisoners - mainly YMCA books of an "improving" character, which anyone might wish to destroy. But the special requests for books of a kind more or less *verboten* by the Axis reveal a wide interest which is not being seeded and cultivated in Canada. Moreover, none of these books had been harmed. They included the Life of Stalin, Freud, Marx, Thomas Mann, some histories of England and the U.S. and others listed on page 3. All advisers are agreed that movies are the best channel for indoctrination. But Canada has made no particular use of that channel. Prisoners have chosen the movies they wanted and these, when possible (which isn't often) have been obtained. The same applies to books. It would be preferable and probably much more effective to give prisoners a list of available movies and books from which to choose, thus exercising some degree of control by suggestion. The military authorities in Canada have no one (I would guess) on their personnel in the Prisoners of War Bureau who knows enough about literature or movies to influence matters. The YMCA representatives

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are not in frequent enough touch with the prisoners to bring much influence to bear. At every point the desirability appears of having some permanent member on the personnel of each camp in a position to win the confidence of the prisoners, and apparently able to influence the Camp Commandant to do things for the prisoners that they themselves and the YMCA people are unable to bring him to do.

The censor-interpreters are, of course, in a relation of restraint to the prisoners. Nevertheless, the censor at Bowmanville appeared to know more about the prisoners and to have more pull over them than anyone else in the Camp. An interpreter who was not also a censor could be exceedingly useful. We should think carefully before uniting these two functions in a single person.

The European Student Relief Fund (which seems to be closely related to the Christian Student Movement) has not yet appeared in the prisoner picture on this side of the Border. In Canada it is exceedingly active and probably more purposeful than the International YMCA under whose shelter it is working in the camps. Dr. Jerome Davis (formerly of Yale, and ex-President - dispensed with - of the Federation of American Teachers, which is the Teachers' Union affiliated with the A.F.L., although it contains strong C.I.O. elements) is in charge of the Student Relief work with offices in Toronto. He is assisted by Mr. Dale Brown, who is partly of Quaker origins, and comes from Kansas Wesleyan College. Both men

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are U.S. citizens. Their link with the international set-up
is through Mr. Robert Macky, a Scot recently back from the
central offices in Geneva. These people are frankly and
specially interested in prisoners of the student class of whom
there are at least 2000 in the Canadian camps at present.
The YMCA is more concerned with the prisoners as a whole.
The European Student Relief organization has been very active
for many years past. I believe that its outlook was definitely
pacifist and international and that there was a modicum of
left-wing ideology in all its policies. But this is a mere
impression that should be confirmed. Possibly, as the number
of prisoners increases in the U.S. these same people will
extend their activities South of the Canadian border. They
are interested in education, as such, in a totally different
manner from the YMCA.