( 302 )

Participles in имый, are formed from verbs of the second conjugation, i.e. from the ninth and tenth classes :

Люблю, I love; любимый, loved.

Вижу, I see; видимый, seen.

Passive participles are declined like adjectives, and agree with their antecedent in gender, number, and case:

Letters received by us always contain pleasant news.

We have already answered the letters received by us from our parents.

Письма, получаемая намп всегда передать въ себѣ пріятныя изъóstія.

Мы ужé отвѣтлии на письма, получанныя намп отъ наших родителей.

The past passive participle denotes an accomplished action, and is formed from the past tense by changing лъ, into ный, тый (indeclinable нъ, тъ):

Читали, I have read; читанный, read, which has been read.

Я тёръ, I rubbed; тёртыи, rubbed.

### OBS. 2.—Participles in тый, тъ, are formed from verbs of the third, sixth and eighth classes, and from some monosyllabic verbs of the first class :

Колюль, I pricked; колотый, pricked.

Жалъ, I squeezed; жатый, squeezed.

Тяпулъ, I drew; тянутый, drawn.

Мыль, I washed; мятый, washed.

Биль, to beat; бутый, beaten.

### OBS. 3.—In forming the past participle from dissyllabic and polysyllabic verbs the tonic accent must be replaced, as :

Читали, I read; читанъ, read.

Писалъ, I wrote; писанъ, written.

Тяпулъ, I drew; тянутъ, drawn.

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In forming the past participle from the infinitive the following rules are to be observed:

Participles in тый, ть, are formed from verbs having for their final letter of the root either one of the liquids л, п, р, or the vowels я, и, ё, у, ы:

<table><tr><td>Кол-óть, to prick;</td><td>past partic. кóло-тъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Прип-ятъ, to receive;</td><td>приня-тъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Би-тъ, to beat;</td><td>би-тъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Мы-тъ, to wash;</td><td>мы-тъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Пѣ-тъ, to sing;</td><td>пѣ-тъ.</td></tr></table>

And also from all verbs ending in путь:

<table><tr><td>Гнуть, to bend;</td><td>past partic. гнуть.</td></tr><tr><td>Двигнуть, to move;</td><td>Двигуть.</td></tr></table>

All other verbs form their past participle in пый, нь:

<table><tr><td>Звать, to call;</td><td>past partic. звань.</td></tr><tr><td>Свять, to sow;</td><td>святъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Везти, to carry;</td><td>взянъ.</td></tr></table>

Some few verbs of the first and eighth classes have a double termination in the past participle, i.e. ть and нь, the latter not being used in ordinary conversation:

<table><tr><td>Бить, to beat;</td><td>past partic. бить and биепь.</td></tr><tr><td>Дуть, to blow;</td><td>Дуть, to blow;</td></tr></table>

Past participles in нь, when changed into the declinable form take an additional н, before the termination, as:

<table><tr><td>Читать, read;</td><td>decl. form. читанный.</td></tr><tr><td>Святъ, sown;</td><td>святый.</td></tr><tr><td>Сказать, told;</td><td>сказанный.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 4.—Verbs of the seventh and eighth classes follow the above rule in compound verbs only, as:

Веденъ, lead; веденный—приведенный.

( 306 )

Who gave you this figure of a dog cast in (изъ) bronze.
This figure of a dog cast in bronze was given to me by
a rich foreigner.—By whom was it sold to him ?—I do not
know.—Did they bring (при證明) already the horses bought
yesterday at the horse-mart ?—The horses of which you
speak are not yet brought, but the horse bought of the rich
peasant is already brought.—What books did they buy?
They bought a few books ornamented with drawings.—Is
the drink prepared from rye sweet ?—No, it is sour, but it
is a very wholesome drink.—When did you receive the let-
ters sent by me yesterday ?—I received them to-day early
in the morning.—Have you seen Alexander's column?
Yes, I have, on the top of this column, erected in honour of
the Emperor Alexander the First, stands an angel cast in
bronze.—Are you acquainted with the foreigners invited by
me to dinner ?—I do not know the foreigners invited by
you.—Where were the stolen goods found ?—They were
found in the locksmith's house.—Where were these books
printed ?—At B. D's., at St. Petersburg.—By whom are
the diligently learning children loved and rewarded ?—The
children learning diligently are loved and rewarded by the
kind master.—Was this lady-pupil rewarded last year?
Yes, she was rewarded for good behaviour.—What did they
reward her with ?—They rewarded her with a book.

## EXERCISE LXXXIV.

Have the letters been received by them ?—They were
received long ago.—By whom were they sent ?—They were
sent by my nephew.—Were the letters printed or written?
They were written by the clerk of my nephew, who sent
them.—By whom were you received ?—We were received

( 307 )

by the amiable hostess.—Did they give each of these soldiers
some money?—Some money was given to all the soldiers.
By whom was the money given?—By the brave colonel.
Will your brother return from the country soon?—He will
be back to-morrow.—He who writes (will write) an exercise
without any fault shall be rewarded.—Have you ever seen
the emperor?—We never saw him.—What were you doing
the whole morning?—I was reading the whole morning.
Are the panes of the window in your room unbroken?
Only one pane is broken, all the others are perfect.—When
will your family return from abroad?—They (it) will be
back in a fortnight.—By whom is this likeness drawn?
It is drawn by a celebrated painter.—What was broken?
The tumbler and the wine-glass were broken.—Was there
anything else broken?—There was nothing else broken.
Which fortresses were built by our kind king?—No fortress
as yet has been built by him.—Are brick houses as warm
as wooden ones?—Houses built of wood are much warmer
than those built of brick.—Was the bride dressed well?
She was in a dress made of white satin, all her lady-com-
panions (friends) were also beautifully dressed.—What a tall
man that is!—Yes, he is very tall.—Which of these two
sisters do you think the prettier?—She who is more like
her mother, the elder.

FORTY-SECOND LESSON.—Сóрокъ второй Урóкъ.

OF THE GERUND.—О дѣепричáстiп.

Besides the participles, or verbal adjectives, there are also
the gerunds, or verbal adverbs, formed from verbs. These

( 308 )

express the circumstances accompanying the action, and for
this reason are classed among the adverbs:

When did you meet him ?

I met him going to the garden.

How was he reading ? (in what position.)

He was reading sitting.

Were you also reading sitting ?

No, I was reading at one time standing and at another lying down.

Когда вы встрѣтили его?

И дучи въ садъ, я встрѣтилъ его.

Какъ (въ какомъ положеніи) читалъ
онъ?

Онъ читалъ сидя.

Читали ли вы тобѣ сидя?

Нѣтъ, я читалъ то стоя, то лежа.

Gerunds, like participles, are active or passive, and generally combine the meaning of the action expressed by the verb and that of the conjunction: когда, 'when;'-, покá, 'while;'-, мěлду тěмъ какъ, 'whilst;'-, пósлѣ того какъ, 'after,' and such like; thus, the verb спѣлъ, 'I was sitting,' in the following phrases,

Я читалъ когда спѣлъ.

Я говорилъ въ то врѣмя какъ стоялъ.

Whilst I was seated I was reading.

I spoke at the time I was standing.

may be just as well rendered by the gerund сидя, 'sitting,'
as :

Сидя, я читалъ.

Стоя, я говорилъ.

I was reading sitting.

I spoke standing.

A. Active gerunds have no gender or number, but only inflexions to mark the present or past tense.

The present gerund expresses an action that is commenced and still continues, and is formed from the third person plural of the present indicative by changing the termination into я or учи (учи), as:

Дѣлаютъ, they do; дѣлая, дѣлаючи, doing (whilst they do).

Говоритъ, they say; говоря, saying (when they say).

( 309 )

Gerunds in я are formed by changing the termination
ють, ять into я, as:

ЧПТÁЮТЪ, they are reading; ЧНТÁЯ, reading (when they read).

Любятъ, they love; любй, loving (when they love).

ОBS. 1.—The termination я, when preceded by ж, ч, ш
or ш, is changed into a, as:

Держатъ, they hold; держ-á, holding.

Плáчутъ, they cry; плáч-а, crying.

Спѣшátъ, they hurry; спѣш-á, hurrying.

The terminations ючп, учп, of gerunds are derived from
ють, утъ by changing ТЪ into чи, as:

Дѣлаютъ, they do; Дѣлаючп, doing.

Пншутъ, they write; пншучп, writing.

ОBS. 2.—The gerunds of verbs ending in нуть want the
termination я, and have only the form in учп, as:

Забить, to feel cold; забónучп, feeling cold.

Сóхнуть, to be drying; cóхнучп, drying.

Топýть, to sink; тónучп, sinking.

Тяпýть, to draw; тónучп, drawing.

On the other hand the gerunds of verbs having the third
person plural in ять, ать, have not the form in ючп, учп,
but in я (a) only, as:

Велитъ, they order; велий, ordering.

Цѣпятъ, they value; цѣнй, valuing.

Любятъ, they love; любй, loving.

NOTE.—The termination я, in gerunds of verbs of perf.
asp. denotes an accomplished action, as:

УВЫДА, after having seen.

| ПОКЛОПÁСЯ, having bowed.

( 313 )

his office writing sitting ?—No, some write standing.—May we go into the garden ?—No, you cannot go there, because there was pouring rain the whole of the morning, and now it is very dirty in the garden.—Did they go for a walk knowing that I did not give them permission ?—No, they went thinking that you would allow them to do so.—Do you expect the same tailor that I do ?—Yes, I expect him whom you expect.—Did the mother speak to her son who was going to the war ?—No, she only embraced and kissed him, weeping and sobbing bitterly.—Was the sister of the young soldier going to the war joyful ?—No, taking leave of him, she also wept bitterly.—Who is there, knocking at the door ?—It is the servant whom you sent for the wine. Does he know that whilst speaking ill of his acquaintances he also speaks ill of himself.—No, not knowing this he spoke ill of his acquaintances.—Which of you has most pencils ?—He has most, he has three more than I.

## EXERCISE LXXXVI.

Did you see (have you had an interview with) the Count and the Countess B?—Yes, having learnt of their arrival I went to them on a visit, but had to come back without seeing or (and) speaking to them.—Did your brother send the wine back to the merchant?—Yes, my brother after trying the wine found that it was bad, and, calling the servant, ordered him to take it back to the merchant. What did you forget to say?—In ordering him to write these letters I forgot to tell him that they must be sent to the Post-Office immediately.—Wishing to make a present to my brother, but not knowing the place of his abode he wrote to me, asking me to tell him where my brother

( 314 )

lived.—Is your tea strong?—After trying it I will tell you.—Did he buy a horse?—Yes, after selling his best cow, he bought a grey horse.—After punishing her son the mother wept herself.—Is the merchant honest?—One could not call him dishonest, but, in selling his goods, he never forgets his interests.—Is the view from the hill fine? After ascending the hill you will see the town surrounded by flourishing meadows and gardens.—Are they often at each other's houses?—They often go to one another.—Did you laugh at each other?—No, on the contrary, we were very polite to one another.—Why did you not come to us the day before yesterday?—I had a severe head-ache, and I could not possibly come.

FORTY-THIRD LESSON.—Сóрокъ трétiй Урóкъ.

All persons of the present indicative are formed from the third person plural present in the following way:

A. Verbs, having the third person plural in ютъ or утъ, form the first person singular by cutting off ть:

Знá-ютъ, they know; Знá-ю, I know.

Бер-ýтъ, they take; бp-ý, I take.

The second and third singular, and the first and second persons plural are formed by changing ютъ or утъ into
ěшь, етъ, емъ, ете:

Знá-ютъ, they know; Знáěшь, thou knowest; Знáетъ, etc.

Бер-ýтъ, they take; бp-ěшь, thou takest; бp-ěтъ, etc.

B. Verbs, having the third person plural in ятъ or атъ,

( 315 )

form the first person singular by changing ять into ю, and
ать into у :

Стрó-ятъ, they build; стрó-ю, I build.

Крпч-átъ, they cry; крпч-ý, I cry.

The second and third person, and the first and second
person plural, are formed by changing ять or ать into ишь,
нгъ, имъ, ите:

Вел-átъ, they order; вел-ийъ, thou orderest; ве-лигъ, etc.

Крпч-átъ, they cry; крпч-ийъ, thou cryest; крпчгтъ, etc.

ОBS. 1.—The past tense preceded by *if* or *whether* is
rendered in Russian by the present with the particle лп, as:

They wanted to know if we were
going there.

We doubted whether he really often
invited him.

Опí хотěли знать идёмъ ли мы тудá.

Мы соптъвáлись, дѣствѣтельно ли
онъ чáсто приглáшáетьсъ его.

OF THE POTENTIAL AND SUBJUNCTIVE.

The potential and subjunctive moods of other languages
are rendered in Russian by adding the particle бы to the
past tense indicative :

I would (or should) have.

Would she have?

I should have written if I had any
paper.

Я имѣлѣ бы.

Нимѣла ли бы опá?

Я написáлъ бы, если бы былá у менй
бумáга.

The particle бы gives emphasis to the word it follows, as :

Не would write to you if he were
allowed.

He would write to you, but to me
he would not.

He would have written to you a
letter, but not have sent any
money.

He would have written to you if he
could.

Онъ бы написáлъ вамъ, если бы ему
позвōлили.

Онъ вамъ бы написáлъ, но мы бы
не написáлъ.

Письмó бы онъ написáлъ, но дénегъ
не пósлáлъ бы.

Онъ написáлъ бы вамъ если бы могъ.

( 316 )

That, to, Чтобы.

ОBS. 2.—The potential is expressed in Russian also by the particle чтобы, (Slavonic дабы), added to the past tense of the indicative:

I wish that you would go with us.

He sent his son money that he
might buy a horse.

He wanted her to write.

Я желало чтобы вы пошли съ нам.

Онъ послалъ своему сыну дѣнегъ,
чтобы онъ купилъ сѣобѣ лошадь.

Онъ желалъ чтобы она писала.

ОBS. 3.—The past tense in subjunctive form expresses often the present and future tenses, as:

I should like now to have a talk
with you.

Oh, would that the day came at last.

Я тепѣрь желалъ бы (pres.) погово-
рить съ вами.

Ахъ, если бы скорѣе день насталъ
(fut.).

The particle бы can be added to the past tense of each
of the aspects, as:

*Imperfect Aspect*. Я купалъ бы, I would be throwing.

*Perfect Aspect*. Я выкупалъ бы, I would have thrown out.

*Iterative Aspect*. Я кидывалъ бы, I would throw (repeatedly).

*Perf. Asp. of Unity*. Я кинулъ бы, I would throw (once), etc.

ОBS. 4.—The subjunctive form of the verb is often superseded in Russian by the imperative, which in such case does not agree in person with the subject, as:

Were I now in the country I should
not be now under treatment.

Had he spoken always the truth, he
would be trusted now.

Будь я (если бы я былъ) тепѣрь въ
деревья, лечиться миѣ не при-
шлось бы.

Говори онъ (если бы онъ говорилъ)
всегда правду, ему повѣрили
бы тепѣрь.

ОBS. 5.—*Should, would* and other auxiliaries of the

( 320 )

## EXERCISE LXXXVII.

Would you buy this profitable estate?—Had I money enough, I would buy it.—Would you read it?—I should not read it.—Should we find him at home now?—You would not find him.—Would there be any doctors and chemists if men were always well?—If men were not subjects to complaints there would be no doctors or chemists. Is your friend going with you into the country?—He ought to go with me, for he is not quite well, and the country air would do him good.—Could cattle live in cold countries without sheds and stables?—Cattle would perish in winter from cold and hunger, had not man built for them good sheds and stables, and provided hay and oats against the winter.—Would your sister invite mine if she could?—If she could she would certainly ask her.—Can not you lend me a few pounds?—I would do it if you had returned me the money I lent you last week.—Had I known that you would refuse my request, I should not have troubled you, but have asked somebody else.—Would you come to me if you knew that he was with me?—If I knew that, I would without fail.—Would not your brother go with us into the country?—He would not.

## EXERCISE LXXXVIII.

Why has God given us two ears and one tongue only? In order that we should listen more and speak less. Ought not the servant to call the children?—It is not necessary.—You should ask him for some books.—If I knew he would not refuse, I would ask.—Were you at the English plays yesterday?—Yes, but had he not come in

( 321 )

good time we should not have been able to go out.—For
whom does this swallow catch flies (мóшка)?—For her
little ones (крóшка).—Do you know that your little son
has caught two sparrows?—Yes, but I do not allow him to
catch them.—Would he catch little birds were he allowed
to do so?—Yes, he would.—What would you do if you
were allowed to speak?—Were I allowed to speak I would
tell all I know of him.—Who discovered America?—Co-
lumbus, but he would not have discovered it if he had not
known the use of the compass.—For how long did you
come here?—We came for a month.—Would he under-
stand it were I to tell it to him?—I recollect your ex-
plaining to him the same thing before more than once, but
he never could understand it.—You are sad, my friend,
what is the matter with you?—I should be merry were I
but satisfied.—Would you remain to dine with him if you
knew that there would be a good dinner?—No, even then
I would not.—Do you not wish he were now with us?—I
never wish for what is impossible, for I know he is now
abroad.

V

( 322 )

FORTY-FOURTH LESSON.

Сóрокъ четвёртый Урóкь.

OF THE BRANCHES OF THE VERB.

Отрасли Глагóла.

Among the inflexions of the verb, there are three to which all others are subordinate, and which are the bases or roots of three so-called branches.

The first branch has for its root the first person present indicative, from which all the other persons of the present indicative and imperative moods, as also present gerund and participles, are formed.

The root of the second branch is the past tense of the imperfect or perfect aspect, from which are formed the past gerund, the participles and the infinitive mood.

The root of the third branch is the past tense of the iterative aspect.

In the following table are given four verbs exemplifying the foregoing.

( 324 )

*Of the Future.*—Будущее врёмя.

The future tense of Russian verbs is either compound or simple.

a. The compound future is formed by adding the future of the auxiliary verbs быть and стать to the infinitive of the verb of imperfect aspect, as :

<table><tr><td>Я буду петь.</td><td>I will sing.</td></tr><tr><td>Ты будешь петь, etc.</td><td>Thou wilt sing, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>Я стáну петь.</td><td>I will begin singing.</td></tr><tr><td>Ты стáнешь петь, etc.</td><td>Thou wilt begin singing, etc.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 1.—The compound future, formed by the help of стáну, is used to form the future of inchoative verbs, which are of perfect aspect.

b. The simple future has the form of the present, and it follows the same rules as those laid down for the present tense, as :

<table><tr><td>Скажать, to tell; скажу, скажешь, etc., I will tell, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>Удивить, to astonish; удивлю, удившь, etc., I will astonish, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>Рѣшить, to decide; рѣшý, рѣшшь, etc., I will decide, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>Пойті, to go; пойду, пойдешь, etc., I shall go, etc.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 2.—Only the verbs of perfect aspect have this future.

I saw a herdsman with fifty calves, ninety oxen and a hundred rams.

He ordered his forty dragoons to go with those forty uhlans.

Я вѣдѣлъ табутшка съ пятью десятью телейтамп, девяноста бывали и ста баранами.

Онъ вѣдѣлъ своей сорокá драгунавъ пойті съ тѣмп сто сорокá улапами.

In the compound cardinal numerals пятьдесятъ, 'fifty,' шестьдесятъ, 'sixty,' семьдесятъ, 'seventy,' and восемьдесятъ, 'eighty,' each part is declined separately, as :

Gen., dat. and prep. пятидесятъ, шестидесятъ, etc.

Instrumental пятьдесятью, шестыходцатью, etc.

( 329 )

Did all the soldiers like that wine?—No, out of the one hundred and forty-five men, ninety did not like it.—How many men (soldiers) had the colonel who came here with his regiment last week?—The officer who came to our town is not a colonel, but only a captain, and he came here with ninety-five grenadiers and forty dragoons.—How many pieces of red velvet have I to hand you down?—Hand me down about twenty, but one by one.—How many inhabitants are there in Moscow?—There are in Moscow from three to four hundred thousand souls.—How many men are now wanting in your regiment?—There are wanting now three hundred only, but before there were wanting seven hundred.—Will there be any occasion for me to buy a piano?—No, there will be no occasion, your son will learn to play on mine.—Do you think my son will ever be able to play the piano as well as your eldest daughter?—I think he will, because he has an aptitude for it, and is also very diligent.—Were the swords given out to all the seven hundred hussars?—No, of those seven hundred hussars a few only wanted swords.—With how many companions shall you go from school to the forest?—All of us will go to the forest; our four masters with three hundred and sixty-three pupils, and three schoolmistresses with two hundred and forty-three lady pupils.—How many German miles are there from Berlin to St. Petersburg?—About two hundred German miles.

## EXERCISE XC.

At what o'clock do you go out usually?—I go out usually at nine o'clock in the morning.—What o'clock is it now? I do not know for certain, but I think it must be now already half-past one, or perhaps a quarter to two.—It is

( 330 )

not yet a quarter past two?—Yes, it is almost a quarter.
Take this book to him this afternoon at a quarter to two or
at ten or even five minutes to two, but I beg that it be
not later than two o'clock.—Did you order your coachman
to come here to fetch you?—I have no coachman to order,
but had I one, I would order him to come at twenty
minutes past ten.—Did you stay long at his grandmother's?
About two months.—Why did you not stay a little longer?
Because the country life in winter is not very pleasant.
Was there no other cause?—No, that was the only cause.
Did he remain long there?—Till ten minutes past twelve;
till half-past twelve.—Will there be any occasion for me
to wait?—There will be no occasion for you to wait, as we
shall be quite ready at a quarter to four.—Is this little
girl his only child?—No, besides her he has also five sons
and four daughters.

FORTY-FIFTH LESSON.—Сóрокъ пátый Урóкъ.

Of the IMPERATIVE.—Повелительное Наклонение.

The imperative mood has distinct inflexions only for the
second person singular and plural, and is formed from the
first person singular present indicative by changing the
termination y or ю into и, и, й or Ь, as:

Падý, I am going; падú, go.

Сóхну, I dry; cóхни, dry.

Дѣлаю, I do; дѣлай, do.

Вѣрю, I believe; вѣрь, believe.

( 331 )

To form the second person plural *te* is added to the imperative singular, as :

<table><tr><td>Паду, go;</td><td>plural, падите.</td></tr><tr><td>Сóхну, dry;</td><td>мóлвите.</td></tr><tr><td>Дѣлаи, do;</td><td>дѣлайте.</td></tr><tr><td>Вѣрь, believe;</td><td>Вѣрьте.</td></tr></table>

a. The imperative in *ú* is formed from verbs having the first person singular in *ý*, *íó* accented and preceded by a consonant :

<table><tr><td>Попý, I write; попý, write.</td></tr><tr><td>Велиó, I order; велиó, order.</td></tr></table>

OBS. 1.—Verbs of the tenth class take in the imperative an *ú* accented even after a vowel, as :

<table><tr><td>Таю, I conceal; тай, conceal.</td></tr></table>

b. The imperative in *и* unaccented is formed from verbs having the first person in *y* or *íó* unaccented and preceded by two consonants, both of which remain in the imperative :

<table><tr><td>Сóхну, I am drying; imperative, cóxni.</td></tr><tr><td>Зижду, I build;</td><td>зіжди.</td></tr><tr><td>Мóлвлю, I speak;</td><td>мóлви.</td></tr></table>

c. The imperative in *и* is formed from verbs having the first person in *y*, *íó* preceded by a vowel :

<table><tr><td>Зпáю, I know; imperative, знай.</td></tr><tr><td>Сиѣю, I dare;</td><td>сиѣи.</td></tr><tr><td>Пой, I sing;</td><td>пой.</td></tr></table>

OBS. 2.—Verbs of the tenth class have the imperative in *и*, when the tonic accent falls on the radical syllable, as :

<table><tr><td>Стрóю, I build;</td><td>imperative, строй.</td></tr><tr><td>Покóю, I procure rest;</td><td>покóй.</td></tr></table>

d. The imperative in *ь* is formed from verbs having the

( 332 )

first person in γ, ю unaccented, and preceded by one consonant or by б, в, и, м followed by the euphonic л, which is omitted in the imperative :

<table><tr><td>Вѣрю, I believe;</td><td>imperative, вѣрь.</td></tr><tr><td>Готовлю, I prepare;</td><td>готовь.</td></tr><tr><td>Сыплю, I sift;</td><td>сыпь.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 3.—The termination вью, of the first person is changed into ей, as :

<table><tr><td>Пью, I drink;</td><td>imperative, пей.</td></tr><tr><td>Бью, I beat;</td><td>бей,</td></tr><tr><td>Лью, I pour;</td><td>лей.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 4.—The imperative of the verbs хать, ‘to ride,’ and есть, ‘to eat,’ is formed irregularly: поѣзжай, ѣшь.

The imperative of verbs of perfect aspect wanting the present tense, is formed from the simple future according to the foregoing rules, as :

<table><tr><td>Пойдý, I shall go;</td><td>imperative, пойдй.</td></tr><tr><td>Напишý, I shall write;</td><td>напишй.</td></tr><tr><td>Слѣдую, I will do;</td><td>сдѣлай.</td></tr><tr><td>Брóny, I will throw;</td><td>брось.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 5.—The radical consonant of the first person, changed into its corresponding consonant for the sake of euphony, is restored in the imperative, but the euphonic л when inserted in the first person only is left out, as :

<table><tr><td>Вожý (водить), I lead;</td><td>imperative, водить.</td></tr><tr><td>Ношý (носить), I carry;</td><td>носить.</td></tr><tr><td>Сижý (сидеть), I seat;</td><td>сиді.</td></tr><tr><td>Купілý (купить), I buy;</td><td>купіл.</td></tr><tr><td>Любію (любить), I love;</td><td>любій.</td></tr></table>

The other persons of the imperative are :

a. The third person, formed by adding the conjunction

( 333 )

пусть, (Slavonic да), 'let' to the third person present
singular or plural :

ПУСТЬ ЧИТÁСТЬ, } let him read; ПУСТЬ ЧИПТАЮТЪ, } let them read.
Да читáсть, да читáють;
ПУСТЬ ГОВОРÍТЪ, let him speak; ПУСТЬ ГОВОРÍТЪ, let them speak.

b. The first person plural, which is identical with the first person of the future, and to which in familiar discourse the syllable те is usually added, as:

СКАЖЕМЪ OR СКАЖЕМТЕ, let us say.
ПОЙДЕМЪ OR ПОЙДЕМТЕ, let us go.
ВОЗЬМЁМЪ OR ВОЗЬМЁМТЕ, let us take.
БУДЕМЪ (OR СТАПЕНЬ) УЧÍТЬСЯ, let us study.
БУДЕМЪ (OR СТАПЕНЬ ГОВОРÍТЬ, let us speak.

Had I done, СДѣЛАЙ Я.
Had we done, СДѣЛАЙ МЫ.

OBS. 6.—The second person singular of the imperative is used also with other personal pronouns, but in such case it expresses the optative or subjective mood, as:

Had I done this, I should not now
have to regret.

Had they informed us of it yesterday, we should not have committed such a gross error.

СДѣЛАЙ Я ЭТО, МИТЪ ПЕ ПРИШЛОСЬ
БЫ ТЕПЕРЬ СОЖАЛТЬБЫ.

ДАЙ ОНИ ПАМЪ ЗНАТЬ О ТОМЪ ВЧЕРÁ,
МЫ ПЕ СДѣЛАЛЫ БЫ ТАКОЙ ГРУ-
БОЙ ОШИБКИ.

OBS. 7.—The imperative singular, not agreeing in form with the subject, is sometimes used also to express reproach or astonishment:

Overburdened with work as I am,
having to write, to draw and
to read, yet I am expected to
look after the household !

Не сажую them, and so they, of
course, told him all they knew
about me !

ДА Я ЗАВАЛЁПЪ ТРУДАМИ, Я ПИШИ, И
РИСУЙ ПИ ЧИТАЙ И ЗАПИМАЙСЯ
ЕЩЁ ХОЗЯЙСТВОМЪ !

ОПЪ ПХЪ ПРИЛАСКАЛЪ, ПО ОНИ ГОПÉЧНО
РАСКАЛЫ ЕМУ ВСЁ ЧТО ЗНАЛИ
ОБО МИТЪ!

( 334 )

Do go, Пойд́и-ка.

In familiar discourse, to mollify the apparent harshness of the imperative form, ка is often added.

<table><tr><td>Do come to us.</td><td>Приходите-ка къ намъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Do sing a song.</td><td>Спойте-ка пѣсню.</td></tr></table>

Let, may, Да.

<table><tr><td>All hail the King !</td><td>Да здравствуетъ Король.</td></tr><tr><td>Be they allowed.</td><td>Да бѣдетъ имъ позволено.</td></tr><tr><td>Thy will be done.</td><td>Да бѣдетъ бояя твой.</td></tr><tr><td>Thy Kingdom come.</td><td>Да прійдетъ царствіе твоё.</td></tr></table>

ОBS. 8.—The old Russian form of the third person, the imperative with да, as: да читáеть, ‘let him read,’ да читáють, ‘let them read,’ is. only met with in sacred books, and some ejaculatory phrases.

ОBS. 9.—An elliptical form of the imperative is not unfrequently supplied by the infinitive, as: позвáть его, ‘call him,’ but in such instances some idea of necessity or obligation is implied:

<table><tr><td>Do not make a noise, children (you must not make a noise).</td><td>Не шумѣть, дѣти! (вы не должны шумѣть).</td></tr><tr><td>Be quiet and know your place !</td><td>Молчать! и знáйте своё мѣсто!</td></tr><tr><td>No talking !</td><td>Не говорить !</td></tr></table>

Another peculiarity of the Russian language is, that the imperative is sometimes expressed by the past tense, as :

Go away, пошёлъ прочь instead of подý прочь.
Coachman, drive away, позвонокъ, пошёлъ !

<table><tr><td>To leave, to abandon, to let,</td><td>оставлять.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>оставить, perfect aspect.</td></tr><tr><td>Leave me your books.</td><td>оставьте мѣ въаші копіи.</td></tr><tr><td>Let that be there.</td><td>оставьте это тамъ.</td></tr><tr><td>The post leaves.</td><td>† Пóчта отхóдить.</td></tr></table>

( 335 )

To let alone,

Do let me alone.

Let it be.

To let (to permit),

Did you let the children go out ?

Not I, but the mistress let them.

To let (on hire),

To whom have you let your house ?

I have let it to a (certain) rich officer of dragoons.

To be let,

Is this house to be let.

All the houses here are to let.

Nearly,

The sack is very heavy, I can hardly
carry it, and I nearly fell down.

I nearly said it.

At,

Did he do this at your bidding ?

He did it at my bidding.

To sketch, draw, paint, draw a picture.

To contradict, contradict, contradict.

To fall, fall, fall, fall.

For lack, for want, for need, for lack.

Otherwise, in the way, in the place.

Остаníть въ покой.

Оставьте мешки въ покой.

Оставьте это въ покой.

Позвольть, perf. asp. позво-
лить, gov. the dat. of the
pers. and the acc. of the
thing.

Это вы позволили дѣтям вѣдомы ?

Не я, а хозяина нпъ позвонила.

Отдавасть, } въ наймый,
Отдáть, } въ паёмъ.

Комъ вы отдалы въ наймый свой домъ?

Я отдалъ его въ наймый однопу боя-
тому драгунскому ордынуру.

Отдаётся въ наймый.

Отдаётся ли это домъ въ наймый.

Всѣ дома здѣсь отдаются въ наймый.

Чуть не, чуть чуть не, чуть
было не.

Мѣшокъ очень тяжелъ, двѣ могутъ
его нести, и я чуть не упалѣ.

Я чуть было не сказалъ.

По, with the dative.

Сдѣлалъ ли онъ это по нашему при-
казанию ?

Онъ сдѣлалъ это по моему приказанию.

The Holy Scripture, divinenное пи-
сание.

To let know, tell, say.

To pour out, fill, empty.

To pour out of, fill up, empty.

( 336 )

To trouble one's self.
To enter (in the book).
To call (on a person).
The post comes.
The post leaves.
The orders are (usually) obeyed.
The orders are obeyed.

Безпокопиться.
Записать занести (въ книгу).
Заходить, захватить.
Почта приходить.
Почта отходить.
Приказания исполняются.
Приказания исполнены.

## EXERCISE XCI.

Order the head clerk to write the letters to our bankers and tell him that they must be posted (sent to the post) to-day, and do not forget also to tell him to ask the Post-master at what o'clock the last post leaves.—The last post, sir, leaves at a quarter to eight.—After giving the orders, come to my room at ten minutes past two and bring with you the letters which you began this morning.—Am I to bring also the bills of exchange, sent to us by the commission agent.—If they are not yet entered in the books (then) bring them, otherwise do not trouble yourself.—Dress yourself and go (повзekt, те) to town; on arriving there go to my lawyer and ask him whether the papers which he expects from the minister are already received.—Now you may go (съупаїте); but no, wait, tell him also that I must see him.—Your orders shall be obeyed, sir.—Ask your sister, if you please, whether she can lend me for a short time the book which she received a few days ago from Paris.—Go to her to-morrow and ask her yourself.—Why did you not let them remain longer in the fresh air? Because it was too cold out of doors.—When will you call on me?—I will call on you, if possible, on my return journey. Do not beat that little dog, but give it rather something to eat.—I am not beating it.—Silence! do not contradict your elders! go to your room and remain there till I call

( 337 )

you.—Do sketch me a rose and a tulip, and after finishing them show them to me.—I cannot draw, and if I could I should not be able to do it for lack of pencils and paper.

## EXERCISE XCII.

Do give me this picture.—It is my brother's picture, but were it mine, or if I knew that my brother would not be angry, I would certainly give it to you.—Is it said in the Holy Scripture that we should love even our enemies? These (BOTB) are the words of the Holy Scripture, 'Love your enemies and do good to those who hate you.'—Do let us go for a walk!—No, let us rather take a book and learn our lessons, for John says that our master will come at a quarter-past twelve.—Do not believe all that John says, our master comes always at five-and-twenty minutes past four and not at a quarter-past twelve.—Can I believe you? Rely upon my word and you shall have no occasion to repent.—Hail to the Queen! May our dear country flourish! Come here, I want you.—What do you wish?—Is it true that yesterday, in the evening, after six o'clock, walking along the shore, you stumbled against a stone and nearly fell into the water?—No, it is not true; at that time I was at home.—Is he aware that we cannot see him next week? No he is not aware of it.—To whom did your brother let his house?—He let it to a Berliner.—What sort of man is he?—He is a goldsmith by trade.—Is it far from here to that house?—I usually go there in one hour and a quarter. Did you find out where Mr. N. lives now?—No, I did not.—Find out then and let me know.—Was it you who upset the glass of wine?—Yes, I wanted to pour out a glass of wine and nearly upset the bottle as well.—Did

Z

( 338 )

your brother hurt himself much when he fell from the tree?
He did hurt himself much and nearly broke his leg.—At
whose bidding was this done?—At my mother's bidding.
I should like to speak to your nephew.—Let him alone, he
has to learn his lessons.

FORTY-SIXTH LESSON.—Сóрокъ шестой Урóкъ.

Whoever, whosoever,

Whatever, whatsoever,

Whichever,

However,

Whenever,

Wherever,

Кто бы ни, кто ни.

Что бы ни, что ни.

Который бы ни.

Какъ бы ни.

Когда бы ни.

Гдѣ бы ни, куда бы ни.

The particle ни is used in conjunction with the verb, when an idea of indefiniteness and universality accompanies the above pronouns and adverbs, as :

Whoever may ask you for money,
do not give it.

Whatever be your lot, never desert
him.

Let him come in, whoever he is.

The virtuous man is respected
wherever he goes.

Кто бы ни попросилъ у васъ дêнегъ,
не давайте.

Что бы ни вЫПАЛЮ на ВАШУ долю, не
покупайте его.

Впустите его, кто бы опъ ни былъ.

Добродѣтельнаго человѣка уважаютъ
куда бы онъ ни пошёлъ.

ОBS. 1.—In these cases ни may be Anglicised by no matter, as :

However mighty (no matter how
mighty) he is, I fear him not.

No matter what you do.

Do whatever you may.

Cost what it may.

No matter what it costs.

Какъ бы ни сн.лёнъ опъ ни былъ, я не
бобсь его.

Что ни дѣлайте.

Что бы вы ни дѣлали.

Что бы то ни стоплю.

( 341 )

Поль takes an y in all the oblique cases, as:

Singular.

Nominative and accusative, польгода, полведрӑ, полумнӑтӳ.

Genitive, полугода, полуведрӑ. полумнӑтӳ.

Dative, полугоду, полуведрӳ, полумнӑтӳ.

Instrumental, полугодомъ, полуведромъ, полумнӑтӳю.

Prepositional, полугадъ, полуведрӑ, полумнӑтӳ.

Plural.

Nominative and accusative, полугоды, полувёдра; полумнӑтӳ.

Genitive, полугодовъ, полувёдеръ, полумнӑтӳ.

Dative, полугодамъ, полувёдрамъ, полумнӑтамъ.

Instrumental, полугодами, полувёдрами, полумнӑтами.

Prepositional, полугодахъ, полувёдрахъ, полумнӑтахъ.

### OBS. 4.—As seen from the above examples the prefix полъ has the inflexion of y even in the nominative plural, thus becoming an indeclinable part of the word, as in:

A peninsula, полубстровъ; genitive, полубстрова, etc.

A semicircle, полукрүгъ; . . полукрӳга, etc.

### OBS. 5.—День, ‘day’ and ночь, ‘night,’ with the prefix полъ, remain in the nominative, as:

Полдень, ‘midday;’ полночь, ‘midnight;’ genitive, полудня, полугночи. etc. Plural, полдни, полночи; genitive, полудней, полугночей, etc.

As much again,

Вдвое (въ два рӑза) болнѣше,
ещё стомько.

As far again,

Вдвое дальше.

Is this as long again ?

Вдвое ли это дининѣе?

It is three times as long.

Это втрое (въ три рӑза) дининѣе.

Three times as much.

Втрое болнѣше.

Four times as strong.

Вчетверо (въ четыре рӑза) спльнѣе
etc.

As far again as,

Вдвое дальше—чѣмъ.

As good again as,

Вдвое луčше—нěжели.

( 342 )

### OBS. 6.—After вѣвобе, вѣтрое, etc., the adjective is put in the comparative, and therefore the following word compared with it is put either in the genitive case or is preceded by чѣмъ, нежели.

This cloth is as dear again as that one.

Is it not as far again from that road to the bay as from this one?

It, is as near again from this road as from that one.

To be (found),
To be had,

Where is it to be found ?

Are any apples to be found in the market at this time of the year?

He was at that time in London.

Where is it ?

It is in the museum.

To call, (to name),

To be called,

What is the name of ?

What is it called ?

Это сукнó вѣвобе дорóже тогó.

Не вѣвобе ли дálьше отъ той дорóги до залýва, чѣмъ отъ этой ?

Отъ этой дорóги вѣвобе бййже, чѣмъ отъ той.

Паходийться (conjug. like хо-
дить.)

Гдѣ это нахóдится ?

Есть ли на рýнкѣ йбюкн въ что врé-
мя гóда ?

Онъ въ то врéмя находился въ Лóп-
допъ.

Гдѣ это нахóдится ?

Это нахóдится въ музé.

Пазывáть, p. a. назвáть.

Назывáться.

Какъ назывáется ?

Какъ имя ?

### OBS. 7.—Называться is generally used instead of какъ имя.

What is the name of the town you stayed at last autumn ?

What is his name (how do they call him) ?

Nobody knows his name.

Какъ назывáется городъ, въ котóрочь
вы провелй прóшлую óсень ?

Какъ его зовýть ?

Никто не знаетъ, какъ его зовýть.

( 343 )

To make a show,

To commit a fault,

To apply for a situation,
To forgive, прощать, простить.
To apply for, просить.
The good will, уважение.
For ever, вечно, навсегда.
Familiar face, знакомое лицо.
To commit, совершать.
To do a service.
To murmur against.
Thankful.

{ Выставлять, } на показь.
{ Выставить, p. a. }

Провиниться, perf. asp.

Просить мեста, дружности.
To accomplish, совершить, p. asp.
Fault, винá, простýпокъ.
A stranger, пребывай.
To follow, подражать, (gov. the dat.)
To take care, беречь.
To beg leave, просить позволения.
Оказать услугу, сдать одолжение.
Роптать на, with the accusative.
Благодарный, признательный.

## EXERCISE ХCIII.

Whoever is virtuous will be loved by all good men, in whatever country he lives.—Does she punish him when he is disobedient?—No, whatever he does, she never punishes him.—Can man live for ever?—No, no matter what care man may take of his health, yet he must die sooner or later.—Will my parents forgive me?—Whatever faults you have committed, they will forgive you.—To whom shall I give it?—To whomsoever you like.—Must we not despise this beggar?—No, though his poverty be ever so great, you must not despise him; you must despise nobody.—Does a virtuous man murmur against Divine Providence when he loses all that is dear to him?—Whatever happens to a virtuous man, he never murmurs against Divine Providence.—Had he spoken of me, would you have believed him?—Of whomsoever he speaks, I do not believe him.—Did they give you anything?—They gave us nothing whatever.—However skilful and learned we may be, let us not make a show of

( 344 )

our knowledge.—Does she follow the fashions?—Though fashions be ever so foolish, she always follows them.—How did you come to know about his misfortune?—I heard of it from his brother.—For whatever services he has done him he has been thankful.

## EXERCISE XCIV.

Have you learnt the multiplication table?—I have learnt only addition and subtraction, but the multiplication table I do not know as yet.—Then you cannot divide twenty-five by five?—Oh yes, I can do that without knowing the table.—How much will seven times nine be?—To answer that we must multiply nine by seven, and to do that, one must have learnt the multiplication table.—Can we divide three by six, or three by nine?—Yes, we can, but in that case we should get one half and one third, and not whole numbers.—How many wine-glasses full were there in that half a bottle?—Seven and a half.—How many minutes are there in half-an-hour?—Thirty.—Had you come to his house half-an-hour sooner, you would have found him at home.—What is the Christian name of this peasant?—His Christian name is Peter.—Cannot you tell me what that is in Russian (по русски)?—I do not know it myself, you had better ask one of the masters.—What is the name of the street in which we saw so many hackney carriages this afternoon?—I do not know its name; I am myself a stranger here.—Will you allow me, sir, to ask what your name is?—Your face is familiar to me, only I cannot recollect at all where I had the honour of seeing you?—If I am not mistaken, I had the pleasure of being introduced to you at the Prince R's ball.—How is your nephew get-

( 347 )

Relative pronouns are always separated from their
antecedent by a comma:

The book which we read.
That which you are afraid of.

Книга, которую читаемъ.
То, чего вы бойтесь.

ОBS. 5.—When the second personal pronoun is used in
the plural for the sake of politeness, the relative pronoun is
put in the singular, as :

You, to whom I am indebted and
whom I respect.

Вы, коемъ я обзапъ и котóра-
го уважáю.

How much gunpowder have
you?

Сколько у васъ пóроху?

I have a little (of it).

У менá его máло.

I had much (of it).

У менá его было много.

ОBS. 6.—The pronouns стóлько, ‘so much;’ много,
‘much;’ máло, ‘a little;’ нѣсколько, ‘a few’ as also the
numerals два, три, четыре, пять, etc., in answer to the
question, ‘how much?’ are followed by the genitive and
require the verb to be impersonal.

How many of you were there?
There were a few of us.

Сколько человекъ васъ тамъ было?
Насъ тамъ было нѣсколько (чею-
вѣкъ).

There are six ships there.
Isaac had two sons.
How many roubles were received?
Twenty roubles were received.
It remained a quarter of an hour.

Тамъ (есть) шесть кораблей.
У Псаáка было (дѣтей) два сына.
Сколько рублей было пољүчено?
Полүчено было двадцать рублей.
Осталось четверть часá.

Who was riding?
Two men were riding.

Кто былъ?
Два человѣка были.

ОBS. 7.—When the numerals два, три, четыре, пять, etc.

( 349 )

Feminine.

N. & A.
Полторы минусты,
А minute and a half,

Gen. Полюторы минусты,

Dat. Полюторымъ минустымъ,

Inst. Полюторымъ минустымъ,

Prep. Полюторѣ минустыхъ,

Полтретьи милии.
Two and a half miles.

Полутретьи милии.

Полутретьймъ милиямъ.

Полутретьйми милиами.

Полутретьё милияхъ.

### OBS. 9.—In the dative, with a preposition, полторá and полтретьи have also the inflexions of у, ю in the masculine, and that of ѣ in the feminine, as: по полютору, по полютретью; по полюторѣ, по полутретьѣ; and in this case masculine and neuter nouns which follow these numerals are put in the genitive plural, and the feminine in the genitive singular.

There was given to each a pound and a half of bread and two measures and a half of wine.

Каждому далі по полютору фунтовъ хлѣба по полутретьё мѣры винá.

### OBS. 10.—Полтретьи, as also полчетвертá, ‘three and a half,’ etc., are no longer used, and are met with only in ancient Russian books.

A hundred and fifty,

Полторáста.

### OBS. 11.—The compound numeral полторáста has in all the cases полютораста.

Have you not a hundred and fifty roubles ?

Add to these hundred and fifty roubles two hundred more.

Нѣть ли у васъ полютораста рублен.

Прибавьте къ этнѣ полютораста рублямъ ещё двѣстн.

And,

One and a half.

Two and a half.

Съ.

Одинъ съ половинаю.

Два, двѣ съ полувинąю etc.

( 351 )

Adjectives denoting mental or moral capacity or deficiency govern the prepositional case with въ.

<table><tr><td>Skilful, пскӳсепъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Skilled, versed, съвѣдущъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Unacquainted with, песвѣдущъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Moderate, умѣренъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Immoderate, неумѣренъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Week, feeble, слабъ.</td></tr><tr><td>New, новъ.</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Steady, constant, постояненъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Experienced, опытенъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Hard, firm, твёрдъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Innocent, невиненъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Tidy, clean, опрѣтенъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Strong (mighty,) спіенъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Happy, lucky, счастливъ.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 14.—Some adjectives denoting capacity or deficiency govern the accusative with the preposition на, as :

<table><tr><td>Insolent, daring, дёрзокъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Sparing, careful, бережливъ,</td></tr><tr><td>Quick, скоръ.</td></tr><tr><td>Lavish, расточиленъ.</td></tr><tr><td>He is fit for service.</td></tr><tr><td>The army is ready for battle.</td></tr><tr><td>He is ready for the journey.</td></tr><tr><td>I am weak in mathematics.</td></tr><tr><td>He is prompt.</td></tr><tr><td>He is deaf.</td></tr><tr><td>She likes chattering.</td></tr><tr><td>He is a thief.</td></tr><tr><td>They are slow.</td></tr><tr><td>She is innocent of that.</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>To make an acquaintance.</td></tr><tr><td>To make a request.</td></tr><tr><td>To make one's self understood.</td></tr><tr><td>To make progress in.</td></tr><tr><td>To be versed in.</td></tr><tr><td>To be conversant with.</td></tr><tr><td>To spend.</td></tr><tr><td>To pass by.</td></tr><tr><td>A passer by.</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Heavy, тяжёлъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Weak, слабъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Strong (durable), крѣпокъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Clean, pure, чистъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Онъ годенъ къ слѣжѣ.</td></tr><tr><td>Армія готова къ бойу (ог на бой).</td></tr><tr><td>Онъ готовъ въ путь.</td></tr><tr><td>Я слабъ въ математикѣ.</td></tr><tr><td>Онъ лёгокъ há погу.</td></tr><tr><td>Онъ крѣпокъ há ухо.</td></tr><tr><td>Она слабá há лѣзькѣ.</td></tr><tr><td>Онъ не чистъ há рѣку.</td></tr><tr><td>Онъ слабы на подзѣмъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Она въ томъ невинна.</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Знакомиться, р. а. познакомиться.</td></tr><tr><td>Обращаться съ просьбой.</td></tr><tr><td>Объясняться, р. а. объясняться.</td></tr><tr><td>Дѣлать успѣхи въ (with the prep.)</td></tr><tr><td>Хорошо знать.</td></tr><tr><td>Быть сильнымъ въ (with the prep. case).</td></tr><tr><td>Пздѣрживать, р. а. нздержать.</td></tr><tr><td>Проходить мимо.</td></tr><tr><td>Прохожд.</td></tr></table>

( 352 )

EXERCISE XCV.

Have you ever been at the Italian opera?—No, I have never been.—Do you not like then the singing of the Italian singers?—Yes, I like the singing, but I do not understand the Italian language at all.—Do you speak French?—Yes, I do, and I speak Spanish also.—If you speak these two languages you can learn to speak Italian in a short time.—Translate for me this little exercise from German into English.—I have no time now, and you had better do it yourself.—Is it true that his brother found a purse in the street?—I only know that he found something like (resembling) a leather purse, but whether it was a purse or something else, I cannot tell you; and therefore if you wish to know, ask him about it yourself. How many French books had he?—He had two French books.—How many daughters had he?—He had five daughters.—Where do these three peasants live?—These three peasants live in some little village on the other side of the river.—How many books were there lying on the table?—Two books, six books were lying.—Allow me to take these seven books.—Take these two books only, the other ones I want myself.—How many ounces are there in a pound and a half?—Twenty-four.—How much did your brother-in-law spend?—He spent more than one hundred and fifty pounds.—Did all the army return from abroad?—No, out of one hundred and fifty thousand men, sent abroad last year, only the last twenty thousand have returned.—Did the passers by give anything to the beggar?—Of all who (no matter who) passed by, every body gave him something; some gave a piece of bread, some a copeck, some gave even as much as a rouble.

( 353 )

## EXERCISE XCVI.

Is your master well versed in Spanish?—Yes, he is con-
versant with several languages, and he speaks Russian as
well as his native tongue.—Do speak German with me.
No, you had better speak German with me, as I express
myself in this tongue as yet very badly.—Is this fit for
anything?—This is fit for nothing.—Now there he has been
learning Russian these three years, and still speaks so that
one can hardly understand him.—That is because he wants
practice, and were he to speak Russian more frequently, he
would be able to express himself excellently, or at least so
as to be understood by any Russian.—Does he express
himself clearly?—No, it is difficult to understand him.
Have you been learning Swedish long?—I have been
learning it about three years, but although I speak Swedish
tolerably well, I translate from English into Swedish very
badly.—Is this young man liked by his acquaintances?
Yes, because he is affable with everybody.—Is this boy
strong in arithmetic?—Yes, but he is weak in drawing.
Is she indifferent to him?—She is not only indifferent,
but even cold with him.—Was he just to everybody?—He
was partial to some and cruel to others.

## FORTY-EIGHTH LESSON.

### *Cóрокъ восьмой Урóкъ.*

### *REFLECTIVE VERBS.*—Возврátные Глагóлы.

Reflective verbs, which denote an action falling upon
the agent, are formed from *transitive* verbs by adding ся
(the abridged pronoun сеóя) to the infinitive.

AA

( 354 )

They are conjugated in the same way as transitive verbs, the suffix ся when coming after a vowel being abridged into сь.

To warm one's self, Грѣться.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present.

I warm myself, я грѣюсь, ты грѣшься, онъ грѣется.

Past.

I was warming myself, я грѣлся, fem. грѣлась, neut. грѣлось, etc.

Future.

I will warm myself, я булу грѣться, etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

I would warm myself, я грѣлся бы, etc.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Warm thyself, грѣшься.
Let him warm himself, пусть онъ грѣется.

ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.

Present.—Who is warming himself грѣющійся.

Past. — Who was warming himself грѣвшийся.

PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.

Wanting.

GERUND.

Present.—(While) warming one's self, грѣсься.

Past. --- (After) having warmed one's self, грѣвшись.

( 357 )

### OBS. 4.—The third person of passive verbs is seldom met with in the Russian language of the present day, and in general Russians prefer to use either the active or reflective form instead of the passive.

<table><tr><td>He is praised by all.</td><td>Онъ хвалімь всѣми.</td></tr><tr><td>All praise him.</td><td>Всѣ его хвалять.</td></tr><tr><td>The business is done.</td><td>Дѣло дѣлается.</td></tr><tr><td>The horses are sold.</td><td>Дѣло дѣлаемо.</td></tr><tr><td>The letters are written.</td><td>Люшади продажются.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Люшади продаваемы.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Письма писутся.</td></tr></table>

As the subject in the passive form is put in the instr. case, all reflective verbs used instead of passive govern also the instrumental.

<table><tr><td>I am occupied with reading.</td><td>Я занятъ</td><td>чтеніем.</td></tr><tr><td>The cloth is cut with scissors.</td><td>Я занимаясь</td><td>Сукнѣ рѣжется (or рѣжутъ) ножни-цами.</td></tr><tr><td>The horses were broken in by the groom.</td><td></td><td>Люшади объѣзжались копюромь.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 5.—In dates, the year, together with the day of the month, is put in the genitive, but the year or month by itself is put in the prepositional case with въ.

<table><tr><td>Shakespeare was born on the 23rd of April, 1546.</td><td>Шекспіръ родился двадцать третьяго Апрѣля, тысяча пятьдесятъ сорокъ шестого года.</td></tr><tr><td>Shakespeare was born in the year 1546.</td><td>Шекспіръ родился въ тысяча пятьдесятъ сорокъ шестомъ году.</td></tr><tr><td>He went away in April.</td><td>Онъ уѣхалъ въ Апрѣ.т.</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>To hurry, to be in a hurry,</td><td>Торопіть, торопиться.</td></tr><tr><td>I hurry him.</td><td>Я торопію его.</td></tr><tr><td>I am in a hurry.</td><td>Я торопіюсь.</td></tr><tr><td>Were you in a hurry?</td><td>Торопились ли вы?</td></tr></table>

( 360 )

1863.—Can you stay with us till the evening?—I cannot stay a single minute, I am in a hurry to get home.—Of what are the houses built?—The houses are built of stone, brick and wood.—Where is this newspaper printed?—It is printed in some small German town.—Are any French journals received here?—Yes, but they sell badly.—In what year were you born?—I was born in the year 1839.—In which month?—In March.—On what day of the month?—On the 25th.—From what seed is this oil made?—From hemp seed.—Do the English use this oil with food?—No, in England this oil is not used with food.—Are there many goods carried by rail from town to town?—Yes, now-a-days a great quantity of goods is carried by rail, not only from town to town, but also from one kingdom to another. Why is the oak-tree valued more (dearer) than the pine-tree?—Because it is harder than the pine, and is used for articles (подъёма) requiring durability.

## EXERCISE XCVIII.

By whom are these letters signed?—By our head clerk. Is the letter which he copied a few hours ago signed already?—No, it is not yet signed.—Why is it not signed?—Because it is badly written.—How many letters are written and sent by post daily in your office?—I think there are about ninety letters written daily, of which only the greater part is sent by post the same day.—My brother while dressing this morning in his bedroom looked at himself in the glass, and suddenly jumped away from it in a fright.—What was he frightened at?—He saw a few grey hairs on his head.—By whom is this man conducted?—He is conducted by me.—Is your niece

( 361 )

sometimes punished?—No, never; she is loved and rewarded by the masters.—Are you learning Russian?—I began learning it on the 22nd of June.—Why did not you begin last year? you would now be able to speak.—I did not begin learning sooner because I have not been able to find a good master.—Whither are you hurrying so?—I am hurrying, home, where I was expected long ago.—Do not hurry in vain; I have been at your house, and am able to tell you that, were you to go home now, you would find no one there.—The hair of this little girl was badly cut; who cut it so badly?—The nurse cut her hair.—Go into your room, and after washing your face and after combing your hair, come here and learn your lessons. Is there any leather dressed in Russia?—Different sorts of leather are dressed in Russia, but morocco leather is better (more) known to Europe than any other, because it is renowned for its excellent quality.

## FORTY-NINTH LESSON.—Сóрокъ девятой Уропъ.

### IMPERSONAL VERBS.—Безличные Глаголы.

Impersonal Verbs proper are those which cannot be used as a predicate to any definite or direct subject, and in which, in fact, the subject is altogether wanting. They are expressed in Russian by the third person singular, their past being only *neuter* as to gender, as :

<table><tr><td>It grows late, вечеръеть;</td><td>пust</td><td>вечеръю.</td></tr><tr><td>It thaws, тáеть;</td><td>.</td><td>тáю.</td></tr><tr><td>It grows dark, темнѣеть;</td><td>.</td><td>темнѣю.</td></tr><tr><td>It becomes, подобáеть;</td><td>.</td><td>добабáю.</td></tr><tr><td>It dawns, разсвѣтаетъ;</td><td>.</td><td>разсвѣтáю.</td></tr></table>

( 362 )

Personal verbs used in the third person singular or plural without the pronoun—either when there is no definite agent expressed or when some such word as *it*, *one*, *they*, *people*, *some one*, *something*, etc., is understood in its place,—become impersonal.

<table><tr><td>It depends, зависитъ;</td><td>past</td><td>зависело.</td></tr><tr><td>It is proper, прописывается;</td><td>;</td><td>прописывало.</td></tr><tr><td>They say, говорятъ;</td><td>;</td><td>говорил.</td></tr><tr><td>People think, думаютъ;</td><td>;</td><td>думал.</td></tr><tr><td>It wants, недостаётъ;</td><td>;</td><td>недоставало.</td></tr><tr><td>People do, деляться;</td><td>;</td><td>деляли.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 1.—Impersonal verbs in the plural, are sometimes used instead of the passive, as:

<table><tr><td>The book is read.</td><td>Книгу читаютъ, instead of книга читаема.</td></tr><tr><td>He is praised.</td><td>Его хвалилъ, instead of онъ хвалимъ.</td></tr></table>

Some verbs become impersonal by adding ся to the third person singular, without however taking the nature of reflective verbs.

<table><tr><td>It is said, говорится.</td><td>It is done, делятся.</td></tr><tr><td>It is asked, спрашивается.</td><td>It is considered, считается.</td></tr><tr><td>It happens, случается.</td><td>It seems, чуждается.</td></tr><tr><td>It appears, оказывается.</td><td>It is required, требуется.</td></tr></table>

Besides the above, there are also compound impersonal verbs formed by adding the auxiliaries есть, было, будетъ to apocopated participles passive, or to adjectives of the neuter gender, as:

<table><tr><td>It is written, написано.</td><td>It is possible, возможно.</td></tr><tr><td>It is said, скажано.</td><td>It is known, пиздестно.</td></tr><tr><td>It is done, сделано.</td><td>It is vexatious, досадно.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 2.—Impersonal verbs with peculiar terminations

( 364 )

The second person is also often used to express the impersonal, when in English the word *one* is understood.

You may sit here sometimes all day
long and see nothing.

You think to yourself.

Спайшь здѣсь ниогда пѣлый день
и ничего не вйาшь.

Дýмаешь про себя.

### OBS. 4.—With some impersonal verbs the subject is expressed, as :

It thunders, громъ греміть.

It rains, дождь падётъ.

It snows, снѣгъ падётъ.

It hails, градъ падётъ.

Compound impersonal verbs, as also those formed from active and neuter verbs, govern the dative.

I should like to go for a walk.

He is pleased with it.

He has some place to go to.

We are ordered.

Everybody was merry.

They are sorry for you.

It is impossible for her.

Мнѣ хочется поіті пугіятъ.

Ему это пріятно.

Ему есть куда поіті.

Намъ вѣдѣно.

Всѣмъ было вѣсело.

Имъ жаль васъ.

Ей певозмѣжно.

The infinitive of all verbs when used as the complement to an impersonal verb governs the dative.

Learning is useful to everybody.

The work had to be finished.

They ought to be ready.

The greatest blessing is to enjoy good health.

Учиться всѣ кому человѣку по-лѣзпо.

Рабѣтѣ слѣдовало быть копченной.

Пимь должнѣ быть готовымъ.

Быть здорову (суть) пёрвое благо.

### OBS. 5.—Adjectives and participles in direct concord with the infinitive быть, governed by a personal verb, are put :—

a. In the nominative after the verbs могу 'I can,' and долженъ 'I must,' as :

I can be useful.

The book must be read.

Я могу быть полезенъ.

Книга долженъ быть прочитана.

( 367 )

EXERCISE XCIX.

Of what is sugar made in France, Russia, and other countries in Europe?—From beetroot.—Is not sugar made also from sugar-cane?—Yes, a great deal of sugar is made in America from the sugar-cane.—I should like to know why you want to go to him?—I want to go to him because there is no one here to ask where French books are sold, and I promised my sister to buy her one.—Did people write in ancient times on paper like that which we use now?—No, in ancient times people had no idea of the paper which we use now, but wrote on stones, bricks and shells.—Ought one not to confess one's errors?—Yes, but one is not always disposed to confess one's errors. How was the time of the day ascertained before clocks were (not) invented?—The ancients ascertained the time by (no with the dative) the position of the sun.—Can you tell me where there are any good lodgings to let?—They say (that) there are several good lodgings to let in the next street.—On which floor would you like to lodge?—I should like to live on the ground floor or second floor. From what are ropes made?—Ropes are made from coarse hemp.—Whither do the swallows fly for the winter season? It is supposed that they fly for the winter season to Central Africa.—Are there many forests in Southern Russia? No, you may ride sometimes for a whole day and not see a single tree.—From what is rose-water made?—Rose-water is made from rose-leaves.—At what o'clock can one find him at home?—He can be found at home from a quarter past four till six in the evening.—Do you like the new comedy at the French plays?—I have not seen it myself, but it seems it was not liked by the public.—If you (one)

( 368 )

keep a squirrel in a cage without giving it something
to nibble, (then) its teeth will grow so that it will not be
able to put them together.

EXERCISE C.

Where were you told about my sister going to be married.
I was told at my sister's ball yesterday.—Was there much
dancing at that ball?—There could be no such a thing,
as the rooms are so small that one could scarcely turn one's
self round.—Is this the house where you were received
with such kindness?—No, the house you speak of has three
stories, and this has only two.—Is this poor woman re-
lieved?—Yes, people relieve her.—Was your sister invited
to the countess's ball?—She was invited to it, and she also
hopes to be invited to the princess's ball.—By (къ) what
time must the dresses ordered be ready?—They must be
ready by to-morrow.—Did she wish to be useful to her?
Yes, but she could not be useful to her.—What are the
children afraid of?—They are afraid of being left at home.
Did you hear with whom he intends to go to the Paris
Exhibition next year?—They say he is going with the
French Ambassador.—Is there anybody upstairs?—No,
everybody is downstairs.—Shall I be allowed to go up-
stairs?—No, you must remain downstairs.—Whither are
these steamers sent?—They are sent down the river.—Will
there be any steamer going up the river?—No, there
will be no steamer going up the river.—Are we to
believe that he went away without saying 'good-bye?'
No, you must not believe that.—Whoever has told a lie
yesterday, will not be believed to-morrow.

( 369 )

FIFTIETH LESSON.—Пятидесатый Урökъ.

To write, писáть.
Writing,
To take, взять.
Taking,

Written, писаць.
Писáне.
Taken, взять.
Взátie.

Verbal nouns are derivatives of neuter gender ending in
nie or tie, formed from the past participle passive by
changing Ѣ into ie (ье). They are used in place of the
infinitive in cases where, in English, the participle present
or the infinitive is employed.

To read is beneficial.
Reading is beneficial.
Executed, исполненъ.
Wished, желанъ.
Saved, спасенъ.
To walk, ходить.

Читать полезно.
Чтение полезно.
Executing, execution, исполнение.
Wishing, wish, желание.
Saving, salvation, спасение.
Walking, walk, хождение.

Verbal nouns are formed not only as stated above, but
also from neuter and other verbs, without however taking
the suffix ся.

To seat, сидеть.
To endeavour, стараться.

Sitting, сидение.
Endeavouring, старание.

ОBS. 1.—In nouns having both the terminations ie and
ье, the former implies an act and the latter an object, as :

Granted, жалованъ.
Drunk, пить.

{ (The act of) granting, жалование.
The grant, salary, жалованье.
Drinking, питьё.
The drink, питьё.

Verbal nouns follow the changes of meaning expressed
by the imperfect, perfect and iterative aspects.

Written, писанъ, писание.
Written out, выписывать, выписывание.
Signed, подписанъ, подписанie, (попись.)
Used to be written, писыванъ, писывание.

B B

( 370 )

### OBS. 2.—The tonic accent, when transferred in the participle to the radical syllable, is put in verbal nouns on the syllable preceding ie or юе.

Written, писанъ, писáнъе.

Ordered, велѣнъ, велѣнъ.

Fought, воёванъ, воевáнъе.

Substantives formed from participles ending in енъ instead of ёнъ, take the characteristic vowel of the past tense or of the infinitive.

Born, тёрпіленъ, (терпѣлъ, терпѣть), терпѣнъе.

Turned, вёрченъ, (вертѣлъ, вертѣть), вертѣнъе.

To fear,

Бойться, II. 9.

To dread,

Опасаться, I. 1.

To take care of one's self,

Берёчься, I. 7.

To guard one's self against,

Остерегаться, I. 7.

### OBS. 3.—The above four verbs govern the genitive, and when followed by чтобы require the next verb to be put in the negative:

He fears that she will come.

Онъ бойтся чтобъ онá не пришлá.

He is afraid he will break the
bottle.

Онъ бойтся чтобъ не разбить бутылки.

He dreads to be seen.

Онъ опасается чтобъ его не увядáли.

After (when),

After he returned.

After having made his speech,
he sat down.

For, in,

I gave him money for the purchase
of books, and he spent it in
cakes.

Пóслѣ тогó—когда.

Пóслѣ тогó—какъ,

Пóслѣ тогó какъ онъ возвратился.

Пóслѣ тогó какъ онъ пропизнесł
свою рѣчь (пропизнесши свою
рѣчь) онъ сѣлъ.

Па, with the accusative

Я далъ ему дěнегъ на покúпку книгъ
а онъ ихъ истрáтилъ на при-
ники.

( 372 )

To take into consideration,

To make allowance for,

One should make allowance for his
illness.

We must make allowance for his
being a foreigner.

Such a thing,

No such thing can be seen here

Such,

Such, as,

Such books as they have read do
not please them.

Such as wish to go must say so
now.

To rival,

To do right,

To be proud of.

The evening comes on,

To send to prison.

To perform.

To accuse.

Beforehand.

Unpardonable.

Proper (due).

Thus, in such a way.

Raphael, Рафаэль.

Schiller, Шеймеръ.

Брать (взять), въ соображёніе.

Обращать вниманіе.

Нужно взять въ соображёніе его бо- лезнь.

Намъ должно обратить вниманіе на
то, что онъ поостранецъ.

Что лібо такое.

Что ппбудь подобное.

Нечего подобного здѣсь не увидѣшь.

Такой.

Тотъ, который.

Тѣ книгъ, которые онъ читалъ, имъ
не праۋятся.

Тѣ, которые желаютъ поить, должны
го тепѣрь сказать.

Сопérничать съ, with the
instrumental.

Быть правымъ.

Гордится, governs the instrumental.

Вечеръ, impersonal verb.

Заключить, посадить въ торму.

Играть, представлять.

Обвинять, perf. asp. обвинить.

Заранѣе, напередъ.

Непростительный.

Должный.

Такъ, такимъ образомъ.

Rubens, Рубенъсъ.

Molière, Мольёръ.

( 373 )

EXERCISE CI.

Have you seen the new picture by Doré?—I have not,
but my nephew, who, as you know, is considered a great
connoisseur, has seen it, and he says that it is an excellent
picture.—May one say that this picture rivals the best of
Raphael's or Rubens' works?—No, it seems to me that
could not be said of this picture.—Why do you not drink
some wine?—My doctor recommended me not to drink
any.—Good wine is not an injurious beverage if one drinks
it in moderation.—Would it be surprising if he were sent
to prison?—Of course not, for it is an unpardonable thing
to borrow money from people, knowing beforehand that one
will not be able to pay his debts at the proper time.—To
borrow money in such a way is considered as a theft.—The
evening comes on very early to-day.—No, it only appears
so to you, it is not earlier than usual.—What will this
money be given for?—It will be given for the purchase of
pens and pencils.—Whither are you running?—I am run-
ning into the garden to see what the children are doing
there.—They are running about the garden.—What play
do they give to-day at the theatre?—Some tragedy by
a French writer.—Do you not know what piece was
performed yesterday?—Yesterday was performed one of
Molière's comedies.

EXERCISE CII.

Was there much beer sold at the fair?—They say
there was sold about 3543 casks.—Is the criminal already
punished?—No, he is not, and he will not be punished,
as it seems he is not guilty, but falsely accused by his
enemies.—Of what is this lady so proud?—She is proud

( 374 )

of her pretty daughters.—Of what is his uncle proud?—He
is proud of his industrious sons.—How much linen shall I
need for a dozen and a half of shirts?—You will require
about fifty yards.—What has he bought?—He has bought
two pair of stockings, a pair of kid gloves, half a yard
of cloth for his waistcoat, and a straw bonnet for his
daughter.—Have you ever seen such a pocket-book?—I
have seen many such.—Did she pay any attention to him?
Yes, she did.—Does he pay attention to his words?—No,
he does not pay any attention to what he says.—Did I not
do right to tell him all the truth?—You did quite right.
Where are you going?—I am going to Berlin.—Then I
hope to have the pleasure of meeting you there.—I shall
be very glad indeed.

## FIFTY-FIRST LESSON.

### Пятьдесят трén первый Урóкъ.

OF THE ASPECTS IN DETAIL.

It might erroneously be assumed that the Russian verb,
in having only three tenses, is not susceptible of the different
variations of meaning presented in English by compound
tenses, or by a dozen or so of auxiliaries combined with
the infinitive or participle: the reverse is, however, the case.
Besides the ordinary moods and tenses, the Russian verb
has also forms to express the circumstances accompanying
the action, or the manner in which the action is performed,
without reference to its time. These forms, named *aspects*,
*виды* (see Lesson 28), which render the Russian verb

( 375 )

richer in its simplicity than those of other European
languages, are :

I. *The Imperfect Aspect*, indicating an action performed
absolutely, *i.e.* without conditions as to its beginning
or ending.

The peasants sell their goods in the
market.

Some wrote with pen, some with
pencil.

Who will read us this manuscript ?

Whoever can read best.

To fly,

To swim,

Крестьяне продаютъ свой товары на
рынку.

Кто писалъ перомъ, кто карапда-
шомъ.

Кто будетъ читать памъ ъту руко-
пись?

Тотъ, кто читаетъ луčше всѣхъ.

{ Летѣть, def.

{ Летать, indef.

{ Плыть, def.

{ Плавать, indef.

The imperfect aspect is subdivided into :

a. The definite, which denotes that the action takes place
at some particular time.

He is swimming (now) to that ship.

Whether are these birds flying ?

How did you feel at the time when
you were swimming to the boat ?

We will swim slowly.

Опъ плывётъ къ тому кораблю.

Кудá ъти птицы летать ?

Какъ вы себя чуствовали въ то врeмя
когда плыл( п.лывá) къ лодки.

Мы будемъ плыть тýхо.

b. The indefinite, which denotes the ability or faculty,
as also a habit of performing an act without reference to a
particular time.

Birds (can) fly and fishes swim.

He swims well.

If you take a few lessons in swim-
ming, you will be able to swim
well.

Птицы летаютъ, а рыбы плаваютъ.

Онъ плаваетъ хорошо.

Если возьмёте пѣсоко уроковъ
плавания, то буздете плавать хо-
рошо.

( 376 )

## II. *The Perfect Aspect*, which denotes a thorough accomplishment of the action, is subdivided into:

### a. Inchoative Perfect Aspect (*the starting point*), denoting an action as fully begun, without intimating that it has been or will be brought to an end.

He began to speak and everybody got silent. Онъ заговорилъ и всѣ замолчали.

The musical-box began to play. Органчикъ запралъ.

They will begin to laugh. Онъ засмѣются.

### b. Perfect Aspect of *Duration* (*the goal*), denoting that the action, although brought to a termination, required a certain time for its accomplishment.

I have read (finished reading) the book. Я прочталъ кийгу.

They come home. Онъ пришлѣ домой.

They will read (entirely) the book. Онъ прочтутъ кийгу.

She will come home. Онъ прийдётъ домой.

### c. Perfect Aspect of *Unity* (semelfactive), employed when the action is performed in one single, sudden effort:

He shouted (once). Онъ крікнулъ.

He jumped (once) over the fence. Онъ перепрѣгнулъ чёрезъ заборъ.

He gave him a glance. Онъ взглянулъ на него.

## III. The *Iterative Aspect*, denoting that the action was accomplished in repeated efforts or times at some distant period.

In olden times our ancestors used to live better than we do now. Въ старинѣ живали дѣды полѣчше нашего.

We used to read good books. Мы читывали хоровія кийти.

**OBS. 1.**—Each Aspect is regularly conjugated according to its own moods and tenses, thus:

( 377 )

a. The Imperfect Aspect, both definite and indefinite, has all the moods and tenses.

b. The Perfect has all the moods and tenses, except the present.

c. The Iterative wants the imperative and has only the past tense.

OBS. 2.—There are a few verbs like свистать 'to whistle,' which possess all the aspects, as for instance :

<table><tr><td>Imperfect asp.</td><td>Definite, свистать.<br/>Indefinite, свистать.</td></tr><tr><td>Perfect asp.</td><td>Inchoative, засвистать.<br/>of duration, просвистать.<br/>of unity, свистнуть.</td></tr><tr><td>Iterative asp.</td><td>свистывать.</td></tr></table>

In some verbs the perfect of unity is wanting, in others the inchoative or the iterative.

With this relation to the aspects the simple verbs, i.e. those which have no preposition attached to them, are :

1. Complete, which have all the principal aspects, as :

<table><tr><td>Imperfect.</td><td>Perfect.</td><td>Iterative.</td></tr><tr><td>To throw, кинать,</td><td>кинуть,</td><td>кидывать.</td></tr><tr><td>To touch, трогать,</td><td>тронуть,</td><td>трогивать.</td></tr></table>

2. Incomplete, which have two aspects: the imperfect and the iterative, as :

<table><tr><td>Imperfect.</td><td>Iterative.</td></tr><tr><td>To play, играть,</td><td>игривать.</td></tr><tr><td>To sing, петь,</td><td>певать.</td></tr></table>

3. Double verbs, which have both the forms of the imperfect aspect and the iterative, as :

<table><tr><td>Imperfect Definite.</td><td>Imperfect Indefinite.</td><td>Iteratice.</td></tr><tr><td>To go, идти,</td><td>ходить,</td><td>хаживать.</td></tr><tr><td>To carry, пести,</td><td>носить,</td><td>напивать.</td></tr></table>

( 378 )

4. Defective, which have one aspect only, the imperfect or perfect, as :

To adore, обожáть,
To suspect, подозрѣвать,
To come to one's self, поспѣшиться,
To gush out, хлѣпнуть,

To refuse,

To bequeath, to leave,

What did he refuse you ?

He refused me everything.

My grandmother bequeathed me
this estate.

He gave him a peremptory refusal.

He met with a refusal.

To be of use,

To make one's self useful,

To be a burden to,

Am I a burden to you ?

I am a burden to myself.

They were a burden to themselves.

Immaterial, all the same,

It is immaterial to us.

It is all the same to me.

It makes no difference to me.

To rid one's self of,

To get rid of,

To get off one's hands,

We could not get rid of that disagreeable man.

 used only in the imperfect aspect.

 used only in the perfect aspect.

{ Отказывать въ, } with the
{ Отказаться, prep. c.

Отказывать, отказаться.

Въ чёмъ онъ отказалъ вамъ?

Онъ во всёмъ мѣѣ отказалъ.

Бабушка отказалась мнѣ-это помѣстье.

Онъ ему пачасто отказалъ.

Онъ получилъ отказъ.

Быть полѣзнымъ.

Приносить пользу.

Быть въ тѣгость.—

Въ тѣгость ли я вамъ?

Я въ тѣгость себѣ.

Онъ были себѣ въ тѣгость.

Всё равно, ну̯жды нѣтъ, im-
personal, with the dat.

Памъ всё равно.

 Мпѣ всё равно, мнѣ ну̯жды нѣтъ.

Освободиться, избавиться отъ,
with the genitive.

Сбывать, сбыть съ рукъ.

Мы не могли избавиться (отдѣлаться)
отъ того неснoseнаго человѣка.

( 381 )

passing this five-storied house I met a young man.—Who
was that young man?—I do not know his name, but I
remember well that he is the same whom I met more than
once at your house.—It is impossible for me to guess by
such a description.—How long has this little girl worn these
shoes?—She has not worn them more than four weeks,
and they are quite worn out already.—How does your
brother-in-law pay his rent, weekly or monthly?—He pays
quarterly, he pays yearly.—What wine shall I serve at
dinner?—Bring two bottles of Burgundy and a bottle of
Champagne.—In asking this miser for a loan, you waste
your time, because he is so mean, that he refuses the neces-
saries of life to his only son.—Is this diamond-merchant
rich?—Judging by the luxury that surrounds him, he must
be very rich.—Did you ask anybody for a loan?—No, I
did not, I am not in need of money.—Have you got rid of
your head-ache?—Yes, my head does not ache now.
Has the merchant got rid of the damaged cloth?—Yes, he
has succeeded in getting rid of it.—Did he buy this watch?
No, his grandfather, who never refuses him anything, gave
it to him.—Has he left something to his poor nephew?
No, he left all his property to his eldest niece.

## EXERCISE CIV.

Have you ever watched the working bees in their hives?
Yes, I saw them once working at the Crystal Palace, where
they are kept in glass hives.—Ought not everybody to en-
deavour to make himself useful?—Everybody ought to make
himself as useful as he can, for the moment that a man,
however rich he may be, ceases to make himself useful to
others, he becomes a burden to himself.—Will he succeed

( 382 )

in getting a situation in some commercial house?—He has
got a situation and gets a very good salary, but in spite of
all this, he is always complaining.—Do not knock the book
against the table; your mother is ill, and you make such a
noise.—I have done it by accident and not on purpose.
Bring me a glass of champagne.—Our champagne is sold
only in bottles and half bottles.—Then bring me half a
bottle.—Yes, sir.—Of what is this man accused?—He is
accused of appropriating other people's money.—Is this his
sole crime?—No, he is accused of another crime also.—Of
which?—That he has stolen from his master a large sum
of money.—By whom was this church built?—Which
church?—The one built of brick, and whose cupola is seen
from here better than all others.—Is England rich?—Yes,
very rich; free trade has so enriched that country.

FIFTY-SECOND LESSON.

Пятьдесать второй Урокъ.

Whether are you carrying this
child?

I am carrying him to the hospital.

Do you take him there often ?

I take him there every day.

Куда вы несёте этого ребенка ?

Я несусь его въ большинцу.

Часто ли вы его туда носите?

Я его туда нашу кажущий день.

The double verbs, namely those having the definite and
indefinite forms in the imperfect aspect, designate movement
or some act having relation to hearing or sight.

The radical form of these verbs is the definite aspect,
from which the indefinite is formed.

( 387 )

EXERCISE CV.

Who usually takes (leads) this little girl to school?—The old nurse takes her there in the morning, and I take her in the evening.—When did our neighbours go out? They went out after warming themselves.—What did you plant yesterday?—I was planting flowers the whole day. What are you carrying on those sledges?—We are carrying wheat.—Whither are you carrying it?—We are taking it to town.—Do you always take your wheat to the town market?—No, we only take it thither when we cannot sell it on the spot.—What was his eldest brother laughing at the other day?—He was laughing at the conclusion of the story which the nurse was telling to the children.—What were the children complaining of?—They were complaining of the dull and rainy weather.—What did they wish for? They wished that the sun would always shine.—Was their wish fulfilled?—Yes, for six whole weeks there was not a single cloud visible.—Did this dry weather do any harm? Yes, it did a great deal of harm to the fields, meadows and gardens.—Do you go to town in winter often?—No, we seldom go there.—Who left you the estate you now possess?—My late aunt left it to me.—Is the servant carrying the fire-wood which the peasant has brought for us this morning?—No, he has not yet begun to carry it.—Whither shall you go next year for cloth?—I shall go to England, and then, when I have bought it, I shall go to Holland. Why do you speak so loud?—The gentleman to whom I speak, although very kind and amiable, is unfortunately deaf, so I am compelled to cry out, in order to be heard.—Shall John go to the forest?—No, it is Nicholas's business to go there; therefore he, and not John, shall go.

( 388 )

EXERCISE CVI.

Does your little niece learn to knit stockings?—She need not learn it, because she has already knit a few pairs of very fine stockings.—Would your nieces knit their own stockings if they could not buy any?—Even then they would not, for they know not how to knit stockings.—Do me the favour of putting those letters in the post as you go by.—They are posted already.—When will you have done copying these letters?—I shall have done by this evening. When will they have done with the books?—They will have done by to-morrow.—When will your uncle return to town?—When he has finished his business.—For how long are you going to Australia?—I am going there for three years.—Can he play at billiards?—Yes, he is a very good billiard player.—Does he play as well as this marker?—No, he does not, but that does not prevent him from considering himself the best player.—With whom were you playing at chess at the club?—I played yesterday two games at chess with a Hungarian, who is considered to be one of the strongest players.—Which of you has won?—I, of course, lost; for I am a weak player.—Did you persuade him to come to us to-morrow?—I endeavoured in every way to persuade him, but he was so obstinate that all my efforts were thrown away on him.—Well, if he likes better to sit by himself at home, we shall not trouble him any more with our invitation.—Did your lady neighbour find her little dog, which they say was lost a few days ago?—No, and the little dog was not lost, but stolen, it is supposed, by an old beggar-woman.

( 389 )

FIFTY-THIRD LESSON.

Пятьдесатъ третій Урónъ.

FORMATION OF THE ITERATIVE ASPECT.

The Iterative is formed from the imperfect aspect by
changing the termination of the infinitive or that of the
present tense into ывалъ, пвалъ, валъ or алъ.

Dissyllabic and polysyllabic verbs in ть, preceded by
а, я, о, ѳ, и form their iterative in ывалъ or пвалъ, the
tonic accent falling on the radical syllable, i.e. before the
termination.

<table><tr><td>To read, чит-áть, читáю;</td><td>iterative, чйт-ывалъ.</td></tr><tr><td>To measure, мѣр-ять, мѣряю;</td><td>мѣр-пвалъ.</td></tr><tr><td>To sting, кол-бть, колю;</td><td>кál-ывалъ.</td></tr><tr><td>To sit, сид-ѣть, сижу;</td><td>сіж-пвалъ.</td></tr><tr><td>To love, люб-іть, люблю;</td><td>любл-пвалъ.</td></tr></table>

Verbs of the first conjugation ending in ать form the
iterative in ывалъ, which is changed into пвалъ when
coming only after ж, ч, ш, г, к, х, as :

<table><tr><td>To hold, держ-áть, держу;</td><td>iterative, дєрж-пвалъ.</td></tr><tr><td>To roll, кач-áть, качаю;</td><td>кач-пвалъ.</td></tr><tr><td>To decide, рѣш-áть, рѣшáю;</td><td>рѣш-пвалъ.</td></tr><tr><td>To move, двиг-аться, двигаю;</td><td>двіг-пвалъ.</td></tr><tr><td>To plough, пах-áть, пашу;</td><td>пáх-пвалъ.</td></tr></table>

An after пвалъ is inserted in the iterative of verbs of
the second class in ать, preceded by б, п, м:

<table><tr><td>To shake, колéбать, колéблю;</td><td>iterative, колéбливалъ.</td></tr><tr><td>To drizzle, крӑпать, крӑплю;</td><td>крӑпливалъ.</td></tr><tr><td>To slumber, дремать, дрémлю;</td><td>дрémливалъ.</td></tr></table>

( 390 )

### OBS. 1.—The following dissyllabic verbs of the ninth and tenth classes take аль instead of пваль:

<table><tr><td>To burn, гореть; iterative, горать.</td></tr><tr><td>To boil, кипеть; кипать.</td></tr><tr><td>To cut, рубить; рубать.</td></tr></table>

The iterative in валь and аль is formed:

#### a. From all monosyllabic verbs:

<table><tr><td>To know, знать, знать; iterative, знать.</td></tr><tr><td>To sing, петь, пою; певать.</td></tr><tr><td>To live, жить, живу; живать.</td></tr><tr><td>To nibble, грызь, грызу; грызать.</td></tr><tr><td>To bake, печь, пеку; пекать.</td></tr><tr><td>To row, греть, гребу; гребать.</td></tr><tr><td>To burn, жечь, жгу; жигать.</td></tr></table>

Except the following in сть:

<table><tr><td>To lay, класть, кладу; iterative, кладывать.</td></tr><tr><td>To steal, красть, краду; крадывать.</td></tr><tr><td>To spin, праять, пряду; прядывать.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 2.—The termination валь is used after vowels and аль after consonants.

<table><tr><td>To tear, рвать, рву; iterative, рывать.</td></tr><tr><td>To take, брать, беру; брать.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 3.—If a vowel in the imperfect aspect is wanting in the verbal root, the vowel и (ы) is inserted in the iterative:

<table><tr><td>To babble, врать, вр-у; iterative, вир-ать.</td></tr><tr><td>To rub, тереть, тр-у; тир-ать.</td></tr><tr><td>To call, звать, зову; зыв-ать.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 4.—The termination аль of the iterative is always accented.

( 391 )

b. From dissyllabic verbs in нутъ, as :

<table><tr><td>To feel cold, сáбнуть</td><td>iterative, злó-álъ.</td></tr><tr><td>To dry, cóхнуть</td><td>сы-хáлъ.</td></tr></table>

Except the following :

<table><tr><td>To smell, пáхнуть</td><td>iterative, пáхивать.</td></tr><tr><td>To draw, тяпýть</td><td>тáгивать.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 5.—Between the indefinite imperfect aspect and the iterative there is a great similarity in meaning, and they have in common the characteristic suffix a, as :

<table><tr><td>I was in the habit of swimming.</td><td>Я пáвалъ,</td></tr><tr><td>I used to sing.</td><td>Я пъвалъ.</td></tr></table>

but they differ in this that the first has and the second has not the present tense.

Verbs having in the infinitive the tonic accent on the last syllable, in forming the iterative change the o of the radical syllable into a, which takes also the accent.

<table><tr><td>To throw, бросáть</td><td>iterative, брásывать.</td></tr><tr><td>To look, смотрýть</td><td>смáривать.</td></tr><tr><td>To feed, кормýть</td><td>кáрм.пивать.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 6.—If the radical o is accented in the infinitive it remains unchanged in the iterative.

<table><tr><td>To touch, трóгать</td><td>iterative, трóгивать.</td></tr><tr><td>To damage, пóртить</td><td>пóрчивать.</td></tr></table>

Only the following deviate from this rule :

<table><tr><td>To creep, пóлзать</td><td>iterative, пáлзывать.</td></tr><tr><td>To turn, ворóчать</td><td>ворáчивать.</td></tr><tr><td>To build, стрóпть</td><td>стрáнивать (стрóнивать).</td></tr><tr><td>To dispose to kindness, дóбрить</td><td>дáбривать (дóбривать).</td></tr></table>

( 393 )

To live upon, by,

She lives by her labour.
They live upon their income.
He has nothing to live upon.

Upon,

He lives upon the money left to
him by his uncle.

By,

What do you mean by that ?

To help,

We cannot help you.
They always helped him as far as
possible.

I cannot help laughing.
I cannot refrain from laughing.
Could one help laughing ?

To burst out laughing,
To be in a perplexity,

To call on,
Punctually,
To consist,
In the sight of,
On, about,

Did they speak on this matter ?
They spoke about it.

Жить, with the instr.

Она живёт своими трудами.
Онъ живётъ своими доходами.
Емъ нёчёмъ жить.

На, with the accus.

Онъ живётъ на дѣньги, оставленныя
емъ егъ дѣдей.

Подъ, with the instr.

Что вы разумѣете (понимаете) подъ
этимъ.

Помогать, I. 1, with the dat.
Помочь,* p. a., (fut. помогу,
поможешь, etc.).

Мы не можемъ помочь вамъ.
Онъ всегда помогали емъ по воз-
можности.

Я не могу удержаться отъ смѣха.

Можно ли удержаться отъ смѣха?

Разразиться смѣхомъ.

Находиться въ затруднěніи.

Заѣхать къ, } with the
Заходить, зайти, } dat.

Въ тóчности.

Состойть, II. 9.

Передъ, with the instr.

О, объ.

Говорилъ ли онъ объ этомъ дѣлѣ ?
Онъ говорилъ объ этомъ.

( 394 )

To become saving,
Hence,
Thence,

I shall go hence to London and
thence to Paris.

How did you .come to know that
he is ill ?

He said that illness alone could
prevent his coming; he did
not come, hence I came to the
conclusion that he was ill.

Henceforth,
Thenceforth,
A month hence,

They will go to him a few days
hence.

To get into debt,
To favour with,
To intrust to,
To notify,

To tend, ходить за.
To lie buried, быть похоропенý.
To display, оказывать.
To send away, отослать.
Ordinary, простой.

To be at work.

A toast.

A message.

Стать бережливымъ.

Отсюда, изъ сегó.

Оттýда, изъ тогó.

Я поѣду отсюда въ Лондонъ, а отту-
да въ Паризъ.

Какъ это вы узнали что онъ бóлѣнъ?

Онъ сказалъ, что тóлько болѣзнь мó-
жетъ помѣшáть ему прийтй;
онъ не пришёлъ, изъ сегó я и
ваключилъ, что онъ бóлѣнъ.

Отнынъ, вперёдъ

Съ тѣхъ поръ.

Чéрезъ мѣсяцъ.

Онъ пойдётъ къ немý чéрезъ нé-
сколько дпей.

Дѣлать долгъ.

Удостонить, with the instr.

Возложить на, with the acc.

Назвéstить о, объ, with the
prepos. case.

To fulfil, исполнить.

To repay, уплатить.

Spare money, листая дéльги.

To send for, прислать за.

Equality, равенство.

Быть за рабойой.

Поджаренный хлебъ.

Поручение.

EXERCISE CVII.

Why are these things not sent yet? —Because they had
to be sent for.—Did you find the Italian at home when you

( 395 )

called on him yesterday morning?—No, he was not at home.
He goes out early then?—Not always; he only goes out
early when business requires it.—Did the clerk execute
punctually the message entrusted to him?—I do not know
in what this message consisted.—He was ordered to notify
the arrival of the vessel.—Why did the traveller go so often
to the cemetery?—Because his wife, whom he so tenderly
loved, lies buried there.—Have you no money?—I am very
much in want of it now.—I have no spare money now, but
I will oblige you all the same as far as I can, if you
promise me to repay it three months hence.—What kind
of woman was the late countess?—She was a true mother
to the poor and the suffering.—She used to give money
liberally to the poor and often even tended them herself.
Was her sister as liberal?—She displayed as much kind-
ness to the poor as her circumstances allowed her.—Does
he read much now?—He used to read formerly, but now,
they say, he does not even take a book in hand.—Have
you ever seen such a horse?—I have seen in my life-time
all sorts of horses, but so fine a one I never saw.—When
will you favour us with a (your) visit?—We hope to be in
town three weeks hence, and then we will call on you.
Did they notify to him the arrival of the goods?—Yes,
they notified it to him by letter.—What kind of breakfast
have you ordered to be served, an English or an ordinary
one?—What do you mean by an English breakfast?—Tea
with buttered toast, and, if you like, a mutton or veal cutlet.
This is too much, I eat but little in the morning.—Give
orders for a cup of coffee with cream to be brought.

## EXERCISE CVIII.

How much does your brother spend a year on himself?

( 396 )

He spends not only all he earns, but even gets into debt. What does this poor widow live upon?—She lives by her labour.—Upon what money does this extravagant young man live?—He lives on money which he gets from his father.—Do you spend much?—I used to spend not a little when I was rich, but now I have become saving.—How are his affairs now?—He is in a great perplexity.—How much a week do you pay to your cook?—I pay him twelve and a half roubles per month.—Is all the money spent? No, there are a few roubles left, with (na) which we will buy for ourselves a few French and German books.—Are all men equal in France?—All men are equal in the sight of God, but you will not find true equality among men. Help me to carry this heavy box upstairs.—I am very sorry I cannot fulfil your request, but if you will wait a short time, when I return I will carry it there myself.—Is your gardener at work?—Why do you ask me about it? You know he is the most honest and industrious of my servants.—This I know, but I ask you what he is doing? He is planting trees and flowers.

## FIFTY-FOURTH LESSON.

### Пятьдесятъ четвёртый Урóкъ.

Verbs of perfect aspect formed, not by means of a prefix, but by a change of termination, are divided into two categories:

a. Verbs of perfect aspect of unity.

b. Simple perfect verbs.

( 398 )

### OBS. 3.—I before путь becomes soft (ль).

<table><tr><td>Колóть, to sting;</td><td>коюпúть.</td></tr><tr><td>Шевелíть, to stir;</td><td>шевелюпúть.</td></tr><tr><td>Вилíть, to evade;</td><td>виюпúть.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 4.—The following verbs of perfect aspect in путь are not classed with verbs of unity, as they do not denote an action accomplished by a sudden or single effort. In these verbs the letter п belongs to the root and not to the termination:

<table><tr><td>Мин-ýть, to avoid;</td><td>from минновáть.</td></tr><tr><td>Обман-ýть, to deceive;</td><td>обманывать.</td></tr><tr><td>Помин-ýть, to mention;</td><td>поминáть.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 5.—The following, forming the perfect of unity in путь without denoting physical action, are exceptions:

<table><tr><td>Дерзпúть, to dare;</td><td>from дерзáть.</td></tr><tr><td>Хвастнúть, to boast;</td><td>хвастать.</td></tr><tr><td>Щеголюпúть, to flaunt;</td><td>щеголять.</td></tr><tr><td>It is a long time since I waved my hand.</td><td>Я ужé давнó какъ махáю вамъ рукóю.</td></tr><tr><td>I will wave my hand to him once at the proper time.</td><td>Я махнý емý рукóю когдаª прийдěть порá.</td></tr></table>

## THE USE OF БЫЛО.

### OBS. 6.—The impersonal verb было before an infinitive in affirmative and negative sentences denotes an obligation or necessity, and is mostly used with personal pronouns in the dative, as:

<table><tr><td>Емý бýло прочéсть.</td><td>He had to read.</td></tr><tr><td>Вамъ бýло поговорить съ нимъ.</td><td>You had to speak to him.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 7.—БЫЛО after the infinitive of perfect aspect sig-

( 399 )

nifies ‘should have,’ and is used with the first person
only, as :

<table>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Прочéсть бýло мнѣ ъту кнйгу.
    </td>
    <td>
     I should have read this book.
    </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Поговорить бýло намъ съ пимъ.
    </td>
    <td>
     We should have spoken to him.
    </td>
   </tr>
  </table>

ОBS. 8.—In negative sentences было after an infinitive is used with verbs of imperfect aspect only, and denotes likewise an obligation or necessity.

<table>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Не говорить было съ пимъ.
    </td>
    <td>
     You ought not to speak to him.
    </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Не пдтй было тудá.
    </td>
    <td>
     You ought not to go there.
    </td>
   </tr>
  </table>

ОBS. 9.—БЫЛО with the past tense of perfect aspect denotes either duration without completion or a failure in accomplishing an action.

<table>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Я прочёлъ было это.
    </td>
    <td>
     I nearly read it through.
    </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Я собрался было лечь, какъ въ другъ. сълишу стукъ въ дверь.
    </td>
    <td>
     I was about (or just going) to lie down, when suddenly I heard a knock at the door.
    </td>
   </tr>
  </table>

ОBS. 10.—With the inchoative perfect aspect it denotes
that an action was about to be, or on the point of being
commenced, as :

<table>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Я было заговорилъ.
    </td>
    <td>
     I was on the point of speaking.
    </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Я сталъ было пѣть.
    </td>
    <td>
     I was about to sing.
    </td>
   </tr>
  </table>

THE USE OF БЫВАЛО.

It has been stated (Lesson 49), that the impersonal бывало is found with verbs in each of the three tenses. Its use may be thus illustrated :

a. With the past tense of the imperfect and iterative an action is described as one that took place repeatedly in some remote period.

<table>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Я говорилъ бывало ему.
    </td>
    <td>
     I used to speak to him.
    </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Я бѣднѣ бывало въ театръ.
    </td>
    <td>
     I used to go to the theatre.
    </td>
   </tr>
  </table>

( 400 )

ОBS. 11.—This form is often used instead of the iterative,
thus:

Я говорилъ бывало, ор я говарывалъ.

Я бездилъ бывало, ор я йѣзжалъ.

6. With the present an action that occurred in some remote period is described as still continuing, as:

Гуляю бывало по берегу и собирало
ракушки.

While walking along the shore I
used to gather shells.

ОBS. 12.—The principal clause with бывало, when changed into a gerund, becomes a subordinate one denoting an action long past:

Сижу бывало и ужу рыбу.
Сидя я удивляюсь рыбу.

While seated I used to angle with
a line.

с. With the future of the inchoative aspect an action is described as begun, and with that of the perfect aspect as ended in some remote period:

Заговорить (inchoative) бывало она
о своем покойном мунжѣ да и
заплачетъ.

Посмочь (посмотреть) бывало въ
глаза и тѣтчасъ отгадаетъ вѣше
желаніе.

It is going on,

What was there going on ?

Will there be anything going on ?

By so doing,

Read aloud, by so doing you would
give us a pleasure.

To fly at,

No sooner did she begin to speak
of her late husband than she
used to cry.

No sooner had he gazed at your
eyes than he used to guess
your wishes.

Дѣ лается, impers. v.

Что тамъ дѣ лалось?

Будетъ ли что небудь дѣ латься.

Тѣ мь.

Читайте вслухъ, тѣ мь вы доставите
намъ удобные事情.

{ Бросаться на, } with the
{ Бройтаться, p. a. } acc.

( 402 )

sound is that?—Some one must have discharged a gun in
the next room.—Have not you heard anything?—I think
some one gave a shriek.—You had better see what is going
on there.—What did you see?—On entering the room I
saw the husband loading his gun; he gave me a look,
became frightened, and dropping (уронить) the gun, ran
out of the room into the yard; there he leapt upon a
horse standing at the door and galloped off into the field.
Do not smack the whip; you may frighten the horse by
so doing.—The other day when my brother smacked his
whip, the horse flew at the coachman and nearly killed
him.—Shake that apple tree; perhaps a few apples will
fall.—My eldest brother used to climb upon that thick
branch and give it a shake.—Have you communicated
this news to his brother-in-law?—Yes, I communicate to
him all the news I receive.—Did he do it cleverly?—He
did it so cleverly as not to be remarked.—How many times
during the fight did that brave soldier load his gun?—He
loaded it only fourteen times.—Why did he not fire as
often as others?—Because he had not powder enough.—Is
it not true that the performance was very good?—All did
not perform equally well; some actors were very weak.
Is the weather fine?—Yes, but I think it will rain.—Why
do you think so?—Because a southerly wind is blowing.
It seems to me you are mistaken; the wind is blowing not
from (св) the south, but from the north.—You always like
to contradict.

## EXERCISE CX.

Who had to write?—We had to write.—You should not
give your sons so much money; they would then be more
saving.—The mother used to look (fut.) at her sick child

( 403 )

and cry.—Did you send word of your arrival to your brother?—I had written a letter and was just on the point of sending it to the post, when suddenly the door opened and your brother entered the room.—Where does the general live who used to review the troops?—He now lives in his ancestral castle, respected by his monarch, and loved not only by his former subordinates, but also by all his friends and acquaintances.—How did you pass the long winter evenings in your parents' house?—One of us used to read aloud (pres.) and the others listened.—Are you satisfied with your new servant?—No, I am very dissatisfied with him.—Do you know that the merchant who enjoyed so extensive a credit is now bankrupt?—Yes, and are you aware that my sister was on the verge of giving him all her money, but our uncle prevented it in time.—Whom did you give a nod to?—To an old school friend, whom I have not seen for more than five years.—You promised to let me know whether you would come for the evening; why did you not do it?—We expected you.—I was just going out, when the servant came to tell me that my sister was suddenly taken ill and wanted to see me.—This was the only reason for my absence, and I hope you will excuse me.—Why did you not send us word about your sister's illness? we would have paid her a visit.—I never hasten to send bad tidings, but now I may tell you that she is much better, and our doctor says she is out (BHI) of danger. Do you read much in the evenings?—Yesterday evening I read through the first volume of the novel you brought me last week.—When you have finished reading these interesting verses, will you lend them to me?—When I have finished, I will do so with pleasure.

( 405 )

The forty-eight verbs given in the annexed table as examples include all the terminations subject to regular permutation of letters. There will be found among them a few verbs, such as the four verbs of Class VI., or the 26th and 28th examples of Class VII., which appear to deviate from the regular rules, but each of these verbs is given as example for many others forming their infinitive or the present tense in the same manner, thus forming separate groups of verbs with regular conjugation.

Besides the six above-named examples there are also some other verbs, which deviate from the rules either in the formation of the infinitive, or of the present, or imperative, so, in order to facilitate their study, a separate table is given in Lesson Fifty-nine.

Concerning the use of the tonic accent in the conjugation of regular verbs the following rules are to be observed :

1. The first person present, the past tense, and the imperative have the accent generally on the same syllable as the infinitive, except those verbs in овать, евать, in which the syllable ов, ев belong to the root and not to the termination.

2. The other persons of the present tense preserve the accent of the first person, except verbs in нýть or оть, or verbs of the second conjugation, in which the accent is transferred to the penultimate.

( 410 )

The л of the past tense suppressed in the masculine must be restored in other genders, and in the plural, as, грызъ, fem. грызлá, neut. грызлó, plur. грызлý.

The following perfect simple verbs of neuter voice form their corresponding imperfect aspect with the reflective termination ся.

<table><thead><tr><th>Perfect Aspect.</th><th>Imperfect Aspect.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Стать,* to become;</td><td>стаповиться.</td></tr><tr><td>Съесть,† to sit;</td><td>садиться.</td></tr><tr><td>Лечь,* to lie;</td><td>люжиться.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Some perfect simple verbs derived from foreign words and ending in ую, овать, form their corresponding imperfect aspect in овываю, овывать.

<table><thead><tr><th>Perfect Aspect.</th><th>Imperfect Aspect.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Атаковать, to attack;</td><td>атаковывать.</td></tr><tr><td>Конфликтовать, to confirm;</td><td>конфликтовывать.</td></tr></tbody></table>

ОBS. 2.—The termination ую, овать may be used both for perfect and imperfect aspects, as :

<table><tr><td>Я атакую,</td><td>{ I attack, pres. imperf.<br/>I will attack, fut. perfect.</td></tr><tr><td>Я атаковаться,</td><td>{ I attacked.<br/>I used to attack.</td></tr></table>

The following six verbs are used both for the perfect and imperfect aspects without any change of the termination:

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>fut. and pres. вед.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ведть, to order;</td><td>вед.</td></tr><tr><td>Женить, to marry;</td><td>жен.</td></tr><tr><td>Казнить, to decapitate;</td><td>каз.</td></tr><tr><td>Полонить, to capture;</td><td>полон.</td></tr><tr><td>Ранить, to wound;</td><td>ран.</td></tr><tr><td>Румить, to destroy;</td><td>рум.</td></tr></tbody></table>

ОBS. 3.—The verbs ведю and пание have the meaning of

( 411 )

the imperfect aspect only in the present and past, their future with бýлу, as, бýду велѣть, бýлу páнить not being used.

The verbs даровáть, ‘to give;’ вѣщáть, ‘to relate; миновáть, ‘to pass;’ образовáть, ‘to form;’ have the meaning of the imperfect aspect in all the inflexions of the first branch, and that of the perfect in those of the second branch, as:

FIRST BRANCH.

Imperfect Aspect.

Дарýю, I give;

Дарýї, give;

Дарýя, giving;

Дарýющій, he who gives;

Дарýемъ, (which is) given;

SECOND BRANCH.

Perfect Aspect.

Я даровáлъ, I gave.

Даровáвшіи, having given.

Дарóванъ, (which was) given.

Даровáвшій, he who gave.

Даровáть, to give.

### OBS. 4.—Instead of образýю is used also образовываю in the imperfect aspect. Минýю has the future of perfect aspect минý, минěшь, etc., and in the past the double inflexions минýль and миновáлъ.

### OBS. 5.—Perfect simple verbs, such as брóспить, ‘to throw;’ дать, ‘to give;’ пасть, ‘to fall;’ etc., denoting a physical action performed by a single, sudden effort, have the signification of the perfect aspect of unity.

They are throwing stones into the garden.

Who has thrown this?

To decide on,

Онъ бросáють кáмни въ садъ.

{ Кто брóсилъ это?

{ Кто кипу.лъ это?

{ Рѣшáться па, } with the
{ Рѣшийться, р. а. } acc.

( 412 )

It follows,

Does it follow from this that he is
right?

It does not follow yet that you are
right.

To be reconciled,
To make it up,
Before,

To educate, to bring up,

To be deprived of, to lose,

She lost her husband last year.

To own,
To be owned,

By whom is this estate owned?

This estate was formerly owned by
my uncle.

To sew,
To make clothes,

Whose dress are you making?
I am making this dress for myself.
Is this waistcoat made (finished)?
He will make it.

On account of,

{ Слѣдуетъ,
Знáчитъ, } impers.
verbs.

Слѣдуетъ ли изъ этого, что онъ
правъ?

Это ещё не знáчитъ что вы прáвы.

Мириться съ, } with the
Помириться, p. a. } instr.
Прéжде, páпѣе.

{ Воспѣтывать, I. 1.
Воспитáть.

{ Лпшáться,
Лпшиться, } with the
gen.

Она лпшлась своегó мýжа въ прó-
шломъ годý.

Владѣть.

{ Находиться во владѣніи.
Припадлежáть, II. 9.

{ Въ чьёмъ владѣніи это помѣстье?

Кому припадлежйтъ это помѣстье?

Это помѣстье припадлежáло прéжде
моемý дадě.

Шить, р. а. сшить, I. 1.

Шить плáтье.

Чьё плáтье вы шьёте?

Я шью себѣ это плáтье.

Сшить ли жилétъ?

Онъ его сошьётъ.

{ По слýчаю, по причинѣ.
По, with the dat.

( 414 )

he attains the age of twenty-one, then his father will
let him marry the girl he loves.—Is this lawsuit decided?
Our judge decides all important causes, but he is now out
of town, and therefore it will be necessary for me to wait
the decision till the judge returns.—Did you decide on
anything?—No, I have not decided on anything as yet.
May it be presumed that it will happen?—I am certain it
will happen.—Who owns these excellent three storied
houses?—The first two houses are owned by some In-
surance Company; as to the rest, I cannot tell who owns
them.—Do not throw the nutshells on the floor.—I did not
throw them on purpose, but dropped them by accident.
Are Mr. B.'s works good?—They are good, but not equal
to Molière's?—Through your not allowing your daughter
to visit us yesterday, you deprived not only her, but us of a
great pleasure.—If I am compelled sometimes to deprive
her of this pleasure, it is only because her presence is neces-
sary at home.—Is learning acquired without pains?—Learn-
ing is not to be attained without great pains.—Did you order
supper to be served?—I will order it immediately.—Have
you compared the copy with the original?—Yes, I did, and
found a great difference.—Have you been to see my cousin
(fem.)?—I was deprived of that pleasure on account of my
sister's illness.

EXERCISE CXII.

Does your aunt bring up her only daughter properly?
No, she brings her up very badly.—Why do you think so?
Because I see her every day indulging her child in all sorts
of whims.—Perhaps by indulging her in some trifling
whims she somewhat spoils her daughter, but it does not
follow that she brings her up badly, and I think if you had

( 415 )

children of your own you would spoil them more than
your aunt does her's.—Allow me to wait here a few
minutes for my friend.—Certainly, take a seat.—Have you
compared these two pictures ?—I have, and I find that the
first is much better than the other.—Can this be equalled ?
This cannot be equalled.—Forgive me, mamma, for break-
ing your favourite Japanese vase.—I forgive you this
time, but I hope you will be more careful in future.—Em-
brace your brother and make it up with him.—Why do
you advise me to do so ?—I am not angry with him; we have
not quarrelled.—Is it as useful to speak as to write ?—It is
more useful to speak than to write; but if you wish to
learn a foreign language you should do both.—What does
he want ?—He wants to be equal to him.—Have you
enough money to pay your tailor ?—I have not enough,
but I will borrow what I require from my cousin.—What
clothes did you order your tailor to make ?—I ordered him
to make a dress-coat, a frock-coat, two pairs of trowsers and
some other garments.—Have you dropped anything ?—I
have dropped nothing, but my brother has dropped his silk
purse.—Does my picture equal that of your brother ?—My
brother's picture is beyond comparison.

FIFTY-SIXTH LESSON.

Пятьдесят third, шестой Уропль.

Certain prepositions are temporarily prefixed to the
simple verbs, and have the effect of modifying the aspect,
and sometimes changing the voice or the meaning of the
verb.

( 416 )

The prepositions used as prefixes in the formation of compound verbs are as follows:

Вз, воз, взо, Up, denotes—

a. An upward movement:

Взлетъ, to fly up.

Воспитать, to educate, to bring up.

Восходить, to ascend.

Возмxzать, to attain the age of
puberty.

b. Reciprocal or reinstatement:

Возлагодарить, to return thanks.

Возстановить, to re-establish.

Возвратить, to return.

Возрастать, to regenerate.

Вы, Out.

a. An outward movement:

Выйнуть, to throw out.

Вывозить, to export.

Выйнуть, to drive out.

Высаживать, to send out.

b. Acquirement by means of exertion:

Выпакивать, to obtain by entreaty.

Выпудить, to extort.

c. Giving a final polish or bringing into a proper shape:

Выйнуть, to bleach.

Выкропить, to cut out to a pattern.

До, Till, up to.

An action carried on up to a certain point:

Дойти до.

Договорить.

To go up to a certain point.

To speak up to a certain point.

За, For.

a. An action extended over an object:

Заклейть, to glue over.

Заржавить, to be covered with rust.

( 417 )

b. A stoppage or arrest.

Зазимовать, to stop for the winter.

Замѣшивать, to delay.

Изъ,

Out of, from.

a. The same as вы, i.e. an outward movement, but is used mostly in an elevated style.

ПЗПАТЬ, to banish.

ИзвѣРТЬ, to carve.

b. An action all over the surface or through a body in all directions.

Исписать,

Изъявить,

to cover all over with writing.

to starve with cold.

Па,

On

a. An action upon a surface.

Написать, to write upon.

Наощрить, to polish.

b. An action upon a number of things.

Наговорить, to say many things.

Насаживать, to plant abundantly.

О, объ, обо,

About, round about.

Оголить, to strip entirely.

Отвердѣть, to harden all round.

Осмотрѣть, to inspect.

Освѣпать, to strew round.

Отъ,

From.

a. Movement away from the object, or separation of parts.

ОТХОДИТЬ, to go away from.

ОТДѣЛИТЬ, to detach.

b. Reciprocation.

ОТПРАТИТЬ, to repay.

Отблагодарить, to repay with thanks.

ОТГОВОРИТЬ, to dissuade.

Отписаться, to write back.

F.W.

( 418 )

Пере,

Over.

a. A change of place, a movement across.

Перемѣнѣть, to change.

Переложить, to transpose.

Перевѣзить, to carry over.

Передать, to transmit.

b. Excess.

Перевѣспить, to overweigh.

Переварить, to over boil.

c. An action over the whole object in a certain order, and sometimes reciprocation.

Перебить,

to kill (one after another).

Передавать,

to hand over (one after another).

Переговорить,

to converse.

По,

Over.

a. Accomplishment of the action.

Поставить, p. a., to place.

Показать, p. a., to show.

b. Indefinite duration of the action.

Посидѣть,

to sit (a little, sometime, etc.).

Поговорить,

to speak.

Подъ,

Under:

a. A downward direction.

Подложить, to put under.

Подвёргнуть, to subject.

b. A motion towards an object.

Подходить, to come up to.

Подносить, to bring up to.

При,

A carrying out an action.

Прихать, to arrive.

Пристрѣлить, to shoot outright.

( .419 )

Про,

Through.

a. An action through and in one direction, and a passing by.

Пробъжáть, to run through.

Прочитáть, to read straight through.

b. Duration of the action till some definite end or time.

Пропѣть пѣсню,

Пролежать день,

Проговорить,

to sing a song through.

to pass the day reclining.

to speak through.

Разъ.

a. Division.

Раздáть, to distribute.

Разобрáть, to sort.

Разгрáбить, to lose.

Разодрáть, to tear.

b. Development or spreading of the action over the object.

Развёртывать, to unroll, to unfold.

Развеселить, to enliven.

Растолстѣть, to grow very stout.

Съ, со,

With.

a. Connection of parts.

Сострónить, to construct.

Сюжéть, to put together.

b. A thorough destruction of the object.

Сгнить, to decay entirely.

Сгорѣть, to burn down.

У,

Away.

a. In verbs of movement—disappearance from sight.

Убѣжáть, to run away.

Угнáть, to drive out.

b. Accomplishment of the action to a certain extent.

Умѣснить, to knead well.

Узнáть, to recognise.

c. Completeness of the action.

Утопить, to drown (thoroughly).

Уморить, to starve to death.

(.. 421 )

definite imperfect aspect without any change of termina-
tion, as :

IMPERFECT ASPECT.

<table>
   <thead>
    <tr>
     <td>
      Simple Verbs.
     </td>
     <td>
      'Compound Verbs.
     </td>
    </tr>
   </thead>
   <tbody>
    <tr>
     <td>
      Ходить, to go;
     </td>
     <td>
      выходить, to go out.
     </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
     <td>
      Летать, to fly;
     </td>
     <td>
      влетать, to fly out.
     </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
     <td>
      Вращать, to turn;
     </td>
     <td>
      возвращать, to return.
     </td>
    </tr>
   </tbody>
  </table>

ОBS. 1 —These compound verbs are conjugated like the simple verbs from which they are formed.

b. By adding a preposition to the iterative aspect, which thus acquires the inflexions of all moods and persons of the imperfect aspect, as :

<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Iterative Aspect.</th>
      <th>Compound Imp. Asp.</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Чýтывалъ, I used to read out;</td>
      <td>Вычýтывать, to read out.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Present. Вычýтываю, ешь, etc.</td>
      <td>Gerund. Вычýтывая, вавъ.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Past. Вычýтывалъ, ла, ло.</td>
      <td>Partic. Act. Вычýтывающій, вшій.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Future. Бýду вычýтывать.</td>
      <td>Partic. Pass. Вычýтываемъ, вычý-<br>тыванъ.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Imperat. Вычýтывай, йте.</td>
      <td></td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

c. By prefixing a preposition to the simple verb of im-
perfect aspect, and inserting the syllable ва before the ter-
mination.

<table>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th>Simple Imperf. Asp.</th>
      <th>Compound Imperf. Asp.</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Слабѣть, to grow weak;</td>
      <td>ослабѣвать.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Велѣть, to order;</td>
      <td>повелѣвать.</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

О F THE INCHOATIVE.

The inchoative perfect aspect is formed—

a. By adding the auxiliary verb стать, past сталъ, future
стáну, ешь, etc. to the infinitive of verbs of imperfect as-
pect, as :

<table>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Стать играть,
    </td>
    <td>
     to begin to play.
    </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Онъ сталъ играть,
    </td>
    <td>
     he began playing.
    </td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>
     Онъ стáнетъ играть,
    </td>
    <td>
     he will begin playing.
    </td>
   </tr>
  </table>

( 422 )

ОBS. 2.—The auxiliary, стать, сталь, стану, is used only for animate objects which possess a will of their own.

b. By prefixing the prepositions за, воз (вз, ВС, возо. вос) or по to verbs of imperfect aspect:

<table><thead><tr><th>Imp. Asp.</th><th>Inchoat. Asp.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Пылать, to blaze ;</td><td>запылать.<br>воспылать.</td></tr><tr><td>Хотеть, to wish ;</td><td>захотеть.<br>восхотеть.</td></tr><tr><td>Непавидеть, to hate ;</td><td>возненавидеть.</td></tr><tr><td>Бежать, to run ;</td><td>побежать.</td></tr></tbody></table>

The preposition за (old Russian воз, въ, вос, возо) denotes the commencement of an action which either implies no change of place, or else a movement in different directions, as:

<table><tr><td>Запылать,</td><td>to begin to flare.</td></tr><tr><td>Задремать,</td><td>to begin to slumber.</td></tr><tr><td>Забегать,</td><td>to begin to run about.</td></tr></table>

ОBS. 3.—The inchoative aspect formed by means of the prefix за, generally denotes an involuntary action, as:

<table><tr><td>Сердце запрётало,</td><td>the heart began to leap.</td></tr><tr><td>Органы крепкі запрётъ,</td><td>the musical-box began to play.</td></tr></table>

ОBS. 4.—За may be used also for animate objects, as:

<table><tr><td>Она заговорила,</td><td>she began to speak.</td></tr><tr><td>Онъ запрётъ,</td><td>he will begin to play.</td></tr></table>

ОBS. 5.—The preposition по denotes the commencement of a movement in a certain direction, and in this sense it is joined to verbs of definite imperfect aspect, such as:

<table><thead><tr><th>Defin. Imp. Asp.</th><th>Inchoat. Asp.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Везть, to carry ;</td><td>повезть.</td></tr><tr><td>Лететь, to fly ;</td><td>полететь,</td></tr><tr><td>Несты, to bring ;</td><td>понесты, etc.</td></tr></tbody></table>

( 424 )

To answer, to write back.

Nature of illness.

Symptoms of illness.

Camp fire.

Отнýсывать, отнисáть.

Харákтеръ болъзни.

Призвакъ болѣзни.

БиВАЧНЫЙ ОГБНЬ.

## EXERCISE CXIII.

Have you asked the doctor to write a prescription for me? — Yes, I wrote to him about it yesterday, and after having described to him the nature of your complaint, I was on the point of adding a few words on your part, but I changed my mind, remembering that you were totally unacquainted with him. — Have you already directed the letter? — Not yet, I will first make a fair copy of it. Have you come to the end of writing your letter? — I shall soon have come to the end. — Will you write some more letters? — No, I have finished writing for to-day. — Is the letter already signed? — The head clerk has signed it long ago. — Out of which book have you copied this letter? — I do not copy my letters out of books. — Your friend often copied letters and verses out of books and passed them off as (3a) his own. — Where do you get these illustrated papers from? — We used to get them formerly from Vienna, but henceforth we shall get them from Paris. — Those which you ordered are out of print. — Have you already written over a whole quire of paper? — No, I have about seven sheets left. — Be quiet, please; through your chatter I have made two mistakes in writing. — Have you transmitted to him the news of the town verbally or by letter? — In answering him, I communicated to him all that took place. — Did you take down my address? — Yes, it is already written down. The chief made a written order for his subordinates to arrive at the office earlier than usual.

( 425 )

EXERCISE CXIV.

Ask this girl to sing us something.—Yes, I will ask her. The girl began to sing, and all began to listen.—I was on the point of explaining this to him in French, when I re-collected his dislike to speaking a foreign language in a public place (общество).—She began to scream so loudly, that our ears began to ring.—Our grandmother, while reading to-day, fell into a slumber and dropped her book.—Do you see, dear sister, the boys have begun to run about in the yard yonder? I will go likewise and begin to run about with them.—No, my dear, do not go away from here; I want you, and besides that it is very dirty in the yard.—Will they carry the body (покойникъ) through our street?—Yes, so they say.—When will the procession pass by?—Hardly before three o'clock.—Whose wedding carriage is that passing by?—It is that of the major of artillery and his young bride from Ems.—How is it that her uncle lived so long at Ems?—In order to take the baths there.—Is that town pretty?—Yes, it lies in a narrow and picturesque valley. The camp fires began to blaze and the poor half-frozen soldiers became cheerful.—Have you salted your soup?—I have not only salted it, but over-salted it.—Did he go through his lesson without a fault?—He did nothing but make faults.—Leave off playing the flute: I did not sleep enough; I am sleepy still.—I began playing the flute on purpose to wake you, because you told me when you went to lie down you did not wish to over-sleep yourself.

( 426 )

FIFTY-SEVENTH LESSON.

Пятьдесят седьмой Уропь.

COMPOUND VERBS (continued).

FORMATION OF PERFECT AND IMPERFECT ASPECTS.

Compound verbs of imperfect aspect, derived from the indefinite form of the double simple verb, have in the perfect aspect the termination of the corresponding definite verb.

<table><thead><tr><th>Indefinite Imperfect Aspect.</th><th>Definite Perfect Aspect.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Про-ходить, to pass;</td><td>Про-иіті.</td></tr><tr><td>Пере-возить, to carry across;</td><td>Пере-везіті.</td></tr><tr><td>У-носить, to take away;</td><td>У-песті.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Compound verbs of imperfect aspect, derived from the iterative, form the perfect aspect by restoring the corresponding termination of the primitive simple verb.

<table><thead><tr><th>Imperfect Aspect.</th><th>Perfect Aspect.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>С-прашивать, to interrogate;</td><td>С-просить.</td></tr><tr><td>За-служивать, to deserve;</td><td>За-служить.</td></tr><tr><td>За-пирать, to shut;</td><td>За-переть.</td></tr><tr><td>О-стапывать, to stop;</td><td>О-стаповить.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Compound verbs of imperfect aspect, having both the definite and indefinite forms, have two terminations for the perfect aspect. The same is the case with compound verbs which are susceptible of the perfect aspect of duration and that of unity.

The first of these two terminations, that of the indefinite form or of duration, is used to express an action requiring many efforts, or a certain length of time.

The second, that of the definite form, or of perfect of unity, is used to express an action requiring only a single effort, as:

( 428 )

Compound verbs of perfect aspect in **нуть** form their imperfect aspect in **ать**, as:

<table><thead><tr><th>Perfect Aspect.</th><th>Imperfect Aspect.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Погйбнуть, to perish ;</td><td>погйбать.</td></tr><tr><td>Приввікпуть, to get accustomed ;</td><td>привыкать,</td></tr><tr><td>Окйснуть, to turn sour ;</td><td>окисáть.</td></tr></tbody></table>

The following form their perfect aspect irregularly.

SIMPLE VERBS.

<table><thead><tr><th>Imperfect Aspect.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Вѣщать, to tell.</td></tr><tr><td>Глотáть, to swallow.</td></tr><tr><td>Кусáть, to bite.</td></tr><tr><td>Мънáть, to change.</td></tr><tr><td>Скакáть, to gallop.</td></tr><tr><td>Стрѣлáть, to shoot.</td></tr></tbody></table>

COMPOUND VERBS.

<table><thead><tr><th>Imperfect Aspect.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>позвáть,</td></tr><tr><td>поглащáть,</td></tr><tr><td>укусáть,</td></tr><tr><td>перемѣнáть,</td></tr><tr><td>перескáкивать,</td></tr><tr><td>застрѣливать,</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>Perfect Aspect.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>извѣстить.</td></tr><tr><td>поглотить.</td></tr><tr><td>укусить.</td></tr><tr><td>перемѣнить.</td></tr><tr><td>перескочить.</td></tr><tr><td>застрѣлить.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Some compound verbs of imperfect aspect have no corresponding verbs of perfect aspect.

To these belong verbs with the prefix:

a. По, in a frequentative sense, as:

Посейживать, to be in the habit of sitting.

Почитывать, to be in the habit of reading.

Попѣвáть, to be in the habit of singing, etc.

OBS. 2.—The verbs of perfect aspect посидěть, почи́тать, попěть, although with the same prefix по, must not be con- founded with the above, inasmuch as they are formed from the simple verbs сидěть, читáть, пěть, and the prefix по merely modifies the duration of action, which lasts in this case a certain time without interruption.

b. Подъ or при, in the sense of an action accompanying another, as:

<table><tr><td>Подсвистывать,</td><td>to whistle in accompaniment.</td></tr><tr><td>Припѣвать,</td><td>to sing in accompaniment.</td></tr></table>

( 432 )

me, and at a very cheap rate too.—Are there many con-
traband goods smuggled across every year?—Yes, it is
reckoned that the loss to (ББ) the revenue amounts to 200,000
roubles yearly.—In what way do they manage to evade
the payment of the duty?—For the most part by stratagem,
and sometimes even by force, for the smugglers, they say,
are nearly always armed.—What are these workmen throw-
ing out of the ditch?—They are throwing earth out of it.
Is there much left to be thrown out?—No, they have nearly
thrown all out; there remains only one heavy stone, but,
lo! that strong man has thrown it out.—Will not your
aunt leave a small pension to her faithful old servant?
No, she says that he does not deserve it.—Has this soldier
earned his pension?—Yes, he has been receiving it for
some years.—Is it true that all the thieves were caught?
No, they caught only one thief, the others fled on all sides
before the arrival of the police.—Must I consult him upon
this?—No, I advise you never to apply to him; you had
better apply to my uncle, who is able to give you good
advice.—You said you would lend my sister this novel, did
you not?—Yes, I said so, and I will keep my promise.—It
is a pity we did not receive your letter, is it not?—It does
not matter much, for I saw him soon after I wrote it.

EXERCISE CXVI.

What do you do (are you in the habit of doing) now in the
evening?—We read and then play at billiards.—Read me
a little from this book, and then you may go to play a little.
Do you intend to pay that man for the wine when he applies
for payment?—He sends his clerk to me for the money
every day, but I shall not pay him until he changes these

433

bad wines for better.—Why do these guests depart so early?—Because the mistress of the house is taken suddenly ill.—Go to him at once for the papers, or you will not find him at home.—Does he always do his duty?—He only once did not perform his duty, and was consequently dismissed from the service.—When shall I be free?—When you have done your duty you will be free, but not before.—Have you found your hat?—I was searching for it everywhere for a long time, and I cannot understand even now how it came (очутиться) into this room.—Probably, you put it here on the table yourself.—No, I always put my hat on the table in the ante-room, and if I find it now on the table in this room, it is certain that some one took it from there to play a trick with me.—Will you not order some water to be boiled for me?—I will order it directly.—Do these bottles burst?—Only one has burst.—Cork the bottles properly, or the wine will turn sour.—However you may cork the bottles, this wine is sure to turn sour.

## FIFTY-EIGHTH LESSON.

### Пятьдесят восьмой Уропь.

### COMPOUND VERBS (continued).

Compound Verbs of perfect aspect formed from simple defective verbs, i.e. from verbs wanting the iterative, as also from some verbs in ить of the second conjugation, have in the imperfect aspect the abridged termination ять or ать instead of ивать or ывать, as :

#### SIMPLE VERBS.

* Imperfect Aspect.
  Винтить, to accuse,
  Томить, to weary,
  Рѣшить, to decide,

#### COMPOUND VERBS.

* Perfect Aspect.
  обвинить,
  утомить,
  разрешить,

* Imperfect Aspect.
  обвинить.
  утомить.
  разрешать.

FF

434

### OBS. 1.—The abridged termination is also used when the meaning of the primitive verb is changed in its compound, as :

#### SIMPLE VERBS.

Imperfect Aspect.
Садить, to plant,
Свѣтить, to light,

#### COMPOUND VERBS.

Perfect Aspect.
осадить, to besiege,
просвѣтить, to enlighten,

Imperfect Aspect.
осаждать.
просвѣщать.

But when the compound verbs retain the signification of their primitives, they have in the imperfect aspect the full termination of the iterative, as :

#### SIMPLE VERBS.

#### COMPOUND VERBS.

Perfect Aspect.
пересадить, to replant,
засвѣтить, to light,

Imperfect Aspect.
пересаживать.
засвѣчивать.

### OBS. 2.—There are some compound verbs whose simple form is either wanting altogether or obsolete, as :

Imperfect Aspect.
Побеждать, to vanquish,
Обежать, to offend,
Встречать, to meet,
Разорять, to ruin,

Perfect Aspect.
побеждать.
обежать,
встречать.
разориться.

### OBS. 3.—The aspect in such verbs is recognised by the termination, which is almost always ать or ять for the imperfect aspect.

### EXCEPTION.—Two verbs of this category, оправдывать, ‘to justify,’ and обнародовать, ‘to promulgate,’ have the termination ать also for the perfect aspect—оправдать, обнародовать.

Most compound verbs formed from the old root ять, ‘to