Reprinted from
THE JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
Vol. 7, No. 2, April, 1943

MIGRATION AND FATE OF TRANSPORTED
JUVENILE WATERFOWL

C. S. Williams and E. R. Kalmbach

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Brigham, Utah, and Denver, Colorado

The study of the homing instinct of migratory birds, that mysterious and still unexplained ability which unerringly guides avian travelers, sometimes through darkness, fog, and storm, is intriguing and also is important in practical avian management. The ability and inclination of birds to travel ancestral flyways and to return to the same nesting or wintering ground has long been known and in recent times has been amply demonstrated through records from banded birds (Lincoln, 1935). The regularity of such movements, particularly during spring migrations, has demonstrated time and again that individuals of seemingly aimless flocks may, in fact, be creatures of precision with respect to time, place, or direction. Once established, only a most impelling cause will alter for the individual its use of a migratory route, a nesting area, or a wintering ground.

The attachment of birds to their nesting grounds is pronounced, and is common to most if not all species. This is attested by many experiments; some conspicuous examples are the observations by Baldwin and Bowen (1928) on the return of transported house wrens, the researches of Lyon (1935) and of Gillespie (1930) with cowbirds, studies by Kluiver (1935) and Rüppell (1936, 1937, 1938) of starlings, martins, and swallows, and of Kratzig and Schuz (1936) with starlings, of Lack and Lockley (1938) with a number of maritime species, and of Watson and Lash-

ley (1915) with sooty and noddy terns. Much of this experimental work involved the transport of adult birds just before or during the nesting season when the homing instinct was most pronounced.

Some of these same workers, as well as others, have also transported adult birds from their regular wintering haunts to distant points and observed their return to accustomed habitats or migration routes. Of significance in connection with the experiments here reported has been the work of McIlhenny (1934) with adult waterfowl trapped in Louisiana at the southern end of the Mississippi flyway and released at points of the Pacific and Atlantic flyways. A large proportion of those recovered were retaken in the Mississippi flyway giving indication of the strong attachment these waterfowl had for their ancestral migratory route. In this case, however, the birds involved had made at least one flight from their nesting ground.

From the standpoint of Federal refuge management, the question arises, "how successful will be the restocking of depleted areas if non-pinioned specimens possess such an urge to return to points whence they came?" Will it ever be possible to repopulate depleted areas with physically normal adult stock obtained in other flyways? The available evidence indicates that it will not be and the birds either will have to be pinned or kept in captivity long enough

163

164 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, VOL. 7, No. 2, APRIL 1943

to produce young that will look upon
the new area as their home. Liberated,
pinioned birds are under a handicap and
may even become a problem in manage-
ment on northern refuges where winter
feeding would be called for.

There remains, however, the possi-
bility of accomplishing restocking by
transporting juveniles which may not
have acquired an affinity for their
natal homes or flyways. Therein lies
the theme of this paper, involving con-
siderations not only of wildfowl man-
agement but also those associated with
the study of the homing and migratory
instincts of birds. There is little previ-
ous experimental work in the transport-
ing of juvenile birds and the recording
of their subsequent migrations, but
mention may be made of some that
have application.

Hornberger (1934) reported on num-
bers of storks taken from their nests in
East Prussia and raised in Rossiten. Of
these 73 were released at Rossiten, 20
at Frankfurt am Main, and 144 at
Essen near the western border of Ger-
many; each set of birds was distinctly
colored to aid in making sight records of
returns. Nearly all of the birds went
south or southeast, and this was con-
sidered to be evidence of the inheri-
tance of an ancestral migration direc-
tion, followed even in a locality where
the native birds migrated in another
direction. The distances these storks
were transported were not as great as
those involved in our shipments of
American waterfowl which may have
accounted for the birds reacting differ-
ently from those reported on here.

Rüppell (1938), on the other hand,
took young starlings from nests, reared
and retained them in captivity until

the following spring, when some began
to carry nest material and lay eggs. At
that time 15 were marked with colored
bands and transported 115 kilometers
to the south. Despite a diligent search
in the area of their birth none was
again reported there indicating, it
would seem, that no great attraction had
been developed in these young birds for
the place of their birth and early ju-
venile life.

Schuz (1931) in his review of experi-
ments dealing with the sense of direc-
tion in birds recites the case of a swift
taken from its nest in Braunschweiz to
be reared and liberated in Berlin, where
it returned the following spring. This,
it was felt, gave indication as to what
part of the "home complex" and early
life of the bird was most effective in in-
fluencing the bird's homing instinct.

An experiment similar to one of those
here reported (Table 1, Lot 4) was per-
formed by Karl Fazer (Valikangas,
1933) in cooperation with the Zoologi-
cal Museum of the University of Hel-
singfors (Helsinki). Eggs of English
mallards (considered non-migratory)
were sent in the spring of 1931 to Tau-
bild between the Gulf of Finland and
Lake Ladoga. Of these, 86 hatched and
grew up in freedom with wild ducks al-
though regular feeding kept them par-
tially tame. Later in the year 62 were
banded and all left their rearing ground
in the middle of November. Returns
from these banded birds and observa-
tions made on others that reappeared
near Lake Ladoga during the following
spring indicated that these English
mallards behaved like resident birds,
and all recoveries fell within the regular
migration route of Finnish mallards.

Thus, in these European experiments,

166 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, VOL. 7, NO. 2, APRIL 1943

uges to learn whether attachment to a flyway is a characteristic possessed by young ducks which have never made a migratory flight. The goslings were shipped in 1939, and all the ducklings were transported in 1938.

TRANSPORTED CANADA GEESE

Each year since 1937 it has been a practice at the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge in Utah to band a significant percentage of the young Canada geese produced on that breeding ground. Difficulty was experienced during the first year in perfecting a trapping method which would permit wholesale banding, but in 1938 the difficulty was overcome so that in 1939 experiments with transporting young stock to other areas could be undertaken. In July, 1939, 399 adult geese and 812 goslings were trapped and banded, and 133 were shipped to other national wildlife refuges in north-central United States where Canada geese formerly bred in abundance and where it was desirable to restore the breeding populations, as follows:

Mud Lake, Holt, Minn.—34 juveniles

Sand Lake, Columbia, S. D.—37 juveniles

Lower Souris, Upham, N. D.—22 juveniles

1 adult

Necedah, Necedah, Wis.—38 juveniles, 1 adult

The fate of each shipment is considered individually because the interpretation of results is influenced by the handling and care of the transported stock which, of necessity, was variable at each refuge. The results are still incomplete, but indicate what may be expected within the next few years.

Mud Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Holt, Minn. The 34 juveniles were all wing-clipped (not pinioned) on arrival

in July, 1939. All but seven (except two killed by mink during the winter) became full-winged during the summer of 1940, and 25 were able to migrate in the fall. Four returns (16%) were received, 3 from Mentor, Minn., November 23, 1940, and 1 from Erskine, Minn., November 24, 1940. All were apparently within 10 miles of each other and about 45 miles from Mud Lake. The available data indicated that the birds adapted themselves to new conditions and had no inclination to return to their original breeding area in Utah.

Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Columbia, S. D. The 37 juveniles all were permitted to retain their flight feathers. There has been only one return from the area, a juvenile found dead from unknown cause on the refuge, November 20, 1940. The birds made themselves at home on the area which seemingly provides all the necessary habitat requirements for a successful transplanting as Watson Beed, Manager of the Refuge (letter, October 2, 1941) stated: "Last year none of the birds nested but this year the geese scattered over Mud and Sand Lake and 50 goslings were counted. There was no migration either in 1939 or 1940 and about 20 (other) wild birds spent the winter here with them." The fact that some of the young birds of 1939 produced goslings of their own in 1941 was wholly unexpected and most certainly is indicative of their satisfaction with the new environment. Present indications are that return of these birds to the Utah flyway is unlikely.

Lower Souris National Wildlife Refuge, Upham, N. D. The 23 birds released were the second restocking on the area. In 1937, 22 pinioned geese

TRANSPORTED JUVENILE WATERFOWL—Williams, Kalmbach 167

from Malheur, Ore., had been introduced and produced about 18 goslings each year to 1940. In 1941 Merrill C. Hammond, the resident biologist, estimated that 30 to 40 goslings were produced. Of these some later migrated and 11 were shot at locations in Colorado, North Dakota, Nebraska, and New Mexico.

Ten of the birds transported from the Bear River Refuge were wing-clipped prior to release, but the remainder were full-winged at all times. Only two returns have been recorded at significant distances. One was taken November 28, 1940, at Crook, Colo., a locality at which birds from the first restocking were also taken by hunters. The other return of a Utah transplant was from Moose Lake, Manitoba, on October 5, 1940. Neither locality is within the flyway of Utah birds. The data are meager but show that the transplanted geese remained within their adopted flyway with no indication of again joining the Oregon and Utah flocks.

*Necedah National Wildlife Refuge, Necedah, Wis.* The 39 geese were wing-clipped before release and attempts were made to do so each year to maintain a captive flock. Ten birds, however, escaped and became full-winged. Robley W. Hunt, refuge manager, reported (Sept. 29, 1941) that "four of the fliers are observed almost daily on the Rynearson pools, while six of the fliers are still remaining with the clipped birds. If approached too close, however, they will fly out of the pen and return when the coast is clear." The birds have not nested, but the fact that full winged birds make no effort to leave indicates they have acclimated themselves to the new sets of conditions.

The data from transplanting of juvenile Canada geese from Bear River to areas outside of their normal flyway indicate that they show no tendency to return to the area from which they came. The young, even though not wing-clipped, readily adapted themselves to their new habitats. The speed of adjustment probably varies with how well their requirements are provided for in the new area; breeding possibly occurs during the second year in favorable localities. The restocking of refuge areas with juvenile Canada geese thus can be considered a worthy management measure to follow wherever over-shooting and habitat destruction have been remedied.

TRANSPORTED DUCKLINGS

In the experiments with ducklings, efforts were made to learn whether these young birds would return to their ancestral flyways; a program of restocking was not directly involved. The points of origin and destination of these shipments are shown in Table 1, along with the records of returns of the banded birds.

The Delta Duck Hatchery at Delta, Manitoba, served as a point of origin and release of transported birds. Through facilities generously contributed by James F. Bell, owner, and Edward Ward, manager, eggs sent there were incubated and the young reared to an age permitting their release. Birds hatched from locally collected eggs also were contributed by the Delta Duck Hatchery for shipment to the Blackwater and Malheur refuges. At the three wildlife refuges assistance was rendered by the respective managers and biologists, C. J. Henry and M. C. Hammond

168 JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, VOL. 7, NO. 2, APRIL 1943

at the Lower Souris Refuge, Clarence A. Sooter and George W. Benson at Malheur Refuge, and David V. Black at the Blackwater Refuge.

A total of 213 ducklings were eventually released. Of these 13 had been transported as eggs and hatched and reared at the point of destination (Table 1, Lot 4). The ducklings varied in age from 4 to 8 weeks. From these 8 "returns" have been recorded; in addition 5 "repeats" were reported at banding stations operated at the Delta (1) and Malheur refuges (4).

Of the 8 returns listed (Table 1) only pintail no. 38-701536 indicates a recovery in a flyway other than that in which the bird was released; it returned to the Mississippi flyway in which it had hatched. It will be noted, however, that *the recovery is in the year following* its release in the Atlantic flyway. What happens in such cases when there is an intervening breeding season and migratory flights is always problematical, since one cannot be certain where the bird passed the interim. Certainly there is no basis for assuming that the bird went directly back to its ancestral flyway; more likely it traveled from a wintering home somewhere in the Atlantic flyway to a northern breeding ground (possibly in central Canada) and then, on its way south, followed the Mississippi flyway.

It would indeed have been fortunate if more records of the latter type were available, since an affinity for an ancestral flyway possibly may be retained by a duck and be exhibited on the first normal flight from a breeding ground. Our limited records reveal merely that ducklings moved from one flyway to another show no inclination to hasten

back to their original flyway when they acquire the ability to fly.

If the percentage of returns obtained from these transported ducklings may be taken as an index, the survival rate over natural mortality among such birds is abnormally low. Six of the eight returns were reported in the fall of the year in which they were released and the other two were recorded in the following year (1939). The six returns recorded during the first hunting season following the release of these ducklings represent less than 3 per cent of those released, whereas the return from banded ducks of the year is normally considered to be from 12 to 14 per cent during a similar period of hunting pressure. The fate of transported young geese has been most encouraging to the Federal program of wildfowl rehabilitation, but that of ducklings has been quite the opposite. Even though the scant evidence indicates that survivors may remain in the flyway to which they they were moved, their existence there appears to be precarious.

## SUMMARY

The attachment of adult birds for their nesting and wintering grounds and ancestral migration routes has been demonstrated repeatedly. Since this marked homing instinct would tend to nullify programs of waterfowl restocking if adult non-pinioned birds are used, it becomes a matter of consideration in practical wildfowl management.

The possibility that juvenile birds, which had not made a migratory flight, might not possess so pronounced a homing instinct and could therefore be used in restocking programs without the crippling effects of pinioning, served as

169

the practical incentive in the experi-
ments here reported. There was also
the desire to contribute to the limited
published information on the move-
ments and homing instinct of trans-
ported juvenile birds.

A total of 131 juvenile Canada geese,
captured and banded at the Bear River
Migratory Bird Refuge in Utah, were
shipped to four national wildlife refuges
in the Mississippi flyway and released.
Returns from these transported birds
indicate that their migrations, when
made, were similar to those of birds na-
tive to these refuges. There was no evi-
dence of an urge to return to the Great
Basin whence they came.

A total of 213 ducklings were involved
in shipments between points in the At-
lantic, Mississippi, and Pacific flyways.
These yielded only 8 returns, all but
one of which indicated that the birds
remained in their newly adopted fly-
ways. The exception was a pintail re-
covered in its ancestral flyway during
the second fall after its release.

In contrast to the generally suc-
cessful program of restocking with
geese, the low percentage of returns
from transported ducklings indicates
that the procedure as carried out was
not desirable from a management stand-
point. Possibly birds of the year cap-
tured later in the summer after they
had gained their full vigor might give
better results.

The returns available indicate
strongly that both goslings and duck-
lings, when transported to other fly-
ways, do not have an urge to return to
their natal homes or flyways, but adopt
the migratory habits of birds among
which they grow up.

LITERATURE CITED

BALDWIN, S. PRENTISS, and W. WEDGEWOOD BOWEN. 1928. Nesting and local distribution of the house wren (Troglodytes aëdon aëdon). Auk, 45: 186-199.

GILLESPIE, J. A. 1930. Homing instinct in cowbirds. Bird Banding, 1: 42.

HORNBERGER, F. 1934. Der Storchbestand Ostpreussens steight weiter. Ornith. Monatsberichte, 42: 26-27.

KLUIVER, H. J. 1935. Ergebnisse eines ver-
suches über das heimfindvermögen von
staren. Ardea, 24: 227-239.

KRÄTZIG, H. UND E. SCHUZ. 1936. Ergeb-
nis der versetzung osbaltischer stare ins
Binnenland. Der Vogelzug, 7: 163-175.

LACK, DAVID, and R. M. LOCKLEY. 1938. Skokholm bird observatory homing experiments. 1. 1936-1937. Puffins, storm petrels and Manx shearwaters. British Birds, 31: 242-248.

LINCOLN, F. C. 1935. The migration of North American birds. U. S. Dept. Agric. Circ., 363.

LYON, W. I. 1935. The homing instinct of cowbirds. Inland Bird Banding News, 7(1).

MCILHENNY, E. A. 1934. Twenty-two years of banding migratory wildfowl at Avery Island, La. Auk, 51: 328-337.

RÜPPEL, WERNER. 1936. Heimfindeversuche mit staren und schwalben, 1935. Journ. für Ornithologie, 84: 180-198.

1937. Heimfindeversuche mit staren, rauchschwalben, wendhälsen, ro-trückemvurgen und habichten (1936). Journ. für Ornithologie, 85: 120-135.

SCHEIN-WINSEN L., WILHELM. 1938. Er-
gebnis eines heimfindeversuches mit auf-
gezogenen staren von Wilhelm Schein
Winsen L. Der Vogelzug, 9: 18-22.

SCHUZ, E. 1931. Old and new experiments on the sense of direction of birds. Der Vogelzug, 2: 1.

VALIKANGAS, I. 1933. Finnische Zugvogel aus englischen Vogeleiern. Der Vogelzug, 4: 159-166.

Vol. III
1932

FLOYD, Tern Banding on Cape Cod

[63]

REPORT OF TERN-BANDING ON CAPE COD
DURING 1931¹

By CHARLES B. FLOYD

DURING the season of 1931 we endeavored to band as many juvenile birds as possible on the tern rookeries of Cape Cod between Provincetown on the north and Lewis Bay on the south, with the following results:

<table><thead><tr><th>Locality</th><th>S. hirundo</th><th>S. dougalli</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Tern Island, Chatham</td><td>4,983</td><td>1,045</td><td>6,028</td></tr><tr><td>Egg Island, Lewis Bay</td><td>1,721</td><td>55</td><td>1,776</td></tr><tr><td>Billingsgate Island, Eastham</td><td>418</td><td></td><td>418</td></tr><tr><td>Pamet River Rookery, Truro</td><td>125</td><td></td><td>125</td></tr><tr><td>Hopkins Island, Orleans</td><td>122</td><td></td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>Nauset (west colony), Eastham</td><td>41</td><td></td><td>41</td></tr><tr><td>Rocky Island, Orleans</td><td>40</td><td></td><td>40</td></tr></tbody><tfoot><tr><td>TOTALS</td><td>7,450</td><td>1,100</td><td>8,550</td></tr></tfoot></table>

Comparatively little time was spent in attempting to trap adults, but on Tern Island 77 adult *hirundo* were banded; in the Pamet River rookery, 31 *hirundo* and 4 *paradisæa*; and at Hopkins Island, 9 *hirundo* and 3 *paradisæa*—a total of 124 adults.

Five of these colonies have been described previously in *Bird-Banding* and the *Bulletin of the Northeastern Bird-Banding*

¹Contribution Number 8 from the Austin Ornithological Research Station.

64]

FLOYD, *Tern Banding on Cape Cod*

Bird-Banding
April

*Association*²—Tern Island, Billingsgate Island, Pamet River rookery, Hopkins Island, and Rocky Island. The small colony which heretofore occupied Nauset Point, where it was continually washed over by high tides and despoiled by picnickers, has moved to a small islet in the salt marsh a mile to the westward, where it is still in danger from the tide.

Egg Island in Lewis Bay was visited this year for the first time. It is a cigar-shaped body of land an eighth of a mile in length and about two hundred feet wide at its widest place, partly covered with a thin growth of beach grass and dusty miller which affords adequate shelter for the chicks from the hot rays of the sun. Where the grass is thickest a few Roseate Terns nest, but Common Terns form the bulk of the colony's population. Its insular conditions (the island lies a half-mile off shore and cannot be waded to at low tide) make it inaccessible to rats, weasels, skunks, and snakes, and, as it is not near frequented waterways, it is disturbed very little by humans.

The trapping of adults during the past three seasons, while scarcely thorough enough to provide incontestable proof of the theory, nevertheless indicates that Tern Island, Chatham, the largest and most successful of the Cape colonies, is the "mother colony" of the region, and that the other rookeries near-by act largely as "annexes" to take care of the overflow. Terns banded as nestlings at Chatham have been captured later breeding on each of the other rookeries except Egg and Rocky Islands, where no trapping for adults has been done. None of the young banded on the other rookeries has ever been captured nesting on Tern Island.

Owing to the high mortality among the nestlings from natural enemies and human interference on the smaller colonies, there is seldom enough of an increase in the Billingsgate, Pamet River, and Nauset rookeries to offset the annual mortality in the adult population. The percentage of yearly increase on Tern Island, however, is far greater than the adult death-rate, and the island has been populated to "capacity" continually for the past decade. The stimulus which induces the terns to return "home" to breed is a strong one, and there is much competition for the territory suitable for nesting on Tern Island, for there is not enough of it to accommodate the birds available to

Vol. III
1932

[65]

use it. Those that are unsuccessful in the competition must move elsewhere, and there is always unoccupied space to be found at the other near-by colonies.

That adults born on Tern Island returning to breed for the first time stop there to compete for territory before establishing themselves elsewhere, partially explains the fact that the nesting is always from one to three weeks earlier at Tern Island than on any of the other Cape colonies. But it does not explain the phenomenon entirely, for theoretically birds raised on each of these other sites, and adults which have already established themselves successfully thereupon, should return directly to their "home" grounds to nest, and, other things being equal, should breed as early as those native to Tern Island, which they do not. The remainder of the explanation must lie on ecological rather than distributional grounds, but as yet no differences have been noted in the environmental conditions on the respective rookeries sufficient to account for it.

We have observed that young birds banded on Tern Island may breed on other islands on the Cape. It is twenty-three miles as the tern flies in a north-northwesterly direction from Tern Island to the Pamet River rookery, where many of the birds reared at Chatham have been found nesting. Muskeget Island, which boasts of one of the largest tern colonies in New England, is but twenty-nine miles south-southwest of Tern Island, while Penikese, the one other large rookery in the region, lies fifty-two miles west-southwestward of Chatham. On each of these two rookeries many thousand terns have been banded in the past decade, but never yet has any interchange of breeding stock between Muskeget, Penikese, and the Cape colonies been noted. Hence it seems logical to consider the Cape rookeries as a single, scattered entity, rather than as separate, unrelated units.

²Austin, O. L. Jr., *Bul. N. E. B. B. A.*, Vol. V, October, 1929, p. 123.

Austin, O. L. Jr., and Dallavalle, J. M., *Bird-Banding*, Vol. I, January, 1930, p. 20.

Floyd, Charles B., *Bul. N. E. B. B. A.*, Vol. I, October, 1925, p. 58.

Floyd, Charles B., *Bul. N. E. B. B. A.*, Vol. II, October, 1926, p. 68.

Floyd, Charles B., *Bul. N. E. B. B. A.*, Vol. IV, October, 1928, p. 125.

Floyd, Charles B., *Bul. N. E. B. B. A.*, Vol. V, October, 1929, p. 144.

Floyd, Charles B., *Bird-Banding*, Vol. I, October, 1930, p. 181.

YEARLY INVENTORY OF WILD FOWL & NON-GAME BIRDS
BANDED & LIBERATED AT AVERY ISLAND, LA. -BY-
E. A. MC ILHENNY. "FOR THE YEAR OF 1940"

<table><tbody><tr><td>Pied Bill Grebe (Podilymbus Podiceps podiceps)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Man-o'-war-bird (Fregata magnificans)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Snowy Egret (Egretta thula thula)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Louisiana Heron (Hydranassa tircolor ruficollis)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Lesser Snow Goose (Chen hyperbores hyperbores)</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Blue Boose (Chen caerulescens)</td><td>165</td></tr><tr><td>Fulvus Tree Duck (Dendrocygna bicolor helva)</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Mallard (Drake) (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos)</td><td>1831</td></tr><tr><td>Mallard (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>1652</td></tr><tr><td>Common Northern Black Duck (Drake) (Anas rubripes tristis)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Common Northern Black Duck (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Mottled Duck (Drake) (Anas fulvigula maculosa)</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Mottle Duck (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>Gadwall (Drake) (Chauleleasmus streperus)</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Gadwall (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Baldpate (Drake) (Mareca americana)</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Baldpate (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>American Pintail (Drake) (Dafila acuta tzitzihoa)</td><td>4233</td></tr><tr><td>American Pintail (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>1474</td></tr><tr><td>Green Winged Teal (Drake) (Netton carolinense)</td><td>212</td></tr><tr><td>Green Winged Teal (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>Blue Winged Teal (Drake) (Querquedula discors)</td><td>1375</td></tr><tr><td>Blue Winged Teal (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>578</td></tr><tr><td>Cinnamon Teal (Drake) (Querquedula cyanoptera)</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Shoveller (Drake) (Spatula dypesta)</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>Shoveller (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Wood Duck (Drake) (Aix sponsa)</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Wood Duck (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>38</td></tr></tbody></table>

cont.-

Page #2-

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Redhead (drake) (Nyroca americana)</td>
      <td>26</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Redhead (Hen) ( " " )</td>
      <td>15</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ring Neck (Drake) (Nyroca collaris)</td>
      <td>2018</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ring Neck (Hen) ( " " )</td>
      <td>701</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Canvasback (Drake) (Nyroca vallisineria)</td>
      <td>573</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Canvasback (Hen) ( " " )</td>
      <td>282</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Greater Scaup (Drake) (Nyroca Marila)</td>
      <td>13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Greater Scaup (Hen) ( " " )</td>
      <td>5</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lesser Scaup (Drake) (Nyroca affinis)</td>
      <td>3831</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lesser Scaup (Hen) ( " " )</td>
      <td>1500</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Buffle Head (Drake) (Charitonetta albeola)</td>
      <td>2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ruddy Duck (drake) (Eismatura jamaicensis rubida)</td>
      <td>10</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ruddy Duck (Hen) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>8</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hooded Merganser (Drake) (Lophodytes cucullatus)</td>
      <td>3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hooded Merganser (Hen) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura septentrionalis)</td>
      <td>3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus atratus)</td>
      <td>3505</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Cooper's Hawk (Male) (Accipiter cooperi)</td>
      <td>2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Cooper's Hawk (Female) ( " " )</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Pigeon Hawk (Falco columbarius)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius sparverius)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Bob-white (Female) (Colinus virginianus virginianus)</td>
      <td>3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Purple Gallinule (Isonnis martinica)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Florida Gallinule (Gallinula chloropus cailinnans)</td>
      <td>99</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>American Coot (Fulica americana americana)</td>
      <td>1742</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kildeer (Oxyechus vociferus vociferus)</td>
      <td>23</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>American Wood Cock (Philohela minor)</td>
      <td>186</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Wilson Snipe (Capella delicata)</td>
      <td>207</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Upland Plover (Bartramia longicauda)</td>
      <td>5</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia)</td>
      <td>9</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

cont.-

Page #3

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Solitary Sandpiper (Tranga solitaria solitaria)</td>
      <td>3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Greater Yellow Legs (Totanus melanoleucus)</td>
      <td>14</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lesser Yellow Legs (Totanus flavipes)</td>
      <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Pectoral Sandpiper (Pisobia melanotos)</td>
      <td>46</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>White-rumped Sandpiper (Pisobia fuscicollis)</td>
      <td>12</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Red-backed Sandpiper (Pelidna alpina sakhalina)</td>
      <td>7</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Stilt Sandpiper (Monopalama himantopus)</td>
      <td>4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus)</td>
      <td>11</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Southern Screeth Owl (Otus asio asio)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Chuck-will's-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis)</td>
      <td>4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Whip-peor-will (Antrostomus vociferus vociferus)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Night Hawk (Male) (Chordeiles minor minor)</td>
      <td>32</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Night Hawk (Female) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>32</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica)</td>
      <td>178</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Red-bellied Woodpecker (Male) (Centurus carolinus)</td>
      <td>18</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Red-bellied Woodpecker (Female) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>11</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tree Swallow (Iridoproane bicolor)</td>
      <td>57</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia riparia)</td>
      <td>17</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogaster)</td>
      <td>29</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Florida Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata florincola)</td>
      <td>116</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Winter Wren (Nannus hiemalis hiemalis)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Carolina Wren (Theyothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos polyglottos)</td>
      <td>127</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum)</td>
      <td>46</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Robin (Turdus migratorius migratorius)</td>
      <td>2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa satrapa)</td>
      <td>3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Corthylio calendula calendula)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>American Pipit (Anthus spinoletta rubescens)</td>
      <td>83</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus)</td>
      <td>17</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

conti.-

Page #4.

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Starling (Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris)</td>
      <td>188</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata)</td>
      <td>42</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna magna)</td>
      <td>268</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Gulf Coast Red-winged (Male) (Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis)</td>
      <td>2120</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Gulf Coast Red-winged (Female) † " " " )..</td>
      <td>311</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rusty Blackbird (Male) (Euphagus carolinus)</td>
      <td>18</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rusty Blackbird (Female) ( " " )</td>
      <td>5</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Brewer's Blackbird (Male) (Euphagus cyanocephalus)</td>
      <td>3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Boat Tail Grackle (Male) (Cassidix mexicanus major)</td>
      <td>349</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Boat Tail Grackle (Female) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>820</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Purple Grackle (Male) (Quiscalus quiscula quiscula)</td>
      <td>378</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Purple Grackle (Female) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>70</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Florida Grackle (Male) (Quiscalus quiscula agbeus)</td>
      <td>2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Bronze Grackle (Male) (Quiscalus quiscula aneus)</td>
      <td>39</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Bronze Grackle (Female) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>18</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Cowbird (Male) (Molothrus ater ater)</td>
      <td>409</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Cowbird (Female) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>160</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Louisiana Cardinal (Male) (Richmondena cardinalis magnirostris)</td>
      <td>87</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Louisiana Cardinal (Female) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>43</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis savanna)</td>
      <td>294</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Slate-colored Junco (Male) (Junco hyemalis hyemalis)</td>
      <td>4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Slate-colored Junco (Female) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>White Throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)</td>
      <td>42</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca iliaca)</td>
      <td>4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana)</td>
      <td>15</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ring-Neck & Scaup, Hybred (Drake)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Entail & Gadwall, Hybred (Drake)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Mallard & Black Duck, Hybred, (Hen)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
  <tfoot>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td>33,274</td>
    </tr>
  </tfoot>
</table>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Pied Bill Grebe (Podilymbus Podiceps podiceps)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Man-o'-war-bird (Fregata magnificans)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Snowy Egret (Egretta thula thula)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Louisiana Heron (Hydranassa tircolor ruficollis)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Lesser Snow Goose (Chen hyperborea hyperborea)</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Blue Boose (Chen caerulescens)</td><td>165</td></tr><tr><td>Fulvus Tree Duck (Dendrocygna bicolor helva)</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Mallard (Drake) (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos)</td><td>1831</td></tr><tr><td>Mallard (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>1652</td></tr><tr><td>Common Northern Black Duck (Drake) (Anas rubripes tristis)</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>Common Northern Black Duck (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>Mottled Duck (Drake) (Anas fulvigula maculosa)</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>Mottle Duck (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>Gadwall (Drake) (Chaulelasmus streperus)</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Gadwall (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Baldpate (Drake) (Mareca americana)</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Baldpate (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>American Pintail (Drake) (Dafila acuta tzitzihoa)</td><td>4233</td></tr><tr><td>American Pintail (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>1474</td></tr><tr><td>Green Winged Teal (Drake) (Nettion carolinense)</td><td>212</td></tr><tr><td>Green Winged Teal (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>Blue Winged Teal (Drake) (Querquedula discors)</td><td>1375</td></tr><tr><td>Blue Winged Teal (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>578</td></tr><tr><td>Cinnamon Teal (Drake) (Querquedula cyanoptera)</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Shoveller (Drake) (Spatula dypeata)</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>Shoveller (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Wood Duck (Drake) (Aix sponsa)</td><td>54</td></tr><tr><td>Wood Duck (Hen) ( " " " )</td><td>38</td></tr></tbody></table>

cont.-

Page #2-

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Redhead (drake) (Nyroca americana)</td>
      <td>26</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Redhead (Hen) ( " " )</td>
      <td>15</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ring Neck (Drake) (Nyroca collaris)</td>
      <td>2018</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ring Neck (Hen) ( " " )</td>
      <td>701</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Canvasback (Drake) (Nyroca vallisineria)</td>
      <td>573</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Canvasback (Hen) ( " " )</td>
      <td>282</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Greater Scaup (Drake) (Nyroca Marila)</td>
      <td>13</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Greater Scaup (Hen) ( " " )</td>
      <td>5</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lesser Scaup (Drake) (Nyroca affinis)</td>
      <td>3831</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lesser Scaup (Hen) ( " " )</td>
      <td>1500</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Buffle Head (Drake) (Charitonetta albeola)</td>
      <td>2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ruddy Duck (drake) (Erismatura jamaicensis rubida)</td>
      <td>10</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ruddy Duck (Hen) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>8</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hooded Merganser (Drake) (Lophodytes cucullatus)</td>
      <td>3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Hooded Merganser (Hen) ( " " )</td>
      <td>2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura septentrionalis)</td>
      <td>3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus atratus)</td>
      <td>3505</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Cooper's Hawk (Male) (Accipiter cooperi)</td>
      <td>2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Cooper's Hawk (Female) ( " " )</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Pigeon Hawk (Falco columbarius)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius sparverius)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Bob-white (Female) (Colinus virginianus virginianus)</td>
      <td>3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Purple Gallinule (Itonnis martinica)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Florida Gallinule (Gallinula chloropus cachinnans)</td>
      <td>99</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>American Coot (Fulica americana americana)</td>
      <td>1742</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Kildeer (Oxyechus vociferus vociferus)</td>
      <td>23</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>American Wood Cock (Philohela minor)</td>
      <td>186</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Wilson Snipe (Capella delicata)</td>
      <td>207</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Upland Plover (Bartramia longicauda)</td>
      <td>5</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia)</td>
      <td>9</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

cont.-

Page #3

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Solitary Sandpiper (Tringa solitaria solitaria)</td>
      <td>3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Greater Yellow Legs (Totanus melanoleucus)</td>
      <td>14</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lesser Yellow Legs (Totanus flavipes)</td>
      <td>30</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Pectoral Sandpiper (Pisobia melanotos)</td>
      <td>46</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>White-rumped Sandpiper (Pisobia fuscicollis)</td>
      <td>12</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Red-backed Sandpiper (Pelidna alpina sakhalina)</td>
      <td>7</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Stilt Sandpiper (Meroopalama himantopus)</td>
      <td>4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus)</td>
      <td>11</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Southern Screch Owl (Otus asio asio)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Chuck-will's-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis)</td>
      <td>4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Whip-peor-will (Antrostomus vociferus vociferus)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Night Hawk (Male) (Chordeiles minor minor)</td>
      <td>32</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Night Hawk (Female) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>32</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica)</td>
      <td>178</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Red-bellied Woodpecker (Male) (Centurus carolinus)</td>
      <td>18</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Red-bellied Woodpecker (Female) ( " " " )</td>
      <td>11</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Tree Swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor)</td>
      <td>57</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia riparia)</td>
      <td>17</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogaster)</td>
      <td>29</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Florida Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata florincola)</td>
      <td>116</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Winter Wren (Nannus hiemalis hiemalis)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Carolina Wren (Theyothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos polyglottos)</td>
      <td>127</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum)</td>
      <td>46</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Robin (Turdus migratorius migratorius)</td>
      <td>2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa satrapa)</td>
      <td>3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Corthylio calendula calendula)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>American Pipit (Anthus spinoletta rubescebs)</td>
      <td>83</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus ludovicianus)</td>
      <td>17</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

conti.-

Page #4.

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>Starling (Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris)</td>
      <td>188</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata)</td>
      <td>42</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna magna)</td>
      <td>268</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Gulf Coast Red-winged (Male) (Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis)</td>
      <td>2120</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Gulf Coast Red-winged (Female) (Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis)</td>
      <td>311</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rusty Blackbird (Male) (Euphagus carolinus)</td>
      <td>14</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Rusty Blackbird (Female) (Euphagus carolinus)</td>
      <td>5</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Brewer's Blackbird (Male) (Euphagus cyanocephalus)</td>
      <td>3</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Boat Tail Grackle (Male) (Cassidix mexicanus major)</td>
      <td>349</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Boat Tail Grackle (Female) (Cassidix mexicanus major)</td>
      <td>820</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Purple Grackle (Male) (Quiscalus quiscula quiscula)</td>
      <td>378</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Purple Grackle (Female) (Quiscalus quiscula quiscula)</td>
      <td>70</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Florida Grackle (Male) (Quiscalus quiscula agroeus)</td>
      <td>2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Bronze Grackle (Male) (Quiscalus quiscula aneus)</td>
      <td>39</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Bronze Grackle (Female) (Quiscalus quiscula aneus)</td>
      <td>18</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Cowbird (Male) (Molothrus ater ater)</td>
      <td>409</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Cowbird (Female) (Molothrus ater ater)</td>
      <td>160</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Louisiana Cardinal (Male) (Richmondena cardinalis magnirostris)</td>
      <td>87</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Louisiana Cardinal (Female) (Richmondena cardinalis magnirostris)</td>
      <td>43</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis savanna)</td>
      <td>294</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Slate-colored Junco (Male) (Junco hyemalis hyemalis)</td>
      <td>4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Slate-colored Junco (Female) (Junco hyemalis hyemalis)</td>
      <td>2</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>White Throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)</td>
      <td>42</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Eastern Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca iliaca)</td>
      <td>4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana)</td>
      <td>15</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Ring-Neck & Scaup, Hybred (Drake)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Entail & Gadwall, Hybred (Drake)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Mallard & Black Duck, Hybred, (Hen)</td>
      <td>1</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
  <tfoot>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td>33,274</td>
    </tr>
  </tfoot>
</table>

and wives have formed bird banding teams, carrying on important work over long periods of years. Teachers, artists, poets, clergymen, dentists, physicians, lawyers, merchants, housewives all have their place in the official register of bird banders.

Why do they do it? With the scientific few along banders, the work is carried on for a definite purpose - to collect accurate information about the biology of birds. But most people apparently band for the pure pleasure of working with the birds. There is an undeniable thrill in holding a small wild creature in your hands. And if this creature is especially beautiful, or if you recognize him as the same bird that has come to your traps y ear after year, or if you know that since you last saw him he has traveled thousands of miles - perhaps crossed an ocean by the power in his wings - then your pleasure is all the keener. But whether the individual worker bands for serious purposes or for pleasure, every bander is contributing useful information to the Government firs.

THE ANNUAL DUES ARE PAYABLE IN JANUARY OF EACH YEAR

Washington, D. C. 19

To The Biological Society of Washington, Dr.

<table><tr><td>For dues</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>For Proceedings*</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>For separates</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>For printing</td><td></td></tr></table>

Received payment, 19

Treasurer

Make Checks, Drafts, etc., payable to THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Please return this Bill with Remittance to Frederick C. Lincoln, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C.

No receipt will be sent unless requested. Sums less than $1.00 may be sent in stamps.

*Subscriptions to Proceedings include dues.

ARTICLE III of the By-Laws provides that: "The names of those two years in arrears may at any time, by vote of the council, be dropped from the list of members."

["B1-921\nApril 1931", "UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE\nBUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY", "MEMORANDUM OF INFORMAL AGREEMENT COVERING RENTAL OR HIRE OF SERVICES\nOTHER THAN PERSONAL", "(To be used for above purpose only and to be prepared in duplicate)", "Date ...................................., 193", "CHIEF,\nBUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.", "We, } the undersigned, do hereby propose to { hire } to the Department of Agriculture, Bureau of\nI, }\nBiological Survey, ........................

Banding young hawks would seem to rank among the more strenuous and exciting sports; however, Mr. Salt's chief assistant during much of his banding was a woman, Miss Bud Biggs, who, in Mr. Salt's words, "handles a hawk as most banders handle a sparrow."

Mr. Salt's proudest moment as a bander came when he captured a golden eagle, taking it by the foot in a "weak, well padded coyote trap." It was a beautiful bird, probably a second year male, with an air of nobility in its wild feroceness. "I felt sorry for it," Mr. Salt said, "as it awaited its fate on its haunches, its beak open, its free foot ready to strike. And I thought of all the other eagles which were captured and killed by thoughtless farmers in this region each year. It seemed shameful to deprive it of its freedom for even a moment."

Probably because it is the fate of many hawls and owls to meet a violent death at the hands of man, the retruns of Mr. Salt's banding have been high. - about 13 percent. Birds banded by him have been killed in nearly all the western states and as far south as the Mexican border.

Because young hawks and owls are strangely addicted to cannibalism, there is no use banding the babies until they are two or three weeks old. There is too much likelihood if the family being reduced in size during that time. However, Mr. Salt keeps a record of all the occupied nests within a radius of 15 miles of his home, and at the proper time he visits them. Since a hawk's nest is not exactly a comfortable or safe place to work, khax he has found the best procedure is to lower the young, one at a time, to an assistant below, who bands the youngster and returns it via the bucket and rope.

seeing the same birds come back to him year after year, so
that many of the birds have become to him individuals with
well known histories. That fact that his birds have been repeated
so often have given him the opportunity to make the studies for
which he is famous.

Many banders have specialized so consistently on a certain
species of bird that their names are inseparably linked with
that of the bird. So it is with Dr. Austin and the terns, with
Mrs. Nice and the song sparrow, or with Mr. Broley and the eagle.
And so it is with Mr. Michael Magee and the purple finch. Mr.
Magee has been a banker all his life, a business man in that
thriving industrial center of Michigan's northern peninsula,
Sault Ste. Marie. He has had no formal scientific training.
Yet ornithologists the country over recognize him as the leading
authority on the plumage changes of the purple finch.

The male purple finch, when fully mature, is one of the
most beautiful of birds - a rich raspberry hue, with a satin
sheen over his feathers. Looking at the comparatively sober,
striped brown dress of his wife, you realize that the finches
do indeed belong to the sparrow tribe. Young purple finches
look like their mothers; but between the immature and mature
male is a whole series of changes. Mr. Magee began to make
careful notes on the plumage of each bird he handled, and his
records today are considered the most complete to be found any-
where on this subject, in his plumage.

In his spare time, and within a few feet of his dining room
approximately 28,000 window sill, Mr. Magee has banded a few
purple finches, to say nothing of thousands of evening grosbeaks and
miscellaneous other small birds. But the finches are his
specialty; a fourth of all the banded birds of this species are
his. Every year he supplies several hundred pounds of sunflower
seeds for his friends the finches. And he has the pleasure of

Another long flight was made by a pintail, duck banded at the Fish and Wildlife Service Refuge in the Bear River Marshes in Utah. About 80 days after it was banded, this duck was picked up on Palmyra Island, a speck of land in the Central Pacific. The bird's story is especially interesting because, just before its release from the Refuge, it had been treated for botulism, a disease responsible for the lives of many ducks.

America's most banded bird, and also the one that yields the largest percentage of recoveries, is the chimney swift. About 380,000 swifts have been banded. The tern is a close second, with about 300,000 individuals banded. In both species, the habits of the birds make them fairly easy to take in large numbers - the swift with its custom of resting by the thousands in large chimneys, the tern with its nest colonies of myriads of birds.

Ducks, as might be expected, are among the much banded birds. Among small birds of the field and garden, those that enter traps readily have naturally been banded most - the juncoes or snowbirds, white throated sparrows, song sparrows, and robins.

heron
Samples of early returns from night xxxk banding at Barnstable (1909)

"Gentlemen dear sirs Your bird was shot here to day by me Albert Bailey for which I was more than Sorry when I found it had a ring on. I took it for a "awk as It flew several times over my yard as I thought after chickens and Gentlemen all I can say is that I am sorry If I did wrong in so doing and also beg Pardon."

"Gentlemen: The bearer of the enclosed (band) was found in one of our traps yesterday morning. Now will you please tell me if you are raising these pests or did you simply capture and tag it to see how far it would migrate?"

ARCHMASON & D.C.
OFFICE OF THE COORDINATOR OF HISTORICAL RECORDS

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
UNITED STATES

## Bands

The bands used are made of pure aluminum. Ten sizes are used, ranging from size "0", measuring .083 inch, in inside diameter, which is suitable for warblers, kinglets, and other small song birds with slender tarsi, to size 8, measuring nearly an inch across, which is used for eagles, swans, geese, pelicans, and other large birds. No band is made that is suitable for humming birds, the mechanical difficulties for quantity production being impractical of solution. Nevertheless, several of these diminutive birds have been banded and a few have actually been recaptured in subsequent seasons. In such cases the operators have carefully cut down size "0" bands to fit.

The weight of a band of appropriate size is insignificant when compared with the weight of the bird that wears it. This proportional weight of bird and band is comparable to that of a man and his wrist watch.

To prevent self injury on the part of blackbirds, grosbeaks, and other birds with bills powerful enough to crush a band against their tarsus, all bands larger than size 1A are made of fairly thick metal, tempered as hard as possible. This is sometimes a source of annoyance to operators, but all agree that a little more trouble on their part is preferable to injuries to the birds.

Since the consolidation of the Biological Survey with the Bureau of Fisheries to form the Fish and Wildlife Service on June 30, 1940, the large-sized bands have been stamped "Notify Fish' Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C.," those of medium size "Notify F. & Wildlife Service, Washington, D. C.," and the smallest-sized bands "Notify F. & W. Serv., Wash., D. C."

Because of the large number of birds banded each year, it is necessary to repeat the numbers and therefore to provide series designations. These letters or figures are important parts of the number. Only a few letters have been used, "A", "B", "C", etc., as the present system employs the fiscal year of the Federal Government (July 1 to June 30), as "42", "43", etc. A band number with its series designation, is correctly written as A 356728, or 42-641982.

When a banded bird is found, the band number should be carefully copied and reported to the Fish and Wildlife Service, with the date and locality where found. In return, the Service will advise the finder as to the species and the place and date of banding, and at the same time will furnish the details of recovery to the person who did the banding.

## Traps

Cage traps of approved types are used to capture birds for banding purposes. Several station operators have shown great ingenuity in working out traps for different kinds of birds. These are carefully tested and if approved are described for the benefit of other stations.

- 4 -

Dr. Austin

New York surgeon whose consuming interest in
mysteries of living things and why they behave as the
they do became channeled into orthithology through
his ornith. son. When Oliver Jr. grad from Harvard
MD bought Cape Cod place as center for his research.
Gradually became so much interested himself that
he now devotes all his vacations from surgery to
study of terns; employs full time staff to carry
on the work of banding, etc, at Station throughout
the year

Banding records:

Since Station was estab. in 1929(?) total
of birds banded is about ¼ million. This exceeds
by xx the record of McIlhenny, who banded xx birds,
mostly waterfowl. Dr. Austin himself is complete-
ly disinterested in claiming title of number 1
bird bander; he does not band for the sake of
running up impressive totals, but does as many as
necessary to get answers to specific questions

Things discovered through banding of migrants -

Confirmatory evidence that birds follow same migratory paths year after year, return to same nesting or wintering areas.

Song sparrow who nests in "Central Park"

Chippy taken over and over again in same trap

Notes on photographs-

Series on birds taken in traps "Birds in the hand"

Wildflowers of Cape - beach plum- gorse(?) marsh grass in fall

Dunes - surf of the "backside" beaches- sunsets over Cape Cod Bay

Flower borders, shrubbery, lily pools of Austin place

Hirundo -

the Austin cocker, is named for the common tern.

'Rundo, in his way, is something of an ornithologist. Whatever avicidal instincts he may have been born with have been channeled by kindly training into a keen delight in bird watching.

'Rundo accompanies Gertrude Benner on her rounds of the traps, goes with Dr. A. to tend the nets.

Special delight is to scramble up over the Dr's knees onto his desk and watch the chipmunk on the feeding shelf outside the window.