12

The Natural History, &c.

SECT. II.

the Inhabitants of Florida have an old custom, before they go into the Field to War, of Drinking a Liquor in a great publick Assembly, which he that Vomits up, is judg'd unfit for that Warlike Expedition, and is condemn'd to stay at home in disgrace; but when he has learnt to carry off the Liquor, then he is admitted to be a lawful Soldier: Now Thee it self when given in a large dose, and in a strong Decoction, does often prove Vomitive, as I my self have observ'd several times.

Some make Decoctions of the Roots of Avens, Galanga, Coriander, and Aniseeds, Sarsa, China, Saunders, of the Leaves of Sage, Betony, Rorifmary, &c, which they do extol above Thee or Coffee.

THE

THE
Natural History
OF
CHOCOLATE.

SECT. III.

Having given a short Natural History of two things, which are so universally us'd in the Eastern part of the World, we now come to treat briefly of two more, which are generally us'd in the Western: First of Chocolate, of which the Cacao, or Cacaw-nut, being the principal Ingredient, a short Account of it cannot be improper, this Nut, or rather the Seed, or Kernel of the Nut, as Mr. Hughes observes, is of the bignews of a great Almond; in some of these Fruits there are a dozen, in some 20, in others 30, or more of these Kernels, or Caco's, which are well described by the Ingenious and Learned Dr. Grew, when these Kernels are cured they become blackish, and are compar'd to a Bullocks Kidney, cut into Partitions; there is great variety in them, by reason of the difference of Soyls and Climates where they grow: the Tree is sowed to be as large as our English Plumb-trees, the Leaves sharp-pointed, compar'd by some Travellers to the Leaves of

Hughes American Physician, p. 115.

Dr. Grew Mus. Reg. Soc. Angl. p. 204.

14

Pifo in Histor.
Nat. Indie
utriensque.

Hughes Ameri-
can Physici-
an, p. 112.

Jof. Acofta In-
dor. Histor.
lib. 4. c. 22.

Gages Survey
of the west In-
dies. Chap. of
Chocolate.

The Natural History

SECT. III.

of Chefnut; by the Curious Pifo to the Leaves of an
Orange, the Flower of a Saffron colour, upon the ap-
pearance of which, the Fruit appears upon the Branches
as Apples: This Tree grows in several parts of America,
as in Nicaragua, New Spain, Mexico, Cuba, and in Jamaica,
especially at Collonel Barrington's Quarters, or Plantati-
ons; they prosper best in low, moist, and fat ground,
and are as squarely, and orderly set, as the Cherry Trees
in Kent, or Worcestershire: they commonly bear within
7 years, and then twice every year, the first Crop be-
tween January and February, the other between May
and June. The Inhabitants have so great a value for
them, as that they secure them with the shades of Plan-
tane and Bonona Trees, againft the injuries of their fiery
Sun, and do use the Kernels instead of Money, both in
their Traffic, and Rewards; as the great Jesuit, Jose-
phus Acofta, observed, when he was sent into America:
The Indians look upon their Chocolate as the greatest de-
licacy for extraordinary Entertainments. Montezuma is
faid to have Treated Cortez and his Soldiers with it;
and you can scarce read an American Traveller, but he
will often tell you of the magnificent Collations of Cho-
colate, that the Indians offer'd him in his Paflage and
Journies through their Country: as Mr. Gage (who
Travell'd many years in America) informs us, the Spa-
niards do conftantly drink Chocolate in their Churches,
at Mexico and Chiapa, of which they being once forbid,
did Mutiny, and commit great Outrages, till their Cu-
ftom was reftor'd them. The Indians, and Christians,
in the American Plantations, have been observed to live
several Months upon Cacao Nuts alone, made into a Paſte
with Sugar, and is diffolv'd in Water; I my ſelf have
eaten great quantities of these Kernels raw, without
the least inconvenience: and have heard, that Mr. Boyle,
and Dr. Stubbs, have let down into their Stomachs ſome
pounds

SECT. III. of CHOCOLATE.

pounds of them raw without any molestation; the Sto-
mach seems rather to be fatiated, than cloy'd with them,
which is an Argument they are soon diffolv'd, and dige-
fsted. The Spaniards do not scruple to eat them upon
their great Fast days.

The *Indians* at first made their *Chocolate* of the *Nut* alone without any addition, unless sometimes *Pepper*, and *Maiz*, or *Indian* Wheat, and in *Jamaica* at this day, as Mr. *Hughes* observes, there is a sort of *Chocolate*, made up only of the Palate of the *Cacao* itself, and this he esteems to be one of the best forts of *Chocolate*. Dr. *Stubbs*, who was a great Master of the *Chocolate* Art, did not approve of many Ingredients, besides the *Cacao Nut*; that *Chocolate* which the Doctor prepared for His Majesty, had double the quantity of the *Cacao* Kernel to the other Ingredients: In the common sort the *Cacaw Nuts* may take up half the Composition, according to *Piso*, in the worst a third part only. As to the other Ingredients for making up *Chocolate*, they may be varied according to the constitutions of those that are to drink it; in cold constitutions *Jamaica Pepper*, *Cinnamon*, *Nutmegs*, *Cloves*, &c. may be mixt with the *Cacao Nut*: some add *Musk*, *Ambergrease*, *Citron*, *Lemmon-Peels*, and Odoriferous Aromatick Oyls: In hot Convumptive tempers you may mix *Almonds*, *Piftacho's*, &c. sometimes *China*, *Sarfa*, and *Saunders*; and sometimes *Steel* and *Rheubarb* may be added for young green Ladies. Mr. *Hughes* gives us very good advice, in telling us, that we may buy the best *Chocolate* of Seamen and Merchants, who bring it over ready made from the *West Indies*; his reason is none of the worst, which is this, let the *Cacao* Kernels be never so well cur'd in the *West Indies*, and flowed never so carefully in the Ship, yet by their long transportation, and by the various Airs of Climates they are often spoil'd, their natural Oylinefs tending

Hughes Ameri-
can Physician.
P. 111.
Dr. Stubbs In-
dian Nectar.

Piso Nat. His-
lor. Indor.

Hughes Ameri-
can Physici-
an. p. 111.

16

The Natural History

SECT. III.

tending much to putrefaction: from whence I have heard
several complain in England, that their Chocolate made
up here does often prove mufty, and will fettle much to
the bottom of the Dish, which is a certain sign, fays the
Learned Dr. Stubbs, that the Nuts are either faulty, or
not well beaten; and made up. The best Cacao Nuts are
said to come from Carraca or Nicaragua, out of which
Dr. Stubbs prepar'd Cholocate for the King; yet the Do-
ctor commends the Cacao Nuts of Jamaica, which were
firſt Planted there by the Spaniards. That you may know
how to Prepare your Chocolate, I will give you a ſhort
direction, if you intend to make it up your ſelf; con-
fult your own constitution and circumftances, and vary
the Ingredients according to the Premifes, for I cannot
give a Receipt to make up the maſs of Chocolate, which
will be agreeable, and proper to all Complexions; yet
in the Compoſition of it, you muſt remember to ap-
point the Cacaw Kernel for the fundamental and princi-
pal Ingredient: as for the managing the Cacao Nut, Dr.
Stubbs, and Mr. Hughes, have publiſht moſt excellent
inſtructions, how you muſt peel, dry, beat and ſearce it
very carefully, before you beat it up into a maſs with
other ſimples: as for the great quantity of Sugar which
is commonly put in, it may deftroy the Native and Ge-
nuine temper of the Chocolate, Sugar being ſuch a corro-
five ſalt, and ſuch a Hypocritical Enemy to the Body.
Simon Pauli (a Learned Dane) thinks Sugar to be one
caufe of our English Conſumptions; and Dr. Willis
blames it as one caufe of our Univerſal Scurvy's: there-
fore when Chocolate produces any ill effects, they may
be often imputed to the great ſuperfluity of its Sugar,
which often fills up half its Compoſition. For prepa-
ring the Drink of Chocolate, you may obſerve the fol-
lowing meaſures. Take of the maſs of Chocolate, cut
into ſmall pieces, one ounce, of Milk and Water well
boyl'd

Dr. Stubbs In-
dian Nectar.

Dr. Stubbs In-
dian Nectar.
and Mr.

Hughes Ameri-
can Physician.

Simon Pauli
quadripart Bo-
tan.

Dr. Willis de
Scorbuto.

SECT. III. of CHOCOLATE.

17

boyl'd together, of each half a pint, cne yolk of an Egg
well beaten, mix them together, let them boyl but gently,
till all is diffolved, stirring them often together with your
Mollinet, or Chocolet Mill; afterwards pour it into your
Dishes, and into every Dish put one spoonful of Sack.

As for the vertues and effects of the Cacao Nut, or
Chocolate, all the American Travellers have written such
Panegyricks, and so many Experimental Observations,
that I should but degrade this Royal Liquor, if I should
offer at any; yet I think two or three Remarks upon it
cannot be unsuitable to this little History: several of
these curious Travellers, and Physicians, do agree in
this, that the Cacao Nut has a wonderful faculty of
quenching thirst, allaying Heatick heats, of nourishing
and fatning the Body. Mr. Gage acquaints us, that he
drank Chocolate in the Indies two or three times every
day for twelve years together, and he scarce knew what
any Disease was in all that time, he growing very fat:
some object it is too oily and gross, but then the bitter-
ness of the Nut makes amends, carrying the other off by
strengthening of the Bowels. Mr. Hughes informs us,
that he liv'd at Sea for some Months of nothing but Cho-
colate, yet neither his strength, nor flesh were diminished:
he says our English Seamen are very greedy of it
when they come into any Indian Port, and soon get
plump countenances by the use of it. Mr. Hughes himself
grew very fat in Jamaica by the vertue of the Cacao
Nut; so he judges it most proper for Lean, Weak, and
Consumptive Complexions: it may be proper for some
breeding Women, and those persons that are Hypocon-
driacal, and Melancholly. The industrious Dr. Mundy
gives a notable example of the effect of Chocolate, he says,
that he knew a Man in a desperate Consumption, who
took a great fancy for Chocolate, and his Wife out of com-
plaisance drank it often with him: the consequence was

this,

Joh. de Laet.
Híster. Indor.
Piso n. Híster.
Indor.
Herbar. Mexi-
can.
Benzonus Hi-
stor. Inder. Oc-
cident. &c.

Gages Survey
of the West In-
dies. Chap. of
Chocolate.

Hughes Ameri-
can Physici-
an, p. 147.

Dr. Mundy de
potulentis.
P. 350.

C

18

The Natural History SECT. III.

this, the Husband recover'd his health, and his Wife brought afterwards to Bed of three Sons at one Birth.

The great use of *Chocolate* in Venery, and for supply-
ing the Tefticles with a Balfam, or a Sap, is so ingeni-
ously made out by one of our Learned Countrymen al-
ready, that I dare not presume to add any thing after so
accomplifht a Pen; though I am of an opinion, that I
might treat of the Subject without any immodesty, or
offence. Gerfon the Grave Roman Cafluift, has writ de
Pollutione Nocturnâ, and fome have defended Fornication
in the Popifh Nunneries; Hysterical fits, Hypocondria-
cal Melancholy, Love Paffions, Conſumptive Pinings
away, and Spermatical Feavers, being inſtances of the
necessity hereof, natural inſtinct pointing out the Cure:
We cannot but admire the great prudence of Mofes, who
feverely Prohibited, that there ſhould be no Whore a-
mongſt the Daughters of Israel, yet that moſt wife Le-
giflator took great care for their timely Marriage: upon
theſe very accounts the Cafluifts defend the Protestant
Clergy in their Marriages. And Adam is commanded
in Paradife to Encreafe and Multiply, therefore I hope
this little excursion is pardonable, being ſo adæquate to
this Treatife of Chocolate; which if Rachel had known,
ſhe would not have purchas'd Mandrakes for Jacob. If
the Amorous and Martial Turk ſhould ever taſte it, he
would deſpife his Opium. If the Grecians and Arabians
had ever try'd it, they would have thrown away their
Wake-Robins, and their Cuckow-Pintles; and I do not
doubt, but you London Gentlemen, do value it above all
your Cullifes and Jellies, your Anchoves, Bononia Sawſages,
your Cock, or Lamb-stones, your Soys, your Ketchups and
Caveares, your Cantharides, and your Whites of Eggs,
are not to be compared to our rude Indian; therefore you
muſt be very courteous and favourable to this little
Ramphlet, who tells you moſt faithful Observations.

The

SECT. III. of CHOCOLATE.

19

The industrious Author of the *Vinetum Britannicum* Vinet. Britam. makes a Quære, whether the Kernel of the *Wallnut* may P. 139, not supply the defect of the *Cacao*, if well Ground. Dr. Grew thinks, that for thofe that drink *Chocolate* at Dr. Grew's *Coffee-Houses* without any Medicinal respect, there is no Muf. Reg. Soc. P. 205; doubt, but that of *Almonds* finely beaten, and mixed with a due proportion of Spices, and Sugar, may be made as pleafant a Drink as the beſt *Chocolate*.

C2 THE

SECT. IV. of TOBACCO.

in our *English* Soil: a great quantity of it grows yearly
in several Gardens about Westminister, and in other parts
of Middlesex. It is planted in great plenty in Gloucester,
Devonshire, and some other Western Countries; his
Majesty sending every year a Troop of Horse to destroy
it, left the Trade of our American Plantations should be
incommoded thereby: yet many of the London Apothecaries
make use of English Tobacco in their Shops, notwithstanding
the vulgar Opinion that this Herb is a Native of America,
and foreign to Europe: yet Livanus affures us, that it grows naturally
in the famous Hercynian Forreft of Germany. If this was true,
we would no
longer call it Tobacco from the Island of Tobago. The
names of it are so various, as they would glut the moft
hungry Reader. The Americans style it Picielt; in Nova
Francia, Petum; in Hispaniola, Cozobba; in Virginia,
Uppuvoc; at Rome, Herba Sancta Crucis; in some parts
of Italy, Herba Medicea; in France, Herba Regina, as
you may read in Magnenus and Neander: but let it be of
what name or kind it will, I am confident, that it is of
the poyfonous fort, for it Intoxicates, Inflames, Vomits,
and Purges; which Operations are common to poyfonous
Plants, as to Poppeys, Nightshades, Hemlocks, Monks'
hood, Spurges, and Hellebores, that will produce the like
effects: besides, every one knows that the Oyl of Tobacco
is one of the greatest Poysons in nature, a few drops
of it falling upon the tongue of a Cat, will immediately
throw her into Convulsions, under which she will die.

This Dr. Willis affures us to be true; the experiment
fucceeded, when it was try'd before the Royal Society, as
the Learned Dr. Grew has affirmed: besides, I can speak
it upon my own certain knowledg, having kill'd several
Animals with a few drops of this Oyl. Yet that moft
fagacious Italian, Francisco Redi, obferves very well,
that the Oyl of Tobacco kills not all Animals, neither

does

Magnenus de
Tabaco. Neander
Tabacalog.

Dr. willis
Pharm. Rat.

Dr. Grew's
Mus. Reg Soc.
P. 352.

Philos. Trans.
alt. Olden-
burgh N. 92.

22

The Natural History

SECT. IV.

does it dispatch those, it kills, in the same space of time;
there is a great difference between the Tobacco of Brazil,
and that of St. Christophers, as to this effect: Varino and
Brazil Tobacco being almost of the same quality and ope-
ration, whereas that of St. Christophers, Terra Nova,
Nieve, St. Martin, have very different effects.

If we run over those Countries where Tobacco is made
use of, we may observe the various manners of using it;
some Americans will mix it with a Powder of Shells, to
chew it, salivating all the time, which they fancy does
refresh them in their Journeys and Labours: others in
New Spain will dawb the ends of Reeds with the Gum,
or Juice of Tobacco, and fetting them on fire, will
fuck the smoak to the other end. The Virginians were
observed to have Pipes of Clay before ever the English
came there, and from those Barbarians we Europeans
have borrowed our mode and fashion of smoking. The
Moors and Turks have no great kinds for Tobacco; yet
when they do smoke, their Pipes are very long, made
of Reeds, or Wood, with an earthen head. The Irish-
men do most commonly powder their Tobacco, and snuff
it up their Nostrils, which some of our English-men do,
who often chew, and swallow it; I know some Persons
that do eat every day some ounces of Tobacco without
any sensible alteration: from whence we may learn,
that use and custom will tame, and naturalize the most
fierce and rugged Poyson, so that it will become civil and
friendly to the body. We read of a French Ambassador, that
being in England, was so indispos'd, that he could never
sleep; upon which he would often devour whole Ounces
of Opium without being concern'd: and the Turks are
often observed to swallow great Lumps of it, a tenth
part of which would kill those that were not accustomed to Opiates.
I know a Woman in this City, that being us'd to take both the
Hellebores, will often swallow

whole

Purchas Voyages to America.

Ephem. German.
An. 2.

SECT. IV. of TOBACCO.

whole Scruples of them without the least motion, or
operation, so that custom and conversation will make
the fiercest creature familiar.

As for the Culture, Harvest, Preparation, and Traffick of Tobacco, I will recommend you to Neander, where, if you are curious, you may meet with satisfaction. I cannot omit one Story out of Monardus, who tells us, that the Indian Priests being always confulted about the events of War, do burn the Leaves of Tobacco, and fucking into their mouths the smoak by a Reed, or Pipe, do presently fall into a Trance, or Extafie, and as soon as ever they come out of it, they discover to the Indians all the secret Negotiation, which they have had with the great Daemon, always delivering some ambiguous answer.

As for the qualities, nature, and uses of Tobacco,
they may be very considerable in several cafes and cir-
cumstances; though King James himself has both Writ,
and Disputed very smartly against it at Oxford, and
Simon Pauli has Publish'd a very Learned Book against
it. Some Anatomifts tell us most terrible Stories of
footy Brains, and black Lungs, which have been seen
in the Diffjections of Dead Bodies, which when Liv-
ing had been accustomed to Tobacco. We read that
Amurath the Fourth did forbid the use of it over all the
Turkish Dominions, under the most severe Penalties;
the Turks having an opinion amongst them, that To-
bacco will make them Effeminate, and Barren, unfit for
War, and Procreation; though some think there is a
Politick design in it, to obftruct the fale of it in the Ea-
ftern Countries, and to prevent the Christians from
establishing any considerable Traffic from so mean a
Commodity, which perhaps may be one reafon, why
the Great Duke of Muscovy has threatened to punifh
those

Neander Tabacalog.

Monardus
lib. x. Exotï-
cor. Cluſiï.

Simon Pauli de
abufu Tabaci.

Diemerbrock.

Anat.

Hoffman. Pau-
vius.

Olearius, Am-
baffadors Tra-
vels through
Muscovy.

those

24

The Natural History

SECT. IV.

those Merchants, who offer to sell any Tobacco in his Countries. Scach Abas (the Great Sophy of Perfia) Leading an Army against the Cham of Tartary, made Proclamation, that if any Tobacco was found in the Courtody of any Soldier, he should be burnt alive, together with his Tobacco. Yet for all this it may be very beneficial to Mankind, as you will conclude from what does follow.

Dr. Willis recommends Tobacco to Soldiers, because it may supply the want of Victims, and make them insensible of the dangers, fatigues, and hardships, which do usually attend Wars and Armies; besides, it is found to Cure Mangy, and Ulcerous Diseases, which are frequent in Camps. I know a curious Lady in the North, that does very great feats in Sores and Ulcers by a Preparation of Tobacco. Our Learned and moft Experienc'd Countryman, Mr. Boyle, does highly commend Tobacco Clyfters in the moft violent Colick pains, which are often Epidemical in Cities, and Camps. The Renowned Hartman extols the Water of Tobacco against Agues: And the curious Dr. Grew found the fuccefs of ihe Oyl of it in the Tooth-ach, a Lint being dip'd in it, and put into the Tooth. The effects of Tobacco has been very good in some violent pains of the Head; as some thousands have experimented: As for the daily smoaking of it, the state and circumstances of your Body muſt be the best guide, and rule; if your complexion be lean, hot, and dry, it is an argument against it, but if cold, moift, and humoral, ſubject to Catarrhs, Rheums, and Pains, then there may be a temptation to venture upon it, so every man muſt consult his own temper, and the experience of others.

Dr. Willis
Pharm. Rat.

Boyl's experi-
ment Philoso-
phy.

Hartman prax.
Chym
Dr. Grew Mus.
Reg.Sot.p.252.

A

SECT. IV. of TOBACCO.

25

A modern French Author has writ a peculiar Tract of Tobacco, wherein he commends it in Convulsions, in pains, and for bringing on sleep; he extols the Oyl of it in Curing Deafneſs, being inſjected into the Ear in a convenient vehicle, also againſt Gouty and Scorbutical pains of the Joints, being appli'd in a liniment. *A Lixivium of Tobacco* often prevents the falling off of the hair, and is famous in Curing the Farcy, or Leproſe of Cattel.

Journal des Scavans.
Au. 1631.

D THE

26

The USE of
JUNIPER
AND
ELDER-BERRIES.
IN OUR
Publick-Houfes.

T
HESE two Berries are so Celebrated in
many Countries, and so highly recom-
mended to the World by several famous
Writers, and Practitioners, that they
need not desire any Varnish, or Argument
from me. The simple Decoctions of them sweetned with
a little fine Sugar-Candy will afford Liquors so pleafant
to the Eye, so grateful to the Palate, and so beneficial
to the Body, that I cannot but wonder after all thefe
Charms, they have not as yet been Courted, and
Ufher'd into our Publick Houfes; if they fhouid once
appear on the Stage, I am confident, that both the Whig
and the Tory, would agree about them far better than
have done about the Medal and Mushroom: nay, the
very Cynick and Stoick himself, would fall in Love with
the

The Use of JUNIPER, &c.

27

tie Beauty, and extraordinary Vertues of these Berries,
which are so common, and cheap, that they may be pur-
has'd for little or nothing; one Ounce of the Berry
well cleansed, bruis'd, and mash'd, will be enough for
almost a Pint of Water; when they are boyl'd together,
the Vessel must be carefully stop'd: after the boyling is
over, one spoonful of Sugar Candy may be put in.

The *Juniper-tree* grows wild upon many Hills in
Surrey, and *Oxfordshire*, and upon *Juniper-Hill* near
Hildersham in *Cambridgeshire*; besides, in several other
parts of *England*: The Berries are most commonly ga-
ther'd about August. The Astrological Botanists advife
us to pull them, when the Sun is in Virgo.

The *Juniper-Berry* is of so great reputation in the
*Northern Nations*, that they use it, as we do *Coffee* and
*Thee*, especially the *Laplanders*, who do almost adore it.
*Simon Pauli* (a Learned *Dane*) affures us, that these
Berries have performed wonders in the Stone, which he
did not learn from Books, or common Fame, but from
his own observation and experience; for he produces
two very notable examples, that being tormented with
the Stone, did find incredible successes in the use of these
Berries: and if my memory does not fail me, I have
heard our most ingenious, and famous Dr. *Troutbeck*,
recommend a Medicine prepared of them in this Distem-
per. Besides *Schroder* knew a Nobleman of Germany*,
that freed himself from the intolerable symptoms of the
Stone by the constant use of these Berries: Ask any
Physician about them, and he will bestow upon them
a much finer Character than my rude Pencil can draw.
The Learned Mr. *Evelyn* will tell you what great kind-
nesses he has done to his Poor Fick Neighbours, with
a Preparation of *Juniper-Berries*, who is pleas'd to
honour them with the Title of the *Forrester's Panacæa*;
he extols them in the Wind Colick, and many other

Of the *Juniper- Berry*.
Dr. Merrets
Pinax.
Ray's Catalog.
Plantar.

History of Lap-
land.

Simon Pauli
quadripartit.
Botan. p. 536.

Schroder.
Pharmacop.

Evelyn of For-
reft Trees,
p. 136.

D 2

Distem-

28

and ELDER-BERRIES.

Distempers. Do but confult *Bauhinus*, and *Schrode*, the first being the most exact Herbal, the other the most faithful and elaborate Dispenstary, that ever has been published; and you will find great commendations of these Berries in Dropflies, Gravel, Coughs, Consumptions, Gout, Stoppage of the monthly Courses, in Epilepsies, Palsies, Lethargies, in which there are often an ill appetite, bad digestions, and obstructions.

Take one spoonful of the Spirit of *Juniper-Berries*, four grains of the Salt of *Juniper*, three drops of the Oyl of *Juniper-Berries* well rectified; mix them all together, drink them Morning and Night in a Glass of White-wine, and you will have no contemptible Medicine in all the aforementioned Diseases.

Now it is probable, that you have both the Spirit, Salt, and Oyl of this Berry in a simple Decoction of it, provided it be carefully and skilfully managed. If this will not satisfie, do but read *Benjamin Scarffius*, and *Foh. Michael*, who have Published in Germany two several Books of the *Juniper*, and you may meet with far more perſuasive arguments, than I can pretend to offer you.

The Elder Tree grows almost every where, but it most delights in Hedges, Orchards, and other flady places, or on the most Banks of Rivulets and Ditches, unto which 'tis thrust by the Gardeners, left by its Luxury, and importunate increase yearly it should possess all their ground. We write here of the Domesick, common Elder, not of the Mountain, the Water, or Dwarf Elder, ours in figure is like the Ash; the Leaves resemble those of a Walnut Tree, but less; in the top of the Branches, and Twigs, there spring sweet and crisped umbels, swelling with white odoriferous Flowers (in June before St. Johns Eve) which by their fall give place to a many branched Grape, first green, then ruddy, last of a black, dark, Purple Colour, succulent and tumid with its winifh

Joh. Bauhin.
Hiftor.Plantar.
Schroder.
Pharmacop.

Scarffius de
Junipero.
Joh. Michael
Juniperet.

Of Elder-Berries.

Dr. Blochwich
Anatom. Sam-
duci.

The Use of JUNIPER

29

winifch Liquor: of all the wild Plants 'tis firſt covered
with Leaves,and laſt uncloathed of them. It flourifhes in
May, June, July, but the Berries are not ripe till August.
Joh. Bauhin.
Hiftor.Plantar.

As for the qualities, and vertues of Elder-Berries,
I need ſay no more, but that Mr. Ray has given a great
encomium of them; our Learned Dr. Needham com-
mending them in Dropſies, and ſome Feavers: and I
have been inform'd, that the ingenious Dr. Croon has
extoll'd a Spirit of Elder-Berries in an Epidemical inter-
mittent Feaver. Schroder ſays, they do peculiarly re-
ſpect ſome Difeaſes, attributed to the Womb. Mr. Eve-
lyn is ſo bountiful to his poor Forrefter, as to aſſure him,
that if he could but learn the Medicinal Properties of the p. 99.
Schroder.
Pharmacop.
Evelyn of For-
reſt-Trees,

Elder Tree, he might fetch a Remedy from every Hedg,
either for Sickneſs, or Wound: the fame curious Gen-
tleman takes notice, how prevalent theſe Berries are in
ſcorbutick Diftempers, and for the prolongation of Life
(ſo famous is the Story of Næander.) I have heard ſome
praife them in Bloody Fluxes, and other Difeaſes of the
Bowels; alſo in ſeveral Diftempers of the Head, as the
Falling Sickneſs, Megrimſs, Palfſies, Lethargies: they
are ſaid likewife to promote the monthly Inundations of
Women, and to deſtroy the heat of an Eryſipelas, for
which the Flowers themſelves are highly Celebrated by
Simon Pauli, who experimented them upon himſelf with
wonderful ſucces. I could produce ſeveral caſes out
of the beſt Phyſical Writers, as Forestus, Riverius, Ru-
landus, &c. where theſe Berries have acted their parts,
even to admiration; but if you are curious, and inqui-
ſitive after the qualities and nature of them, I will re-
commend a Learned German, Martyn Blochwitz, to your
reading, where you may entertain your ſelf with great
variety: Yet I have one thing ſtill to give notice of,
that the fame Medicine may be prepar'd out of the Spi-
rit, Oyl, and Salt of this Berry, as you have been

taught

Simon Pauli
quadripartit.
Botanic.p.139,
140.

Dr. Blochwitz
Anatom. of the
Elder.

30

The Use of JUNIPER

taught before to make out of the *Juniper-Berry*, but you
may obtain them all in a simple Decoction, if it be well
manag'd.

You have read here the great use of these two *Berries*, that are more universally agreeable to all tempers, palates and cafes, than perhaps any other two simple Medicines, which are commonly known among us; so that several Persons being under ill habits of Body, and upon the Frontiers of some lingring Districts, cannot but desire to drink them, when they have occasion to resort to Publick-Houses: yet for all this, my poor advice will certainly meet with that Fate, which does attend almost every thing in the World, that is, *Laudatur ab his, culpatur ab illis*; but it dreads most of all the *Turkey*, and *East-India Merchant*, who will condemn it in defence of their *Coffee*, and *Thee*, which have the honour of coming from the *Levant*, and *China*. Besides, I am afraid of a lash, or a frown from some young Ladies, and little Sparks, who scorn to eat, drink, or wear any thing, that comes not from *France*, or the *Indies*; they fancy poor *England* is not capable of bringing forth any commodity, that can be agreeable to their Grandeur, and Gallantry, as though Nature, and God Almighty, had curs'd this Island with the Production of such things, as are every way unsuitable to the Complexions, and Necessities of the Inhabitants: so we cannot but Repartee upon these *A la mode* Persons, that while they Worship so much only Foreign Creatures, they cannot but be wholly ignorant of those at home. His Excellency, the most Acute and Ingenious Ambassador from the Emperor of *Fez*, and *Morocco*, (who now resides among us) is reported to have advis'd his Attendants to see every thing, but admire nothing, left they should seem thereby to disparage their own Country, and shew themselves ignorant of the great Rarities and Wonders of *Barbary*.

Poor

and ELDER-BERRIES.

Poor contemptible Berries, fly hence to Smyrna, Ban-
tam, or Mexico, then the Merchants would work
through Storms and Tempefts, through Fire and Water
to purchase you, and at your Arrival here would pro-
claim your Vertues in all publick Assemblies; so true
is that common faying, A Prophet is never valued in his
own Country: The English Soyl is certainly influenced
by fome Peftilential Star, that blasts the credit of its
Productions.

THE

32

The WAY of Making
M U M,
WITH SOME
REMARKS
UPON THAT
LIQUOR.

IN the firſt place, I will give ſome inſtructions how
to make Mum, as it is Recorded in the Houſe of
Brunſwick, and was ſent from thence to General
Monk.

To make a Veffel of 63 Gallons, the Water muſt be
firſt Boyl'd to the Conſumption of a third part, let it then
beBrew'd according to Art with 7 Buſhels of Wheat-Malt,
one Buſhel of Oat-Malt, and one Buſhel of Ground
Beans, and when it is Tun'd, let not the Hogſhead be
too much fill'd at firſt; when it begins to work, put to
it of the inner Rind of the Firr three pounds, of the tops
of Firr, and Birch, of each one pound, of Carduus Benedi-
Etus dried, three handfuls, Flowers of Rofa Solis, two
handfuls,

Remaks upon MUM.

33

handfuls, of Burnet, Betony, Marjoram, Avens, Penny-
royal, Flowers of Elder, Wild Thyme, of each one hand-
ful and a half, Seeds of Cardamum bruised, three ounces,
Bayberries bruised, one ounce, put the Seeds into the
Vessel; when the Liquor hath wrought a while with
the Herbs, and after they are added, let the Liquor
work over the Vessel as little as may be, fill it up at last,
and when it is stopped, put into the Hogshead ten new
laid Eggs, the Shells not cracked, or broken: stop all
close, and drink it at two years old, if carried by Water
it is better. Dr. Egidius Hoffman added Water Cress,
Brooklime, and Wild Parsley, of each fix handfuls, with
fix handfuls of Horse Radish rahsped in every Hog's head:
it was observed that the Horse Radish made the Mum
drink more quick than that which had none.

By the composition of Mum we may guess at the qua-
lities, and properties of it, you find great quantities of
the Rind, and tops of Firr in it; therefore if the Mum-
makers at London are so careful, and honest, as to pre-
pare this Liquor after the Brunswick fashion, which is
the genuine and original way; it cannot but be very
powerful against the breeding of Stones, and against all
Scorbutick Diftempers. When the Suedes carried on a
War against the Muscovites, the Scurvy did so domineer
amongst them, that their Army did languish, and moul-
der away to nothing, till once encamping near a great
number of Firr Trees, they began to boyl the tops of
them in their Drink, which recover'd the Army even to
a miracle; from whence the Suedes call the Firr the
Scorbutick Tree at this very day. Our most renowned
Dr. Walter Needham has observed the great success of these
tops of Firr in the Scurvy, as Mr. Ray informs us; Ray catalog.
which is no great wonder, if we consider the Balfam,
or Turpentine, (with which this Tree abounds) which
proves so effectual in preserving even dead Bodies them-
felves.

Mollenbroc. de
Arthritide vag.
Scorbut, p. 116.

Ray catalog.
Plantar.

E

34

Remarks upon MUM.

felves from putrefaction, and corruption; if my memo-
ry does not deceive me, I have heard Mr. Boyle, (the
ornament, and glory of our English Nation) affirm,
that the Oyl of Turpentine preferves Bodies from Putre-
faction much better than the Spirit of Wine. The Firr
being a principal ingredient of this Liquor, is so Cele-
brated by fome modern Writers, that it alone may be
sufficient to advance the Mum trade amongst us. Simon
Pauli (a Learned Dane) tells us the great exploits of
the tops of this Tree in freeing a great man of Germany
from an inveterate Scurvy; every Physician will in-
form you, how proper they are againft the breeding of
Gravel, and Stones: but then we muſt be so exact, as
to pull these tops in their proper Season, when they a-
bound moſt with Turpentine, and Balfamick parts, and
then they may make the Mum a proper Liquor in Ge-
norrhæa's; befides the Eggs may improve its faculty that
way: yet I will not conceal what I think the Learned
Dr. Merret affirms in his Observations upon Wines, that
thoſe Liquors, into which the Shavings of Firr are put,
may be apt to create pains in the Head; but ſtill it is to
be confefs'd, that the Firr cannot but contribute much
to the vigor and prefervation of the Drink.

By the variety of its Malt, and by the ground Beans,
we may conclude, that Mum is a very hearty and
ſtrengthning Liquor; fome Drink it much, becauſe it
has no Hops, which they fancy do ſpoil our English
Ales, and Beers, uſhering in Infections; nay, Plagues
amongſt us. Thomas Bartholine exclaims ſo fiercely
against Hops, that he adviſes us to mix any thing with
our Drink rather than them: he recommends Sage,
Tamarisk, tops of Pine, or Firr, instead of Hops, the
daily uſe of which in our English Liquors is ſaid to have
been one cauſe, why the Stone is grown ſuch a common
Difeaſe amongſt us Englishmen: yet Captain Graunt in
his

Simon Pauli
quadripart. Bo-
tan. P. 540.

Dr Merrets ob-
fervations up-
on Wines.

Bartholine de
Medicina Da-
norum differ-
tat. 7.

Graunt's ob-
fervations on
the Bills of
Mortality.

Remarks upon MUM.

his curious Observations upon the Bills of Mortality,
obferves, that fewer are afflicted with the Stone in this
present Age, than there were in the Age before, though
far more Hops have been us'd in this City of late than
ever.

As for Eggs in the Composition of Mum they may
contribute much to prevent its growing lower, their
fhells sweetning Vinegar, and destroying Acids, for
which reason they may be proper in restoring some de-
cay'd Liquors, if put whole into the Vessel. Dr. Stubbs
in some curious Observations made in his Voyage to Ja-
maica, affures us, that Eggs put whole into the Vessel
will preserve many Drinks even to admiration in long
Voyages: the Shells, and Whites will be devour'd and
loft, but the Yolks left untouched.

Oldenburg's
Philos. Transf.
act. N. 27.

Dr. Willis prescribes Mum in several Chronical Di-
ftempers, as Scurvies, Dropfies, and some sort of Con-
sumptions. The Germans, especially the Inhabitants of
Saxony, have so great a Veneration for this Liquor, that
they fancy their Bodies can never decay, or pine away,
as long as they are Lin'd, and Embalm'd with so power-
ful a preserver; and indeed, if we consider the frame,
and complexions of the Germans in general, they may
appear to be living Mummies. But to conclude all in a
few words, if this Drink call'd Mum, be exactly made
according to the foregoing instructions, it must needs
be a most excellent alternative Medicine, the ingredients
of it being very rare and choice simples, there being
scarce any one Difeafe in Nature, against which some of
them are not prevalent, as Betony, Marjoram, Thyme. In
Difeales of the Head; Birch, Burnet, Water-Creffes,
Brooklime, Horse-Rhadifh in the most inveterate Scur-
vies, Gravels, Coughs, Consumptions, and all obstru-
ctions. Avens, and Cardamom Seeds for cold weak Sto-
machs. Carduus Benedictus, and Elder Flowers in inter-

Dr. Willis de
Scorbuto. Phar-
maceut. Ratio-
nal. p. 2.

Remarks upon MUM.

mittent Feavers. Bayberries and Penny-Royal, in Di-
stempers attributed to the Womb. But it is to be fear'd,
that several of our Londoners are not so honest, and cu-
rious, as to prepare their Mum faithfully, and truly; if
they do, they are so happy as to furnish, and stock their
Country with one of the most useful Liquors under the
Sun, it being so proper, and effectual in several lingring
Distempers, where there is a depravation, and weakneſs
of the Blood and Bowels.

There still remains behind a strong, and general objection, that may perhaps fall upon this little puny Pamphlet, and crush it all to pieces, that is, the Histories are too short, and imperfect; to which I have only this to answer, *Ars longa, vita brevis, a perfect Natural History of the least thing in World, cannot be the Work of one Man, or scarce one Age, for it requires the Heads, Hands, Studies, and Observations of many, well Compared and Digested together:* therefore this is rather an Essay, or Topick, for men to reason upon, when they meet together at Publick-Houses, and to encourage them to follow the example of *Adam*, who being in the state of Innocence did contemplate of all the Creatures that were round about him in Paradise, but after the Fall, and the Building of a City, the Philosopher turn'd Politician.

Poſt-

Postscript.

L

Iquors and Drinks are of such general use, and
efteem in all the habitable parts of the World,
that a word or two concerning them cannot
be improper, or unwelcom.

First the Saps and Juices of Trees will afford many
pleasant and useful Liquors. The *Africans* and
*Indians* prepare their famous Palm Wine (which they
call *Sura*, or *Toddy*) out of the sap of the wounded *Palm Tree*, as we do our *Birch Wine* in *England* out of the
tears of the pierced *Birch Tree*, which is celebrated in
the Stone and Scurvy. So the *Sycamore* and *Walnut* being
wounded will weep out their Juices, which may be fer-
mented into Liquors: In the *Molucca's* the Inhabitants
extract a Wine out of a Tree called *Laudan*.

Helmont de L-
thoasf.
Ray's Catalog.

Ray's Catalog.
Plantar.

Vinetum Br-
tannicum.

Fruits and Berries yield many noble and necessary
Liquors; every Nation abounds with various Drinks
by the diversity of their Fruits and Vegetables. England
with Sider, Perry, Cherry, Currant, Gooseberry, Raspberry,
Mulberry, Blackberry, and Strawberry Wine. France,
Spain, Italy, Hungary and Germany, produce great variety
of Wines from the different species, and natures of
their Grapes and Soils. In Jamaica and Brazil they
make a very delicious Wine out of a Fruit called Ananas,
which is like a Pine Apple, not inferior to Malvasia
Wine. The Chinefes make curious Drinks out of their
Fruits; so do the Brazilians, and Southern Americans;
as from their Coco, Acajou, Pacobi, their Unni, or Mur-
tilla's.

Vinetum Er-
tannicum.

Piso Natur.
Hiftor. Indics.

POSTSCRIPT.

tilla's. We may note here, that all the Juices of Herbs, Fruits, Seeds, and Roots will work, and ferment themselves into intoxicating Liquors, out of which Spirits, and Brandies may be extracted, most Nations under the Sun has their drunken Liquors and Compounds; the Turk his Maflack, the Persians their Bangue, the Indians their Fulo, their Rum, their Arak, and Punch. The Africans, Turks, Chinese, Tartars, and other Eastern Countries do make inebriating Liquors out of their Corn, and Rice: some rather than not be Drunk will swallow Opium, Dutroy, and Tobacco, or some other intoxicating thing, so great an inclination has Mankind to be exalted. Pliny complains, that Drunkennes's was the study of his time, and that the Romans and Parthians contended for the glory of excessive Wine Drinking. Historians tell us of one Novellius Torquatus, that went through all the honourable degrees of Dignity in Rome, wherein the greatest Glory, and Honour he obtain'd, was for the Drinking, in the presence of Tiberius, three Gallons of Wine at one Draught, before ever he drew his breath, and without being any ways concern'd. Athenæus says, that Melanthius wish'd his own Neck as long as a Crane's, that he might be the longer a tafting the pleafure of Drinks; yet what he reports of Lafyrtes is wonderful, that he never drank any thing, yet notwithstanding Urin'd as others do. The famous Author takes notice, that the great Drinkers us'd to eat Coleworts to prevent Drunkennes's, neither are some men of our days much inferior to those celebrated Antients. The Germans commonly Drink whole Tankards, and Ell Glasses at a Draught, adoring him that Drinks fairly, and most, and hating him that will not pledge them. The Dutch Men will salute their Guefts with a Pail, and a Dish, making Hogheads of their Bellies. The Polander thinks him the bravest fellow, that Drinks most Healths, and car-

Dr. Mundy de potulentis.

Plinii Nat. Hiftor.

Athenæus.
Weekly Me-
morial. n. 14.

POSTSCRIPT.

ries his Liquor best, being of opinion, that there is as much Valour in Drinking, as Fighting. The Ruffians, Suedes, and Danes, have so naturalized Brandy, Aqua Vi-tæ, Beer, Mum, &c. that they usually Drink our English Men to Death, so that the most ingenious Author of the Vinetum Britannicum concludes, that temperance (relatively speaking) is the Cardinal Vertue of the English.

It is very wonderful what Mr. Ligon, and other American Travelers relates of the Cassava Root, how out of Ligon's History of Barbados, it, the Americans do generally make their Bread, and common Drink, called Parranow; yet that Root is known to be a great Poyson if taken raw: their Drink call'd Mobby is made of Potatoe's. But we will conclude all with Virgil, who speaking of the many Liquors in his time, says, Sed neque quam multæ species, nec nomina quæ funt est Numerus.

FINIS.

A Help to English History, containing a Succession of all the Kings of England, the English Saxons, and the Britains; the Kings and Princes of Wales, the Kings and Lords of Man, the Isle of Wight: As also of all the Dukes, Marquesses, Earls and Bishops thereof; With the Description of the places from whence they had their Titles; Together with the Names, and Ranks of the Vircounts, Barons and Baronets of England. By P. Heylyn, D.D.

*Monumenta Westmonasteriensis:* Or an Historical Account of the Original, Increase, and Present State of St. Peter's, or the Abby Church of Westminster. With all the Epitaphs, Inscriptions, Coats of Arms, and Achievements of Honour belonging to the Tombs and Grave-stones: Together with the Monuments themselves faithfully described and set forth. By H.K. of the Inner Temple, Gent.