2

THE CRISIS SUPPLEMENT

RIGGINS HOTEL, WACO

In other words, Waco is a typical south-
ern town, alert, pushing and rich.

2. *The Crime.*

NEAR the country town of Robinson,
some six miles from Waco, lived a
white family of four, named Fryar, who
owned a small farm. This they cultivated
themselves with the help of one hired man,
a colored boy of seventeen, named Jesse
Washington.

Jesse was a big, well-developed fellow,
but ignorant, being unable either to read
or write. He seemed to have been sullen,
and perhaps mentally deficient, with a
strong, and even daring temper. It is said
that on the Saturday night before the crime
he had had a fight with a neighboring white

man, and the man had threatened to kill
him.

On Monday, May 8, while Mr. Fryar, his
son of fourteen, and his daughter of twen-
ty-three, were hoeing cotton in one part of
their farm, the boy, Jesse, was plowing with
his mules and sowing cotton seed near the
house where Mrs. Fryar was alone. He
went to the house for more cotton seed. As
Mrs. Fryar was scooping it up for him into
the bag which he held, she scolded him for
beating the mules. He knocked her down
with a blacksmith's hammer, and, as he con-
fessed, criminally assaulted her; finally he
killed her with the hammer. The boy then
returned to the field, finished his work, and
went home to the cabin, where he lived
with his father and mother and several
brothers and sisters.

When the murdered woman was discov-
ered suspicion pointed to Jesse Washington,
and he was found sitting in his yard whit-
tling a stick. He was arrested and imme-
diately taken to jail in Waco. Tuesday
a mob visited the jail. They came in with
about thirty automobiles, each holding as
many as could be crowded in. There was
no noise, no tooting of horns, the lights
were dim, and some had no lights at all.
These were all Robinson people. They
looked for the boy, but could not find him,
for he had been taken to a neighboring
county where the sheriff obtained a confes-
sion from him. Another mob went to this
county seat to get the boy, but he was again

THE COURT HOUSE, WACO

removed to Dallas. Finally, the Robinson
people pledged themselves not to lynch the
boy if the authorities acted promptly, and
if the boy would waive his legal rights.

A second confession in which the boy
waived all his legal rights was obtained in
the Dallas jail. The Grand Jury indicted
him on Thursday, and the case was set for
trial Monday, May 15.

Sunday night, at midnight, Jesse Wash-
ington was brought from Dallas to Waco,
and secreted in the office of the judge.
There was not the slightest doubt but that
he would be tried and hanged the next day,
if the law took its course.

There was some, but not much doubt of

THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, WACO

THE WACO HORROR

3

THE CITY HALL
(The Boy Was Burned Back of This Hall)

his guilt. The confessions were obtained, of course, under duress, and were, perhaps, suspiciously clear, and not entirely in the boy's own words. It seems, however, probable that the boy was guilty of murder, and possibly of premeditated rape.

### 3. Waco Politics.

MEANTIME, the exigencies of Waco politics are said to have demanded a lynching. Our investigator says:

"They brought the boy back to Waco because a lynching was of political value to the county officials who are running for office. Every man I talked with said that politics was at the bottom of the whole business. All that element who took part in the lynching will vote for the Sheriff. The Judge is of value to his party because he appoints the three commissioners of the jury, and these commissioners pick the Grand Jury."

The District Judge of the Criminal Court is R. I. Munroe, appointed by Governor Campbell. He is a low order of politician, and a product of a local machine. His reputation for morality is bad, and his practice at the Bar has been largely on behalf of the vicious interests.

The Sheriff of the county, S. S. Fleming, is a candidate for re-election, and has made much political capital out of the lynching.

He says, in an advertisement in the Waco Semi-Weekly Tribune:

"Mr. Fleming is diseased with a broad philanthropy. He believes in the equality of man. He carries with him in the daily walk of his officialdom none of the 'boast of heraldry or the pomp of power.' He is just as courteous, just as obliging, just as accommodating as Sheriff as he was when selling buggies and cultivators for the hardware company. He presents to the voters for their endorsement the record made by him and his corps of splendid deputies."

Our investigator says:

"When I saw the Sheriff (Fleming) he had a beautiful story to tell. He had his story fixed up so that the entire responsibility was shifted on the Judge. The Judge admitted he could have had a change of venue, but said the mob anywhere would have done the same thing."

Meantime, the tip went out:

"The crowd began pouring into the town the day before and continued early Monday morning. The court room was packed full and a crowd of 2,000 was on the outside. The jurors could scarcely get in and out from their seats. I asked the Judge if he could not have cleared the court room, and he answered that I did not know the South. I said, 'If a person is big enough, he can get up and stop the biggest mob.' He asked, 'Do you want to spill innocent blood for a nigger?'"

"Some one had arranged it so that it would be easy to get the boy out of the courtroom. A door which opened by a peculiar device had been fixed so that it would open. One of the jurors was a convicted murderer with a suspended sentence over him."

"Lee Jenkins is the best deputy sheriff, but he is under Fleming. Barney Goldberg, the other deputy sheriff, said, 'If Lee Jenkins had had it, it would never have been, but we are working for the man higher up and must take our orders from him.' Barney Goldberg knows perfectly well that if Fleming is not re-elected, and the other candidate gets in, he will be out of a job. The other nominee for sheriff, Buchanan, is reported to be unable to read and write, but is said to have three dead 'niggers' to his 'credit.'"

"The boy, Jesse Washington, was asked what he thought about the mob coming after him. He said, 'They promised they would not if I would tell them about it.' He seemed not to care, but was thoroughly indifferent."

The trial was hurried through. The Waco Semi-Weekly Tribune, May 17, says: "The jury returned into court at 11:22 a. m., and presented a verdict: 'We, the jury, find the defendant guilty of murder as charged in the indictment and assess his punishment at death.' This was signed by W. B. Brazelton, foreman.

"Is that your verdict, gentlemen?' asked Judge Munroe.

"They answered 'yes.'"

YALE
1916

4

THE CRISIS SUPPLEMENT

THE WAITING CROWD

"Judge Munroe began writing in his docket. He had written: 'May 15, 1916: Jury verdict of guilty,' and as he wrote there was a hush over the entire court room. It was a moment of hesitation, but just a moment. Then the tall man started over the heads of the crowd. Fred H. Kingsbury, who was standing alongside of Judge Munroe, said, 'They are coming after him,' and as the Judge looked up, the wave of people surged forward." The court room accommodates 500 persons, but the Judge had allowed 1,500 persons to crowd in.

Our investigator continues:

"The stenographer told me that there was a pause of a full minute. He said the people crowded around him and he knew what was coming, so he slipped out of the door back of the Sheriff, with his records; and Sheriff Fleming slipped out also.

"Fleming claims that all he was called upon to do in the way of protecting the boy was to get him to court.

"A big fellow in the back of the court room yelled, 'Get the Nigger!' Barney Goldberg, one of the deputy sheriffs, told me that he did not know that Fleming had dropped orders to let them get the Negro, and pulled his revolver. Afterwards he got his friends to swear to an affidavit that he was not present. Fleming said he had sworn in fifty deputies. I asked him where they were. He asked, 'Would you want to protect the nigger?' The judge made no effort to stop the mob, although he had firearms in his desk."

4. *The Burning.*

"T HEY dragged the boy down the stairs, put a chain around his body and hitched it to an automobile. The chain broke. The big fellow took the chain off

the Negro under the cover of the crowd and wound it around his own wrist, so that the crowd jerking at the chain was jerking at the man's wrist and he was holding the boy. The boy shrieked and struggled.

"The mob ripped the boy's clothes off, cut them in bits and even cut the boy. Someone cut his ear off; someone else unsexed him. A little girl working for the firm of Goldstein and Mingle told me that she saw this done.

"I went over the route the boy had been taken and saw that they dragged him between a quarter and a half a mile from the Court House to the bridge and then dragged him up two blocks and another block over to the City Hall. After they had gotten him up to the bridge, someone said that a fire was already going up at City Hall, and they turned around and went back. Several people denied that this fire was going, but the photograph shows that it was. They got a little boy to light the fire.

"While a fire was being prepared of boxes, the naked boy was stabbed and the chain put over the tree. He tried to get away, but could not. He reached up to grab the chain and they cut off his fingers. The big man struck the boy on the back of the neck with a knife just as they were pulling him up on the tree. Mr. Lester thought that was practically the death blow. He was lowered into the fire several times by means of the chain around his neck. Someone said they would estimate the boy had about twenty-five stab wounds, none of them death-dealing.

"About a quarter past one a fiend got the torso, lassoed it, hung a rope over the pummel of a saddle, and dragged it around through the streets of Waco.

THE WACO HORROR

5

"Very little drinking was done.

"The tree where the lynching occurred was right under the Mayor's window. Mayor Dollins was standing in the window, not concerned about what they were doing to the boy, but that the tree would be destroyed. The Chief of Police also witnessed the lynching. The names of five of the leaders of the mob are known to this Association, and can be had on application by responsible parties.

"Women and children saw the lynching. One man held up his little boy above the heads of the crowd so that he could see, and a little boy was in the top of the very tree to which the colored boy was hung, where

"Dry goods boxes and all kinds of inflammable material were gathered, and it required but an instant to convert this into seething flames. When the Negro was first hoisted into the air his tongue protruded from his mouth and his face was smeared with blood.

"Life was not extinct within the Negro's body, although nearly so, when another chain was placed around his neck and thrown over the limb of a tree on the lawn, everybody trying to get to the Negro and have some part in his death. The infuriated mob then leaned the Negro, who was half alive and half dead, against the tree, he having just strength enough within his

THE MOB

he stayed until the fire became too hot."

Another account, in the Waco *Times Herald*, Monday night, says:

"Great masses of humanity flew as swiftly as possible through the streets of the city in order to be present at the bridge when the hanging took place, but when it was learned that the Negro was being taken to the City Hall lawn, crowds of men, women and children turned and hastened to the lawn.

"On the way to the scene of the burning people on every hand took a hand in showing their feelings in the matter by striking the Negro with anything obtainable, some struck him with shovels, bricks, clubs, and others stabbed him and cut him until when he was strung up his body was a solid color of red, the blood of the many wounds inflicted covered him from head to foot.

limbs to support him. As rapidly as possible the Negro was then jerked into the air at which a shout from thousands of throats went up on the morning air and dry goods boxes, excelsior, wood and every other article that would burn was then in evidence, appearing as if by magic. A huge dry goods box was then produced and filled to the top with all of the material that had been secured. The Negro's body was swaying in the air, and all of the time a noise as of thousands was heard and the Negro's body was lowered into the box.

"No sooner had his body touched the box than people pressed forward, each eager to be the first to light the fire, matches were touched to the inflammable material and as smoke rapidly rose in the air, such a demonstration as of people gone mad was never heard before. Everybody pressed closer to

6

THE CRISIS SUPPLEMENT

get souvenirs of the affair. When they had finished with the Negro his body was mutilated.

"Fingers, ears, pieces of clothing, toes and other parts of the Negro's body were cut off by members of the mob that had crowded to the scene as if by magic when the word that the Negro had been taken in charge by the mob was heralded over the city. As the smoke rose to the heavens, the mass of people, numbering in the neighborhood of 10,000, crowding the City Hall lawn and overflowing the square, hanging from the windows of buildings, viewing the scene from the tops of buildings and trees, set up a shout that was heard blocks away.

"Onlookers were hanging from the windows of the City Hall and every other building that commanded a sight of the burning, and as the Negro's body commenced to burn, shouts of delight went up from the thousands of throats and apparently everybody demonstrated in some way their satisfaction at the retribution that was being visited upon the perpetrator of such a horrible crime, the worst in the annals of McLennan county's history.

"The body of the Negro was burned to a crisp, and was left for some time in the smoldering remains of the fire. Women and children who desired to view the scene were allowed to do so, the crowds parting to let them look on the scene. After some time the body of the Negro was jerked into the air where everybody could view the remains, and a mighty shout rose on the air. Photographer Gildersleeve made several pictures of the body as well as the large crowd which surrounded the scene as spectators."

The photographer knew where the lynch-
ing was to take place, and had his camera
and paraphernalia in the City Hall. He
was called by telephone at the proper mo-
ment. He writes us:

"We have quit selling the mob photos, this step was taken because our 'City dads' objected on the grounds of 'bad publicity,' as we wanted to be boosters and not knock- ers, we agreed to stop all sale.

"F. A. GILDERSLEEVE."

Our agent continues:

"While the torso of the boy was being dragged through the streets behind the horse, the limbs dropped off and the head was put on the stoop of a disreputable woman in the reservation district. Some little boys pulled out the teeth and sold them to some men for five dollars apiece. The chain was sold for twenty-five cents a link.

"From the pictures, the boy was appar-
ently a wonderfully built boy. The torso
was taken to Robinson, hung to a tree, and
shown off for a while, then they took it
down again and dragged it back to town
and put it on the fire again at five o'clock."

5. The Aftermath.

"I TRIED to talk to the Judge. I met him on the street and said, 'I want to talk with you about something very im-

portant.' He asked, 'What is the nature of it?' I said, 'I want to get your opinion of that lynching.' He said, 'No, I refuse to talk with you about that. What do you want it for?' I said, 'If you refuse to talk with me, there is no use of telling you what I want it for.'

"When I met him the second time, with different clothes on, he did not recognize me. I put on a strong English accent and said I was interested in clippings from New York papers which showed that Waco had made for itself an awful name, and I wanted to go back and make the northerners feel that Waco was not so bad as the papers had represented. Then he gave me the Court records."

Our investigator continues: "I went to the newspaper offices. They were all of the opinion that the best thing to do was to hush it up. They used it as a news item, and that finished it. The *Dallas News* did not cite anything editorially because not long ago they had done something quite as bad and the boy was not guilty.

"With the exception of the *Tribune*, all the papers had simply used it as a news item and let it drop. The *Tribune* is owned by Judge McCullum, who says anything he pleases. He is nearly blind. When I read the article to him I said, 'I would like to ask you, if that had been a colored woman and a white boy, would you have protected

THE VICTIM

8

THE CRISIS SUPPLEMENT

only one who wanted to start a protest.

"Colonel Hamilton, a man of high standing, a northerner, and at one time a big railroad man, was outspoken against the whole affair, but said that if he led in a protest they would do the same thing to him. He said he would never register in any hotel that he came from Waco. Two Waco men who did not register from Waco.

"Allan Stanford, ex-Mayor of Waco, saw the Sheriff and the Judge before the trial and received assurances that the lynching would not take place. They shut the mouths of the better element of Waco by telling them that the Robinson people had promised not to do it. They had gotten the promise of the Robinson people that they would not touch the boy during the trial, but they did not get the pledge of the disreputable bunch of Waco that they would not start the affair.

"Judge Spell said the affair was deplorable, but the best thing was to forget it.

"When representing myself as a news reporter, I asked, 'What shall I tell the people up North?' Ex-Mayor Mackaye said, 'Fix it up as well as you can for Waco, and make them understand that the better thinking men and women of Waco were not in it.' I said. 'But some of your better men were down there.' The whole thing savors so rotten because the better men have not tried to protest against it. Your churches have not said a word. Dr. Caldwell was the only man who made any protest at all."

6. *The Lynching Industry.*

THIS is an account of one lynching. It is horrible, but it is matched in horror by

scores of others in the last thirty years, and in its illegal, law-defying, race-hating aspect, it is matched by 2842 other lynchings which have taken place between January 1, 1885, and June 1, 1916. These lynchings are as follows:

COLORED MEN LYNCHED BY YEARS, 1885-1916.

<table><tr><td>1885.</td><td>78</td><td>1902.</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>1886.</td><td>71</td><td>1903.</td><td>86</td></tr><tr><td>1887.</td><td>80</td><td>1904.</td><td>83</td></tr><tr><td>1888.</td><td>95</td><td>1905.</td><td>61</td></tr><tr><td>1889.</td><td>95</td><td>1906.</td><td>64</td></tr><tr><td>1890.</td><td>90</td><td>1907.</td><td>60</td></tr><tr><td>1891.</td><td>121</td><td>1908.</td><td>93</td></tr><tr><td>1892.</td><td>155</td><td>1909.</td><td>73</td></tr><tr><td>1893.</td><td>154</td><td>1910.</td><td>65</td></tr><tr><td>1894.</td><td>134</td><td>1911.</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>1895.</td><td>112</td><td>1912.</td><td>63</td></tr><tr><td>1896.</td><td>80</td><td>1913.</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>1897.</td><td>122</td><td>1914.</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>1898.</td><td>102</td><td>1915.</td><td>80</td></tr><tr><td>1899.</td><td>84</td><td>1916 (5 mos.)</td><td>31</td></tr><tr><td>1900.</td><td>107</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1901.</td><td>107</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

Total 2843

What are we going to do about this record? The civilization of America is at stake. The sincerity of Christianity is challenged. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People proposes immediately to raise a fund of at least $10,000 to start a crusade against this modern barbarism. Already $2,000 is promised, conditional on our raising the whole amount.

Interested persons may write to Roy Nash, secretary, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York City.

FINIS

Reading left to right: James Grey, Trea.; Gladys Brown, Editor; Thomas A. Jordan, Bus. Manager
Algemenia M. McKinley, Cor. Sect'y; Mary Lassister, Asso. Editor, Ann Harrison,
Rec. Sect'y; Frances Gardner, Pres. of Youth Council

Members not pictured: Carl Egerton, Special Feature Editor; Ophelia C. Hall, Art Editor; Earl
Van, Circulation Manager; Howard Lloyd, Advertising Manager; Annie Francis, Carrie
Francis, Muriel Ollivierre, and Ada Vann, Members

YOUTH MEETS IN RICHMOND

By Miss Bathus Baily, president of Union University

Chapter of N. A. A. C. P.

Today the world turns with hopeful eyes to the men and
women of tomorrow; how will they facc and solve their prob-
lems? A start and an inkling of what youth is doing and
thinking was made at Virginia University, Richmond,
Virginia, on March 29th to 31st, where the N. A. A. C. P.
called it's first youth conference. This call went out to both
races.

The delegates came, not in great numbers but they came,
from the east, the west, the deep south, the north; College
students, laborers, white, colored; from northern white schools;
from southern white schools.

The purpose of this conference was to familiarize youth with the work of the N. A. A. C. P., to form a pattern around which to build future conferences and to find a practical solution to some of the problems facing minority groups.

To build a true democracy for all people was the one thought
which permeated the meeting.

The conference didn't blame any group for the conditions
which existed but they "laid the axe at the root of the tree,"
and from there they began to build.

Special emphasis was laid on minority techniques and strategy.
The group discussed such things as: the economic basis
of racial discrimination and the social effect of the same.

Any summary of the achievements of the conference must
include the following:

It set a precedent around which can be built future confer-
ences bringing the youth of both races together.

Miss Bathus Baily, Richmond, Va.

Our Challenge Song

(To the tune of Auld Lang Syne)

Shall we stand idly by and sigh,

While lynching rules the land

And thousands suffer agony,

From jimcrow's cruel hand.

Shall we allow rank prejudice

To thwart our destiny,

No!! with the N. A. A. C. P.

We'll fight for liberty.

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an Organization Dedicated to the Welfare of the
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OFFICERS and DIRECTORS

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Congratulations for your excellent work in fighting to
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SOCIALIST
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A FRIEND

See Old Friends

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at the
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Friday Evening,

June 21, 1940

10 to 2 A. M.

Labor Educational Hall,

19th & Addison Sts.

MUSIC BY DUKES ORCHESTRA

Admission

57 Cents

All Welcome

Youth Council Banquet

Tindley Temple Church

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Thursday, June 20, 1940 · 5 to 8 p. m.

TICKET

$1.00