1967 Harvard International Seminar
Politics and Economics Group
Chairman: Henry A. Kissinger

Eleventh meeting, July 31, 1967

1. Mr. Kissinger opened this session by saying that he intended to devote it to some general theoretical observations about international politics. Since fundamental assumptions do underlie foreign policy, it is useful to consider them before discussing specific examples in the making of foreign policy.

Mr. Kissinger began by remarking that international politics is a relatively recent phenomenon. International politics can be conducted only by juridically sovereign states and is therefore nonexistent in periods of empire. One of the underlying causes of China's difficulties with the outside world is that she is unaccustomed to an environment in which there is a number of sovereign states. In such an environment everyone must be satisfied with relative security, for absolute security for one state means absolute insecurity for all the others. Absolute security is the situation of empires, not sovereign states. In this context the question of whether a nation's policy is "defensive" or "offensive" is irrelevant. If a nation's need for reassurance means that everybody else must be reduced to impotence, it makes no difference how "defensive" her intentions are.

Mr. Kissinger said that the essence of a state's sovereignty is that it recognizes no will higher than its own. This is a stumbling-block to the pacific settlement of disputes. When survival is at stake, abstract notions of right and wrong are quickly forgotten. Thinkers like Machiavelli and Herman Kahn are frequently criticized for studying foreign policy in terms of success and failure, rather than in terms of morality. Nonetheless, they are describing their observations, not their preferences. Survival of the political unit is the minimum condition of a successful policy. In this frame of reference, it makes no difference whether a policy is moral; it does matter that it is right.

Mr. Kissinger noted that many other thinkers do consider foreign policy a moral question. Most of them have had to add the assumption that nations have a common denominator--natural law, the movement of history, the natural harmony of mankind, or something else. Americans have been traditionally inclined to this approach. They have been convinced that the notion "balance of power" is inherently wicked. Peace is considered the normal situation, whereas tension is considered the result of the intentions of certain wicked

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individuals. From this follows the assumption that the removal of
a villain means a return to a normal, peaceful situation. It is in-
teresting to contrast the view of Americans in 1945 that the defeat
of Germany and Japan would assure the success of the United Nations
with the view of the Vienna diplomats of 1815, who operated on the
assumption that the defeat of France would mean a new threat from
Russia.

Mr. Kissinger said that the fundamental problem of internation-
al politics is the problem of change. Although it is easy to talk
about peaceful change, history provides few examples of it. It is
inevitable that some disputes will be irreconcilable. Such situa-
tions involve fundamental conflicts of interest or conflicting no-
tions of legitimacy.

Mr. Kissinger noted that concepts of legitimacy can change
quickly. For example, in the late 18th century the multi-national
Habsburg empire was considered the wave of the future; only fifty
years later it was fighting a rear-guard action against the notion
that different nationalities are entitled to different governments.
Such a change has been apparent in the attitude of former colonies,
whose desire for independence was a change in their moral, not
their physical, relationship to the mother countries. Ruling
groups never give up their control voluntarily, and most interna-
tional institutions exist in order to protect the status quo. How
to bring about change without the use of force is the critical
question. Nineteenth century Liberals assumed that changes did not
occur peacefully because people failed to understand one another.
It would be more precise to say that changes do not occur peace-
fully because people understand one another all too well. Sometimes,
the better people understand one another, the more intractable their
conflicts become.

Mr. Kissinger then called attention to the differences between
the viewpoint of "insiders" and "outsiders," e.g., that of the aca-
demician as opposed to that of the policy-maker. There are crucial
differences between their perspectives. The academician can choose
his problem and work on it as long as he wants; he can calculate in
terms of a possible policy's most favorable consequences; he can
change his mind. The policy-maker, on the other hand, does not
choose his issues, which are imposed on him by circumstances; nor
can he take his time. The margin of freedom within which the policy-
maker moves is very small indeed. Academicians can talk in terms of
"truth" and "certainty." The policy-maker must rely on conjecture.
And, paradoxically, when his knowledge is least, his freedom of

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action is greatest; when his knowledge is complete, his freedom of
action is least. In 1936, when no one knew whether Hitler was a
maniac bent on world domination, it would have been easy to stop
him. In 1940, when everybody knew what he was, it was too late.
The policy-maker is the prisoner not only of this paradox but also
of his own bureaucracy and the electoral process.

Mr. Kissinger made a distinction between the political and the
prophetic approaches to international politics. The political ap-
proach considers policy-making to be a continuing process and recog-
nizes that policy-makers are responsible for failures as well as
successes. The prophetic approach is less concerned with contin-
uity than with realizing values which have universal application.
Many intractable problems are produced by a clash of these two ap-
proaches. And it is difficult to argue which approach is correct,
because they involve different conceptions or reality. What is rel-
evant to one approach is irrelevant to the other. It was very diff-
icult for the 18th century kings to understand the French Revolution,
just as it was difficult for twentieth century statesmen to under-
stand Hitler.

Mr. Kissinger returned to the idea that the minimum aim of
any state is its own survival. An internationsl system is stable
when its members' various notions of security are more or less sat-
isfied. Sovereign states cannot be considered the mere expression
of mechanical functions. States have historical personalities
which cannot be expressed numerically; nor can they be considered
mere factors in somebody else's security arrangement. No nation
will give up what it considers to be the core of its existence for
the sake of some abstract notion like the balance of power. A na-
tion's minimum objectives can be defined as what it will not per-
mit, no matter how it happens. For example, during the Cuban miss-
ile crisis the U.S. could not tolerate a shift in the balance of
power, no matter how it happened. Another example: Before 1939
the British could not tolerate having the mouth of the Scheldt Riv-
er in the hands of a continental great power, no matter who that
power was. This was a fixed principle--"a law of public policy,
not an expedient dictated by circumstances" (Churchill). A na-
tion's minimum requirements are the point of departure for its
foreign policy. If its margin of survival is wide, a nation can
pursue a defensive policy, i.e., the adjusting of its policy to
the fact of change, not the potential of change. In 1941 the U.S.
could wait on change; in 1967, however, her margin of survival is
narrower. American policy must now be more concerned with the po-
tential implicit in change and must therefore be more precautionary.

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No state can make itself dependent on treaty guarantees and protests of good will. Classical foreign policy concerns itself not only with what is, but also with what might be. Changes have been resisted not because they have been in themselves bad, but rather because of their potential threat. A nation whose margin of survival is as narrow as that of Israel can hardly wait to find out what its neighbors' intentions are.

Mr. Kissinger concluded his lecture with some general observations about contemporary international politics. For the first time they are being conducted on a global basis. Moreover, never before has it been possible for one part of the world to threaten physically another part of the world; never before has there been the capacity to threaten human life in general. War today may be less practical, but this renders the problem of international change almost insoluble. The fundamental problem of international politics is this: how to have both peace and change, how to be creative without causing a nuclear holocaust.

2. Mr. Kissinger invited the participants to ask questions. Mr. Tampoe asked whether the existence of nuclear weapons did not make the question of human survival a vital one for the great powers. Mr. Kissinger said that this was indeed so, and he added that this nonetheless left unanswered the question of what conclusions are to be drawn from such a situation.

Mr. Yaacobi wondered whether the prophetic and the political approaches to international politics could not be combined. Have not de Gaulle and Ben Gurion done so? Mr. Kissinger replied that although such classifications sound absolute, they are not intended to be so. Of course, a successful prophet must know how to manipulate the world in which he lives. De Gaulle, for example, demonstrates what kind of impact a man with a philosophical viewpoint can make in a bureaucratic world.

Mr. Yano asked what the relationship between intellectuals and policy-makers should be. Mr. Kissinger replied that there is no definitive answer to this question. Theoretically, the scholar provides perspective, alternatives, etc. It is in the interest of society to have them do so. And it is to no one's interest to have them become accustomed to making policy and to elaborating things which would be done anyway. Their principal function should be to ask questions.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

AUSTRIA

Dr. Willfried A. Gredler

Year of attendance: 1954

Position at time of attendance: Member of Parliament; Director, Tursteeship Corporation; General Secretary, European League of Economic Cooperation

Positions held since Seminar: Member of the Austrian Parliament, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1963; leader of the National Liberation Fraction, 1956; returned to the Foreign Service, 1963

Present position: Ambassador, Permanent Representative of Austria to the Council of Europe

BELGIUM

Leo C. Tindemans

Year of attendance: 1962

Present position: Secretary-General of the European Union of Christian Democrats (Secretary-General of the Christian Social Party)

Andre Jozef Arthur Vlerick

Year of attendance: 1953

Position at time of attendance: First Counsellor in charge of the administration of E. R. P. and M. S. A. in the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade; Belgian government delegate to the Productivity and Applied Research Committee of the O. E. E. C., Paris; lecturer at St. Ignatius Higher Business School and Ghent University

Positions held since attendance: Director of the Kredietbank N. V. (since 1953); President of Invesco N. V. (since 1957); Director of the Standard N. V. (since 1961)

Present position: Professor at the University of Ghent; Director of

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the Center for Productivity Study and Research and of the Seminar
for Applied Economics of the University of Ghent

Antoine Arnold Joseph Van Bilsen

Year of attendance: 1956

Position at time of attendance: Professor of Social Law at the
College of Overseas Territories, Antwerp; specialty: Africa

Positions held since attendance: Professor at (public) Uni-
versities of Ghent and Antwerp; Secretary-General of the new
Belgian administration for Development Corporation; Commissaire du
Roi (assistant secretary) for Development Cooperation, 1965-66

Present position: Head of the Foreign Affairs Ministers (political) cabinet for Development Cooperation (aid)

CEYLN

W. C. Fernando

Year of attendance: 1956

Position at time of attendance: Assistant Commissioner of Local Government in Ceylon; authority on Sinhalese literature and culture

Positions held since attendance: Official Secretary, Ceylon Embassy, Moscow, 1957-58; Commissioner for Development of Indigenous Medicine and President, Board of Indigenous Medicine, 1958-1964; Government Department, Kandy District, 1964-65; Director, National Small Industries Corporation; Director, Industrial Estates Corporation; Member, National Theatre Trust

Present position: Commissioner of Local Government and Chairman, Local Government Service Commission; Member, National Tourist Board; Member, Board of Regents of Vidyalankara University of Ceylon; Member, UNESCO National Commission; Chairman, Low Country Dancing Panel of the Arts Council of Ceylon; Vice-Chairman, National Red Cross

Robin Bradman Weerakoon

Year of attendance: 1963

Position at time of attendance: Secretary to the Prime Minister; member of the Ceylon Civil Service

Present position: Same, in spite of the change of government

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## REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

Thomas R. Kanza

**Year of attendance:** 1958

**Position at time of attendance:** Student in Advanced European Studies at the College of Europe

**Positions held since attendance:** Civil servant, European Economic Commission, Brussels; Ambassador to the United Nations from the Congo (Leopoldville); Ambassador to London for the Congo (Leopoldville); Special Envoy to New Delhi for the Congo (Leopoldville)

## DENMARK

Anders Bodelsen

**Year of attendance:** 1963

**Position at time of attendance:** Novelist; literary critic

**Present position:** Writer; critic for the Copenhagen daily, INFORMATION. Has published a novel, collection of short stories, a play, radio-play, TV play, and two film manuscripts; also has received a three-year state scholarship as a writer and is at present a member of a board of writers for the Danish television

Ole Hyltoft Petersen

**Year of attendance:** 1962

**Position at time of attendance:** Personal Secretary to the Minister of Cultural Affairs

**Present position:** Personal Secretary to the Minister of Cultural Affairs and literary critic

## FINLAND

Pekka Malinen

**Year of attendance:** 1956

**Position at time of attendance:** Secretary-General of the Finnish Peoples' Party

**Positions held since attendance:** Minister for Defence, 1957; Minister for Social Affairs, 1957; Commercial Counsellor, Embassy of

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Finland, Beirut, 1960-65

## FRANCE

André Berne-Joffroy

**Year of attendance:** 1960

**Position at time of attendance:** Writer, contributing particularly to the NOUVELLE REVUE FRANCAISE and to the cultural broadcasts of Radiodiffusion-Television Française

**Positions held since attendance:** Commissaire-Général for the Baudelaire Centenniel

**Present position:** Chargé de mission at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris

Mme. Hélène d'Andlau

**Year of attendance:** 1955

**Position at time of attendance:** Painter; free-lance writer; literary critic and sculptress

**Present position:** Engraver and free-lance writer; Mme. d'Andlau has had exhibitions in Bremen, West Germany, 1958; Strasbourg, France, 1961; Stuttgart, Germany, 1962; Paul Prouté, Paris, 1961 and 1963; and Geneva, Switzerland, 1965. Her works are in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; Musée d'art moderne, Paris; Musée de Strasbourg, France, Library of Congress, Washington; National Museum, Washington; Palace of the Legion on Honor, San Francisco; Museum of Modern Art, New York

Pierre de Boisdeffre

**Year of attendance:** 1953

**Position at time of attendance:** Sub-director at the Ministry of National Education; editor of books of criticism; author

**Positions held since attendance:** Adjoint au Chef du Service des Lettres à la Direction Générale des Arts et Lettres, 1952-55; Sous-Directeur Chargé de l'Information aux Services d'Information et de Presse au Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, 1959; Directeur des Programmes à la Radiodiffusion-Television Française (R.F.T.), 1963

[Y]

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**Present position:** Directeur de la Radiodiffusion à l'O.R.T.F.
Mr. de Boisdeffre has also published many books of literary criticism. He has received the Ordre National du Mérite and many other awards.

Giscard d'Estaing

**Year of attendance:** 1954

**Position at time of attendance:** Inspection Generale des Finances, Ministère des Finances

**Positions held since attendance:** Conseiller Technique, Cabinet du Ministre de l'Agriculture, 1955-56; Conseiller Technique, Cabinet du Secrétaire d'Etat au Budget, 1956-57; Chef de Service à l'Administration Centrale du Ministère de l'Agriculture; Conseiller Technique du Ministre de l'Agriculture, 1958-59

**Present position:** Inspecteur des Finances, Directeur de la Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique Equatoriale et du Cameroun

Alain Jacob

**Year of attendance:** 1963

**Position at time of attendance:** Reporter for LE MONDE specializing in Algerian affairs

**Present position:** London correspondent for LE MONDE

GERMANY

Uwe Johnson

**Year of attendance:** 1961

**Position at time of attendance:** Writer; author of SPECULATIONS ABOUT JAKOB

**Present position:** Writer; author of THE THIRD BOOK ABOUT ACHIM. Mr. Johnson and his book were the subjects of the lead article in THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW, Sunday, April 23

Georg M. Kahn-Ackermann

**Year of attendance:** 1958

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**Position at time of attendance:** Member of the Bundestag; journalist

**Positions held since attendance:** Press officer of the Bavarian SPD; columnist, political adviser to German Television System; re-elected to Bundestag, 1961 and 1965; Chairman of the sub-committee (Bundestag) for foreign cultural relations; member of the board of the Goethe-Institut; Chairman of the Committee for Youth Questions (Council of Europe); Vice-President of the 14th General Conference of UNESCO, 1966

**Present position:** Member of the Bundestag; Vice-President of the Assembly of Western European Union; Member of the Assembly of the Council of Europe

### Ivan Nagel

**Year of attendance:** 1964

**Position at time of attendance:** Literary director, Munchner Kammerspiele (Theater); theater critic

**Present position:** Literary manager, Munchner Kammerspiele

### Dr. Dirk Oncken

**Year of attendance:** 1954

**Position at time of attendance:** Member of the German Foreign Service in Bonn

**Positions held since attendance:** Second Secretary, German Delegation to the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 1954-1965; Auswärtiges Amt, Bonn, 1956-59; First Secretary, German Embassy, New Delhi, 1959-1962; Head of the Reunification Section of Auswärtiges Amt, Bonn, 1962-66

**Present position:** Minister to the German Delegation to NATO

### Theo Sommer

**Year of attendance:** 1960

**Position at time of attendance:** Associate Political Editor, DIE ZEIT

**Present position:** Foreign Editor, DIE ZEIT

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Siegfried Unseld

**Year of attendance:** 1955

**Position at time of attendance:** Member, Board of Directors, SUHRKAMP VERLAG

**Present position:** Proprietor and Director of SUHRKAMP VERLAG and INSEL VERLAG

GREAT BRITAIN

Michael Ayrton

**Year of attendance:** 1954

**Position at time of attendance:** Artist, book illustrator, author, theater designer, broadcaster, lecturer

**Present position:** Continuing his career, both in art and writing; A novel, THE MAN MAKER, will be published in London by Longmans in April and in New York by Holt Reinhardt in the fall; Mr. Ayrton will have a show of sculpture in New York in the fall.

Michael Davis

**Year of attendance:** 1956

**Position at time of attendance:** Principal at the Air Ministry, London

**Positions held since attendance:** Assistant Secretary, U. K. Ministry of Defence; Head of R.A.F. personnel management division and of civilian management division; attended Imperial Defence College, 1965

**Present position:** Command Secretary, Far East Air Force of the United Kingdom

Denis Howell

**Year of attendance:** 1957

**Position at time of attendance:** Member of Parliament

**Present position:** Member of Parliament; Joint Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Education and Science

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Ian MacArthur

**Year of attendance:** 1962

**Positions held since attendance:** Assistant Government Whip, October 1962-December 1963; Lord Commissioner of the Treasury and Government Scottish Whip, December 1963-October 1964; Opposition Scottish Whip, November 1964-October 1965; an Opposition Front Bench Spokesman on Scottish Affairs since October 1965; Assistant to the Prime Minister, Sir Alec Douglas-Hume; Kinross and West Perthshire By-Election, December 1963

Frederick Mulley

**Year of attendance:** 1952

**Position at time of attendance:** Member of Parliament (Labour); lecturer in economics and industrial relations

**Positions held since attendance:** Minister of the Army, Minister of Aviation

**Present position:** Minister of State in the Foreign Office in Charge of European Affairs

William Ross

**Year of attendance:** 1956

**Present position:** Secretary of State for Scotland (since October 1964) and Cabinet Minister

Five former participants are members of the government.

GREECE

Charalambos Potamianos

**Year of attendance:** 1959

**Position at time of attendance:** Vice-President of the Executive Committee of the Royal National Institute; author

**Positions held since attendance:** Member of the Board of the Royal Research Foundation; Vice-President and President of the Executive Committee of the Royal National Foundation

**Present position:** President of the New Democratic Movement, a political party founded in July 1964

## INDIA

Stanley E. Joseph

**Year of attendance:** 1952

**Position at time of attendance:** Research Officer (industry, trade, and communications division) at the National Planning Commission, Government of India

**Positions held since attendance:** Senior Research Officer and Assistant Chief of Division, Planning Commission; sent by the Planning Commission to participate in an International Seminar on Planning of Vocational Training in Developing Countries in West Berlin in the summer of 1963; sent by the Planning Commission to Princeton University from September 1966 - May 1967 to study economics and economic growth at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs

**Present position:** Joint Director (small industries division) Planning Commission, Government of India

Shri S. S. Marathe

**Year of attendance:** 1954

**Position at time of attendance:** Senior Assistant, Secretary of the Federation of India Chambers of Commerce and Industry

**Positions held since attendance:** Assistant Economic Adviser, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, 1956-59; Deputy Economic Adviser, Ministry of Finance, 1959-63; Economic Adviser to the Government of India, Udyog Bhavan, New Delhi, 1963 -

**Present position:** Economic Adviser to the Government of India

Sachchidanand Sahay

**Year of attendance:** 1962

[Y]

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**Position at time of attendance:** Acting Chief Sub-editor, THE STATESMAN

**Present position:** Chief Sub-editor, THE STATESMAN

## INDONESIA

### Soemarman

**Year of attendance:** 1961

**Position at time of attendance:** Secretary General, Ministry of Home Affairs, on leave since 1959; Fellow at the Harvard University Center for International Affairs, 1960-61

**Positions held since attendance:** Adviser to the Minister for General Administration and Local Government, 1962-64; Adviser to the Minister of Home Affairs, 1964 - August 4, 1966

**Present position:** Secretary, General Ministry of Home Affairs, August 4, 1966 -

## IRAQ

### Moniem El-Khatib

**Year of attendance:** 1966

**Position at time of attendance:** Director of the Afro-Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

**Positions held since attendance:** Member of the Iraqi Delegation to the 21st Session of the United Nations General Assembly

**Present position:** First Secretary of the Iraqi Embassy in Washington, D. C.

## IRELAND

### Denis James O'Sullivan

**Year of attendance:** 1963

**Position at time of attendance:** Member of Dail Eireann; member of Opposition Front Bench

**Positions held since attendance:** Honorary Secretary of Fine Gael Party; Honorary Secretary of the Cork Economic Council; continuing

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membership of several local authority parties; elected to the
Irish Senate on Industrial and Commercial Panel

**Present position:** Member of the Irish Senate; Deputy Speaker of the Irish Senate

ISRAEL

Yigal Allon

Year of attendance: 1957

**Position at time of attendance:** Member of Parliament; General Secretary of the Zionist-Socialist Party

**Positions held since attendance:** Member of Parliament; Member of the Council for Higher Education

Present position: Minister of Labor

Moshe Shamir

Year of attendance: 1965

**Position at time of attendance:** Contributing Editor, MAARIV; novelist; playwright; literary critic

Present position: Literary Editor, MAARIV

ITALY

Adolfo Battaglia

Year of attendance: 1964

Position at time of attendance: Editor, LA VOCE REPUBLICANA

Present position: Same

Gian Brioschi

Year of attendance: 1952

Position at time of attendance: Vice-Director and Assistant Professor of Finance at Post-Graduate School of Business of Turin

**Positions held since attendance:** At School of Business in Turin until 1955; Manager of Labor Relations, Olivetti Corporation, 1955-58

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**Present position:** Financial Manager, Olivetti Corporation; General Manager, Olivetti International

Giovanni Urbani

**Year of attendance:** 1957

**Position at time of attendance:** Art historian Inspector at the Instituto Centrale del Restauro; art critic for IL PUNTO

**Present position:** Director of the School for Restoration, Instituto Centrale del Restauro

JAPAN

Shimpei Fujimaki

**Year of attendance:** 1953

**Position at time of attendance:** Secretary of the Policy Research Board, Headquarters of the Social-Democratic Party of Japan

**Present position:** Secretary, Japan Socialist Party

Goro Fujise

**Year of attendance:** 1953

**Position at time of attendance:** Regular staff commentator of Nippon Hoso Kyokai (Broadcasting Corporation of Japan); associated member of the Institute of World Economy in Tokyo; lecturer on International Economy at the Tokyo Foreign Languages College

**Positions held since attendance:** Lecturer on Economics at the University of Foreign Studies in Tokyo

**Present position:** Radio and television news commentator, Japan Broadcasting Corporation

Kenji Kanesaka

**Year of attendance:** 1961

**Position at time of attendance:** Negotiated with foreigners in regard to film export; film critic

**Positions held since attendance:** Visiting Scholar at Northwestern University, Radio, TV, and Film Department, 1964-65

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**Present position:** Film maker and critic

Yasuniro Nakasone

**Year of attendance:** 1953

**Position at time of attendance:** Member of the House of Representatives; member of the Standing Committee on the Budget; Deputy Chairman of the Policy Commission of the Progressive Party

**Positions held since attendance:** State Minister in charge of Science and Technology Agency and the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, 1959-1960; Chairman of the Special Committee on Science and Technology of the Liberal Democratic Party, 1960-66; Vice-Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the Liberal Democratic Party, 1965 - ; Member of the Executive Council of the Liberal Democratic Party, 1966 -

**Present position:** Member, House of Representatives

## KOREA

Jong Pil Kim

**Year of attendance:** 1964

**Position at time of attendance:** Member of the National Assembly

**Present position:** Chairman, Democratic Republican Party

## MALAYSIA

Harris bin Mohd Salleh

**Year of attendance:** 1965

**Position at time of attendance:** Minister of Finance, Sabah

**Present position:** Same

## MEXICO

Homero Aridjis

**Year of attendance:** 1966

**Position at time of attendance:** Poet, translator, critic, editor; cultural adviser to the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes

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**Present position:** Recipient of a Guggenheim to work in Paris

NETHERLANDS

Wouter Tims

**Year of attendance:** 1961

**Position at time of attendance:** Head of Division on International Trade, International Organizations, Market Analysis, and Trade Cycle Research of the Central Planning Bureau

**Present position:** Acting Project Director, Harvard University Development Advisory Service, Pakistan Advisory Group

NIGERIA

Kayode Eso

**Year of attendance:** 1964

**Position at time of attendance:** Head, Legal Division, Ministry of Justice

**Positions held since attendance:** Principal Legal Draftsman, Western Nigeria, Janaury 15, 1965 to March 7, 1965; Acting Judge, Western Nigeria, March 8, 1965 to September 14, 1965

**Present position:** Judge of the High Court, Western Nigeria

NORWAY

Truls Glesne

**Year of attendance:** 1955

**Position at time of attendance:** Chief of the National Budget Office in the Ministry of Finance

**Positions held since attendance:** Chief of Office (Economic Budget) up to 1956; Director, Economic Department, 1956-1960; Director, Fiscal Budget Department, 1960-67

**Present position:** Acting Director General of the Ministry of Finance

Dagfinn Vaarvik

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**Year of attendance:** 1959

**Position at time of attendance:** Secretary to the Agrarian Party in Parliament; Assistant Editor of NATIONEN

**Positions held since attendance:** Chief Editor of NATIONEN since 1963

**Present position:** Minister of Wages and Prices

## PAKISTAN

Jamiluddin Aali

**Year of attendance:** 1962

**Position at time of attendance:** Officer on Special Duty, President's Secretariat, Public and Cultural Relations; Honorary Executive Secretary, Pakistan Writers' Guild; Member, Executive of Society of Urdu Language

**Positions held since attendance:** Apointed Registrar-designate of the Copyright Department of the Government of Pakistan, 1963; Secretary, National Press Trust of Pakistan, 1965-66

**Present position:** Writer, Secretary-General, Pakistan Writers' Guild; Secretary, Anjiman Tanaggi-e-Urdu and Urdu College

Hamid Jalal

**Year of attendance:** 1957

**Position at time of attendance:** Public Relations Officer of the Planning Board, concerned with publicizing the Five Year Plan

**Positions held since attendance:** Director, Public Relations, West Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority, 1958-1964; Director, The Pakistan Council, 1964-66

**Present position:** General Manager, Associated Press of Pakistan

## PHILIPPINES

Alejandro Rafael Roces

**Year of attendance:** 1960

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**Position at time of attendance:** Dean, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern University; Columnist, MANILA TIMES

**Positions held since attendance:** Secretary of Education, Republic of the Philippines; Chairman of the Board, University of the Philippines

**Present position:** Chairman, UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines

Maximo Soliven

**Year of attendance:** 1962

**Position at time of attendance:** Publisher and columnist, THE EVENING NEWS

**Present position:** Daily Columnist, THE MANILA TIMES; Philippine Correspondent, NEWSWEEK; Philippine News Representative, THE NEW YORK TIMES

Antonio Villegas

**Year of attendance:** 1952

**Position at time of attendance:** Executive Secretary, Anti-Communist League of the Philippines

**Present position:** Mayor of Manila

POLAND

Jerzy Kasprzyci

**Year of attendance:** 1963

**Position at time of attendance:** Journalist; member of the staff of ZYCIE WARSZAWY; writer on Polish social and economic problems; commentator for Polish newsreel, POLSKA KRONIKA FILMOWA and TV

**Positions held since attendance:** Permanent correspondent for ZYCIE WARSZAWY, in Havana, Cuba

**Present position:** Member of staff and international reporter for the daily ZYCIE WARSZAWY; political commentator for Polish newsreel and TV

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## Slawomir Mrozek

**Year of attendance:** 1959

**Present position:** Free-lance writer with plays and other literary works published and staged in all European countries except Portugal; some published in the United States

## SWEDEN

### Bo Jonas Sjonander

**Year of attendance:** 1965

**Position at time of attendance:** Budger Secretary, Ministry of Finance; Secretary, Committee of Economic Policy of Parliament

**Present position:** Head of Division, Ministry of Finance

## SWITZERLAND

### Eric Mettler

**Year of attendance:** 1956

**Position at time of attendance:** Chief London correspondent for NEUE ZURCHER ZEITUNG

**Present position:** Foreign Editor, NEUE ZURCHER ZEITUNG

## THAILAND

### Svasti-Xuto Dusdee

**Year of attendance:** 1959

**Position at time of attendance:** Officer of the Exchange Control Division at the Bank of Thailand

**Positions held since attendance:** Chief of Import Section, Exchange Control Division, Bank of Thailand; selected to represent Thailand to make a study tour of the United States under the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship

**Present position:** Chief of Public Debts Division, Bank of Thailand

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## TURKEY

Turhan Feyzioglu

**Year of attendance:** 1956

**Position at time of attendance:** Professor of Administration, University of Ankara

**Positions held since attendance:** Professor and Dean, Political Sciences School, Ankara University; Member of Parliament, 1957-1960; President, Middle East Technical University; Member of the Constituent Assembly and Chairman of the "Committee for the Preparation of the Provisional Constitution"; Minister of Education, 1961; Minister of State and Vice-President of the Council of Ministers, 1962-64; Vice-Secretary General of the People's Republican Party

**Present position:** Member of Parliament; Vice President of the People's Republican Party; Turkish Representative at the Assembly of the Council of Europe

## UGANDA

Eriverstone W. Kigundu

**Year of attendance:** 1962

**Position at time of attendance:** Senior Assistant Secretary to the Minister of Health and Works

**Positions held since attendance:** Private Secretary to His Majesty the President of Uganda from October 14, 1963 to February 28, 1966

**Present position:** Under Secretary (Administration) in the Ministry of Works, Communications, and Housing, Uganda

## UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC

Ali Hamdi El Gammal

**Year of attendance:** 1958

**Position at time of attendance:** Managing Editor of AL-AHRAM

**Present position:** Same

-19-

VIETNAM

Vo Toan

Year of attendance: 1957

Position at time of attendance: Architect and decorator; Executive Secretary of the Association of Vietnamese Technicians and Scientists in France

Present Position: (presently living in Morocco) Moroccan King's architect; presently building the Mausoleum Mohammed V at Rabat

YUGOSLAVIA

Vladimir Ibler

Year of attendance: 1956

Position at time of attendance: Lecturer for International Public Law, University of Zagreb

Positions held since attendance: Chairman of the Postgraduate Studies in International Law (public and private) and International Relations; President of the Croatian Association of International Law

Present position: Professor of Public International Law, University of Zagreb

Arsen Bosko Jovanovic

Year of attendance: 1964

Position at time of attendance: Study Group Leader, Institute for International Politics and Economy

Positions held since attendance: Ph.D. in jurisprudential sciences from the University of Ljubljana in 1965; Ford Foundation grantee from January - November 1966; Honorary Research Associate in Economics at Harvard University, February - June, 1966

Present position: Study Group Leader, Institute of International Politics and Economy

Ivan Lalic

Year of attendance: 1965

-20-

**Present position:** Editor, publisher of JUGOSLAVIA

Branko Pribicevic

**Year of attendance:** 1965

**Position at time of attendance:** Head, Department of International Studies; Senior Lecturer for Comparative Labour Studies, School of Political Sciences

**Present position:** Same; plus, Foreign Editor, SOCIALISM; General Secretary, Yugoslav Political Association; General Secretary, National Association of the University professors and scientists; Advisor to the Institute for Comparative Labour Studies

In addition to the countries listed above, Seminar participants have come from the following countries:

<table><tr><td>Afghanistan</td><td>Jordan</td></tr><tr><td>Argentina</td><td>Lebanon</td></tr><tr><td>Brazil</td><td>Peru</td></tr><tr><td>Bulgaria</td><td>Sierra Leone</td></tr><tr><td>Czechoslovakia</td><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><td>Ghana</td><td>Syria</td></tr><tr><td>Hong Kong</td><td>Taiwan</td></tr><tr><td>Iran</td><td></td></tr></table>

WASHINGTON TRIP

To:

Mr. Ahlmark
Algosnibi
Batalla
~~Bronswuer~~
Desai
Eslami
Fischer
Hasan
Huyse
Jayasuriya

Mr. Latim
Lee
Lenz
Le Vert
Lopez Børrelli
Mombelli
Nishi
Odunton
Miss Pisapia
Radice

Mr. Shamsuddoulah
Soell
Tampoe
Vuckovic
Wang
Werth
Woo
Wynn-Jones
Yaacobi
Yano

The Washington appointments will be on Monday, August 21, Tuesday, August 22, and Wednesday, August 23. We are tentatively planning the following visits:

WHITE HOUSE

Mr. Walt Rostow
Mr. Douglas Cater (White House Staff)

DEFENSE DEPARTMENT

Robert McNamara, Secretary of Defense
Available members of Pentagon staff

STATE DEPARTMENT

Mr. Henry Owen, Head of Policy Planning
Mr. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Policy Planning staff
Mr. William Bundy, Assistant Secretary for Asian Affairs
Mr. Charles Frankel, Assistant Secretary for Cultural Affairs

CONGRESS

Senator Robert Kennedy
Senator Edward Brooke
Senator William Fulbright
Mr. Karl Marcy, Chief of Staff, Foreign Relations Committee

A PRIVATE INSTITUTION, such as the Brookings Institution or the Institute for Defense Analysis

We will also make arrangements for those participants with State Department grants to meet their program advisors at the Governmental Affairs Institute and the Council on Leaders and Specialists.

TRAVEL AND HOTEL ARRANGEMENTS:

The air fare to Washington from Boston is $27.00. Mr. Kahn has told me that if we can get 25 people going on one plane, we will be able to get a group discount. Would you please fill out the attached form and return it to me immediately -- let me know whether you prefer to go on Saturday or Sunday (Tom and I suggest Sunday as Washington is very hot and then you would not have to pay for a hotel room on Saturday night).

As you have probably noticed from the list of Washington hotels which has been

MARLON BRANDO

July 12, 1967

Mr. Henry A. Kissinger
Harvard University
Cambridge, Mass.

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

In regard to your letter
of April 17th and the kind invitation to speak
to the Harvard International Seminar, I,
unfortunately, will be on summer holiday in
Tahiti during the period mentioned in your
letter. But, I wish to thank you for asking
me to appear and wish the Seminar every success.

12900 Mulholland Drive
Beverly Hills, Calif.

Humanities Section, July 7

The most sensible plan for the seminar, Mr. Cavell said, would be one that allowed it to develop from the interests and activities of its members. For that reason it was suggested that each of the participants tell something about himself and about his work--either in progress or projected.

Mr. Cavell opened the round of introductions. He told the group that he had been a musician and is now a philosopher and teacher of philosophy, and that his special interest within his field is "the process of philosophy criticizing itself." A common point of departure among philosophers, he said, was the conviction that all preceding philosophy was wrong, or more apocalyptically (hinting, perhaps, at an approach to the American experience) that "everything is wrong."

Mr. Cavell went on to say that he had decided to use several films as well as books during the seminar. He had decided to do so, he said, because he felt that people responded to films in a way very few did to poetry or even novels. Furthermore he felt that movies were a major and, for many purposes, a typical American contribution to art. In the area of American poetry Mr. Cavell mentioned Hart Crane and Wallace Stephens as men we might well consider. He then asked the participants to suggest novels-- perhaps a pair of them--and he promised, in reference to the reading the participants had already done, to discuss issues in modern American philosophy (perhaps neither so modern nor so American as it might be) if the class cared to do so.

At this point Mrs. Vakalo introduced herself and suggested that the seminar might be made a laboratory situation for the study of the theory and practice of art. Painting and sculpture should be included, she said, and the natural sciences and mathematics as well so that all we do know as a civilization could be brought to bear on what we do not know as well as we might and do not understand as well as we might in the realm of art.

Mr. Cavell responded promptly and emphatically. "That," he said, "has been a great dream, a philosopher's fantasy since Plato'a dream of an academy." He went on to give the fantasy's recent history--a contemporary Oxford Movement that claims the day of the individual philosopher is over; that philosophy must now be a corporate enterprise. But of course when philosophers-- any humanists in fact--come together, they quickly find themselves in pointless arguments. "The philosophical laboratory," Mr. Cavell said, "is a fantasy akin to that of the good city, the

- 2 -

good society." But at this point his line of attack took an equivocal turn. "The scientists are the most enviable group," he said, "because they have more common ground, a more truly common language, while humanists chronically argue at one another. Scientists don't need to treat each other as human beings," he said, "so they can talk. Humanists, on the other hand, very much need to treat each other as human beings, and perhaps because of it they don't talk." Thus it seemed that Mrs. Vakalo had been chided for succumbing to a fantasy and yet at the same time the humanists ("who talk of trolley cars") were chided for not trying, in each and all of their contacts, to turn the fantasy--that of the synthesis of knowledge and profound communication--into a reality. Mrs. Vakalo, in any case, sat imperturbably, clearly willing to present her alternative again at a later time.

Mr. Perez Gallego then introduced himself, and after him Mr. Shamsuddoulah who stressed the tremendous differences between the interpretation of western art in the West and the East. In Pakistan, he told us, European and American literary works were read in an Asian and Muslim context. Mr. Cavell countered by saying that the cleavage in approach and values could not be quite so absolute or the film *Pather Panchali* would not have been appreciated as it was appreciated by western audiences. Mr. Shamsuddoulah at least partially conceded, and the class as a whole agreed that *Pather Panchali* might be a good candidate for the foreign films in our program.

Mr. Benesa introduced himself as a poet, painter, film writer, et. al. "And so you see," he told us dryly, "I am a confused person." He compounded the confusion (which could just as easily be called breadth of interest) by mentioning that he had spent a number of years in Vietnam and perhaps actually belonged in the politics section. But he finished, still well within the humanities area, with the comment that he was particularly interested in James Agee.

Yes, Mr. Cavell said, we certainly should read some of Agee who wrote--it seemed to him--some of the very best film criticism "of a certain kind." Then in a fit of humanistic irritation Mr. Cavell denounced almost every bit of criticism of the arts found in American newspapers today. "Incompetent and worthless," he called it; and "if a sports writer knew as little about sports as most critics of the arts know about the arts, he would be fired on the spot. But then the sports writer has an audience highly educated in their common subject matter. His own fit of choler led Mr. Cavell to mention a typical kind of American frustration and anger: that produced by the knowledge of great possibilities

and shoddy actuality. Agee, Warshow, and Hart Crane were, he
said, all instances of gifted young Americans who died young
and most probably in a kind of incommunicable anger and dis-
appointment.

Mr. Ishizaki then introduced himself and mentioned that he
had brought three experimental films along with him from Japan.
Mr. Cavell said we would certainly try to add them to the pro-
gram.

Finally Mr. Vuckovic told the class that his main concern
at the moment was the influence of Expressionism on the work of
O'Neill, Rice, and Thornton Wilder.

1967 Harvard International Seminar
Politics and Economics Group
Chairman: George Lodge

Second meeting, Monday, July 10, 1967

Mr. Lodge opened the meeting by inviting reports from the various seminar sub-groups concerning their opinion of the book _Goals for Americans_.

Mr. Lenz spoke on behalf of his group, which had talked at length about the applicability of these goals in other countries and had concluded that they are too permeated with American values to be relevant in most other countries. Moreover, the book fails to come to grips at all with most of the changes taking place in the world. As far as America itself is concerned, its people are generally too disinterested in political problems, power is concentrated in too few hands, and the person with good ideas has too little chance to realize them.

Mr. Lodge inquired if there had been agreement in the sub-group on the value and suitability of democracy as a form of government. Mr. Lenz replied that the group was in favor of democracy, but not necessarily American-style democracy, whose preoccupation with individualism is not always so suitable to the needs of other countries. Mr. Fischer remarked that the goals outlined in this book are so vague, so general, but so well-intended that it was hard not to agree with them; how they could be realized in action was the essential question.

Mr. Radice spoke on behalf of his sub-group, which was in agreement that the goals are too vague. His group felt also that they are remarkably dated and that they are wholly irrelevant in Africa and Asia, where a more authoritarian approach to problems is needed. The book is too complaisant, an establishment production, and rather like Mr. Nixon's campaign for the Presidency. The assumption that the millennium will follow the simple application of these goals is preposterous. Throughout the book there is an implicit fear of government intervention. All too many groups are excluded from the American system, which has too many built-in resistances to change.

Mr. Jayasuriya suggested that it might be well to seek a definition of democracy. He himself defined democracy less in terms of concepts than in terms of institutions such as an elected legislature and an executive responsible to that legislature. Mr. Lodge wondered whether the mere existence of such institutions did indeed mean democracy, and he cited the case of Panama, where the elected representatives feel no obligation to their constituents.

The participants then offered many definitions of democracy - a system which emphasizes popular participation, a system which provides for changes of government at specific intervals, a system which reflects diversity - and all seemed to agree with Mr. Mohamad's remark that no one definition was going to suit everybody. _A propos_ of American democracy in particular Mr. Algosaibi questioned the notion that the party system is too rigid; the parties have adapted to change before and will do so again. Mr. Yaacobi said that he was confident that the Americans could work out their own problems.

Mr. Desai argued that the American point of view is much too smug, that the decisive factor in the American system was the gulf dividing the rich and the

-2-

poor. Moreover, too much economic power is concentrated in too few hands; people with this power tend to neglect the public interest. Mr. Lodge replied that economic power does not necessarily mean great personal wealth, that the businessman is subject to government regulations, and that the heads of large corporations are responsible to the stockholders.

Mr. Lodge suggested that the greatness of America is due to its many organizations, which protect a multiplicity of interests. Many Americans do remain outside the system, but those on the inside are developing a social conscience and today realize the need to bring the unorganized into the system. And this "problem of inclusion" is relevant everywhere. But even more fundamental than the organization of a society are its purposes and goals. Communities are organized along lines which will help realize goals and satisfy values. Strong and viable are the organizations of a community which has direction, whereas directionless ones tend to fall apart. This matter of purpose, value, and direction today constitutes an all-important question for the American people.

Some participants wondered whether the "organized" might now be so powerful that they would crush the others and whether minority groups like the Negroes would be able to find strong allies. Mr. Lodge replied that in fact some minority groups now have power and influence far greater than their numbers would indicate.

Mr. Lodge closed the meeting by assigning reading on national planning in Great Britain, to be discussed in the next session.

July 11 Humanities Section

Mr. Cavell told the seminar that he knew some of its members were a little disturbed by the unsystematic approach, but he defended the approach, saying that it was essential we find out, through discussion, just what was worth talking about. Furthermore, although some people hadn't read _The Ambassadors_ and therefore couldn't share during the end of the last hour, he said that he would never cut off a discussion that had passion and real interest in it. In any case there were bound to be subjects, at one time or another, that would involve everyone. For our reading he assigned poems by Poe, Whitman, Dickinson, Stevens, Moore, Ransom and Crane in the _Anthology_. He also said that we ought to do Emerson's "Nature" and "The American Scholar" and _Walden_. For a manageable selection of fiction, it was agreed that we do Benetio Cereno (and Robert Lowell's dramatic adaptation) and _The Great Gatsby_ perhaps.

Mrs. Vakalo returned for a moment to the subject of James. She said, by way of postscript, that the defeated hero (of whom Lambert Strether could be taken as an example) was familiar in European _and_ American literature, but because of a pervasive atmosphere of pessimism in European literature, he stands out less than he does in American literature. In terms of the "smiling aspects" of the American life (here taken yet once more from its proper context -- by the recording secretary), the defeated hero seems anomaly. With Mrs. Vakalo's remarks left as the germ of future discussion, the class went back to the business of introducing itself. Mr. Kamtorn told of his early training as an architect and his subsequent responsibility as a teacher of music and administrator of music education. Mr. Marissel asked that his friend Mr. Bronzwaer act as his translator -- a request Mr. Cavell would not hear of, protesting that all of us had, at one time or another, experienced the difficulties and embarrassments of communicating in a foreign language, and the best way to reduce the difficulties was to practice in a situation -- as ours is -- where no one need feel embarrassed. Mr. Marissel then proceeded to give an extensive literary autobiography -- and bibliography -- in irreproachable English. Perhaps most immediately interesting for purposes of the seminar was Mr. Marissel's mention of his book on Beckett's _Fin de Partie_. He also said that he had written on Borges, who might provide a fascinating aside at some later point in the seminar. Mr. Werth told of his move from East to West Berlin, his work on a newspaper in Cologne, and how his place on DER MONAT -- which should give him, with Wynn-Jones, an important place in the planned discussion of magazines sometime in the next week or so. Mr. Bronzwaer described himself as both a teacher and a journalist with a special interest in (and evident to everyone else an extensive knowledge of) modern British and American literature. Mr. Wynn-Jones said that he was strictly and dedicatedly a journalist, and then went on to tell something of the two magazines in his life: NOVA and the TWENTIETH CENTURY (latterly the NINETEENTH CENTURY). Rather apologetically he added that he had written for TWTWTW -- an accomplishment the class (at least those aware of TWTWTW) felt required no apology. It was Mr. Wynn-Jones' professional biography that brought up the suggestion that we devote a class period to magazines, perhaps a dissection -- under properly clinical conditions -- of TIME magazine. Mr. Cavell then began to reminisce about his childhood experience at the movies (a delightful and critically appropriate interlude of Jean Shepherdism). He told about Saturday afternoon at the movies, about the week-to-week serials known as cliff-hangers, about the character actors who became as much a part of an American boy's experience as some of his friends and relatives. Films and

["The American flag, which has been the national flag of the United States since 1776, has been modified several times. It was first designed by a committee of five members of Congress in 1776. The design was approved by the Continental Congress in 1777. It was then adopted by the state legislatures in 1778. The current design was approved by Congress in 1794. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 1797. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 1799. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 1801. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 1804. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 1807. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 1810. 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The current design was approved by Congress in 2238. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2241. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2244. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2247. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2250. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2253. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2256. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2259. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2262. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2265. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2268. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2271. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2274. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2277. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2280. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2283. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2286. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2289. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2292. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2295. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2298. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2301. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2304. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2307. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2310. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2313. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2316. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2319. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2322. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2325. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2328. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2331. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2334. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2337. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2340. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2343. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2346. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2349. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2352. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2355. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2358. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2361. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2364. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2367. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2370. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2373. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2376. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2379. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2382. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2385. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2388. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2391. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2394. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2397. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2400. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2403. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2406. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2409. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2412. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2415. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2418. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2421. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2424. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2427. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2430. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2433. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2436. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2439. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2442. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2445. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2448. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2451. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2454. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2457. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2460. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2463. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2466. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2469. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2472. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2475. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2478. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2481. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2484. It has been modified several times since that time. The current design was approved by Congress in 2487. It has been modified several times since that time. The

-2-

personalities today resurrected as part of an intellectually and emotionally
feeble camp pseudo-culture were then so vital one could hardly have thought of
them objectively. It was not, Mr. Cavell said, until well into his maturity that
he did -- or perhaps could -- begin to think of films as an art form. And of
course now the Hollywood that produced the films that formed the devotion is gone
for good. What persuaded Americans to look again at films? Mr. Cavell mentioned
European and Japanese films with a more explicitly artistic or philosophical char-
acter -- one that prompted a re-evaluation of less sophisticated American films
of the last three decades. Furthermore, European critics and directors have
pointed out to Americans the importance of the director as an artist, the 'auteur'
theory of film criticism. By easy steps Mr. Cavell began to clarify a schedule
of critical approaches to films. The 'auteur' approach was the first, and the
second one that might best be called visceral, a gut response, a broadly human-
istic reaction to films. And here, Mr. Cavell returned to a comment of Mr.
Bronzwaer's. Mr. Bronzwaer had said that in the course of his own reading and
critical writing, he had become disgusted with critical theories that overwhelmed
the objects they were meant to illuminate. As a result, he said, he had fallen
back on common sense and his viscera. That's fine, Mr. Cavell returned, if your
viscera is as reliable as Dr. Johnson's /ānd even that would be questioned by
many people/, but otherwise the dangers of critical catastrophe or inanity are
great. He did admit that Agee relied pretty much on reactions unconditioned by
clear critical dogma and often wrote very well -- although often on films whose
essential value one might doubt.

Mr. Cavell then added two more critical approaches to the catalogue: medium
criticism which values in a film that which is peculiarly the province of films
(no easy thing to decide, we decided at the next meeting). And finally came genre
criticism whose present representative would be Robert Warshow and whose avatar,
according to Mr. Cavell, is Northrop Frye in the *Anatomy of Criticism*.

Chairman: George Lodge

Third meeting, July 11, 1967

This session was devoted to a discussion of national planning
and specifically the British National Plan of 1965. Mr. Lodge in-
vited comments on the origins of British planning.

The group appeared to agree that it was difficult to locate
the causes and origins of planning in Britain. Mr. Fischer felt
that ideology played a vital role in the early days of planning,
although it no longer did so. Mr. Odunton felt that Britain was
forced to plan in order to be more competitive in the world mar-
ket. Mr. Lodge and Mr. Yaacobi, on the other hand, emphasized
that the Plan has social as well as economic goals, and the lat-
ter are sometimes sacrificed for the former.

Mr. Tampoe felt that the plan, whatever its origins, is
wholly inadequate. The British Government does not have enough
power to bring about real economic changes. Business has too
much influence, and it has international connections which mean
that it and the national Government sometimes work at cross pur-
poses. Trade unions have no control over an economy like that
of Great Britain. Planning there and in the United States will
always be insufficient. If Britain manages to get into the Com-
mon Market, the days of British planning will be numbered. Mr.
Desai remarked that the Plan could have been written in the Carl-
ton Club and was undoubtedly a response to the balance of pay-
ments crisis.

Mr. Lodge felt that the purposes of the Plan were much more
far-reaching than this and argued that a solution to the balance
of payments problem was a necessary prerequisite of the social
aims of the Plan; one can't give money away until one has it.
Mr. Lenz remarked that the Plan did at least bring people togeth-
er, educate them, and induce them to agree on certain goals. Mr.
Yaacobi said that the British planners did not intend to control
every aspect of the British economy, but wanted rather to estab-
lish long-term goals and to enable the policy makers to make more
reliable decisions on long-term matters. Mr. Le Vert felt that
the Plan has many educational uses and will bring about changes
in attitude.

Mr. Lodge solicited the comments of Mr. Radice, who has him-
self been actively involved in British planning.

- 2 -

Mr. Radice began by saying that the pressure for planning came from both the trade unions and business, which shared the feeling that British industry was inefficient. In fact, there was a national consensus about the need for planning. The purposes of the National Plan are to increase efficiency, to provide a set of targets, and to achieve coherence in the different sectors of the British economy. Mr. Radice emphasized that it is designed to encourage economic growth, and he remarked that it is easier to share a "growing cake." The plan was not designed to bring about change by fiat; in a democratic framework this is impossible anyway. The Economic Development Committees are democratic organizations which serve as a sort of parliament; there is an interaction between the government and the various interest groups through the EDC's. Mr. Radice said that the major goals of the Plan had to be abandoned in the wake of deflationary measures taken to halt a run on the pound. Nonetheless, the implementation of the Plan is being continued. The sacrifice of these goals should not be interpreted as indicating that planning should be abandoned. Having a coherent set of economic policies is essential in any event. Furthermore, the EDC's have already produced important measures and are gathering useful information. Planning is a long-term affair and the effects of the National Plan remain to be seen.

In response to a question about French planning Mr. Le Vert said that it is still very hard to predict the extent of its ultimate success, although the rate of economic growth in France has been relatively large. Mr. Fischer felt that European planning in general had brought about a change of attitude in many countries; indeed, planning has made such progress that the return of conservative governments would by no means end planning.

Mr. Lodge asked about planning in Japan.

Mr. Yano replied that there has been no planning in Japan. From 1945 to 1950 the Americans controlled Japan. With the coming of more freedom in the early 1950's there was the coming of the Korean War. That was good for the Japanese economy, just as today the war in Vietnam is good for it. Corporate finesse, an entrepreneurial spirit, and war have brought about prosperity for Japan and obviated the need for planning.

Mr. Lenz said that planning is important, but not all-important. Those countries which prospered most in the wake of the Second World War were those with large labor forces and

Fourth meeting, July 13, 1967

This session began with a resumption of the discussion on
economic planning begun in the last session.

Mr. Lodge made a few remarks about the connection between
the government and the economy in America. He noted that the
issuance of "guidelines" began during the Kennedy period. These
guidelines have no legal force, although a President can make
life unpleasant for those who don't cooperate, as in the case of
President Kennedy's confrontation with the steel industry.
President Johnson's approach has been less dramatic, but none-
theless effective. The U.S. now has a very flexible law which
states that full employment is an objective of the government.
Yet this is not an absolute priority, for full employment can
mean inflation too. In other words, manipulation of the econ-
omy cannot solve definitively some chronic problems, like unem-
ployment. Mr. Lodge expressed the opinion that increasing dis-
satisfaction with piecemeal measures, like "piping out" welfare
to the chronically unemployed, will produce a greater desire
for more radical alternatives.

Mr. Jayasuriya suggested that a nation's economic planning
must reflect its own problems. Malaysia has problems very diff-
erent from those of other countries. With a population increase
of 3% annually she is having a difficult time raising her stand-
ard of living, especially difficult because of a shortage of
skilled manpower. Planning in Malaysia is essentially practi-
cal. She is attempting to diversify her exports (and not to re-
ly so heavily on the export of rubber), to encourage land devel-
opment, to improve education and to better her health facilities.
Vast sums are being spent on the infra-structure of the country,
e.g., roads and water supply. It is hoped that improvements in
industry will provide more employment and reduce imports. Self-
sufficiency is the primary goal. The success of any plan de-
pends on a number of factors--the attitude of the people, a fav-
orable investment climate, an intelligent political strategy.
Mr. Jayasuriya emphasized that governments do indeed have an im-
portant role in economic planning.

Mr. Lee remarked that in Singapore one has the impression
that Malaysia doesn't really want to industrialize, because that

- 2 -

would undermine her feudal political structure, which her government intends to preserve. Mr. Jayasuriya replied that land redistribution has the highest priority in Malaysian planning. He added that Malaysia is not feudal. Mr. Mohamad said that Malaysia is going to remain a monarchy, but that does not preclude economic improvements; a good government must insist on change. Mr. Lee remarked that some changes have affected only parts of the population.

Mr. Latim said that his country, Uganda, is in an entirely different situation because it is starting with nothing except what the colonial powers left behind, like organized markets. Uganda's main objective is to relieve poverty. There is no class struggle there because everyone is poor. Uganda must increase production. Foreign investment, foreign aid, and technological assistance are vital. Mr. Latim felt that the foreign aid being sent to his country from the various great powers is insufficient and half-hearted--perhaps because of Uganda's political non-alignment. Mr. Hasan remarked that the experience of Pakistan tends to support this assumption. U.S. aid to his country was always very prompt--until 1965.

Mr. Odunton said that in Africa a myth must be exploded, viz., that totalitarianism or a strong, centralized state are prerequisites for economic development. The government does play an important part in bringing certain improvements. But a government must remember that people should be educated, not coerced.

Mr. Tampoe said that if planning is to be effective, the people must want to do something and must have a government which reflects its will. In Ceylon the people have little awareness of planning. The U.S. has been pouring in billions of dollars, but an outmoded social structure still is unable to absorb it. In fact, some foreign aid isn't even used because it is dumped on corrupt bureaucratic structures. The developing countries are attempting too much without first having a social revolution. Ceylon remains an appendage of European capitalism; the political links with Europe have been severed, but not the economic ones.

Mr. Hasan thought that aid to India and Pakistan has been put to good use, directed into productive undertakings. Mr. Desai felt that the changes which have taken place in India and

- 3 -

Pakistan are very revolutionary, even by Marxist standards.
And they have taken place without a revolution. Changes are
bound to occur whenever political and economic power starts
to be distributed. Mr. Yano agreed that revolution is not
everything, that some countries, like Thailand, have achieved
remarkable progress without revolution. Revolutionaries do
not allow themselves productive alternatives; all they can do
is sit and wait for the revolution.

1967 HARVARD UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>ARGENTINA</td>
      <td>LOPEZ BORRELLI, Pablo; Talcahuano 981-2do. Piso "E",<br>Buenos Aires, Argentina<br>Attorney at Law; permanent Attorney at Law for the<br>Argentine National Bank</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>AUSTRIA</td>
      <td>FISCHER, Heinz; Lainzerstrasse 126, Vienna, Austria<br>Secretary of the Socialist Faction of the Austrian Parliament</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>BELGIUM</td>
      <td>HUYSE, Lucien; Diestsesteenweg 677, Kessel-Lo, Belgium<br>Research Associate, National Fund of Scientific Research</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>BULGARIA</td>
      <td>DYANKOV, Krustan; c/o Bulgarian News Agency BTA, 49<br>Lenin Blvd., Sofia, Bulgaria<br>Bulgarian News Agency, Editor of L.I.K. (Litteratura,<br>Izkustvo i Kultura), a weekly magazine; editor of Snimki<br>i Karikaturi, a weekly pictorial of the Bulgarian Telegraph<br>Agency</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>CEYLON</td>
      <td>TAMPOE, Philips; 22½ Upper Chatham Street, Colombo, Ceylon<br>Advocate and General Secretary, Ceylon Mercantile Union</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>CHINA</td>
      <td>WANG, Chin-Hsing; Hsinsheng North Road, Sec. 1, Lane 102,<br>No. 1, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China<br>Editor, The China News, an English language daily, pub-<br>lished in Taipei</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>CZECHOSLOVAKIA</td>
      <td>KOVALY, Pavel; Tehovska 642, Prague 10, Czechoslovakia<br>Scientific Worker and Head of the Department of History<br>of Philosophy at the Institute of Philosophy in Prague</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>FRANCE</td>
      <td>LE VERT, Dominique; 4, rue de Commaille (VII), Paris,<br>France<br>Deputy Secretary General of the State Council; Lecturer<br>at the Institute of Political Studies, University of Paris<br><br>MARISSEL, Andre, pseudonym (J. M. Pittner); 16 rue de<br>Immeubles-Industriels, Paris, France<br>Writer (poet, essayist); Art advisor (O.R.T.F.)</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

-2-

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td rowspan="6">GERMANY</td>
      <td>LENZ, Carl; 6148 Heppenheim, Donaustrasse 3, Germany</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Lawyer; member of the German Bundestag</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>SOELL, Hartmut; Bundeshaus, SPD-Fraktion, Bonn 5300, Germany</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>SPD-Parliamentary Group at the German Bundestag</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>WERTH, Wolfgang; 1 Berlin 41, Bundesallee 74, Germany</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Junior Editor of the German monthly review, "Der Monat," in Berlin</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td rowspan="2">GHANA</td>
      <td>ODUNTON, Joseph; Ministry of Information, P.O. Box M. 41, Accra, Ghana</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Principal Secretary, Ministry of Information; member of Board of Directors for the State Publishing Corporation; Chairman of the Publicity Committee</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td rowspan="3">GREAT BRITAIN</td>
      <td>RADICE, Giles; 25 Gloucester Crescent, London, NW 1, England</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Head of Research Department of the General and Municipal Workers' Union</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>WYNN-JONES, Michael; 39 Charleville Mansions, Charleville Road, W 14, London, England</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td>Assistant to the Editor of Nova Magazine; Editor of Twentieth Century Magazine</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td rowspan="2">GREECE</td>
      <td>VAKALO, Eleni (Mrs.); Papadiamantis 3, Athens 903, Greece</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Poet and Art Critic; permanent art critic for the Athens newspaper Ta Nea and for the art magazine Zygos; teacher of art history in the School of Decorative and Applied Arts (which she and her husband founded).</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td rowspan="2">INDIA</td>
      <td>DESAI, Ashok; Ram Mahal, J. Tata Road, Bombay, India</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Barrister at Law, High Court of Judicature; Legal Correspondent for "The Times of India"; Professor of Law, K.C. Law College, University of Bombay; Lecturer in Law, College of Journalism, Bombay</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

-3-

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>INDONESIA</td>
    <td>MUSTOFFA, Sumono; No. 6, Djalan Djatinegara Barat III, Djakarta, Indonesia<br/>Journalist, editor-in-chief of the National News Cooperation of Indonesia</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>IRAN</td>
    <td>ESLAMI, Nodoushan; #4 Kucheh Mehran, Pesyan Avenue, Tadjrish, Iran<br/>Writer; Teacher of Law and Literature at the Institute of Banking</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>IRAQ</td>
    <td>NAJIM, Wadia (Mrs.); 39/3/27 - Sefina, Adhamiya, Baghdad, Iraq<br/>Assistant Professor of Arabic Literature, College of Arts, University of Baghdad</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ISRAEL</td>
    <td>YAACOBI, Gad; Ramat Hasharon, Shivtei Yisrael 13, Israel<br/>Histadrut, General Federation of Labour in Israel; member of Executive Bureau; member of the Board of Hevrat Ovdim-Histadrut Enterprises; Chairman, Department for Vocational Training; Chairman, Economic Committee of the Israel Labor List Party (Rafi)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>ITALY</td>
    <td>MOMBELLI, Gerardo; Via Macrobio 9, Rome, Italy<br/>Secretary General of IAI (Istituto Affari Internazionali)<br/>PISAPIA, Biancamaria (Miss); via Stefano Jacini, 41, Rome, Italy<br/>Lecturer of English and American Literature, University of Rome</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>JAPAN</td>
    <td>ISHIZAKI, Koichiro; 727, 2-Chome, Shimochiai, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan<br/>Critic; Member of Japan Film Pen Club; Member of "Film Independent"; Organizer of "RUNAMI Film Gallery"</td>
  </tr>
</table>

-4-

**JAPAN**
NISHI, Michio; 1737 Higashiterao-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan

Professor of Law, Sophia University; Attorney-at-Law in the Haruhiko Tanaka Law Office

YANO, Toru; c/o Mr. Kawabe, 1 Satonomae, Ichijoji, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan

Section Chief of the Thai Section, Osaka University of Foreign Studies; Research Associate at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University

**KOREA**
WOO, Byung-kyu; House Steering Committee, National Assembly, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Counselor to the House Steering Committee and the Budget-Settlement Committee of the Republic of Korea National Assembly; Assistant Professor of political science at Kyunghee University; Director of publications, Korean Association of International Relations; legislative counsel for the Korean Unification Study Committee

**MALAYSIA**
JAYASURIYA, Thomas; c/o Ministry of Natural Resources, Jesselton, Sabah, Malaysia

Minister of Natural Resources, Sabah, Government of Sabah, Malaysia

MAHATHIR, bin Mohamad; 12 Pekan Melayu, Alor Star, Kedah, Malaysia

Medical Practitioner; Member of the House of Representatives, Malaysian Parliament

**NETHERLANDS**
BRONZWAER, Wilhelmus; Lierstraat 9, Nijmegen-Neerbosch, The Netherlands

Assistant Lecturer in Modern English, Catholic University of Nijmegen

**NIGERIA**
RAZAQ, Abdul; P.O. Box 1703, Lagos, Nigeria

Barrister-at-Law; formerly, Ambassador to Ivory Coast

-5-

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td rowspan="3">PAKISTAN</td>
      <td><u>HASAN</u>, Ibnul; c/o National Bank of Pakistan, McLeod Road, Karachi, West Pakistan</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Chief Public Relations Officer of the National Bank of Pakistan</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><u>SHAMSUDDOULAH</u>, Abul; 1st Floor, G/29, Block-E, Muhammadpur Housing Estate, Dacca 7, East Pakistan</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td>Lecturer in English, Quaid-i-Azam College, Dacca</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td rowspan="2">PERU</td>
      <td><u>OVIEDO</u>, Jose; Las Camelias 491-Dpto. 403, San Isidro, Lima, Peru</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Professor of Spanish-American and Peruvian Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Catholic University; Professor of Languages, San Marcos University; Literary critic at the Supplement of "El Comercio"; Director of Cultural Relations at the National Engineering University, Lima</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td rowspan="3">PHILIPPINES</td>
      <td><u>BATALLA</u>, Apolonio; Rosario, Cavite, Philippines</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Columnist, <u>Manila Daily Bulletin</u></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><u>BENESA</u>, Leonidas; Lee St., 618, Mandaluyong, Rizal Philippines</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td>Information and Public Relations Officer, Operation Brotherhood International; President, Art Association of the Philippines</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td rowspan="3">POLAND</td>
      <td><u>KRASUSKI-NOWINA</u>, Jerzy; Urbanowska 104 c m 8, Poznan, Poland</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Chief of the Historical Section of the Western Institute</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td><u>KUBIAK</u>, Zygmunt; Zwycieczow 47 m 7, Warsaw 33, Poland</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td>Writer; literary critic; translator of Greek and Roman Literature</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

-6-

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>SAUDI ARABIA</td>
    <td>ALGOSAIBI, Ghazi; P.O. Box 235, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia<br/>Assistant Instructor, College of Commerce, University of Riyadh (Law and International Relations); formerly, Legal Advisor to the Saudi-Egyptian Peace Commission in Yemen</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SINGAPORE</td>
    <td>LEE, Ting Hui; Political Study Center, 4, Goodwood Hill, Singapore<br/>Deputy Director of Political Study Center</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SPAIN</td>
    <td>PEREZ GALLEGO, Candido; Pinar, 21, Madrid 6, Spain<br/>Professor of American Literature, University of Madrid; Doctor of Philosophy; Research Fellow in Modern Philology</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>SWEDEN</td>
    <td>AHLMARK, Per; Oppundavägen 23, Stockholm, Sweden<br/>Political publicist at the Expressen; Member of the governing committee of the Swedish Liberal Party</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>THAILAND</td>
    <td>KAMTORN, Snidvongse; 16 A. Soi 31 Sukhumvit Road, Bangkok, Thailand<br/>Chairman of the Department of Art and Cultural Studies, College of Education; Director of Music Studies, Chulalongkorn University; licensed architect</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>UGANDA</td>
    <td>LATIM, Alexander; c/o P.O. Box 172, Gulu, Uganda<br/>Member of Parliament; Secretary General of the Democratic Party; Leader of Uganda's Parliamentary Opposition</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>YUGOSLAVIA</td>
    <td>VUCKOVIC, Tihomir; Dusana Bogdanovica 17, Belgrade, Yugoslavia<br/>Assistant, Institute for Theory of Art and Literature; Contributor to Belgrade magazines Gledista and Umetnost</td>
  </tr>
</table>

-7-

UNITED STATES

FICHTER, Robert Peter; 20 A Prescott Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts

Faculty Assistant, Humanities Section of the Seminar;
B.A., Harvard College; presently, Candidate for the Ph.D.
degree, Department of English, Harvard University

HARGADON, Thomas; 25 Leyland Street, Dorchester,
Massachusetts

Activities Director of the Seminar; Administrative
Assistant to the Mayor of Newton, Massachusetts; B.A.,
Brandeis University; M.A., Massachusetts Institute of
Technology; Harvard Law School; Andrew Carnegie Intern
in Public Administration; formerly, Lecturer in Political
Science, Boston College

KIEFT, David; Department of History, College of Liberal
Arts, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Faculty Assistant, Politics and Economics Section of
the Seminar; Assistant Professor of History at the
University of Minnesota; B.A., Harvard College; Ph.D.,
University of California at Berkeley

1967 SCHEDULE - SECOND WEEK (JULY 17 - 23)

Monday, July 17

9:30 - 11:00 Meeting of the Humanities Group in Holy-
oke Center B and C

11:00 - 12:55 Meeting of the Politics and Economics
Group in Holyoke Center B and C

2:30 - 4:00 Guest Speaker: (Holyoke Center B and C)
JOHN A. MORSELL, Assistant Executive Di-
rector, National Association for the Ad-
vancement of Colored People. Dr. Morsell
joined the NAACP staff in 1956 after hav-
ing served for five years as a study di-
rector with International Research Asso-
ciates, Inc.

7:30 MOVIE in Boylston Hall: *The Maltese Falcon*, a bi-monthly feature at the reknowned Brattle Theatre, stars the present pseudo-deity of the Cambridge community, Humphrey Bogart. Bogart, one of Hollywood's greatest stock actors, is seen in this film along with his usual partner in intrigue, Sidney Greenstreet. This still-exciting 1940's sensation brought to the screen for the first time the directorial genius of John Huston.

Tuesday, July 18

2:30 - 4:00 Guest Speaker: (Holyoke Center B and C)
DAVID RIESMAN, Henry Ford II Professor of
Social Sciences at Harvard University. Mr.
Riesman is the author of *The Lonely Crowd*
and a recently published collection of
essays entitled *Abundance for What?* In

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this book Mr. Riesman discusses, among
other themes, the domestic impact of Amer-
ican foreign policy, the uses of leisure
and the place of the automobile in Ameri-
can life, and some of the methodological
and ethical problems which confront the
social scientist.

7:30

MOVIE in Boylston Hall: *The Asphalt Jungle*, starring Sterling Hayden and Marilyn Monroe. Directed by John Huston. This film is a classic crime melodrama of a brilliantly executed jewel theft, and the criminals whose human failings host the seeds of disaster in their "left-handed form of human endeavor." Underlying the excitement and suspense is a complex study in character and morality, and a masterful use of the film medium. One of Huston's finest works.

Wednesday, July 19

11:30

Visit to General Motors Plant in Framingham, Massachusetts. Please meet Bob Fichter at the entry to Lowell House to go by bus to the General Motors Assembly plant. This is the Chevrolet and Fisher body assembly plant of General Motors where the cars are assembled from the wheels on up. In contrast to other assembly plants, the mechanical and the decorative areas are separated only by an "imaginary line," and the entire car is constructed in one building. You will have a luncheon at 12:30, followed by a plant tour and a question and answer period.

PLEASE SIGN UP WITH LINDA BARKER BY MONDAY,
JULY 17, if you plan to visit the General
Motors plant.

8:00

INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR PUBLIC FORUM in 105
Emerson Lecture Hall. A reception will follow
in Ticknor Library, Boylston Hall. The

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topic "Function and Freedom of the Press:
Views from Europe and Asia" will be dis-
cussed by Messrs. Batalla, Bronzwaer, Mus-
toffa, Vuckovic, Werth, and Wynn-Jones.

Thursday, July 20

2:30 - 4:00 Guest Speaker: (Holyoke Center B and C)
HAROLD J. GIBBONS, Vice President of the
International Brotherhood of Teamsters.
Mr. Gibbons, a pioneer in the development
of the union's health and welfare programs,
has been a trade unionist for more than
thirty years.

6:45 - 7:45 Coffee and informal discussions following dinner in the Senior Common Room of Quincy House.

Friday, July 21

8:30 - 11:30 Visit to Arthur D. Little, Inc., a consulting service in engineering, management, and science. Meeting with General James M. Gavin, Chairman of the Board, a general description of the activities of Arthur D. Little, and a tour of the facilities.

Please meet Bob Fichter at the Lowell House entrance at 8:30 a.m.

PLEASE SIGN UP WITH LINDA BARKER BY MONDAY,
JULY 17, if you plan to go.

9:00 - 1:00 Visit to the South End Settlement House, Boston. The South End is a slum area of Boston and the South End Settlement is a private organization working with the anti-

- 4 -

poverty program, community organization, and
urban renewal. After a general discussion
of problems of the South End, you will meet
social workers in an action center concerned
with legal aid and special social services
to the elderly and visit a public housing
project.

Please meet David Kieft at the entrance to
Lowell House to go by public transportation
to the Settlement House. You will be re-
turning to Harvard around 1:00 p.m.

PLEASE SIGN UP WITH LINDA BARKER BY MONDAY,
JULY 17, if you wish to go.

4:30 - ???

**ANOTHER TRIP TO THE COUNTRY.** The families in Wayland enjoy entertaining the Seminar members and they would like to have the country visits each week. This week they will have you in their homes on **FRIDAY**. The families will meet you in front of Lowell House at 4:30 to take you by car to Wayland.

PLEASE SIGN UP WITH LINDA BARKER BY MONDAY,
JULY 17, if you would like to enjoy an eve-
ning with a Wayland family.

1:00 - ???

**PARTY IN EAST WALPOLE, MASS.** Mr. and Mrs. Leon de Rosa of East Walpole have invited the members of the Seminar to their home for a day and evening in the suburbs. Everyone is welcome.

PLEASE SIGN UP WITH LINDA BARKER BY MONDAY,
JULY 17, if you are interested in attending
this party.

First meeting, Friday, July 7, 1967

1. Mr. Lodge opened the first session of the seminar with a few remarks about his own background in politics and economics, his role in the seminar, and his plans for the next three weeks. He said that he did not conceive his role to be that of the expert, but rather that of the moderator. Although he did intend to spend some time talking about the uses of power in the United States, he hoped that his remarks would provide a point of departure for the participants to discuss related matters in their own countries.

2. Mr. Lodge devoted most of this session to a lecture on American politics and government. He began with a discussion of the party system.

He pointed out that both the Republican and Democratic parties are consensus parties and that they therefore tend "to crowd the middle of the road." This means, in effect, that the American party system is essentially conservative. Although it has by no means always been the case, today few fundamental ideological differences divide the two parties. In fact, there is a good deal of ideological overlap. One of the results is that the major parties are not likely to offer radical solutions to serious problems -- like the race question. Furthermore, third party movements have never been notably successful. This apparent inability of the major parties to provide radical solutions and the reluctance of the individual American states to offer such solutions together raise certain basic questions about the disposition of political power in the United States. And this leads to certain basic questions about America's hopes and plans for the future. Americans soon will have to make some choices. But there can be no choices without there existing an underlying purpose; yet there can be no purpose without goals; no goals without some vision of the future. Unfortunately, in such a situation the electorate will be vulnerable to the charms of charlatans and simplifiers, even if their visions of the future are dangerous or simply ridiculous.

Mr. Lodge elaborated further the nature of the party system. He noted that it is imprecise to speak of "national parties," when the fifty American states have their own money and recruit their own workers, and today political campaigns are terminably long. Sometimes elections are won and lost on the basis of

- 2 -

the candidate's ability to keep himself in the public eye rather
than on the basis of the issues. One positive advantage of the
very long and arduous presidential campaigns is that the voter
can be assured of the candidate's good health -- at least at the
start of a campaign.

Mr. Lodge continued his lecture with some observations on
the structure of the American government. Its most salient feature today is its disintegration/ "sub-governments," for example,
the various administrative agencies and the congressional committees which have grown up in response to an avalanche of problems. The proliferation of sub-governments means that important
decisions increasingly are being taken at lower echelons of the
government and that the President of the United States today has
more responsibility than he has effective power. Furthermore,
the bigger the bureaucratic apparatus of the government is, the
more inertia-bound it is and the more frustrating the position
of the policy maker becomes.

Mr. Lodge pointed out that non-governmental organizations
are a vital part of the American system. For example, the labor
unions. American labor unions are unique in that they are non-
political, do not represent a class movement, and sometimes
serve as another conservative element in the whole system. The
union has been so successful in winning material benefits for
its members that its traditional goals are becoming irrelevant.
There do remain many people to be organized, like the Negroes
and the migrant workers. Nonetheless, the labor union -- like
the political parties -- is faced with the need to re-define
its role in American life.

Mr. Lodge noted that the position of the American business-
man is often misunderstood. First of all, American business is
not well organized. An organization like the Chamber of Commerce
has little influence. Moreover, whenever big business finds it-
self in a critical confrontation with the government, the crisis
is always settled in the most haphazard fashion. Because its
ownership is today so broadly based, big business is no longer
really private and its managers have become "non-statist civil
servants" (Adolph Berle). A more precise definition of the re-
lationship between business and the government must be worked
out. And, like the labor union, business must ask some funda-
mental questions about its role in American life.

Mr. Lodge continued with a few remarks on other non-govern-
mental organizations such as the civil rights organizations and
the various groups which constitute the "new left." The new
left apparently wants America to heal social illnesses at home

- 3 -

before trying to solve the problems of other countries. The
ideas of the new left are very vague, and it is more concerned
with discrediting and destroying the old society than with con-
ceptualizing realistic alternatives to the existing system.

Mr. Lodge made some general observations about the American
political scene. Public dialogues are ordinarily far more vio-
lent than private ones; when genuine clashes do occur they usu-
ally concern issues and not personalities. Given the confusion
and complication inherent in the American system, there is re-
markably little corruption.

Mr. Lodge concluded by stating what he considers to be some
of the most critical questions about the American system. Is
the system too confused to be improved? Does preoccupation
with consensus mean that America cannot deal with her most press-
ing problems? Is America too disorderly and unpredictable? If
so, is this not risky in today's world?

3. The rest of the session was spent answering questions raised by the participants concerning some of the specifics of the American political system.

Mr. Lodge opened the meeting by inviting reports from the various seminar sub-groups concerning their opinion of the book *Goals for Americans*.

The participants then offered many definitions of democracy - a system which emphasizes popular participation, a system which provides for changes of government at specific intervals, a system which reflects diversity - and all seemed to agree with Mr. Mohamad's remark that no one definition was going to suit everybody. A *propos* of American democracy in particular Mr. Algosaibi questioned the notion that the party system is too rigid; the parties have adapted to change before and will do so again. Mr. Yaacobi said that he was confident that the Americans could work out their own problems.

-2-

Mr. Lodge suggested that the greatness of America is due to its many organizations, which protect a multiplicity of interests. Many Americans remain outside the system, but those on the inside are developing a social conscience and today realize the need to bring the unorganized into the system. And this "problem of inclusion" is relevant everywhere. But even more fundamental than the organization of a society are its purposes and goals. Communities are organized along lines which will help realize goals and satisfy values. Strong and viable are the organizations of a community which has direction, whereas directionless ones tend to fall apart. This matter of purpose, value, and direction today constitutes an all-important question for the American people.

Humanities Section, July 7

Mr. Cavell went on to say that he had decided to use several films as well as books during the seminar. He had decided to do so, he said, because he felt that people responded to films in a way very few did to poetry or even novels. Furthermore he felt that movies were a major and, for many purposes, a typical American contribution to art. In the area of American poetry Mr. Cavell mentioned Hart Crane and Wallace Stephens as men we might well consider. He then asked the participants to suggest novels--perhaps a pair of them--and he promised, in reference to the reading the participants had already done, to discuss issues in modern American philosophy (perhaps neither so modern nor so American as it might be) if the class cared to do so.

Mr. Cavell responded promptly and emphatically. "That," he said, "has been a great dream, a philosopher's fantasy since Plato'a dream of an academy." He went on to give the fantasy's recent history--a contemporary Oxford Movement that claims the day of the individual philosopher is over; that philosophy must now be a corporate enterprise. But of course when philosophers--any humanists in fact--come together, they quickly find themselves in pointless arguments. "The philosophical laboratory," Mr. Cavell said, "is a fantasy akin to that of the good city, the

- 2 -

[YJ]

1967 International Seminar

July 10 Humanities Section

In order to give the class more common ground for discussion, Mr. Cavell as-
signed the *Anthology of American Poetry* put together by Oscar Williams. He then
returned to a theme introduced in the preceding class: the abysmal state of
American newspaper criticism. The *New York Review of Books* was created as a pro-
test against wretched newspaper criticism on one hand, and pedantic, often out-
dated scholarly journal criticism on the other hand. Two other factors in its
creation were a desire on the part of the New York literary community to have a
voice of its own, and -- more immediately -- a newspaper strike that deprived
literate people even of the Time's bland commentary on books.

Mr. Cavell talked a little about New York as a cultural community (a cultural village in its tight kinship system). Even if it was short on creativity, he said (and he said it was), the level of conversation, the level of intelligence were undoubtedly as high in New York as anywhere else in the world. And chit-chat, although one can get very tired of it and very annoyed by it, is a part of education. He then turned from the most urbane -- at least urban -- consumers of literature to the creators of literature and a few of their peculiar problems. A young American writer, he said, scribbling away in Nebraska or east Texas, dreams of himself not just as a competent novelist but as the great American novelist. He cannot settle -- as in other countries -- for a respectable but unexalted place in the craft or trade of literature. (This point was strongly pro-tested by members of the seminar outside of class. The great Philippine novel, Mr. Benesa said, is as much a part of Philippine literary fantasy as the great American novel is here.) Furthermore, Mr. Cavell said, a variety of factors have driven artists into universities, and for some of them -- particularly novelists and poets -- the environment has not turned out to be a happy one.

Conversation then turned to TIME Magazine and its role in taste making. Mr. Cavell spoke of the magazine in extremely harsh terms; it was, he said, condescending, essentially unsympathetic, and deceitful (using Robert Lowell to convey a specious interest in and respect for the arts, for instance). Why should Mr. Lowell have allowed himself to be, in a sense, used by TIME? One suggestion made was that a good man and a sincere man cannot help but be tempted by the chance to share his perceptions with a large audience. Whether TIME then represented apple or serpent was left in the haze of metaphor. Another point came from Mr. Bronzwaer who suggested that TIME itself might be taking its cue from academic journals -- a thought that certainly deserves more attention in the course of the seminar. Both Mr. Wynn-Jones and Mr. Benesa tried to qualify the force of Mr. Cavell's criticism, or at least brought up qualifying considerations. As a journalist Mr. Wynn-Jones perhaps has a fellow-feeling with the anonymous villains (villains in the eyes of many academics) who practice the perverse preciosity of puerile prose on pullulating (pul-yoo-late-ing) poets.

Why does fame have such a corrupting effect on American artists, Mr. Cavell asked. Why should their creative lives end at the very time they should be in their fullest strength? Again Mr. Benesa argued that this was no peculiarly American misfortune. But peculiar to Americans or not, the problem of growing old ungracefully is a fact of American artists' lives and of the lives of American fictional characters. Mr. Cavell brought up the case of Dick Diver in *Tender Is the Night*. From this point the conversation turned to innocence and experience in American literature, and especially to *The Ambassadors*. "But why," asked Miss