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From EDWARD P. MORGAN AND THE NEWS -- Tuesday, November 13, 1956
American Broadcasting Company

Except for the excitement produced by the dangers which frequently--of late too frequently--float to the surface of it, foreign policy is something too remote for most of us to bother with. And yet, uncomfortably enough, the security, the future of your family and mine depend less on whether we are able to meet next month's life insurance premium than on complications and crises abroad and what Washington does--or doesn't do--about them.

Peace is a noble objective but it takes more than just a yearning for it to produce sound foreign policy. Last night I mentioned briefly some "Reflections on American Diplomacy" written in the quarterly review of Foreign Affairs by Professor Henry A. Kissinger, now of the University of Chicago. His views, I think, are worth a longer look. As we confront the world, he observes, our policy is "geared to dealing with emergencies; it finds difficulty in developing the long-range program that might forestall them."

One result of this is that we find ourselves everlastingly on the defensive, reacting to maneuvers by the Communists. Yet we can't seem to get ourselves sufficiently steamed up over the inflexibility of this defensiveness to correct it and here Professor Kissinger expands on a point that strikes me as particularly sharp.

We are handicapped, in a way, by our incredible good fortune as a nation, or, as the professor puts it, "our lack of tragic experience." Though we've known hardship, he writes, our history is notably free of disaster; indeed, domestically, we are a living testimonial to our own success: unparalleled wealth coupled with unparalleled growth. No wonder, he says, that many of our most responsible men "particularly in the business community" find it hard to be alarmed by danger signals. We should not be astonished, Kissinger indicates, if Secretaries Humphrey and Wilson run the Treasury and the Pentagon the way they ran their businesses; their decisions--on defense economies, for instance--are conditioned by their psychological background.

But what is good business does not necessarily or automatically make good foreign policy and in this radioactive atmosphere we can't just brush aside our mistakes and try, try again. "...In the nuclear age," Kissinger comments, "the penalty for miscalculation may be national catastrophe."

We should disabuse ourselves of the dangerous dream, he says, that somehow after a summit conference or something similar, "peace will break out." The world being what it is, a collection of large states and small with ambitions of varying aggressiveness, there is bound always to be a certain instability in international relations. "Peace, therefore, cannot be aimed at directly; it is the expression of certain conditions and power relationships. It is to these relationships--not to peace--(according to Professor Kissinger) that diplomacy must address itself."

"The major weakness of U.S. diplomacy" he argues (and other experts have argued the same), "has been the insufficient attention given to the symbolic aspect of foreign policy." That is to say, the legal soundness of our brief against the Soviet Union may be a Philadelphia lawyer's dream, but while we are addressing the Russians, they, however cynically, calculate to speak to the people of the world. Rarely have we succeeded in dramatizing our own position, in "reducing a complex negotiation to its symbolic terms."

What our problem boils down to in facing crisis, Professor Kissinger says, is a problem of leadership, a philosophy of statesmanship as well as a flexibility of action, and the awareness of the necessity of imposing purpose on events.

One is sorely tempted to pass out copies of the professor's piece at the doors of the executive branch as members of the administration assemble to take a desperately needed fresh reading of our position in world affairs.

This is Edward Morgan, saying good night from Washington.

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NOTES
SOVIET AFFAIRS

NUMBER: 215

DATE: October 14, 1957

THE QUOTABLE KHRUSHCHEV
(1934 - 1957)

This compilation of quotations from the public statements of Soviet Communist Party leader Nikita S. Khrushchev is drawn, so far as possible, from Soviet sources. In several instances it was noted that more colorful comments attributed to Khrushchev by non-Soviet sources were toned down, if not entirely deleted, in the versions of his speeches presented to Soviet audiences. To round out the picture, several of these statements, together with others not reported in the Soviet press, have been included in this collection, with their non-Soviet source noted.

As he has climbed toward paramount power, Khrushchev has steadily broadened and diversified his field of comment. In surveying his speeches, ranging back to the Seventeenth Party Congress in 1934, it was found that there was a dearth of material up to the post-Stalin period. Since then Khrushchev's verbosity has been at flood tide.

In going through the materials from which this selection of quotations was drawn, it was noted that in his statements Khrushchev displays an unequivocating and apparently unshakeable belief in the postulates of the Soviet brand of Marxism and the ultimate triumph of Communism. It is as if he had accepted these tenets at an early age and had never since questioned their basic validity. In internal affairs his public statements emphasize strengthening of the might of the state and the primacy of heavy industry and relegate consumers' goods production to a position of secondary importance. Although he made few remarks on foreign policy and world affairs before Stalin's death, his statements since convey the image of two inflexibly opposed camps. However, he simultaneously emphasizes the coexistence theme, though it would appear that this means for him little more than the absence of armed conflict.

Khrushchev is more blunt than some of his colleagues, but lards his more aggressive remarks with propaganda cliches spoken with seeming conviction. His speeches contain an ingredient long missing in Soviet public statements--a rough and ready sense of humor and a supply of highly quotable, if often ludicrous, similes.

# I. COMMUNISM

## A. Adherence to Principles

### 1934 - Annihilation of class enemies

The class struggle does not diminish, and we must mobilize the forces of the Party and the forces of the working class, and strengthen the organs of the dictatorship of the proletariat for the ultimate annihilation of class enemies, of all the remnants of Rights and "Lefts" and all the other opportunists who wished and wish to hinder our further successful movement forward.

17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Russian Edition, Moscow, 1934), p. 147.

### 1954 - Atheistic propaganda

...scientific and atheistic propaganda is an integral part of the Communist education of the working people, and has as its aim the dissemination of scientific, materialist knowledge among the masses and the liberation of believers from the influence of religious prejudices.

Decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, signed by Khrushchev; Pravda, November 11, 1954.

### 1955 - Wait for a blue moon

...we say to the gentlemen who are waiting to see whether the Soviet Union will change its political program: Wait for a blue moon! And you know when that will be.

Speech at November 24, Indian-Soviet Society reception in Bombay; Pravda, November 26, 1955.

### 1957 - Workers of the world, unite!

We must be true to the principles of proletarian internationalism, to the militant call, "Workers of the world, unite!"

Answers to questions of editors of Rude Pravo; Pravda, January 1, 1957.

### 1957 - Revisionists call US socialist

Some of the present-day revisionists have even gone so far as to make the monstrous contention that in the United States, too--in that stronghold of present-day imperialism, where the rulers are millionaires and billionaires--socialism is being built.

Speech at Soviet-Bulgarian friendship meeting in Moscow; Soviet home service broadcast, February 19, 1957.

### 1957 - Fools argue with history

We proved scientifically why capitalism must perish and be replaced by Communism, just as capitalism came to take the place of feudalism. This has been scientifically established. This can be accepted; intelligent people accept it, while fools argue; but history moves not along the line the fools would wish it to take, it goes its own way of development.

Speech at Czech CKD-Stalingrad Works; Prague radio broadcast, July 11, 1957.

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1957 - Ideological struggle

Some liberal-minded persons might accuse me of appealing for a struggle. Yes, we have never concealed the fact that we have appealed and do appeal for a principled and ideological struggle. In the world today there is a fierce struggle of two ideologies: the socialist and the bourgeois, and in this struggle there can be no neutrals.

"For a Close Tie of Literature and Art with the Life of the People," *Kommunist*, No. 12, 1957 p. 26.

1957 - Class struggle

For us, reconciliation between classes is impossible!

Speech at Leipzig on August 9, 1957; East German broadcast, August 12, 1957.

B. Coexistence With Capitalism

1. Triumph of Communism

1954 - No force can stop the advance to Communism

Like a mighty titan the Soviet power, in fraternal cooperation with the People's Democracies, confidently marches forward to the great goal, scoring one victory after another. There are no forces in the world which could halt our victorious advance to Communism!

Moscow election speech; *Pravda*, March 7, 1954.

1955 - Communism will replace capitalism without war

The days of the capitalist system are numbered. Just as cells are constantly renewed in a living organism--just as old cells are constantly renewed in a living organism--just as old cells die away and new ones are formed--so in society, too, the old forms die and new, more progressive, more advanced ones are born. Such a new form is the socialist system, the Communist society toward which the peoples of our country are successfully advancing. We are progressing toward Communism without war. We do not need war; it is harmful to our cause. The development of ideas cannot be held up by force just as it cannot be spread by force.

Speech at Rangoon University; *Pravda*, December 8, 1955.

1955 - Marxism-Leninism the only correct teaching

Yes, we have said and still say that in the peaceful competition between the two economic systems, the socialist system will be victorious, for it is the most advanced, progressive system based on the only correct teaching--Marxism-Leninism.

Speech about trip to India, Burma and Afghanistan; *Pravda*, December 30, 1955.

1956 - Communism is historically inevitable

Our country's enemies are now guessing about whether a Communist society will be built in our country. We do not wish to frighten them, but it should be said that the victory of Communism is historically inevitable, whether they like it or not. We are confidently going along our direct road, which was pointed out by Marx, Engels and Lenin--forward, to a Communist society!

Speech at the June 2, 1956 meeting in Moscow of Young Communist League members; *Komsomolskaya Pravda*, June 7, 1956.

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1957 - USSR example will contribute to downfall of capitalism

More than once we have had to listen to reproaches from the West about our statements on the inevitability of the downfall of the capitalist system. These reproaches were made, in particular, in connection with some of our speeches. In speaking about the downfall of the capitalist system, we have never asserted and do not assert that this will take place as a result of forcible measures on our part against it. We are convinced that it will leave the historical arena as a result of the struggle of internal forces, just as former social systems have vanished, after having outlived their span, and given place to new social systems born in the course of historical development. This will come about in the same inevitable manner as, for instance, death to a senile man or childbirth to a woman, which cannot be deterred. The new is born, the old dies. We will, of course, contribute to a certain extent to the more rapid victory of the new by our activities in building socialism and Communism in our countries. The force of example is a great force.

Speech at reception in Chinese People's Republic embassy; *Pravda*, January 19, 1957.

1957 - All the world will come to Communism

We are convinced that sooner or later capitalism will perish, just as feudalism perished earlier. The socialist nations are advancing towards Communism. All the world will come to Communism. History does not ask whether you want it or not.

Interview with Tomoo Hirooka of the Japanese newspaper, *Asahi Shimbun*, June 18, 1957; TASS, June 29, 1957.

2. <u>Inferiority of Capitalism</u>

1954 - Impoverishment of the proletariat

...the invincible law of capitalism is the law of impoverishment of the proletariat and the ruin of the peasants.

Speech of February 23, 1954; TASS, March 20, 1954.

1955 - Overpopulation

Our country will be the stronger the more people we have. The bourgeois ideologists have invented many cannibal theories, including a theory of overpopulation. They think about how to reduce the birth rate and to reduce increase in population. Things are different with us, comrades. If a hundred million were added to our 200 million population, even that would not be enough!

Speech at the January 7, 1955 meeting of Young Communist League members; TASS, January 7, 1955.

1956 - No unemployment in USSR

There is no unemployment in the Soviet Union and there will be none. This, comrades, is a great achievement of our socialist state.

Speech at the June 2, 1956 meeting in Moscow of Young Communist League members; Komsomolskaya Pravda, June 7, 1956.

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## 1957 - Pace of industrial development

Under the Soviet regime our country has outstripped many capitalist states in economic development, and in level of industrial production it has taken second place in the world, leaving behind such major capitalist countries as Britain, France, Germany and others. The volume of industrial output in the Soviet Union by 1957 was more than 30 times that in the pre-revolutionary period and nearly four times that in 1940. This convincingly testifies to the fact that during both the prewar and postwar periods socialist industry has been developing at a pace more rapid than any capitalist country has ever known.

Report at Seventh Session of USSR Supreme Soviet; Pravda, May 8, 1957.

## 1957 - Automation

In capitalist countries mechanization and automation of production bring with them a deterioration of the condition of the workers and mass unemployment for the working class. In our socialist country things are entirely different. The more perfect the technology of production becomes and the quicker the growth of productivity of social labor, the higher the living standard of the workers rises.

"For a Close Tie of Literature and Art with the Life of the People," Kommunist, No. 12, 1957, p. 14.

## 3. Economic Competition

### 1955 - Coexistence

I personally do not like the capitalist system. I speak of coexistence not because I want capitalism to exist, but because I cannot help but recognize that it does exist.

Speech at November 24, 1955 Indian-Soviet Society reception in Bombay; Pravda, November 26, 1955.

### 1955 - Peaceful competition in raising living standards

Let us prove in practice whose system is better: This is our appeal to the statesmen of capitalist countries. Let us compete without war. Is this really a bad proposal? It is better than saying: Let us compete to see who will manufacture more weapons and who will defeat whom. This is antipopular competition, competition in the destruction of people. But our proposals are for peaceful competition in raising the living standards of all peoples. We stand, and shall always stand, for the kind of competition which helps raise the peoples' welfare, their standard of living. Therefore, our proposals are quite clear and comprehensible. They are clear to all people. And I am sure that the Soviet Union's clear and just stand is welcomed by the Indian people.

Speech on November 26, 1955 at Bangalore; Pravda, November 28, 1955.

### 1956 - There is only one way open to us--peaceful competition

...Our most inveterate enemies no longer doubt that the Soviet people will carry to success the scheduled plans for economic and cultural construction. They are alarmed because we have embarked on the course of economic competition with capitalism. They fear such competition. We say to the representatives of the capitalist world: "You are for the development of capitalism. We are for socialism. We do not want to impose our institutions on you, but we will not allow you to interfere in our affairs. Therefore there is only one way open to us--peaceful competition."

Speech at the All-Union Conference of Young Builders, April 11, 1956; Pravda, April 13, 1956.

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1957 - Production the battering ram with which to smash capitalism
The growth of industrial and agricultural production is the

The growth of industrial and agricultural production is the battering ram with which we shall smash the capitalist system, enhance the influence of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, strengthen the socialist camp and contribute to the victory of the cause of peace throughout the world.

Speech at Krasnodar; Pravda, March 10, 1957.

4. Overtaking Capitalism
***
1947 - Meat, butter, and milk production

1957 - Meat, butter, and milk production most powerful torpedo
We do not intend to blow up the

We do not intend to blow up the capitalist world with bombs. If we catch up with the United States in per capita production of meat, butter, and milk, we will have hit the pillar of capitalism with the most powerful torpedo yet seen.

Speech at Leningrad; Soviet home service broadcast, May 24, 1957.

1957 - Catch up with US milk output by 1958
***

This year we will get as much butter, and even perhaps a little more, than the United States produced last year. This means that regarding bulk we will have as much butter, or even more, than the United States. But as our population is greater than that of the United States, we must pull our socks up. Regarding the per capita production of milk, we can not only catch up with, but even surpass, the United States as early as 1958.

1957 - Dairy and meat products and industrial goods

In the next few years we shall catch up with the United States in per capita output of dairy and meat products, and we will increase to the highest level consumption of these products by the people of our country. We are also sure that we will catch up with the United States in industrial goods output.

Speech at the Tampere, Finland; TASS, June 12, 1957.

1957 - Only the US is ahead of us, but we will catch up

With regard to industrial production we are now the second country in the world, having left behind us highly developed capitalist countries. The USA alone remains, but she won't get away; we will catch up with her.

Speech at Ostrava, Czechoslovakia; TASS, July 14, 1957.

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5. <u>Capitalist Fear of Soviet Success</u>

1954 - Soviet Union will surpass capitalist countries

Our socialist homeland is making a powerful new advance. The Soviet Union's successes in peaceful construction are inspiring cheer and confidence in the hearts of our friends and fierce anger and hatred in our enemies. The imperialists are starting to figure out what year the Soviet Union's economic level of development and per capita production in our country will surpass the highest indices of the most advanced capitalist countries. They no longer doubt that it will happen. And the prospect frightens them. . . .

Report at the Party Central Committee plenum, February 23, 1954; *Pravda*, March 21, 1954.

1956 - USSR trains more technicians than US

The Soviet Union's international position is good. Foreign delegations are coming to the USSR one after another. This speaks of the growing prestige of our country. We are not playing at being modest. We know our strength. But we wish to use this strength not for war but for peace, for our people, for increasing their material and cultural amenities, for raising the working people's standard of living. It is not in vain that the Americans are now saying that the Soviet Union is training more technicians than the United States and that they see in this a great threat to themselves. What do they fear? They fear, comrades, peaceful competition with the country of socialism. . . .

Speech before Conference of Coal Industry Workers and Mine Builders of the Ukraine, *Pravda*, August 18, 1956.

1957 - Our example convinces workers of all countries

Many bourgeois politicians are frankly saying that they are frightened by the rate of growth of Soviet industry, frightened by the influence of the Soviet example on the workers of the whole world. And you and I know very well how convincing our example is to the minds of the workers of all countries.

"For a Close Tie of Literature and Art with the Life of the People," *Kommunist*, No. 12, 1957, p. 11.

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II. THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

A. Continuing the Revolutionary Tradition

1939 - Cruel struggle with class enemies

These successes did not come of themselves; they were won in the cruel struggle with enemies of the working class, with enemies of the peasantry, with enemies of our people, in the struggle with agents of fascist espionage--with Trotskyites, Bukharinites and bourgeois nationalists.

18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Russian edition, Moscow, 1939),
p. 169.

1956 - Mistakes and victims

We made not a few mistakes and fully realize that were we to start upon the building of a new society with our present experience, we would do it much more satisfactorily and with fewer mistakes and victims. However, history does not repeat itself. . . .

Speech at reception for Polish delegation; TASS, November 18, 1956.

1956 - The proletarian sword must always be sharp

Enemies count on our weakening our vigilance, weakening our organs of state security. No, this will never be! The proletarian sword must always be sharp, must always be skilled in protecting the conquests of the revolution, the conquests of the working class, the conquests of the toiling people.

Speech of April 11, 1956; reprinted in the collection *Toward New Advances, Youth!*
(Russian edition, Moscow, 1956), p. 87.

1957 - Revolutions are the locomotives of history

Marx called revolutions the locomotives of history. These words have been clearly proved by the experience of our proletarian revolution, which speeded up in an unprecedented way the forward development of history and which laid the foundation for the great world socialist camp.

Report at Seventh Session of USSR Supreme Soviet; *Pravda*, May 8, 1957.

B. <u>Stalin</u>

1. Greatness of

1934 - Approve the report of Stalin

To approve the report of Comrade Stalin. . .and to propose to all Party organizations that they be guided in their work by the propositions and tasks advanced in the report of Comrade Stalin. (Stormy, prolonged applause. Voices: "Yes hail the great Stalin!")

Speech introducing a draft resolution for the adoption of Stalin's report; 17th
Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Russian edition, Moscow, 1934),
p. 260.