THE NOCTURNAL SERVICE.

39

In the season of Lent, or when instead of: *God is the Lord, who hath shewed us light*, there is sung at Matins *Hallelujah*, the following Troparia are read instead of the Troparion of the festival or of the saint, and thus: the Priest standing before the holy doors sings:

In the morning hear my voice, my King and my God.

FIRST CHOIR: The same.

PRIEST: Lord, receive my words, give ear unto my cry.

SECOND CHOIR: In the morning, hear, etc.

PRIEST, THE SECOND VERSE: For unto Thee will I pray, O
Lord.

FIRST CHOIR: In the morning hear, etc.

PRIEST: Glory be to the Father, etc.

READER: Now and ever, etc.

What name shall we give thee, O most blessed? etc.

Then the following verses are sung, thus:

FIRST CHOIR: Order my steps, etc.

SECOND CHOIR: The same.

FIRST CHOIR: Deliver me from the oppression, etc.

SECOND CHOIR: The same.

FIRST CHOIR: Make Thy face to shine, etc.

SECOND CHOIR: The same.

FIRST CHOIR: Let thy mouth be filled, etc.

SECOND CHOIR: The same.

FIRST CHOIR: Again the same.

THEN THE TRISAGION: O Holy God, etc.

After the Lord's Prayer follows the Kontakion of the saint, or of the festival. But in Lent, instead of this, the following Troparia, on Monday, Tuesday, and Thursday:

Let us with heart and mouth unceasingly praise the most
glorious Mother of God, who is holier than the angels, ac-
knowledging her as the Mother, who in truth hath borne
God manifest in the Flesh, and who continually prays for our
souls.

*On Wednesday and Friday:* Hasten to our assistance, O Christ, our God, before we are enslaved by the enemy, who blasphemeth Thee, and hindereth us; destroy with Thy cross our foes, that they may acknowledge, O Thou who alone art gracious, how Faith gives strength to the Orthodox, through the intercessions of the Mother of God.

*On Saturday:* O Lord, to Thee, the Creator of our race, the world offers, as the first fruits of nature the divinely inspired

40 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

martyrs; for the sake of their intercessions, through the
Mother of God, preserve in perfect peace Thy Church and
Thy communion, O Thou Gracious One.

Lord, have mercy. (Forty times.)

## THE PRAYER.

O Christ, who art worshipped and glorified always and at all times, in heaven and on earth, God, long suffering, of much grace and of much mercy, who lovest the righteous and hast pity upon sinners, who callest all men to salvation through the tidings of good things to come; do Thou, O Lord, receive the prayers which we at this hour offer unto Thee, and order our life according to Thy commandments; sanctify our souls, purify our bodies, direct our thoughts, make pure our minds, and deliver us from all pain and suffering. Surround us with Thy holy angels, that we, guarded and guided by their watch, may come to the unity of the faith and to the knowledge of Thine inaccessible glory; for Thou art praised from ages to ages. Amen.

Lord have mercy. (Thrice.)

Glory be to the Father, etc.

Thou who art more honorable than, etc.

Give the benediction, Father, in the name of the Lord.

PRIEST: God have mercy upon us and bless us. Lift up the light of Thy countenance upon us and be gracious unto us.

READER: Amen.

And the closing prayer of the first hour. (See below.)

But in Lent the Priest says after: *God have mercy upon us*, the following prayer in three sections. After each section all bow down.

## PRAYER OF SAINT EPHREM SYRUS.

Lord and Master of my life, give me not the spirit of idleness, of despondency, of ambition and unprofitable words.

But give to me, Thy servant, the spirit of chastity, of humility, of patience and of love.

Teach me, O Lord, my King, to see mine own faults, and not to condemn my brother; for Thou art praised from ages to ages. Amen.

Then they all bow down twelve times, with the exclamation: *O God, purify me, a sinner*, and then again follows the prayer: *Lord and master of my life, etc.*, when they bow down only once.

RUSSIA NEWLY DISCOVERED.

41

THE CLOSING PRAYER OF THE FIRST HOUR.

O Christ, Thou true Light, which enlighteneth and sanctifi-
eth every one that cometh into the world, let the light of Thy
countenance dawn upon us, that in it we may see the inac-
cessible light, and direct our steps to the fulfilment of Thy
commandments, through the intercession of Thy pure
Mother and of all Thy saints. Amen.

Glory be to the Father, etc.

Lord, have mercy. (Thrice.)

Give the Benediction.

PRIEST: Christ, our true God, etc.

READER: Amen, or, Lord have mercy. (Thrice.)

On Sundays and festivals, after the Great Matins, the close of the first hour is somewhat altered; and the above closing prayer: *O Christ, Thou true Light is read by the Priest, and the Choir answers with the following hymn:*

To thee, the victorious leader of hosts, we offer the tri-
umphal song. To thee, as those delivered from evils, O
Mother of God, we, thy servants, ascribe our thanks. And,
since thou possessest invincible power, set us free from every
calamity, that we may cry unto Thee: Rejoice, thou unmar-
ried bride.

PRIEST: Glory be to Thee, Christ, O God, our hope, etc.

CHOIR: Glory be to the Father, etc. Lord, have mercy.
(Thrice.)

Give the Benediction.

RUSSIA NEWLY DISCOVERED.*

BY A RUSSIAN.

Il est facile de définir les limites de l'esprit humain, mais qui pourra jamais con-
cevoir les bornes de l'ignorance humaine?—*Comte D. Bloudoff*.

I.

A LEXANDRE DUMAS, père, on his visit to Russia some
thirty or forty years ago, collected his impressions in a
book he called "Mon Voyage en Russie," which still is a
source of genuine amusement to all readers who know some-
thing about the country the clever French conteur endeavors

*[THE RUSSIANS OF TO-DAY.—By the author of “The Member for Paris,”
etc.—*Harper & Brothers, New York*.]

42 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

to describe. Some previous knowledge, however, is abso-
lutely necessary, for then, and only then, the reader is able
to appreciate the exquisite humor and inexhaustible richness
of Dumas' imagination. The whole book is full of most in-
teresting and humorous information. Thus, among other
gems of learned observation, the foreign reader becomes ac-
quainted with the fact that there exists in Russia a peculiar
order of women called *babas*;* that Russian villagers are
fond of lounging on warm summer days in the shade of a
secular *klukva* tree;† that a favorite drink of the Russians is
the *imenes*:‡ and that in Russian towns one frequently meets
with men publicly crying out: *Ici l'on assassine!* (Here one
murders.)§

Such stories, together with the interesting meteorological
observation made by Herr von Munchhausen about sounds
freezing up in the icy atmosphere of St. Petersburg, and melt-
ing in a warm room, have long been considered the privilege
of French novelists, and of persons endowed with such pro-
verbial imagination as the above-named German nobleman.
We, Russians, have even considered ourselves entitled to sup-
pose that these princes of fiction themselves would have put
some restraint on their imagination if they had lived in our
time of railways and telegraphs, when a journey to St. Peters-
burg or Moscow has become easier, and can be accomplished
with less personal inconvenience than a trip from Folkestone
to Boulogne. We, further, were simple enough to expect that
after the publication of such writings about the literature,
history and present social condition of Russia, as are the ex-
cellent books of Mackenzie Wallace, Ralston, Leroy Beaulieu,
Kohl and others, a sense of self-respect, if not of literary
honor, would restrain other writers from publishing absurd
pamphlets about our country, every word of which betokens
the profound and hopeless ignorance of their authors.

It appears, however, that we were mistaken; that, to quote
the words of a distinguished German orator and publicist,
"the lie has become an European power," and that this power

* Baba is a Russian nickname for "peasant woman."

† A berry not bigger than the strawberry plant.

‡ From the Russian words *i mniè* (for me too), which the learned author had
probably the occasion to hear at table when some beverage was circulated among
the guests.

§ *Losossina*, Russian for salmon, cried out by public venders in the streets.

RUSSIA NEWLY DISCOVERED.

43

finds its ready tools and slaves whenever party spirit or a
short-sighted policy of some successful adventurer considers it
necessary to apply to its agency.

This melancholy conclusion has been forced upon us by the
publication of a book which its author has named "The Rus-
sians of To-day," but after the careful perusal of which a
doubt arises in the reader's mind about its giving a true pic-
ture of the Russians of any day whatever. The fact that the
book above-named first appeared in the form of correspondence
in the *Pall Mall Gazette*, at the moment of the dissensions
which had arisen between England and Russia after the cross-
ing of the Balkans and the occupation of Adrianople by the
Russian army, leaves no doubt as to the object of the publica-
tion. It is a pamphlet written with the express purpose of
proving to civilized Europe that Russia is in every respect as
bad, if not worse, than Turkey, and that therefore the sym-
pathy awarded to the former by the English Liberals is noth-
ing but "sentimental bosh." Whose interest it was to prop-
agate such a notion is obvious; and yet we have too high an
opinion of the diplomatic and political ability of the present
head of the British Government to suppose that, even if he
should not be in possession of those "Oriental charms" with
which he is said to be endowed, he could have selected for his
purposes so unworthy a tool as the author of "The Russians
of To-day." The ignorance displayed by the latter in his
book is so astounding, so manifest, that any reader of ordi-
nary education cannot fail to detect it. There are certainly
abuses in Russia as in every other country, of which a clever
and well-informed writer might have availed himself with
some success. But the monstrous improbabilities Mr. Murray
has heaped up in his book are of such a nature that they can
produce but a ludicrous effect on the reader, unless he be as
ignorant as the author himself.

It is scarcely possible or worth the trouble to refute system-
atically and seriously all the ludicrous calumnies contained
in "The Russians of To-day." In most cases it will suffice
to merely point out one or the other of the author's allega-
tions for the reader to detect their amusing improbability,
to use a mild word.

The author begins by giving us in an introduction what
he calls an "Epitome of the History of Russia." This "epi-
tome" is a master piece in its way. We have read some-

44 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

where about an old chronicle of a small town in Germany,
beginning with the following words: "At first God created
Adam and Eve, who had two sons—Cain and Abel. Some
time later Meister Gottfried Pumpernickel became Burgo-
master of Saueralfingen." Mr. Murray's historical "epitome"
vividly reminds us of this legendary chronicle.

"The ancients knew the South of Russia in Europe," he
begins. "They divided it vaguely into Sarmatia and Scythia,
and believed those regions to be inhabited by a number of
independent tribes: the Roxolani, Iazyges, Agathyrses, Hip-
pomolgi, Cimmerians, Taurians, Mœotians, and others.
These hordes were said to live in tents, and the earliest re-
ports of their customs describe them as drinking fermented
milk mingled with horse's blood, which made them tipsy."

Is not this a beautiful characteristic of a nation? In this
one phrase lies the whole future of Russia: the genius of
intoxication presides at the very cradle of its birth!

Skipping over a few centuries during which, as our author
somewhat vaguely informs us, "the Huns, the Alani, the
Bulgarians and Khazares successively reigned," he proceeds
in the same severe scientific style to give us an account of
the foundation of Russia as a state. "By this time" (when?)
he states, "the dynasty of Rurik, chief of the Varegi, had
established themselves on the throne of the fallen Gothic
empire. Rurik subdued the Huns and Khazares and captured
Novgorod in 862, and from this time the history of Russia
(name derived from Rurik) properly begins. Rurik was a
mighty conqueror and seems to have had governing abilities.
His posterity rapidly consolidated their rule over the south of
Russia and over Gallicia, and settled their capital at Kiew.
Under Wladimir I. they had become a powerful race and be-
came the stronger for embracing Christianity, whose priests
consecrated their authority to rule by divine right."

In this passage every word is a blunder. On what throne of
what Gothic Empire Rurik established himself in 862, when the
Gothic Empire, which, indeed, had never reached as far north
as Novgorod, had ceased to exist in the fourth century, re-
mains a mystery. How this wonderful prince contrived to
subdue the Huns and Khazares close by Novgorod, while these
nomads wandered in the southern steppes, also surpasses our
understanding. That after such astounding feats, defying
time and space, Rurik should have given his name to the

RUSSIA NEWLY DISCOVERED.

45

state he founded, would seem to us but natural, if only the fact itself, as well as all the other great things attributed to him, were not, unfortunately for his fame, born in that peculiar historical school of which Mr. Murray is the distinguished and only representative.

The only absolute knowledge we have got about the foundation of Russia is derived from the following passage of Nestor's chronicle, the oldest Russian historical document. We quote the passage from Mr. Wallace's book, in order to show Mr. Murray that even among his compatriots absolute ignorance is not considered to be a necessary qualification for writing a historical and an ethnographical essay. "At that time, as the southern Slavonians paid tribute to the Kozars, so the Novgorodian Slavonians suffered from the attacks of the Variags. For some time the Variags extracted tribute from the Novgorodian Slavonians and the neighboring Finns; then the conquered tribes, by uniting their forces, drove out the foreigners. But among the Slavonians arose strong internal dissensions; the clans rose against each other. Then, for the creation of order and safety, they resolved to call in princes from a foreign land. In the year 862 Slavonic legates went away beyond the sea to the Variag tribe called Rus, and said: 'Our land is great and fruitful, but there is no order in it; come and reign and rule over us.' Three brothers accepted the invitation, and appeared with their armed followers. The eldest of them, Rurik, settled in Novgorod; the second, Sineus, at Byelo-ozero; and the third, Truvor, in Isborsk. From them our land is called Rus. After two years the brothers of Rurik died. He alone began to rule over the Novgorod district, and confided to his men the administration of the principal towns."*

As Mr. Murray will easily perceive, there were no Goths for Rurik to subdue, nor did he bestow his name upon the country he conquered, which was called "Rus," according to the name of the Norman tribe of which Rurik was the chief.

However, all these proofs of Mr. Murray's profound historical knowledge vanish like stars in daylight when compared with the following passage:

"Under Jaroslav I. in 1020 they threatened Constantinople."

"Then as now religious zeal was pleaded as the excuse for coveting the Byzantine city, and from that day to this the provinces of Turkey in Europe have tempted

* Wallace, p. 184.

46 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

every sovereign who has reigned securely, whether at Kiew, Moscow, or St. Petersburg."

"Jaroslav was unable to conquer the Turks, and under his successor, Isiaslav (1054-78) feudal wars commenced, and raged intermittently during the next four centuries."

*The Turks at Constantinople in 1020!!* This surpasses all we have ever witnessed on the broad stage of historical ignorance. We imagined that every English citizen had in his infancy frequented some school or other, where he must have learned that Constantinople was conquered by the Turks in 1453. It seems, however, that we have been mistaken, and that an exception to this rule is made in favor of such English citizens as desire to write pamphlets about Russia. For the special benefit of Mr. Murray we are happy to give him the additional information that gunpowder was invented in 1330, that therefore Iaroslav I. did not bombard Constantinople, and that Mr. Murray himself is thus happily absolved from the obligation of making any fruitless attempts towards acquiring this useful invention.

Need we further follow our historian in his wonderful "epitome?" It scarcely seems necessary, and might perhaps appear tedious to our readers. We will mention but one more fact, as descriptive of the notions Mr. Murray possesses touching the history of his own country. *Ab uno disce omnes.* Speaking of the Mongol invasion which took place in the thirteenth century, Mr. Murray says "it had about the same effect on Russia, as the Norman Conquest had on England."

Now, the Tartar dominion, which lasted nearly 200 years, was the most fatal event of the whole Russian history. It hemmed in the natural development of the country and of the popular government which had been already established in ancient Russia; it gave the Russian Czardom that semi-Asiatic character it has retained until the reforms of Peter the Great; it threw the spirit, customs and aspirations of the Russian people into a sort of lethargy from which the latter has even now some trouble of awakening. In short, the heavy hand of the barbarous invader arrested, as it were, for two centuries, the course of Russian history, and broke the spirit of the nation.

Is it possible for any man who has but read Goldsmith's "History of England" to compare such an event with the Norman Conquest, which, by the spirit of individuality it

RUSSIA NEWLY DISCOVERED.

47

brought to the English people, together with the peculiar feudal system adopted by the conquerors, chiefly contributed towards erecting the noble edifice of political liberty of which England is justly proud ?

How such a feat of historical comparison can be achieved is more than we can say. To remind the reader of the motto we have put at the head of our article is all we can do.

## II.

From the past let us come to the present state of Russia, or rather to the series of wonderful revelations Mr. Murray has to make about its present state.

The system which our distinguished author has adopted in writing about Russia is one which has been at all times a favorite with travelers of a similar type. This system is exceedingly simple. If, on entering a village in foreign lands, the traveler happens to perceive a woman blessed with a prominent nose milking a cow, he immediately puts down in his note-book: "In this country all women have long noses, and their only occupation consists in milking cows."

Such is precisely the manner in which Mr. Murray has studied Russia, the only difference in his favor being that when he has not actually seen the long-nosed woman he invents her, and accepts his own invention as a basis for further conclusions.

Mr. Murray has not taken the trouble to systematize his "observations;" his book consists of a series of disconnected chapters, each of which pretends to give a true picture of a certain portion of Russian life and society. The first chapter ("A Squire Among Many") is devoted to the demolition of Russian aristocracy, which, in the person of a legendary Prince Wiskoff, is represented to be a set of vain, ignorant, hollow-minded idiots, incapable of any work whatever, utterly depraved, and dreaming of Paris and the Boulevards as the only happiness on earth.

In regard to this particular chapter, we are almost tempted to believe our author to be sincere in the expression of his views. In Russia, as well as in any other country, where an hereditary nobility exists, such types as Prince Wiskoff are most certainly to be found; and we readily believe that Mr. Murray has not seen any nobles of another description. But

48 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

this tends only to prove, not that all Russian nobles are neces-
sarily blockheads, but that Mr. Murray has not been in a
position of becoming acquainted with any others. The fact is
that the really refined and intelligent portion of Russian
society has of late become rather distrustful of foreigners, and
is apt to suspect in them ignorant adventurers, whose inter-
course is neither desirable nor instructive. Thus a foreign ex-
plorer must either be provided with unquestionable references,
or else possess all the charms of a refined education and a cul-
tured mind in order to make his way into what really de-
serves the name of the Russian *grand monde*. If neither of
these conditions is fulfilled, then the doors of society remain
closed on the foreigner, and while he fondly indulges in the
belief of being received with open arms by the best families in
the country, he actually enjoys the intercourse of people who
are either despised or laughed at by their own compatriots.
That such has been Mr. Murray's fate we may venture to sur-
mise with a considerable amount of probability.

The fact is, that even for a conscientious explorer, it is
scarcely possible to define in one type what a Russian arist-
crat is. Aristocracy, in the European sense of the word, has
never existed in Russia. The nobles have never formed one
compact class, bound together by common traditions, princi-
ples and political aspirations. The Tartar yoke and the sub-
sequent despotism of the Czars of Moscow had long ago ex-
tinguished all independent class spirit in the ancient Boyar
families. Peter the Great, by opening access for all his sub-
jects to nobility, through the attainment of a certain rank in
the public service, gave the last stroke to aristocracy in Rus-
sia. Since then the Russian hereditary noblesse has formed
a heterogeneous mass of moving elements, differing among
themselves in character, political tendency and standard of
education. One common name of noble (dvorianin), covers
both what in Western Europe would be called tiers etat, as
well as families of the highest birth and refinement; but, on
the other hand, specimens of this class may be found who
have succeeded in acquiring the varnish alone of modern
civilization, and have remained barbarians at the core. The
latter species of noblemen are generally the most lavish of
their hospitality towards foreign "knights of the pen"; and
to such as they Mr. Murray is entitled for his impression
about Russian aristocracy.

RUSSIA NEWLY DISCOVERED.

49

Yet, if our distinguished author had been troubled by a
desire of knowing the truth, he might have learned from
other travelers who had been more fortunate in their social
intercourse, that the upper intelligent classes in Russia do not
consist exclusively of blockheads; that among the now living
representations of Russian aristocracy such names may be
found as Prince Alexander Vassiltchikoff, the author of a
work "On Self-government," which has been translated in
nearly all modern languages, and has been placed by scien-
tific critics on one level with the works of Gneist and Fischel;
Ivan Aksakoff, the head of the Slavophile party, one of the
most brilliant journalists of modern times; Dmitri Dashkoff,
a journalist, who, as member of the provincial assembly of
Rjazan, and of the "Educational Committee" of St. Peters-
burg, has devoted his whole life to the education and en-
lightenment of the people; Prince Viazemsky, the gifted
poet and litterateur; last, not least, Count Leo Tolstoy and
Ivan Turguenieff, after Charles Dickens' death perhaps the
two most gifted novelists of our day.

If our explorer had pushed on his investigations a little
further, he would have learned that, in every province of
Russia, there exists, not only the "triacennial assemblage of
nobles in the starostate" (whatever that may be!), but that,
firstly, the "assemblage" is not triennial, but yearly; and
that, secondly, these assemblies of nobles have lost nearly all
their former importance since the establishment, in 1864, of
the so-called Zemstro assemblies, a local self-government, the
agents of which are elected by and from all the classes of the
people indiscriminately, and to which the whole local admin-
istration, primary education and election of justices of the
peace are entrusted; that, in these assemblies, the nobles
generally represent the most liberal views, and that the
Zemstro, during the short time of its existence, has done more
towards forwarding the education of the people than had been
done during the whole nineteenth century under the rule of
the Tchinovniks.

All this Mr. Murray might have learned without leaving
the office of the *Pall Mall Gazette*, if he had only cast a glance
on Mr. Wallace's book on Russia. Mr. Wallace has enjoyed
a better opportunity of studying Russian society, and has seen
more of it than a thievish Jew of Odessa, a semi-idiotic Russian
prince, and a German major of the army—the only somewhat

50 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

limited circle of acquaintance which Mr. Murray has appar-
ently formed.

We beg the reader to understand that in answering the
numberless absurdities propounded by Mr. Murray, we have
not the least intention of writing a panegyric of our own
country. We are fully aware, and perhaps more so than
any foreign observer, of its faults and shortcomings, either of
the peasantry or aristocracy. But, then, cannot a severe
judgment be passed upon any other peasantry or aristocracy
of Western Europe? In what respect are those young repre-
sentatives of the English nobility who couple an extraordi-
nary muscular development with a no less remarkable intel-
lectual barenness preferable to the idiotic figure of a Prince
Wiskoff?

"What is the chief privilege of an eldest son?" somebody
once asked an English lord.

"The privilege of being the greatest blockhead of the
family," was the answer, and even Mr. Murray will doubt-
less acknowledge that there is a good deal of truth in it.

What we require is but justice and impartiality—one
measure for all.

III.

After the nobles come the people—the peasants to whose
characteristics Mr. Murray devotes two chapters, entitled
“An Emancipated Village” and “A Co-operative Village.”
The manner in which he describes the character of the
Russian peasant is so typical that we consider it worth the
trouble of copying here the passage in full.

"The Russian peasant grows white-headed cabbages and little else. These vegetables flourish in patches behind the hovels; when fermented they form the stock of the *tchi*, which is the soup of the lower orders, and of the *orsch* (mixture of cabbages and dried mushrooms) eaten by the middle classes. It is on cabbage alone, with an addition of maize porridge, that the peasantry may be said to feed; for eggs, bacon, milk, butter, cheese, and all the other edibles of country life in Western Europe, are unknown in the village. Nor have the peasants the hale looks of Western rustics."

"The women, flat faced, tow, with red-rimmed eyes and broad nos-
trils, prowl about in knee-boots and long sheepskin garments like the men. They
are lazy, smileless and silent, except when drunk on corn brandy, which makes
them howl and romp. The men also require vodki to rouse them from the indol-
lent moroseness which is their habitual mood, though they are active enough in
rendering any service that may bring them a ten-kopek piece."

RUSSIA NEWLY DISCOVERED.

51

"Peep into the huts of these odd creatures, and you find a floor of hardened manure, a table, a couple of benches, a stove, and an iron statuette of the Virgin in a niche. There are no beds, chests of drawers, or anything to suggest the use of linen and the washing of the same. The stove-top is the favorite sleeping place during cold weather; in the hot months father, mother, and children curl themselves up like caterpillars, and lie down in corners."

"One need not wait for night to find a whole family thus sleeping. After the midday meal has been eaten, the peasant will as often as not lie down and snore away the whole afternoon, as if, next to vodki, he knew of nothing on earth so good as idleness."

To quote the verse of our great poet, Lermontoff: "This would be funny if it were not so sad."

That a man who has, during a short stay in a foreign country, met but one or two of the worst representatives of the native aristocracy, and probably has been snubbed by the others, should write a ridiculous pamphlet on the whole class, we can understand without respecting his shallowness. But the labor and the suffering of a whole people has a dignity of its own which the most light-minded *flaneur* ought to acknowledge, and which commands at least a certain amount of conscientious study.

Now the way in which Mr. Murray describes the customs and mode of life of the Russian peasant proves to us beyond the possibility of a doubt that in his study of Russian national character this distinguished traveler has not even ventured so far as to "peep into the huts of these odd creatures," as he is pleased to express himself. If he had, he would have known, for instance, that "an iron statuette of the Virgin in a niche" is an absolute impossibility in a Russian hut, it being against the rules of the Russian church to represent any object of worship in a plastic form—and the Russian peasant being in all things the strictest observer of the rites and outward forms of his church. A shrine with images (*ikony*) is generally to be found in a peasant's house; but "a statuette of the Virgin" would be vainly sought for throughout the whole of Russia (the Roman Catholic provinces of Poland excepted).

"The men require vodki to raise them from their indolence." "They often lie down to snore away the whole afternoon." "The women are lazy, smileless and silent, except when drunk on corn brandy, which makes them howl and romp." That is all what Mr. Murray has got to say on the subject. Having lounged away a few days in the country

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seats and town residences of such second-rate would-be aristocrats as "Prince Wiskoff," what does our learned traveler know about Russian peasant life? To say that the Russian peasant is idle is a downright absurdity. His whole life is one of toil and hardship of every kind.

It is well known to every one, except to some travelers who pretend to write about the matter, that Russia is an agricultural country. Since the emancipation of the serfs, which took place in 1861, the land is divided between private proprietors and village communes, the latter possessing their fields, woodland and pastures in common, and distributing them periodically among the families of which the commune consists. Each family, or tiaglo, receives for its share from three to six acres of land, besides the land adjoining the house (usadjba), on which potatoes, cabbage and other vegetables are raised. This land, a share of which is possessed by every peasant family in Russia, requires a good deal of toil, which the commune itself never suffers to be neglected, for out of its produce the taxes must be paid, and for their regular payment the whole village is responsible. So, in this instance, "laziness" is out of the question; the work is done according to the maxim, "one for all, and all for one."

But this is not all. The governmental as well as the provincial and communal taxes are so high that, as a rule, the produce of the land owned by the peasant is scarcely sufficient to pay them off. To sustain himself and his family the peasant is obliged to seek work elsewhere; after toiling half of the week on his own field, he goes to the neighboring barin (landed proprietor) and works for him, mostly for miserable wages, a day's salary varying between 30 and 50 copecks (about 15 to 20 cents), according to the time of the year and the part of the country. In the industrial districts, such as the provinces of Moscow, Vladimir, Yaroslav, and others, the younger members of the family and the women work in the factories while the others stick to the plough.

The Russian peasant women, of whom Mr. Murray has seen nothing else but their "romping and howling when drunk," are, it is true, past a certain age, not a pleasant sight to look at. But what is the reason of their thus fading away? It is certainly not laziness. The Russian woman works as hard, if not harder, than her husband; she shares in all his toils; field work is as familiar to her as it is to the men.

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Indeed the Russian woman, as a rule, possess more energy, more courage, more perseverance than the man. A widow supporting a whole family with her hands is not a rare sight in a Russian village.

That the Russian people, both as to its economical welfare and its intellectual culture, stand as yet far below other European nations, is unquestionably true. But in order to understand rightly its present condition some previous knowledge of history is necessary. The Russian people is, and has been throughout its whole existence, a martyr-nation; its history is a martyrologue. Ever since the fatal Mongol invasion it has had to bear the brunt of all the different political calamities which have befallen Russia, and it has always accomplished its task nobly and successfully. The Russian peasant has with his life's blood made Russia what it now is. It was he who, in 1612, when the independence of the Czardom seemed lost forever, when a Polish prince had conquered Moscow and the boyars bowed down before the conqueror in slavish obedience; it was he, the Russian peasant, that "odd creature" of Mr. Murray, who rose in arms and drove off the invader. Two centuries later it was he again by whose undaunted courage and patriotism the power of the greatest conqueror in history—Napoleon I.—was shattered to pieces. Whenever the national honor and independence of Russia were in danger, the peasant calmly stepped to the front and saved his country.

And what has been, thus far, his reward?

Up to the present reign it has consisted of serfdom, oppressive taxation, misery, and ignorance. Of all the government reforms, of all the glory which such rulers as Peter the Great and Catherine II. have shed upon Russia, the peasant has seen but the dark side. It is but twenty years ago since the light of liberty and knowledge has dawned upon him; scarcely one lifetime has passed since the Emancipation; and yet—such is the vital force, the prodigious faculty of development of this people!—a deep change has already taken place in its character and mode of life. The Russian peasant is the first to acknowledge his ignorance, and to insist on the necessity of instructing the younger generation. A village commune, as a rule, shuns no expense for supporting a good school, and it is the representative Zemstvo assemblies of the eastern provinces of the empire, such as Viatka, Perm, Sa-

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mara, in which the majority belongs to the working classes,
which spend the most for educational purposes.

The amount of natural wit and common sense which even
the most uneducated Russian laborer possesses is well known
to all foreigners who have lived some time in Russia, and
have seen more of it than a few railway stations and country
houses.

Such are these "odd creatures" whom Mr. Murray de-
scribes as snoring the whole afternoon in semi-idiotic indo-
lence. This is one of the few points in his pamphlet which we
have considered it necessary to examine seriously; not, in-
deed, out of any regard for his opinion on the subject, but out
of respect for our readers, as well as for the people that Mr.
Murray has insulted by attempting their description. From
the rest of "The Russians of To-Day" we hope to derive noth-
ing but amusement.

IV.

His next chapter Mr. Murray devotes to what he is pleased
to call "The Temperance Question." We learn here that the
greatest political crime a Russian citizen can commit is that
of not drinking *vodki*. Men who refuse to get drunk at least
once a week are treated as rebels, "flogged into drinking,"
or "have liquor poured into their mouths through funnels."
Priests are forced by the Government to preach about the ne-
cessity of intoxication (!); and "the press-censorship lays its
veto upon all publications in which the immorality of the
liquor traffic is denounced."

All these horrors, which, at the first glance, might seem too
good to be true, are further shown to be a political necessity,
"the liquor duties yielding to the revenue 800,000,000 roubles a
year. Eight hundred millions! It is certainly very immoral
on the part of the Russian Government "to flog its own peo-
ple into drinking," but, after reading this figure, we are in-
clined to excuse the immorality of the proceeding, for how is
it possible to resist a temptation of gaining 800,000,000 rou-
bles a year?

Poor Mr. Murray! he must have had a very mischievous
friend in Russia, who was bent on playing on him naughty
practical jokes! and of these the eight hundred millions of
the liquor tax is assuredly the most naughty one. Had Mr.

RUSSIA NEWLY DISCOVERED.

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Murray not implicitly trusted this mischievous friend — had he consulted some manual of statistics before writing his book, he would have found that the *whole income of the Russian empire does not exceed six hundred and fifty millions of roubles*; that, accordingly, the above-mentioned sum of the liquor tax was an absolute and ridiculous fiction.

The actual facts about the matter are as follows: In 1876 the State revenues actually gathered represented, in round figures, a sum of six hundred million roubles. Of these the liquor duties yielded two hundred millions. This is certainly a great sum; we do not deny it. To put, however, the matter in the proper light, we will establish a comparison between the budget of Russia and that of Great Britain.

According to the "Finance accounts of the United Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland for the financial year 1875-76," the excise duties yielded in that year, in round figures, £21,000,000 on a total revenue of nearly £80,000,000. The relation of the liquor tax to the whole income is thus unquestionably more favorable in England than in Russia. The matter, however, assumes a somewhat different aspect if we compare the figures of the liquor tax in both countries together with the number of their respective populations. The sum yielded to the exchequer by the excise tax on liquors is nearly equal in both countries, two hundred million roubles representing by the present rate of exchange a little over £20,-000,000. But in Russia this sum is gathered from a population of 70,000,000, while in England the same sum is levied from a population not exceeding 35,000,000! These figures speak for themselves.

Far be it from our mind to prove by them that there are more drunkards in England than in Russia. What these figures show is simply this: not the *quantity* of liquor a nation annually absorbs, but the *manner* in which the drinking is practised, is to be taken into consideration when the morality of the people is questioned. A man who, after drinking water the whole week through, gets beastly drunk on Sunday, assuredly stands on a lower moral level than another who drinks daily small amounts of liquor without getting intoxicated, even if the quantity of liquor drank by the latter should prove greater in the end.

It is not to be denied that drinking on holidays is rather popular among the Russian peasant class. But, on the other

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hand, it is not less true that this habit is gradually, but steadily,
disappearing, together with the causes which have engendered
it, with ignorance and serfdom. As to the pretended induce-
ments to drink offered by government officials, and the
punishments to which sober men are sentenced, these pieces
of information Mr. Murray has no doubt derived from the
same source which has yielded him the eight hundred million
of liquor tax.

V.

We now skip over a few of Mr. Murray's chapters, in
which such valuable information is given us as: that "all
majors in the Russian army come from Germany," that a
foreign lady "has to abjure her religion and pass an examina-
tion in orthodoxy if she seeks to open a shop or a boarding-
house for officers (!)" that a Russian for changing his religion
is "instantly transported to Siberia," and the like.

All these allegations are so wholly absurd that it would be
useless for us to attempt disproving them. The "majors
from Germany," and "the foreign lady abjuring her religion
to open a boarding house," are in themselves wonderful feats
of imagination. How very stupid the Russian Government
must be, to be sure! While meddling in the most tyrannical
manner with the conscience of boarding-house and shop-
keepers, it intrusts at the same time its whole army to
"majors" coming from Germany, without requiring from
them any change of religion. We venture to prophesy that
the Russian Government will in a short time be signally pun-
ished for such an absurd course of policy: all the German
majors will marry the persecuted landladies, and, under
their joint influence, the whole Russian army will become
Protestant!

Passing over all these absurdities, we will devote some
attention to the "judicial business" in Russia, with which we
happen to be personally somewhat familiar, and which Mr.
Murray describes in the blackest possible colors.

The whole system of the administration of justice in Russia
is represented by Mr. Murray to be a tissue of iniquity and
bribery. This is what he has to say about it:

"Bribes are not handed direct to the judges, but conveyed through the
notaries—an astute corporation. A judge of first instance, commonly a tschin-

RUSSIA NEWLY DISCOVERED.

57

ovnik, is paid £40 a year, and has bought his office secretly for about £4,000. His income consequently depends on his perquisites, and he must use the scales of justice in no metaphorical sense to weigh on which side the roubles lie. Like Lord Bacon, all these Russian judges might contend that they sell justice, not injustice; for whichever way they may decide they have some Imperial decree to rest upon; and if their judgments be quashed by a court of appeal, that court has law on its side too. A civil suit is, in fact, an auction in which the highest bidder prevails on the judge to select from the code the decree which he requires to put him in the right."

"In criminal causes defendants fare according to the animosity and wealth of the persons who prosecute them. Russian judges have a kindly feeling for petty thieves, and, if not paid to punish them severely, can easily be cajoled into passing a light sentence. But, of course, a prisoner who throws himself upon the mercy of the court must be perfectly destitute; for, if he were to hire an advocate without having bribed the judge, the latter would naturally make him smart for the oversight. The mistake is scarcely possible, however, for an attorney would take care that the prisoner spent his money rightly. A judge can be bribed to acquit, but if he have been already bribed to convict he can be bribed to pass a light sentence; or if he be pledged to inflict a heavy penalty, then the attorney would advise his client to save his money, in order to bribe himself out of prison, or, failing that, to procure himself relaxation therein."

"Juries only sit in cases of felony and of the worst crimes of violence; and they too are amenable to bribery and sentiment."

Now, this description of Russian courts of justice is, from beginning to end, nothing but a downright invention. We regret using so strong an expression; it is, however, the right one. The author, if he has spent but one week in Russia, must have known that the Russian courts of justice were subjected to a most radical reform in 1864; that the laws of criminal and civil procedure, now in force, are considered by the best scientific authorities in Europe to be one of the most efficient codes in existence; that the whole procedure, both civil and criminal, from the lowest instance, the justice of the peace, to the highest, the Supreme Court of Appeals at St. Petersburg, is public, and subjected to the severest and entirely independent control of the press and of public opinion. All this Mr. Murray cannot have helped knowing, if he had but once paid a visit to a court of justice in Russia, or had a talk with one of the officials belonging to the latter.

As it is, every word of his description of Russian justice contains a falsehood.

"Bribes are not handed direct to the judges, but conveyed through the notaries," says Mr. Murray.

The notaries have nothing to do whatever with the judges. Their functions consist in drawing out and attaching certifi-

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cates to legal papers, and nothing more. A notary scarcely
ever sees a judge. Thus, if bribes are to be given, at any rate
another channel must be chosen for them.

"A judge of first instance, commonly a tschinovnik, is paid £40 a year, and has bought his office secretly for about £4,000."

This statement is altogether impossible. A judge of first
instance (justice of the peace) is a never tschinovnik (govern-
ment official), the law expressly forbidding it. He is elected
for a term of three years by the provincial assembly from
the landed proprietors—nobles, merchants or peasants. Thus
it is practically impossible for him to “buy his office” for
any price whatever. He is paid by his constituents an
annual salary which varies from 1,500 to 3,000 roubles ($800—
$1,700); Mr. Murray’s figure—£40—is absolutely fictitious.

The other instances are: The District Courts, the Chambers
of Justice and the Supreme Court of Appeals, forming part
of the Senate at St. Petersburg. The judges of all these
courts, except those of the Supreme Court who are chosen
personally by the Emperor, are nominated by the courts
themselves and confirmed in office by the Emperor on the
report of the Minister of Justice. Once named, they cannot
be dismissed otherwise than by a verdict of a court; in the
exercise of their office they are entirely independent, and their
salaries vary from 3,000 to 6,000 roubles. No person can be-
come a judge unless he be provided with a diploma, issued by
one of the Russian universities, and certifying to his having
successfully achieved a full course of study in law. More-
over, a seven years' practice in law offices or courts as clerk,
secretary or *procureur* is required.

Thus, as a rule, the members of the Russian courts
belong to the best educated, most refined and liberal class
of society, among which bribery is considered as being en-
tirely out of the question. Moreover the control which every
party possesses over the judges by the right of publishing any
abuse they meet with, and of appealing to the Supreme Court
at St. Petersburg, renders the practice of bribery extremely
dangerous, even if the judges were inclined to make the
attempt.

"In criminal cases defendants fare according to the ani-
mosity and wealth of the persons who prosecute them," says
Mr. Murray.

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This is an absurdity, showing that the author does not possess the slightest knowledge about criminal procedure in Russia. The criminal is not prosecuted in Russia by a private person, as he is in England and America. The only right, as well as the only duty the plaintiff possesses, is that of bringing in a complaint before the public prosecutor (*procureur or juge d'instruction*—sudebny sledovatel.) All the further proceedings are entirely independent of the plaintiff. Detectives, police, the whole machinery for "working up the case," are in the hands of the public prosecutor, and absolutely beyond the control of any private individual. As to bribing that functionary himself, it is out of the question, for the same reasons as we have mentioned in regard to the judges. Cases of bribery may, however, happen now and then. Exceptions are possible everywhere, but exceptions prove the rule.

The picture of a Russian jury, traced by Mr. Murray, is, like everything else, a pure invention. As far as the peasant element in the Russian jury is concerned, it will suffice for our purpose to give Mr. Mackenzie Wallace's opinion on the subject:

"The defects, real and supposed, of the present system, are commonly attributed to the predominance of the peasant element in the juries, and this opinion, founded on a priori reasoning, seems to many too evident to require verification. The peasantry are in many respects the most ignorant class, and therefore, it is assumed, they are least capable of weighing conflicting evidence. Plain and conclusive as this reasoning seems, it is, in my opinion, erroneous. The peasants have, indeed, little education, but they have a large fund of plain common sense; and experience proves—so, at least, I have been informed by many judges and public prosecutors—that, as a general rule, a peasant jury is more to be relied on than a jury drawn from the educated classes."

This is the judgment on the subject of a man who has seriously and impartially studied the country he has undertaken to describe.

VI.

Before parting from Mr. Murray—we fondly hope forever—we will devote yet some attention to his remarks on

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"Traveling in Russia," and on Russian literature. Both subjects may be of interest to intelligent tourists visiting Russia.

"Russia is the most uncomfortable of countries to travel in," says Mr. Murray. "Such railways as there are run mostly in straight lines from terminus to terminus, without taking any account of the towns on their road."

"If you want to alight at a town half way down the line you find that the station which bears its name is some twenty miles distant from the town itself. You climb into a paraadnoi, the three horse truck without springs, and ask that your baggage may be put in with you. The station porter, clad in a tou-loupa reaching to his feet, smiles kindly, but cannot give you your luggage with-out the permission of some official who is absent. It takes money to find this official. When he has consented to inspect the luggage, he proceeds to examine every article as if it were a new and curious invention. More money is required to stop him; then you scramble into the truck again, and off it goes like wildfire, the Kalmuck driver yelling all the way, and thwacking the shafts with the stump of his whip to make you fancy that he is dragging the vehicle by himself."

"The bumping is something to remember; for the roads are left to mend themselves, and in winter some of the ruts are big enough to hold coffins. In some districts a chance of being chevied by a pack of dinnerless wolves adds to the interest of the journey; but if it be night a lantern with a strong reflector hung at the back of the carriage will be enough to keep them from approaching. At length the town of your destination is reached; and, pounding along the unpaved streets, with a last flourish of howls, the isvostchik gallops into the courtyard of the place that calls itself an hotel. Out tumbles a flat-nosed ostler, whom the driver begins to thump and swear at, just to show a zeal in your service. Then comes the landlord, generally a German who talks broken French, and whose accommodation for travelers consists in two or three rooms without beds and some hot water."

"It is expected that a traveler should bring his own provisions; if he have not done so, he must pay for food at famine prices—and what food! It is no use asking for a chop or a steak, for the last gridiron seen in Russia (except in private houses) was the one which Ivan the Terrible used for the broiling of refractory courtiers. A chunk of beef, stewed in sugar and vinegar, and served with a saucerful of salted cucumbers and pickled cherries, will be about the extent of the bill of fare; though if there happen to be a wedding going on in the town, the landlord will run off to beg some choicer dainties, and return in triumph with the leg of a goose stuffed with cloves, or a piece of pork braised with nutmegs and marsh-mallows."

"As to beds, they are quite a modern innovation in Russia, and many well-to-do houses are still unprovided with them. Peasants sleep on the top of their ovens; middle-class people and servants curl themselves up in sheepskins and lie down near stoves; soldiers rest upon wooden cots without bedding, and it is only within the last ten years that the students in State schools have been allowed beds. A traveler must therefore roll himself up in rugs and furs, and spend his night on the floor of his inn-room. Russians see no hardship in this, even if they be rich and accustomed to luxuries. They rather prefer boards to matresses, and are first-rate travelers, for they make shift to sleep anywhere."

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The horrors of a prolonged stay in a Russian town are thus vividly pictured:

> "Thieves and policemen are the great pests of Russian towns, but especially policemen. Russians are not thieves by nature, judging by their honesty in country districts, where there are no police; but once they get into towns the evil example set them by official persons and the venal connivance they can obtain from the police prove too tempting. A man who has resided some time in Russia even grows to doubt whether the notions of meum and tuum are comprehended there as they are in other countries. If you pay a visit and leave a cloak on the seat of your carriage, that cloak is gone when you come out. If you walk out with a dog unchained, that dog vanishes round a street corner. Shopkeepers are afraid to place articles of value in their windows. Householders are liable to have their horses and carriages stolen if they do not keep a sufficient number of stable servants, and take care to see before going to bed that one at least of these menials is sober. A man who goes out for a night-stroll unarmed may be set upon within sight of a droschky stand and stripped of every article he wears, including shirt and small-clothes. The droschky drivers will not give him a helping-hand; they will rather start off altogether in a panic, lest they should be summoned to give evidence; as for the police, they hurry up afterwards, and make the despoiled man pay twice the value of the things he has lost in fees for investigation."

> "... A man had better not fall ill while in a Russian country town, for all the doctors outside the large cities are believers in phlebotomy and violent purgatives. They prescribe tea, but drug it without telling you (!) and the effects are felt for days afterwards. Their fee is anything you like to give; but whatever you may offer they will be sure to ask more, and must, therefore, be dealt with as bluntly as tradesmen."

If traveling and social life in Russia were indeed fraught with such dangers and hardships, then a two-months' rumble in the backwoods would be decidedly preferable to a fortnight's trip in Russia; and the personal courage shown by Mr. Murray in affronting such horrors would have been equal to the "brass" he has now made proof of in writing about them.

Unfortunately, however, these interesting horrors exist but in Mr. Murray's lively imagination. As to traveling in Russia, the simple truth of the matter is this: Russia possesses at present over 20,000 miles of railroads, connecting all the principal cities of the empire with both capitals and the seaports on the Black and Baltic seas. In each of these cities, with two or three exceptions, the traveler finds hotels provided with all ordinary comfort, and in such cities as, for instance, Kieff, Kharkoff, Saratoff, Odessa, without even mentioning St. Petersburg and Moscow, the principal hotels are fitted out with a luxury hardly surpassed by any of the first-class houses in Western Europe. Where Mr. Murray has

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been lucky enough to find an inn without beds, where "a
traveler must roll himself in rugs and furs, and spend his
night on the floor of his room," is a mystery to us. Has he
not, perchance, voluntarily or involuntarily, mistaken a police
station-house for a hotel ?

As to Russian thieves and Russian doctors, who, according
to the description Mr. Murray gives of them, appear to be
equally dangerous and pernicious, suffice it to say that they
belong to the same class of fabulous beings as the German
majors and the orthodox boarding-house keepers. Of course
there are thieves in Russia as well as bad doctors. But we
do not think that there are more of either in Russia than
there are in other countries. We could prove—the compara-
tive statistics of crime in hand—that cases of theft are less
frequent in Russia than, for instance, in Germany, and that
Russian juries are inexorable toward all infringement of
property rights.

As to doctors, we will simply mention the fact that the
Medico-Chirurgical Academy of St. Petersburg boasts of such
names as Dr. Botkine, Bogdanoffsky, Prof. Gruber and
others, and that this institution, as well as the medical facul-
ties of the Universities of Moscow and Odessa, where the
celebrated physiologist, M. Setchenoff, occupies a chair, enjoy
a most favorable and widely spread reputation. Prof. Hirtl,
of Vienna, whose name and scientific authority may possibly
be known even to Mr. Murray, has repeatedly declared the
Russian students residing in Vienna to be the best prepared
of any of his pupils. We have personally had so often the
occasion of witnessing the professional skill, the conscientious
and even heroic devotion of Russian country physicians, that
a wholesale slander directed against them could have aroused
our indignation if it came from another quarter. Coming as
it does from Mr. Murray, we consider it to be a good joke.
The Russian doctors themselves would certainly share in our
merriment, if they read about their "prescribing nothing but
tea, which they drug without telling you"!

VII.

We have promised some remarks about Russian litera-
ture, such as it is represented by Mr. Murray. We must
confess that the task seems now to exceed our forces and pa-

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63

tience. What judgment in literary matters can be expected
of a man who places the Turks in Constantinople in the elev-
enth century? And of what avail can it be to criticize such a
judgment?

Some of Mr. Murray's blunders, however, in regard to the
Russian periodical press, are so amusing, and denote such an
astounding amount of ignorance on his part, that we cannot
but communicate them to our readers.

Reviewing the leading St. Petersburg newspapers, Mr.
Murray says, for instance:

"The St. Petersburg News, also called the Academical Gazette, was recently purchased of the Academy by the Ministry of Public Instruction, and has no definite policy, but goes in for personalities against all who make themselves disagreeable to official authors, artists, doctors, and the ladies of the Imperial operas. It was this journal that clamored for the recall of the Russian female students at Zurich, and egged on the prosecution which has resulted in the transportation of several of these poor girls to Siberia."

Now it so happens, unfortunately for our gifted traveler,
that precisely the contrary is the truth: the St. Petersburg
News has for more than fifteen years been an entirely inde-
pendent organ of what might be called the liberal party in
Russia, and has even more than once been suspected of
entertaining secret connections with the Radicals, or "Nihil-
ists," as they are generally called, thus bringing upon
itself admonitions, suppressions and other repressive meas-
ures. As to this journal "clamoring for the recall of the
Russian female students at Zurich," this notion would
be simply preposterous if it were not absurd in itself, for how
can a Russian journal "clamor" for the recall of persons
who, living in Switzerland, are beyond all control of the Rus-
sian police?

Of Mr. Katkoff, the celebrated editor of the *Moscow Gazette*, Mr. Murray speaks as follows:

"M. Katkoff is the most eminent journalist in Russia, and, being a friend of the Czar as well as the pet of the Panslavist party, wields unquestionable power, though not so much as he did ten years ago. In 1866 he had influence enough to overthrow M. Vaulouief, Minister of the Interior, who had presumed to suspend his journal, and he caused M. Milutine to be set up in his stead. Since then he and M. Milutine have grown cool towards each other; for M. Katkoff is not the man to go in leading-strings, and lashes out now and then against official abuses in a style which does not displease the Czar, but which cannot commend itself to placemen."

Really, before writing about Russia, Mr. Murray ought
at least to have peeped into the "Almanach de Gotha!"

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There he would have found that there has never been in Rus-
sia a Minister of the Interior of the name of Milutine. The
present Chief of the War Ministry bears that name. He had
a brother, Nicholas Milutine, one of the ablest statesmen
Russia ever possessed, who died some ten years ago after
taking a most prominent part in the great work of the Eman-
cipation in 1861. But neither of the brothers has ever been
Minister of the Interior, and could consequently neither have
been "set up" nor "overthrown" by Mr. Katkoff.

"And thus history is written !"

What is the moral Mr. Murray extracts from all this heap
of ignorance, absurdity and lies which he has labelled "The
Russians of To-day!" The moral is worthy of the fable. This
is how the author expresses it:

"It is enough for England that when Plevna fell Russia renewed her lease of military power and turbulence for another generation at least. She has become an overt enemy whom Englishmen cannot afford to ignore—least of all to despise. England can still prevent her from doing her worst; but it is only vigilance and strength that will check her, not sentiment and weakness."

"And we are bound to remember that in staying Russian aggression we shall be discharging a sacred duty, incumbent on us as Christians and true Liberals. We have taken upon ourselves to reclaim a hundred and fifty millions of Indians from a barbarism into which they would soon relapse if our guiding hands failed them. It is a holy task, from which we must not suffer ourselves to be diverted. Posterity will hold us accountable for it, and God's blessing will not fail us in prosecuting it now, if we are steadfast, as we ought to be, in so good a cause."

Thus it is the duty of Englishmen, "as Christians and Liberals" to uphold the Turk, the bloodthirsty tyrant, the traditional oppressor of all who bear the name of Christians! For Christ's sake, England is called upon to crush a whole Christian nation on its road to progress and civilization, in be-half of a rotten, degenerated race of barbarous fanatics, whose part in history is played out long ago, and who live on—a putrid cancer on the political body of Europe! For Christ's sake, England must draw the sword, must cast the torch of discord into humanity and open once more an era of endless misery and frightful bloodshed!

In face of such a shameless hypocrisy we feel convinced
that every true Christian, every honorable Englishman, who
has not exchanged his heart for a sack of gold and the Bible
for a ledger, must feel disgusted. It is a desecration of the

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true and pure principles of the Christian faith to use them as
a mask for political adventurers, as a tool for selfish and un-
worthy purposes.

What these purposes are all know who are acquainted
with the constant course of England's commercial policy.
"The holy task of reclaiming a hundred and fifty millions of
Indians from barbarism"—Mr. Murray calls it. We all know
how this "holy task" has been and is at present being ac-
complished; we all remember how "civilization" was pro-
pounded to thousands of Indians, tied to the mouths of
British guns; how Indian mothers were "civilized" by seeing
their sons butchered in their presence by English soldiers;
how whole districts of fertile land were laid waste by the
"Christian civilizators," until the very name of "Christian"
is cursed and despised by those barbarians England has un-
undertaken to civilize!

*Medice cura te ipsum!*—we have the right to exclaim in
face of the hypocrisy and arrogance of the party of which
Mr. Murray is one of the mouthpieces.

As to Russia itself, what it stands above and before all in
need of is peace, at home and abroad. Russia, like America,
with which, extraordinary as it may seem, it has many points
of resemblance, is—our American readers will excuse this
somewhat hackneyed expression—"a young country," a
country full of the richest resources, inhabited by a people
capable of the highest intellectual and political development.
As we have said, its whole history has been thus far but an
endless chronicle of hardship, calamity and misery. But
through it all the Russian people has preserved a passionate
love for its country, an unbounded faith in its greatness and
its future. With this faith it will not perish. As it has with
unabated courage borne with the yoke of the foreign con-
queror and of the slave owner, so will it be ready, when the
time comes, to meet with new-born energy the bright day of
peace and liberty!

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WESTERN SIBERIA.

BY DR. M. LINDEMANN, PRESIDENT OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF BREMEN.

A T a meeting of the Geographical Society of Bremen, on January 10th, 1876, it was resolved, by a unanimous vote, to send an expedition to Western Siberia, for the purpose of exploring that country, which offers so much of interest in natural science, geography and geology. The scientific staff of the expedition consisted of Dr. Otto Finsch, member of the council of the Society; Dr. A. E. Brehm, the well known naturalist and author; and Count Waldburg-Zeil. The Bremen Society, which has done so much for Arctic exploration—in proportion to its means, more than any other society—could only furnish $1,250 towards the expenses of the undertaking. It appealed to the German government and kindred societies for assistance in this national enterprise. It received, however, little practical encouragement. The Bavarian government and the Bremen senate alone gave sums worth naming. But, at the last moment, a Russian gentleman, Mr. Alexander Sibiriakoff, forwarded the magnificent donation of $5,000 to the committee. Through the generosity of this noble-hearted man, a native of Siberia, who was inspired only by patriotic sentiments, and by the desire of having his native land explored by scientists, the money question was satisfactorily settled. The travelers arrived in St. Petersburg on March 8th, furnished with letters of introduction from the German Foreign Office to the Russian authorities, whose courtesy and liberality they had already experienced in passing the frontier, where they were exempted from the tedious examination of their luggage by the custom house officers. Here they were received in the kindest manner by the authorities and various learned societies, and had the honor of being presented to His Majesty the Emperor Alexander II. On the 17th of March they arrived in Moscow, where the general agent of the Russian Traders' Society kindly offered his services to the travelers. With his assistance they engaged Mr. Iwan Dzerwitt, a Lithuanian schoolmaster, as interpreter, and Iwan Klugin as servant. On the 19th

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67

they reached the eastern terminus of the Russian railroads, the famous city of Nijni Novgorod.

The unusually early spring weather did not contribute to diminish the difficulties of their journey, and, on the way from Nijni Novgorod to Perm (March 19th-27th), the explorers had ample opportunity of becoming acquainted with the sufferings of Siberian travel. Whilst the fields and interior of villages are covered at this time of the year by impassable masses of soft, black mud, the highroad consists of an elevated dam, in whose frozen snow the numerous caravans of heavily-loaded sledges have cut deep holes. The traveler is exposed to a series of jolts and jerks and shakes, against which the experienced natives are protected by carefully packing themselves up in bedding, with which our travelers were not provided. The sledge runs sideways, backward, forward, in all directions, like a ship on a stormy sea, only that the motion is not nearly as gentle and endurable. The miserable horses are sometimes hardly able to get themselves out of the deep holes, much less the loaded sledge; thus, it happens, that a distance of only thirty versts (about twenty English miles), from one station to another, which, under ordinary circumstances, could be made in about three hours, often took more than seven hours. In view of the immense distances with which one has to deal in Siberia, it is necessary to travel day and night without any long delays. Sleep was not to be thought of. A sudden jolt may throw the traveler out of the sledge; besides, an almost continuous shower of snow, ice and lumps of mud from the horses' feet, keeps him awake. The Post-stations offer little comfort, and scarcely any refreshments besides tea. On leaving Perm, the sledge was changed for the Tarantass, a vehicle consisting of a covered box resting upon two wooden beams, instead of springs. After two days' stay in Tjumen, and a three days' rest in Omsk, the capital of Western Siberia, the travelers arrived in Semipalatinsk.

The country through which they passed offered hitherto nothing worthy of notice. The Ural is passed at an elevation of about 1,200 feet, dense forests of vast extent inter-change with undulating steppes and immense plains. From Omsk to Semipalatinsk the road follows the right bank of the Irtysh, mostly in view of this noble river, which was very high at the time and thickly covered with floating ice. It leads through the so-called Cossack line, viz: a row of villages which had been

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populated in former times with these cattle-raising and farm-
ing warriors, as a protection against the invasion of the Kir-
ghis tribes. These Cossack villages present a more thriving and
flourishing appearance than the other villages in Western
Siberia. Numerous well cultivated fields, large herds of horses
and cattle, bear witness to the comfortable ease of the inhabi-
tants, who are distinguished by their powerful build and
manly, military bearing.

The travelers had ample opportunity of becoming acquainted
with the justly famous Siberian hospitality, as well on the
part of the officials as the population, but this was still sur-
passed by the friendly manner in which they were welcomed
by the Governor of Semipalatinsk, General Poltoratzky. His
Excellency not only assisted the travelers with good advice
based upon long experience, regarding the future course of
the expedition, but with a large suite of ladies and gentlemen,
including his wife and daughter, he accompanied them as far
as the Arcad mountains, a distance of about 150 versts. These
mountains, though with an elevation of not more than 1,500
feet, form, nevertheless, a very wild, picturesque chain of bare
granite rocks, and are of particular interest to the natural-
ist, as they are the home of the Argali or Archar, the wild
sheep of the Kirghis. Our travelers not only succeeded
in seeing this most interesting animal, but at a hunt which
was arranged in honor of the visitors, Dr. Brehm was
lucky enough to kill one of them. Altogether, the stay in
the Arcad mountains offered a most attractive and instructive
insight into the life and nature of the steppe and its children,
the Kirghis, who had flocked together to pay their respects to
the Governor. The company encamped under airy, very
comfortable felt tents, the best imaginable dwelling-place for a
nomadic tribe. They listened to the legendary stories of the
Kirghis bards, among whom Dr. Brehm's knowledge of
Arabic, of the Koran, of the traditions and rites of Islam,
excited great admiration. Horse races, sham fights and
athletic sports were arranged in their honor, the chiefs rivalled
each other in exhibiting their wealth, their eagles trained
for fox and wolf chase (Birkut), and their splendid shaggy-
haired gray-hounds.

From the Arcad mountains the travelers hastened to
Sergiopol, formerly called Ajazus, where they were welcomed
by Colonel Friedrichs, the chief of the Lepsa district, and an

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69

escort of Cossacks, who were to accompany them to Ala Tau. On the 8th of May they reached the Ala Kul (many-colored lake). All too quickly passed the two days that they spent near this water, which, although situated in the barren steppe, receives a most picturesque frame from the Tarbagatai in the north, and the Ala Tau, with its mighty snow-covered summits in the south. The rich fauna found along the shores was well fitted to attract for a long time the observing and collecting naturalist. Among the water birds they noticed the crane, the pelican, several rare specimens of ducks, and above all the noble fishgull (Larus ichthyaëtus). On the steppe they found some curious lizards and terrapins, which, as well as the fish caught in the lake, bore already an Indian character. Among the latter there was one called by the natives "Marinka," which aroused particular interest. The flesh was said to be poisonous. It will in all probability prove to be a new species.

In constant communication with the Nomad Kirghis, the travelers started for their journey across the steppe. Through picturesque mountain scenery, animated by numberless birds and a beautiful flora, they came, on May the 12th, in sight of Lepsa, a military post, established about ten years before and inhabited by about 3,000 people, beautifully situated at the foot of the Ala Tau. The view of this magnificent chain of mountains naturally attracted exploring expeditions, among which that to the Alpine lake, Dschasil Kul (green lake), was of especial interest. The deep green color of its waters, the wild romantic surroundings reminded our travelers of the lakes of the Bavarian highlands. The vegetation is very luxurious, and presents a great number of interesting trees and plants. The wild apple tree, with its splendor of rich blossoms, was of really beautiful effect. The fauna, too, offered much that was of highest interest. Everywhere they met with specimens belonging to southern countries, to the Himalaya.

As regretfully as they had parted from Ala Kul, the travelers were obliged to leave too soon these attractive mountains. Accompanied by Colonel Friedrichs and the Kirghis chief, Tamar Bey, the explorers left Lepsa on the 17th of May, and touching once more the Ala Kul, they turned northward towards the Tarbagatai. On the 20th of May they reached Bagdy, a military post, close to the Chinese frontier, only 17 versts from the town of Tshugutshak. Here

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they were received by Major Tichanoff, the commander of the district of Saissau, in whose company they accepted the kind invitation of Dchansun Djun, the Chinese governor of Tshugutshak, to visit this interesting city. Formerly an important commercial town, it has never recovered its former greatness since its destruction by the rebels in 1866. The extensive valley of the Emil showed everywhere the frightful ravages of those times, and the numerous ruins of villages and settlements, the former wealth of that fertile country. From Tshugutshak they pushed northward towards the Tarbagatai, and after passing vast high steppes, they reached, on the 25th of May, the outpost of Burgutusai, where, during the summer, 20 cossacks are stationed. The view of the Urkadchar range in the south, and of the more distant, mighty, snow-covered summits of the Chinese mountains is very imposing. Towards the north the vast barren steppe is bordered by wild rocks, beyond which the travelers reached Saissau, on the evening of the following day. Saissau, like all places in East Turkestan, is a recent settlement for the protection of the frontier, which is gradually, but unceasingly pushed forward. The regularly built, clean, little place consists mostly of low houses, built of mortar, whose thick walls offer excellent protection against the scorching rays of the sun of the barren steppe.

From Saissau the travelers made an excursion to the wild mountains of Maurak, a spur of the Sak-Sa-Ur chain, where besides the Ibex they found the Ular (Tetraogallus Himalayensis), a splendid mountain fowl, hitherto supposed to exist only in the Himalaya.

The party left Saissau towards the end of May, and crossing a barren steppe, they turned towards the Kara (black) Irtish, where, thanks to the attention of Major Tichanoff, they found a large boat on the mighty swollen floods, which are navigable for more than 400 versts into Chinese territory. They went down the Kara-Irtish, across the Saissau lake, then on horseback over an almost waterless desert, towards the Altai, whose proud summits can be clearly distinguished from Saissau. Interesting for the naturalist was the meeting with the Kulan, the beautiful wild horse of the steppes of Central Asia, and they succeeded in catching a foal alive.

Maiterek (Aspgreen), a lovely highland valley, with luxurious pasture lands, had been appointed as a place of rendezvous.

WESTERN SIBERIA.

71

vous with the Governor, General Poltaratzky, and on the 5th of June the two parties met. Maiterek is a military post which is annually visited by the Governor in his tour of inspecting the frontier. The travelers, as guests of the Governor, had an opportunity of becoming acquainted with these interesting countries. On the 7th of June they visited the beautiful Alpine lake, Marka Kul, where the Governor was waited upon by a deputation of Chinese officials. Then they turned towards the Russian frontier, through the Tau Teke mountains, which were crossed at the Burchat pass, 7,050 feet above the level of the sea, and on the 11th of June they were again on Russian soil, having reached Altaiskesche Stanitza. This settlement was founded as recently as 1872 by General Poltaratzky. It numbers about eighty houses, and is pictur esquely situated, surrounded by high, snow-covered mountains of Alpine character. Through Serianowsk and Smeinogorsk the travelers hastened to Barnaul, the capital of the Altai, which they reached on June 21st.

In about twelve hours they passed in open boats the grandly wild scenery of the Irtish between Ustj-Buchtarminsk and Ustj-Kamenogorsk, which, for a distance of one hundred and fifty versts, is far superior to that of the Rhine or the lower Danube, at the Iron Gate.

In Birnaul they were received in the most friendly manner by General von Eichwald, Chief of the Altai mines. They only remained long enough to pack and send away the objects of natural history which they had so far collected, and which filled eighteen large chests, and then, by way of Salair, a large mountain village in the northwestern part of the Altai, they proceeded to Omsk, which they reached on the 1st of July, and left the following day to continue their journey down the Ob. The steamer "Beljetschenko," belonging to the firm of Koltschin and Ignatoff, of Tjumen, brought the travelers in four days to Samarowa, a little village not far from the union of the Irtish with the Ob. Mr. Semzow, a well-known merchant, most kindly placed two covered row boats "Lotkas" at the disposal of the travelers, who, after a few hours delay, were enabled to continue their voyage down the stream. On July the 9th they reached Bereossoff, and on the 13th Obdorsk, the last post on the Ob with a settled population. Here they met the topographical expedition under Lieutenant Orloff, which was on the way to Kara Bay;

72 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

also the naval expedition sent out by the Russian Traders'
Society, under the command of Captain Dahl. As Obdorsk
is almost deserted in the summer, the population being en-
gaged in fishing further down the river, it was very difficult
to find men for the boats, and it was only owing to the ener-
getic efforts of Mr. Pawlinoff, a government official, that
they found four suitable men. After making all necessary
preparations, Dr. Finsch and Count Waldburg Zeil were ena-
bled early in the morning of the 16th of July to follow Dr.
Brehm, who had accepted Captain Dahl's invitation to ac-
company him on his schooner, the "Moscow," as far as the
junction of the Shtshutshja. The travelers soon had left the
Polin, on which Obdorsk is situated, and reached the great
(Bolschoi) Ob, whose mighty waters frightened the boatmen
into wishing to return at once. They followed the right bank
of the great river, which offers very much the same scenery
as the upper part, high, steep sand and clay walls, whilst to
the left a low forest borders the surface of the water, behind
which the snow-covered summits of the Ural are visible.

The first station, Kniaški-Jurti, was reached about 11 o'clock. It consists of a few Ostiak wooden houses, and is the residence of the Ostiak chief, Iwan-Taisin. Dr. Finsch was in hopes of obtaining some useful information from the old gentleman; but the chief knew more of St. Petersburg, where, years ago, he had been presented to the Emperor, than of the Shtshutshja, and "supposed" only that somewhere about there his herd of reindeer, reduced from seven thousand to as many hundred, must be grazing.

Kirchat, the third halting place, offered a vivid picture of
a fishing station. Log-houses, huts made of branches of trees
covered with sods, the conical tents of the natives, resembling
the wigwam, made of birch bark, nets spread out for drying,
Russians, Ostiaks, Samojedes, with wife and children, bark-
ing dogs, hoarse shrieking gulls, which snatch their prey out
of the very nets of the fishermen; the smell of drying and
decaying fish, mostly kept in holes filled with water, and
the greatest of all Arctic torments, the mosquitoes, of
which old Gmelin already says that they are more to be feared
that the Kirghis, against whom one can defend oneself.
Thousands had accompanied our travelers by day and night
since they left Samarowa; millions received them in the
Tundra, and remained their faithful companions until the

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73

first cold days in September put a stop to the plague. At Kirchat they had to cross the great Ob, and reached the quiet waters of the little Ob, with its numerous by-waters and canals, a very labyrinth, where it was all the more difficult to form a correct idea of the hydrographic conditions, as the banks, covered with high willows, excluded all view of the surroundings. In the fishing station, Male Obske Peske, the travelers were joined on the 18th of July by Dr. Brehm, and hoped to receive some useful information from Mr. Roslakof, who, for several summers, had been fishing in this neighborhood; but they were mistaken; the good man knew nothing at all. At Janburra (fifteen versts distant) they reached the junction of the Shtshutshja, and, at the same time, the last fishing station. These stations extend as far as the River Nadym, but are only visited from June 1st to the beginning of September. With fresh boatmen they descended the Shtshutshja, whose banks bear already a decided Tundra character, and early in the morning of July 19th they reached the last human settlement, consisting of four miserable dshums (tents). After a prolonged and difficult conversation, Dr. Finsch succeeded in engaging two of the inhabitants as guides, Hat, an Ostiak, and Haiwai, a Samojede, a native of Sadapai.

Just above the bifurcation of the river the travelers met the first traces of the Russian expedition, which had left them three days before on the western arm of the river, and on the 24th of July, thanks to a favorable breeze, they came up and overtook the Russians. About 6 o'clock in the evening of the same day they reached the settlement of the Ostiak Dshumshi, consisting of two miserable huts. They persuaded the old man to serve them as guide to the Podarata, which he had years ago visited with his reindeer. Dshumshi, who had resided here for about four years, told them that the river would soon fall, and it would then be impossible, on account of shallows and numerous sandbanks, to go down with a lotka. The banks of the Shtshutshja revealed pretty much the same character. To the right, high, steep, clay, sand and turf banks arose, still showing a fair vegetation. The left shore was flat, and densely covered with almost impenetrable thickets of willows and alders. The river winds slowly along in immense curves, the two points of which are often not many versts distant from each other, so that during the whole monotonous

74 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

journey the goal to be reached in the evening was before
the eyes of the weary travelers. After leaving Dshumd-
shi's settlement the river became smaller and shallower,
the lotka ran several times to the ground, and the natives
declared it impossible to row any further. After repeated
consultation with the boatmen, the travelers decided, to con-
tinue the journey to the Podarata on foot; and Iwan and
old Panajoff were ordered to return with the lotka "Bis-
mark," to a "tshornejar" (black high shore) in the lower
Shtshutshja, and there await the return of the party.
About two o'clock of the 29th of July the explorers' party,
consisting of eleven men, started for their expedition to the
Podarata, scantily supplied with provisions for nine days,
in hopes of meeting with reindeer herds, where they would
find plenty of food. They had passed the northern limit
of trees, and marched across the desolate Tundra re-
gion. In the afternoon of the following day they saw in
the distance a herd of reindeer, and in the evening they
reached the camp of the Ostiak Dzaungia, whose herd con-
sisted of about 300 beasts. Dr. Finsch succeeded in buying
nine deer and three sledges, so that, on the 31st of July, the
journey could be continued under far more pleasant condi-
tions. The character of the Tundra remained very much the
same; dwarf birch and moss, which covered the ground, made
walking very difficult; only the spots covered with lichen and
small stones afforded some relief, whilst in the lower parts
large morasses required additional efforts, as the travelers had
to walk round them as well as round the numerous lakes
and pools of water. These small sheets of water, mostly sur-
rounded by high wall-like shores, lent a peculiar charm to the
landscape, which was heightened by the distant Ural moun-
tains. The fauna began to be very poor, both in species and
in numbers, lemings, gulls and ptarmigans being the chief
representatives. On the 1st of August the travelers crossed
the little river Tensor, or Nensor Jaha, the first flowing into
Kara Bay; in the afternoon of the 2d they crossed a high
Tundra of dwarf birch, whence, looking to the north-
west, they beheld the sea, and towards evening they stood
unexpectedly on the banks of the Podarata. Delighted as
they were at the sight of this river, they came reluctantly to
the conclusion that it would be impossible to reach the sea
without a boat. Whilst they were consulting about the

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75

means of continuing their journey Dr. Brehm discovered some
smoke and two Dshums. They sent out a messenger, and in
the evening of the following day the owner of the Dshums,
the Ostiak Sanda, made his appearance in the camp. He
had buried the day before two men and two children, who
had died in consequence of eating flesh of reindeer suffering of
the rinderpest. This terrible plague, which threatens to devast-
tate the whole of northern Siberia, has caused frightful ravages.
During the one night the travelers stayed with Dzaungia he had
lost fifty of his finest beasts; he had lost five hundred on one
day, and his noble herd was reduced from two thousand to
about three hundred animals. Sanda was returning with
the remnant of his herd to the Shtshutshja. After much
persuasion he agreed to drive the travelers in sledges to the
sea, which was said to be distant only a few hours' ride. At
3 o'clock on the following day the party started in six sledges,
drawn by reindeer, full of good cheer and glad expectation of
reaching the sea. But, alas! their joy was soon turned into
sadness. About 7 o'clock their guide stopped, and declared him-
self unable to go further. The travelers ascended a high sand-
hill which commanded an extensive view, and between them
and the sea lay a large marshy land, cut up by innumerable
lakes, pools, and morasses. They decided that it would be
useless to attempt crossing it without a boat. It extended
toward the west as far as the Sadapai hills, and could only
be avoided by taking a long easterly course. The Podarata
is lost in this marshy wilderness, until it reaches Kara Bay;
a white, far-shining sand-bank was pointed out as the place
where it enters the sea. Mr. Wassiljeff, who later succeeded
in penetrating a little further without being able to reach
the bay, affirmed this to be the mouth of the Shadejaha. As
Sanda could not be induced to continue the journey towards
the sea, the travelers, whose provisions were dwindling away
very fast, were obliged to consent, with heavy hearts, to
turn back. If they had not been able to reach the sea, yet
they had succeeded in solving one great problem: they had be-
come convinced of the immense difficulties attending the con-
struction of a canal between the Shtshutshja and the Poda-
rata—a project believed possible in Petersburg—in order to
unite the Ob with Kara Bay, and avoid the greater distance
around Talmal, the Samojede Peninsula. Both rivers are
impracticable for navigation, and, even without considering

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the immense curves which greatly increase the distance, the nearest point between the two rivers is still seventy versts.

After the travelers had performed the sad duty of burying their best native attendant, the Ostiak, Hat, who had died in consequence of coming in contact with diseased cattle, the party started, August 5th, on their return voyage towards the Shtshutshja. They traveled round the barren granite chain Tauganapei, which cuts from east to west through the Ural, and reached the so-called "high road"—viz., the road over which the reindeer herds browse in their annual journeys from the Shtshutshja to the Ural. There was no sign of a road, in our sense of the word; but walking was far easier. They had again to cross the dwarf birch Tundra, where only the numerous lakes and pools offered a change from the dull monotony. These small sheets of water form an almost uninterrupted chain, in which some people, with more imagination than judgment, see the basis of the future canal between the Ob and Kara Bay.

On the 10th of August the travelers entered again the limits of trees. Larch trees more than 20 feet high were found in groups and rows, vegetation became more luxuriant and varied, which gave no little courage to the explorers and their followers, whose provisions had begun to run very low. In the afternoon they arrived at the river, which, like a wild mountain stream, rushes over shallows between steep and rocky banks. They crossed in a boat, skilfully steered by Sanda, whose herd followed, swimming. The other bank of the river showed a landscape of entirely different character. Innumerable little hills and valleys, with pretty lakes, surrounded by trees, lent a charming, park-like tone to the scenery, and ascending a plateau, the travelers beheld the long-desired middle stream of the Shtshutshja. The approach of night compelled the party to halt, and early on the 11th of August they continued their journey in six sledges drawn by reindeer, and reached at 4 o'clock in the afternoon the right bank of the Shtshutshja. Iwan and old Panajeff had kept their word. Opposite the high turf bank was the "Bismark," comfortably anchored on a sand-bank. The lotka, with her large store of provisions of all kinds, appeared like a first-class hotel. After a journey of more than 300 versts, mostly performed on foot, the travelers might justly look for some rest. But early on the 13th they started down the river,

MODERN GREECE.

77

which, in consequence of the falling of the water, presented
an entirely changed aspect. Large sand-banks had been
formed, the banks appeared much higher, and wide water-
courses had dwindled into narrow rivulets or were altogether
dried up. The explorers chose the shorter western arm for
their downward voyage, and arrived on the following day,
August 15th, at Kajatur or Haljatur, the first fishing station
on the Little Ob. Without delay they continued on their
way to Obdorsk, which they reached on the evening of the
19th of August.

It was now too late for further expeditionary work. The
packing of their rich collection, together with the writing of re-
ports, occupied the travelers until September 3d, and the unusu-
ally early rough and cold weather warned them to turn their
way homewards. They decided to return in the lotka,
although one of the steamers which annually descend as far
as Obdorsk to bring a cargo of fish to Tobolsk, was daily ex-
pected. On the 26th they reached Samarowa, where they
waited eight days for a steamer for Tobolsk. On the 9th of
October they arrived again in Tjumen, whence Drs. Finsch
and Brehm started alone on their homeward tour, as Count
Waldburg Zeil wished once more to visit Ormsk. Without
delay the two companions hastened on just in time to catch
the last steamer in Perm, by which they arrived on the 28th
of the same month in Nijni-Novgorod.

MODERN GREECE.

BY D. N. BOTASSI. CONSUL-GENERAL OF GREECE AT NEW YORK.

I.

THE resurrection of Greece, after a servitude of four hundred years under Ottoman rule, was one of the notable events of the first half of the nineteenth century. Omitting the revolution which brought about this result, and which excited so much sympathy in the United States. it will be sufficient to mention that scarcely had the Vienna Congress

*Moraitinis. La Grèce telle qu'elle est. Athènes, 1877.

B. Digenis. Notes statistiques sur la Grèce. Marseille, 1877.

Ed. Young. Home Consumption Tables. Washington, 1878.

Tables on Commerce and Navigation, Ministry of Finance. Athens, 1878.

78 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

of 1815 accomplished what Metternich thought to be the pacification of Europe for fifty years to come, when in March, 1821, a revolution broke out in Greece against Turkey, and lasted until 1827. The Greeks were by this time well-nigh exhausted; but their cause and heroic deeds had occasioned so much sympathy in Europe, that an armed intervention was decided upon by the governments of England, France and Russia. The obstinacy of the Porte to listen to the counsels of the three Powers resulted in the destruction of the Turkish and Egyptian fleet by that of the allies, in the port of Navarino, in October, 1827. The battle of Navarino, which was called by the Duke of Wellington "an untoward event," sealed the independence of Greece, although this was not confirmed officially by treaty until 1830. In the month of January, 1833, Prince Otho, second son of the King of Bavaria, landed at Nauplia as the king-elect of Greece. From that date begins the political existence of the present kingdom.

Forty-five years is not a long time in the life of any nation. In the case of Greece it is very little, if it be taken into consideration that four centuries of Turkish rule had reduced that country to extreme misery, and that seven years of continual warfare (1821-1827) had completely exhausted its scant resources. But this is not all. The Turks, seeing that the prize was about to escape forever from their hands, were carrying on a war of extermination by burning the cities and towns, felling the trees, slaughtering the male prisoners, and selling the female portion as slaves in the markets of Constantinople and Alexandria. The expedition of Ibrahim Pacha, son of Mehemet Ali of Egypt, to the Morea, with the Egyptian contingent, in 1827, completed the work of destruction of the Peloponnesus.

A summary, therefore, of what the Greeks have done in forty-five years, since they became an independent kingdom, may prove interesting at a time, when the Eastern Question has attracted to that part of Europe the attention of the civilized world. But the facts which it is proposed to state here may be found valuable under another and far higher point of view, and that is, to decide the question whether or not the Christian nationalities inhabiting the Balkan Peninsula are capable of self-government, and whether or not the experiment of making Greece an independent king-

MODERN GREECE.

79

dom in 1830 has answered the expectations of Europe. With these few preliminary remarks, we proceed to give some statistics, taken from official sources.

## II.

Surrounded by water, it was natural that the Greeks should pay much attention to navigation. At the beginning of this century three of the islands of the Grecian Archipelago, viz.: Hydra, Spetzai and Psara had acquired certain prominence and prosperity by their commercial marine. By furnishing a quota of sailors to the Sultan's fleet, they enjoyed certain privileges and immunities, the most important of which was that no Turk should ever reside in their islands; and it was further stipulated that the annual tribute, which they had to pay to the Porte, should be collected from on board ship by the functionary sent for that purpose. The wars of Napoleon I., the blockade running of the Mediterranean ports, and, particularly, of those of Spain, permitted them to acquire much wealth, and stimulated their energies in building larger and fleeter vessels. Fleet ships became, in fact, the greatest desideratum to enable them to escape the Algerian pirates, who infested the Mediterranean at that time. Instead of paying their sailors wages, they made them participate in the profits of the cargo; and in this way a common interest was created, which was highly beneficial, both to the safety of the voyage and the elevation of the moral standard of the crew. To repel boarding by the Algerian pirates, they generally doubled their crews, exercised them in the use of small arms, and provided every vessel with two six or eight-pounders, for close defense. When the war of independence broke out, in 1821, it was by these merchantmen that these islanders fought the Turkish men-of-war and that Miaulis, Canaris, Andruzzos and Criesis immortalized their names in modern Greek history.

Most of the vessels were, of course, unfit for service after the war was over. In 1830 a count was taken of the commercial marine of Greece, and it was found to consist of 1,050 vessels, mostly small craft, of an aggregate capacity of 30,000 tons.

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<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Tons</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Eleven years later the marine of Greece had increased to 3,200 vessels, aggregating</td><td>110,000</td></tr><tr><td>In 1869 to 5,813 vessels, aggregating</td><td>350,941</td></tr><tr><td>In 1870 to 5,883 vessels, aggregating</td><td>401,063</td></tr><tr><td>In 1871 to 6,135 vessels, aggregating</td><td>419,359</td></tr><tr><td>And 35,144 sailors.</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

That was the year in which the commercial marine of Greece reached the highest point as to the number of vessels and tonnage. Since that time some falling off is noticeable, as will be seen from the following table:

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Vessels.</th><th>Tons.</th><th>Sailors.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>In 1872</td><td>4,767</td><td>239,947</td><td>24,676</td></tr><tr><td>In 1873</td><td>5,001</td><td>239,135</td><td>25,197</td></tr><tr><td>In 1874</td><td>5,330</td><td>260,700</td><td>31,820</td></tr><tr><td>In 1875</td><td>5,440</td><td>262,032</td><td>32,160</td></tr></tbody></table>

There are no official data of the years 1876 and 1877, but it may be taken for granted that the number of vessels is about the same as in the year 1875.

The chief cause of the sudden decrease of 1,368 vessels in the year immediately following that of 1871 was the promulgation of a law, voted in 1872 by the National Assembly of France, in virtue of which heavy discriminating duties were imposed on Greek vessels entering French ports. As a large number of Greek vessels frequent annually the port of Marseilles, with grain cargoes from Southern Russia and the Black Sea, their owners were obliged to change their flag for that of some other favored nation, to avoid the obnoxious port dues. One year later the French Assembly repealed the discriminating clause, and the Greek navy gained gradually 673 vessels. But it never recovered from the blow received in 1872, and is still, by 695 vessels, behind the prosperous year of 1871. It must be admitted, however, that commercial stagnation and the introduction of steam freight vessels in the navigation of the Danube, which is the principal abode of Greek vessels, had much to do in checking for a time the growth of the navy of that nation.

The principal ports of Greece, which register the largest quantity of tonnage, come in the following order: Syra first (island of); then Galaxidi in the Corinthian Gulf; then the islands of Spetzai and Hydra, at the entrance of the Argolic Gulf; then Argostoli in Cephalonia (the largest of the

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Ionian Islands); Piraeus (the port of Athens), and several other minor ports, like Andros, Mikonos, etc.

The steam fleet of Greece consists of twenty-seven steamers, nearly all for the coast service. Eleven of these belong to the Greek Steam Navigation Company, a corporation which receives a small subsidy from the government and enjoys especial privileges. In 1875 the steamers of this company made 450 trips, and carried 124,754 passengers.

The following is the total movement of the ports of Greece from 1869 to 1873, inclusive:

<table><thead><tr><th>Year.</th><th>Arrivals and Departures.</th><th>Tons.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1869.</td><td>110,641.</td><td>5,261,257</td></tr><tr><td>1870.</td><td>111,748.</td><td>5,550,484</td></tr><tr><td>1871.</td><td>127,370.</td><td>7,166,409</td></tr><tr><td>1872.</td><td>92,444.</td><td>6,463,729</td></tr><tr><td>1873.</td><td>111,714.</td><td>6,336,477</td></tr></tbody></table>

If it will be taken in consideration that this is the movement of a country having no more than a million and a half of inhabitants, the above numbers will compare favorably with those of any other nation.

The arrivals from abroad, in the year 1875, reached a total of 8,459 vessels, of which 1,059 were steamers of an aggregate capacity of 398,668 tons. Of these, 504 were Austrian, 225 French, 80 Italians, 49 Egyptians, and the rest belonged to other nationalities.

It may be interesting to give here the average tonnage of the principal navies of the world in 1870. The figures are taken from the statistical journal of Paris of the year 1873:

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Tons.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>For the German Marine.</td><td>254 to 255</td></tr><tr><td>For the English Marine.</td><td>196 to 199</td></tr><tr><td>For the American Marine.</td><td>151 to 152</td></tr><tr><td>For the Norwegian Marine.</td><td>148 to 149</td></tr><tr><td>For the French Marine.</td><td>67 to 68</td></tr><tr><td>For the Greek Marine.</td><td>67 to 68</td></tr><tr><td>For the Italian Marine.</td><td>53 to 54</td></tr></tbody></table>

This table shows that the nations bordering on the Mediterranean have the smallest average, while those bordering on the ocean are obliged to have larger ships for distant voyages.

### III.

No reliable statistics of the commerce of Greece can be had of the first years of the political existence of the new

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kingdom, and only since 1845 can we rely on official figures. In that year the general movement of commerce amounted to 33,000,000 drachmas, of which 22,000,000 belonged to importations and 11,000,000 to exportations. The comparative value of the Greek drachma and an American gold dollar is as six to one. Thus, one hundred American gold dollars make precisely 600 drachmas.

Taking the year 1845 as a starting point, we find the progressive movement of the general commerce of Greece to be as follows:

<table><thead><tr><th>Year.</th><th>Importations.</th><th>Exportations.</th><th>Totals.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1845.</td><td>22,300,000 dr.</td><td>11,000,000 dr.</td><td>33,300,000 dr.</td></tr><tr><td>1862.</td><td>49,109,000</td><td>32,223,000</td><td>81,432,000</td></tr><tr><td>1865.</td><td>90,251,000</td><td>51,671,000</td><td>141,723,000</td></tr><tr><td>1870.</td><td>97,021,000</td><td>52,908,000</td><td>149,929,000</td></tr><tr><td>1871.</td><td>108,536,000</td><td>76,382,000</td><td>184,918,000</td></tr><tr><td>1872.</td><td>128,131,000</td><td>67,378,000</td><td>195,509,000</td></tr><tr><td>1873.</td><td>117,642,000</td><td>76,838,000</td><td>194,480,000</td></tr><tr><td>1874.</td><td>120,366,000</td><td>75,012,000</td><td>195,378,000</td></tr><tr><td>1875.</td><td>145,500,000</td><td>88,500,000</td><td>234,000,000</td></tr></tbody></table>

Thus, in thirty years the general commerce of Greece has increased seven hundred per cent., or on average of over twenty-three per cent. per annum.

An analysis of the movement of the last year of the above table (1875), will be found very interesting. The official statistics of the years 1876 and 1877 have not been published as yet.

At the head of the foreign commerce of Greece comes England, her share being 38 per cent. of the gross amount, or 71,874,000 drachmas. Turkey comes next, with 30,552,000 drachmas. Austria comes third, France fourth, Russia fifth, and Italy sixth. These six countries absorb 95 per cent. of the general commerce of Greece.

England furnishes 27 per cent. of the total imports to the kingdom, viz.: 31,290,000 drachmas, the chief article being cotton goods. Then comes Turkey, with 20,610,000 drachmas, the principal item being breadstuffs and cattle. Next is France, with 18,720,000 drachmas, mostly in sugar and manufactures. Then comes Austria, with timber and dry goods to the amount of 15,858,000 drachmas; Russia, with 15,336,000 drachmas, all in wheat; Italy, with 6,852,000 drachmas, in brimstone, rice and timber. Roumania figures with 1,596,000 drachmas, in

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breadstuffs; Egypt, with 996,000 drachmas; the United States, for 490,000 drachmas; Holland, for 240,000 drachmas; and Belgium for 114,000 drachmas.

One-half of the value of the exports of Greece go to England, the amount being 40,080,000 drachmas. The chief article is currants, valued at 30,000,000 drachmas; pig lead, at 3,600,000 drachmas, and olive oil at an equal amount. Austria takes from Greece products valued at 9,300,000 drachmas, chiefly in figs, currants, olive oil and valonia. Turkey comes next for 7,500,000 drachmas, mostly in leather, yarns, olive oil and soap; then Russia, for 4,800,000 drachmas; Italy, for 3,360,000 drachmas; France, for 2,700,000 drachmas; Roumania, for 2,310,000 drachmas; Germany, for 2,100,000 drachmas; the United States, for 1,758,000 drachmas; Holland, for 570,000 drachmas; Egypt, for 168,000 drachmas; and Belgium, for 60,000 drachmas.

The chief importations to Greece consist of breadstuffs valued at 28,800,000 drachmas, dry goods of the value of 23,880,000 drachmas, raw hides of 9,900,000 drachmas; then comes sugar, timber, iron and cattle.

The figures given above acquire more importance if compared with those of other nations bordering on the Mediterranean. Thus, if we take the figures of the special commerce of Greece of 1873 and compare them with the prosperous year 1872 of the commerce of France and Italy, we reach the following results:

In 1872 the special commerce of France (imports and exports) amounted to 7,333,000,000 with 36,000,000 of inhabitants —viz., 224 for each person. The same commerce of Italy for that year was 2,594,000,000 of francs with 26,000,000 of inhabitants, or 94 francs for each of them. In Greece it amounted to 156,000,000 drachmas with 1,450,000 inhabitants, or 108 drachmas for each, equal to 97 francs. Thus we have

* In France, 224 francs to 1 inhabitant.

* In Greece, 97 francs to 1 inhabitant.

* In Italy, 94 francs to 1 inhabitant.

And it would require 85,000,000 to be added to the commerce of Italy in order to equal that of Greece.

It will be remarked that breadstuffs form the principal item of the importations to Greece. It is strange that the Greeks cannot raise sufficient food from their own soil, but have to pay so much annually for foreign supplies. The

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principal reason of this may be found in the fact that they
find it more profitable to raise other crops, such as currants,
tobacco and the like, which bring them more money.

Another item will claim the attention of the political
economist, and that is the large difference in the amounts of
imports and exports. In 1845 the importations to Greece
were twice as large as the exportations, and to this day the
latter, although they show a satisfactory increase, are still as
two to three compared with the exports. Apparently the
balance of trade has been against Greece at an average rate of
thirty-three per cent. for thirty successive years. If we were
to take this for granted, Greece would have been bankrupt
long ago, but such is not the case. Gold and silver have been
always the current medium; and only a year ago, when the
Government raised a large loan from the National Bank of
Greece, and passed a law giving forced currency to the notes
of the bank, has the premium advanced one to two per cent.
It has now declined again to scarcely one per cent. It is
generally supposed that the profits of the navy of Greece
make up this deficiency, besides a large amount of money
which flows annually into that country from thousands of
Greeks who live abroad.

The custom revenues of Greece in 1875 amounted to
12,600,000 dr., which average about nine per cent. on the total
importations of that country, showing a very moderate tariff.
Notwithstanding the large maritime movement, of which we
spoke already, the port dues for that year amounted to the
insignificant sum of 180,000 dr. ($30,000), the policy of the
Government being to lighten as much as possible the burdens
of the shippers.

IV.

It has been truly said that the progress of a nation and the
wisdom of its government can be shown by the state of its
agriculture. How far this applies to Greece, may be judged
from the figures, which will be found below.

Before proceeding any further, it is well to throw a retro-
spective glance at the state of agriculture in Greece fifty years
ago. "The mountains of Peloponnesus," wrote Mr. Emer-
son in 1825, "are full of precipices. From Gastouni to Cla-
renza the road was passing through a plain, formerly celebrated
for its fertility, but now remaining almost uncultivated. After

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passing Andrigena all traces of cultivation disappeared. Not a furrow, not a hut, not a human being, was to be seen, except now and then a shepherd or a straggler, and these at rare intervals. From the top of the mountains, so high and so lonesome, we could see this vast plain, source of a neglected fertility, and valleys which might be cultivated to the greatest advantage, lying deserted, without the slightest trace of the plow."

"The war has destroyed everything," wrote Mr. Thiersch in 1830. "The state of misery in which the peasants are, in consequence of the war, is such that, at the death of President Capodistria, only one-third of them were possessors of a pair of oxen. The others had to get along in the best way they could. Some possessed a beast in common, while the rest had to dig the ground with the pickaxe."

There are no large land proprietors in Greece, but the country is subdivided in small farms of a few acres each. This system has its advantages and disadvantages. Among the former may be enumerated the tendency to make people conservative, to prevent mendicity, and to check all tendency towards socialistic ideas or combinations of labor against capital. But, on the other hand, the system of small farms is an impediment to the culture of lands on a large scale, and to the introduction of modern improvements in raising crops; for, in the small farms, it is the proprietor himself and the members of his family who do all the work. On account of the scant population of the country, only one-half of the arable lands are cultivated; the other half remains virgin soil.

The principal product of Greece, which brings at the same time more money both to the country and to the public treasury, is currants, or Zante currants, as they are called in this country. They do not grow in all parts of Greece, but only in the provinces of Patras, Egialea, the neighborhood of Corinth and in the Ionian Islands Zante, Cephalonia and Corfu. This culture has been found to be so profitable that it has taken a great development during late years. It received a severe check between the years 1852 and 1856, on account of a disease of the vines called *oidium*, which stopped the progress of this culture and ruined many proprietors. Many experiments were made at the time to stop the ravages of the disease, but all in vain. Finally an experiment was made to sprinkle the vines with sulphur, and this had the happiest

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results. The disease disappeared completely, and since that time the production has increased every year. As the government levies an export duty on this article, correct statistics have always been kept of its production.

<table><tr><td>In 1831 the production was</td><td>5,000,000 lbs.</td></tr><tr><td>In 1845 the production was</td><td>14,000,000 lbs.</td></tr><tr><td>In 1851 the production was</td><td>57,000,000 lbs.</td></tr><tr><td>In 1852 the production was (reduced by the disease to)</td><td>10,000,000 lbs.</td></tr><tr><td>In 1856 the production was</td><td>40,000,000 lbs.</td></tr><tr><td>In 1858 the production was</td><td>62,000,000 lbs.</td></tr><tr><td>In 1863 the production was</td><td>90,000,000 lbs.</td></tr><tr><td>In 1872 the production was</td><td>120,000,000 lbs.</td></tr><tr><td>In 1874 the production was</td><td>133,000,000 lbs.</td></tr><tr><td>In 1876 the production was</td><td>195,000,000 lbs.</td></tr></table>

This table represents the annual production of currants on the main land of Greece, or rather of the Morea, exclusively of the three Ionian islands mentioned above, which produce from 25,000,000 to 30,000,000 lbs. annually. This article draws from abroad from thirty to thirty-five millions of francs every year. In 1875 163,000,000 lbs. were exported, of which 140,000,000 lbs. were shipped to England. A small part of it was reshipped to this country, but the bulk of the consumption of currants in America is now received by direct shipments from Greece.

Next to England, the United States are the best customers for Greek currants, although the annual consumption here scarcely reaches one-seventh of that of the United Kingdom. The frequent changes in the United States tariff and the onerous duties imposed on this article at times, have greatly interfered with the development of direct trade between the two countries. The imports of Greek currants to the United States since the year 1851 have been as follows:

<table><thead><tr><th>Year.</th><th>Lbs.</th><th>Year.</th><th>Lbs.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1851</td><td>3,249,418</td><td>1865</td><td>3,015,664</td></tr><tr><td>1852</td><td>4,758,008</td><td>1866</td><td>8,507,320</td></tr><tr><td>1853</td><td>1,039,435</td><td>1867</td><td>9,115,737</td></tr><tr><td>1854</td><td>219,118</td><td>1868</td><td>7,036,486</td></tr><tr><td>1855</td><td>1,626,070</td><td>1869</td><td>7,920,376</td></tr><tr><td>1856</td><td>1,468,261</td><td>1870</td><td>7,662,942</td></tr><tr><td>1857</td><td>2,488,912</td><td>1871</td><td>9,224,336</td></tr><tr><td>1858</td><td>3,965,721</td><td>1872</td><td>11,479,578</td></tr><tr><td>1859</td><td>7,149,363</td><td>1873</td><td>14,141,797</td></tr><tr><td>1860</td><td>5,844,947</td><td>1874</td><td>19,319,191</td></tr><tr><td>1861</td><td>5,108,113</td><td>1875</td><td>19,334,458</td></tr><tr><td>1862</td><td>1,453,429</td><td>1876</td><td>20,911,061</td></tr><tr><td>1863</td><td>3,513,264</td><td>1877</td><td>17,152,664</td></tr><tr><td>1864</td><td>5,529,508</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

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The value of currants imported to the United States during the last four years was as follows:

<table><thead><tr><th>Year.</th><th>Quantity.</th><th>Value.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1874</td><td>19,319,191</td><td>$752,694</td></tr><tr><td>1875</td><td>19,334,458</td><td>771,384</td></tr><tr><td>1876</td><td>20,911,061</td><td>856,425</td></tr><tr><td>1877</td><td>17,152,664</td><td>749,488</td></tr></tbody></table>

The only article which Greece imports directly from the United States is refined petroleum, which is fast superceding the native olive oil for lighting purposes. American sewing machines and Boston rocking chairs have found their way to Greece long ago; but a cargo of Yankee notions, sent to Piræus by an enterprising American was a failure. The exports of petroleum from the United States to Greece in 1876, 1877 and 1878 (to September 15th) were as follows:

<table><thead><tr><th>Year.</th><th>Cases.</th><th>Gallons.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1876</td><td>64,854</td><td>648,540</td></tr><tr><td>1877</td><td>104,783</td><td>1,047,830</td></tr><tr><td>1878</td><td>139,082</td><td>1,390,820</td></tr></tbody></table>

The invoice value of the shipments of 1878 amounts to $203,132.

As we have seen already, breadstuffs form the largest item of the importations to Greece, that country not producing enough to feed its population of 1,500,000 inhabitants. The annual production of breadstuffs has been as follows, taking in consideration that this term includes wheat, corn and barley:

<table><tbody><tr><td>Production of 1846</td><td>6,000,000 bushels.</td></tr><tr><td>1858</td><td>7,160,000 “</td></tr><tr><td>1864</td><td>9,168,000 “</td></tr><tr><td>1876</td><td>12,000,000 “</td></tr></tbody></table>

Thus, in thirty years, the production of breadstuffs has only doubled, while that of currants increased fourteen hundred per cent. This result must be attributed to various causes, among which may be enumerated the defective and almost primitive mode of cultivation, the pernicious system of the levying the *tithe* tax in kind (a remnant of the Turkish system of taxation); and also to the fact mentioned already, that the peasants find it more profitable to raise other crops than breadstuffs, as the Southern States of this country, before the war, gave preference to cotton.

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The soil of Greece is favorable to the tobacco culture, and the production has shown a steady progress. There were under cultivation in

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Acres..</th><th>Production.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1856.</td><td>15,502.</td><td>2,302,000 lbs</td></tr><tr><td>1860.</td><td>25,996.</td><td>3,310,000 lbs.</td></tr><tr><td>1876.</td><td>70,000.</td><td>10,950,000 lbs.</td></tr></tbody></table>

showing an increase of four hundred per cent. in twenty years. Part of the tobacco is exported to France, although Greece receives some tobacco from Turkey; but the amount exported exceeds by far the imported quantity.

The American war gave great impetus also to the cotton culture, which was almost unknown in Greece, previous to 1860. American seed and machinery were imported for that purpose, and the results were as follows: There were under cultivation in

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Acres.</th><th>Production.</th><th>Value.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1862.</td><td>26,290</td><td>4,766,000 lbs.</td><td>1,577,000 Dr.</td></tr><tr><td>1863.</td><td>77,158</td><td>9,232,000 lbs.</td><td>5,418,000 Dr.</td></tr><tr><td>1864.</td><td>210,413</td><td>25,557,180 lbs.</td><td>11,843,000 Dr.</td></tr></tbody></table>

The production shows a considerable falling off in late years, owing to the decline in the price of the article. But the above figures go far to show what can be done under favorable circumstances.

The olive tree forms one of the principal parts of the riches of the country. Two-thirds of the olive trees were destroyed by Ibrahim Pacha before he quitted the Morea. Soon after 1830, the replanting of the trees began, and in 1834 the number was reckoned at 2,300,000 trees, producing 3,000,-000 lbs. of oil. In 1860 the official statistics showed the existence of 7,500,000 trees, producing 17,436,945 lbs. of oil and covering 370,000 acres. In 1876 the number had increased to 12,000,000 trees, producing 57,000,000 lbs. of oil, valued at 23,000,000 drachmas.

The fig tree grows very easily in Greece, and needs little cultivation. It is particularly abundant in the southern part of Poloponnesus, chiefly in the province of Messenia, which exports nearly one half of the total exports of this article. Although an immense quantity of fresh figs are consumed in the country, a goodly amount is annually exported, first to Germany, then to Southern Russia and Roumania. Here, also, the statistics show a prodigious increase, for, while in 1834 there were only 50,000 fig trees in Greece, a

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count taken in 1869 showed 360,000, and the number is steadily increasing, if we are to judge from the amount exported. Thus the exports were in the years :

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Quantity.<br>Lbs.</th><th>Value.<br>Drachms.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1859</td><td>6,888,000</td><td>754,000</td></tr><tr><td>1864</td><td>14,401,000</td><td>1,336,000</td></tr><tr><td>1872</td><td>27,100,000</td><td>3,560,000</td></tr><tr><td>1876</td><td>32,696,000</td><td>4,286,000</td></tr></tbody></table>

There were about 300,000 mulberry trees in 1833. The number had increased to 1,400,000 in 1860, and is calculated to-day to amount to over 2,000,000. The quantity of raw silk produced amounts to 60,000 lbs. annually, and is exported chiefly to France. The forests produce also a large amount of valonia; but it is difficult to obtain correct figures of this article, most of which is consumed in the native tanneries. The amount exported annually is about 13,300,000 lbs.

V.

The further following of the subject would carry us beyond the limit originally proposed, which was to give to American readers some idea of the progress made by a country for which they have always felt a lively interest. Much more could be said upon the subjects of public instruction, literature, industry and finance; and we may discuss these subjects in detail at some future day. But sufficient facts have been given in the above short sketch, which go far to show that there is much hope in the future for a nation which has accomplished so much in forty-five years of political existence. It was the custom of most of the European travelers who visited Greece some years ago to speak disparagingly of that country because they did not find in Athens the boulevards of Paris, or the docks of London in Piraeus, or the shipping of Marseilles and Liverpool in Patras and Syra. But we have obtained more justice at the hands of American travelers; and the books of the late Professor Felton, and that of the Hon. C. K. Tuckerman, late U. S. Minister to Greece, as well as the lecture of his worthy successor, the Hon. J. M. Francis, of Troy, N. Y., upon the same subject, before the American Geographical Society, have thrown much light on the subject by their fair and impartial statements.

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THE MARCH OF RUSSIAN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.

BY LENSKY.

WE are living here in St. Petersburg—this October. 1878—in the midst of exciting public events. The war, and still more, the peace by which the former has been concluded, has left many an unanswered question, many a shaken hope, many a sore disenchantment. The political events of the day engross so entirely the attention of our public, that all other vital questions, the importance of which is in the long run much greater than the passing influence of a war, or a diplomatic conference, are set aside, and are scarcely able to command a passing interest on the part of our society.

In writing to you, however, I will not follow this general current. To give an account of the political events and interests in our national life does not enter into the duties of your correspondent, as far as I understand them. Not the passing excitement incidental to some great historical event, but such features and peculiarities of our literary, social and religious life, as may be considered solid landmarks on our road to civilization, are to give the subjects to my letters.

I begin by—the beginning: National instruction. “Knowledge is light; ignorance—darkness,” says a Russian proverb. As the whole organic life in the universe, once deprived of light, would fade and perish, so is the life of a nation poisoned to its very core by the want of instruction and education—the light of the moral world.

For knowledge engrafted by instruction Russia does not enjoy a very high reputation abroad. This fact is unquestionable, and we are ready to admit that in many respects, as far as the dissemination of knowledge is concerned, we are a good deal backward of other nations, more fortunate in their historical development. What I will state in this letter are simply facts. May your readers themselves draw from them the necessary conclusions, and not forget in doing so that everything on earth must be judged comparatively; that accordingly, in considering the development and con-

THE MARCH OF RUSSIAN SCHOOLS.

91

dition of public instruction in Russia, the present state of her
finances, and other features of her social system must be
duly taken into account.

The administration of public instruction in Russia is divided between the State in the person of the “Ministry for Public Instruction,” the chief of which is at present Count Dmitri Tolstoy, the townships, the village communes and the provincial *Zemstvo* (representative) assemblies. The ministry controls chiefly the universities, special high schools and middle schools (gymnasiums), while the primary instruction of the people in the towns and villages rests almost exclusively in the hands of the elective representatives of the people.

In accordance with the peculiar direction given from the
very beginning of the 18th century to the historical develop-
ment of Russian society, it was by instructing its upper
classes that the Russian nation set out on the road to civiliza-
tion. Russia possessed several universities and middle schools
in nearly every provincial town long before anybody thought
about the necessity of instructing the *mujik* who, as a serf,
was generally considered utterly unworthy of any intellectual
enlightenment.

There now exist in Russia nine universities, of which six
are in Russia proper, in the cities of St. Petersburg, Moscow,
Kazan, Kharkoff, Kieff and Odessa; one in Helsingfors
(Finland), one in Dorpat (Baltic provinces), and one in War-
saw (Poland.) Special high schools for the study of law,
natural and technical sciences, exist in both capitals, in
Yaroslav, Kieff, Vilna and Odessa.

Each university is divided into four *faculties*, according to
the special branches of science taught in each of the latter:
Law, natural sciences, philology and medicine. The latter
faculty does not exist at the University of St. Petersburg,
there being a special academy of medicine in that city. The
oldest university in Russia, that of Moscow, was founded
by the Empress Catharine; the youngest is that of Odessa,
opened during the reign of the present Emperor.

The average number of students in each university is one
thousand. The full course of studies lasts four years, and
terminates with an examination, which entitles the success-
ful student to the degree of "candidate" or baccalaureate.

The universities are sustained at the expense of the State,
the yearly pay of each student not exceeding the small sum

92 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

of fifty roubles (about $30). Each university stands under the
scientific and administrative direction of a Board of Professors,
who elect from among themselves a *rector*—the chief repre
sentative of the whole collegiate body.

The studies pursued in the Russian universities are much
more serious and thorough than is generally supposed. Es-
pecially the faculties of law are constantly thronged with
students, the baccalaureate in this specialty being nowadays
considered a *conditio sine qua non* for the attainment of any
position in the courts of justice or in any other branch of the
public service.

It is, nevertheless, not to be denied that, however high
the present scientific standard of the Russian universities
may be, their number is far from sufficient, considering the
population and the territory of the Russian Empire. If we
draw a line from St. Petersburg to the mouths of the Amoor
on the Pacific coast, and consider the fact that we meet with
but two universities on the road, both within the first four
hundred miles—that the whole immense territory of Siberia,
with all natural resources and its clever, independent popula-
tion, is entirely deprived of any higher college whatever,
then we come to realize fully what still remains to be done.

An important step has already been accomplished in this
direction by the Council of State adopting a bill providing the
necessary means for the foundation of an university in
Tomsk, Siberia. This bill was passed on the 1st of May, and
was immediately sanctioned by the Emperor.

The idea of founding a high school in Siberia is not a new
one. Indeed it dates as far back as 1803, when in an *ukase*
of the Emperor Alexander I., by which five new universities
in European Russia—those of St. Petersburg, Dorpat, Kazan,
Kharkoff and Vilna—were erected, the necessity of a high
school in Siberia had been already acknowledged. A sum of
100,000 roubles was raised, chiefly by the exertions of the
celebrated millionaire of the time, Demidoff, which, together
with other more recent contributions, represent a capital
of over 600,000 roubles. It is, however, only during
the present reign, on the nomination of Count Dmitri
Tolstoy to the office of Minister of Public Instruction, and
of General Kaznakoff to that of Governor-General of West-
ern Siberia, that the plan of a Siberian University has been
pushed on energetically. It is now an accomplished fact.

THE MARCH OF RUSSIAN SCHOOLS.

93

In less than two years, Siberia, the very name of which suggests to the European and American reader an idea of all that is horrible, ghastly and barbarous—will have an institution diffusing the principles and achievements of modern science into the darkest recesses of the Ural mines, into the furthest settlements of Russian emigrants strewn over the boundless expanse of the *tundrys*, or steppes.

Such, in few words, is the present condition of the Russian high schools. As we have already stated, it is as yet far from being entirely satisfactory. There is still much to be done—but there can be no doubt about the fact that *it will be done*.

In speaking of Russian affairs, there is one consideration which I would like to impress on the minds of your readers, and that is that every feature of the political, social and intellectual life of the Russian people must be judged comparatively—not with the corresponding features of European or American life, but with the recent past of Russia herself. It is only by measuring the immense distance which separates modern Russia from what it has been a hundred or even fifty years ago, that a right criterion can be obtained for the progressive work done by the nation during that period.

It is especially in the domain of popular instruction that this progress is the most apparent. While some twenty years ago Russian society itself did not spend a single rouble on schools, leaving the government alone to care for the instruction of such classes of the people as it saw fit to instruct, there is now not a town, not a village to be found all over Russia, which does not contribute to the maintenance of several primary and middle schools for the use of all classes indiscriminately. As far as the cities and towns are concerned, the "Journal of the Ministry of Public Instruction," appearing at St. Petersburg, has recently published interesting statistical data showing the amount contributed by each township for popular instruction, in relation to its total revenue and to the number of inhabitants.

It appears from this official publication that the total sum expended by all the cities and towns of the Russian empire for educational purposes represents nearly two millions roubles (about $1,200,000). In this sum the expenses of the State, of the provincial, local and communal administrations are not included. However insufficient this sum may appear by itself, it assumes a different shape, if we compare it with the total

94 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

expenses of Russian townships and with the revenues of Eu-
ropean and American cities.

The average educational expenses of all cities and towns in
Russia represent 6 per cent. of the total expenses. But this
figure varies greatly if we take each province separately. The
province, the towns of which stand far ahead of all the rest of
Russia, and on level with San Francisco, Cal., is that of
Ufa, with a school budget comprising 15 per cent. of the
whole town expenses. Thirteen provinces contribute from
10 to 15 per cent., standing on one level with Munich, Stutt-
gart, Vienna and Trieste; 35 provinces give from 5 to 10 per
cent., comparing with Paris, London and Florence; 14 prov-
inces give less than 5 per cent.; among these, the capital of
the Empire, St. Petersburg, which contributes but 1½ per cent.
of its annual revenues in favor of popular instruction!

It is a curious fact to note, that the readiness to spend
money for educational purposes on the part of Russian towns
seems to be in opposite relation to their size and richness.
While St. Petersburg gives but 1½ per cent, and Mos-
cow but 3 per cent. of their respective expenses, the small
town of Noreff, in the province of Grodno, with but one
thousand inhabitants, spends for the same purpose 40.9 per
cent.! And of all the 774 towns of the Russian empire, 177
spend more than 40 per cent. for popular instruction!

Of course, if we consider these figures by themselves, as
to the actual sums spent for educational purposes, then they
naturally assume a far less importance. But this is not
due to a want of good will on the part of all classes of Rus-
sian society, but is solely caused by the general poverty of
the nation, the precarious financial position of most of the
Russian cities, and the undeveloped state of industry, which
leaves as yet untouched many of the richest resources of
the land. The revenues of nearly all the cities in Russia are
entirely inadequate to their most pressing wants. If we take
the annual revenue of St. Petersburg as an unity, we find
but six cities in the empire surpassing it: Odessa with 2;
Rybinsk and Tcherepovetz (both important inland commer-
cial points,) with 1.7; Tchistopol with 1.6; Riga and Reval
(seaports on the Baltic) with 1.5. All the other cities stand
far below the unity; whereas, Boston, for instance, is sixteen
times richer than St. Petersburg; Paris, seven times; Flor-
ence, four, and Vienna, three times.

A RUSSIAN NOVELIST.

95

"A hungry stomach is deaf to teaching," says a Russian proverb. If this truth be applicable to individuals, it is still more so to a whole nation. What Russia needs, foremost of all, is a peaceful development of all its agricultural and industrial resources. When, by the effect of a fair system of taxation and a series of judicial and financial measures, tending to facilitate private enterprise in every form, the material welfare of the Russian people will be raised to a standard worthy of the rich natural resources of the country, the educational level of the people will rise in proportion, and Russia will be worthy to enter into competition with any other civilized nation of the world.

## A RUSSIAN NOVELIST AND AN AMERICAN TRANSLATOR.*

IF Hamlet were not a Danish prince he would certainly have been a Russian nobleman! Such is the conclusion to which a student of modern Russian literature necessarily arrives in reading the works of fiction of our most gifted poets and novelists. From Pushkin to Tolstoy and Turgenieff there is scarcely one single hero of a Russian novel to be found whose resolution, like Hamlet's, is not "sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought," whose enterprises do not "lose the name of action," and who, like Hamlet to Ophelia, might not say to his mistress in one breath, "I did love you once," and "I loved you not."

All the Russian heroes have read and studied a good deal in their youth: for the most part German philosophy and French cheap novels. They always begin by dreaming of some great "work" they are going to accomplish, or of some all-absorbing passion which will engross all their energies, without ever being able to find either the one or the other.

The authors themselves are, of course, not responsible for this fact. Their works are but a true image of Russian society as it is, or rather as it was, for now-a-days matters are greatly altered in Russia. Those petty Hamlets who infested the Russian *salons* some thirty years ago with their

*The Cossacks; a Tale of the Caucasus in 1852. By Count Leo Tolstoy. Translated from the Russian by Eugene Schuyler.

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THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

would-be-interesting paleness, scepticism and melancholy, and who, under the names of Rudine, Lavretzky, Petchorine —the stern “Nihilist” Bazaroff not excepted—filled the world of fiction with their dismal sighs and complaints about having “nothing to do,” were but the natural offsprings of a social status in which powerful energies had no room to exert themselves, and ordinary specimens of mankind found a welcome excuse for a contemplative and interesting laziness.

The Russian nobleman of the period preceding the emancipation had actually and truly “nothing to do.” His serfs worked for his daily bread and butter; of any political activity it was forbidden by government even to dream; the mechanical work of a *Tchinovnik* in some government office, or a commission in the army, were the only occupations considered worthy of a nobleman—and both were utterly insufficient to engross the faculties of a moderately cultured mind, while they were admirably adapted for debilitating and consuming its energies. Thus the course of life of the average intelligent man in Russia engendered a vague discontent on one side, while it undermined all force of character on the other. The result was a self-consuming, morbid scepticism and melancholy, gradually killing all genuine feeling and resolution.

Count Leo Tolstoy is the poet *par excellence* of this peculiar type of Russian society. His best novels may be considered as a sort of natural history of the “Russian Hamlet”—from the cradle to the grave. “The Cossacks” are but a chapter, and not by any means the most remarkable one of this natural history. The hero of the tale, if indeed so insipid a personage as the young nobleman Olenin be worthy of the name, is precisely one of those vague, unsettled characters who totter through life without ever knowing exactly what they want, what they feel, and what they are likely to do the next day. Endowed with a peculiar, superficial sort of sensitiveness, he always acts by, or rather lets himself drift with, the impulse of the moment. Neither hate, nor love, nor friendship, nor Nature, with all its beauties, leave in his heart any lasting impression. One feeling insensibly always verges into the other, and results in a grayish, insipid sort of scepticism, which ultimately becomes quite unbearable to the reader. The more so, as the plot of the story is as vague, nebulous and uninteresting as the hero.

A RUSSIAN NOVELIST.

97

In the opening chapter of the book we assist at a supper party at a fashionable restaurant in Moscow. Olenin, who is about to start the same night for the Caucasus, talks with two of his friends unsufferable nonsense, from which, with considerable difficulty, we glean the information that he has been in love—or rather not in love with somebody, that he is “to blame” for something, and that he is about to start for the Caucasus because he has “made a mess of his life.” When the waiter comes in to “put out the candles,” the reader greets him heartily and concurs entirely in his opinion that “the gentlemen bother themselves about nonsense.” Mr. Schuyler has translated, “trifles,” but the Russian word “pustiaky,” used by Tolstoy, means “nonsense.”

At length Olenin is safely deposited in his sledge. His solitary musings become still more insufferable than his conversation, and verge at times on absolute idiocy. “I am in love! Excellent fellows! All right! How seize it? Splendid!” Such are the ejaculations which escape him, culminating in a question the reader has answered in the affirmative long ago: “Am I not drunk?”

In due time Olenin reaches the Caucasus, and is quartered with his regiment in a Cossack settlement, at the house of a Cossack cornet, who possesses a beautiful and rather coquetting daughter. With this maiden, Marianna by name, Olenin falls in love, or rather fancies he falls in love, and proposes to marry her, while she is courted by a young and dashing Cossack, Lukasha, and flirts in a most desperate way with both.

Ultimately, Lukasha is probably mortally wounded in an affray with the Toherkess; Marianna declares to Olenin that she hates him, and the latter goes away—whither, remains a mystery. What becomes of him, of Marianna and her Cossack lover? All that remains in the dark, and, what is more, all that does not in the least interest the reader.

This loose, careless, almost slovenly plot, devoid of any intrinsic interest whatsoever, has given Count Tolstoy the occasion of writing some beautiful descriptions of mountain scenery in the Caucasus and some lively sketches of Cossack life “on the border.” But neither the one nor the other are powerful or vivid enough to redeem the ennui exhalated by the plot and the character of the “hero.” The pictures of Cossack life, and especially the figure of the old Cossack

98

THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

huntsman Eroshka, drawn by the author, are certainly interesting, especially to foreign readers; but even these pictures lack, to a certain degree, life and reality. A critical reader cannot help remarking that the author has studied the life he describes as a tourist from a distance; that though a close observer, he has himself somewhat of the blood of his hero in his veins, the blood of the *barin* (the nobleman) who cannot mingle with the life of the people, who does not understand them thoroughly, and is not understood by them.

All these peculiarities concur in rendering "The Cossacks" one of Count Tolstoy's weakest productions. It is to be regretted that Mr. Schuyler should have selected precisely this tale for introducing Count Tolstoy to the English-speaking public.

So much for the tale itself in its Russian original.

As regards Mr. Schuyler's translation of it, we cannot help admitting, with all due courtesy towards the translator and all regard for his thorough knowledge of the Russian language and literature, that the English version is scarcely able to give an adequate idea of Count Tolstoy's work. The great, indeed the only charm of the latter, consists in the form—in the language and style—not in the substance of the story. This renders the translator's task doubly difficult. The peculiar dialect of the Cossacks, so full of simple, natural imagery, presents almost insurmountable obstacles to a translator, even if the latter should devote to his task all his time and energies, and not only avail himself of "leisure which could be appropriated to no better object," as was the case with Mr. Schuyler, according to his own statement. Such as Mr. Schuyler has rendered it, the style of the story has lost all its picturesque peculiarity. Wishing, as he himself has stated, both to avoid English slang and to preserve the idiosyncrasies of the original, Mr. Schuyler has adopted the worst system he could have possibly chosen: that of literal translation, and has succeeded but in one point: that of writing exceedingly bad English, without giving a right impression of the original. Proofs of what we say are to be found nearly on every page of "The Cossacks." We have mentioned already Olenin's ejaculations in the sledge: "How seize it? Splendid!" etc. The peculiar plastic character of the Russian language admits of such disconnected exclamations, suggesting in one word a whole train of ideas.

A RUSSIAN NOVELIST.

99

But translated literally into English, they become simply ridiculous.

On page 98, Olenin says to Eroshka: "You are an old man and—what do you say? That is a sin,"—meaning by that: "For shame, how can you speak in that way—you, an old man!" Mr. Schuyler's literal translation has rendered the sense of the words nearly unintelligible.

The exclamation: *Nitchevo!*—no matter!—Mr. Schuyler constantly translates by “nothing.”

By far, however, the most lamentable piece of literal translation is to be found on page 256. There we read the following sentence: "This is not that feeling of inclination in which *one loves one's love*, and *one* feels in *one's* self the source of *one's* feeling, and does everything *one's* self." We do not presume to judge Mr. Schuyler's English style. We can only say, that if a phrase similar to the preceding one could have been found in Count Tolstoy's original, he would never have become the celebrated author he now is, and Mr. Schuyler would not have had the occasion of devoting even the smallest amount of his "leisure" to a translation of his works.

We could multiply such instances of the disastrous effects of the literal system, adopted by Mr. Schuyler in his translation, almost indefinitely. But we fear that in doing so we would have to transcribe nearly the whole book.

We do not consider Mr. Schuyler's translation of the Cos-sacks a fair opening afforded to Count Tolstoy before the English and American public.

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THE
ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

MARCH, 1879.

A MIDNIGHT HYMN OF THE ORIENTAL CHURCH.

(TRANSLATED FROM THE EUCHOLOGION BY J. A.)

Behold, the Bridegroom cometh in the middle of the night,
And joy to that blest servant, who stands watching in His sight,
But woe to the unworthy, who is careless of his light.

Beware, my soul, let not thyself be overcome with sleep,
Lest thou be given o'er to death, forevermore to weep,
Shut out from God's blest kingdom, and the pasture of His sheep.

But watch and cry to Him, who was, and is, and e'er shall be;
O Holy, Holy, Holy God, be merciful to me,
Because of that blest Mother, who in purity bore Thee!

All glory be by men below, and by the heavenly host
To God the Father, Only Son, and Blessed Holy Ghost.

Still thinking on that fearful day, my soul watch constantly,
And light thy lamp and make it bright with oil of charity,
For little dost thou know how soon that voice may come to thee.

That voice which in the midnight calls: The Bridegroom now is there!
Slumber no more in sin, my soul, but rouse thee and beware,
Nor like the virgins stand without and knock with empty prayer;

But watching wait, and pray, and strive the tempter's arts to foil,
And go to meet the Lord of Life with rich and vestal oil,
That He His glorious wedding-robe may give thee for thy toil.

Thus will we praise the Three in One, the Blessed Trinity;
Now, and forevermore, and to the ages still to be. *Amen.*

102

THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

THE LITURGIES OF STS. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM AND BASIL THE GREAT.

PRELIMINARY NOTE.—In our initial number, we informed the readers of the ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE that we intended, in the following number, to give them a translation of the Liturgy of the Orthodox Church. We redeem that promise herewith. But some of our readers may not be aware that in the Oriental Church three Liturgies are used occasionally. That known as St. Chrysostom's is most frequently chanted. The Liturgy of St. Basil is confined to particular feast days; and that styled the Présanctified is sung on certain days in the great fast before Easter. The present number of our Magazine contains the Liturgies of the two great Saints and Fathers of the Oriental Church—Chrysostom and Basil—and we believe they will be found worthy of as much consideration and praise as the "Nocturnal Service" in our last, received.

One of the results of the late Russo-Turkish war, is the awakened interest of Orientals of every name and creed in the religious opinions and worship of the contesting nations, and of each other. The wars of Russia for half a century have been in defense of religion, and it would be strange, indeed, if that fact alone did not quicken the inquiry among Mohammedans as well as among Western Christians—What is the character of this religion, that Russia so persistently strives to defend? Hence this inquiry has been evoked, and Turks and nominal Christians, alike, ask for the causes which inspire our faith and zeal, and which nerve the hearts and arms of men to leave their homes, and friends, and whatever is dear to them, and go forth in defense of their Church and their God. The Liturgies that we present in this number are among the purest and simplest inspirations of faith and love for Christ and His cross; and in the recent conflicts in Southern Europe and Asia Minor, they gave courage to the arms that bore the cross in triumph over the crescent. But we hope that the day will come when men shall learn war no more, but, that, worshipping the same God in diverse forms, and

THE LITURGIES.

103

by different symbols, they shall all see eye to eye, and feel
the throbbings of a Brotherhood that springs from a conscious-
ness of a common Fatherhood in God. While we naturally
love our own Church best, we are neither so blinded nor so
bigoted that we cannot recognize the good in all Churches,
and in all men; and, as we said before, our aim shall be,
through THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE, to unite and not
to separate the children of our Universal Father.

PRIEST: Blessed be the Kingdom of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST: In peace let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: For the peace from above, and for the salvation of
our souls, let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: For the peace of the whole world, for the pros-
perity of the Holy Churches of God, and for the unity of all,
let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: For this Holy House, and for those who enter it
with faith, piety, and the fear of God, let us pray to the
Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: For the Most Holy Governing Synod, for the Met-
ropolitan, for the honorable Presbytery, for the Diaconate in
Christ, and for all the Clergy and Laity, let us pray to the
Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: For the most pious and God-protected Sovereign
and family, all their court and army, let us pray to the
Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: That He would fight on their side, and put under
their feet all who hate and oppose them, let us pray to the
Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: For this city, for every city and country, and for
the faithful who dwell therein, let us us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

104 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

PRIEST: For seasonable weather, for abundance of the
fruits of the earth, and for peaceful times, let us pray to the
Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: For all who travel by land or by water, for the
sick, for the suffering, for prisoners, and for their welfare,
let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: That we may be delivered from all tribulation,
wrath, danger, and necessity, let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Help, save, have mercy, and preserve us, O God,
by Thy Grace.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Commemorating our all-holy, spotless, most-
blessed, and glorious Lady, the Mother of God, and ever-Vir-
gin Mary, with all the Saints: let us commend ourselves, and
each other, and all our life, to Christ our God.

CHOIR: To Thee, O Lord.

PRIEST (silently): O Lord our God, whose power is incom-
parable, whose mercy is infinite, whose glory is incompre-
hensible, and whose love towards mankind is unspeakable, of
Thine own tenderness, O Lord, look down upon us, and upon
this Holy House, and pour out upon us and upon them that
pray together with us, the riches of Thy mercies and compas-
sions.

ALOUD: For all glory, honor, and worship are due to Thee,
Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, now, and ever, and to ages of
ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy
Ghost.

Both now, and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.

Bless the Lord, O my soul; O Lord, Thou art blessed.

PSALM 102 (103).

Bless the Lord, O my soul: and all that is within me, bless
His Holy Name.

*       *       *       *       *

PRIEST: Again and again in peace let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

THE LITURGIES.

105

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Commemorating our all-holy, spotless, most-blessed and glorious Lady, the Mother of God and ever-Virgin Mary, with all the Saints; let us commend ourselves, and each other, and all our life, to Christ our God.

CHOIR: To Thee, O Lord.

PRIEST (silently): O Lord our God, save Thy people, and bless Thine inheritance; maintain the fullness of Thy Church; sanctify them that love the beauty of Thy House; glorify them by Thy Divine power, and forsake not them who put their trust in Thee.

ALOUD: For Thine is the might, and Thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

Glory be to the Father, and the Son, and to the Holy Ghost.

PSALM 145 (146).

Praise the Lord, O my soul, while I live will I praise the Lord; I will sing praise unto my God while I have being; yea, as long as I have any being, I will sing praise unto my God.

*

*

*

*

*

The Lord shall reign for ever: thy God, O Sion, from generation to generation.

Only-begotten Son, and Word of God, who art Immortal, and didst vouchsafe for our salvation to take flesh of the Holy Mother of God and ever-Virgin Mary; and without change didst become Man, and wast crucified, Christ our God; and by death didst overcome death, being one in the Holy Trinity, and glorified with the Father and the Holy Ghost; O save us.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

106 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

**PRIEST:** Commemorating our all-holy, spotless, most-blessed and glorious Lady, the Mother of God and ever-Virgin Mary, with all the Saints: let us commend ourselves, and each other, and all our life, to Christ our God.

**CHOIR:** To Thee, O Lord.

**PRIEST (silently):** O Thou, Who hast given us grace at this time with one-accord to make our common supplications unto Thee, and didst promise that when two or three are gathered together in Thy Name, Thou wilt grant their requests; fulfil now, O Lord, the petitions of Thy servants as may be most expedient for them, grant us in this age the knowledge of Thy truth, and in the ages to come life everlasting.

**ALOUD:** For Thou art the good God, and the Lover of men, and we ascribe glory to Thee, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

**CHOIR:** Amen.

Remember us, O Lord, when Thou comest into Thy Kingdom.

S. MATTHEW 5.

Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven.

While the Choir are singing the same, which, in order after the two foregoing Psalms, constitute The Third Antiphon, the Priest proceeds to make the Little Entrance.

**PRIEST:** Let us pray to the Lord.

**CHOIR:** Lord, have mercy.

**PRIEST:** O Master, Lord, and our God, Who hast ordained in Heaven hosts and armies of Angels and Archangels for the ministry of Thy Glory: grant that with our entrance there may be an entrance of Holy Angels ministering together with us, and with us glorifying Thy Goodness. For all glory, honor, and worship are due to Thee, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

**PRIEST:** Blessed be the entrance of Thy Saints, always, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

THE LITURGIES.

107

Then aloud, the third Antiphon being ended,

Wisdom! Upright!

CHOIR: O come, let us worship and bow down to Christ: O Son of God; Who didst rise from the dead, save us who sing to Thee, Alleluia.

Then follow other Troparia proper for the day.

PRIEST: O God, Who art Holy, Who restest in the Holies, Who art hymned with the Thrice-Holy voice by the Seraphim, glorified by the Cherubim, and worshipped by all the Heaven-ly Powers; Who didst from nothing call all things into being; Who didst create man after Thine image and likeness, and didst adorn him with all Thy graces; Who givest to him that asketh, wisdom and understanding, and lookest not with dis-dain upon the sinner, but affordest him repentance unto sal-vation; Who hast vouchsafed that we, Thy humble and un-worthy servants, should stand even at this time before the Glory of Thy Holy Altar, and should offer to Thee the worship and praise that is due; also receive Thyself, O Master, out of the mouths of us sinners the Thrice-Holy Hymn, and visit us in Thy Goodness. Forgive us every offence, voluntary and in-voluntary; sanctify our souls and bodies; and grant that we may serve Thee in holiness all the days of our life; through the intercession of the Holy Mother of God, and all the Saints who have pleased Thee from all ages.

ALOUD: For Holy art Thou, our God, and we ascribe Glory to Thee, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

THE THRICE-HOLY HYMN.

Holy God, Holy and Mighty, Holy and Immortal, have
mercy upon us.

Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy
Ghost;

108 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

The Priest also repeats the Thrice-Holy Hymn, silently.

PRIEST: Blessed is He that cometh in the Name of the
Lord.

Blessed art Thou upon the glorious Throne of Thy King-
dom, Who sittest upon the Cherubim, always, now, and ever,
and to ages of ages.

THEN ALOUD: Let us attend.

PRIEST: Peace to all.

CHOIR: And to thy spirit.

PRIEST: Wisdom!

READER: The reading from the Holy Apostle ——.

PRIEST: Let us attend.

The Reader then reads the Apostle.

When ended, the Priest saith,

Peace to thee.

READER: And to thy spirit.

PRIEST: Wisdom!

CHOIR: Hallelujah. Hallelujah. Hallelujah.

PRIEST (silently): O Master, Lover of men, cause the inex-
tinguishable light of Thy Divine knowledge to shine forth in
our hearts, and open the eyes of our understanding, that we
may comprehend the precepts of Thy Gospel. Plant in us
also the fear of Thy blessed commandments, that we, tramp-
ling upon all carnal lusts, may seek a spiritual citizenship,
both thinking and doing always such things as are well pleas-
ing in Thy sight. For Thou art the Illumination of our souls
and bodies, Christ, our God, and we ascribe Glory to Thee,
with Thy Father Unoriginate, and Thy All-Holy, Good, and
Life-giving Spirit, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

PRIEST (aloud): Wisdom! Upright, let us hear the Holy
Gospel. Peace to all.

CHOIR: And to thy spirit.

PRIEST: The reading from the Holy Evangelist—

CHOIR: Glory be to Thee, O Lord, Glory be to Thee.

PRIEST: Let us attend.

The Priest then reads the Gospel.

THE LITURGIES.

109

PRIEST: Let us all say with our whole soul, and with our
whole mind let us say, .

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Lord Almighty, God of our fathers, we pray Thee,
hear, and have mercy.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Have mercy upon us, O God, according to Thy
great mercy; we pray Thee, hear, and have mercy.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Again we pray for the pious and orthodox Chris-
tians.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Again we pray for strength, victory, long and sole
rule, health, and salvation of the most pious and God-pro-
tected Sovereign —; and we most earnestly beseech the
Lord our God to prosper him in all things, and put under his
feet all who hate and oppose him.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Again we pray for the Most Holy Governing
Synod, and for our Metropolitan—

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Again we pray for all Christian armies.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Again we pray for our brethren, the Priests,
Monks, and the whole Brotherhood in Christ.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Again we pray for the Orthodox Patriarchs, for
their Majesties, Kings and Queens; for the blessed and ever-
memorable Founders of this holy abode; for our Fathers and
Brethren that have fallen asleep before us, and lie here; and
for the Orthodox departed everywhere.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Again we pray for mercy, life, peace, health, sal-
vation, protection, forgiveness, and remission of sins of the
Servants of God, the Brethren of this holy abode.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Again we pray for them that bring forth fruit,
and do good deeds in this holy and all-venerable Temple, for
them that labor, for them that sing; and for the people that
stand round about, and are looking unto Thee for the riches
of Thy mercy.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

110 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

PRIEST (silently): O Lord, our God, we pray Thee to receive this fervent supplication from Thy servants, and have mercy upon us according to Thy great goodness; and look down with compassion upon us, and upon all Thy people, who are now looking unto Thee for the riches of Thy mercy.

ALOUD: For Thou art a merciful God, and the Lover of men, and we ascribe Glory to Thee, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

If there be an offering for the dead, the Priest then saith:

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Furthermore we pray for the rest of the souls of Thy servants — —, that Thou wouldst forgive them all their sins, voluntary and involuntary.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Where the righteous rest, there make their souls to rest, O Lord our God.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: That Thou wouldst grant them the mercy of God, the Kingdom of Heaven, and forgiveness of their sins, we ask from Thee, O Christ, the immortal King and God.

CHOIR: Grant, O Lord.

PRIEST (silently): O God of all spirits and of all flesh, Who hast destroyed Death, trodden down Satan, and given Life to Thy world; grant, O Lord, that the souls of Thy Servants — —, departed this life, may rest in pleasant, happy, and peaceful places, whence pain, grief, and sighing are driven away. Forgive, O blessed Lord, Thou Lover of men, the sins they have committed in thought, word, and deed; for there is no man that liveth and sinneth not, Thou only art without sin, Thy righteousness is an everlasting righteousness, and Thy word is the truth.

ALOUD: For Thou art the Resurrection and the Life, Christ our God and the Rest of Thy departed Servants — —; and we ascribe Glory to Thee, with Thy Father Unoriginate, and Thy All-holy, Good, and Life-giving Spirit, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

But if there be no departed person commemorated, the foregoing is omitted, and the Priest proceeds:

THE LITURGIES.

111

Catechumens pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Let us, the Faithful, pray for the Catechumens.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: That the Lord may have mercy upon them.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: That He may teach them the word of truth.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: That He may reveal to them the gospel of right-
eousness.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: That He may unite them to His Holy, Catholic,
and Apostolic Church.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Save, have mercy, help, and guard them, O God,
by Thy Grace.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Catechumens, bow your heads to the Lord.

CHOIR: To thee, O Lord.

PRIEST, silently. (S. Chrysostom.)

O Lord our God, Who dwellest
on high, and beholdest the humble,
Who didst send for the Salvation
of the race of men, Thine Only-
begotten Son, our God and Lord
Jesus Christ: look down upon Thy
servants the Catechumens, who
have bowed their necks before
Thee, and make them worthy in
due season of the laver of regene-
ration, the forgiveness of sins,
and the robe of immortality.
Unite them to Thy Holy, Catho-
lic, and Apostolic Church, and
number them together with Thine
elect flock.

ALOUD: That they also, together with us, may glorify
Thy all-honorable and Majestic name, Father, Son, and Holy
Ghost, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST, silently. (S. Basil.)

O Lord our God, Who
dwellest in Heaven, and
lookest upon all Thy
works: look down upon
Thy servants the Catechu-
mens, who have bowed
their necks before Thee,
and give them the light
yoke; make them honor-
able members of Thy Holy
Church, and make them
worthy of the laver of re-
generation, and forgive-
ness of sins, and the
robe of immortality, to
knowledge of Thee our
true God.

112 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

PRIEST: Let all the Catechumens depart; Catechumens, depart; let none of the Catechumens remain. All who are faithful, again and again in peace let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Help, save, have mercy, and guard us, O God, by Thy Grace.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Wisdom!

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Chrysostom.)

We thank Thee, O Lord God of the Powers, Who hast thought us worthy to stand even now at Thy Holy Altar, and to prostrate ourselves before Thy compassions for our sins, and the ignorance of the people: accept, O God, our prayer, and count us worthy to offer to Thee prayers, and supplications, and unbloody sacrifices for all Thy people; and strengthen us whom Thou has placed in this Thy service with the power of Thy Holy Spirit, that we may blamelessly, and without offense, in the pure whiteness of our conscience, call upon Thee in every time and place, that, hearing us, Thou mayest be merciful to us in the multitude of Thy goodness.

ALOUD: For all glory, honor and worship are due to Thee, Father, Son and Holy Ghost, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Help, save, have mercy and guard us, O God, by Thy grace.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: Wisdom!

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Basil.)

Thou, Lord, hast shewed us this great mystery of salvation; Thou hast counted us worthy Thy humble and unworthy servants to be ministers of Thy Holy Altar: strengthen us by the power of the Holy Spirit for this service, that standing before Thy Holy Glory we may of-for Thee a sacrifice of praise. For Thou art the Worker of all in all. Make, O Lord, our sacrifice to be acceptable for our sins, and for the ignorances of the people, and well pleasing before Thee.

THE LITURGIES.

113

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Chrysostom.)

Again and often we fall down
before Thee, and beseech
Thee, O good God and Lover
of men, that Thou wouldst
look upon our prayer. Purify
our souls and bodies from all de-
filement of flesh and spirit, and
grant that our standing before
Thy Holy Altar may be blameless
and uncondemned; and grant, O
God, to those who pray with us,
advance in life, faith and spirit-
ual understanding; grant them
always with fear and love to
serve Thee blamelessly and with-
out condemnation, to partake of
Thy Holy Mysteries, and to be
counted worthy of Thy Heavenly
Kingdom.

ALOUD: That being ever guarded by Thy Might, we may ascribe glory to Thee, Father, Son and Holy Ghost, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Basil.)

O God, Who hast visited
our humility with mercy
and compassion; Who hast
placed us Thy humble, sin-
ful, and unworthy servants
before Thy Holy Glory, to
minister at Thy Holy Al-
tar: strengthen us with the
power of Thy Holy Spirit
for this service, and give
us a word in opening our
mouth to supplicate the
grace of Thy Holy Spirit
upon the coming gifts to
presented.

THE CHERUBIC HYMN.

Let us, who mystically represent the Cherubin, and sing
the Thrice-Holy Hymn to the Life-giving Trinity, lay aside
all cares of life, to receive the King.

PRIEST (silently): None is worthy of those bound with
fleshly desires and pleasures to approach, or to draw near, or
to minister unto Thee, King of Glory, for to serve Thee is
great and terrible, even for the Heavenly Powers themselves.
Yet, through Thine ineffable and measureless love, Thou be-
camest unchangeably and immutably Man, and wast called
our High Priest, and didst give to us the sacred administration
of this liturgic and unbloody sacrifice, as Master of all. For
Thou only, O Lord, our God, rulest over things heavenly
and earthly, Who art sitting on the Cherubic Throne, the
Lord of the Seraphim, and King of Israel, Only Holy, and

114 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

resting in the Holies. On Thee, therefore, I call, Who alone art good, and ready to hear; look upon me, a sinner, and Thine unprofitable servant, cleanse my soul and heart from an evil conscience, and strengthen with the power of Thy Holy Spirit, me, endued with the grace of Priesthood, to stand by this, Thy Holy Table, and to minister Thy holy and spotless Body and precious Blood. For bowing my neck I approach Thee, and pray Thee: turn not Thy Face away from me, nor reject me from the number of Thy Sons, but condescend that these Gifts may be offered to Thee by me, a sinner, and Thine unworthy servant. For Thou art He that offerest and art offered, that receivest and art distributed, Christ our God; and we ascribe glory to Thee, with Thy Father Unoriginate, and Thy All-holy, Good, and Life-giving Spirit, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

The Priest then repeats the Cherubic Hymn; he also says Psalm 50 (51), and such penitential Troparia as he pleases or time permits.

He then proceeds to make The Great Entrance, saying:

O God, be merciful to me, a sinner (Three times).

PRIEST: Lift up your hands in the sanctuary, and bless the Lord.

ALOUD: The Lord God remember ______ in His Kingdom, always, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST: The Lord God remember the Imperial (or the Royal) family in His Kingdom, always, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST: The Lord God remember the Most Holy Governing Synod and our Metropolitan ——, in His Kingdom, always, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST: The Lord God remember us and all orthodox Christians in His Kingdom, always, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

Then in conclusion of the Cherubic Hymn.

To receive the King of all, invisibly attended by the angelic orders.

Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah!

THE LITURGIES.

115

The Priest, placing the Gifts on the Holy Table, saith:

Honorable Joseph taking Thy precious Body from the Cross, wrapped it in clean linen, with sweet-smelling spices, and laid it in a new Tomb.

In the Tomb bodily, in Hades by Thy soul, in Paradise with the thief, as on the Throne with the Father and the Holy Ghost, Thou wast God, O Christ! filling all things, Thyself unbounded.

How life-giving, how much more beautiful than Paradise, and truly more splendid in appearance than any royal chamber, is, O Christ, Thy Tomb, the fountain of our resurrection.

Honorable Joseph, etc.

Do good, O Lord, in Thy good pleasure unto Sion; build Thou the walls of Jerusalem.

Then shalt Thou be pleased with the sacrifice of rightousness, with the burnt offerings and oblations.

Then shall they offer young bullocks upon Thine altar.

ALOUD: Let us complete our prayer to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: For the precious Gifts that have been presented, let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: That the whole day may be perfect, holy, peaceful, and without sin, let us ask from the Lord.

CHOIR: Grant, O Lord.

PRIEST: The Angel of peace, the faithful guide and guardian of our souls and bodies, let us ask from the Lord.

CHOIR: Grant, O Lord.

PRIEST: Pardon and remission of our sins and transgressions, let us ask from the Lord.

CHOIR: Grant, O Lord.

THE LITURGIES.

117

before Thee, that our
Sacrifice may be ac-
ceptable unto Thee,
and that the Good
Spirit of Thy Grace
may rest upon us, and
upon these gifts pre-
sented, and upon all
Thy people.

Noah, the Holocaust of Abraham, the
Priesthood of Moses and Aaron, the
Peace-offerings of Samuel: as Thou
didst receive from Thy Holy Apostles
this true Service, so also, from the
hands of us sinners, receive these
Gifts in Thy goodness, O Lord; that,
being counted worthy to minister
blamelessly at Thy Holy Altar, we
may find the reward of the faithful
and wise stewards, in the fearful day
of Thy just reward.

ALOUD: Through the compassions of Thine Only-begotten Son, with Whom, and with Thy All-holy, good, and Life-giving Spirit, Thou art blessed now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST: Peace to all.

CHOIR: And to thy spirit.

PRIEST: Let us love one another, that we may with one accord confess:

CHOIR: Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, the Consubstantial and Undivided Trinity.

PRIEST (silently): I will love Thee, O Lord, my Strength: the Lord is my defense, and my Refuge, and my Deliverer. (Three times.)

PRIEST (aloud): The doors! the doors! in wisdom let us attend.

CHOIR: I believe in One God the Father, Almighty, Maker of Heaven and Earth, and of all things visible and invisible.

And in One Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the Only-begotten, Begotten of the Father before all ages; Light of Light, True God of True God, Begotten, not made, Consubstantial with the Father, by Whom all things were made; Who for us men and for our salvation came down from the Heavens, and was Incarnate of the Holy Ghost and the Virgin Mary, and became Man; and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate, and suffered, and was buried, and rose again the third day according to the Scriptures; and ascended into the Heavens, and sitteth on the Right Hand of the Father; and He shall come again with Glory to judge both the quick and the dead; Whose Kingdom shall have no end.

THE LITURGIES.

119

ing all things till Thou
broughtest us to Hea-
ven, and didst bestow
Thy Kingdom to come.
For all these things
we give thanks to
Thee, and Thine Only-
begotten Son, and Thy
Holy Ghost; for all
blessings which we
know, and which we
know not, manifest
and concealed, which
have been done unto us.
We give Thee thanks
also for this ministry
which Thou hast
vouchsafed to receive
at our hands, al-
though there stood by
Thee thousands of
Archangels, and my-
riads of Angels, the
Cherubim, and the Ser-
aphim that have six
wings, full of eyes,
soaring aloft, winged.

Singing, crying aloud, shouting, and saying The Triumphal Hymn.

CHOIR: Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord of Sabaoth, Heaven and earth are full of Thy Glory: Hosanna in the highest.

Blessed is He that cometh in the name of the Lord: Hosanna in the highest.

PRIEST (silently.)

(S. Chrys.)

With these blessed

PRIEST (silently) (S. Basil.)

With these blessed Powers, O, Master,
Lover of Men, we sinners, also cry and
say, Truly Holy art Thou, and All Holy.
and there is no measure to the majesty

of Thy Holiness, and Holy in all Thy
deeds, for in righteousness and true

120 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

Powers, O. Master,
Lover of Men, we al-
so cry and say, Holy
art Thou, and All
Holy, Thou and
Thine Only-begotten
Son, and Thy Holy
Ghost. Holy art
Thou, and All Holy,
and great is the Maj-
esty of Thy Glory.
Who didst so love
Thy world, as to give
Thine Only-begotten
Son, that every one
judgment hast Thou brought all things
to pass for us: for, having taken clay
from the earth, and formed man and
honored him, O God, with Thine image,
Thou didst place him in the Paradise of
pleasure, having promised him an im-
mortality of life, and the enjoyment of
eternal good, in the keeping of Thy
commandments: but, disobeying Thee,
the True God, his Creator, and, deceived
by the guile of the serpent, subjected to
death by his own transgressions, Thou
didst cast him forth in Thy righteous
judgment, O God, from the Paradise
into this world, and didst turn him
again to the earth whence he was taken,
devising for him the salvation of regen-
eration in Thy Christ. For Thou didst
not forever turn away from Thy work,
which Thou didst make, O God, neither
didst Thou forget the works of Thy
hands; but didst visit him in divers
manners through the bowels of Thy
mercy: Thou didst send forth Prophets;
Thou didst work miracles by Thy
Saints, who were well pleasing to Thee
in each generation; Thou didst speak to
us by the mouth of Thy servants the
Prophets, promising us beforehand the
Salvation which should afterwards
come; Thou gavest the law in aid;
Thou didst appoint Angels as guardians.
And when the fullness of time was
come, Thou spakest to us by Thy Son
Himself, by Whom also Thou didst make
the worlds. Who, being the Effulgence
of Thy Glory, and the Impress of Thy
Substance, upholding all things by the
Word of His Power, thought it no rob-
bery to be equal to Thee, the God and
Father; but, being God before all ages,
appeared upon the earth, and lived to-

THE LITURGIES.

121

who believeth in Him
might not perish, but
have everlasting life.

Who having come,
and having fulfilled
for us all the dispensation,
in the night
in which He was be-
trayed, or rather sur-
rendered Himself for
the life of the world,
took bread in His
holy, and spotless,
and blameless Hands,
and gave thanks, and

gether with men, and being Incarnate of
the Holy Virgin, emptied Himself, hav-
ing taken the form of a servant, made
conformable in likeness to the body of
our humiliation, that he might make us
conformable to the Image of His Glory.
For since by man sin had entered into
the world, and death through sin, Thine
Only-begotten Son, Who was in the
Bosom of Thee, the God and Father,
was pleased to be born of a Woman,
the Holy Mother of God and ever-Virgin
Mary, born under law, to condemn sin
in His Flesh, that they who die in
Adam may be quickened in Him, Thy
Christ. And having dwelt in this
world, and given precepts of salvation,
and turned us away from the error of
idols. He brought us to the knowledge
of Thee, the true God and Father, hav-
ing purchased us to Himself a special
people, a royal priesthood, a holy na-
tion; and, having cleansed us in water,
and sanctified us by the Holy Spirit, He
gave Himself a ransom to death, in
which we were held, having been sold
under sin; and descending through the
Cross into Hades, that He might fulfill
all things in Himself, loosed the pangs
of death; and, rising again the third
day, and making a way for flesh to the
resurrection from the dead, because it
was impossible that He, the Author of
Life, should be holden of corruption,
He became First-fruits of them that
sleep, First-begotten from the dead, that
in all things He might have the pre-
eminence; and, ascending up into the
Heavens, He sat down at the right
hand of Thy Majesty on high: Who
also shall come to render to every one
according to his works: and left us Me-

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blessed, and hal-
lowed, and brake,
and gave to His Holy
Disciples and Apos-

tles, saying,

Take, eat. This is My Body, which is broken for you, for the remission of sins.

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Chrys.)

Likewise also after
supper, He took the
cup, saying, ALOUD:
Drink ye all of It, This
is My Blood

of the New Testament,
for remission of sins.

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Chrys.)

Therefore, remember-
ing this precept of Salva-
tion, and all that happened
for us, the Cross, the
Tomb, the Resurrection on
the third day, the Ascen-
sion into the Heavens, the
Session at the Right Hand,

memorials of His saving Passion, these
which we have brought forward ac-
cording to His commands: for, being
about to go forth to His voluntary, and
ever-memorable, and life-giving death,
in the night in which He surrendered
Himself for the life of the world, He
took bread in His holy and spotless
Hands, and showed it unto Thee, the
God and Father, and gave thanks, and
blessed, and hallowed, and brake.

ALOUD: And gave to His Holy Disci-
ples and Apostles, saying,

Likewise also the Cup from the
fruit of the vine, having taken, and
mingled, and given thanks, and
blessed, and hallowed. ALOUD: He
gave to His Holy Disciples and Apos-
tles, saying, Drink ye all of It, for This
is My Blood

Which is shed for you, and for many,

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Basil.)

Do this in remembrance of Me,
for as often as ye eat This Bread,
and drink This Cup, ye shew
forth My Death, and confess My
Resurrection. We therefore, O
Master, remembering His saving
sufferings, the life-giving Cross,
the three days' Sepulture, the
Resurrection from the dead, the
Ascension into the Heavens, the
Session on the Right Hand of

THE LITURGIES.

123

the second and glorious
Coming again. ALOUD: In
behalf of all, and for
all, we offer Thee Thine Own of Thine Own.

Thee, the God and Father, and
His Glorious and fearful second
Coming again. ALOUD: In behalf
of all, and for

CHOIR: Thee we hymn, Thee we bless, to Thee we give thanks, O Lord, and pray Thee, our God.

PRIEST (silently).
(S. Chrys.)

Moreover, we
offer unto Thee
This reasonable
and unbloody
Sacrifice, and be-
seech and pray,
and supplicate:
Send down Thy
Holy Ghost upon
us, and on These
presented Gifts.

PRIEST (silently).
(S. Basil.)

Wherefore All-Holy Master, we also,
sinners, and Thine unworthy servants,
who are counted worthy by Thee to serve
at Thy Holy Altar, not through our
righteousness; for we have done nothing
good upon the earth; but through Thy
mercies and Thy compassions, which Thou
hast richly poured out upon us, take cour-
age and approach Thy Holy Altar, and
offering the Antitypes of the Holy Body
and Blood of Thy Christ, beseech Thee,
and implore Thee, Holy of Holies, in the
approval of Thy Goodness, that Thy Holy
Ghost may come upon us, and upon These
presented Gifts, and bless Them, and hal-
low Them, and manifest Them.

PRIEST: O God, be gracious to me, a sinner.

O Lord, Who didst send down Thine All-Holy Spirit the third hour on Thy Apostles: take Him not from us, O good God, but renew Him in us who pray to Thee.

Make me a clean heart, O God, and renew a right spirit within me.

Cast me not away from Thy Presence, and take not Thy
Holy Spirit from me.

Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy
Ghost.

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Blessed art Thou, O Christ, our God, Who didst make the
fishermen all-wise, sending down upon them the Holy Ghost,
and by them didst bring the whole world into Thy net, O
Lover of men: Glory to Thee.

When the Highest having come down confounded the
tongues, He divided the nations; when He distributed the
tongues of fire, He called all to unity: and with one voice we
glorify the Holy Ghost.

PRIEST.

(S. Chrys.)

And make This
Bread the Preci-
ous Body of Thy
Christ.

Amen.

PRIEST.

(S. Basil.)

And make This Bread the Precious
Body Itself of our Lord and God, and
Saviour, Jesus Christ.

Amen.

PRIEST.

(S. Chrys.)

And that which is
in this Cup, the Pre-
cious Blood of Thy
Christ.

Amen.

PRIEST: Changing Them by Thy Holy Ghost.

Amen. Amen. Amen.

PRIEST.

(S. Chrys.)

So as to be to those par-
taking for purification of
soul, for forgiveness of sins,
for Communion of Thy
Holy Ghost, for fullness of
the Kingdom of Heaven,
for boldness towards Thee,
not for judgment, or con-
demnation. Further we
offer to Thee This reasona-
ble service for those depart-

PRIEST.

(S. Basil.)

And This Cup the Precious Blood It-
self of our Lord and God, and Saviour,
Jesus Christ.

Amen.

PRIEST: Poured out for the life of the
world.

PRIEST.

(S. Basil.)

And that we all who have par-
taken of the One Bread, and of
the Cup, may be made one with
each other in the Communion of
One Holy Ghost, and that none
of us may receive the Holy Body
and Blood of Thy Christ to judg-
ment, or to condemnation; but
that we may find mercy and

THE LITURGIES.

125

ed in the faith, our Ancestors, Fathers, Patriarchs, Prophets, Apostles, Preachers, Evangelists, Martyrs, Confessors, Virgins, and every just spirit made perfect in faith.

grace together with all the Saints who have pleased Thee forever, our Ancestors, Fathers, Patriarchs, Prophets, Apostles, Preachers, Evangelists, Martyrs, Confessors, Teachers, and every just spirit made perfect in faith.

**ALOUD:** Especially our all-holy, spotless, most-blessed and glorious Lady, the Mother of God and ever-Virgin Mary.

**CHOIR:**

(S. Chrys.)

It is very meet to bless thee, the Holy Virgin, the ever-blessed, the entirely spotless, and Mother of our God; the more honorable than the Cherubim, and infinitely more glorious than the Seraphim, who didst bear without corruption God the Word: thee, verily the Mother of God, we magnify.

(S. Basil.)

All creation, the system of Angels and the race of men, rejoice in thee, full of grace, sanctified temple, reasonable paradise, and glory of virgins, of whom God took Flesh, and became a little Child, our God, Who was before all ages. For He made thy Womb His Throne, and more extended than the Heavens. In thee, O full of grace, all creation rejoice; Glory to thee.

**PRIEST** (silently): The Holy Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John; the Holy glorious, and all-celebrated Apostle; Saint —, whose memory we celebrate; and all Thy Saints, through whose supplications look down upon us, O God. And remember all those who are fallen asleep in hope of resurrection to eternal life.

(S. Chrys.)

He commemorates
whom he will of the
dead, by name, and then
proceeds:

And give them

He commemorates whom he will of the dead, saying:
For rest and forgiveness of the soul of
Thy servant —, in a place of light,
whence sorrow and mourning are driven
away, give him rest, O our God.

And then proceeds,

And give them rest where shines the
light of Thy Countenance. Again we
pray Thee, remember, O Lord, Thy Holy
Catholic and Apostolic Church, which is

(S. Basil.)

126 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

rest where shines
the Light of Thy
Countenance.
Again we beseech
Thee: Remember,
O Lord, every Or-
thodox Episcopate,
rightly dividing
the word of Thy
Truth; the whole
Presbytery. the
Diaconate in
Christ, and every
Holy order. Fur-
thermore we offer
to Thee this reas-
onable service for
the whole world,
for the Holy Cath-
olic and Apostolic
from one end of the earth to the other,
and give it peace, for Thou didst purchase
it by the Precious Blood of Thy Christ;
and stablish this Holy House until the
end of the age. Remember, O Lord, us,
who have offered to Thee These Gifts,
and for whom, and through whom,
and on account of whom we offered
Them. Remember, O Lord, those bring-
ing forth fruit, and doing good deeds in
Thy Holy Churches, and remembering the
poor; Reward them with Thy rich and
Heavenly benefits; Bestow on them things
Heavenly for things earthly, things eter-
nal for things temporal, things incorrupti-
ble for things corruptible. Remember, O
Lord, those in deserts, and mountains, and
dens and the caves of the earth. Remem-
ber, O Lord, the most pious and faithful
Sovereign — and family, whom Thou
hast counted meet to reign on the earth;
crown them with armor of truth, with
armor of approval; overshadow their
heads in day of battle; strengthen their
arm; exalt their right hand; stablish their
kingdom; subdue beneath them all the
barbarous nations that delight in wars;
grant them deep peace that cannot be
taken away; speak good things to their
heart for Thy Church and all Thy people;
that we in their tranquillity may lead a
quiet and peaceful life in all Godliness and
sobriety. Remember, O Lord, every
power and dominion, and our brethren at
court, and all the army. Preserve the
good in Thy goodness, make the evil good
in Thy kindness. Remember, O Lord, the
people standing around, and those ab-
sent from commendable causes, and have
mercy on them and us, according to the
multitude of Thy mercy. Fill their store-

THE LITURGIES.

127

Church, for those houses with every good thing; preserve
their marriages in peace and unanimity;
living in purity nourish the babes; instruct the youth;
and chastity of life console the aged; comfort the feeble-
minded; collect the scattered; bring back
in the world; for the wandering, and unite them to Thy Holy,
Catholic and Apostolic Church; free those
the most faithful vexed by unclean spirits; voyage with
and Christ-loving those sailing; journey with those travel-
ing; defend widows; shield the orphans;
Sovereign — deliver prisoners; heal the sick; remem-
and family, all ber, O God, those before tribunals, in
their court and mines, and every affliction, distress and
army. Grant to accident, and all praying for Thy great
them, O Lord, a compassion; and who love us, and who
peaceful reign, hate us, and those who have desired us,
that we in their from his mother's womb. For Thou,
tranquility may the Hope of the despairing, the Pre-
lead a quiet and server of the tempest-tost, the Harbor
peaceful life in all of the voyagers, the Physician of the sick;
Godliness and so- each one and his request, each house and
briety. ALOUD: its need. Deliver, O Lord, this city, and
class of aliens, and civil war. ALOUD:
But But
chiefly, O Lord, remember the Most Holy Governing Synod,
the members whereof (or — whom) preserve to Thy
Holy Churches in peace, in safety, in honor, in health, in
length of days, and rightly dividing the word of Thy Truth.

CHOIR: For all mankind.

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(S. Chrys.)

The Priest commemorates silently whom he will of the living, by name, and then proceeds:

Remember, O Lord, the city in which we dwell, and every city and country, and those with Faith dwelling in them. Remember, O Lord, those sailing, journeying, sick, laboring, prisoners and their deliverance. Remember, O Lord, those bringing forth fruit, and doing good deeds in Thy Holy Churches, mindful of the poor. And send forth on all of us Thy mercies.

**ALOUD:** And grant us with one mouth and one heart to glorify and celebrate Thy All-honorable and Majestic Name, of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

**CHOIR:** Amen.

**PRIEST:** And the mercies of the great God and our Saviour, Jesus Christ, shall be with all of us.

(S. Basil.)

The Priest commemorates whom he will of the living, saying silently:

For the salvation, preservation, and forgiveness of sins of the servants of God

---

And then proceeds:

Remember, O Lord, every Orthodox, Episcopate, rightly dividing the Word of Thy Truth. Remember, O Lord, according to the multitude of Thy compassion, also my unworthiness; forgive me every transgression, voluntary and involuntary, and shut not up on account of my sins the Grace of Thy Holy Spirit from the presented Gifts. Remember, O Lord, the Presbytery, the Diaconate in Christ, and every Holy order, and put to shame none of us who surround Thy Holy Altar. Visit us in Thy Goodness, O Lord; manifest Thyself to us in Thy rich mercies; grant us healthful and advantageous airs, give showers to the earth for abundance of fruit; bless by Thy Goodness the crown of the year; stay the schisms of the Churches; restrain the ragings of the nations; cast down quickly the rising up of heresies by the power of Thy Holy Spirit; receive us all into Thy Kingdom, as sons of light and sons of day, and give us Thy peace and Thy love, O Lord our God, for Thou hast given all things to us.

THE LITURGIES.

129

CHOIR: And with thy spirit.

PRIEST: Commemorating all the Saints, again and again
in peace, let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: For the honorable Gifts presented and hallowed,
let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: That our God, the Lover of men, Who hath received Them into His Holy and Heavenly, and Spiritual Altar, for the odor of a sweet spiritual savor, may in return send down on us the Divine Grace, and the gift of the Holy Ghost, let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

CHOIR: Grant, O Lord.

PRIEST: The Angel of peace, faithful guide, guardian of
our souls and bodies, let us ask from the Lord.

CHOIR: Grant, O Lord.

CHOIR: Grant, O Lord.

PRIEST: That which is good and profitable to our souls,
and peace to the world, let us ask from the Lord.

CHOIR: Grant, O Lord.

PRIEST: That we may complete the time of our sojourn-
ing here in peace and repentance, let us ask from the Lord.

CHOIR: Grant, O Lord.

PRIEST: That the end of our lives may be according to our
Christian profession, peaceful, without pain, and without
confusion of face; and that we may render a good account at
the fearful judgment-seat of Christ, let us ask from the
Lord.

CHOIR: Grant, O Lord.

PRIEST: Having prayed for the unity of the faith, and the

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Communion of the Holy Ghost, let us commend ourselves, and each other, and all our life, to Christ our God.

CHOIR: To Thee, O Lord.

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Chrys.)

To Thee, O Master, Lover of men, we commit in trust all our life and hope, and beseech, and pray, and supplicate: make us worthy to partake of Thy Heavenly and awful Mysteries of this Holy and Spiritual Table with a pure conscience, for forgiveness of sins, for pardon of transgressions, for Communion of the Holy Ghost, for inheritance of the Kingdom of Heaven, for confidence in Thee, not for judgment, nor for condemnation.

ALOUD: And make us worthy, O Master, with confidence and without condemnation, to dare to call upon Thee, our God and Heavenly Father, and say,

CHOIR: Our Father, Who art in the Heavens, Hallowed be Thy Name; Thy Kingdom come; Thy Will be done, as in Heaven, so on earth; Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive them that trespass against us, and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Basil.)

O our God, the God of salvation teach us worthily to thank Thee for Thy benefits which Thou has done, and art doing for us. Thou, our God, who hast received these Gifts, cleanse us from every pollution of flesh and spirit, and teach us to accomplish holiness in Thy fear, that we, with the pure witness of our conscience, receiving the portion of Thy Hallowed Gifts, may be united to the Holy Body and Blood of Thy Christ; and receiving Them worthily, may have Christ dwelling in our hearts, and may become a temple of Thy Holy Spirit. Yea, O our God, and make none of us guilty of These Thy awful and Heavenly Mysteries, nor infirm in soul and body from unworthily partaking of Them; but grant us till our last breath worthily to receive the portion of Thy Hallowed Gifts for a provision for the journey to eternal life, for an acceptable defense at the fearful tribunal of Thy Christ, that we, with all the Saints who have pleased Thee forever, may become partakers of Thy eternal Goods, which Thou hast prepared for those who love Thee, O Lord.

THE LITURGIES.

131

PRIEST: For Thine is the Kingdom, and the Power, and the Glory, Father, Son and Holy Ghost, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST: Peace to all.

CHOIR: And to thy spirit.

PRIEST: Let us bow our heads to the Lord.

CHOIR: To Thee, O Lord.

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Chrysostom.)

We give thanks unto Thee, invisible King, Who has framed all things by thy measureless power, and in the multitude of thy mercy hast brought all things into being from non-existence. O Master, look down from Heaven, upon those who have bowed down their heads unto Thee, for they bowed not to flesh and blood, but to Thee, the terrible God. Bestow, therefore, O Master, on all of us, an equal good from the presented Gifts, according to the proper need of each; sail with those sailing; journey with those journeying; heal the sick, O Physician of our souls and bodies.

ALOUD: Through the grace, compassions and love to men of thine Only-begotten Son, with Whom, and with Thy All-Holy, Good, and Life.giving Spirit, Thou art Blessed; now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST (silently): Hear us, O Lord Jesus Christ, our God, out of Thy holy dwelling-place, and from the Throne of glory of Thy Kingdom, and come to sanctify us Thou Who sittest above with the Father, and yet art here invisibly present with us; and by Thy mighty Hand make us worthy to impart to ourselves of Thy Spotless Body, and Precious Blood, and by us to all the people.

PRIEST: O God, be gracious to me a sinner. (Three times.)

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Basil.)

O Master, Lord, Father of mercies, and God of all comfort: bless them that have bowed down their heads unto Thee, hallow, confirm, strengthen them, keep them from every evil work, knit them to every good work, and make them worthy to partake without condemnation of These Thy spotless and life-giving Mysteries, for forgiveness of sins, for Communion of the Holy Ghost.

132 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

PRIEST: Let us attend.

The Holy for the Holy.

CHOIR: One Holy, one Lord Jesus Christ, to the Glory of God the Father. Amen.

## THE COMMUNION HYMN.

Praise the Lord from the Heavens: praise Him in the Highest.

PRIEST: The Lamb of God is broken and distributed; broken and not divided asunder; ever eaten and never consumed, but sanctifying all who are partakers thereof.

PRIEST: The fullness of the Cup, of faith, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.

PRIEST: Blessed is the fervor of Thy Saints, always, now, and ever, and to ages of ages. Amen.

The fervor of faith is full of the Holy Ghost. Amen.

PRIEST: I believe, Lord, and confess, that Thou art the true Christ, the Son of the living God, Who camest to save sinners, of whom I am chief. I believe also, that this is Thy Most Holy Body, and that This is Thy Most Holy Blood, and pray therefore to Thee, Have mercy upon me, and pardon my transgressions, voluntary and involuntary, which I have committed in word and deed, knowingly and unknowingly, and grant me without condemnation to be a partaker of Thy Holy Mysteries, O Lord, for the forgiveness of my sins, and for life everlasting.

O Son of God, accept me to-day as a partaker of Thy Mystical Supper, for I will not reveal the Mystery to Thine enemies. I will not give Thee a kiss as Judas, but as the thief I will confess Thee: remember me, O Lord, in Thy Kingdom.

Let not, O Lord, the Communion of Thy Holy Mysteries be to my judgment, or condemnation, but for the healing of my soul and body.

The Priest then communicates of the Holy Bread, saying:

The Precious and All-holy Body of our Lord, and God, and Saviour, Jesus Christ, is communicated to me —, Priest, for the forgiveness of my sins, and for life everlasting.

He then communicates of the Holy Cup, saying:

I, —, Priest, the servant of God, partake of the Pure

THE LITURGIES.

133

and Holy Blood of our Lord, and God, and Saviour, Jesus Christ, for the forgiveness of my sins, and for life everlasting.

Behold, This hath touched my lips, and shall take away my transgressions, and cleanse me from my sins.

Having seen the Resurrection of Christ, we adore the Holy Lord Jesus, Who alone is without sin. Thy Cross, O Lord, we worship, and glorify Thy Holy Resurrection. For Thou art our God, we know none other beside Thee, we call upon Thy Name.

O come, all ye Faithful, let us adore the Resurrection of Christ, for by His Cross great joy is come unto all the world. Therefore, ever blessing the Lord, we celebrate His Resurrection, Who suffered on the Cross, and hath overthrown death by death.

Shine, O new Jerusalem, for the glory of the Lord is risen upon thee; exult and rejoice, O Sion, for the pure Virgin glori-fieth thee by her exalted Childbirth. O Christ, the Great Passover and High Priest, the Wisdom, the Word, and Power of God, deign us to partake of Thee more truly, and day without night, in Thy Kingdom.

Through Thy Holy Blood, and the intercession of Thy Saints, cleanse from their sins, O Lord, those whom we have remembered.

ALOUD: With the Fear of God, faith and love draw near.

(CHOIR: Blessed is He that cometh in the Name of the Lord: the Lord is God, and is manifest unto us.

The Priest communicates the people, saying to each:

The servant of God, —, is made partaker of the Pure and Holy Body and Blood of our Lord, and God, and Saviour, Jesus Christ, for the forgiveness of his, (or, of her) sins, and for life everlasting.

Then, when all have communicated, he saith:

O God, save Thy people, and bless Thine inheritance.

(CHOIR: We have seen the True Light, we have received the Spirit from Heaven, we have found the True faith, by worshiping the undivided Trinity, Who hath saved us.

PRIEST: Be Thou, O God, exalted above the Heavens, and Thy Glory above all the earth.

Blessed is our God, (Aloud.) Always, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

THE LITURGIES.

135

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST: In peace let us depart.

CHOIR: In the name of the Lord.

PRIEST: Let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: O Lord, Who blessest them that bless Thee, and sanctifiest them that put their trust in Thee, save Thy people, and bless Thine inheritance. Guard the fullness of Thy Church; sanctify those who love the beauty of Thy Temple; glorify them in return with Thy Divine power, and forsake not us, who hope in Thee. Give peace to Thy world, to Thy Churches, to Thy Priests, to the most pious Sovereign —, and to all Thy people; for every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, and cometh down from Thee, the Father of Lights; and we ascribe glory, thanks, and worship to Thee, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, now, and ever, and to ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

Blessed be the Name of the Lord; from henceforth, and to all ages. (Three times.)

Glory be to the Father, and to the Son: and to the Holy Ghost;

PSALM 33 (34).

I will bless the Lord at all times: His praise shall ever be in my mouth.

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Chrys.)

PRIEST (silently).

(S. Basil.)

Thou, O Christ, our God, Who art Thyself the fullness of the Law and of the Prophets, Who didst fulfil all the dispensation of Thy Father; fill our

The mystery of Thy dispensation, O Christ our God, hath been accomplished and perfected as far as in our power: for we have the memory of Thy Death, we have seen the type of Thy Resurrection, we have been filled with Thy endless Life, we have enjoyed Thy delight which cannot be made empty, of which in the age to come, be pleased to count

136 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

hearts with joy and us worthy. Through the Grace of Thy
gladness, always, Father Unoriginate, and Thy Holy,
now, and ever, and Good, and Life-giving Spirit, now, and
to ages of ages. ever, and to ages of ages.

Amen.

ALOUD: Let us pray to the Lord.

CHOIR: Lord, have mercy.

PRIEST: The blessing of the Lord be upon you through His
Grace, and Love to mankind, always, now, and ever, and to
ages of ages.

CHOIR: Amen.

PRIEST: Glory be to Thee, O Christ, our God and Hope,
Glory be to Thee.

CHOIR: Glory be to the Father, and to the Son: and to the
Holy Ghost:

Lord, have mercy. (Three times.)

PRIEST: Christ, our true God, Who arose from the dead;
(or, if it be not Sunday, Christ our true God:) through the in-
tercession of His all-spotless Mother: the honorable and
glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John; the holy
and all-celebrated Apostle; our holy Father, John Chrysos-
tom, Archbishop of Constantinople; (or, on the days his
Liturgy is appointed to be used, our holy Father Basil the
Great, of Caesarea, in Cappadocia;) Saint —, Guardian of
this Holy Temple; Saint —, whose memory we this day
celebrate; and all Saints: have mercy, and save us, as Thou
art good, and the Lover of men.

CHOIR: Amen.

The Priest then distributes The Antidoron, and the people depart.

["RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES.", "137", "RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES.", "> \"Though watery deserts hold apart\n> The worlds of East and West,\n> Still beats the self-same human heart\n> In each proud nation's breast.\"", "THE above lines are the opening verse of a stirring poem from the gifted pen of Oliver Wendell Holmes, which was first recited at a banquet given in honor of Mr. Fox, Assistant Secretary of the United States Navy, at St. Petersburg, August 5th, 1866. Mr. Fox had been sent as a special envoy to convey to the Russian Emperor and people the cordial congratulations of America on the Czar's then recent escape from the bullet of an assassin; and it need hardly be said that the nature of his mission caused the visit of himself and his companions to be one continuous scene of fêtes and ovations.", "On his eastward voyage, Mr. Fox made a brief stay at Paris, and there, among other notables of the Second Empire, met Prince Napoleon, who evidently took a keen interest in the mission of the republican envoy, and generously sought to put him on his guard against the proverbial \"wiles of Muscovite diplomacy,\" as may be seen from the subjoined conversation, now on record in official archives at Washington.", "\"Do not be too friendly with Russia.\" advised Prince Napoleon.", "\"Russia and America have no rival interests,\" replied Mr. Fox. \"Russia has always been friendly to America, and we reciprocate that feeling.\"", "\"But you can stand alone,\" said the Prince. \"You do not want friends.\"", "Mr. Fox answered: \"When it was doubtful whether we should ever stand again, at a time when the most powerful nations menaced us, Russia felt and expressed her sympathy for us; and America will never forget it.\"", "\"Russia is for herself alone,\" said the Prince, after a moment's silence; and the subject was changed.", "* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

138 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

in form, but between two peoples so dissimilar in their traditions, languages, manners and institutions. It has puzzled, nay, even exasperated many other European amateur statesmen as well as Prince Napoleon, who accordingly have deluged the western Republic with a prodigal outpouring of unsolicited advice and impressive warning. They clearly prove, to their own satisfaction, that the thing is out of all reason, and they caution the young and callow United States that it is being outwitted by Russia's Machiavellian cunning. In the words of a citizen of Massachusetts, who some years ago journeyed from Boston to St. Petersburg, and was lavishly treated to this gratuitous counsel on his way, "It is pleasant to feel what good friends we have on the other side of the Atlantic, who are ready to come forward — now that we are out of the woods — and save us from the terrible fate of being killed by too much kindness. Like the almost historic personage who was talked to death, perhaps there is danger in store for the American Republic of being *advised* to death by her older brothers and sisters."

That so much ostensibly disinterested and undoubtedly earnest advice should prove so barren of result, is, indeed, lamentable; but the fact remains that it has neither severed nor weakened the olden bond of friendship which connects the United States and Russia more firmly than could be done by any number of formal treaties. It has often been the subject of comment, on both sides of the Atlantic, that whenever the interests of England and Russia come into collision, the dominant current of sympathy from the United States invariably flows towards the latter. Proofs of this uniform tendency have been abundant of late, whether during the actual hostilities with Turkey or the threatened hostilities with Britain, the excitement and uncertainty of the Berlin Congress, the annexation of Cyprus, or the complications of the Afghan question.

The furious tone of some recent English parliamentary debates, and the exceptional ferocity of usually placid English journals, are scarcely needed to convince any intelligent observer of the profound national prejudice prevailing against Russia in Great Britain. At first glance it would naturally be inferred that England's Russophobia must largely infect the United States. The two nations speak the same language, are co-heirs to the same literature, and are connected by

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139

many ties of consanguinity, common traditions, and social
and commercial intercourse. The press of England is widely
read and quoted here; untold millions of English capital are
invested here; the bulk of European and Asiatic news trans-
mitted hither is filtered through London agencies, which sel-
dom hesitate to tincture it in conformity with their own
designs or caprices. Nevertheless, no shadow of distrust
invades the amicable relations existing between Russia and
the United States.

It would be anything but complimentary to the Govern-
ment and people of this Republic to aver that their friendship
is of that blind, indiscriminating order which clings to a favo-
rite regardless of merit or demerit. Nothing is further from
our mind than to accuse or suspect them of being controlled
by any such fatuity. They are, of course, naturally predis-
posed to approve the acts of those whom they have reason to
regard as firm friends; but they are not thereby prevented
from uttering a critical, impartial judgment on the merits of
any international case, even though the decision should run
counter to their own sympathies. The Turkish war, and the
steps which preceded and followed it, were discussed here
with incisive frankness; and in some American reviews are
placed upon enduring record what posterity will recognize as
comprehensive statements of the great questions at issue,
summed up with judicial fairness. The American people are
imbued with a keen sense of justice; and this fact, coupled
with their unchanging affection and esteem for Russia, fur-
nishes a signal testimony to the equity of Russia's claims in
every international controversy of recent times which has
tested her diplomacy or her arms. With regard to England's
conspicuous grudge, American citizens, being shrewd, practi-
cal and penetrating, have long ago discovered that the rulers
of the "tight little island" always contrive to maintain some
foreign power in the character of an obnoxious bugbear, on
which British patriotism may expend the superfluous heat
that, if pent up at home, might menace the existence of vari-
ous cherished and convenient institutions. France, Spain and
the Papacy having served their turns, Russia is now the
national bête noir of John Bull.

The dominant feeling harbored by the American people
towards the British Government is somewhat complex and
difficult to define. It is not positive hostility, neither is it good-

140 THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

will, nor yet is it indifference. It was intensely hostile from
the birth of the Republic until long after the war of 1812;
then the bitterness gradually departed, only to be restored
in fuller volume at the outbreak of the Civil War, when, as
Earl Russell confesses in his Memoirs, Britain's attitude was
dictated by her ambition for manufacturing and maritime su-
premacy. Even then, the criminal treachery of the govern-
ing classes to their own professed principles was partly re-
deemed by the fidelity of a large portion of the English Com-
mons. All this is clear enough to the volunteer foreign
advisers of America, of whom Prince Napoleon is a type;
yet they pretend not to be able to comprehend why Russia
and the United States should cherish such a cordial, mutual
regard. The reasons are not far to seek.

Borrowing the pregnant phrase of Mr. Fox, already quoted,
Russia and the United States have never had any rival inter-
ests. From the time of Catherine II., who decorated Com-
modore Paul Jones (by way of protest against George the
Third's proclamation of him as a pirate), and whose far-reach-
ing policy contributed in no small measure to the final estab-
lishment of Independence, no misunderstanding or rivalry has
ever occurred to cause a coolness or mistrust between the two
nations. Each, of course, drew some material as well as
moral advantage from the good-will of the other: yet their
friendship was not based on any such selfish calculation. It
grew with their common progress, and was most firmly ce-
mented by events which transpired eighteen years ago, and
which are still fresh in the memory of our generation. The
hour of the Republic's sorest travail amply demonstrated the
truth of the poet's words:

> Still beats the self-same human heart,
> In each proud nation's breast.

In 1861, both nations were moving by widely different
paths towards a common goal—the abolition of slavery and
the advancement of humanity. We have no desire to revive
bitter and painful recollections, yet it is unavoidably necessary
to recall the fact that the United States Government had then
very few sympathizers among the dominant powers of Europe.
England's royal proclamation, recognizing the belligerency of
the Southern States was issued with indecent haste, not even
awaiting the arrival of the representative of the assailed Re-

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141

public, under the new Administration. Lossing, in his "His-
tory of the Rebellion," after showing the open or covert hostil-
ity of the leading Governments of Western Europe, impress-
ively adds:

> "But the enlightened Emperor of Russia, who was about to strike the shackles from millions of slaves in his own dominions, instructed his chief Minister to say to the imperial representatives at Washington: 'In every event, the American nation may count upon the most cordial sympathy on the part of our august master during the important crisis which it is passing through at present.'

> * * * * * The Russian Emperor kept his word; and the Powers of Western Europe, regarding him as a promised ally of the Republic in case of need, behaved prudently."

Not only did the Czar Alexander thus earn the gratitude
of the United States by prompt and generous action in the
hour of need, but his successful emancipation of twenty
million serfs a few years later won him, "the military auto-
crat," a place in the American heart beside Abraham Lincoln,
the patriot President.

A pictorial geography once published on this side of the
Atlantic, contained a wood-cut representation of the Czar
driving at headlong speed through the streets of a city, and
engaged in the novel pastime of trampling down all who were
not swift enough to escape the iron hoofs of his steeds. This
curious bit of educational art-work stands on a level with the
exaggerated notions which used to prevail, and which, in some
regions of the earth are still carefully fostered, of a hideous and
capricious despotism obstructing Russian progress and para-
lyzing Russian energy. We need scarcely say that so obviously
false a view obtains little favor in the United States in these
days. Despite the fanatic activity of the Nihilist propaganda,
and its interested foreign allies, in misrepresenting the actual
condition of the great Northern Empire, impartial observers
who have traveled in Russia and looked below the surface of
its political and social life, have succeeded in making the truth
known to all who desire the truth rather than a distorted
picture.

Especially does this remark apply to Americans, who, safely
located beyond the vortex of European jealousies, are better
qualified to judge dispassionately the real character of Rus-
sian civilization, the obstacles it has to contend with, and the
gigantic strides it has made. No admirers of autocracy in any
shape, they are eminently practical, and they are familiar
enough with the lessons of history to realize that the evolu-

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155

sanctuary of the Lord before the whole Church, and hast sub-
scribed the same with thy hand; for thou will be called to
account for all, according to thy vow, by Christ, our God; so
art thou in like manner also here already for each error and
each negligence in the trust committed to thee, and for each
disobedience against the Church of God subjected to the legal
prohibitions. Therefore guard thyself from all evil and every
iniquity; but against him, who lurketh in the way of tempta-
tion, arm thee with prayer and fasting, as a valiant warrior
of Jesus Christ and a righteous administrator of the Divine
Mysteries. Be temperate in all things according to the teach-
ing of the holy Apostle Paul, who thus saith: "Every one
contending for a prize controls himself in all things." Since
now our Humility fervently wishes for thee such a prudent
conduct in thy Episcopal dignity, we deliver to thee the Epis-
copal pastoral staff, with which, while pasturing the flock of
Christ, thou shalt obtain the incorruptible crown of honor,
and together with thy flock attain to the heavenly, ever-joy-
ful Kingdom, for never-ending ages. Live then long and
happily, N., Bishop of the God-protected cities N. N., take
part in the gracious gifts of God, the Lord, and in the inter-
cession of the all-holy Virgin, Mother of God Mary and
all Saints well-pleasing to God, invoking them in prayer
also for the most pious, autocratic and great Monarch,
our Emperor N., and for all the family of His Imperial Ma-
jesty, for their orthodox magistrates, army officers, city
authorities, and for all their Christ-loving army; so that we
may live a peaceful and quiet life in all godliness and hon-
esty, and all inherit the heavenly blessedness, highly praising
the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Ghost; now and ever,
and to ages of ages. Amen.

*The Bishop, who delivers the pastoral staff, often says, in-
stead of that, this shorter admonition:*

Receive the staff to pasture the flock of Christ entrusted
to thee: to the obedient be thou thyself a staff and stay; but
to the disobedient and gainsayers use also this staff, so that
this staff of obedience may keep them in their duty of sub-
jection.

*And after this they all depart, and the Proto-presbyter and
Proto-deacon accompanying the newly-ordained to his house.*

156

THE ORIENTAL CHURCH MAGAZINE.

MISCELLANY.

WE think no better demonstration of the folly of much of the scientific jargon of the day can be found than in Prof. Huxley's definition of a modest primrose. "It is," he says, "a cowlifloral dicotyledonous exogen, with a monopelatous corolla and a central placenta."

REASON is a fine thing, but let us not think too much of it. God does not. We know of a surety—we know on the authority of His Word—that all the proud and high things of man's intellect are of infinitely less value in His sight than the humblest aspiration after mercy and truth, than the heart-uttered groan of a contrite spirit.

THE orbits of about 200 comets have been calculated with an approximation to accuracy. Forty appear to describe ellipses or flattened, irregular circles, and some seven or eight hyperbolas, and the rest parabolas.

A MOMENT'S work on clay tells more than an hour's labor on brick. So work on hearts should be done before they harden. During the first six or eight years of child-life mothers have chief sway, and this is the time to make the deepest and most enduring impressions on the youthful mind.

ABBOTT PASTOR was asked: "Is it good to cloak a brother's fault?"

He answered: "As often as we hide a brother's sin, God hides one of ours, but he tells ours in that hour in which we tell our brother's."

THE Abbott Alonius said: "Unless a man says in his heart, I and my God are the only two in the world, he will not have rest."