4

to accomplish, ought to give weight to our
words. We speak not from abstract con-
viction, but from experience; not as mere
enthusiasts, but as men of practical com-
mon sense, holding in our hands the means
of escape from the present condition of so-
ciety, and from that still more frightful
state to which in all civilized countries it
is hurrying.

Accordingly, we calmly and earnestly
invite the aid of those who perceive how
little security existing institutions offer
against the growth of Commercial Feudal-
ism on the one hand, and Pauperism on the
other,—of those whose sympathies are
with the unfortunate and uneducated mass-
es, of those who long for the establishment
of more true and genial conditions of life,
as well as of those who are made restless
and fiery-souled by the universal necessi-
ties of Reform.

But by that increasing number, whose
most ardent desire is to see the experiment
of Association fairly tried, we are confi-
dent that the appeal we now make will
not be received without the most generous
response in their power. As far as their
means and their utmost exertions can go,
they will not suffer so favorable an oppor-

West Roxbury, May 20, 1845.

tunity for the realization of their fondest
hopes to pass unimproved. Nor do we
call upon Americans alone, but upon all
persons of whatever nation to whom the
doctrines of Universal Unity have revealed
the Destiny of Man. Especially to those
noble men, who in Europe have so long
and so faithfully labored for the diffusion
and propagation of these doctrines, we ad-
dress, what to them will be an occasion
of the highest joy, an appeal for fraternal
co-operation in behalf of their realization.
We announce to them the dawning of that
day for which they have so hopefully and
so bravely waited,—the up-springing of
those seeds that they and their compeers
have sown. To them it will seem no ex-
aggeration to say, that we, their younger
brethren, invite their assistance in a move-
ment, which, however humble it may su-
perficially appear, is the grandest, both in
its essential character and its consequences
that can now be proposed to man; —a
movement whose purpose is the Elevation
of Humanity to its integral rights, and
whose results will be the establishment of
happiness and peace amongst the nations
of the earth.

By order of the Central Council,

GEORGE RIPLEY, President.

CONSTITUTION.

PREAMBLE

IN order more effectually to promote
the great purposes of human culture; to
establish the external relations of life on
a basis of wisdom and purity; to apply
the principles of justice and love to our
social organization in accordance with the
laws of Divine Providence; to substitute
a system of brotherly co-operation for one
of selfish competition; to secure to our
children and those who may be entrusted
to our care, the benefits of the highest
physical, intellectual, and moral educa-
tion, which in the progress of knowledge
the resources at our command will per-
mit, to institute an attractive, efficient,
and productive system of Industry; to
prevent the exercise of worldly anxiety,
by the competent supply of our necessary
wants; to diminish the desire of excess-
ive accumulation, by making the acquisi-
tion of individual property subservient to
upright and disinterested uses; to guaran-
tee to each other forever the means of
physical support and of spiritual progress;
and thus to impart a greater freedom,
simplicity, truthfulness, refinement and
moral dignity to our mode of life; —We
the undersigned do unite in a voluntary
Association, and adopt and ordain the fol-
lowing articles of agreement, to wit: —

ARTICLE I.

Name and Purpose.

Sec. 1. The name of this Associa-
tion shall be the Brook Farm Phalanx.

Sec. 2. Its purpose shall be the or-
ganization and pursuit of Industry in the
following departments viz: Domestic Ser-

vices, Agriculture, Manufactures, Com-
merce, Education, the study and applica-
tion of the Sciences, and the study and
application of the Fine Arts; in accord-
ance with the system of Association and
the laws of Universal Unity as discovered
by CHARLES FOURIER.

ARTICLE II.

Government.

Sec. 1. The Government of the Pha-
lanx shall be vested in a General Council,
which shall consist of four branches, viz.,
first, a Council of Industry, composed of
five members; second, a Council of Fi-
nance, composed of four members; third,
a Council of Science, composed of three
members; and fourth, a President, who
together with the Chairman of each of the
foregoing Councils, shall constitute a
Central Council.

Sec. 2. The Council of Industry
shall be appointed by the chiefs of the
several Series devoted to Manual Indus-
try, and its members or any of them may
be superseded at any time by the appoint-
ment of others in their place.

Sec. 3. The Council of Finance shall
be appointed by the Stockholders. Ev-
ery Stockholder shall be entitled to one
vote for every twenty dollars held by him
up to one hundred dollars; to one vote
for every additional one hundred dollars
up to five hundred dollars, and to one vote
for every additional five hundred dollars.

Sec. 4. The Council of Finance shall
be elected annually on the first Wednes-
day in January; and any member of this
Council may be superseded at a special

13

6

meeting of the Stockholders, called by the Central Council, with the concurrence of the other two Councils.

Sec. 5. The Council of Science shall be appointed by the chiefs of the several Educational, Literary, and Scientific Series; and its members or any of them, may be superseded at any time, by the appointment of others in their place.

Sec. 6. The President shall be appointed by the concurrent vote of the Councils of Industry, Finance, and Science; and may be superseded at any time by the appointment of another in his place.

Sec. 7. No person shall be a member of more than one branch of the General Council, and every member thereof shall be a resident member of the Phalanx.

Sec. 8. The Council of Industry shall choose one of their number as their Chairman, who shall be chief director in that department; and said Council shall have the general superintendence of Manual Industry and all matters pertaining thereto.

Sec. 9. The Council of Finance shall choose one of their number as their Chairman; and said Council shall have the general superintendence of Commerce, Exchange and Accounts, and all matters pertaining to the Financial Affairs of the Phalanx.

Sec. 10. The Council of Science shall choose one of their number as their Chairman; and said Council shall have the superintendence of the theoretical organization of the Phalanx, and the mode of arrangement of the Groups and Series, and generally, of matters of Education, Literature, Science, and the Arts, and all matters pertaining thereto.

Sec. 11. The President shall be Chairman of the Central Council; and the duty of said Council shall be to recommend and suggest such measures, regulations, and industrial operations, as will, in their opinion, promote the interests of the Phalanx; and to see that the ordinances, rules and laws of the Phalanx are duly executed and observed; and for this purpose, they may appoint such deputies and agents as in their opinion circumstances may require. They shall have the final determination of all questions of

jurisdiction, and all other disputes and controversies that may arise between the different branches of the General Council. They may also appoint officers to fill any vacant offices in the Phalanx, which appointment shall be valid until two of the other Councils shall dissent therefrom, or until the body vested with the appointing power shall exercise the same.

Sec. 12. Each Council shall be independent in its own department, but any of its proceedings may be set aside and annulled by the concurrent dissent of the other three branches of the General Council; matters pertaining in nearly an equal degree to two of said departments shall be acted on in joint meeting of the two corresponding Councils; and all matters pertaining to the three departments, shall be acted on in joint meeting of the General Council.

Sec. 13. The concurrence of the General Council shall be understood to signify the assent of at least three branches thereof, acting independently; and the concurrence of each Council shall be understood to signify the assent of the majority of the acting members thereof.

Sec. 14. There shall be an Advisory Council called the Areopagus, consisting of the General Council, of the Chiefs of the several Groups and Series, who are members of the Phalanx, of Stockholders to the amount of one thousand dollars, and upwards, of all members of the Phalanx over the age of forty-five, who have resided on the domain at least two years, and of such other persons as may be elected by this Council on account of superior merit, wisdom or devotion to the interests of Association, provided that no person shall vote in this Council who is not a resident member of the Phalanx. The General Council may at any time call meetings of this Council, at which meetings the President shall preside.

Sec. 15. The General Council shall nominate a Council of Arbiters, consisting of seven persons, the majority of whom shall be women; and said nominations shall be confirmed by the Areopagus. To this Council individuals and departments shall bring all complaints, charges,

7

and grievances, not provided for in the 11th Section of this Article. They shall also take cognizance of all matters relating to morals and manners, and they may refer to the General Council all cases wherein their decision is not complied with. The members of this Council, or any of them, may be superseded at any time, by the appointment of others in their place.

Sec. 16. The General Council shall have power to make such ordinances and rules as may be necessary to carry into effect any of the provisions of this Constitution.

Sec. 17. All certificates of Stock, notes of hand, bonds, deeds, and other written instruments issued by the Phalanx, shall be signed by the President and the Chairman of the Council of Finance.

### ARTICLE III.

#### Capital Stock.

Sec. 1. The real and personal estate of the Phalanx shall be held in joint stock proprietorship, in shares of one hundred dollars each.

Sec. 2. The Capital Stock of the Phalanx shall be divided into three classes, namely; First, Loan Stock, or that which receives a fixed interest of five per cent. per annum; Second, Partnership Stock, or that whose dividend depends upon the general product of the Phalanx; Third, Labor Stock, or that which represents the Dividend to Labor.

Sec. 3. The amount of Labor Stock shall never exceed one eighth of the amount of the Partnership Stock; and in case the Dividend to Labor should at any time cause such excess, an amount equal to such excess shall be transferred to the Partnership Stock from the Labor Stock of the oldest date.

Sec. 4. The amount of Partnership and Labor Stock for each financial year shall be determined at the commencement of such year. All capital invested after the commencement of the financial year, though intended to take risk as Partnership Stock, shall be considered and draw interest as Loan Stock for the remainder of such year, and not share in the Dividend to Partnership Stock until the next financial year.

Sec. 5. Labor Stock shall in no case be issued, except to the individual by whom the labor has been performed; nor shall it be held by any person who is not a resident member of the Phalanx; and in failure of these conditions, it shall become Partnership Stock.

Sec. 6. Interest on Loan Stock, and Dividends to Partnership Stock and Labor Stock, may at the option of the Council of Finance, be paid in Stock Certificates, of the class to which the sum belongs, on which the said Interest or Dividends accrue; provided that each stockholder may draw on the funds of the Phalanx for the amount of interest or dividends due at and after the third annual settlement from the time of investment.

Sec. 7. No Stock shall be transferred without the consent of the Council of Finance; and every transfer shall be entered on the books of the Phalanx. All Stock shall be liable for any debts due from its holder to the Phalanx.

Sec. 8. The holders of the Loan Stock shall have no claim on any profits accruing to the Phalanx, for the use of their Capital invested in its Stock, except five per cent interest on the amount of Stock held by them, payable in the manner described in Section 6. And no holder of Loan Stock shall be liable to any assessment whatever on the shares held by him.

### ARTICLE IV.

#### Guarantees.

Sec. 1. The Phalanx shall provide such employment for all its members as shall be suited to their capacities, habits, and tastes, and each member shall select and perform such operations of Industry, whether corporal or mental, as shall be deemed best adapted to his own endowments and the benefit of the Phalanx.

Sec. 2. All members of the Phalanx engaging for the regular time in its occupations, shall be guaranteed an advance of the means of a comfortable subsistence, not exceeding a certain fixed amount, to be determined annually by the General Council; and no charge shall be made to such members for support during inability

14

8

to labor, from sickness or old age, or for
medical or nursing attendance, provided
that if they shall have the means of pay-
ing such charge, from Dividends, Stock
in the Phalanx, or other property, they
shall be liable therefor. But no charge
shall be made to any member for Educa-
tion, use of Library, Public Rooms, or
Baths.

Sec. 3. The subsistence of children not receiving dividends sufficient therefor shall be charged to their parents or guardians, at each annual settlement, but so far as said parents or guardians shall not have the means of paying such charges, they shall not be liable therefor.

Sec. 4. Members of families received into the Phalanx on account of each others' claims for admission, shall be mutually liable for any balances against them on settlement.

Sec. 4. All articles advanced under the foregoing guarantees shall be charged at cost, as nearly as the same can be ascertained.

Sec. 5. After the Dividends of any minor shall have repaid all sums which the Phalanx may have advanced to such minor during his infancy and youth, which repayment shall be made to the parents or guardians of such minor, in case said parents or guardians shall have refunded to the Phalanx any sums so advanced, all credits to said minor, as Dividends of Labor or Stock, shall be held in trust for said minor until he shall attain his legal majority.

ARTICLE V.
Organization of Labor.

Sec. 1. The Labor of the Phalanx shall be arranged in Groups and Series, as far as practicable, according to the system of Charles Fourier.

Sec. 2. The Central Council shall, from time to time, establish such Groups and Series as may be considered necessary for the efficient, orderly, and successful prosecution of the business of the Phalanx; and any Group or Series which in the opinion of the General Council shall not contribute to that end, may be dissolved by them.

Sec. 3. The members of each Group shall have power to elect their Chief and other officers, and to establish such rules and regulations as may be necessary for the internal government of the Group, and for the distribution to its members of such Dividends as it may receive.

Sec. 4. The Chiefs and other officers of each Series shall be elected by the Chiefs of the several Groups thereof, and all officers, both of Groups and Series, may be superseded at any time by the appointment of others in their place.

Sec. 5. The General Council shall classify all Labor according to its Necessity, Usefulness, or Attractiveness, and with reference to its tendency to the promotion of Social Harmony; and this classification may be varied from time to time so as to prevent an excess of laborers in any branch of industry, and to secure the performance of all such labors as the Phalanx may require.

Sec. 6. Any Group or individual, who, without being duly authorized by the General Council, shall abandon or neglect the performance of any function, which they have assumed, shall be held accountable for any damage or loss arising from such neglect, and an amount sufficient to repair the same, shall be deducted from any Dividends to which they may be entitled.

ARTICLE VI.
Division of Profits.

Sec. 1. The total product of the Phalanx shall be ascertained at the close of every financial year; out of this shall first be paid taxes, insurance, the official expenses and services of the General Council, and their agents, the expenses of Education of members and children of the Phalanx, such medical attendance and nursing as are chargeable to the Phalanx, and such other expenses as are incurred on account of both Capital and Labor; then all repairs and all losses by damage and depreciation of value of buildings, furniture, tools, machinery, livestock, and every other description of property. The remainder shall be divided, one third to Capital and two thirds to Labor.

9

Sec. 2. Out of the one third allotted to Capital, shall first be paid the interest on Loan Stock, and on all sums entitled to a fixed rate of interest, and the remainder shall be divided to Labor Stock, and Partnership Stock, so that Labor Stock, shall always receive an average per centage double that of Partnership Stock.

Sec. 3. The portion allotted to Partnership Stock shall be divided according to the amount of Stock held by each share-holder; the portion allotted to Labor Stock shall be divided as follows, to wit: — All amounts not over twenty-five dollars, shall be multiplied by twenty; all additional amounts belonging to the same person, not over one hundred, by twelve; all additional amounts not over two hundred and fifty, by eight; all additional amounts not over five hundred, by six. And each holder of Labor Stock shall share in the Dividend, in the proportion which the product of the amount of his Stock multiplied as above, bears to the sum of all the products thus obtained. When the holder of Labor Stock shall own more than two hundred and fifty dollars of any Stock, the multiplier of his first twenty-five shall be reduced to twelve; when he shall own more than five hundred, the multiplier of his first one hundred shall be reduced to eight; and when his stock of any kind shall exceed one thousand, the multiplier of all his Labor Stock shall be six.

Sec. 4. The two thirds allotted to Labor, shall be distributed so that labor of the class of Necessity, shall receive the highest Dividend, Labor of the class of Usefulness shall receive a medium Dividend, and Labor of the class of Attractiveness shall receive the lowest Dividend; and the General Council shall have power to establish such graduations in the scale of Labor and its compensations, as may be found just and necessary. Provided, however, that in case the one third of the net product allotted to Capital shall be insufficient to pay the interest on Loan Stock, and on all sums entitled to a fixed rate of interest, the amount of such deficiency shall be deducted from the remaining two thirds allotted to Labor, and

the said interest shall be paid there-
with.

Sec. 5. Dividends to Labor shall in all possible cases, be allotted to Series, who shall divide to their Groups the share to which each is entitled, and the Group shall divide the same to their members. Where the Series is not sufficiently organized, the General Council may declare the Dividends of Groups, which shall distribute it to their members, and where Labor is not performed in Groups, the General Council may allot Dividends directly to individuals.

Sec. 6. Dividends to Labor shall in all cases be based upon the amount of Labor actually performed, which amount shall be ascertained and determined by the General Council, and so far as they are not represented by funds in the Treasury, may be paid in Certificates of Stock.

ARTICLE VII.
Membership.

Sec. 1. All applications for admission to the Phalanx shall be determined by the Central Council; application for admission to membership shall be determined by the Arcopagus on nomination of the General Council.

Sec. 2. No person shall be admitted as a member of the Phalanx, who has not resided upon the Domain, for a term of not less than two months; and the board of all Applicants shall be considered a full equivalent for any labor or services which they may perform for the Phalanx, during the period of their probation.

Sec. 3. Any person may be dismissed from the Phalanx by the concurrent vote of the General Council and the Council of Arbiters, for such overt acts or omissions of duty as violate the principles of social justice and harmony on which the Phalanx is founded.

Sec. 4. No person over the age of twenty-one years shall be considered a member of the Phalanx, until he has signed the Constitution.

Sec. 5. Any member who shall absent himself from the Domain for one month, without the consent of the Central Coun-

cit, shall be considered as withdrawing
from the Phalanx.

Sec. 6. All rights, privileges, guaran-
ties, and obligations of members express-
ed or implied in this Constitution, shall
be understood to belong equally to per-
sons of both sexes.

ARTICLE VIII.

Amendments to the Constitution.

Any amendment to this Constitution
may be proposed by either branch of the
General Council, who shall give at least
four weeks public notice of the propos-
ed amendment, and if approved by two
thirds of the members of the Phalanx
over the age of twenty-one, shall be
adopted, provided that no change shall
be made, affecting the interests of Stock,
without the consent of a majority of the
Stockholders, voting in the manner pre-

scribed in Article II., Section 3, for the
election of the Council of Finance.

AGREEMENT.

We the undersigned, in consideration
of our admission as members of the
BROOK FARM PHALANX, do hereby sever-
ally agree and pledge ourselves to con-
form to all the provisions of the forego-
ing Constitution, and to all amendments
thereof, and to all By Laws, and Regu-
lations, which may from time to time be
duly made by the Government of the Pha-
lanx; and we also severally agree to sur-
render, and do hereby surrender to our
wives and minor children respectively, (if
any we have, or shall hereafter have, be-
longing to said Phalanx,) the exclusive
right to all Dividends which may accrue
to them under the provisions aforesaid, so
long as they continue members of said
Phalanx.

The foregoing Constitution has been
prepared with great care, and contains the
fruit of much experience in practical As-
sociation. It also embodies the principles
of social science as completely as at pres-
ent seems possible. It has been thought
advisable to give some explanations of its
leading points, both for the benefit of sis-
ter Associations, and as a good method of
bringing the doctrine before the public
more plainly and intelligibly than by mere-
ly abstract discussion. We shall briefly
remark upon the several articles in their
order :—

GOVERNMENT.

The main things to be secured are wis-
dom and skill in every department, and in
all the details of each, Unity of plans and
Energy in their execution. The first of
these can be had only by committing each
department to the care of a distinct head.
It is also desirable to distribute the res-
ponsibility, so that no officer shall be over-
burdened, and by appropriate duties to de-

velop the best powers of every individual.
But what is most essential is Unity of de-
sign throughout. All the operations
should, as it were, proceed from one in-
telligence and one will. This is gained
by uniting the heads of the great depart-
ments in what we have called the Central
Council. To this, as to the supreme brain
of the social body, all ideas and impres-
sions are conveyed by their proper organs,
and from it all general impulses proceed.

It is in the first elements of an Associa-
tion, the groups, whether devoted to man-
ual labor, education or amusement, that
the government commences. A Group is
a little company of from three to twenty
persons, engaged in some special division
of labor or study. In this sphere it gov-
erns and is responsible. It makes its rules
and decides upon the management of its
own operations. In it the highest talent
of its members for its particular duty is
called out, and skill, efficiency and tho-
roughness provided for, so that in its part
of the government, the desirable ends are

attained. The different Groups engaged
in divisions of the same employment. are
united into a higher combination called a
Series, which through its proper officers,
governs and is responsible in that depart-
ment. Those are again concentrated in
the Councils of Industry and Science,
which have a like power and responsibili-
ty. The Council of Finance, which repre-
sents the capital of the establishment, and
is elected by the stockholders, has the care
of the pecuniary affairs, while all the Coun-
cils arrive at their ultimate Unity in the
Central Council and President, who are
charged with the most general interests of
the Association. Thus, by an organization
analogous to that which nature employs
in the human body, and indeed throughout
the whole animal kingdom, the unity,
energy and thoroughness so indispensable
to the progress of the Association, and
the happiness of the members are guaran-
teed.

The provisions of the next article (Cap-
ital Stock) we shall explain in treating of
the division of Profits.

GUARANTEES.

The Phalanx guarantees suitable em-
ployment to all its members, to each ac-
cording to his tastes, talents and acquire-
ments, to the end that both the communi-
ty and the individual may derive the great-
est benefit from the services of every per-
son. It also guarantees the means of sub-
sistence, and in sickness or old age, fur-
nishes an ample support, medical attend-
ance and all requisite care, without any
charge whatever, except in case of those
who have the means of paying such ex-
penses. By this arrangement all the
members of the Phalanx are freed from
the intolerable cares and the anxieties for
the future, which destroy so much of the
happiness of life, while at the same time
there are sufficient motives for their best
exertions. They know that whatever
may happen, both themselves and families
are safe from want and suffering. In a
word, they are no longer each struggling
for himself alone, and without protec-
tion against a thousand chances, but are
united with their brethren, really members

of the human family and free recipients of
be seen that those who are able to pay for
support during illness &c. are charged for
it at cost. This is only justice. It would
not be right that the dividends of a poor
woman or a child without property, should
be diminished in order to do an act of so-
cial charity to one who stood in no need
of it.

Education, however, is guaranteed with-
out charge to all, both to members and to
their children. No distinction is made
between the rich and poor, but the means
of the highest culture are freely opened
to all. The most complete and liberal ed-
ucation is brought within the reach of ev-
ery person, and thus every one is enabled
to take that position in society which his
character and talents entitle him to. By
this means the arbitrary distinctions which
now pervade society will be done away.
Where all are cultivated and refined in
accordance with their highest capacities,
a real equality will be established, which
all the other arrangements of the Phalanx
will confirm. The parent will no longer
have the pain of seeing his son or daugh-
ter grow up without the instruction which
both he and they ardently desire, but what-
ever he own situation, the best talent
and most ample means of the Phalanx are
employed for their education. Nor is it
limited to mere intellectual training. The
Phalanx designs, as far as possible, to
produce none of the results of which al-
most every educated man is a melancholy
specimen. It is our opinion that disci-
pline of the mind is quite too clearly pur-
chased by the ruin of the body. Accord-
ingly Industry makes an important part of
the education of the Phalanx, which has
for its aim the forming of the whole man,
and not of any part of him to the neglect
of the rest.

The last section of this article provides
that minors shall not be liable to their pa-
rents or to the Phalanx, to any greater
amount than has been advanced for their
support; after that has been paid they are
entitled to the whole excess of their earn-
ings over their current expenses.

12

ORGANIZATION OF LABOR.

By the provisions of this article it will be perceived that the different groups and series are, to a certain extent, independent bodies; that they are peculiarly responsible for any damages that may arise from neglect or carelessness on their part. The arrangement is somewhat analogous to that which would take place if in a village different branches of business should be united and carried on for the common good, each being still under the control of its own corps of managers, who should be answerable to the whole body for the careful discharge of their trust, and should distribute among themselves the shares of the common gains to which each might be entitled.

It is also provided that labor shall be distinguished according to its character as necessary, useful or attractive; its use in the promotion of the harmony of society is also regarded. The purpose of these distinctions will appear from the following article.

DIVISION OF PROFITS.

It is in this article that the difference between Association and all other forms of society appears in the most striking manner and we shall dwell upon its provisions with some minuteness.

Its great feature, and indeed that of the whole document we are discussing, is the reconciliation of the various interests of society which it affects. And in the very particular which economists and learned men of all sorts have given up in despair, namely, the relations of capital and labor, the union is most complete. The old and deep rooted conflict between these two great social powers—a conflict which produces at this moment, more misery in the world than any other cause whatever, is altogether removed by the simple and efficacious method of Association. We commend it to the consideration not only of philanthropists, and those who are the greatest sufferers in the contest—the laboring classes, but of capitalists. It can need no argument to convince them that properly must be safer as well as more productive, when the laborers to whose hands it is

committed have a direct interest, both in its security and in its profits, than when they are indifferent as to both. We suggest to them, that, as the stronger and more intelligent party, it is their DUTY candidly to investigate a method which promises to obviate the evils universally admitted to result from the ordinary relations of capital and labor, and which increase much more rapidly than the increase of the population.

In order to give the laborer and capitalist a direct mutual interest in each others' prosperity, the first means is the division of the profits of the establishment in fixed proportions to each. The share of each bearing an unvarying relation to that of the other, each at once becomes desirous that the share of the other should be as large as possible, and vice versa. Thus these interests now so inimical are not entirely reconciled but brought into friendly alliance. It will be observed, that before the division of the total product, certain general expenses are paid, and the property of the Phalaux made good by the payment of all damages and depreciation of value. This payment being deducted from the total product, falls upon capital and labor in the proportion in which they share the remainder. Thus both are alike interested in the preservation and most careful usage of all property, or to speak more exactly, labor is interested therein to a greater extent even than capital. On the other hand, labor has even more signal advantages. It has all the guarantees of which we have before spoken; it is not subject to the control of the capitalist; is not hired or discharged by him; and in no way is subject either to his caprice or his cupidity. The laborer is also assured that the largest share of the profits of his work will not go into the hands of the capitalist, who has merely furnished the materials and tools, but only a just portion thereof. This apportionment, it will be seen, is in no case based upon the results of special branches of labor in which the labor may be very great and the capital very small in amount, or the capital very great and the labor very small, but upon the whole operations of the establishment, in which all particular

13

discrepancies of the kind we have spoken of, balance each other. Labor has also other remarkable advantages as will presently appear.

By Art. III. (Joint Stock), three classes of stock were provided for. The first, which runs no risk, and is liable to no losses, receives a fixed interest of five per cent. The second is called Partnership stock, which, with the third class, Labor stock, shares in the risks of each year's business and receives a large or small dividend or none at all, as the case may be.

The labor stock which represents dividends allotted to labor, and can be held as labor stock only by the laborer to whom it was allotted, never exceeds in amount one eighth of the sum of the partnership stock. By the second section of the article it is provided that it shall receive an average per centage double that of partnership stock. Suppose, for example, that the whole dividend to partnership stock and labor stock were ten per cent on the sum of both, and that labor stock existed to the full amount possible, viz: one ninth of the whole,—in that case partnership stock would receive nine per cent. and labor stock eighteen per cent. Thus by a slight deduction from the dividend to partnership stock that of labor stock is doubled.

To the holder of partnership stock this arrangement must seem highly desirable, because the deduction is trifling in itself, being made from a sum comparatively so large, but especially because it operates as a perpetual stimulus to the industry on which the amount of his profits depends, so that it is directly for his advantage. Besides, this new relation is a most potent bond of union between the capitalist and the laborer. It becomes the desire of the laborer that the amount of partnership stock should be as large as possible in order that the amount of labor stock may be large also. Thus too, he comes to regard capital and the capitalist as no longer objects of hostility or even indifference. They no longer in any way oppress or wrong him, but confer upon him the greatest benefits. His interest and theirs have become the same and his constant wish is for their permanence and prosperity. In a word,

the laborer, who by the action of a false system, is, especially in those countries where industry is the most advanced, often driven into acts of open violence, and is always filled with a sullen sense of injustice, is enlisted on the side of those very interests, for which before he felt only jealously and hatred. He becomes a true conservative and is zealous in the cause of public order,—a public order indeed, which conduces to the happiness and well being of all,—the only public order that ought to be preserved, or even tolerated. Thus, by a most simple method, which works for the benefit of all classes and all persons, growing and most dangerous evils are altogether removed. Nor, we wish to say, is this method an arbitrary device of intellectual dexterity. It is the application to society of a scientific principle; it gives to a LAW, which in various forms, rules throughout the Universe, its legitimate action in some of the fundamental relations of society. This is not the place for the exposition of abstract doctrines, but we have thought proper to mention thus much, as we desire nothing so little as to be supposed to have brought forward any mere contrivance of our own. The principles of the Constitution of which we are speaking, are matters of positive science, though modified in their application by the circumstances of the case.

In the distribution of the portion of the dividend allotted to labor stock, there is a still further and more complete action of the principle that regulates the distribution of which we have just been speaking, with similar results. The provisions of the third section can, perhaps, best be illustrated by an example. Suppose that there are $1,000 00 of this kind of stock, and that it receives an average of 18 per cent. Suppose that A. and B. own each $25 00, C. and D. $50 00 each, E. $100 00, F. $250 00, and G. $500 00, and that they own no stock of either of the other classes. In this case, according to the rule laid down in this section, A. and B. would receive each $8.41 or about 33 1-3 per cent. C. and D. would each receive $13.46 or about 27 per cent.; E. would receive $23.55 or 23 per cent.; F. $43.74 or about 17

1-2 per cent. and G. would receive $68 97 or about 13 3-4 per cent. The whole design of this arrangement is to favor those who have only the smallest amounts of property. A poor woman or a child, who had by economy or great exertions, saved a part of their dividends for labor, would be entitled to receive the benefits contemplated. It will be seen, however, that as the stock of the individual increases, and he enters more and more into the ranks of the capitalists, his dividend gradually diminishes; when he owns $1,000 or upwards, in the stock of the Phalanx, his labor stock will receive a per centage, as has been proved by very careful calculations, very slightly exceeding that of partnership stock. The effect which will be produced, will be to make every one a proprietor, and thus to inspire a sense of ownership, a spirit of independence, a love of order and a real interest in the rights of property, which are so indispensable to the peace and happiness of society.

The dividend to labor is to be so distributed, that the class of labors which, in ordinary society, are generally worse paid, and are more disreputable than others, on account of their disagreeableness, shall receive the highest reward, while those which are more attractive and afford a certain compensation, in the pleasure of their performance, receive the lowest reward:—an arrangement by which only justice is done, though the methods of *civilized* society are in it altogether reversed.

Dividends to labor are, when possible, to be assigned to series; then the series divide to their groups and the groups to their members. The Council which assigns the dividend, is governed in so doing: First, by the rank, in the scale of labor, of the function which the series performs, and second, by the amount of work accomplished.

In a word, the Phalanx deals with each series as if it were an individual, the series with its groups, in the same manner, and the group with its members.

The dividends of individuals are thus assigned them by the various groups in which they are engaged. This divides the burden of keeping the accounts of labor, and produces a corporate feeling and a sense of unitary responsibility in the groups. It has also another great advantage. In case any individual has not, or imagines that he has not received complete justice in the allotment of the compensation for his labor, he has no complaint against the Phalanx, or against the General Council, but only against this or that group, and the general harmony is not disturbed, as it might be, were he brought into such collision either with the General Council or with any large part of the Phalanx.

By the last section of this article, it is made the duty of the General Council to ascertain the amount of labor actually done, as the basis of the dividend. This is to check an inclination on the part of any group or series to claim to have done more than is really the case. In a complete association, where each person engages in a great variety of groups, his interests are thus completely balanced, for if one group gets too much, another in which, from greater skill, he may be entitled to a larger dividend, will get too little, so that his only desire will be the exactest justice, but until we are enabled to make a complete application of the doctrine of Association by the full establishment of Attractive Industry, a check to the possible cupidity of groups is necessary.

The remaining articles are we believe sufficiently clear without special explanation.