INCIDENCE OF WELFARE RECIPIENTS PER 1000 POPULATION

| | 1965 | 1970 | % Change |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Crown Heights | 82.8 | 218.6 | +164 |
| 26 Poverty Areas | 121.4 | 264.4 | +117 |
| New York City | 61.0 | 131.4 | +115 |

Note: Boundaries do not correspond to the CPD 8 designation.

Source: Burstein, Abraham C., New York City Community Corporation Areas, March, 1972

CROWN GARDENS:
DESIGN TO REVERSE
THE SPREAD OF BLIGHT

Typically, areas on the edges of slums tend to become the next slums, and in Crown Heights—which is adjacent to the hard-core slum area of Bedford Stuyvesant—the signs of this decay are already visible. The construction of Crown Gardens (cooperative housing requiring tenants to become financially committed to their neighborhood) will, it is hoped, spark an internal and private redevelopment of the area.

The site is presently an unused, City-owned trolley-car barn, a blight to the neighborhood. A problem was to add to the housing supply in a way that would not make the existing housing obsolete. Within the remainder of the block, to the degree that the cooperation of owners can be secured, the rear yards of the existing dwellings will be integrated into the overall site plan of this new project.

The high-rise apartment building is located near the middle of the block, and raised 30 feet off the ground on a platform. Along the periphery of the site, four-story buildings will enclose a semi-public court and reinforce the street scale. All parking will be underground, below the court, freeing all open spaces to the pedestrian.

Access to the interior court will be through openings in the low buildings and under the platform of the high-rise. A community room located near the street, with terraces overlooking the street and the court, links the project and neighborhood.

The low-rise buildings will have duplex units on the upper two floors, above two floors of simplex units. Because the lower floor is set four feet below grade, the maximum climb is one-and-a-half floors.

The high-rise has two non-typical floors of apartments for the elderly. These apartments have continuous balconies so that the older people can share this common facility if they wish.

CROWN GARDENS, New York City. Architect: Richard D. Kaplan; engineers: Robert Silman (structural); Peter Flack (mechanical); landscape architect: M. Paul Friedberg & Associates; sponsor: Crown Heights Neighborhood Conservation Corporation; developer: Association for Middle Income Housing

HOUSING DATA

| | **Crown Heights** | | | **Crown Heights** | | | **Crown Heights** | | |
|:---|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
| | **CPD 8** | **Target Area** | | **Total** | **Non-Target Area** | | **Total** | **Brooklyn** | **New York City** |
| **Occupied Units** | 75,281 | 22,551 | 30 | 52,730 | 70 | | 902,186 | 2,926,521 |
| **Owner-occupied Units** | 9,562 | 3,208 | 34 | 6,254 | 66 | | 209,042 | 668,282 |
| **% of Total Occupied Units** | 12 | 14 | -- | 11 | -- | | 23 | 22 |
| **Crowded Units** | 3,124 | 880 | 28 | 2,244 | 72 | | 26,357 | 81,170 |
| **% of Total Occupied Units** | 4 | 3 | -- | 4 | -- | | 2 | 2 |
| **Renter-Occupied units** | 65,544 | 18,678 | 28 | 46,866 | 72 | | 665,573 | 2,164,990 |
| **% of Total Occupied Units** | 86 | 82 | -- | 88 | -- | | 73 | 73 |
| **Persons residing in same household since 1965** | 100,243 | 31,083 | 31 | 69,160 | 69 | | 1,418,090 | 4,289,995 |
| **% of total population over 5 years old in area** | 46 | 47 | -- | 45 | -- | | 60 | 59 |
| **Persons living alone** | 17,187 | 4,432 | 26 | 12,755 | 74 | | 181,740 | 714,384 |

| | **No.** | **% of CPD Total** | **No.** | **% of Area Total** | **% of CPD Total** | **No.** | **% of Area Total** | **% of CPD Total** | **No.** | **% of Total** | **No.** | **% of Total** |
|:---|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
| **Contract Rent** | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| $1 - $59 | 5,325 | 8 | 1,068 | 6 | (20) | 4,257 | 9 | (80) | 84,593 | 13 | 267,440 | 12 |
| $60 - $99 | 36,313 | 55 | 10,439 | 56 | (29) | 25,874 | 55 | (71) | 322,324 | 49 | 893,185 | 41 |
| $100 - $149 | 19,514 | 30 | 6,206 | 34 | (32) | 13,308 | 28 | (68) | 173,309 | 26 | 535,454 | 25 |
| $150+ | 4,392 | 7 | 837 | 4 | (19) | 3,555 | 8 | (81) | 85,322 | 12 | 468,911 | 22 |
| **Total** | **65,544** | **100** | **18,550** | **100** | | **46,994** | **100** | | **665,548** | **100** | **2,164,990** | **100** |

Source: 1970 U.S. Census

Structurally sound apartment buildings in a predominantly Negro neighborhood that has been designated a "slum" by the NHRA and scheduled

profits; and white people cannot tolerate the sight of slums next door. In short, it is not difficult to see why urban renewal is often labelled "Negro removal."

Third, redevelopment not only moved ghetto dwellers, it scattered them all over the city. When Oak Street was razed, poor whites moved to Wooster Square and Fair Haven. Poor Negroes moved to Dixwell, the Hill, and Newhallville. The Redevelopment Agency followed them to Wooster Square and Dixwell, dividing the former into white and black sections by means of a six-lane highway.

Dixwell was more subtly cut up by large pockets of moderate- and middle-income (thus, predominantly white) housing placed on sites formerly housing Negroes, thereby edging black people out once again.

The Hill, Fair Haven, and Newhallville are now in the "project planning" stage in the City Plan Department. Once again, neighborhoods will be torn apart to make room for a different kind of population. All of these neighborhoods were involved in the August riots.

## A Haven for the Elderly

The people, particularly low-income groups who usually articulate less clearly than the middle class, have not received the housing program that

many planners believe should have been built. Housing, in fact, remains a major bone of contention in the community.

New Haven has built and planned to build almost the same number of low-income housing units for the elderly as for the low-income families. Since 1953, it built or plans 933 units for the elderly versus 923 for families. The city's reason for building 17½ per cent of the total housing units exclusively for elderly persons is that there had been a shortage of this type of accommodation when urban renewal started.

However, there are no over-all

goals set for housing the elderly, says Mel Adams, director of the NHRA. The agency builds housing for what is appropriate for any particular site. Thus, if a housing site would reasonably accommodate apartments for the elderly, they would be built. Naturally, when New Haven started its housing program, it consciously looked for sites that would be appropriate for elderly units.

One of the recurring criticisms of New Haven is that it has not built sufficient housing for its low-income population, and although 933 units for elderly persons is a noble

<table><thead><tr><th>Type of Housing</th><th>Completed Since 1953</th><th>Underway</th><th>Planned</th><th>Total</th><th>Percentage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Upper-Income (Private Rental)</td><td>707</td><td></td><td>405</td><td>1112</td><td>21</td></tr><tr><td>Upper-Middle-Income (Private Rental)</td><td>75</td><td>28</td><td>125</td><td>228</td><td>4.3</td></tr><tr><td>Middle-Income:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Co-op</td><td></td><td></td><td>180</td><td>180</td><td>3.4</td></tr><tr><td>Rental</td><td>75</td><td>23</td><td>31</td><td>129</td><td>2.4</td></tr><tr><td>Moderate-Income:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Co-op</td><td>249</td><td>143</td><td>827</td><td>1219</td><td>23</td></tr><tr><td>Rental</td><td>208</td><td></td><td></td><td>208</td><td>3.9</td></tr><tr><td>State-Aided</td><td>142</td><td></td><td></td><td>142</td><td>2.8</td></tr><tr><td>Low-Income Public Housing</td><td>389</td><td>40</td><td>494</td><td>923</td><td>17.4</td></tr><tr><td>Elderly:</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Moderate Income</td><td></td><td></td><td>217</td><td>217</td><td>4.2</td></tr><tr><td>Low-Income</td><td>333</td><td></td><td>600</td><td>933</td><td>17.6</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>2178</td><td>234</td><td>2879</td><td>5291</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

150 P/A Observer

| TYPE WORK | 1968 | 1969 | 1970 | 1971 | TOTAL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLUMBING | $ 323,092 | $334,819 | $142,649 | $ 42,700 | $ 843,260 |
| CONSTRUCTION | 104,546 | 171,208 | 121,367 | 203,750 | 600,871 |
| ALTERATIONS | 1,533,850 | 388,950 | 85,900 | 1,008,250 | 3,016,950 |
| ELEVATORS | 11,975 | 15,130 | 40,000 | -- | 67,105 |
| TOTAL | $1,973,463 | $910,107 | $389,916 | $1,254,700 | $4,528,186 |

POPULATION DATA

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th>Crown Heights</th><th colspan="2">Crown Heights</th><th colspan="2">Crown Heights</th><th rowspan="2">Brooklyn</th><th rowspan="2">New York City</th></tr><tr><th>CPD 8</th><th colspan="2">Target Area</th><th colspan="2">Non-Target Area</th></tr><tr><th></th><th></th><th>No.</th><th>% of CPD Total</th><th>No.</th><th>% of CPD Total</th><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Total Population</td><td>216,924</td><td>65,771</td><td>30</td><td>151,153</td><td>70</td><td>2,602,012</td><td>7,904,862</td></tr><tr><td>Total Families</td><td>55,791</td><td>16,733</td><td>30</td><td>39,058</td><td>70</td><td>680,015</td><td>2,043,765</td></tr><tr><td>Total Households</td><td>75,281</td><td>21,891</td><td>30</td><td>53,390</td><td>70</td><td>876,119</td><td>2,836,872</td></tr><tr><td>Total Black Population</td><td>161,345</td><td>49,125</td><td>33</td><td>112,220</td><td>67</td><td>656,194</td><td>1,668,115</td></tr><tr><td>% of Total Population in area</td><td>74</td><td>74</td><td>-</td><td>74</td><td>-</td><td>25</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Primary Individuals</td><td>20,325</td><td>5,325</td><td>26</td><td>14,997</td><td>74</td><td>196,104</td><td>793,017</td></tr><tr><td>% of Total Population in area</td><td>9</td><td>8</td><td>-</td><td>9</td><td>-</td><td>8</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>Welfare Caseload</td><td>14,361</td><td>3,903</td><td>27</td><td>10,458</td><td>73</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Welfare Cases as % of Total Households</td><td>19</td><td>18</td><td>-</td><td>20</td><td>-</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) cases</td><td>8,593</td><td>2,359</td><td>27</td><td>6,234</td><td>73</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: 1970 U.S. Census

POPULATION DATA FOR CPD 8 SUB-AREAS

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2"></th><th rowspan="2">CPD 8</th><th rowspan="2">Target Area</th><th colspan="5">Sub-Areas</th></tr><tr><th>A</th><th>B</th><th>C</th><th>D</th><th>E</th><th>F</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Total Population</td><td>209,010</td><td>65,771</td><td>28,507</td><td>29,144</td><td>23,396</td><td>16,657</td><td>15,137</td><td>30,598</td></tr><tr><td>% of CPD total</td><td></td><td>31</td><td>14</td><td>14</td><td>12</td><td>8</td><td>7</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>Total families</td><td>55,139</td><td>16,733</td><td>7,125</td><td>8,767</td><td>6,311</td><td>4,492</td><td>4,109</td><td>7,602</td></tr><tr><td>% of CPD total</td><td></td><td>30</td><td>13</td><td>16</td><td>11</td><td>8</td><td>7</td><td>14</td></tr><tr><td>Total households</td><td>74,244</td><td>21,891</td><td>9,814</td><td>12,862</td><td>8,487</td><td>6,690</td><td>5,592</td><td>10,061</td></tr><tr><td>% of CPD total</td><td></td><td>29</td><td>13</td><td>17</td><td>11</td><td>9</td><td>7</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>Primary Individuals</td><td>19,835</td><td>5,325</td><td>3,264</td><td>3,264</td><td>2,305</td><td>2,239</td><td>1,476</td><td>2,088</td></tr><tr><td>% of CPD total</td><td></td><td>27</td><td>16</td><td>16</td><td>12</td><td>11</td><td>7</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>% of area population</td><td>9</td><td>8</td><td>11</td><td>11</td><td>10</td><td>13</td><td>10</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Persons living in same residence since 1965</td><td>98,992</td><td>31,083</td><td>14,711</td><td>16,287</td><td>9,175</td><td>8,266</td><td>6,180</td><td>13,290</td></tr><tr><td>% of CPD total</td><td></td><td>31</td><td>15</td><td>16</td><td>9</td><td>8</td><td>6</td><td>13</td></tr><tr><td>% of area population</td><td>46</td><td>47</td><td>52</td><td>56</td><td>40</td><td>50</td><td>41</td><td>43</td></tr><tr><td>Welfare caseload</td><td>14,278</td><td>3,903</td><td>2,755</td><td>2,603</td><td>991</td><td>454</td><td>495</td><td>3,077</td></tr><tr><td>% of CPD total</td><td></td><td>27</td><td>19</td><td>18</td><td>7</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>% of area households</td><td>19</td><td>18</td><td>28</td><td>20</td><td>12</td><td>7</td><td>9</td><td>31</td></tr></tbody></table>

Note: These data exclude census tract 798.

Source: 1970 U.S. Census

POPULATION

| | No. | % |
| :--- | :---: | :---: |
| **General Population Data** | | |
| Total Population | 213,256 | 100.00 |
| White | 58,443 | 27.41 |
| Black | 150,122 | 70.39 |
| Other Nonwhite | 4,692 | 2.20 |
| Total Females | 117,471 | 55.08 |
| Total Males | 95,787 | 44.92 |
| | | |
| **Age Distribution** | | |
| Total Population | 213,256 | 100.00 |
| Total Population under 5 | 20,216 | 9.47 |
| Total Population 6-17 | 47,863 | 22.44 |
| Total Population 18-64 | 126,270 | 59.21 |
| Total Population 65+ | 18,906 | 8.88 |

Source: 1970 U. S. Census

POPULATION BY ETHNICITY FOR CROWN HEIGHTS, BROOKLYN, AND NEW YORK CITY

| | 1960 | 1970 | % Change |
| :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: |
| **Crown Heights** | | | |
| White | 142,891 | 55,579 | -61 |
| Black & other non-white | 63,185 | 161,345 | +155 |
| Total | 206,076 | 216,024 | +5 |
| **Brooklyn** | | | |
| White | 2,245,859 | 1,905,788 | -15 |
| Black & other non-white | 381,460 | 696,224 | +83 |
| Total | 2,627,319 | 2,606,012 | -1 |
| **New York City** | | | |
| White | 6,640,662 | 6,048,841 | -9 |
| Black & other non-white | 1,141,322 | 1,846,021 | +62 |
| Total | 7,781,984 | 7,894,862 | +1 |

Note: Puerto Rican data is not separately shown in this table because it is not yet available for 1970, but is included in both "white" and "black and other non-white" totals.

Source: 1970 U. S. Census