NOT TO BE PUBLISHED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF
THE YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY, NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT.

VOL. 60

July 11th.

Gentlemen:

I return herewith by my clerk the two pictures which
please work out into complete shape and furnish me the plates
at once. I shall leave for the West on Monday next, and, as
there will be ten thousand prints to make, it is important
that I have these not later than Friday morning.

I would like the farm-house a little more conspicuous
and, as I told Mr. Cusachs, I want a good herd of cattle and
stacks of grain in connection with it, motion and people about
the manufacturing establishment, wagons and agricultural im-
plements. The Indians and children on the side of the Presi-
dent next the school-house had better be well clad.

I send you photographs of Secretary Vilas, Mr. Dawes, and
Mr. Peale. Mr. Peale was not taken up in the picture as I in-
tended. Mr. Vilas should be on the right of the President, Mr.
Dawes and Mr. Peale on the left, though they need take up no
more room than now.

The absence of figures about the school-house and shops
and farm-house in the other picture is not a bad idea.

Telegram.

Washington, D. C.

July 10, 1888.

A. J. Standing,
Carlisle, Penna.

Phone or send Stevick to Holly Paper Co.
for thirty sheets more of black ruled and have Burgess print.

Pratt, Captain.

Telegram.

Carlisle, Penna.,

July 11, 1888.

R. V. Belt,

Office of Secretary of Interior,
Washington, D. C.

Please mail or express suitable proportion of copies of
Act to agencies as you proposed marked to be held for Capt.
Pratt.

R. H. Pratt.

VOL. 60

6

July 11th.

8

Telegram.

Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict,
Le Droit Building,
Washington, D.C.

The machine bought yesterday has neither the type nor
the improvements of your best number 2 which was what I or-
dered. I must have what I ordered at once. May I exchange
it at your Philadelphia office where they know what I want.
Answer at once.

R.H.Pratt.

VOL. 60

July 11th.

Mr. R.V. Belt,
Chief of Indian Division,
Sec. of Interior's Office,
Washington, D.C.,

My dear Mr. Belt:

Will you please request Miss Robinson, the sten-
ographer to Secretary Vilas, to send me the key to the strap
of the leather type-writer case which we got yesterday. In
our haste it was overlooked.

In another matter you may be able to serve me. In making
up the accounts of the Commission are there any special forms
or vouchers different from the regular Indian responsibility
required; if so will you be kind enough to see that I get a
lot by return mail. I had thought of taking sub-voucher re-
ceipts covering all payments and making one complete voucher
at the end, using the sub-vouchers to brace it up.

I hope you got my telegram about sending copies of the
Act to the several agencies. Please advise me how many go to
each agency.

It will be helpful if I may know the names of several
agents, and when and from where appointed. If you can give me
any data such as McChesney's letter that you spoke of I would
be glad.

VOL. 60

July 11th.

8.

Rev. William J. Cleveland, Commissioner,
Madison, Dakota,

Sir:

We arrange to leave here Monday next the 16th. inst. at 2 P.M. and arrive at Bismarck Thursday morning the 19th. inst. Judge Wright, of the Interior Department, is our third commissioner, a fortunate assignment. His experience with the Bismarck Whipple Commission to the Black Feet and other tribes on the same duty, added to his legal attainments, will be a material aid. We will take the agencies in order, beginning at Standing Rock, thence to Cheyenne River, Crow Creek, Brule, Rosebud and Pine Ridge. I will be obliged to you if you will please us at least one day to Bismarck and see what transportation arrangements you can make. There will be three commissioners besides two stenographers and the baggage.

Your acceptance of the position of the Commission gave me very great pleasure as it insures our protection against the interpolations and constructions of ignorant and design interpreters who so often hinder in such work.

We will confer fully at Bismarck, and then, I trust, proceed to an expeditious consummation of the duties assigned.

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FADED TEXT

July 11th.

Hon. John V. Wright,
General Land Office,
Washington, D. C.,

Sir:

So far as I can see now we may leave here without fail
on Monday next at 2 P. M. and arrive in Bismarck at 8 A. M.
Thursday morning. I will have Mr. Cleveland there and we can
confer on Thursday, and Friday go down to Standing Rock. I
have not yet received notice from depository that funds are
to my credit; it may come today or tomorrow. At once on its
receipt I will send you the check.

Your experience in legal matters fixes largely your du-
ties on the Commission at once, and I shall rely upon you to
be the mouth-piece of the Commission to explain to the several
corollas the force and effect of the several paragraphs of
the Act. I hope you may find it convenient to be with us
beteen on Friday, at any rate on Saturday, so that we may give
some preliminary consideration to the duties before us free
from the encumber of the railroads.

The Secretary ordered to map 8x6 that we might hang up
the documents. I have asked Mr. Belt to place this

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FADED TEXT

12

3. Hon. John V. Wright.

in your care.

The proceedings of Senator Dawes' Commission (Senate
Doc. 283, 1 Sess. 48 Cong.) in reference to this same division
of the Sioux reserve I found would be useful and have procured
three copies and had them bound, one for each commissioner. I
have asked Mr. Cleveland to precede us to Bismarck and make
some arrangement for our transportation from Bismarck to
St. Paul, which, as I remember, is about sixty miles by
water usually made in one day. I will arrange the necessary
transportation and sleeping-car accommodations for all of us
at this point to Bismarck.

I concluded best to write the Secretary of the matter. I
asked you to speak to him about and he doubtless has my let-
ter this morning.

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FADED TEXT

13

July 11th. 8.

Honors Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict,
Washington, D. C.

Compliment:

Your statement in telegram that I am absolutely wrong as
the machine leads me to send you samples of the type of machine
I selected, one of which I have now in my office, purchased of
the late Quotation marks, no exclamation point, and no sup-
porting guides for ribbon. The number 2 machine I have
the above has, as you can see, these improvements. I con-
clude they must be newer and late improvements because they
are in advance of the same points in the other
machine.

This is a sample of the type in the machine purchased of
you yesterday.

VOL. 60

BLURRED TEXT

Telegram.

July 14th. 1888.

Hon. Wm. F. Vilas,
Sec. of Interior,
Washington, D. C.

If anyone lists are in please send aggregates and agents views.

Pratt, Captain.

Tele

July 14th. 1888.

W. J. Cleveland
Metropolitan, D.C.

Wrote you, please we shall see you Thursday morning 10th
saying you to be there 10th, and look up the information
party to Standards can your

Pratt, Captain.

VOL. 60

VOL. 60

July 14th. 8.

Hon. Wm. F. Vilas,
Secretary of the Interior,

Washington,

D. C.

Sir:

Thinking it well to have them for information, I have made copies of the letters of Mr. Welsh, and will give consideration to his views and submit them to the Commission should issues come making it worth while to do so. As you know, I do not agree with him about employing ex-agents to come back to their old ground. McGillycuddy and Wright, as agents in charge, would undoubtedly be most efficient helps. But they are not agents nor in charge.

It has been the policy of the government, and a wise one, to break up the influence of the chiefs and exalt the individuality of members of the tribes. A general council would be a return to the past and possibly enable a few old leaders to materially hinder. I think the plan of taking each agency by itself far better. We are thus in a measure carrying out what the treaty provided for, i. e. individual action.

My judgment would be against the purchasing of any chiefs

2. Hon. Wm. F. Vilas.

influence by giving spring-wagons or anything else. A fair
statement to the masses that this must be a free and unbiased
judgment, in which chiefs and head men count for themselves on-
ly, will do more for us than the other method.

I think I understand the suggestion about not giving
prominence to individual non-progressive Indians and the util-
ity of bringing out prominent young men. Among Indians, as
among whites, the fellows below are always waiting for the
fellows above to get out of the way, and, if the fellow at the
head will not make things go right, we may succeed better by
giving the next a chance. I will at each agency employ and
pay an interpreter for each of the two factions. This will
meet the position taken by Red Cloud and Judge Willard.

The intelligent half-breeds Red Cloud demands recognition
for are perhaps going to be difficult to handle. I take it
we must recognize as Indians, entitled to consider and vote
upon the Act, all those recognized as Indians by the agent.
If there is doubt in any case we can take the vote and note
the doubt for your decision.

I send you copies of the forms to be used. It would be
well if you sent me supplemental instructions directing the
giving of the certificates to each voter, for they will be
most effective. Every Indian can read them, even the colors.

VOL. 60

3. Hon. Wm. F. Vilas.

As we shall have such use of the police and forces at
the agency I concluded not to take an orderly, but instead I
shall take one of the clerks from my office as an additional
clerical force, and because he knows the government accounts
and business better than the stenographers, and we shall have
abundant occupation for him. I have allowed him to resign
temporarily so that my Carlisle appropriation will not have
to pay his salary.

Judge Wright wanted to bring his son, a lad of eighteen,
as assistant in some way. I told him to have an understand-
ing with you; I have not the slightest objection.

We shall all be educated at Standing Rock, and then go on,
as I think, without trouble. If you choose to urge that we
push matters it will be no detriment. I see no need of our
being absent beyond the first of September, and feel confident
that we shall bring you the documents. We leave here at 2 P.
M. Monday, arrive at Bismarck Thursday morning, have a confer-
ence and go down to Standing Rock Friday.

Let them bulldoze.

All Mr. Welsh's letters in my possession are herewith re-
turned.

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FADED TEXT

SIOUX COMMISSION.

Standing Rock Agency, Dak.

August 4 th. 1886.

Dear Sirs,

Deeply impressed with the great importance of a successful termination of the negotiations, now being conducted by ourselves, as Commissioners of the United States, with the Sioux Indians, and knowing the deep interest you take in equating and elevating them, we take the liberty of suggesting to you, in view of your connection with the Government school-work on this Agency, the propriety of giving your earnest and open advocacy of the measure now being considered.

The provisions of the Act have received "elaborate and profound taking care on the part of Congress, and the President has given it his approval and the scrutiny of his wisdom. The Act embodies now the desire and purpose of the Government of the United States for the advancement and civilization of those people."

The provisions are "generous and beneficent to the Indians." The Indian Secretary of the Interior in his instructions to us says: "The failure of the Indians to accept the offer now made will necessarily leave their future condition and

VOL. 60

FADED TEXT

2

"the further action which may be taken in regard to the reservation problematical and uncertain."

You will this see that the future welfare and happiness of these Indians depends largely on their action now, and hence it appears to us that every true friend of theirs should at once use all honorable and fair means to induce the acceptance of the offer by the Indians. It cannot be doubted that your position gives you a rare opportunity to advance the cause of education and Christianity among these people. We therefore invite you to be present at our Council on Monday and as often thereafter as you conveniently can.

A reply in writing is respectfully requested.

Very respectfully,

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FADED TEXT

Sioux Commission,

Standing Rock Agency,

Fort Yates, Dak., Aug. 5 th. 1888.

Hon Wm. F. Vilas,
Secretary of the Interior,
Washington, D. C.

Dear Sir:

As I telegraphed you last night, we sent out yesterday a
full dispatch to the associated press. Fearing that it may
not be given in full, I copy it herewith:

"This being the day to issue beef to the Indians, no council was held. Up to this time the only objection offered by the Indians to the Act are, that the government has not observed former treaties; that the boundaries of the present reservation are not those which the Commissioners promised them; that the price (fifty cents per acre) is not enough; that they wish to keep all their land for their children, and that the Flandreau Indians under the Act may take allotments on this reservation. They also seem to think that the one million dollars, which the Act provides may be advanced to them, is all that is offered for their land. They also object to the Santees of Nebraska and the Poncas having a voice in the matter, or any participation in the funds. They also object to signing two papers, one giving consent to the Act, and the other dissenting. These are the principal objections offered and each speaker has repeated them. In reply, the Act has been carefully read to them, and fully interpreted and explained. The Commissioners have shown them that the govern-

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FADED TEXT

ment, in the last twenty years, since the treaty of 1868, has
done more than was promised in either that treaty or the trea-
ty of 1876; that when the time expired for feeding them under
the treaty of 1868, they were fed for four years more until
1876; that by the treaty of 1876 their rations were largely
increased; that since 1868 the government has expended for
their use about thirty million dollars, double the amount
paid for the whole Louisiana purchase; that six times as much
has been expended for buildings and other things as was prom-
fed by the treaties. It has been demonstrated to them by the
interpreters, who acted as such when the treaties of 1868 and
1876 were made, that the boundaries are precisely as promised
them. It has also been shown them that the amount for which
the ceded lands are to be sold will afford them a fund suffi-
cient to make them independent and self-supporting, if they
make good use of the opportunity, also leave them a large re-
served fund. They complain that at least one half of the land
to be ceded is of no account, and can never be sold. They
have been shown, that under the Act, from three to four milli-
lion dollars will have to be expended in the purchase of arti-
cles promised; the government taking the chances of getting
back the money from the land. They have been shown that they
have no other means of raising money, except by the sale of
lands which they do not need and cannot use, and that to keep
out their lands will stop their educational fund, as by the
treaty, provisions for schools expire this year. They have
been shown that the Santees, Poncas, and Flandreau, have

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FADED TEXT

treaty rights which the government cannot ignore, and that hu-
manity as well as law and justice demands that they be recog-
nized. Over and over again the Commissioners have explained
to them that the use of two papers is only to protect them,
by showing that the required three fourths assent to the Act.
From all this the Commissioners think, that the objections are
more in the nature of excuses than solid reason, and that the
four chiefs, Grass, Gall, Mad Bear, and Big Head, hope that
the rejection of this offer will result in a better one, and
that they are holding the Indians back by intimidation. On
yesterday these chiefs were asked by the Commissioners to get
up and tell the people, that they might do as they pleased in
signing or rejecting the proposition, and they steadily and
persistently refused to do so. The Commissioners are now mak-
ing an effort, with strong hopes of success, to arouse the
rank and file to think and act for themselves. It was notice-
able, that after the adjournment of yesterday, the Indians
were seen in groups discussing the questions involved for
themselves. In the evening Sitting Bull made a social call
on the Commissioners. He said that the other chiefs were to
ignorant to know this was their duty, but that he knew how to
act. He is the only chief who has called though two weeks
have passed. The Commissioners are aware, that much of the
opposition among the Indians is the result of evil advice out-
side and inside the reservation."

Your letter of the 29th. of July reached me yesterday
morning. I thought it best that both Judge Wright and Mr.

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FADED TEXT

Cleveland should know its contents.

What Mr. Cook says in regard to the attitude of the Catho-
lies is true. Maj. Mc Laughlin is a thorough Catholic, but an
excellent and wonderfully capable man. In our unity as Commis
sioners and harmony with the Agent is to be found our success
if found at all. We are a unit now.

I submitted the question of church jealousies and the at-
titude of the Catholic church to Maj. Mc Laughlin, and he
frankly admitted that it was true. We therefore addressed a
letter to each of the three Catholic priests on this reserva-
tion, of which this is a copy:

"Sioux Commission,

Standing Rock Agency, Dak.,

August 4 th. 1888.

"Dear Sir:

Deeply impressed with the great importance of a success-
ful termination of the negotiations, now being conducted by
ourselves, as Commissioners of the United States, with the
Sioux Indians, and knowing the deep interest you take in edu-
cating and elevating them, we take the liberty, in view of
your connection with the government school work on this agen-
cy, of suggesting to you the propriety of giving your earnest
and open advocacy of the measure now being considered.

The provisions of the Act have received "elaborate and
paintaking care on the part of Congress, and the President
has given it his approval and the scrutiny of his wisdom. The
Act embodies now the desire and purpose of the government of
the United States for the advancement and civilization of

VOL. 60

FADED TEXT

these people.

The provisions are "generous and beneficent to the Indians." The Secretary of the Interior in his instructions to us says: "The failure of the Indians to accept the offer now made will necessarily leave their future condition, and the further action which may be taken in regard to the reservation problematical and uncertain."

You will thus see that the future welfare and happiness of these Indians depends largely on their action now and hence it appears to us that every true friend of theirs should at once use all honorable and fair means to induce the acceptance of the offer by the Indians. It cannot be doubted that your position gives you a rare opportunity to advance the cause of education and Christianity among these people. We therefore invite you to be present at our council on Monday, and as often thereafter as you conveniently can.

The leading priest who has charge of the Agricultural Boarding School sends to me his answer today as follows:

Agricultural Boarding School,

Standing Rock Agency, Dak.,

August 5th. 1888.

Hon. J. H. Pratt,
Capt. U. S. Army, Chairman of the Sioux Commission,
Standing Rock Agency, Dakota.

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FADED TEXT

Hon. and Dear Sirs:

In reply to your letter and kind request of yesterday, which reached me last night, I briefly state, that I will send you a full answer in writing tomorrow, if possible, before the Council opens or will see you personally about the matter in question.

As this is Sunday and other duties prevent me from giving
a more detailed and specified answer today, please hold me ex-
cused.

The other two went to the Agent who came to me and began
to give their answer verbally, and I told him that I should
insist on a written answer. Father Martin will probably not
give me a better answer than we have already as above.

I have the original of which the following is a copy:

"Chicago, July 30, 1888.

Messrs Sitting Bull and Gall-

My dear Brothers: As men I have to say to you two men,
and you to all your men and to your great Chiefs, yes, be ware
and on your guards, as to not one of you to sine no paper of
no kind to no man, nor to no men, as Commissioners—or other-
wise,—to breaking up your reservations—in no way whatever—
these White brothers of mine are setting traps to get your
lands from you, and not for its value. You Indians have been
cheated already too much yes all kinds of tribes of Indians
has been badly misused used by the Whites. So—look out—for

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FADED TEXT

yourselves—

I am the true friend to all Indians—and I want to give to you my word of Sympathies, and many more of my kind friends I hope to hear from you and may the Great God and the Spirit of all good ever guide and bless you all—

Very Respectfully —Yours

This we feel sure is only one of many like influences greening in upon these people. It has become a question with us whether this man had better not be proceeded against under the Intercourse Laws.

Our information from the agencies below, as well as from Rose Bud and Pine Ridge, warn us that unless we can succeed more our failure from one end of the reservation to the other is a foregone conclusion. We therefore hold on tenuously and fight it out on this flank. More than a dozen of the young men and better young men among the Indians have confidentially and privately given us to know that they will sign the black paper when the time came, and that there were others feeling as they do but who are held in subjection by the leaders.

It is fair to tell you that on our arrival here, every element and influence was against us. Those who did not directly oppose were so luke-warm as to appear to be with the opposition. It was openly stated to us by those in authority

VOL. 60

FADED TEXT

that the government ought to pay ten million dollars for this
piece of land which would then be less than a dollar an acre
and was the only means of keeping the peace with these Sioux.

Judge Wright concurs with me that the efforts of the In-
dian Rights Association, both in forwarding a Dakota transla-
tion of the treaty, and also in publishing the fact to the In-
dians that they protected them from what they claimed was a
great wrong in the agreement of 1882, have been a most perni-
cious influence. The minds of these poor, ignorant, natural
byuspicious people being thus poisoned against the govern-
ment. We have much to overcome. We feel that we have covered
the ground well in our explanations, that we have more to
answered every reasonable argument that they have presented against
us, and we know that there is nothing in front of us out of
use Indian obstinacy inspired by those who have no rights to
advice or direct the Indians. We must focus our efforts and
bring definite conclusions before very long.

I anticipate you will get this letter Friday morning and
and beg you will wire me that you have received it. If things
do not change between this and that we see that it
will be seen that you telegraph the Agent to notify the Indians
in Council that Ball, John Brown, Mad Bear and Big Head and
other leaders who made up their minds to go against the govern-
ment and to lead their people so before the Commission
arrives, and before they hear the Government's side of the question,
are defozed from their positions as chiefs and leaders
and will not be known or recognized thereafter as anything

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FADED TEXT

ment from the President down. The announcement that one President did a weak, bad thing, admonishes that another President may do as bad or worse. The charge that one Commission played them a trick is sufficient, if the Indians believe the Indian Rights Association, to destroy their confidence in any Commissioners however high their character.

Enclosure No. 2. is a greater part of the Act itself, so far as I know correctly translated into their vernacular. I send you a translation of the closing paragraph. Three weeks before we arrived, this translated copy was distributed among the Indians of this Agency, and, no doubt, both papers at all the other Agencies at about the same time as well. The translations from Dakota into English were made by our interpreter, Louis Pramesu, and verified by Mr. Cleveland.

Your care and provision to give us the first chance at the Indians is all defeated and every hope of that advantage has been destroyed and the Indians fortified in their position against us. I have no idea the Indian Rights Association intended anything but kindness.

The Act itself gave us no leeway of discretion, and if we could trust a hope upon anything it was that we might, at least get the government's views, wishes, and objects first into the minds of the Indians.

Sitting Bull has held the key to the situation, and so far as we can see, that can only be broken by a show of strength on the part of the government. Being aided and warned as above, his opposition was well-planned and matured before we arrived. He is chief, and Gall, John Grass, and the others. Yesterday, after the council closed, he called the second time

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FADED TEXT

to pay his respects and bid us good by. Under the guise of
consulting him as the great leader of the Sioux Nation, I se-
cured a full statement of how he pre-arranged against the gov-
ernment. He is a thoroughly bad leader, and he, Gall, and
their followers, dominate all the other Indians at this Agen-
cy. This is the party that was at war in 1876, and spent sev-
eral years following in Canada.

Agent McLaughlin recommends that this entire party, num-
bering from two hundred and fifty to three hundred at this
agency, be barred from a voice in this matter, inasmuch as they
elicit they were not parties to the treaty of 1868, and were
fighting the government and absent during the treaty of 1876-
77. This appears to the Commissioners to be a wise and just
course to take, and as it will strike down the real leaders
of the opposition, and rebuke John Grass, Mad Bear, Big Head,
and the others who have yielded to them, it will serve a bet-
ter purpose than degrading the four chiefs as I recommended
in my letter of the 4th inst. It will put spirit into the
many friends of the measure who are now intimidated. It may
not lead to an immediate and favorable vote of all the others,
but we feel confident it will give us a large majority here
in three or four weeks. We know of no general amnesty granted
by the government which would prevent this course. It would
necessarily have to extend to Cheyenne and other agencies, but
the entire number of votes affected would be much less than
one fourth of the whole, and, if we secured the mass of the
others, we might still muster the three fourths including
those berred out. We have concluded the way for the fifteen

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FADED TEXT

or twenty to sign, who have indicated their intention to do
so, and expect that others will appear, so that between this
writing and the date of your action on this letter, we may
have secured quite a number of votes. If, after your orders
are received, there is no immediate show of a general vote, we
will go forward to Cheyenne Agency, and shall from this on
make our stay at each Agency only sufficiently long to give a
clearer understanding of the Act, and get a general expression
from the Indians. It may appear best, as Indians are slow
thinkers, to do that, and return, and go over the ground again.

In the absence of supplies at the beginning of the fis-
cal year before contracts were approved I gave the Indians
small issues of bread and sugar, purchased from the military,
and furnished them a small supply of tobacco twice, and have
paid for the baking of their flour into bread during the ses-
sions of the Council; expending in all about two hundred and
fifty dollars. This for a thousand men during a two weeks
conference can hardly be considered feasting.

Please answer by telegraph.

Very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

Captain and Chief Comm.

VOL. 60

SIOUX COMMISSION.

Standing Rock Agency, Dak.

Thursday, August 9th, 1888.

Sir:

Enclosed we transmit a full and correct copy of
our proceedings at this Agency up to and including Tuesday's
Council.

Our purpose in doing this is that you may know, for
yourself, precisely what has been done and said, ~~by the~~
Commissioners, Indians and others.

We request that you have this carefully preserved in
your office, in order that it may be made a part of our final
report, to be submitted at the conclusion of our negotiations
with the Sioux. Meanwhile it may be used by you in determin-
ing the truth or falsity of any statements made, touching
our proceedings here.

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Carlsbad, Pa.

Monday, Oct. 8th, 1888.

United States Indian Agent,
En Route,

Srr.

It is very desirable that the attention of your Indians
while in Washington should be closely held to the very impor-
tant business on account of which they are to be received there
by the chief officers of the Government. For this reason as we
well as for considerations affecting their personal safety and
well-being the Commissioners advise that you counsel them
to route against accepting invitations of any kind from stran-
gers while in the city or yielding to the temptations afford-
ed by such a place for the indulgence of their lower nature.
Some of whom doubtless, are yet really ignorant both of the
results inevitable from visiting grog-shops and immoral
houses and of the gross inconsistency there is in doing such
things while associating with and transacting business their
important business with the principal officials of the na-
tions. The history of past delegations shows that they need
to be plainly warned of these things, especially the interpre-
ters and those who know some English. We have engaged full
accommodations for Commissioners, Agents and Indians at the Na-
tional Hotel. The Indians will have special accommodations
separating them and dining room accommodations.

Very respectfully,
R.H. Pratt, A.B.

VOL. 60