(c) the conservation of natural resources and the adoption of improved methods of agricultural production;

(d) the improvement of the processing, marketing, and distribution of food and agricultural products;

(e) the adoption of policies for the provision of adequate agricultural credit, national and international;

(f) the adoption of international policies with respect to agricultural commodity arrangements.

3. It shall also be the function of the Organization

(a) to furnish such technical assistance as governments may request;

(b) to organize, in cooperation with the governments concerned, such missions as may be needed to assist them to fulfill the obligations arising from their acceptance of the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture; and

(c) generally to take all necessary and appropriate action to implement the purposes of the Organization as set forth in the Preamble.

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3. Agreement between the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Signed at Lake Success, February 4, 1947.¹

Article 57 of the Charter of the United Nations provides that specialized agencies, established by inter-governmental agreement and having wide international responsibilities as defined in their basic instruments in economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related fields, shall be brought into relationship with the United Nations.

Article XIII of the Constitution of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations provides that the Organization shall constitute a part of any general international organization to which may be entrusted the co-ordination of the activities of international organizations with specialized responsibilities.

THEREFORE, THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE ORGANIZATION AGREE AS FOLLOWS:

### Article I

The United Nations recognizes the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as a specialized agency and as being responsible for taking such action as may be appropriate under its basic instrument for the accomplishment of the purposes set forth therein.

### Article II

#### RECIPROCAL REPRESENTATION

1. Representatives of the United Nations shall be invited to attend the meetings of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and its committees, the Executive Committee, and such general, regional or other special meetings as the Organization may convene, and to participate, without vote, in the deliberations of these bodies.

2. Representatives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations shall be invited to attend meetings of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations

¹ United Nations Document A/78, September 30, 1946.

91

(hereinafter called the "Council") and of its commissions and committees and to participate, without vote, in the deliberations of these bodies with respect to items on their agenda relating to matters within the scope of its activities.

3. Representatives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations shall be invited to attend meetings of the General Assembly for purposes of consultation on matters within the scope of its activities.

4. Representatives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations shall be invited to attend meetings of the Main Committees of the General Assembly when matters within the scope of its activities are under discussion and to participate, without vote, in such discussions.

5. Representatives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations shall be invited to attend the meetings of the Trusteeship Council and to participate, without vote, in the deliberations thereof with respect to items on the agenda relating to matters within the scope of its activities.

6. Written statements of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations shall be distributed by the Secretariat of the United Nations to all Members of the General Assembly, the Council, and its commissions and the Trusteeship Council as appropriate.

## Article III

### PROPOSAL OF AGENDA ITEMS

Subject to such preliminary consultation as may be necessary, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations shall include on the agenda of the Conference or Executive Committee items proposed to it by the United Nations. Similarly, the Council and its commissions and the Trusteeship Council shall include on their agenda items proposed by the Conference of Executive Committee of the Organization.

## Article IV

### RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS

1. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, having regard to the obligation of the United Na-

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tions to promote the objectives set forth in Article 55 of the Charter and the function and power of the Council, under Article 62 of the Charter, to make or initiate studies and reports with respect to international, economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related matters and to make recommendations concerning these matters to the specialized agencies concerned, and having regard, also to the responsibility of the United Nations, under Articles 58 and 63 of the Charter, to make recommendations for the co-ordination of the policies and activities of such specialized agencies, agrees to arrange for the submission, as soon as possible, to the appropriate organ of the Organization, of all formal recommendations which the United Nations may make to it.

2. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agrees to enter into consultation with the United Nations upon request with respect to such recommendations, and in due course to report to the United Nations on the action taken by the Organization or by its Members to give effect to such recommendations, or on the other results of their consideration.

3. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations affirms its intention of co-operating in whatever further measures may be necessary to make co-ordination of the activities of specialized agencies and those of the United Nations, fully effective. In particular, it agrees to participate in, and to co-operate with any body or bodies which the Council may establish for the purpose of facilitating such co-ordination and to furnish such information as may be required for the carrying out of this purpose.

## Article V

### EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTS

1. Subject to such arrangements as may be necessary for the safeguarding of confidential material, the fullest and promptest exchange of information and documents shall be made between the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

2. Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of paragraph 1:

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(a) The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agrees to transmit to the United Nations regular reports on the activities of the Organization;

(b) the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agrees to comply to the fullest extent practicable with any request which the United Nations may make for the furnishing of special reports, studies or information, subject to the conditions set forth in Article XV; and

(c) the Secretary-General shall, upon request, consult with the Director General regarding the provision to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations of such information as may be of special interest to the Organization.

### Article VI

#### ASSISTANCE TO THE SECURITY COUNCIL

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agrees to co-operate with the Economic and Social Council in furnishing such information and rendering such assistance to the Security Council as that Council may request including assistance in carrying out decisions of the Security Council for the maintenance or restoration of international peace and security.

### Article VII

#### ASSISTANCE TO THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agrees to co-operate with the Trusteeship Council in the carrying out of its functions and in particular agrees that it will, to the greatest extent possible, render such assistance as the Trusteeship Council may request in regard to matters with which the Organization is concerned.

### Article VIII

#### NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agrees to cooperate with the United Nations in giving effect to the principles and obligations set forth in Chapter XI of the Charter with regard to matters affecting the well-

94

being and development of the peoples of non-self-governing
territories.

## Article IX

### RELATIONS WITH THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agrees to furnish any information which may be requested by the International Court of Justice in pursuance of Article 34 of the Statute of the Court.

2. The General Assembly authorizes the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to request advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice on legal questions arising within the scope of its activities other than questions concerning the mutual relationships of the Organization and the United Nations or other specialized agencies.

3. Such request may be addressed to the Court by the Conference or by the Executive Committee acting in pursuance of an authorization by the Conference.

4. When requesting the International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations shall inform the Economic and Social Council of the request.

## Article X

### HEADQUARTERS AND REGIONAL OFFICES

1. The permanent headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations shall be situated at the permanent seat of the United Nations subject to:

(a) the permanent headquarters of the United Nations being situated at a place where the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations can effectively and economically discharge its duties and maintain effective liaison with those specialized agencies with which it is particularly concerned;

(b) satisfactory arrangements being made in a subsequent agreement between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations regarding the provision of a site and necessary facilities for the establishment of such headquarters.

95

or international court, or of a commission of enquiry, or in
any other capacity.

3. Any doubt on this point shall be settled by the decision of the Court.

Article 18

1. No member of the Court can be dismissed unless, in the unanimous opinion of the other members, he has ceased to fulfil the required conditions.

2. Formal notification thereof shall be made to the Secretary-General by the Registrar.

3. This notification makes the place vacant.

Article 19

The members of the Court, when engaged on the business of the Court, shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities.

Article 20

Every member of the Court shall, before taking up his
duties, make a solemn declaration in open court that he will
exercise his powers impartially and conscientiously.

Article 21

1. The Court shall elect its President and Vice-President for three years; they may be re-elected.

2. The Court shall appoint its Registrar and may provide for the appointment of such other officers as may be necessary.

Article 22

1. The seat of the Court shall be established at The Hague. This, however, shall not prevent the Court from sitting and exercising its functions elsewhere whenever the Court considers it desirable.

2. The President and the Registrar shall reside at the seat of the Court.

Article 23

1. The Court shall remain permanently in session, except during the judicial vacations, the dates and duration of which shall be fixed by the Court.

2. Members of the Court are entitled to periodic leave, the dates and duration of which shall be fixed by the Court, hav-

54

provision for the retention of seniority and pension rights; and

(d) co-operate in the establishment and operation of suitable machinery for the settlement of disputes arising in connection with the employment of personnel and related matters.

## Article XII

### STATISTICAL SERVICES

1. The United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agree to strive for maximum co-operation, the elimination of all undesirable duplication between them, and the most efficient use of their technical personnel in their respective collection, analysis, publication and dissemination of statistical information. They agree to combine their efforts to secure the greatest possible usefulness and utilization of statistical information and to minimize the burdens placed upon national governments and other organizations from which such information may be collected.

2. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, recognizes the United Nations as the central agency for the collection, analysis, publication, standardization and improvement of statistics serving the general purposes of international organizations.

3. The United Nations recognizes the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as the appropriate agency for the collection, analysis, publication, standardization and improvement of statistics within its special sphere, without prejudice to the right of the United Nations to concern itself with such statistics so far as they may be essential for its own purposes or for the improvement of statistics throughout the world.

4. The United Nations shall in consultation with the specialized agencies develop administrative instruments and procedures through which effective statistical co-operation may be secured between the United Nations and the agencies brought into relationship with it.

5. It is recognized as desirable that the collection of statistical information should not be duplicated by the United Nations or any of the specialized agencies whenever it is practi-

97

cable for any of them to utilize information or materials which another may have available.

6. In order to build up a central collection of statistical information for general use, it is agreed that data supplied to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for incorporation in its basic statistical series or special reports should so far as practicable be made available to the United Nations.

### Article XIII

#### ADMINISTRATIVE AND TECHNICAL SERVICES

1. The United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations recognize the desirability, in the interest of administrative and technical uniformity and of the most efficient use of personnel and resources, of avoiding, whenever possible, the establishment and operation of competitive or overlapping facilities and services among the United Nations and the specialized agencies.

2. Accordingly, the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agree to consult together concerning the establishment and use of common administrative and technical services and facilities in addition to those referred to in Articles XI, XII and XIV in so far as the establishment and use of such services may from time to time be found practicable and appropriate.

3. Arrangements shall be made between the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in regard to the registration and deposit of official documents.

### Article XIV

#### BUDGETARY AND FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS

1. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations recognizes the desirability of establishing close budgetary and financial relationships with the United Nations in order that the administrative operations of the United Nations and of the specialized agencies shall be carried out in the most efficient and economical manner possible and that the maximum measure of co-ordination and uniformity with respect to these operations shall be secured.

98

2. The United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization of the United Nations agree to co-operate to the
fullest extent possible in achieving these ends and in particu-
lar, shall consult together, concerning appropriate arrange-
ments for the inclusion of the budget of the Organization
within a general budget of the United Nations. Such ar-
rangements shall be defined in a supplementary agreement
between the two organizations.

3. Pending the conclusion of such agreement, the following arrangements shall govern budgetary and financial relationships between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the United Nations :—

(a) The Secretary-General and the Director General shall arrange for consultation in connection with the preparation of the budget of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

(b) The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agrees to transmit its proposed budget to the United Nations annually at the same time as such budget is transmitted to its Members. The General Assembly shall examine the budget or proposed budget of the Organization and may make such recommendations as it may consider necessary.

(c) Representatives of the Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization of the United Nations shall be entitled to par-
ticipate, without vote, in the deliberations of the General
Assembly or any Committee thereof at all times when the
budget of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations or general administrative or financial ques-
tions affecting the Organization are under consideration.

(d) The United Nations may undertake the collection of contributions from those Members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations which are also Members of the United Nations in accordance with such arrangements as may be defined by a later agreement between the United Nations and the Organization.

(e) The United Nations shall, upon its own initiative or upon the request of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations arrange for studies to be undertaken

99

concerning other financial and fiscal questions of interest to
the Organization and to other specialized agencies with a
view to the provision of common services and the securing
of uniformity in such matters.

(f) The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agrees to conform as far as may be practicable to standard practices and forms recommended by the United Nations.

## Article XV

### FINANCING OF SPECIAL SERVICES

1. In the event of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations being faced with the necessity of incurring substantial extra expenses as a result of any request which the United Nations may make for special reports, studies or assistance in accordance with Articles V, VI, VII, or with other provisions of this agreement, consultation shall take place with a view to determining the most equitable manner in which such expense shall be borne.

2. Consultation between the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations shall similarly take place with a view to making such arrangements as may be found equitable for covering the costs of central administrative, technical or fiscal services or facilities or other special assistance provided by the United Nations.

## Article XVI

### INTER-AGENCY AGREEMENTS

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agrees to inform the Council of the nature and scope of any formal agreement between the Organization and any other specialized agency, inter-governmental organization or non-governmental organization and in particular agrees to inform the Council before any such agreement is concluded.

## Article XVII

### LIAISON

1. The United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations agree to the foregoing pro-

100

visions in the belief that they will contribute to the main-
tenance of effective liaison between the two organizations.
They affirm their intention of taking whatever further meas-
ure may be necessary to make this liaison fully effective.

2. The liaison arrangements provided for in the foregoing articles of this Agreement shall apply as far as appropriate to the relations between such branch or regional offices as may be established by the two organizations as well as between their central machinery.

## Article XVIII

### IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AGREEMENT

The Secretary-General and the Director General may enter
into such supplementary arrangements for the implementa-
tion of this Agreement as may be found desirable in the light
of the operating experience of the two organizations.

## Article XIX

### REVISION

This agreement shall be subject to revision by agreement between the United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

## Article XX

### ENTRY INTO FORCE

This Agreement shall come into force on its approval by
the General Assembly of the United Nations and the Confer-
ence of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations.

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4. Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Signed at London, November 16, 1945.¹

(Excerpt)

## PREAMBLE

The Governments of the States parties to this Constitution on behalf of their peoples declare

that since wars begin in the minds of men it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed; that ignorance of each other's ways and lives has been a common cause throughout the history of mankind of that suspicion and mistrust between the peoples of the world through which their differences have all too often broken into war; that the great and terrible war which has now ended was a war made possible by the denial of the democratic principles of the dignity, equality and mutual respect of men and by the propagation in their place through ignorance and prejudice of the doctrine of the inequality of men and races; that the wide diffusion of culture and the education of humanity for justice and liberty and peace are indispensable to the dignity of man and constitute a sacred duty which all the nations must fulfill in a spirit of mutual assistance and concern; that a peace based exclusively upon the political and economic arrangements of Governments would not be a peace which could secure the unanimous, lasting and sincere support of the peoples of the world and that the peace must, therefore, be founded, if it is not to fail, upon the intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind. For these reasons the States parties to this Constitution, believing in full and equal opportunities for education for all in the unrestricted pursuit of objective truth and in the free exchange of ideas and knowledge, are agreed and determined to develop and to increase the means of communication between their peoples and to employ these means

¹ Department of State, Bulletin, XIII p. 802.

102

for the purposes of mutual understanding and a truer and
more perfect knowledge of each other's lives; In consequence
whereof they do hereby create the United Nations Educa-
tional, Scientific and Cultural Organization for the purpose
of advancing through the educational and scientific and cul-
tural relations of the peoples of the world the objectives of
international peace and of the common welfare of mankind
for which the United Nations Organization was established
and which its Charter proclaims.

ARTICLE I

Purposes and Functions

1. The purpose of the Organization is to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world without distinction of race, sex, language or religion by the Charter of the United Nations.

2. To realize this purpose the organization will

(a) Collaborate in the work of advancing the mutual knowledge and understanding of peoples through all means of mass communication and to that end recommend such international agreements as may be necessary to promote the free flow of ideas by word and image.

(b) Give fresh impulse to popular education and to the spread of culture by collaborating with members at their request in the development of educational activities, by instituting collaboration among the nations to advance the ideal of equality of educational opportunity without regard to race, sex or any distinctions economic or social by suggesting educational methods best suited to prepare the children of the world for the responsibilities of freedom.

(c) Maintain, increase and diffuse knowledge by assuring the conservation and protection of the world's inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science,

103

and recommending to the nations concerned the necessary
international conventions; by encouraging cooperation among
the nations in all branches of intellectual activity, including
the international exchange of persons active in the fields of
education, science and culture and the exchange of publica-
tions, objects of artistic and scientific interest and other ma-
terials of information; by initiating methods of international
cooperation calculated to give the people of all countries access
to the printed and published materials produced by any of
them.

3. With a view to preserving the independence, integrity and fruitful diversity of the cultures and educational systems of the States members of this Organization, the Organization is prohibited from intervening in matters which are essentially within their domestic jurisdiction.

104

5. Constitution of the World Health Organization, Signed at New York, July 22, 1946.¹

(Excerpts)

THE STATES parties to this Constitution declare, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, that the following principles are basic to the happiness, harmonious relations and security of all peoples:

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.

The health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent upon the fullest co-operation of individuals and States.

The achievement of any State in the promotion and protection of health is of value to all.

Unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health and control of disease, especially communicable disease, is a common danger.

Healthy development of the child is of basic importance; the ability to live harmoniously in a changing total environment is essential to such development.

The extension to all peoples of the benefits of medical, psychological and related knowledge is essential to the fullest attainment of health.

Informed opinion and active co-operation on the part of the public are of the utmost importance in the improvement of the health of the people.

Governments have a responsibility for the health of their peoples which can be fulfilled only by the provision of adequate health and social measures.

ACCEPTING THESE PRINCIPLES, and for the purpose of co-operation among themselves and with others to promote and

¹ United Nations Documents E/11/17, July 19, 1946.

105

protect the health of all peoples, THE CONTRACTING PARTIES agree to the present Constitution and hereby establish the World Health Organization as a specialized agency of the United Nations.

# CHAPTER I

## OBJECTIVE

### Article 1

The objective of the World Health Organization (herein-after called the Organization) shall be attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.

# CHAPTER II

## FUNCTIONS

### Article 2

In order to achieve its objective, the functions of the Organization shall be:

(a) to act as the directing and co-ordinating authority on international health work;

(b) to establish and maintain effective collaboration with the United Nations, specialized agencies, governmental health administrations, professional groups and such other organizations as may be deemed appropriate;

(c) to assist governments, upon request, in strengthening health services;

(d) to furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid upon the request or acceptance of governments;

(e) to provide or assist in providing, upon the request of the United Nations, health services and facilities to special groups, such as the peoples of trust territories;

(f) to establish and maintain such administrative and technical services as may be required, including epidemiological and statistical services;

(g) to stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases;

(h) to promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the prevention of accidental injuries;

106

(i) to promote, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, the improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene;

(j) to promote co-operation among scientific and professional groups which contribute to the advancement of health;

(k) to propose conventions, agreements and regulations, and make recommendations with respect to international health matters and to perform such duties as may be assigned thereby to the Organization and are consistent with its objective;

(l) to promote maternal and child health and welfare and to foster the ability to live harmoniously in a changing total environment;

(m) to foster activities in the field of mental health, especially those affecting the harmony of human relations;

(n) to promote and conduct research in the field of health;

(o) to promote improved standards of teaching and training in health, medical and related professions;

(p) to study and report on, in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary, administrative and social techniques affecting public health and medical care from preventive and curative points of view, including hospital services and social security;

(q) to provide information, counsel and assistance in the field of health;

(r) to assist in developing an informed public opinion among all peoples on matters of health;

(s) to establish and revise as necessary international nomenclatures of diseases; of causes of death and of public health practices;

(t) to standardize diagnostic procedures as necessary;

(u) to develop, establish and promote international standards with respect to food, biological, pharmaceutical and similar products;

(v) generally to take all necessary action to attain the objective of the Organization.

107

(Because of the unique provisions with regard to members and associate members, the following section of the Constitution of the World Health Organization has been included.)

# CHAPTER III
## MEMBERSHIP AND ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP

### Article 3

Membership in the Organization shall be open to all States.

### Article 4

Members of the United Nations may become Members of the Organization by signing or otherwise accepting this Constitution in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XIX and in accordance with their constitutional processes.

### Article 5

The States whose governments have been invited to send observers to the International Health Conference held in New York, 1946, may become Members by signing or otherwise accepting this Constitution in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XIX and in accordance with their constitutional processes provided that such signature or acceptance shall be completed before the first session of the Health Assembly.

### Article 6

Subject to the conditions of any agreement between the United Nations and the Organization, approved pursuant to Chapter XVI, States which do not become Members in accordance with Articles 4 and 5 may apply to become Members and shall be admitted as Members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the Health Assembly.

### Article 7

If a Member fails to meet its financial obligations to the Organization or in other exceptional circumstances the Health Assembly; may, on such conditions as it thinks proper, suspend the voting privileges and services to which a Member is entitled. The Health Assembly shall have the authority to restore such voting privileges and services.

108

Article 8

Territories or groups of territories which are not responsible for the conduct of their international relations may be admitted as Associate Members by the Health Assembly upon application made on behalf of such territory or group of territories by the Member or other authority having responsibility for their international relations. Representatives of Associate Members to the Health Assembly should be qualified by their technical competence in the field of health and should be chosen from the native population. The nature and extent of the rights and obligations of Associate Members shall be determined by the Health Assembly.

109

6. Constitution of the International Labor Organization,
as Amended and Adopted by the Conference at its
Twenty-ninth Session, Montreal, October 9, 1946.¹

(Excerpts)

PREAMBLE

WHEREAS universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice;

And whereas conditions of labor exist involving
such injustice, hardship and privation to large numbers of
people as to produce unrest so great that the peace and har-
mony of the world are imperilled; and an improvement of
those conditions is urgently required: as, for example, by the
regulation of the hours of work, including the establishment
of a maximum working day and week, the regulation of the
labor supply, the prevention of unemployment, the provision
of an adequate living wage, the protection of the worker
against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employ-
ment, the protection of children, young persons and women,
provision for old age and injury, protection of the interests of
workers when employed in countries other than their own,
recognition of the principle of equal remuneration for work of
equal value, recognition of the principle of freedom of associa-
tion, the organization of vocational and technical education
and other measures;

Whereas also the failure of any nation to adopt humane
conditions of labor is an obstacle in the way of other nations
which desire to improve the conditions in their own countries;

THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, moved by sentiments of
justice and humanity as well as by the desire to secure the
permanent peace of the world, and with a view to attaining
the objectives set forth in this Preamble, agree to the follow-
ing Constitution of the International Labor Organization:

CHAPTER I—ORGANIZATION

*Article 1.* 1. A permanent organization is hereby established for the promotion of the objects set forth in the Pre-

¹ International Labour Conference. *The Constitution of the International Labour Organization Instrument of Amendment, 1946, The Final Articles Revision Convention, 1946, Adopted by the Conference at its Twenty-Ninth Session, Montreal, 9 October 1946* (English and French), 63 p.

110

amble to this Constitution and in the Declaration concerning
the aims and purposes of the International Labor Organiza-
tion adopted at Philadelphia on 10 May 1944 the text of which
is annexed to this Constitution.

2. The Members of the International Labor Organization shall be the States which were Members of the Organization on 1 November 1945, and such other States as may become Members in pursuance of the provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article.

3. Any original Member of the United Nations and any State admitted to membership of the United Nations by a decision of the General Assembly in accordance with the provisions of the Charter may become a Member of the International Labor Organization by communicating to the Director-General of the International Labor Office its formal acceptance of the obligations of the Constitution of the International Labor Organization.

4. The General Conference of the International Labor Organization may also admit Members to the Organization by a vote concurred in by two thirds of the delegates attending the session, including two thirds of the Government delegates present and voting. Such admission shall take effect on the communication to the Director-General of the International Labor Office by the Government of the new Member of its formal acceptance of the obligations of the Constitution of the Organization.

5. No Member of the International Labor Organization may withdraw from the Organization without giving notice of its intention so to do to the Director-General of the International Labor Office. Such notice shall take effect two years after the date of its reception by the Director-General, subject to the Member having at that time fulfilled all financial obligations arising out of its membership. When a Member has ratified any International Labor Convention, such withdrawal shall not affect the continued validity for the period provided for in the Convention of all obligations arising thereunder or relating thereto.

6. In the event of any State having ceased to be a Member of the Organization, its readmission to membership shall be

111

governed by the provisions of paragraph 3 or paragraph 4 of
this Article as the case may be.

Article 2. The permanent organization shall consist of:

(a) a General Conference of representatives of the Members;

(b) a Governing Body composed as described in Article 7;
and

(c) an International Labor Office controlled by the Governing Body.

Article 10. 1. The functions of the International Labor Office shall include the collection and distribution of information on all subjects relating to the international adjustment of conditions of industrial life and labor, and particularly the examination of subjects which it is proposed to bring before the Conference with a view to the conclusion of international Conventions, and the conduct of such special investigations as may be ordered by the Conference or by the Governing Body.

2. Subject to such directions as the Governing Body may give, the Office will—

(a) prepare the documents on the various items of the agenda for the meeting of the Conference;

(b) accord to Governments at their request all appropriate assistance within its power in connection with the framing of laws and regulations on the basis of the decisions of the Conference and the improvement of administrative practices and systems of inspection;

(c) carry out the duties required of it by the provisions of this Constitution in connection with the effective observance of Conventions;

(d) edit and issue, in such languages as the Governing Body may think desirable, publications dealing with problems of industry and employment of international interest.

3. Generally, it shall have such other powers and duties as may be assigned to it by the Conference or by the Governing Body.

112

*Article 13.* 1. The International Labor Organization may make such financial and budgetary arrangements with the United Nations as may appear appropriate.

## ANNEX

*Declaration concerning the aims and purposes of the International Labor Organization.*

The General Conference of the International Labor Organization, meeting in its Twenty-sixth Session in Philadelphia, hereby adopts, this tenth day of May in the year nineteen hundred and forty-four, the present Declaration of the aims and purposes of the International Labor Organization and of the principles which should inspire the policy of its Members.

### I

The Conference reaffirms the fundamental principles on which the Organization is based and, in particular, that:

(a) labor is not a commodity;

(b) freedom of expression and of association are essential to sustained progress;

(c) poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere;

(d) the war against want requires to be carried on with unrelenting vigor within each nation, and by continuous and concerted international effort in which the representatives of workers and employers, enjoying equal status with those of Governments, join with them in free discussion and democratic decision with a view to the promotion of the common welfare.

### II

Believing that experience has fully demonstrated the truth of the statement in the Constitution of the International Labor Organization that lasting peace can be established only if it is based on social justice, the Conference affirms that:

(a) all human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity;

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(b) the attainment of the conditions in which this shall be
possible must constitute the central aim of national and inter-
national policy;

(c) all national and international policies and measures, in particular those of an economic and financial character, should be judged in this light and accepted only in so far as they may be held to promote and not to hinder the achievement of this fundamental objective;

(d) it is a responsibility of the International Labor Or-
ganization to examine and consider all international economic
and financial policies and measures in the light of this funda-
mental objective;

(e) in discharging the tasks entrusted to it the Interna-
tional Labor Organization, having considered all relevant
economic and financial factors, may include in its decisions
and recommendations any provisions which it considers ap-
propriate.

III

The Conference recognizes the solemn obligation of the In-
ternational Labor Organization to further among the nations
of the world programs which will achieve:

(a) full employment and the raising of standards of living;

(b) the employment of workers in the occupations in which they can have the satisfaction of giving the fullest measure of their skill and attainments and make their greatest contribution to the common well-being;

(c) the provision, as a means to the attainment of this end and under adequate guarantees for all concerned, of facilities for training and the transfer of labor, including migration for employment and settlement;

(d) policies in regard to wages and earnings, hours and other conditions of work calculated to ensure a just share of the fruits of progress to all, and a minimum living wage to all employed and in need of such protection;

(e) the effective recognition of the right of collective bar-
gaining, the co-operation of management and labor in the
continuous improvement of productive efficiency, and the
collaboration of workers and employers in the preparation
and application of social and economic measures;

114

(f) the extension of social security measures to provide a
basic income to all in need of such protection and compre-
hensive medical care;

(g) adequate protection for the life and health of workers
in all occupations;

(h) provision for child welfare and maternity protection;

(i) the provision of adequate nutrition, housing and facilities for recreation and culture;

(j) the assurance of equality of educational and vocational opportunity.

IV

Confident that the fuller and broader utilization of the
world's productive resources necessary for the achievement
of the objectives set forth in this Declaration can be secured
by effective international and national action, including
measures to expand production and consumption, to avoid
severe economic fluctuations, to promote the economic and so-
cial advancement of the less developed regions of the world,
to assure greater stability in world prices of primary products,
and to promote a high and steady volume of international
trade, the Conference pledges the full co-operation of the
International Labor Organization with such international
bodies as may be entrusted with a share of the responsibility
for this great task and for the promotion of the health, edu-
cation and well-being of all peoples.

V

The Conference affirms that the principles set forth in this
Declaration are fully applicable to all peoples everywhere
and that, while the manner of their application must be de-
termined with due regard to the stage of social and economic
development reached by each people, their progressive appli-
cation to peoples who are still dependent, as well as to those
who have already achieved self-government, is a matter of
concern to the whole civilized world.

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7. Constitution of the International Refugee Organization, as Approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations, December 15, 1946.¹

(Excerpts)

PREAMBLE

THE Governments accepting this Constitution,

RECOGNIZING:

that genuine refugees and displaced persons constitute
an urgent problem which is international in scope and char-
acter;

that as regards displaced persons, the main task to be per-
formed is to encourage and assist in every way possible their
early return to their country of origin;

that genuine refugees and displaced persons should be as-
sisted by international action, either to return to their coun-
tries of nationality or former habitual residence, or to find new
homes elsewhere, under the conditions provided for in this
Constitution; or in the case of Spanish Republicans, to estab-
lish themselves temporarily in order to enable them to return
to Spain when the present Falangist regime is succeeded by
a democratic regime;

that resettlement and re-establishment of refugees and dis-
placed persons be contemplated only in cases indicated clearly
in the Constitution;

that genuine refugees and displaced persons, until such
time as their repatriation or resettlement and re-establishment
is effectively completed, should be protected in their rights
and legitimate interests, should receive care and assistance
and, as far as possible, should be put to useful employ-
ment in order to avoid the evil and anti-social consequences of
continued idleness;

that the expenses of repatriation to the extent practicable
should be charged to Germany and Japan for persons dis-
placed by those Powers from countries occupied by them:

HAVE AGREED:

for the accomplishment of the foregoing purposes in the
shortest possible time, to establish and do hereby establish

¹ United Nations Documents A/284, January 14, 1947 (Final Text).

116

a non-permanent organization to be called the International
Refugee Organization, a specialized agency to be brought into
relationship with the United Nations, and accordingly

HAVE ACCEPTED THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES:

### Article 1

#### MANDATE

The mandate of the Organization shall extend to refugees and displaced persons in accordance with the principles, definitions and conditions set forth in Annex I, which is attached to and made an integral part of this Constitution.

### Article 2

#### FUNCTIONS AND POWERS

1. The functions of the Organization to be carried out in accordance with the purposes and the principles of the Charter of the United Nations shall be: the repatriation; the identification, registration and classification; the care and assistance; the legal and political protection; the transport; and the resettlement and re-establishment, in countries able and willing to receive them, of persons who are the concern of the Organization under the provisions of Annex I. Such functions shall be exercised with a view:

(a) to encouraging and assisting in every way possible the early return to their country of nationality, or former habitual residence, of those persons who are the concern of the Organization, having regard to the principles laid down in the resolution on refugees and displaced persons adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 12 February 1946 (Annex III) and to the principles set forth in the Preamble, and to promoting this by all possible means, in particular by providing them with material assistance, adequate food for a period of three months from the time of their departure from their present places of residence provided they are returning to a country suffering as a result of enemy occupation during the war, and provided such food shall be distributed under the auspices of the Organization; and the necessary clothing and means of transportation; and

117

(b) with respect to persons for whom repatriation does not take place under paragraph 1 (a) of this article to facilitating:

(i) their re-establishment in countries of temporary residence;

(ii) the emigration to, resettlement and the reestablishment in other countries of individuals or family units; and

(iii) as may be necessary and practicable, within available resources and subject to the relevant financial regulations, the investigation, promotion or execution of projects of group resettlement or large-scale resettlement.

(c) with respect to Spanish Republicans to assisting them to establish themselves temporarily until the time when a democratic regime in Spain is established.

2. For the purpose of carrying out its functions, the Organization may engage in all appropriate activities, and to this end, shall have power:

(a) to receive and disburse private and public funds;

(b) as necessary to acquire land and buildings by lease, gift, or in exceptional circumstances only, by purchase; and to hold such land and buildings or to dispose of them by lease, sale or otherwise;

(c) to acquire, hold and convey other necessary property;

(d) to enter into contracts, and undertake obligations; including contracts with Governments or with occupation or control authorities, whereby such authorities would continue, or undertake, in part or in whole, the care and maintenance of refugees and displaced persons in territories under their authority, under the supervision of the Organization;

(e) to conduct negotiations and conclude agreements with Governments;

(f) to consult and co-operate with public and private organizations whenever it is deemed advisable, in so far as such organizations share the purpose of the Organization and observe the principles of the United Nations;

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(g) to promote the conclusion of bilateral arrangements for mutual assistance in the repatriation of displaced persons, having regard to the principles laid down in paragraph (c) (ii) of the resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 12 February 1946 regarding the problem of refugees (Annex III);

(h) to appoint staff, subject to the provisions of Article 9 of this Constitution;

(i) to undertake any project appropriate to the accomplishment of the purposes of this Organization;

(j) to conclude agreements with countries able and willing to receive refugees and displaced persons for the purpose of ensuring the protection of their legitimate rights and interests in so far as this may be necessary; and

(k) in general, to perform any other legal act appropriate to its purposes.

### Article 3

#### RELATIONSHIP TO THE UNITED NATIONS

The relationship between the Organization and the United Nations shall be established in an agreement between the Organization and the United Nations as provided in Articles 57 and 63 of the Charter of the United Nations.

### Article 4

#### MEMBERSHIP

1. Membership in the Organization is open to Members of the United Nations. Membership is also open to any other peace-loving States, not members of the United Nations, upon recommendation of the Executive Committee, by a two-thirds majority vote of members of the General Council present and voting, subject to the conditions of the agreement between the Organization and the United Nations approved pursuant to Article 3 of this Constitution.

2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 1 of this article, the members of the Organization shall be those States whose duly authorized representatives sign this Constitution without reservation as to subsequent acceptance, and those States which deposit with the Secretary-General of the United Na-

119

tions their instruments of acceptance after their duly authorized representatives have signed this Constitution with such reservation.

3. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 1 of this article, those States, whose representatives have not signed the Constitution referred to in the previous paragraph, or which, having signed it, have not deposited the relevant instrument of acceptance within the following six months, may, however, be admitted as members of the Organization in the following cases:

(a) if they undertake to liquidate any outstanding contributions in accordance with the relevant scale; or

(b) if they submit to the Organization a plan for the admission to their territory, as immigrants, refugees or displaced persons in such numbers, and on such settlement conditions as shall, in the opinion of the Organization, require from the applicant State an expenditure or investment equivalent, or approximately equivalent, to the contribution that they would be called upon, in accordance with the relevant scale, to make to the budget of the Organization.

4. Those States which, on signing the Constitution, express their intention to avail themselves of clause (b) of paragraph 3 of this article may submit the plan referred to in that paragraph within the following three months, without prejudice to the presentation within six months of the relevant instrument of acceptance.

5. Members of the Organization which are suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of Membership of the United Nations shall, upon request of the latter, be suspended from the rights and privileges of this Organization.

6. Members of the Organization which are expelled from the United Nations shall automatically cease to be members of this Organization.

7. With the approval of the General Assembly of the United Nations, members of the Organization which are not members of the United Nations, and which have persistently violated the principles of the Charter of the United Nations may be suspended from the rights and privileges of the Or-

120

ganization, or expelled from its membership by the General Council.

8. A member of the Organization which has persistently violated the principles contained in the present Constitution, may be suspended from the rights and privileges of the Organization by the General Council, and with the approval of the General Assembly of the United Nations, may be expelled from the Organization.

9. A member of the Organization undertakes to afford its general support to the work of the Organization.

10. Any member may at any time give written notice of withdrawal to the Chairman of the Executive Committee. Such notice shall take effect one year after the date of its receipt by the Chairman of the Executive Committee.

## Article 14

### RELATIONS WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

1. Subject to the provisions of the agreement to be negotiated with the United Nations, pursuant to Article 3 of this Constitution, the Organization may establish such effective relationships as may be desirable with other international organizations.

2. The Organization may assume all or part of the functions, and acquire all or part of the resources, assets and liabilities of any inter-governmental organization or agency, the purposes and functions of which lie within the scope of the Organization. Such action may be taken either through mutually acceptable arrangements with the competent authorities of such organizations or agencies, or pursuant to authority conferred upon the Organization by international convention or agreement.

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# ANNEX I

## DEFINITIONS

### GENERAL PRINCIPLES

1. The following general principles constitute an integral part of the definitions as laid down in Parts I and II of this Annex.

(a) The main object of the Organization will be to bring about a rapid and positive solution of the problem of bona fide refugees and displaced persons, which shall be just and equitable to all concerned.

(b) The main task concerning displaced persons is to encourage and assist in every way possible their early return to their countries of origin, having regard to the principles laid down in paragraph (c) (ii) of the resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 12 February 1946 regarding the problem of refugees (Annex III).

(c) As laid down in the resolution adopted by the Economic and Social Council on 16 February 1946, no international assistance should be given to traitors, quislings, and war criminals, and nothing should be done to prevent in any way their surrender and punishment.

(d) It should be the concern of the Organization to ensure that its assistance is not exploited in order to encourage subversive or hostile activities directed against the Government of any of the United Nations.

(e) It should be the concern of the Organization to ensure that its assistance is not exploited by persons in the case of whom it is clear that they are unwilling to return to their countries of origin because they prefer idleness to facing the hardships of helping in the reconstruction of their countries, or by persons who intend to settle in other countries for purely economic reasons, thus qualifying as emigrants.

(f) On the other hand it should equally be the concern of the Organization to ensure that no bona fide and deserving refugee or displaced person is deprived of such assistance as it may be in a position to offer.

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(g) The Organization should endeavor to carry out its functions in such a way as to avoid disturbing friendly relations between nations. In the pursuit of this objective, the Organization should exercise special care in cases in which the re-establishment or re-settlement of refugees or displaced persons might be contemplated, either in countries contiguous to their respective countries of origin or in non-self-governing countries. The Organization should give due weight, among other factors, to any evidence of genuine apprehension and concern felt in regard to such plans, in the former case, by the country of origin of the persons involved, or, in the latter case, by the indigenous population of the non-self-governing country in question.

2. To ensure the impartial and equitable application of the above principles and of the terms of the definition which follows, some special system of semi-judicial machinery should be created, with appropriate constitution, procedure and terms of reference.

## Part I

### REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL OF THE UNITED NATIONS OF 16 FEBRUARY 1946.

#### Section A

##### DEFINITION OF REFUGEES

1. Subject to the provisions of sections C and D and of Part II of this Annex, the term "refugee" applies to a person who has left, or who is outside of, his country of nationality or of former habitual residence, and who, whether or not he had retained his nationality, belongs to one of the following categories:

(a) Victims of the nazi or fascist regimes or of regimes which took part on their side in the second world war, or of the quisling or similar regimes which assisted them against the United Nations, whether enjoying international status as refugees or not;

(b) Spanish Republicans and other victims of the Falangist regime in Spain, whether enjoying international status as refugees or not;

123

(c) persons who were considered refugees before the out-break of the second world war, for reasons of race, re-ligion, nationality or political opinion.

2. Subject to the provisions of sections C and D and of Part II of this Annex regarding the exclusion of certain categories of persons, including war criminals, quislings and traitors, from the benefits of the Organization, the term "refugee" also applies to a person, other than a displaced person as defined in section B of this Annex, who is outside of his country of nationality or former habitual residence, and who, as a result of events subsequent to the outbreak of the second world war, is unable or unwilling to avail himself of the protection of the Government of his country of nationality or former nationality.

3. Subject to the provisions of section D and of Part II of this Annex, the term "refugee" also applies to persons who, having resided in Germany or Austria, and being of Jewish origin or foreigners or stateless persons, were victims of nazi persecution and were detained in, or were obliged to flee from, and were subsequently returned to, one of those countries as a result of enemy action, or of war circumstances, and have not yet been firmly re-settled therein.

4. The term "refugee" also applies to unaccompanied children who are war orphans or whose parents have disappeared, and who are outside their countries of origin. Such children, 16 years of age or under, shall be given all possible priority assistance, including, normally, assistance in repatriation in the case of those whose nationality can be determined.

## Section B

### DEFINITION OF DISPLACED PERSONS

The term "displaced persons" applies to a person who, as a result of the action of the authorities of the regimes mentioned in Part I, section A, paragraph 1 (a) of this Annex has been deported from, or has been obliged to leave, his country of nationality or of former habitual residence, such as persons who were compelled to undertake forced labor or who were deported for racial, religious or political reasons. Dis-

124

placed persons will only fall within the mandate of the Or-
ganization subject to the provisions of sections C and D of
Part I and to the provisions of Part II of this Annex. If the
reasons for their displacement have ceased to exist, they
should be repatriated as soon as possible in accordance with
Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) of this Constitution, and subject to
the provision of paragraph (c), sub-paragraphs (ii) and (iii)
of the General Assembly resolution of 12 February 1946 re-
garding the problem of refugees (Annex III).

Part II

PERSONS WHO WILL NOT BE THE CONCERN OF THE
ORGANIZATION.

1. War criminals, quislings and traitors.

2. Any other persons who can be shown:

(a) to have assisted the enemy in persecuting the civil
populations of countries, Members of the United Nations; or

(b) to have voluntarily assisted the enemy forces since
the outbreak of the second world war in their operations
against the United Nations. ¹

3. Ordinary criminals who are extraditable by treaty.

4. Persons of German ethnic origin, whether German nationals or members of German minorities in other countries, who:

(a) have been or may be transferred to Germany from
other countries;

(b) have been, during the second world war, evacuated
from Germany to other countries;

(c) have fled from, or into, Germany, or from their
places of residence into countries other than Germany in
order to avoid falling into the hands of Allied armies.

5. Persons who are in receipt of financial support and pro-

¹ Mere continuance of normal and peaceful duties, not performed with the specific purpose of aiding the enemy against the Allies or against the civil population of territory in enemy occupation, shall not be considered to constitute "voluntary assistance." Nor shall acts of general humanity, such as care of wounded or dying, be so considered except in cases where help of this nature given to enemy nationals could equally well have been given to Allied nationals and was purposely withheld from them.

125

tection from their country of nationality, unless their country
of nationality requests international assistance for them.

6. Persons who, since the end of hostilities in the second world war:

(a) have participated in any organization having as one of its purposes the overthrow by armed force of the Government of their country of origin, being a Member of the United Nations; or the overthrow by armed force of the Government of any other Member of the United Nations, or have participated in any terrorist organization;

(b) have become leaders of movements hostile to the Government of their country of origin being a Member of the United Nations or sponsors of movements encouraging refugees not to return to their country of origin;

(c) at the time of application for assistance, are in the military or civil service of a foreign State.

126

8. **Trusteeship Agreement for the Mandated Territory of the Cameroons under British Mandate, as Approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations, December 13, 1946.¹**

WHEREAS the territory known as Cameroons under British Mandate and hereinafter referred to as the Territory has been administered in accordance with Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations under a Mandate conferred on His Britannic Majesty; and

WHEREAS Article 75 of the United Nations Charter signed at San Francisco on 26 June 1945, provides for the establishment of an International Trusteeship System for the administration and supervision of such territories as may be placed thereunder by subsequent individual agreements; and

WHEREAS under Article 77 of the said Charter the International Trusteeship System may be applied to territories now held under Mandate; and

WHEREAS His Majesty has indicated his desire to place the Territory under the said International Trusteeship System; and

WHEREAS in accordance with Articles 75 and 77 of the said Charter, the placing of a territory under the International Trusteeship System is to be effected by means of a Trusteeship Agreement;

NOW THEREFORE the General Assembly of the United Nations hereby resolves to approve the following terms of trusteeship for the territory.

### Article 1

The Territory to which this agreement applies comprises that part of the Cameroons lying to the west of the boundary defined by the Franco-British Declaration of 10 July 1919, and more exactly defined in the declaration made by the Governor of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria and the Governor of the Cameroons under French Mandate which was confirmed by the exchange of notes between His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom and the French Govern-

¹ United Nations Document A/151/Rev. 2, December 12, 1946.

127

ment of 9 January 1931. This line may, however, be slightly
modified by mutual agreement between His Majesty's Govern-
ment in the United Kingdom and the Government of the
French Republic where an examination of the localities shows
that it is desirable in the interests of the inhabitants.

Article 2

His Majesty is hereby designated as Administering Authority for the Territory, the responsibility for the administration of which will be undertaken by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Article 3

The Administering Authority undertakes to administer the
Territory in such a manner as to achieve the basic objectives
of the International Trusteeship System laid down in Article
76 of the United Nations Charter. The Administering Au-
thority further undertakes to collaborate fully with the
General Assembly of the United Nations and the Trusteeship
Council in the discharge of all their functions as defined in
Article 87 of the United Nations Charter, and to facilitate any
periodic visits to the Territory which they may deem neces-
sary, at times to be agreed upon with the Administering
Authority.

Article 4

The Administering Authority shall be responsible (a) for the peace, order, good government and defense of the Territory and (b) for ensuring that it shall play its part in the maintenance of international peace and security.

Article 5

For the above-mentioned purposes and for all purposes of
this agreement, as may be necessary, the Administering Au-
thority:

(a) shall have full powers of legislation, administration and
jurisdiction in the Territory and shall administer it in ac-
cordance with his own laws as an integral part of his Terri-
tory with such modification as may be required by local

128

conditions and subject to the provisions of the United Na-
tions Charter and of this agreement;

(b) shall be entitled to constitute the Territory into a cus-
toms, fiscal or administrative union or federation with ad-
jacent territories under his sovereignty or control, and to
establish common services between such territories and the
Territory where such measures are not inconsistent with
the basic objectives of the International Trusteeship System
and with the terms of this agreement;

(c) and shall be entitled to establish naval, military and air
bases, to erect fortifications, to station and employ his own
forces in the Territory and to take all such other measures
as are in his opinion necessary for the defense of the Terri-
tory and for ensuring that it plays its part in the main-
tenance of international peace and security. To this end
the Administering Authority may make use of volunteer
forces, facilities and assistance from the Territory in carry-
ing out the obligations towards the Security Council under-
taken in this regard by the Administering Authority, as
well as for local defense and the maintenance of law and
order within the Territory.

Article 6

The Administering Authority shall promote the develop-
ment of free political institutions suited to the Territory. To
this end the Administering Authority shall assure to the in-
habitants of the Territory a progressively increasing share in
the administrative and other services of the Territory; shall
develop the participation of the inhabitants of the Territory
in advisory and legislative bodies and in the government of
the Territory, both central and local, as may be appropriate
to the particular circumstances of the Territory and its
people; and shall take all other appropriate measures with a
view to the political advancement of the inhabitants of the
Territory in accordance with Article 76 (b) of the United
Nations Charter. In considering the measures to be taken un-
der this Article the Administering Authority shall, in the in-
terests of the inhabitants, have special regard to the provi-
sions of Article 5 (a) of this agreement.

129

### Article 7

The Administering Authority undertakes to apply in the Territory the provisions of any international conventions and recommendations already existing or hereafter drawn up by the United Nations or by the specialized agencies referred to in Article 57 of the Charter, which may be appropriate to the particular circumstances of the Territory and which would conduce to the achievement of the basic objectives of the International Trusteeship System.

### Article 8

In framing laws relating to the holding or transfer of land and natural resources, the Administering Authority shall take into consideration native laws and customs, and shall respect the rights and safeguard the interests, both present and future, of the native population. No native land or natural resources may be transferred except between natives, save with the previous consent of the competent public authority. No real rights over native land or natural resources in favor of non-natives may be created except with the same consent.

### Article 9

Subject to the provisions of Article 10 of this agreement, the Administering Authority shall take all necessary steps to ensure equal treatment in social, economic, industrial and commercial matters for all Members of the United Nations and their nationals and to this end:

(a) shall ensure the same rights to all nationals of Members of the United Nations as to his own nationals in respect of entry into and residence in the Territory, freedom of transit and navigation, including freedom of transit and navigation by air, acquisition of property both movable and immovable, the protection of persons and property, and the exercise of professions and trades;

(b) shall not discriminate on grounds of nationality against nationals of any Member of the United Nations in matters relating to the grant of concessions for the development of the natural resources of the Territory, and shall not grant concessions having the character of a general monopoly;

130

(c) shall ensure equal treatment in the administration of justice to the nationals of all Members of the United Nations.

The rights conferred by this Article on nationals of Members of the United Nations apply equally to companies and associations controlled by such nationals and organized in accordance with the law of any Member of the United Nations.

### Article 10

Measures taken to give effect to Article 9 of this agreement shall be subject always to the overriding duty of the Administering Authority in accordance with Article 76 of the United Nations Charter to promote the political, economic, social and educational advancement of the inhabitants of the Territory, to carry out the other basic objectives of the International Trusteeship System, and to maintain peace, order and good government. The Administering Authority shall in particular be free:

(a) to organize essential public services and works on such terms and conditions as he thinks just;

(b) to create monopolies of a purely fiscal character in order to provide the Territory with the fiscal resources which seem best suited to local requirements, or otherwise to serve the interests of the inhabitants of the Territory;

(c) where the interests of the economic advancement of the inhabitants of the Territory may require it, to establish or permit to be established, for specific purposes, other monopolies or undertakings having in them an element of monopoly, under conditions of proper public control; provided that, in the selection of agencies to carry out the purposes of this paragraph, other than agencies controlled by the Government or those in which the Government participates, the Administering Authority shall not discriminate on grounds of nationality against Members of the United Nations or their nationals.

### Article 11

Nothing in this agreement shall entitle any Member of the United Nations to claim for itself or for its nationals, companies and associations, the benefits of Article 9 of this agree-

131

ment in any respect in which it does not give to the inhabitants, companies and associations of the Territory equality of treatment with the nationals, companies and associations of the State which it treats most favorably.

### Article 12

The Administering Authority shall, as may be appropriate to the circumstances of the Territory, continue and extend a general system of elementary education designed to abolish illiteracy and to facilitate the vocational and cultural advancement of the population, child and adult, and shall similarly provide such facilities as may prove desirable and practicable in the interests of the inhabitants for qualified students to receive secondary and higher education, including professional training.

### Article 13

The Administering Authority shall ensure in the Territory complete freedom of conscience and, so far as is consistent with the requirements of public order and morality, freedom of religious teaching and the free exercise of all forms of worship. Subject to the provisions of Article 8 of this agreement and the local law, missionaries who are nationals of Members of the United Nations shall be free to enter the Territory and to travel and reside therein, to acquire and possess property to erect religious buildings and to open schools and hospitals in the Territory. The provisions of this Article shall not, however, affect the right and duty of the Administering Authority to exercise such control as he may consider necessary for the maintenance of peace, order and good government and for the educational advancement of the inhabitants of the Territory, and to take all measures required for such control.

### Article 14

Subject only to the requirements of public order, the Administering Authority shall guarantee to the inhabitants of the Territory freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, and of petition.

### Article 15

The Administering Authority may arrange for the co-operation

132

eration of the Territory in any regional advisory commission, regional technical organization, or other voluntary association of states, any specialized international bodies, public or private, or other forms of international activity not inconsistent with the United Nations Charter.

### Article 16

The Administering Authority shall make to the General Assembly of the United Nations an annual report on the basis of a questionnaire drawn up by the Trusteeship Council in accordance with Article 88 of the United Nations Charter. Such reports shall include information concerning the measures taken to give effect to suggestions and recommendations of the General Assembly and the Trusteeship Council. The Administering Authority shall designate an accredited representative to be present at the sessions of the Trusteeship Council at which the reports of the Administering Authority with regard to the Territory are considered.

### Article 17

Nothing in this agreement shall affect the right of the Administering Authority to propose, at any future date, the amendment of this agreement for the purpose of designating the whole or part of the Territory as a strategic area or for any other purpose not inconsistent with the basic objectives of the International Trusteeship System.

### Article 18

The terms of this agreement shall not be altered or amended except as provided in Article 79 and Article 83 or 85, as the case may be, of the United Nations Charter.

### Article 19

If any dispute whatever should arise between the Administering Authority and another Member of the United Nations relating to the interpretation or application of the provisions of this agreement, such dispute, if it cannot be settled by negotiation or other means, shall be submitted to the International Court of Justice provided for in Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter.

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APPENDIX

# Covenant of the League of Nations¹
with Amendments in Force, June 26, 1945

THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES,

In order to promote international cooperation and to achieve inter-
national peace and security

by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war,

by the prescription of open, just and honorable relations between
nations,

by the firm establishment of the understandings of international
law as the actual rule of conduct among Governments, and

by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all
treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one
another,

Agree to this Covenant of the League of Nations.

ARTICLE 1

Membership and Withdrawal

1. The original members of the League of Nations shall be those of the Signatories which are named in the Annex to this Covenant and also such of those other States named in the Annex as shall accede without reservation to this Covenant. Such accessions shall be ef-fected by a declaration deposited with the Secretariat within two months of the coming into force of the Covenant. Notice thereof shall be sent to all other Members of the League.

2. Any fully self-governing State, Dominion or Colony not named in the Annex may become a Member of the League if its admission is agreed to by two-thirds of the Assembly, provided that it shall give effective guaranties of its sincere intention to observe its international obligations, and shall accept such regulations as may be prescribed by the League in regard to its military, naval and air forces and arma-ments.

3. Any Member of the League may, after two years' notice of its intention so to do, withdraw from the League, provided that all its international obligations and all its obligations under this Covenant shall have been fulfilled at the time of its withdrawal.²

¹ Entered into force on January 10, 1920. The texts printed in italics indicate the amendments. Article 6 as amended has been in force since August 13, 1924. Articles 12, 13 and 15 as amended since September 26, 1924, and Article 4 as amended since July 29, 1926.

² Withdrawals and expulsion from the League listed on p. 146.

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## ARTICLE 2

### Executive Organs

The action of the League under this Covenant shall be effected through the instrumentality of an Assembly and of a Council, with a permanent Secretariat.

## ARTICLE 3

### Assembly

1. The Assembly shall consist of representatives of the Members of the League.

2. The Assembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time to time, as occasion may require, at the Seat of the League or at such other place as may be decided upon.

3. The Assembly may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world.

4. At meetings of the Assembly each Member of the League shall have one vote and may have not more than three Representatives.

## ARTICLE 4

### Council

1. The Council shall consist of representatives of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers [United States of America, the British Empire, France, Italy and Japan], together with Representatives of four other Members of the League. These four Members of the League shall be selected by the Assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until the appointment of the Representatives of the four Members of the League first selected by the Assembly, Representatives of Belgium, Brazil, Greece and Spain shall be Members of the Council.

2. With the approval of the majority of the Assembly, the Council may name additional Members of the League, whose Representatives shall always be Members of the Council; the Council with like approval may increase the number of Members of the League to be selected by the Assembly for representation on the Council.

2. bis. The Assembly shall fix by a two-thirds' majority the rules dealing with the election of the non-permanent Members of the Council, and particularly such regulations as relate to their term of office and the conditions of re-eligibility.

3. The Council shall meet from time to time as occasion may require, and at least once a year, at the Seat of the League, or at such other place as may be decided upon.

4. The Council may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of action of the League or affecting the peace of the world.

5. Any Member of the League not represented on the Council shall be invited to send a Representative to sit as a member at any meet-

135

ing of the Council during the consideration of matters specially affecting the interests of that Member of the League.

6. At meetings of the Council, each Member of the League represented on the Council shall have one vote, and may have not more than one Representative.

## ARTICLE 5

### Voting and Procedure

1. Except where otherwise expressly provided in this Covenant or by the terms of the present Treaty, decisions at any meeting of the Assembly or of the Council shall require the agreement of all the Members of the League represented at the meeting.

2. All matters of procedure at meetings of the Assembly or of the Council, including the appointment of Committees to investigate particular matters, shall be regulated by the Assembly or by the Council and may be decided by a majority of the Members of the League represented at the meeting.

3. The first meeting of the Assembly and the first meeting of the Council shall be summoned by the President of the United States of America.

## ARTICLE 6

### Secretariat and Expenses

1. The permanent Secretariat shall be established at the Seat of the League. The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary-General and such secretaries and staff as may be required.

2. The first Secretary-General shall be the person named in the Annex; thereafter the Secretary-General shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the majority of the Assembly.

3. The secretaries and the staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Secretary-General with the approval of the Council.

4. The Secretary-General shall act in that capacity at all meetings of the Assembly and of the Council.

5. The expenses of the League shall be borne by the Members of the League in the proportion decided by the Assembly.

## ARTICLE 7

### Seat, Qualifications of Officials, Immunities

1. The Seat of the League is established at Geneva.

2. The Council may at any time decide that the Seat of the League shall be established elsewhere.

3. All positions under or in connection with the League, including the Secretariat, shall be open equally to men and women.

4. Representatives of the Members of the League and officials of the League when engaged on the business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities.

5. The buildings and other property occupied by the League or

136

its officials or by Representatives attending its meetings shall be inviolable.

## ARTICLE 8

### Reduction of Armaments

1. The Members of the League recognize that the maintenance of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations.

2. The Council, taking account of the geographical situation and circumstances of each State, shall formulate plans for such reduction for the consideration and action of the several Governments.

3. Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every 10 years.

4. After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, the limits of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the concurrence of the Council.

5. The Members of the League agree that the manufacture by private enterprise of munitions and implements of war is open to grave objections. The Council shall advise how the evil effects attendant upon such manufacture can be prevented, due regard being had to the necessities of those Members of the League which are not able to manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary for their safety.

6. The Members of the League undertake to interchange full and frank information as to the scale of their armaments, their military, naval and air programs and the condition of such of their industries as are adaptable to warlike purposes.

## ARTICLE 9

### Permanent Military, Naval and Air Commission

A permanent Commission shall be constituted to advise the Council on the execution of the provisions of Articles 1 and 8 and on military, naval and air questions generally.

## ARTICLE 10

### Guaranties Against Aggression

The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.

## ARTICLE 11

### Action in Case of War or Threat of War

1. Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the Members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of

137

concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action
that may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of
nations. In case any such emergency should arise the Secretary-
General shall on the request of any Member of the League forthwith
summon a meeting of the Council.

2. It is also declared to be the friendly right of each Member of the League to bring to the attention of the Assembly or of the Council any circumstance whatever affecting international relations which threatens to disturb international peace or the good understanding between nations upon which peace depends.

## ARTICLE 12

### Disputes to Be Submitted for Settlement

1. The Members of the League agree that, if there should arise between them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will submit the matter either to arbitration or judicial settlement or to inquiry by the Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the award by the arbitrators or the judicial decision, or the report by the Council.

2. In any case under this Article the award of the arbitrators or the judicial decision shall be made within a reasonable time, and the report of the Council shall be made within six months after the submission of the dispute.

## ARTICLE 13

### Arbitration or Judicial Settlement

1. The Members of the League agree that, whenever any dispute shall arise between them which they recognize to be suitable for submission to arbitration or judicial settlement, and which can not be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy, they will submit the whole subject-matter to arbitration or judicial settlement.

2. Disputes as to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of international law, as to the existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute a breach of any international obligation, or as to the extent and nature of the reparation to be made for any such breach, are declared to be among those which are generally suitable for submission to arbitration or judicial settlement.

3. For the consideration of any such dispute, the court to which the case is referred shall be the Permanent Court of International Justice, established in accordance with Article 14, or any tribunal agreed on by the parties to the dispute or stipulated in any convention existing between them.

4. The Members of the League agree that they will carry out in full good faith any award or decision that may be rendered, and that they will not resort to war against a Member of the League which

138

complies therewith. In the event of any failure to carry out such an award or decision, the Council shall propose what steps should be taken to give effect thereto.

## ARTICLE 14

### Permanent Court of International Justice

The Council shall formulate and submit to the Members of the League for adoption plans for the establishment of a Permanent Court of International Justice. The Court shall be competent to hear and determine any dispute of an international character which the parties thereto submit to it. The Court may also give an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or by the Assembly.

## ARTICLE 15

### Disputes Not Submitted to Arbitration or Judicial Settlement

1. If there should arise between Members of the League any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, which is not submitted to arbitration or judicial settlement in accordance with Article 13, the Members of the League agree that they will submit the matter to the Council. Any party to the dispute may effect such submission by giving notice of the existence of the dispute to the Secretary-General, who will make all necessary arrangements for a full investigation and consideration thereof.

2. For this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicate to the Secretary-General, as promptly as possible, statements of their case with all the relevant facts and papers, and the Council may forthwith direct the publication thereof.

3. The Council shall endeavor to effect a settlement of the dispute, and, if such efforts are successful, a statement shall be made public giving such facts and explanations regarding the dispute and the terms of settlement thereof as the Council may deem appropriate.

4. If the dispute is not thus settled, the Council either unanimously or by a majority vote shall make and publish a report containing a statement of the facts of the dispute and the recommendations which are deemed just and proper in regard thereto.

5. Any member of the League represented on the Council may make public a statement of the facts of the dispute and of its conclusions regarding the same.

6. If a report by the Council is unanimously agreed to by the Members thereof other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League agree that they will not go to war with any party to the dispute which complies with the recommendations of the report.

7. If the Council fails to reach a report which is unanimously

139

agreed to by the members thereof, other than the Representatives
of one or more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the
League reserve to themselves the right to take such action as they
shall consider necessary for the maintenance of right and justice.

8. If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them, and is found by the Council, to arise out of a matter which by international law is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, the Council shall so report, and shall make no recommendation as to its settlement.

9. The Council may in any case under this Article refer the dispute to the Assembly. The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either party to the dispute, provided that such request be made within 14 days after the submission of the dispute to the Council.

10. In any case referred to the Assembly, all the provisions of this Article and of Article 12 relating to the action and powers of the Council shall apply to the action and powers of the Assembly, provided that a report made by the Assembly, if concurred in by the Representatives of those Members of the League represented on the Council and of a majority of the other Members of the League, exclusive in each case of the Representatives of the parties to the dispute, shall have the same force as a report by the Council concurred in by all the members thereof other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute.

## ARTICLE 16

### Sanctions of Pacific Settlement

1. Should any Member of the League resort to war in disregard of its covenants under Articles 12, 13 or 15, it shall ipso facto be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other Members of the League, which hereby undertake immediately to subject it to the severance of all trade or financial relations, the prohibition of all intercourse between their nationals and the nationals of the covenant-breaking State, and the prevention of all financial, commercial or personal intercourse between the nationals of the covenant-breaking State and the nationals of any other State, whether a Member of the League or not.

2. It shall be the duty of the Council in such case to recommend to the several Governments concerned what effective military, naval or air force the Members of the League shall severally contribute to the armed forces to be used to protect the covenants of the League.

3. The Members of the League agree, further, that they will mutually support one another in the financial and economic measures which are taken under this Article, in order to minimize the loss and inconvenience resulting from the above measures, and that they will mutually support one another in resisting any special measures

140

aimed at one of their number by the covenant-breaking State, and
that they will take the necessary steps to afford passage through
their territory to the forces of any of the Members of the League
which are cooperating to protect the covenants of the League.

4. Any Member of the League which has violated any covenant of the League may be declared to be no longer a Member of the League by a vote of the Council concurred in by the Representatives of all the other members of the League represented thereon.

## ARTICLE 17

### Disputes Involving Non-Members

1. In the event of a dispute between a Member of the League and a State which is not a Member of the League, or between States not Members of the League, the State or States not Members of the League shall be invited to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, upon such conditions as the Council may deem just. If such invitation is accepted, the provisions of Articles 12 to 16, inclusive, shall be applied with such modifications as may be deemed necessary by the Council.

2. Upon such invitation being given, the Council shall immediately institute an inquiry into the circumstances of the dispute and recommend such action as may seem best and most effectual in the circumstances.

3. If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, and shall resort to war against a Member of the League, the provisions of Article 16 shall be applicable as against the State taking such action.

4. If both parties to the dispute when so invited refuse to accept the obligations of Membership in the League for the purposes of such dispute, the Council may take such measures and make such recommendations as will prevent hostilities and will result in the settlement of the dispute.

## ARTICLE 18

### Registration and Publication of Treaties

Every treaty or international engagement entered into hereafter by any Member of the League shall be forthwith registered with the Secretariat and shall as soon as possible be published by it. No such treaty or international engagement shall be binding until so registered.

## ARTICLE 19

### Review of Treaties

The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsideration by Members of the League of treaties which have become inapplicable.

141

cable, and the consideration of international conditions whose con-
tinuance might endanger the peace of the world.

ARTICLE 20

Abrogation of Inconsistent Obligations

1. The Members of the League severally agree that this Covenant is accepted as abrogating all obligations or understandings *inter se* which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly undertake that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements inconsistent with the terms thereof.

2. In case any Member of the League shall, before becoming a Member of the League, have undertaken any obligations inconsistent with the terms of this Covenant, it shall be the duty of such Member to take immediate steps to procure its release from such obligations.

ARTICLE 21

Engagements that Remain Valid

Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity of
international engagements, such as treaties of arbitration or regional
understandings like the Monroe doctrine, for securing the mainte-
nance of peace.

ARTICLE 22

Mandatory System

1. To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilization and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant.

2. The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be intrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League.

3. The character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the development of the people, the geographical situation of the territory, its economic conditions and other similar circumstances.

4. Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognized subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until

142

such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory.

5. Other peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment of fortifications of military and naval bases and of military training of the natives for other than police purposes and the defense of territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other Members of the League.

6. There are territories, such as Southwest Africa and certain of the South Pacific islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centers of civilization, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population.

7. In every case of mandate, the Mandatory shall render to the Council an annual report in reference to the territory committed to its charge.

8. The degree of authority, control or administration to be exercised by the Mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by the Members of the League, be explicitly defined in each case by the Council.

9. A permanent Commission shall be constituted to receive and examine the annual reports of the Mandatories and to advise the Council on all matters relating to the observance of the mandates.

## ARTICLE 23

### Social and Other Activities

Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the Members of the League:

(a) will endeavor to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labor for men, women and children, both in their own countries and in all countries to which their commercial and industrial relations extend, and for that purpose will establish and maintain the necessary international organizations;

(b) undertake to secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under their control;

(c) will intrust the League with the general supervision over the

143

execution of agreements with regard to traffic in women and chil-
dren, and the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs;

(d) will intrust the League with the general supervision of the trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in which the control of this traffic is necessary in the common interest;

(e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of com-
munications and of transit and equitable treatment for the com-
merce of all Members of the League. In this connection, the
special necessities of the regions devastated during the war of
1914-1918 shall be borne in mind;

(f) will endeavor to take steps in matters of international concern for the prevention and control of disease.

ARTICLE 24

International Bureaus

1. There shall be placed under the direction of the League all international bureaus already established by general treaties if the parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaus and all commissions for the regulation of matters of international interest hereafter constituted shall be placed under the direction of the League.

2. In all matters of international interest which are regulated by general conventions but which are not placed under the control of international bureaus or commissions, the Secretariat of the League shall, subject to the consent of the Council and if desired by the parties, collect and distribute all relevant information and shall render any other assistance which may be necessary or desirable.

3. The Council may include as part of the expenses of the Sec-
retariat the expenses of any bureau or commission which is placed
under the direction of the League.

ARTICLE 25

Promotion of Red Cross and Health

The Members of the League agree to encourage and promote the
establishment and cooperation of duly authorized voluntary national
Red Cross organizations having as purposes the improvement of
health, the prevention of disease and the mitigation of suffering
throughout the world.

ARTICLE 26

Amendments

1. Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the Members of the League whose representatives compose the Assembly.

144

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