No. 2.
TRAVELLERS WITH CARTS AND BULLDOCKS.

The Plate represents Travellers halting on a journey.

The native Cart or bullock bandy is one of the most simple carri-
ages in the world.—A Pair of wheels running on an axletree, and a pole
for the draught, and 2 side pieces for a platform, secured to the axletree
by ropes or nails, form this easily constructed Cart.—And yet this cart
constitutes the chief mode of conveyance at Madras for the Merchan-
dize of persons in trade, the materials of the Builder, or the Baggage,
and stores of an Army.

The Cartmen or Bullock drivers have generally no other clothing
than a piece of cloth wrapped round their loins ; they are usually of the
Soodra caste and are worshippers of the Idol Seva.—They choose for
their halting places, when travelling, a cluster of Banian or other trees,
if possible near a tank, a river or well of good water. They are sup-
posed in the annexed representation to be preparing for their next day's
journey :—their food is of the commonest kind, being seldom better
than a mess of rice, with a chillie, or with pickle, and sometimes with
the addition of a piece of broiled salt fish.

At the Police Office at Madras, a Register is kept of the rates of
charge for a bullock bandy hire to proceed to any station inland : the
established rate is for a cart, driver, and two bullocks, One Rupee and
One Fanam for every ten Miles.

The pay of a bullock driver is Seven Rupees per Month, and the
Monthly expense of keeping a bullock cart is about Fifteen Rupees.

No. 3.
THE PICKOTTAH.

The Machine exhibited in this Plate is called a Yaitam or Pic-
kottah commonly used for the purpose of irrigation. They are employ-
ed in Paddy or Rice fields; in Gentlemen's gardens, and in Betel and
other plantations, where small artificial canals are made to conduct the
water raised by them to the particular spots at which it is required.

The subject in this number represents a tank and two Pickot-
tahs, on the banks of the Tank are piers projected with two wing walls
to serve as a reservoir, a plank fixed across the wings as may be seen in
the back ground Pickottah, or two pieces of strong planks fixed to the
lower end of the pier as in the foreground one, serve for one of the
men, the bailer, to stand upon.

The Yaitam or Pickottah post, is usually made of the Naval or Jas-
sab tree Vagai or red wood fixed slanting on the pier and standing
about 10 feet in height above the surface of the masonry; to this post
two strong pieces of boards are nailed and bound with ropes to serve
as a socket or support for a Palmira transverse beam with an iron pin
passing through it near the centre to serve as a swivel for the beam to
vibrate upon. A he-bamboo of about 25 or 30 feet long is fastened to
the upper end of this beam and at the lower extremity of the bamboo
an eye is cut to admit a small wooden rod, or bolt which supports the
vessel for drawing the water, this vessel is called a chaal, and contains
about 9 Gallons.

Nro
THE TRAVELLERS

The method of raising water by this machine is simply by the man on the top walking alternately from one to the other side of the centre of the transverse beam: this of course produces alternate vibration, and the consequent elevation and depression of the vessel called the Chaal. The man at the bottom by means of the bamboo guides this vessel at the moment of its dipping, and when it is raised he tilts out the water into a channel formed in the masonry, whence it is conducted by small rivulets over the whole garden, ground, or plantation.

This machine is exceeding simple in its construction, and efficacious in its action. About 50 Gallons of water per minute are raised by it by two men to the height of 10 or 12 feet: and this quantity they will raise for 3 or 4 hours together without intermission. They usually work as many hours as these, morning and evening.

The Pickottah is generally used also for emptying ditches or draining canals or Rivers, whenever Bridges are erected, or other work is done which requires a head or spring of water to be kept under. Sometimes it is made strong and large enough for two men to work at the top: who steady themselves by taking hold of bamboos which are fixed up for that purpose.

No. 4.
MASOOLA BOATS.

The accompanying sketch is taken from the Beach at Madras, and exhibits the shipping in the Roads in the offskip.

The surge at Madras is noted for its violence, and the height to which it rises : in windy weather there are usually three surfs to be passed before a Boat can get into smooth water. And these frequently rise to the height of six feet and upwards.—When the surf is high it usually breaks with a curl; that is, the highest part of the wave falls over first, and leaves a kind of hollow wall of water underneath.—These surfs are dangerous, and unless avoided would overwhelm a boat.—The Boatmen are however extremely dexterous and clever in passing through this danger, and the Masoola boat is perhaps the only kind of vessel well adapted for the purpose.—An explanation of the construction of these Boats is reserved for a future number.

A Masoola boat when hard pressed with business would make 3 or 4 trips daily to the merchant vessels but only 2 to ships of War, which generally lie a great way off at sea.—These boats make way at the rate of about 2 miles per hour and their hire is as follows.

<table><tr><td>For each trip to a Man of War</td><td>30 fanams.</td></tr><tr><td>Do. to Merchant Vessels</td><td>15 do.</td></tr><tr><td>Do. to The Dhonies (or Native Vessels)</td><td>10 do.</td></tr></table>

The Masoola boats are generally manned by ten hands that is, eight men at the oars, one at the helm and a boy to bail out the water.

THE PICKOTTAH.

Nº 9.
THE CHECKOO OR OIL MILL.

The Oil Mill of the Malabars is simply the hollowed trunk of an old Tamarin Tree of about 3 feet in diameter: with a base 5 or 6 feet long firmly buried in the earth.—The upright piece of timber seen projecting from the cavity of the Mill is the means employed to express the oil, which it does, by crushing the material between itself and the inside of the Mill while it revolves on its own axis.—An inspection of the plate will shew the simple arrangement of levers and Animal power, by which a rotatory motion is produced, only premising that the top of the afore-said upright piece of timber is square, and fits into a corresponding square mortice made in the upper end of the sloping lever which is attached to it.

As the juices of the Cocoanut, or of the oil seeds thrown into the Mill are expressed, they are taken up by soaking Cloths in them, and then collected, by wringing out the oil into receiving vessels.—The refuse of the Cocoanut is sold as food for Pigs and horned Cattle.

These Mills extract oil from the Cocoanut: the Ellipay Nut; and Jingerly seeds.—They work about 8 or 10 hours a day:—and when unused are covered with a roofing of Cadjans—or Palmira tree leaves—as shown in the offskip.

Nº. 11.
THE CAWRY MAN.

Cawry-Currens or Water Carriers,—generally of the Gentoo Caste, or Sooders—are employed in Towns and Gardens about Madras. Their Monthly Pay is from 3 to 7 Rupees. They are however in the habit of selling water at 20 cash per pot, containing about 3 Gallons each.

The Drawing consists of a Cawry-curren resting on the road side—another approaching him bearing the Cawry, a Gentoo Braminy Woman with Brass Water Pots on her head, and—A Tanny Pandal, or watering shed erected under a banyan tree for the convenience of Travelers—Water Pandals, are commonly erected on cross roads under large spreading trees by Bramins or men of caste for the purpose of charity, or on account of vows.—The figures represented at the Pandal are a Bramin in the act of giving a Soodra woman water or butter Milk, and the woman to whom it is given is obliged to keep at a respectable distance that even her shadow may not fall upon the Bramin and pollute him.—It will be seen that he pours the liquid, out of the vessel into her hands, by which she conveys it to her mouth.—In the offskip is a group of figures at a Well.

A Cawry is a strong piece of split bamboo, about 4½ feet long and 3 inches broad at the centre, it is tapering at the ends where knobs are formed to suspend the rattan loop nests. These loops contain earthen water pots each holding about 3 or 4 Gallons; the mouths of the pots are covered with flat wooden covers to defend the water from dust and prevent it from being spilled.

Nº10
THE PALANKEEN BEARERS

No. 12.
BUILDING AND REPAIRING MASOOLA BOATS.

The Masoola Boat does not at all resemble the European Boat in its construction, but is built in a peculiar manner calculated to withstand the violent surge of the Coromandel Coast; its shape is the same as that shewn in the plate; and it consists of strong Planks of a species of Jungle wood called Acha Marram sewed together by the fibres of the outer covering of the Cocoaanut.—For this purpose the edges of the Planks are pierced with holes, and as the joints are not very nicely wrought, a seam of straw is seen running along each joint on the inside of the boat, having been sewed in at the time the joints were connected.—The twine made of the material before mentioned is strong and elastic; and while the straw keeps the joints nearly water tight, the twine yields, on any sudden concussion the Boat may receive, and by this flexibility enables the Masoola Boat to ride through impetuous surges, which would stave in pieces a Boat constructed in the ordinary European manner.

The Masoola Boat is about 25 feet long—9 broad—and 5 high: the bottom is a little flat, and the sides almost perpendicular.—Its burden is about 2 tons—the cost of building one is about 150 Rupees, and it is manned by 8 rowers and a steersman.

The Boat people are their own boat builders, and repairers:— they make and repair their Boats in the Monsoon time, when there is no Shipping in the Roads, and when consequently there is nothing for them.

No. II.
THE CAWRY MAN.

Nº 14.
THE MUSICIANS.

This plate represents native Musicians in a Malabar street, such as those that are commonly employed to head or lead a procession on occasions of festivity.

The first figure at the left corner of the sketch is playing a Too-
tarri, an instrument resembling a Clarionet; the second is a Cymbal
player and is called a Tallum; the third beats a pair of Kettle-drums
called Daummaar, both the drummer and the drums are carried on a
small sized bullock—they are beaten with a small straight and a crooked
stick as may be seen by the attitude of the figure in the Plate: and the
fourth performs on a Mudthallam or drum which is beat with the palm
of the drummer's hand.

Musicians are all Suders of the lowest cast and are barbers by
profession. Their wives profess midwifery and understand medicine.

No. 13.
THE BASKET MAKERS.

No. 15.

THE CORN-GRINDERS.

The method of grinding wheat and other sorts of grain by the
natives of the Coast of Coromandel is with a hand mill called by them
a Yenderum—the Plate represents one worked by two men.

The Yenderum is made of two circular granite stones of about 2½
feet in Diameter and about 6 inches thick; to the lower one, a stout
wooden pivot is fixed in the centre, and the top one is placed over it,
having a hole in the centre also, to receive the pivot, at the top of the
hole it is shaped like a funnel to hold about two handsful of corn:
Grinding is effected by the top stone being turned by two men as shewn
in the sketch; the corn that is poured into the hole at the centre, gra-
dually finds its way between the stones and is thereby ground down
with facility:—And about 4 measures or 375 cubic inches of wheat
would be ground down by one of these mills in a hour.

The two Women in the plate are winnowing and sifting the flour
thro' a sieve—and the other in the back ground is clearing away the
dust and other light particles from the wheat by pouring it out of a
mooram or winnow against the wind.

The subject of this plate was taken from nature at Madras.

<table>
  <tr>
    <td>No. 1/4</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>THE MUSICIANS.</td>
  </tr>
</table>

№ 16.
THE BUTCHERS.

The accompanying sketch exhibits Country Butchers at their
shambles. The method of killing and flaying sheep and cutting up are
all shewn in the plate.

The Butchers about Madras are of the Muselman persuasion,
and kill nothing but sheep.—They repeat an Ejaculation to *Alla* be-
fore they put the animal to death.

THE CORN GRINDERS

№ 5/5

No. 16.
THE BUTCHERS.

№. 17.

THE BLACK-SMITHS.

This plate exhibits a Black-smith's shed and forge, the figures are made to represent a Smith and hammerman malleating an Iron bar, a bellows boy working at a pair of bellows, and another workman filing at a bench vice.

A native's forge is erected with a few bricks and clay and built in a triangular shape, high enough to defend the bellows boy from the fire. This lad sits behind the brick work with two pairs of bellows or wind bags made of sheep skin. The neck end of the skin is secured to an iron pipe to serve as a nozzle to the bellows and the other end has two pieces of straight wood attached to it. These are held in the hand by the help of a strap, and when the skin is lifted, the pieces of wood are held apart, but when the skin is pressed down they are closed in order to confine the air and expel it:—and by means of two pairs of such simple bellows, used alternately with both hands, the native Smiths can obtain a welding heat. Charcoal and paddy-husk are the fuel employed for the purpose.

The anvil in this plate is such as is usually seen with Black-smiths in the vicinity of Madras—but up country Smiths use a piece of granite or other hard stone for an anvil, or a piece of an old cannon when they can obtain it.

Smiths are Sudras of the Kammalam caste—but the Hammermen and bellows' boy are of any other caste and are hired daily, the former at 3 fanams, and the latter at ½ fanam per day.

Two Hammermen are employed together when the work is heavy.

№. 19.

THE BAZARS.

Fixed Bazars are small apartments of about 8 feet square, where all kinds of curry stuff, Indian grocery, wares, merchandize, European Articles and Eastern produce may be purchased. The term Bazar is however differently used, and may be considered equivalent to the English word Market, for wherever there is a collection of people assembled exposing their commodities for sale, that collection of people constitutes in Eastern language, a Bazar. The curious and inquisitive might have their curiosity gratified by spending half an hour any evening about 5 o'clock in theMASDRAS Bazars, called the Great Bazar and the Thieving Bazar. Eastern manners may there be viewed to the life :—and all kinds of heterogeneous articles may be seen, even to a warming pan or a pair of skates.

The figure on the left of the plate is a betel vender, his bazar is portable, being but an old wine chest laid out in the street, whereon he spreads bundles of betel leaves tied together in certain numbers, regulating the price and quantity according to the quality of the leaves, a bundle of betel leaves containing from 16 to 30 is sold for 10 cash :—a smaller chest or stool serves him for a seat and a cadjan umbrella tied to a long stick, fixed in the ground and propped by another, defends him against the sun or the rain : and at intervals he sprinkles the leaves with water to keep them in a fresh state throughout the day.

No. 7

THE CARPENTERS.