HENRY A. KISSINGER

July 26, 2002

Dear Tom:

Unchangeable commitments unfortunately prevent me from attending the memorial service for Myron Du Bain. Our friendship goes back several decades. It was one of those relationships not based on everyday activities but on shared commitments and the simple pleasure of each other's company. Myron enhanced the existence of everyone whose life he touched. Eternally optimistic, always pleasant, deeply loyal, he brought out the best in all his friends and acquaintances. For twelve years he presided with humor and warmth over a Sunday lecture that I gave at Midway, his camp in the Bohemian Grove, and on its tenth anniversary presented me with an outsize bottle of rare wine to celebrate the occasion.

Early this year, Myron's son Don wrote me that his father was gravely ill and might find strength in a phone call from me. I called several times but never could get through to him. Don believes it was because he was too weak or too medicated to take a phone call.

But, characteristically, I received a letter from Myron which spoke of his imminent recovery and how much he was looking forward to seeing me at the annual event at Midway.

My hope that this signaled a remission, if not a recovery, proved illusory. I shall miss Myron a great deal. All of us who knew him will find our lives emptier but our existence enhanced.

Mr. A.W. Clausen
35 Aster Avenue
Hillsborough, CA 94010

TWENTY-SIXTH FLOOR • 350 PARK AVENUE • NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10022 • (212) 759-7919
FACSIMILE (212) 759-0042

FACSIMILE TRANSMISSION REPORT

DATE: 7/26/02

TO: HK

FROM: Jody

RE: Myron Du Bain remembrance

Following is the article for which you provided a quote, which just appeared in
today's edition of the *San Francisco Chronicle*, together with the obituary and
Mr. Du Bain's entry in "Who's Who."

As I mentioned Monday night, Don Du Bain said that if you were able to prepare
something for the service, it would likely be Tom Clausen - who is giving a
eulogy, probably 3-5 minutes - who would read it.

I have Du Bain's home fax number and e-mail address - so can get something to
him over the weekend as well.

TF #s should you want/need them:

Don Du Bain home TF: 415/788-0881
home FAX: 425/788-0884

Tom Clausen office TF: 415/622-2472

__4__ PAGE(S) FOLLOW THIS COVER SHEET

202-872-0300 TO CONFIRM RECEIPT OR REPORT PROBLEMS
212-753-7248 TO TRANSMIT DOCUMENTS

Kissinger Office - Harlan Cleveland on Iraq

Page 1

From: <AADiplmcy@aol.com>
To: <brandongrove@earthlink.net>, <rgardner@morganlewis.com>, <aquainton@npal.org>, <harropbill@erols.com>, <rsolomon@usip.org>, <EdMRowell@aol.com>, <TDBoyatt44@aol.com>, <gillespie@scowcroft.com>, <jjones@manatt.com>, <pglynch@olg.com>, <patted@sonic.net>, <negropontej@state.gov>, <AHart10007@aol.com>, <kampema@ffhsj.com>, <jfmatlo@attglobal.net>, <RMKimmitt@AOLTW.com>, <council@his.com>, <klbrown@adst.org>, <galluccr@georgetown.edu>, <plyman@aspeninstitute.org>, <mhpalmer@erols.com>, <rrbowie@comcast.net>, <craig.johnstone@boeing.com>, <AlecWat@aol.com>, <jspero@ddcf.org>, <AHaig@aol.com>, <JSRoy@aol.com>, <RHMCRM@aol.com>, <Snigdom@aol.com>, <Ejgreer@aol.com>, <RKenFox@aol.com>, <HARRYWAL@aol.com>, <Howenssb@aol.com>, <DCASENCIO@aol.com>, <Amblandau@aol.com>, <Thoshughes@aol.com>, <SixtyMeter@aol.com>, <DPopper500@aol.com>, <HAllenHolmes@aol.com>, <bipp@rice.edu>, <Cwfpii@cs.com>, <bflint@aed.org>, <oakleyr@ndu.edu>, <eperkins@ou.edu>, <PBoeker@UCSD.edu>, <rhunter@rand.org>, <tniles@uscib.org>, <oakleyrp@msn.com>, <leinaudi@oas.org>, <lgordon@brook.edu>, <rogkirk@erols.com>, <wluers@unausa.org>, <rseitz@lehman.com>, <embassy@sover.net>, <ghholmes@nccn.net>, <448@globalops.com>, <Harlancleve@cs.com>, <kissinger@csis.org>, <ddn2n@virginia.edu>, <jreinhdt@erols.com>, <warnkep@howrey.com>, <gleywong@erols.com>, <gail@scowcroft.com>, <kkeith@meridian.org>, <jschlesi@lehman.com>, <Percycharles@cs.com>, <mcmurphy@icheic.org>, <wchristopher@omm.com>, <wcutler@meridian.org>, <lakea@georgetown.edu>, <nicholap@asiasoc.org>, <ceredman@bechtel.com>, <talbotp@pipeline.com>, <wwebster@milbank.com>, <frank.wisner@aig.com>, <apburl@bellsouth.net>, <dcoffice@corning.com>, <goodby@starpower.net>, <josephnye@harvard.edu>

Date: Fri, Sep 20, 2002 5:01 PM

Subject: Harlan Cleveland on Iraq

SEP 2 4 2002

Here is an Op-ed by Harlan Cleveland on Iraq that will appear in World Paper, which Harlan describes as a tabloid edited in Boston as an insert designed for use in newspapers and magazines abroad -- "printed in seven languages on five continents."

-Laingen

For WorldPaper

HC/draft/09.17.02

# IRAQ: THE AMERICAN DEBATE

## Harlan Cleveland

To watch a large democracy make up its mind on a big question of public policy is hard enough for its own citizens. It must be maddeningly difficult for others. The debate now heating up in the U.S. about war with Iraq is Exhibit A this month. Does it provide a traceable pattern?

It started predictably enough: Sound and fury from "leaders" who advocated war before most people had thought Iraq had a claim on their attention span. A visceral resistance from those -- always a sizeable minority -- who by instinct distrust impatient leaders.

Procedure is often the surrogate for substance. The action-pushers reveal they have secret reasons for impatience. The resisters say nothing can be done without Congress, allies, and the United Nations. So a debate erupts about secrecy, about the constitutional role of Congress, and about going to the U.N. The stage is thus set for an act of convergence.

That's where we were last week, when President Bush disappointed some impatient supporters and some too-patient adversaries. He first said out loud, as if it had always been obvious, that he would ask Congress what it thought. He then spelled out a public indictment against Iraq in the U.N. General Assembly. And he challenged the U.N. Security Council to enforce a decade of flouted resolutions about Iraq.

Those resolutions were designed to find and destroy any chemical and biological weapons in Iraq, and to frustrate the evident ambition of Iraq's leader to build a capacity to make nuclear weapons and develop the means to deliver them -- in the Middle East, and perhaps beyond.

***

What do the American people think about all this? When the idea of using military force against Iraq -- again -- began to look like a conscious policy choice, many Americans thought that sounded all right. Most of us

recalled that, a decade ago, Desert Storm had shown Iraq's military as no match for U.S. forces.

The *New York Times/CBS* poll recorded 68% -- more than two-thirds -- in favor of war. The CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll evidently interviewed a sample with more skeptical Americans, but still reported a 53% level of support.

Daniel Yankelovich, our most thoughtful assessor of American opinion, says those figures were "only the beginning of the story, not the end." When Gallup asked what people would think if the United States "would have a significant number of ground troops in combat situations for at least a year," the majority was replaced by a 41% minority. The *New York Times* poll found that when the war question was complicated by a diplomatic alternative -- giving "the United Nations more time to get weapons inspectors back into Iraq" -- the 68% majority shrank to 35%.

"Most dramatically," says Yankelovich, "Gallup reports that when people are asked whether they could support a war if we had to go it alone, public enthusiasm for war drops off a cliff, with only 20% -- a mere one out of five Americans -- endorsing a unilateral alternative. . . . Public opinion on war with Iraq," he adds, "is still in the early stages of evolution, exhibiting characteristic signs of inconsistency and instability."

***

Persistent popular skepticism may be due partly to confusion between the two reasons for urgent action put forth by the President and some of his more prominent advisors. One is Iraq's consistent push to acquire and develop weapons of mass destruction. Frustrating that push is a consensus-building objective, at home and abroad.

The other is the repeated emphasis on "régime change," an antiseptic way to talk about getting rid of Saddam Hussein. To unseat a sitting government by using unilateral preemptive military force builds no consensus, at home or abroad -- it's way outside the letter and spirit of the United Nations Charter, which Americans helped write.

Eliminating Iraq's weapons-and-potential-weapons is quite likely to result in political change in Iraq. But not if we try to sell the world on a

HENRY A. KISSINGER

October 16, 2002

Mr. Vance D. Coffman
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Lockheed Martin Corporation
6801 Rockledge Drive
Bethesda, MD 20817-1877

Dear Mr. Coffman,

As a member of the Board of Directors of the International Rescue Committee, I
am pleased to tell you that we will honor President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan with this
year's Freedom Award in recognition of his contributions to the cause of refugees and
human freedom at our annual Freedom Award Dinner on Wednesday, November 13,
2002 at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel.

H.R.H. Princess Firyal and Lionel I. Pincus are the Dinner Chairs and Katherine Farley and Jerry Speyer will Co-Chair this special evening. The program will include Her Majesty Queen Rania of Jordan as well as Senators Edward Kennedy and Sam Brownback. Our Master of Ceremonies will be Tom Brokaw.

The IRC provides emergency and long-term aid to refugees in over 30 countries
worldwide. The IRC has assisted Afghan refugees for over 20 years through public
health, education, and emergency programs, and our aid programs have increased
exponentially in the last year. We are also extremely proud that Haneef Atmar, the IRC's
Deputy Director for Afghanistan, has joined President Karzai's Cabinet. As Afghan
refugees return home with the hope of restoring their livelihoods and rebuilding their war-
torn country, the IRC is focusing on three of their most critical needs for recovery - health,
agriculture and education.

Although Lockheed Martin has already received an invitation to the dinner, I am
writing to you personally in the hope that you will consider purchasing a Golden
Benefactor table at $50,000, a Benefactor table at $25,000, or a Patron table at $10,000.
A reservation form is enclosed that details all levels of participation. Even if you are
unable to attend, please consider offering a contribution.

The International Rescue Committee was founded in 1933 at the suggestion of Albert Einstein to assist people persecuted by the Nazis. Throughout our 70-year history, the IRC has helped people fleeing racial, religious and ethnic persecution, as well as those uprooted by war and violence. Being a former refugee, I am deeply committed to the IRC's work and I would appreciate your support of this noble cause.

3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304
650.842.6000 (main)
650.842.0602 (direct)
650.843.0788 (fax)

SEP 09 2002

CELTRANS

**To:** Dr. Henry Kissinger

**From:** Bruce Cohen

**Re:** Singapore EDB

**Date:** 9/9/2002

Dear Dr. Kissinger,

Thank you again for taking the time to meet with Eli and me last week on such short notice. We are both very grateful for your kind offer of assistance.

In preparation for your upcoming discussions, I have put together the following summary of our technology, business plan and the rationale for an investment in Celtrans by the Singapore EDB.

**Overview:** Celtrans is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development and commercialization of hematopoietic (blood-forming) stem cell (HSC) therapies for the treatment of life-threatening human diseases, primarily cancer. Under an agreement with Novartis, we have the rights to acquire the technology, patents and know-how associated with the rapid isolation and purification of HSCs from human blood, a necessary precursor to their use clinically. Among the most important assets being transferred to Celtrans are the promising results of Phase I/II trials in metastatic breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Animal studies suggest that our stem cell purification technology is also suitable for additional disease indications, including some forms of leukemia, other solid tumor cancers, auto-immune diseases (juvenile diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis) and the ability to induce life-long tolerance to transplanted organs.

Celtrans was founded by Dr. Irving Weissman, who discovered hematopoietic stem cells and developed the core technology for their isolation at Stanford Medical School beginning in the mid-1980's. In 1988, Dr. Weissman and his colleagues formed SyStemix, which after going public and being acquired by Sandoz, further developed the technology and initiated Phase I/II trials for the three above-mentioned cancer indications. Novartis, the successor by merger to Sandoz, completed these trials, but in 2000 made a strategic decision to focus on its pharmaceutical business.

**Market Background:** In the United States, more than 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year. More than 80,000 people are diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and various forms of leukemia. A substantial portion of these patients are resistant to all current forms of therapy.

For many of these patients, high dose chemotherapy and radiation offer the only potential for survival. A side effect of this intensive treatment is the loss of the patient's blood forming system, without which the patient will die. Autologous bone marrow transplants (BMT) or mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) containing hematopoietic stem cells that can regenerate the blood forming

8

September 9, 2002

system have been used to rescue patients following therapy. The clinical success of this strategy has been limited by two factors: (1) the failure of the chemotherapy to eradicate all of the cancer cells in the patient and (2) the reintroduction of the patient's own cancer cells from an unpurified transplant.

Celtrans plans to commercialize a proprietary purification technology that has shown in clinical trials the ability to reduce cancer cells in an autologous transplant to a level that is below the ability to detect (less than 1 in a million). We believe, and the results of three Phase I/II trials suggest, that this purification process will result in improved survival rates. In one trial, the 5-year survival rate for women with metastatic breast cancer was more than four times what would have been expected based on the literature.

We have estimated that there are more than 40,000 cancer patients each year in the U.S. (in the three initial cancer indications) who could be treated using the Celtrans technology, with a potential market size of $1.4 billion. Expanding the potential market to include the full set of applicable diseases etc. would represent an additional 40,000 patients (another $1.4 billion market potential). A similar market potential exists in Europe, suggesting a total market opportunity exceeding $5 billion. We believe a substantial market exists in Asia as well.

**Celtrans Core Technology:** HSCs can be selected out of a pool of cells by using proteins that are located on the cell surface, known as markers. Unlike alternative processes that use only a single marker (CD-34), the Celtrans process selects simultaneously for two markers (CD-34 and Thy-1) using cell-sorting machines known as fluorescence-activated cell sorters ("FACS"). The selection, or purification, process effectively eliminates cancer cells and T-cells, leaving only the hematopoietic stem cells necessary for reconstituting the patient's blood-forming system. Under the terms of its agreement with Novartis, we are acquiring the exclusive right to use this technology for sorting human cells in a therapeutic setting.

**Business Objectives and Strategy:** Our objective is to create a large and profitable business in individualized cell therapy, beginning with autologous transplants for cancer patients. We believe that we will need to complete one Phase III trial to confirm the results of the three Phase I/II trials, all of which implied that purified (i.e., cancer-free) stem cells reconstituted the blood-forming system as rapidly as unpurified transplants. By the end of 2003, we expect to have data from more than 150 patients and will be able to demonstrate prompt engraftment as well as the elimination of cancer cells from the transplant. Assuming that a regulatory filing is completed in late 2004, we anticipate that we could begin commercial sales in 2005. We do not believe that we will be required to demonstrate long-term disease-free survival based on the FDA's position in the design of the SyStemix clinical program and the approval of comparable technologies.

In order to expand our potential markets, we plan to initiate a series of small Phase II trials beginning in 2003 to show efficacy in a broader array of diseases. In some cases, these trials will be followed by Phase III trials to secure a broader indication from the FDA.

**Management Team:** Dr. Weissman is the Karel and Avice Beekhuis Professor of Cancer Biology, Pathology and Developmental Biology at Stanford University. His research encompasses the developmental biology, self-renewal, homing and functions of the cells that

• Page 2

September 9, 2002

make up the blood-forming and immune systems. Dr. Weissman served on the founding scientific advisory boards of Amgen, DNAX, and T-Cell Sciences (now Avant). He has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences and to the American Association for the Arts and Science. He has received the Kaiser Award for Excellence in Preclinical Teaching, the Pasarow Award for cancer research, the Irvington Award for Outstanding Achievement in Immunology, the Outstanding Investigator Award from the National Institutes of Health, the E. Donnall Thomas Award for Outstanding Achievement in Hematology and the deVilliers Award for Outstanding Achievements in Leukemia Research. He is the author or co-author of over 500 articles in peer-reviewed journals.

Bruce Cohen, President and CEO, was the founding President and CEO of Acacia Biosciences, a genomics-based drug discovery tool company that was acquired by Rosetta Impharmatics, which was subsequently acquired by Merck. He also served as CFO of GeneSoft, an early-stage, small molecule pharmaceutical developer. He led the commercialization effort of cancer and anti-infective products at Sequus Pharmaceuticals, prior to its acquisition by Alza. Mr. Cohen is a graduate of the Harvard Business School.

We have attracted a top-level team of Directors, including George Rathmann (former Chairman of Amgen), David Baltimore (Nobel laureate and President of Caltech) and Lee Hood (Director of the Institute for Systems Biology). Our Medical and Scientific Advisory Board includes leading physicians from the 5 largest transplant centers (Fred Hutchinson, City of Hope, Stanford, Sloan Kettering, MD Anderson) in the U.S. and senior researchers in the field.

**Rationale for Singapore EDB Investment:** The government of Singapore has articulated a policy declaring its intent to become a worldwide leader in the development of stem cell technology and cell therapy as part of a broader campaign to become a force in the global health care industry. This objective takes advantage of Singapore's unique set of human resources and its ability to mobilize them toward a strategic objective. Celtrans represents

* a good investment opportunity for the EDB venture fund,

* a means by which Singapore can become the home of a profitable cell sorting business that employs highly educated technical people and

* a vehicle that can provide the country with access to emerging technology.

Celtrans is well on its way to securing regulatory approval for its core technology, having completed three Phase I/II trials. As such, it has much lower risk than many biotechnology ventures that must prove the efficacy and safety of their approaches through a long, tortuous series of laboratory, animal and human studies. We have already completed most of that process and are within 3 years of having the ability to begin commercial operations. As the successor to SyStemix, we can take advantage of the more than $250 million that our predecessor spent perfecting the technology.

Celtrans has a legitimate business interest in establishing a research and production facility in Singapore, in our case, involving a regional cell processing facility to serve Southeast Asia and China, as well as a clinical development unit that could address unique markets in Asia and collaborate with Singapore's emerging academic centers in cell therapy. Since our technology

● Page 3

September 9, 2002

requires that we process cells for each patient on an individualized basis, we must establish highly automated, commercial-scale processing facilities in each of our major markets: the U.S., Europe and Asia. Singapore is the logical site for that facility in Asia.

Through our association with Dr. Weissman and our Medical and Scientific Board, we offer Singapore the ability to accelerate its efforts to enhance its biomedical infrastructure. While our core technology is at commercial stage, we have other, earlier-stage programs (in vitro stem cell expansion, the discovery of protein therapeutics for blood components and the development of T-cell based immunotherapy) that must be developed, both in the laboratory and in clinical settings. If we were to have a facility in Singapore and the support of the Singapore government, we could carry out a substantial portion of that pioneering research in Singapore.

We have presented our business plan to the technical staff at Singapore EDB's venture investment unit in California and believe that they have been favorably impressed with the scientific and business aspects of our approach. It is our understanding that EDB prefers to follow a classic venture capital "lead" investor in making investment decisions and is reluctant to assume that role for itself. We have assembled a group of professional investors, including WJ investments (Eli Jacobs, Irving Weissman) and Herbert Allen, who, with their colleagues, are accounting for more than half of a $10 million financing, with Mr. Jacobs and Dr. Weissman taking the largest share. We are currently in the process of completing this financing and believe that EDB's participation would be mutually beneficial -- to the company in having the government of Singapore as a partner and to the government in terms of its long term economic development objectives.

I hope this information is helpful. Please let me know if you would like to me provide any additional material.

With best regards,

Bruce Cohen

Science Panel Backs Cloning to Treat Disease

*Continued From Page Al*

Research, an advocacy group in Washington. He described the report as "a tremendous benefit."

In cloning, called nuclear trans-
plantation by scientists, researchers
remove the nucleus of a woman's\ egg and replace it with the nucleus of
another cell, typically a skin cell,
from an adult. The reconstructed egg
is then stimulated, often with electricity, to begin dividing.

In reproductive cloning, the result-
ing embryo would be implanted into
a woman's womb, where it would
grow into a fetus.

Alternatively, scientists could use
the embryo to harvest stem cells,
specialized cells that might be used
to treat a range of conditions, from
diabetes to heart disease. This is
often called therapeutic or research
cloning.

Scientists and patients' advocates
see research cloning as an important
avenue of medical inquiry. But be-
cause embryos are destroyed by the
experiments, the work leaves many
people deeply uneasy.

While the National Academy of Sciences is often called upon by Congress to issue reports and provide advice, its president, Dr. Bruce M. Alberts, said the institution conducted the cloning report on its own initiative and at its own expense.

The report focused largely on re-
productive cloning. A separate panel,
which examined issues relating to
stem cell research, had already is-
sued a recommendation supporting
therapeutic cloning. But that report
was released on Sept. 11 and the
results were scarcely noticed.

In releasing today's report, Dr. Irving L. Weissman, professor of cancer biology at Stanford University and the panel's chairman, said his group supported the previous committee's conclusions.

To ban therapeutic cloning, he
said, "would certainly close avenues
of promising medical and scientific
research."

In deeming reproductive cloning
unsafe, the scientists cited a litany of
animal cloning experiments that
have failed, resulting in animals that
either died in the womb or were born
with severe deformities.

"Human reproductive cloning should not now be practiced," the authors wrote. "It is dangerous and likely to fail."

But in calling for a law that would
ban the practice, the panel took a
highly unusual step. Neither Dr.
Weissman nor two other academy

experts who met with reporters to
discuss the findings could recall sci-
entists advocating a ban on a type of
medical experiment.

"It is a serious matter for a group
such as ours to recommend any form
of restriction on research," Dr.
Weissman said.

Dr. Mark Siegler, a bioethicist at the University of Chicago who was also on the panel, said "there clearly was unease" about the recommendation.

But after hearing testimony over
the summer from three scientists
who said they intended to try to clone
a human being, the panel concluded
that "no voluntary system that is

established to restrict reproductive
cloning is likely to be completely
effective."

The proposal to limit a cloning ban to reproductive cloning drew strong criticism from Richard Doerflinger, an official with the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. The group strongly opposes any type of cloning, arguing that to create and destroy embryos for the purposes of science is to interfere with the sanctity of human life.

In testimony before the presi-
dent's Council on Bioethics today,
Mr. Doerflinger said, "We should re-
solve the issue by forbidding people
to make a clone, not forbidding them
to be a clone."

In recommending the ban, the
academy's experts said the legisla-
tion should be reviewed within five
years but should be reconsidered
only if new scientific and medical
literature indicates that cloning peo-
ple would be safe and if "a broad
national dialogue on the societal, reli-
gious and ethical issues" suggests
that a reconsideration is warranted.

The question of whether to ban
cloning, or how far such a ban should
extend, was also a matter of intense
debate today at the meeting of Mr.
Bush's bioethics council. No mem-
bers, who include legal and ethical
scholars, doctors, scientists and a
journalist who is also a psychiatrist,
offered a strong defense of reproduc-
tive cloning.

But on the matter of therapeutic
cloning, there was wide disagree-
ment.

One member, Michael S. Gazzaniga, director of the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at Dartmouth College, argued that in using embryos for research, scientists should regard them the way doctors look upon organs for transplant. When a patient is brain dead, he said, his organs are harvested. Like the brain-dead patient, Dr. Gazzaniga says, the embryo also lacks a brain.

Dr. Leon R. Kass, the panel's
chairman, asked Dr. Gazzaniga if the
analogy bothered him.

"Doesn't bother me," Dr. Gazzaniga replied.

"Should it?" Dr. Kass asked.

Dr. Gazzaniga shrugged. "That's
just something you're comfortable
with or not comfortable with," he
said. But another panel member,
William B. Hurlbut, who teaches bio-
ethics at Stanford University, was
clearly bothered by it.

"We are dealing with the most
powerful, fundamental question of
all," Dr. Hurlbut said. "We are deal-
ing with the sanctity of life."

Members of Panel

These are the members of
the National Academy of Sci-
ence's expert panel on the sci-
entific and medical aspects of
human reproductive cloning:

Irving L. Weissman, professor of
cancer biology, Stanford Univer-
sity, and the panel's chairman.

Arthur L. Beaudet, chairman of the department of molecular and human genetics at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston.

Patricia K. Donahoe, chief of pedi-
iatric services at Massachusetts
General Hospital.

David J. Galas, vice president of
the Keck Graduate Institute of
Applied Life Sciences in Clare-
mont, Calif.

Judith G. Hall, professor of pediat-
rics and medical genetics at the
University of British Columbia.

Brigid L. M. Hogan, professor of
cell biology at Vanderbilt Uni-
versity.

Robert B. Jaffe, professor of repro-
ductive medicine at University
of California at San Francisco.

Edward R. B. McCabe, professor of
pediatrics at the University of
California at Los Angeles.

Anne McClaren, principal research
associate at Cambridge Univer-
sity.

Gerald M. Rubin, professor of ge-
netics at the University of Cali-
fornia.

Mark Siegler, professor of medi-
cine and a medical ethicist at the
University of Chicago.

A panel of experts
agrees that embryos
should not be cloned
to create babies.

The New York Times

January 20, 2002

YNE A19

WILLIAM SAFIRE

The
Crimson
Birthmark

WASHINGTON

The novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne took a crack at the troubling "Frankenstein" theme of man's presumption to gain godly power in an 1843 short story, "The Birthmark."

A scientist-philosopher, obsessed by a small hand-shaped birthmark on the cheek of his beautiful wife — "a crimson stain upon the snow" — treats her with a potent elixir to "correct what Nature left imperfect," and thereby kills the one he loves.

That cautionary tale was required reading for 17 leading scientists and philosophers at last week's first monthly convocation of President Bush's Council on Bioethics. They are to explore the opportunities to prolong life and alleviate suffering — and to weigh them against the potential dangers to individual dignity and personal freedom — in this genetics generation's reach for human perfectibility.

At the same time, across town, a panel of 11 doctors and scientists assembled by the private National Academy of Sciences and chaired by Dr. Irving Weissman of Stanford reported on a specific hot button of the perfectibility debate: cloning. These were medical and scientific discussions, not the ethical or social struggling assigned to the president's council.

The academy panel's unanimous, unequivocal conclusion was that the cloning of cells to reproduce a human being was "dangerous and likely to fail" and should be outlawed by Congress. At the same time, the scientists found no such risk in the cloning of cells in a dish, never to be implanted in a woman, for "developing new medical therapies to treat life-threatening diseases and advancing our fundamental biomedical knowledge."

No to cloning tomorrow's people;

Dr. Frankenstein
in
Washington.

yes to cloning cells that cure today's people. Because most of us agree, that will become law and policy.

A dispute will continue, however, over the use of embryonic rather than adult cells. What if cells cloned from just-formed embryos can save the lives that adult cells cannot save, by better regenerating organs and brains? Then embryonic cells should be used, I think, despite the practical "slippery slope" argument of those who believe that life begins at the moment of fertilization. No law can repeal the survival instinct of the already-born.

At the president's bioethics council, the majority of members lean conservative; non-member Arthur Caplan, a brilliant bioethicist at Penn who leans the other way, says writers like me are "sure to gush over their selection." Here goes a gush: the group headed by U. of Chicago ethicist Leon Kass is capable of profound debate about what counts most.

At the first meeting, Dr. Michael Gazzaniga, the eminent Dartmouth neuroscientist, drew an analogy between the use of embryonic cells and the transplantation of an organ from a brain-dead person to a living patient. He asked: What is the moral distinction between that and using in treatment an embryo that had not yet developed a brain? Professor Kass observed that there might be a difference between a human being whose life was terminated and one whose life was potential. The followup question, of course, is — what's a human being?

The ethical discussions were not driven by abortion politics. This is also weightier stuff than the projection of budget deficits or surpluses as far as the eyes can cross.

Several council members denounced as "quite dehumanizing" advertisements in college newspapers for egg donors who were women with certain test scores and physical characteristics. Can you imagine selecting only a donor with a knack for figures and a knockout figure? Hold on, said Kass: "You certainly wouldn't take eggs from someone with a genetic disease." Where you draw the ethical line depends on what you're selecting in or out.

Mary Shelley subtitled her book about Dr. Frankenstein's self-destroying creation of life "the Modern Prometheus." That Greek myth was about the Titan bound eternally to a rock for stealing fire from Olympus and giving it to mankind, freeing humans to become godlike.

As the "new genetics" joining chromosomes and cultures gives us ever-greater control of creating and preserving life, we'll be able to swab our cheeks to discover a range of predispositions to disease. Who needs to know this to help prevention, and who needs to be kept ignorant of innate weaknesses to prevent discrimination? How far should we go in extending our lives, in freeing bounded minds, in defiantly removing all crimson birthmarks to perfect our bodies?

SEP 0 9 2002

stem11
cell

SEP 09 2002

Pursuit

IRVING WEISSMAN, first to capture the stem cell, explore

IRVING WEISSMAN WAS FRESH FROM THE WILDS OF MONTANA

WHEN HE ARRIVED AT STANFORD IN 1960

AS A MEDICAL STUDENT, eager to find a niche in a research lab. Shortly thereafter, two researchers from the Ontario Cancer Institute in Toronto confirmed the existence of the stem cell, that elusive entity now considered the essential seed for many, and possibly all, human tissues.

It was auspicious timing, for while Weissman did not know it then, his life would eventually revolve around catching the stem cell and putting it to work. As he matured as a researcher, Weissman went on to develop a method for isolating the stem cell — laying the groundwork for the dozens of experiments now exploring this cell's power to fight illnesses as diverse as cancer and Parkinson's disease.

Weissman's work focuses exclusively on adult stem cells, not the embryonic stem cells that have inspired political controversy of late. While embryonic cells have the remarkable capacity to produce a wide range of tissues, they disappear four or five days after conception. Adult stem cells, however, are not so all-powerful and tend to be committed to making just one type of cell but they remain in the body throughout an individual's lifetime.

While Weissman was busy at Stanford as a medical student, the Toronto researchers — James Till, PhD, and Ernest McCulloch, MD — were searching for a remedy for the radiation effects observed in post-war Japan. In doing so, the researchers delivered lethal radiation doses to laboratory mice and were able to rescue them with injections of fresh bone marrow, which completely rebuilt the animals' stores of red and white blood cells. When the scientists used genetic markers to track the origins of the new blood cells, they found that all the cells emanated from a single source; this, they knew, had to be a stem cell.

This rare, blood-forming cell had another distinguishing quality, the researchers found: It had the ability to renew itself, thus serving as a constant source of replenishment for the blood. They now had indirect proof that this type of cell existed and they estimated it comprised one of every 2,000 cells in the bone marrow.

by ruthann richter

PORTRAIT BY
LESLIE WILLIAMSON

8

WINTER 2002 STANFORD MEDICINE

"It also meant that for the first time, we could study
the whole life span of a single stem cell
and of the daughter cells in a living body."

In a separate SyStemix-sponsored study, researchers at the University of Nebraska used purified stem cells to treat patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The results have yet to be published, but Weissman says they were encouraging as well, with more than half the patients remaining free of disease four years later.

Based on results of these ini-
tial studies, Weissman and Ne-
grin say they're eager to repeat
the trials in a controlled fash-
ion with large numbers of pa-
tients suffering from various
forms of cancer.

"The principle is always the
same," Weissman says. "If you
want to give a potentially lethal dose of chemotherapy or ra-
diotherapy to try to kill all of the cancer cells, you need to put
back stem cells to save them. It's probably not a good idea to
give back stem cells that also contain cancer cells."

Until this point, most of Weissman's work involved one specialized group of adult stem cells — those that spawn the blood system. But in recent years scientists have unearthed more than a dozen different types of stem cells, each with the ability to generate a specific kind of tissue. Weissman joined the search for these other stem cells in the late 1990s, collaborating with scientists from the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif., and from Cal Tech in Pasadena, Calif., to form a new company, StemCells Inc. in Palo Alto, to help speed the process along.

In December 2000, the group reported isolating an adult stem cell in humans that is capable of generating various kinds of brain cells. When the researchers transplanted the cells of this type into the brains of immunodeficient newborn mice, the cells took hold and began to reproduce and differentiate into other brain tissues, a finding the researchers reported in the *Proceedings of the National Academy of Science*.

Weissman and his colleagues at StemCells Inc. now plan to test these findings in various mouse models to see if these cells might have some clinical value. In theory, these neural stem cells could be enormously powerful, with potential to replace cells lost or damaged in diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and even spinal cord injury and stroke, Weissman says.

"At StemCells, we're now looking at each of those mouse models to see if the human cells will work," he says. "It may work in some or none at all. But it is clearly a new way of looking at regenerating nervous system cells."

At the same time, these new cells could offer great insight into
the biology of the brain and how it forms and develops, he says.

"I think the ability to get human or mouse neural stem cells, to modify them, transplant them and follow them should be a new way, a complementing way, to do neurobiology that hasn't been there before," he says.

Weissman says his work remains unaffected by the new federal restrictions on embryonic stem cell research, announced by President George W. Bush on Aug. 9, 2001. Nevertheless, says Weissman, because embryonic stem cells have enormous scientific value and possible clinical application, the new rules could hamper important research advances. The regulations hold that federal funds can support embryonic stem cell research only if the research makes use of embryonic stem cell lines that existed when

the regulations were announced. At that time, there were perhaps 60 in the country. And while stem cell research can be done on just a few cultures, notes Weissman, the restriction concerns him because it is important that these cultures be viable and be derived from a diverse cross-section of the population.

ALL GROWN UP

Had they really
isolated brain stem cells?
The researchers
gave the cells nutrients and
watched what happened.
**THE RESULTS:** Yes!
The cells became neurons
(GREEN) and astrocytes (RED).
The blue stain indicates
cell nuclei.

"It's unlikely in those existing 60 cell lines that you'll find that diversity," Weissman says. "If the research is going to be important, it ought to be broad and you want to be able to obtain samples from people with a known genetic predilection for a disease, so that when you develop a blood vessel cell from an embryonic stem cell, it comes from someone with a family with a high risk of heart disease and stroke. That way you would be working on something really relevant to that disease."

He says the protests against embryonic stem cell research to-
day are reminiscent of the protests that accompanied the early
recombinant DNA experiments in the 1970s, which spawned
many clinically valuable therapies.

"There were the critics then, the same people saying, 'You're acting like God, you're creating life,'" Weissman says. "But today there are hundreds of thousands of people who are alive because of erythropoietin (a protein that stimulates red blood cell production), GCSF (a protein used to treat some cancer patients) and interferons. So those who would ban this research must take the responsibility for the lives that would be lost because they banned the research."

And so, more than 40 years later, Weissman remains as con-
vinced as ever of the power of the stem cell. SM

STANFORD MEDICINE WINTER 2002

11

Based on results of these initial studies, Weissman and Negrin say they're eager to repeat the trials in a controlled fashion with large numbers of patients suffering from various forms of cancer.

"The principle is always the same," Weissman says. "If you want to give a potentially lethal dose of chemotherapy or radiotherapy to try to kill all of the cancer cells, you need to put back stem cells to save them. It's probably not a good idea to give back stem cells that also contain cancer cells."

ALL GROWN UP

Had they really isolated brain stem cells? The researchers gave the cells nutrients and watched what happened. THE RESULTS: Yes! The cells became neurons (GREEN) and astrocytes (RED). The blue stain indicates cell nuclei.

He says the protests against embryonic stem cell research today are reminiscent of the protests that accompanied the early recombinant DNA experiments in the 1970s, which spawned many clinically valuable therapies.

And so, more than 40 years later, Weissman remains as convinced as ever of the power of the stem cell. SM

STANFORD MEDICINE WINTER 2002

11

# In Production of Stem Cells, Many Featured
## Actors but Few Stars

NY TIMES

12/18/01

By NICHOLAS WADE

Stem cell biology is a growing field with many players. To the public, the best known is probably Dr. James A. Thomson of the University of Wisconsin who, as the first person to isolate human embryonic stem cells, has cut a prominent profile in the news media and seems to bestride the field like a colossus.

But scientists have a different mental map of the arena. Dr. Thomson is a well-respected researcher, but he and all others who work with human stem cells are building on foundations laid by biologists studying mice, the experimental animals that researchers turn to first to solve the hard problems of human biology.

Many scientists consider a chief architect of the embryonic stem cell field to be Dr. Martin Evans, a biologist at the University of Cardiff in Wales. This year Dr. Evans received a Lasker Award, a prestigious prize that is sometimes a precursor to the Nobel.

Working with Dr. Matthew Kaufman in the early 1980's, Dr. Evans showed how the cells that form all the tissues of the mouse's body can be removed from the very early embryo and grown for study in a laboratory dish. Dr. Gail Martin of the University of California at San Francisco, who independently did a similar experiment, called them embryonic stem cells, and the name stuck.

Dr. Evans said the methods for growing human embryonic stem cells were essentially the same as those he developed for mice. But he wanted to study how the embryo developed, and it was easier and ethically necessary to do so in mice rather than people, he said.

"Thomson was driven by the idea that if you could do it with humans, it would be important," said Dr. Irving Weissman, a stem cell biologist at Stanford. "The real science went on before," he said, referring to work by Dr. Evans and others.

Embryonic stem cells rapidly disappear from the developing embryo, all except a small cluster that migrate through the embryo toward the ovary or testes. These special cells, known as embryonic germ

Dr. Martin Evans, a biologist at the University of Cardiff in Wales, is viewed by many scientists as a principal architect of the embryonic stem cell field for his work with mice.

cells, seem to have many of the same properties as embryonic stem cells.

Human embryonic germ cells were first grown in the laboratory by Dr. John Gearhart of Johns Hopkins University — a result announced in November 1998, at the time of Dr. Thomson's success in growing embryonic stem cells.

Dr. Gearhart, somewhat to his distress, has remained the only major player in the human embryonic germ cell field because the government has yet to award any grants in the area.

Many researchers hope to grow human embryonic stem cells in the laboratory and, with a brew of appropriate growth factors, make them develop into brain or pancreas or liver cells that can be used to repair these tissues.

A leading company is Geron, headed by Dr. Thomas Okarma, which sponsored Dr. Thomson's and Dr. Gearhart's work. But Geron's progress is hard to assess, since it is not obliged to publish its results.

Two of the best demonstrations of the promise of embryonic stem cells have come from Dr. Ronald D. G. McKay of the National Institutes of Health. Working with mice, Dr. McKay (pronounced Mc-KYE) has shown how embryonic stem cells can be converted into brain cells, which relieve symptoms of Parkinson's disease in rats. Dr. McKay has also developed a recipe for turning embryonic stem cells from mice into the miniature organs known as pancreatic islets.

In the adult body, many tissues generate replacement cells from a private niche of

SEP 0 9 2002

stem cells. These adult stem cells cannot
make all the body's tissues as embryonic
stem cells do and are generally confined to
making cells of a particular type.

The blood-forming cells of the bone mar-
row, known as hematopoietic stem cells,
were first isolated in mice and then in
people by Dr. Weissman of Stanford. He
went on to identify various intermediate, or
progenitor, cells made as the stem cells
morph into the various classes of red and
white blood cells.

Other leading researchers in the hemato-
poietic stem cell field include Dr. Stuart H.
Orkin of Harvard Medical School, who stud-
ies the genetic switches that drive the hema-
topoietic stem cell down its various lin-
eages, and Dr. Ihor Lemischka of Princeton,
who looks at the pattern of genes that are
active in stem cells.

Neural stem cells should not exist, be-
cause the adult brain was long thought not
to renew itself. But Dr. Fred H. Gage of the
Salk Institute has shown that new nerve
cells are made in a certain region of the
hippocampus, a brain module where initial
memories of places and faces are formed.

New cells also appear in the olfactory
d bulb, which handles the sense of smell. Dr.
Elizabeth Gould of Princeton recently made
the startling claim that new neurons were
generated in the cerebral cortex as well. But
Dr. Pasko Rakic of Yale reported this
month that he had failed to repeat the
experiment, and several researchers now
believe the onus is on Dr. Gould to prove her
case.

The finding that the brain can make new
nerve cells has raised hopes of repairing
various brain diseases with injections of
neural stem cells. Dr. Evan Y. Snyder of
Harvard Medical School has shown this is a
promising approach, at least with mice.

Other researchers, like Dr. David Ander-
son of Caltech, are trying to understand the
basic biology of neural stem cells. Dr. Jonas
Frisen of the Karolinska Institute in Sweden
and Dr. Arturo Alvarez-Buylla of the Uni-
versity of California at San Francisco re-
cently discovered the origin of the brain's
stem cells, at least of those that repopulate
the olfactory bulb.

A leading expert on the liver's stem cells
is Dr. Markus Grompe of Oregon Health and

Science University.

The origin of the skin's stem cells, in a
little bulge halfway up the hair follicles, was
discovered last year by Dr. Tung-Tien Sun
of New York University and Dr. Robert M.
Lavker of the University of Pennsylvania.

The heart, like the brain, was not sup-
posed to generate new cells during a per-
son's lifetime, and indeed no one has found
any stem cells in the heart despite years of
looking.

But it seems researchers were looking in
the wrong place. Dr. Piero Anversa of the
New York Medical College and Dr. Donald
Orlic of the National Institutes of Health
have shown that the mouse's heart can be
repaired by cells from the bone marrow.

Dr. Silviu Itescu of Columbia University
has done much the same with rats. It seems
that the heart's stem cells may be the same
as the hematopoietic stem cells that gener-
ate the blood.

Carol Halebian for The New York Times

Dr. Irving Weissman of Stanford for
isolated stem cells of the bone marrow

FINANCIAL TIMES

# Man or mouse? Well, it's not that simple any more

Clive Cookson, Science Editor, examines the implications of experiments in California where human cells have been successfully implanted into the brains of mice

ROGER BEMLE

The biological gap between people and other animals is shrinking fast, in the glare of science. The most dramatic illustration so far is a group of mice in a Californian laboratory, whose brains contain a mixture of animal and human cells.

The way human and animal cells thrive together inside the "chimaeric brain" already raises troubling questions about human identity. But Irving Weissman of Stanford University, who carried out the experiment with colleagues from the Salk Institute and StemCells, a California biotechnology company, is thinking of taking the research further into unknown and controversial territory.

He can see a way to produce mice in which almost all the brain cells (neurones) are human. In the present generation of mice, up to a quarter of the neurones are the descendants of immature human brain cells – stem cells – that were injected into their heads just after they were born. They behave like normal mice.

Prof Weissman's proposed experiment would involve injecting human stem cells into the embryos of a mouse strain in which the neurones die off during development. The idea is that the growing human cells will replace the dying mouse cells and eventually produce a brain made up of human neurones.

Constrained by the small space inside a mouse's skull,

## An animal with a genetically human brain would be a powerful scientific resource

and inheriting the anatomy of the animal's brain, it is hard to see how such a brain could develop traces of human characteristics such as mind or intellect. But an imaginative science fiction writer could build horrifying scenarios about human brains trapped inside animals' bodies – or vice versa

– so Prof Weissman has wisely asked a Stanford University bio-ethics committee to review the experiment before he begins detailed planning.

"The group grilled me about the reasons for doing this," he says. "They have not yet come up with any recommendations – and I might not do the experiment even if I could, because I do have questions about it myself."

On the positive side, an experimental animal whose brain is genetically human and makes human proteins would be an enormously powerful scientific resource. "For example, by genetically modifying the stem cells [before injecting them into the mouse] you could ratio- nally and quite rapidly ask what genes are required for particular behaviours," Prof Weissman says.

The animal would also be a valuable tool for pharmaceutical researchers wanting to test the effect of drugs on the human brain before starting clinical trials.

Prof Weissman and colleagues are in the forefront

of the worldwide surge in research into stem cells as vehicles for regenerative medicine. The aim is to repair diseased or damaged tissues, from the brain to internal organs such as liver and heart. The field has been controversial so far because most scientists believe the best sources of stem cells are human embryos created through in-vitro fertilisation or aborted foetuses, though some researchers have recently reported success in extracting stem cells from

adult tissue such as bone marrow.

The Californian researchers used technology developed by Nobuko Uchida and colleagues at StemCells to isolate the rare stem cells from human foetal brains, then culture them before injection into the brains of neonatal mice. These animal tests are a prelude to clinical trials in which the brain stem cells will be injected into human patients – with Parkinson's disease likely to be the first target.

Half a dozen biotechnology companies, including ReNeuron in Britain and Layton Biosciences in the US, and several academic groups are developing stem cell treatments for brain disease. The latest announcement came earlier this week from Paul Sanberg of the University of South Florida. His research team has injected human stem cells, extracted from umbilical cord blood, into rats paralysed by strokes and shown that they can restore some mobility. But no other group has created animals with so many human brain cells as Prof Weissman's.

Ten years ago scientists would not have dreamt that a brain could combine cells from the mammalian species that diverged 70m years ago. "I was totally shocked by our results," says Prof Weissman.

But DNA sequencing has recently shown how alike we are – only about one per cent of the estimated 30,000 human genes are not present in mice.

The perceived gap between mice and men has been shrinking ever since Charles Darwin showed that we have a common ancestor.

Who knows where the trend will end?

SEP 09 2002

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

WEISSMAN, IRVING L.

Professor of Pathology

Professor of Developmental Biology

Professor, by courtesy, of Biological Science

Stanford University

Date of Birth: 10/21/39
Place of Birth: Great Falls, Montana
Social Security: 516-44-2632
Married: Allie Knight Weissman, 1961
Dependents: 5 children

Education

Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire - 9/57 - 6/59 (Zoology)
Montana State College (now a University) - 9/59 - 6/60 (Pre-Med), B.S. 1961
Stanford University, Stanford California - 9/60 - 6/65 (Medicine), M.D., 1965
Oxford University, England - 5/64 - 12/64 (Experimental Pathology)
Stanford University, Stanford California - 6/65 - 6/67 (Postdoctoral Fellow, H.S. Kaplan)

Fellowships

1. Montana Cancer Society Student Research Fellow at the Laboratory for Experimental Medicine, Montana Deaconess Hospital, Great Falls, Montana, under Dr. E. J. Eichwald, Director of Laboratories, Chief Editor, Transplantation Bulletin (now Transplantation).

2. Medical Student Research Fellow, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, under Dr. Leonard A. Herzenberg, 1961.

3. NIH Student Traineeship, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, under Dr. Henry S. Kaplan, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Radiology, 1961-64.

4. NIH Student Traineeship, Cellular Immunology Research Unit, MRC, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford, England, under Professor J.L. Gowans, F.R.S., Director of Unit, May-December 1964.

5. NIH Postdoctoral Fellowship, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1965-67.

6. Senior Dernham Fellow of California Division of the American Cancer Society (National), January 1969 - December 1973.

7. Faculty Research Awardee, American Cancer Society (National), January 1974 - December 1978.

8. Josiah Macy Foundation Scholar, September 1974 - August 1975.

Awards and Honors

1986 - Outstanding Investigator Award, National Institutes of Health

1987 - Kaiser Award for Excellence in Preclinical Teaching

1987 - Karel and Avice Beekhuis Professor of Cancer Biology
Election as a member of the National Academy of Sciences

1989 - Pasarow Award for Outstanding Contribution to Cancer Biology

1989 - The Harvey Lecture

1990 - Election as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

1990 - Election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

1992 - Election to the California Academy of Medicine

1992 - Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from Montana State University

1993 - Selected Top 100 Alumni of Montana State University

1994 - Montana Conservationist of the Year Award

1994 - President, American Association of Immunologists

1995 - Elected Honorary Member, Israel Immunological Society

1997 - Election to the American Academy of Microbiology

1992- Chairman and member, Scientific Advisory Board, McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT.
1992- Member, Board of Trustees, McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT.
1993-1995 Member, External Advisory Board, Duke University Medical Center Molecular Therapeutics and Experimental Surgery Program, Durham, North Carolina
1993-1994 Member, Scientific Advisory Board for NIH Program Project, "Immune Function and Cancer", UCLA Los Angeles, California
1993 Member of review board of UC Cancer Research Coordinating Committee
1994 Scientific Advisory and Review committee of NIH Idea Program, University of Montana
1993,1994 Awards Jury member for Albert Lasker Medical Research
1994-1995 President, American Association of Immunologists
1995- NIH Aids Research Program, Etiology and Pathogenesis Area Review
1995- Project Inform, National Board of Governors
1995- Medical Research Council, London, UK - subcommittee member for Laboratory of Cellular Immunology
1996- Member, AIDS Vaccine Research Panel, National Institutes of Health
1997- Chairman, Panel on Benchmarking of Immunology, National Academy of Sciences
1998- Member, COSEPUP, National Academy of Sciences
2001- Chairman, Committee on Cloning, National Academy of Sciences
2001- Chairman, Section 43 (Immunology), National Academy of Sciences

Companies

1981-1989 Scientific Advisory Board, Amgen
1981-1992 Scientific Advisory Board, DNAX
1988-1992 Scientific Advisory Board, T Cell Sciences
1988 Co-founder, SyStemix
1988-1997 Chairman, Scientific Advisory Board, SyStemix
1988-1997 Member, Board of Directors, SyStemix
1998- Co-founder, Stem Cells, Inc., Director, Chair of SAB
2000 Founder, Celtrans, Inc.

PUBLICATIONS

1. Eichwald EJ, Weissman IL. Bibliography of tumor transplantation. *Transplantation Bulletin* 4: 88-100, 1957.

2. Eichwald EJ, Silmser CR, Weissman IL. Sex-linked rejection of normal and neoplastic tissue: I. Distribution and specificity. *J. Natl. Cancer Inst.* 20: 563-575, 1958.

3. Eichwald EJ, Lustgraaf EC, Weissman IL, Strainer M. Attempts to demonstrate sex-linked histocompatibility genes. *Transplantation Bulletin* 5: 387-388, 1958.

4. Eichwald EJ, Lustgraaf EC, Fuson RB, Weissman IL. Parabiotic Anemia Polycythemia. *Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.* 106: 441-443, 1961.

5. Weissman IL, Lustgraaf EC. Antibody formation and repressor systems. *Transplantation Bulletin* 28: 134-135, 1961.

6. Eichwald EJ, Anthony M, Weissman IL, Lustgraaf EC. The "white graft" reaction and parabiosis. *Annals. of the New York Acad. of Sci.* 99: 606-610, 1962.

7. Eichwald EJ, Weissman IL, Kowalchuk J, Lustgraaf EC. Parabiotic shifts and the H-2 locus. *J. Natl. Cancer Inst.* 30: 783-794, 1963.

8. Weissman IL. Specific "conditioning" of the host, in Section VIII of "Tissue Transplantation" by Eichwald, E.J. *In*: Advanc. Biol. Med. Phys. 9: 160-177, 1963.

9. Weissman IL, Barclay TJ, Kaplan HS. Age effect on thymus graft regeneration and immunologic restoration of thymectomized hosts. Wistar Institute Symposium Monograph, No. 2: *The Thymus*, p. 102-104, 1964.

10. Barclay TJ, Weissman IL. The effect of millipore filter pore size on immunological restoration of thymectomized hosts. Institute Symposium Monograph, No. 2: *The Thymus*, p. 117-120, 1964.

11. Weissman IL. Studies on the mechanism of split tolerance in mice. *Transplantation* 4: 565-571, 1966.

12. Eichwald EJ, Weissman IL. Weak histocompatibility loci. *Annals of the New York Acad. of Sci.* 129: 94-101, 1966.

13. Weissman IL. Thymus cell migration. *J. Exp. Med.* 126: 291-304, 1967.

14. Weissman IL. Genetic and histochemical studies on mouse spleen black spots. *Nature* 215: 315, 1967.

15. Weissman IL. The role of the thymus and extrathymic factors in the development of immune competence. *In*: Development Aspects of Antibody Formation and Structure. (Academia, Prague) pp. 55-67, 1969.

16. Eltringham JR, Weissman IL. Regional lymph node irradiation: effect on immune responses. *Radiology* 94: 438-441, 1970.

17. Eltringham JR, Weissman IL. Differential effects of local lymphoid irradiation on delayed hypersensitivity and the serum antibody response in rats: antigen injection before x-rays. *L. Immunol.* 106: 1185-1190, 1971.

18. Eisenberg RA, Weissman IL. Antibody inhibition of the immune response: experimental analysis of the site of action *in vivo*. *J. Immunol.* 106: 143-149, 1971.

19. Gutman G, Weissman IL. The bone marrow origin of lymphoid primary follicle small lymphocytes. *In:* Morphological and Functional Aspects of Immunity. Lindahl-Kiessling, Alm and Hanna, eds. Plenum Press 12: 595-602, 1971.

20. Baird S, Santa J, Weissman IL. Anti-theta antisera may contain anti-allotype contamination. *Nature New Biology* 232: 56, 1971.

21. Gutman G, Weissman IL. Inheritance and strain distribution of a rat immunoglobulin allotype. *J. Immunol.* 107: 1390-1393, 1971.

22. Weissman IL. Tumor immunology. *Cal Med.* 114: 76-78, 1971.

23. Kennedy LJ, Weissman IL. Dual origin of intimal cells in cardiac-allograft arteriosclerosis. *New Eng. J. Med.* 285: 884-887, 1971.

24. Mitchell GF, Chan EL, Noble MS, Weissman IL, Mishell RI, Herzenberg LA. Immunological memory in mice. III: Memory to heterologous erythrocytes in both T cell and B cell populations and requirement for T cells in expression of B cell memory. Evidence using immunoglobulin allotype and mouse alloantigen theta markers with congenic mice. *J. Exp. Med.* 135: 165-184, 1972.

25. Gutman GA, Weissman IL. Lymphoid tissue architecture: experimental analysis of the origin and distribution of T-cells and B-cells. *Immunology* 23: 465-479, 1972.

26. Weissman IL, Nord S, Baird S. Immunotherapy and immunodiagnosis of metastatic neoplasms: prospects and progress. *In:* Frontiers Radiation Ther. Onc., J Vaeth, ed., Karger, Basel and University Park Press, Vol. 7, pp. 161-178, 1972.

27. Weissman IL, Lannin D, Jerabek L, Barclay T. Cellular immunity to heterologous erythrocytes *in vitro*: the role of surface-adherent cells and specific mediators in an effector mechanism. *Cell. Immunol.* 7: 222-236, 1973.

28. Witte O, Weissman IL, Kaplan HS. Structural characteristics of some murine RNA tumor viruses studied by lactoperoxidase iodination. *PNAS* 70: 36-40, 1973.

29. Weissman IL. Transfer of tolerance. *Transplantation* 15: 265-269, 1973.

30. Weissman IL. Thymus cell maturation: studies on the origin of cortisone-resistant thymic lymphocytes. *J. Exp. Med.* 137: 504-510, 1973.

31. Weissman IL, Peacock M, Eltringham J. Regional lymph node irradiation: effect on local and distant generation of antibody forming cells. *J. Immunol.* 110: 1300-1306, 1973.

32. Weissman IL. Tumor immunity *in vivo*: evidence that immune destruction of tumor leaves "bystander" cells intact. *J. Natl. Cancer Inst.* 51: 443-448, 1973.

33. Weissman IL. Failure to demonstrate postnatal testicular dependent expression of the male-specific transplantation antigen in mice. *Transplantation* 16: 122-125, 1973.

34. Gutman G, Weissman IL. Homing properties of thymus-independent follicular lymphocytes. *Transplantation* 16: 621-629, 1973.

35. Nord S, Weissman IL. Radiolabeled antitumor antibodies. I. Antibody specific and immunoglobulin-specific binding sites on Moloney lymphoma cells (LSTRA). *J. Natl. Cancer Inst.* 53: 117-124, 1974.

36. Nord S, Weissman IL. Radiolabeled antitumor antibodies. II. Quantitative analysis of Moloney tumor antigens on Moloney lymphoma cells (LSTRA). *J. Natl. Cancer Inst.* 53: 125-130, 1974.

37. Greenspan JS, Gutman GA, Weissman IL, Talal N. Thymus-antigen and immunoglobulin-positive lymphocytes in tissue infiltrates of NZB/NZW mice. *Clin. Immunol. and Immunopath.* 3: 16-31, 1974.

38. Greenspan JS, Gutman GA, Talal N, Weissman IL, Sugai, S. Thymus-antigen and immunoglobulin-positive cells in lymph-nodes, thymus, and malignant lymphomas of NZB/NZW mice. *Clin. Immunol. and Immunopath.* 3: 32-51, 1974.

39. Klein J, Livnat, S, Hauptfeld V, Jerabek L, Weissman IL. Production of anti-H-2 antibodies in thymectomized mice. *Eur. J. Immunol.* 4: 41-44, 1974.

40. Nord S, Weissman IL. Radiolabeled antitumor antibodies. III. Highly iodinated and highly radioiodinated antibodies. *J. Natl. Cancer. Inst.* 53: 959-965, 1974.

41. Friedberg SH, Weissman IL. Lymphoid tissue architecture. II. Ontogeny of peripheral T and B cells in mice: evidence against Peyer's patches as the site of generation of B cells. *J. Immunol.* 113: 1477-1492, 1974.

42. Witte ON, Weissman IL. Polypeptides of Moloney sarcoma-leukemia virions: their resolution and incorporation into extracellular virions. *Virology* 61: 575-587, 1974.

43. Witte ON, Weissman IL. Membrane proteins of MSV-MLV: their role in virion-virion interactions *in vitro*. *Virology* 61: 588-593, 1974.

44. Weissman IL, Gutman GA, Friedberg SH. Tissue localization of lymphoid cells. *Ser. Haemat.* 7: 482-504, 1974.

45. Weissman IL, Nord S, Ellis RL. Radiolabeled antibodies: their potential as quantitative tools for *in vitro* and *in vivo* tumor diagnosis. *In:* Interaction of Radiation and Host Immune Defense Mechanisms in Malignancy, Greenbrier, White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, March 23-27, p. 379-398, 1974.

46. Eltringham JR, Weissman IL. Primary and secondary immune response related to radiation exposure: localized irradiation. *In:* Interaction of Radiation and Host Immune Mechanisms of Malignancy. Greenbrier, White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, March 23-27, p. 167-180, 1974.

47. Fathman CG, Small M, Herzenberg LA, Weissman IL. Thymus cell maturation. II. Differentiation of three "mature" subclasses *in vivo*. *Cell. Immunol.* 15: 109-128, 1975.

48. Weissman IL, Small M, Fathman CG, Herzenberg LA. Differentiation of thymus cells. FASEB Conference on Biology of Development and Aging. *Fed. Proceedings* 34: 141, 1975. Also published in: *Biology of Aging and Development*, edited by GJ Thorbecke, Plenum Publishing, New York, pp.231-239, 1975.

49. Weissman IL. Development and distribution of immunoglobulin-bearing cells in mice. *Transplant Rev.* 24: 159-176, 1975.

50. Weissman IL, Levy R. *In vitro* cortisone sensitivity of *in vivo* cortisone-resistant thymocytes. *Israel J. Med. Sci.* 11: 884-888,1975.

51. Weissman IL, Masuda T, Olive C, Friedberg SH. Differentiation and migration of T lymphocytes. *Israel J. Med. Sci.* 11: 1267-1277, 1975.

52. Gutman GA, Weissman IL. Evidence that uridine incorporation is not a selective marker for mouse lymphocyte subclasses. *J. Immunol.* 115: 739-740, 1975.

53. Trowbridge IS, Weissman IL, Bevan MJ. A mouse T-cell surface glycoprotein recognized by heterologous anti-thymocyte sera and its relationship to Thy-1 antigen. *Nature* 256: 652-664, 1975.

54. Decleve A, Travis M, Weissman IL, Lieberman M, Kaplan HS. Focal infection and transformation *in situ* of thymus cell subclasses by a thymotropic murine leukemia virus. *Cancer Research* 35: 3585-3595, 1975.

55. Cantor H, Weissman IL. Development and function of subpopulations of thymocytes and T lymphocytes. *In*: *Progress in Allergy*. Kallos P, Waksman BH and de Weck A, eds., Karger, Basel, 20: 1-64, 1976.

56. Weissman IL, Gutman GA, Friedberg SH, Jerabek L. Lymphoid tissue architecture. III. Germinal centers, T cells, and thymus dependent vs. thymus independent antigens. *In*: *Immune Reactivity of Lymphocytes*, Feldman M. and Globerson A, eds., Plenum Pub. Corp., New York, pp. 229-237.

57. Witte ON, Weissman IL. Oncornavirus budding: kinetics of formation and utilization of viral membrane glycoprotein. *Virology* 69: 464-473, 1976.

58. Weissman IL. T cell maturation and the ontogeny of splenic lymphoid architecture. *In*: *Immuno-aspects of the Spleen*. Battisto JR and Streilein JW, eds. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, p. 77-87. 1976.

59. Weissman IL, Baird S, Gardner RL, Papaioannou VE, Raschke W. Normal and neoplastic maturation of T-lineage lymphocytes. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, *Vol. XLI*, pp. 9-21, 1977.

60. Witte ON, Tsukamoto-Adey A, Weissman IL. Cellular maturation of oncornavirus glycoproteins: topological arrangement of precursor and product forms in cellular membranes. *Virology* 76: 539-553, 1977.

61. Baird S, Raschke W, Weissman IL. Evidence that MuLV-induced thymic lymphoma cells possess specific cell membrane binding sites for MuLV. *Intl. J. Cancer* 19: 403-413, 1977.

62. Billingham M, Warnke R, Weissman IL. The cellular infiltrate in cardiac allograft rejection in mice. *Transplantation* 23: 171-176, 1977.

63. Weissman IL, Baird S. Oncornavirus leukemogenesis as a model for selective neoplastic transformation. *Life Sciences Research Report* 7: Neoplastic Transformation: Mechanisms and Consequences. H Koprowski, ed. Berlin. pp. 135-152, 1977.

64. Weissman IL. The demise of the five-year plan. *Stanford Medicine* 16: 6-13, 1977.

65. McGrath MS, Weissman IL, Baird S, Raschke W, Decleve A, Lieberman M, Kaplan H.S. Each T-cell lymphoma induced by a particular murine leukemia virus bears surface receptors specific for that virus. *In: Birth Defects: Original Article Series; the Molecular Basis of Cell-Cell Interaction.* Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, Vol. 14: 349-361, 1978.

66. Weissman IL, Warnke R, Butcher E, Rouse R, Levy R. The lymphoid system. Its normal architecture and the potential for understanding the system through the study of lymphoproliferative diseases. *Human Pathology* 9: 25-45, 1978.

67. McGrath M, Witte O, Pincus T, Weissman IL. Retrovirus purification: a method that conserves envelope glycoprotein and maximizes infectivity. *J. Virology* 25: 923-927, 1978.

68. Weissman I, Papaioannou V, Gardner R. Fetal hematopoietic origins of the adult hematolymphoid system. Cold Spring Harbor Meeting on Differentiation of Normal and Neoplastic Hematopoietic Cells, Clarkson B, Marks PA and Till JE, eds., pp. 33-47, 1978.

69. McGrath MS, Weissman IL. A receptor-mediated model of viral leukemogenesis: hypothesis and experiments. Cold Spring Harbor Meeting on Hematopoietic Mechanisms, pp. 577-589, 1978.

70. Scollay R, Kochen M, Butcher E, Weissman IL. Lyt markers on thymus cell migrants. *Nature* 276: 79-80, 1978.

71. McGrath MS, Decleve A, Lieberman M, Kaplan HS, Weissman IL. Specificity of cell surface virus receptors on radiation leukemia virus and radiation-induced thymic lymphomas. *J. Virology* 28: 819-827, 1978.

72. Butcher E, Scollay R, Weissman I. Lymphocyte-high endothelial venule interactions: examination of species specificity. *In: Function and Structure of Immune Systems.* Mueller-Rucholtz W, ed. Plenum Publishing 114: 65-72, 1979.

73. Humphrey, D, Tsukamoto-Adey A, Witte ON, Fox R, Jerabek L, Weissman IL. A serologic comparison of Moloney lymphoma cell surface and Moloney oncornavirus antigens. *J. Immunol.* 123: 412-418, 1979.

74. Rouse RV, van Ewijk W, Jones PP, Weissman IL. Expression of MHC antigens by mouse thymic dendritic cells. *J. Immunol.* 122: 2508-2515, 1979.

75. McGrath MS, Weissman IL. AKR leukemogenesis: identification and biological significance of thymic lymphoma receptors for AKR retroviruses. *Cell* 17: 65-75, 1979.

76. Fox RI, Weissman IL. Moloney virus-induced cell surface antigens and histocompatibility antigens are located on distinct molecules. *J. Immunol.* 122: 1697-1704, 1979.

77. Hollander N, Mehdi SQ, Weissman IL, McConnell HM, Kriss JP. Allogeneic cytolysis of reconstituted membrane vesicles. PNAS 76: 4042-4045, 1979.

78. Butcher E, Scollay R, Weissman IL. Evidence of continuous evolutionary change in structures mediating adherence of lymphocytes to specialised venules. Nature 280: 496-498, 1979.

79. Butcher E, Scollay RG, Weissman IL. Lymphocyte adherence to high endothelial venules: characterization of a modified *in vitro* assay, and examination of the binding of syngeneic and allogeneic lymphocyte populations. J. Immunol. 123: 1996-2003, 1979.

80. Warnke RA, Slavin S, Coffman RL, Butcher EC, Knapp MR, Strober S, Weissman IL. The pathology and homing of a transplantable murine B cell leukemia (BCL-1). J. Immunol. 123: 1181-1188, 1979.

81. Fox RI, Weissman IL. Absence of unexpected H-2 alloantigens on a murine lymphoma. J. Immunol. 123: 1736-1740, 1979.

82. Rozing J, Jerabek L, Gutman G, Weissman IL. The derivation of the LEW. RI-1a (DA)/STA rat line. Rat News Letter #5, Sept. 1979.

83. Weissman IL. Tumor immunology, T cell maturation, and T cell neoplasia. In: Progress in Experimental Tumor Research, Karger, Basel, Vol. 25: 193-218, 1980.

84. Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Cellular, genetic, and evolutionary aspects of lymphocyte interactions with high-endothelial venules. In: Blood Cells and Vessels Walls: Functional Interactions, Ciba Foundation Symposium 71: 265-286, 1980. (Published by Excerpts Medica).

85. Scollay R, Butcher E, Weissman, IL. Thymus cell migration. Quantitative aspects of cellular traffic from the thymus to the periphery in mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 10: 210-218, 1980.

86. Joho R, Weissman IL, Early P, Cole J, Hood L. Organization of κ light chain genes in germline and somatic tissue. PNAS 77: 1106-1110, 1980.

87. Fathman CG, Weissman IL. Production of alloreactive T-cell lymphomas. Nature 283: 404-406, 1980.

88. Weissman IL, Butcher EC, Rouse RV, Scollay R. Cell-cell interactions in the establishment and maintenance of lymphoid tissue architecture. In: Strategies of Immune Regulation: Regulatory Features of the Immune System. Sercarz EE and Cunningham AJ, eds. Academic Press, Inc., pp. 77-94, 1980.

89. McGrath MS, Pillemer E, Kooistra DA, Jacobs S, Jerabek L, Weissman IL. T-lymphoma retroviral receptors and control of T-lymphoma cell proliferation. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 44: 1297-1304, 1980.

90. Davis M, Calame K, Early PW, Livant DL, Joho R, Weissman IL, Hood L. An immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene is formed by at least two recombinational events. Nature 283: 733-739, 1980.

91. Joho R, Weissman I. V-J joining of immunoglobulin κ genes only occurs on one homologous chromosome. Nature 284: 179-181, 1980.

92. van Ewijk W, Rouse RV, Weissman IL. Distribution of H-2 microenvironments in the mouse thymus. J. Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 28: 1089-1099, 1980.

93. McGrath MS, Pillemer E, Kooistra D, Weissman IL. The role of MuLV receptors on T-lymphoma cells in lymphoma cell proliferation. *In:* Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology, Warner NL, ed. Plenum Publishing Company, New York, Vol. 11, pp.157-184, 1980.

94. Butcher EC, Scollay RG, Weissman IL. Organ specificity of lymphocyte migration: mediation by highly selective lymphocyte interaction with organ-specific determinants on high endothelial venules. *Eur. J. Immunol.* 10: 556-561, 1980.

95. van Ewijk W, Coffman R, Weissman IL. Immunoelectron microscopy of cell surface antigens: a quantitative analysis of antibody binding after different fixation protocols. *Histochemical* J. 12: 349-361, 1980.

96. Scollay R, Jacobs S, Jerabek L, Butcher E, Weissman IL. T cell maturation: thymocyte and thymus migrant subpopulations defined with monoclonal antibodies to MHC region antigens. *J. Immunol.* 124: 2845-2853, 1980.

97. Scollay R, Weissman IL. T cell maturation: thymocyte and thymus migrant subpopulations defined with monoclonal antibodies to the antigens Lyt-1, Lyt-2 and ThB. *J. Immunol.* 124: 2841-2844, 1980.

98. Hollander N, Pillemer E, Weissman IL. Blocking effect of Lyt-2 antibodies on T cell functions. *J. Exp. Med.* 152: 674-687, 1980.

99. McGrath MS, Pillemer E, Weissman IL. Murine leukemogenesis: monoclonal antibodies to T-cell determinants arrest T-lymphoma cell proliferation. *Nature* 285: 259-261, 1980.

100. Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Direct fluorescent labeling of cells with fluorescein or rhodamine isothiocyanate. *I. Technical aspects.* *J. Immunol. Methods* 37: 97-108, 1980.

101. Butcher EC, Scollay RG, Weissman IL. Direct fluorescent labeling of cells with fluorescein or rhodamine isothiocyanate: II. Potential application to studies of lymphocyte migration and maturation. *J. Immunol. Methods* 37: 109-121, 1980.

102. Pillemer E, Weissman IL. A monoclonal antibody that detects a Vκ-TEPC15 idiotypic determinant cross reactive with a Thy-1 determinant *J. Exp. Med.* 153: 1068-1079, 1981.

103. Strober S, Weissman IL. Immunosuppressive and tolerogenic effects of whole-body, total lymphoid, and regional irradiation. *In:* The Current Status of Modern Therapy, Salaman JR, ed. Lancaster, England: MTP Press, Vol. 7, pp. 19-53, 1981.

104. Hollander N, Pillemer E, Weissman IL. Effects of Lyt antibodies on T cell functions: augmentation by anti-Lyt-1 as opposed to inhibition by anti-Lyt-2. *PNAS* 78: 1148-1151, 1981.

105. Lepault F, Weissman IL. An *in vivo* assay for thymus-homing bone marrow cells. *Nature* 293: 151-154, 1981.

106. McGrath MS, Jerabek L, Pillemer E, Steinberg RA, Weissman IL. Receptor mediated murine leukemogenesis: monoclonal antibody induced lymphoma cell growth arrest. *Wilsede Meeting Concerning "Modern Trends in Human Leukemia IV"*, R Neth, ed., *In:* Haematology and Blood Transfusion. Vol. 26, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 360-364, 1981.

107. Coffman R, Weissman IL. A monoclonal antibody that recognizes B cells and B cell precursors in mice. J. Exp. Med. 153: 269-279, 1981.

108. Coffman R, Weissman IL. B220: a B cell-specific member of the T200 glycoprotein family. Nature 289: 681-683, 1981.

109. Nottenburg C, Weissman IL. C-μ gene rearrangement of mouse immunoglobulin genes in normal B cells occurs on both the expressed and nonexpressed chromosomes. PNAS 78: 484-488, 1981.

110. Moore KW, Rogers J, Hunkapiller T, Early P, Nottenburg C, Weissman I, Bazin H, Wall R, Hood LE. Expression of IgD may use both DNA rearrangement and RNA splicing mechanisms. PNAS 78: 1800-1804, 1981.

111. Rouse RV, Weissman IL. Microanatomy of the thymus: its relationship to T cell differentiation. In: Microenvironments in Haemopoietic and Lymphoid Differentiation, Ciba Foundation Symposium 84, pp. 161-177 (Pitman Medical, London), 1981.

112. Scofield VL, Weissman IL. Allorecognition in biological systems. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 5: 23-28, 1981.

113. Weissman IL, McGrath MS, Pillemer E, Hollander N, Rouse RV, Jerabek L, Stevens SK, Scollay RG, Butcher EC. Normal and neoplastic lymphocyte maturation. Keystone Meeting on "Cell Division and Development", Keystone, Colorado, March 2-8, 1980. J. Supramolecular Structure and Cellular Biochemistry 15: 303-314, 1981.

114. Hollander N, Pillemer E, Weissman IL. The inhibitory effect of anti Lyt-2 antibodies on binding of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to target cells. In: Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation. Resh K, Kircher H, eds. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, pp.450-453, 1981.

115. Gershenfeld HK, Tsukamoto A, Weissman IL, Joho R. Somatic diversification is required to generate the Vκ genes of MOPC 511 and MOPC 167 myeloma proteins. PNAS 78: 7674-7678, 1981.

116. McGrath M, Jerabek L, et al. Receptor mediated murine leukemogenesis: monoclonal antibody induced lymphoma cell growth arrest. Hamatol Blutttransfus 26:360-364, 1981.

117. Rouse RV, Parham P, Grumet FC, Weissman IL. Expression of HLA antigens by human thymic epithelial cells. Human Immunol. 5: 21-34, 1982.

118. Weissman I, Pillemer E, Kooistra D, Tsukamoto A, Jerabek L, Humphrey D, Coffman R, McGrath M, Nord S, Ellis R. Tumor antigen-antibody interactions in murine lymphomas: possible implications for human lymphomas. In: Advances in Malignant Lymphomas: Etiology, Immunology, Pathology, Treatment. Third Annual Bristol-Myers Symposium on Cancer Research, Stanford University, November 20-21, 1980, Vol. 3, pp. 131-153 (Academic Press, Rosenberg SA, Kaplan HS, eds.), 1982.

119. Weissman IL, Scofield VL, Schlumpberger J, Pillemer E, Hollander N, Rouse RV, Stevens SK, Butcher EC. Functional considerations of normal and neoplastic T lymphocytes. Presented at the Symposium on "The Biological Significance to Immune Regulation", Seattle, Washington, December 27-31, 1980. In: Immune Regulation, Evolutionary and Biological Significance. Ruben LN, Gershwin ME, eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 99-113, 1982.

120. Butcher EC, Stevens SK, Reichert RA, Scollay RG, Weissman IL. Lymphocyte-endothelial cell recognition in lymphocyte migration and the segregation of mucosal and nonmucosal immunity. Mechanisms in Mucosal Immunity Workshop held in Bethesda, Maryland, November 20-22, 1980. In: Recent Advances of Mucosal Immunity. Strober W, Hanson, LA, Sell KW, eds. Raven Press, New York, pp. 3-23, 1982.

121. Rouse RV, Weissman IL. The principal cells in the thymus expressing MHC antigens are epithelial. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 149: 401-405, 1982.

122. Rouse RV, Weissman IL, Ledbetter JA, Warnke RA. Expression of T cell antigens by cells in mouse and human primary and secondary follicles. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 149: 751-756, 1982.

123. Butcher EC, Reichert RA, Coffman RL, Nottenburg C, Weissman IL. Surface phenotype and migratory capability of Peyer's patch germinal center cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 149: 765-772, 1982.

124. Butcher EC, Kraal G, Stevens SK, Weissman IL. Selective migration of murine lymphocyte and lymphoblast populations and the role of endothelial cell recognition. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 149: 199-206, 1982.

125. Weissman IL, McGrath MS. Retrovirus lymphomagenesis: relationship of normal immune receptors to malignant cell proliferation. In: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, W. Henle, ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Vol. 98, pp. 103-112, 1982.

126. Rouse RV, Ledbetter JA, Weissman, IL. Mouse lymph node germinal centers contain a selected subset of T cells - the helper phenotype. J. Immunol. 128: 2243-2246, 1982.

127. Stevens SK, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Differences in the migration of B and T lymphocytes: organ-selective localization *in vivo* and the role of lymphocyte-endothelial cell recognition. J. Immunol. 128: 844-851, 1982.

128. Butcher EC, Rouse RV, Coffman RL, Nottenburg CN, Hardy RR, Weissman IL. Surface phenotype of Peyer's patch germinal center cells: implications for the role of germinal centers in B cell differentiation. J. Immunol. 129: 2698-2707, 1982.

129. Scofield VL, Schlumpberger JM, West LA, Weissman IL. Protochordate allorecognition is controlled by an MHC-like gene system. Nature 295: 499-502, 1982.

130. Butcher EC, Kraal G, Stevens SK, Weissman IL. A recognition function of endothelial cells: directing lymphocyte traffic. In: Pathobiology of the Endothelial Cell, Academic Press, New York, pp. 409-424, 1982.

131. Dailey MO, Fathman CG, Butcher E, Pillemer E, Weissman I. Abnormal migration of T lymphocyte clones. J. Immunol. 128: 2134-2136, 1982.

132. McGrath MS, Jerabek L, Weissman IL. Receptor-mediated leukemogenesis: retrovirus receptors on B and T lymphomas share idiotypic determinants. In: Experimental Hematology Today, Baum S, Ledney GD, Therfelder S, eds. S. Karger, pp. 93-100, 1982.

133. Kraal G, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Germinal center B cells: antigen specificity and changes in heavy chain class expression. Nature 298: 377-379, 1982.

135. Weissman IL, Rouse RV, Kyewski BA, Lepault F, Butcher EC, Kaplan HS, Scollay RG. Thymic lymphocyte maturation in the thymic microenvironment. *In:* Behring Institute Mitteilungen, "The Influence of the Thymus on the Generation of the T Cell Repertoire". Presented at the International Workshop, Rudesheim, September 16-19, 1981. Seiler, FR, Schwick HG, eds. Vol. 70, pp. 242-251, 1982.

136. Scofield VL, Schlumpberger JM, Weissman IL. Colony specificity in the colonial tunicate *Botrylus* and the origins of vertebrate immunity. *American Zoologist* 22: 783-794, 1982.

137. Dailey MO, Pillemer E, Weissman IL. Protection against syngeneic lymphoma by a long-lived cytotoxic T-cell clone. *PNAS* 79: 5384-5387, 1982.

138. Joho R, Nottenburg C, Coffman RL, Weissman IL. Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and expression during lymphocyte development. *In:* Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Muscona AA, Monroy A, eds. Vol. 18, pp. 15-58, 1983.

139. Kraal G, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Differences in *in vivo* distribution and homing of T cell subsets to mucosal vs. nonmucosal lymphoid organs. *J. Immunol.* 130: 1097-1102, 1983.

140. Reichert RA, Gallatin WM, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Germinal center B cells lack homing receptors necessary for normal lymphocyte recirculation. *J. Exp. Med.* 157: 813-827, 1983.

141. Lepault F, Coffman RL, Weissman IL. Characteristics of thymus-homing bone marrow cells. *J. Immunol.* 131: 64-69, 1983.

142. Gallatin WM, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. A cell-surface molecule involved in organ-specific homing of lymphocytes. *Nature* 303: 30-34, 1983.

143. Gallatin WM, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Lymphocyte recirculation: a molecular basis for the recognition of vascular endothelium. Proceedings of the 15th Leukocyte Culture Conference, Pacific Grove, CA. *In:* Intercellular Communication in Leukocyte Function. Parker JW, O'Brien RL, eds., pp.645-648, 1983.

144. Dailey MO, Gallatin WM, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Surface phenotype and migration properties of activated lymphocytes and T cell clones. Proceedings of the 15th Leukocyte Culture Conference, Pacific Grove, CA. *In:* Intercellular Communication in Leukocyte Function. Parker JW, O'Brien RL, eds. John Wiley and Sons, pp. 641-644, 1983.

145. Fink PJ, Weissman IL, Bevan MJ. Haplotype-specific suppression of cytotoxic T cell induction by antigen inappropriately presented on T cells. *J. Exp. Med.* 157: 141-154, 1983.

146. Coffman RL, Weissman IL. Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement during pre-B cell differentiation. *J. Molec. and Cell Immunol.* 1: 31-38, 1983.

147. Kraal G, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Genetic control of T-cell subset representation in inbred mice. *Immunogenetics* 18: 585-592, 1983.

148. Alexander H, Johnson DA, Rosen J, Jerabek L, Green N, Weissman IL, Lerner RA. Mimicking the alloantigenicity of proteins with chemically synthesized peptides differing in single amino acids. *Nature* 306: 697-699, 1983.

149. Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Lymphoid tissues and organs. *In* Fundamental Immunology, Paul WE, ed. Raven Press, New York, pp. 109-127, 1984.

150. Joho R, Gershenfeld H, Weissman IL. Evolution of a multigene family of Vκ germ line genes. *EMBO* 3: 185-191, 1984.

151. Tamura GS, Dailey MO, Gallatin WM, McGrath MS, Weissman IL, Pillemer EA. Isolation of molecules recognized by monoclonal antibodies and antisera: the solid phase immunoisolation technique. *Analytic Biochemistry* 136: 458-464, 1984.

152. Fink PJ, Bevan MJ, Weissman IL. Thymic cytotoxic T lymphocytes are primed *in vivo* to minor histocompatibility antigens. *J. Exp. Med.* 159: 436-451, 1984.

153. Tsukamoto A, Weissman IL, Hunt SV. Allelic exclusion in rat κ immunoglobulin chains: extent of Jκ rearrangement in normal B lymphocytes. *EMBO* 3: 975-981, 1984.

154. Ezine SV, Weissman IL, Rouse RV. Bone marrow cells give rise to distinct cell clones within the thymus. *Nature* 309: 629-631, 1984.

155. Pillemer E, Whitlock C, Weissman IL. Transformation-associated proteins in murine B-cell lymphomas that are distinct from Abelson virus gene products. *PNAS* 81: 4434-4438, 1984.

156. Weissman IL, Jerabek L, Greenspan S. Tolerance and the H-Y antigen: requirement for male T cells, but not B cells, to induce tolerance in neonatal female mice. *Transplantation* 37: 3-6, 1984.

157. McGrath MS, Weissman IL. The role of immunospecific receptors in retrovirus-induced lymphomagenesis. *In*: Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis, Oldstone M, Notkins A, eds. pp. 216-224, 1984.

158. Fink PJ, Weissman IL, Kaplan HS, Kyewski BA. The immunocompetence of murine stromal cell-associated thymocytes. *J. Immunol.* 132: 2266-2272, 1984.

159. Schlumpberger J, Weissman IL, Scofield VL. Separation and labeling of specific subpopulations of *Botryllus* blood cells. *J. Exp. Zool.* 229: 401-411, 1984.

160. Schlumpberger J, Weissman IL, Scofield VL. Monoclonal antibodies developed against *Botryllus* blood cell antigens bind to cells of distinct lineages during embryonic development. *J. Exp. Zool.* 229: 205-213, 1984.

161. Reichert RA, Gallatin WM, Butcher EC, Weissman IL. A homing receptor-bearing cortical thymocyte subset: implications for thymus cell migration and the nature of cortisone-resistant thymocytes. *Cell* 38: 89-99, 1984.

162. Rouse RV, Reichert RA, Gallatin WM, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Localization of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral lymphoid organs: directed lymphocyte migration and segregation into specific microenvironments. *Am. J. Anat.* 170: 391-405, 1984.

163. McGrath MS, Weissman IL. Receptor-mediated leukemogenesis: analysis of avian and human lymphomas for retrovirus-binding specificities. *In*: Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Viruses. Cold Spring Harbor, pp. 205-215, 1984.

164. Landau NR, St. John T, Weissman IL, Wolf SC, Silverstone AE, Baltimore D. Cloning of terminal transferase cDNA by antibody screening. *PNAS* 18: 5836-5840, 1984.

165. Gershenfeld H, Weissman I. Improved lysis of fusion-expressing bacteria upon removal of NaCl from buffer. *BioTechniques* 2: 4, 1984.

166. Weissman I, McGrath MS, Tamura G. The receptor-mediated leukemogenesis hypothesis: a model of retroviral oncogenesis by viral stimulation of cell-surface receptors. Presented at the Dahlem Konferenzen, November 13-18, 1985. *In: Leukemia, Weissman IL, ed.* (introduction p 1-3), Springer-Verlag, pp. 235-249, 1985.

167. Dailey MO, Gallatin WM, Weissman IL. The *in vivo* behavior of T cell clones: altered migration due to loss of the lymphocyte surface homing receptor. *J. Mol. Cell. Immunol.* 2: 27-36, 1985.

168. Fink PJ, Gallatin WM, Reichert RA, Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Homing receptor-bearing thymocytes, an immunocompetent cortical subpopulation. *Nature* 313: 233-235, 1985.

169. Rouse RV, Ezine S, Weissman IL. Expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens in the thymuses of chimeric mice. *Transplantation* 40: 422-426, 1985.

170. Weissman IL. Thymic lymphocyte differentiation and thymic leukemogenesis. *Intl. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys.* 11: 57-64, 1985.

171. Dailey MO, Gallatin WM, Kraal G, Butcher E, Weissman IL. T cell clones: a model of a non-recirculating phase of T cell differentiation. *Adv. Exp. Biol. Med.* 186: 621-627, 1985.

172. Tidmarsh G, Dailey MO, Whitlock C, Pillemer E, Weissman IL. Transformed lymphocytes from Abelson-diseased mice express levels of a B lineage transformation-associated antigen elevation from that found on normal lymphocytes. *J. Exp. Med.* 162: 1421-1434, 1985.

173. Barth RK, Kim BS, Lan NC, Hunkapiller T, Sobieck N, Winoto A, Gershenfeld H, Okada C, Hansburg D, Weissman IL, Hood L. The murine T-cell receptor uses a limited repertoire of expressed Vβ gene segments. *Nature* 316: 517-523, 1985.

174. Kraal G, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Germinal center cells: antigen specificity, heavy chain class expression and evidence of memory. *Adv. Exp. Biol.* 186: 145-151, 1985.

175. Weissman IL, McGrath MS, Reichert RA, Gallatin WM, Ezine S, Fink P, Butcher EC, Marian J, O'Neill HC. Lymphocyte and lymphoma receptors utilized in differentiation, in homing, and in lymphomagenesis. Wilsede Meeting Concerning "Modern Trends in Human Leukemia VI." *In:* Haematology and Blood Transfusion 29: 449-454, 1985.

176. Ezine S, Weissman IL, Rouse RV. Thymus homing clonogenic bone marrow cells. *Adv. Exp. Biol.* 186:223-7, 1985.

177. Pillemer EA, Kooistra DA, Witte ON, Weissman IL. Monoclonal antibody to the amino-terminal L sequence of murine leukemia virus glycosylated *gag* polyproteins demonstrates their unusual orientation in the cell membrane. *J. Virology* 57: 413-421, 1986.

178. St. John T, Gallatin WM, Siegelman M, Smith HT, Fried VA, Weissman IL. Expression cloning of a lymphocyte homing receptor cDNA: ubiquitin is the reactive species. *Science* 231: 845-850, 1986.

179. Siegelman M, Bond MW, Gallatin WM, St. John T, Smith HT, Fried VA, Weissman IL. Cell surface molecule associated with lymphocyte homing is a ubiquitinated branched-chain glycoprotein. *Science* 231: 823-829, 1986.

180. Muller-Sieburg C, Whitlock CA, Weissman IL. Isolation of two early B lymphocyte progenitors from mouse marrow: a committed pre-pre-B cell and a clonogenic Thy-1<sup>lo</sup> hematopoietic stem cell. *Cell* 44: 653-662, 1986.

181. Gallatin M, St. John TP, Siegelman M, Reichert R, Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Lymphocyte homing receptors. *Cell* 44: 673-680, 1986.

182. Reichert RA, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Phenotypic analysis of thymocytes that express homing receptors for peripheral lymph nodes. *J. Immunol.* 136: 3521-3528, 1986.

183. Reichert RA, Jerabek L, Gallatin WM, Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Ontogeny of lymphocyte homing receptor expression in the mouse thymus. *J. Immunol.* 136: 3535-3542, 1986.

184. Reichert RA, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Dual immunofluorescence studies of cortisone-induced thymic involution: evidence for a major cortical component to cortisone-resistant thymocytes. *J. Immunol.* 136: 3529-3534, 1986.

185. Boyd HC, Brown SK, Harp JA, Weissman, IL. Growth and sexual maturation of laboratory-cultured Monterey *Botryllus schlosseri*. *Biol. Bull.* 170: 91-109, 1986.

186. Gershenfeld H, Weissman IL. Cloning of a cDNA T cell-specific serine protease from a cytotoxic T lymphocyte. *Science* 232: 854-858, 1986.

187. Razzeca KJ, Pillemer E, Weissman IL, Rouse RV. *In situ* identification of idiotype-positive cells participating in the immune response to phosphorylcholine. *Eur. J. Immunol.* 16: 393-399, 1986.

188. Jalkanen S, Reichert RA, Gallatin WM, Bargatze RF, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Homing receptors and the control of lymphocyte migration. *Immunol. Rev.* 91: 39-60, 1986.

189. Kraal G, Hardy RR, Gallatin WM, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Antigen-induced changes in B cell subsets in lymph nodes: analysis by dual fluorescence flow cytofluorometry. *Eur. J. Immunol.* 16: 829-834, 1986.

190. Haars R, Kronenberg M, Gallatin WM, Weissman IL, Owen FL, Hood L. Rearrangement and expression of T cell antigen receptor and γ genes during thymic development. *J. Exp. Med.* 164: 1-24, 1986.

191. Weissman IL. Nursing the thymus. *Lab. Invest.* 55: 1-4, 1986.

192. Weissman IL. Lymphocyte homing receptors and the immune response *in vivo*. *BioEssays* 5: 112-116, 1986.

193. Tidmarsh GF, Dailey MO, Weissman IL. Expression of a monoclonal antibody-defined, B-lineage transformation antigen specifically identifies Abelson-diseased animals. *J. Exp. Med.* 164: 1356-1361, 1986.

194. Tsukamoto A, Ferguson B, Rosenberg M, Weissman IL, Berk A. An immunodominant domain in adenovirus type 2 early region 1A proteins. *J. Virology* 60: 312-316, 1986.

195. Shortman K, Scollay R, Wilson A, Andrews P, Boyd R, Butcher E, Weissman I. Mature and immature thymocytes: surface phenotype, immune function and intrathymic location. *In:* Leukocytes and Host Defense. Alan R. Liss, pp. 3-10, 1986.

196. Wilson A, Scollay R, Reichert RA, Butcher EC, Weissman IL, Shortman K. The correlation of lectin-stimulated proliferation and cytotoxicity in murine thymocytes with expression of the MEL-14-defined homing receptor. *J. Immunol.* 138: 352-357, 1987.

197. Adkins B, Mueller C, Okada CY, Reichert RA, Weissman IL, Spangrude GJ. Early events in T-cell maturation. *Ann. Rev. Immunol.* 5: 325-365, 1987.

198. Morse HC III, Tidmarsh GF, Holmes KL, Fredrickson TN, Hartley JW, Pierce JH, Langdon WY, Dailey MO, Weissman IL. Expression of the 6C3 antigen on murine hematopoietic neoplasms: association with expression of *abl*, *ras*, *fes*, *src*, *erbB* and Cas NS-1 oncogenes but not with *myc*. *J. Exp. Med.* 165: 920-925, 1987.

199. Whitlock CA, Tidmarsh GF, Muller-Sieburg C, Weissman IL. Bone marrow stromal cells with lymphopoietic activity express high levels of a pre-B neoplasia-associated molecule. *Cell* 48: 1009-1021, 1987.

200. O'Neill HC, McGrath MS, Allison JP, Weissman IL. A subset of T cell receptors associated with L3T4 molecules mediate C6VL leukemia cell binding of its cognate retrovirus. *Cell* 49: 143-151, 1987.

201. Nottenburg C, St. John T, Weissman IL. Unusual immunoglobulin DNA sequences from the nonexpressed chromosome of mouse normal B lymphocytes: implications for allelic exclusions and the DNA rearrangement process. *J. Immunol.* 139: 1718-1726, 1987.

202. Tamura GS, McGrath MS, Weissman IL. Molecules recognized by anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies to the B cell lymphoma, BCL1. *J. Mol Cell. Immunol.* 3: 243-253, 1987.

203. McGrath MS, Tamura G, Weissman IL. Receptor mediated leukemogenesis: murine leukemia virus interacts with BCL lymphoma cell surface IgM. *J. Mol Cell. Immunol.* 3: 227-242, 1987.

204. Ezine S, Jerabek L, Weissman IL. The phenotype of thymocytes derived from a single clonogenic precursor. *J. Immunol.* 139: 2195-2199, 1987.

205. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. A long-term study on fused subclones in the ascidian *Botryllus schlosseri*: the resorption phenomenon (Protochordata: tunicate). *J. Zoology* 213: 717-733, 1987.

206. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Chimeras in colonial invertebrates: a synergistic symbiosis or somatic- and germ-cell parasitism? *Symbiosis* 4: 117-134, 1987.

207. Bargatze RF, Wu NW, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. High endothelial venule binding as a predictor of the dissemination of passaged murine lymphomas. *J. Exp. Med.* 166: 1125-1131, 1987.

208. Lieberman M, Hansteen GA, McCune JM, Scott M.L, White JH, Weissman IL. Indirect induction of radiation lymphomas in mice: evidence for a novel, transmissible leukemogen. *J. Exp. Med.* 166: 1883-1893, 1987.

209. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. The fate of Botryllus (Ascidiacea) larvae cosettled with parental colonies: beneficial or deleterious consequences? *Biol. Bull.* 173: 474-488, 1987.

210. Gershenfeld HK, Hershberger RJ, Shows TB, Weissman IL. Cloning and chromosomal assignment of a human cDNA encoding a T cell- and natural killer cell-specific trypsin-like serine protease. *PNAS* 85: 1184-1188, 1988.

211. Scollay R, Shortman K, Reichert RA, Kyewski BA, Fink PJ, Ezine S, Gallatin WM, Butcher EC, Rouse RV, Kaplan HS, Weissman IL. Thymic lymphocyte maturation. *In: The Lymphocyte, Structure and Function, Marchalonis JJ, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, pp.143-170, 1988.*

212. Adkins R, Tidmarsh G, Weissman IL. Normal thymic cortical epithelial cells developmentally regulate the expression of a B-lineage transformation-associated antigen. *Immunogenetics* 27: 180-186, 1988.

213. Mueller C, Gershenfeld H, Weissman IL. Activation of CTL-specific genes during cell-mediated cytolysis *in vivo*; expression of the HF gene analyzed by *in situ* hybridization. *Immunol. Rev.* 103: 73-85, 1988.

214. Mueller C, Gershenfeld HK, Lobe CG, Okada CY, Bleackley RC, Weissman IL. A high proportion of T lymphocytes that infiltrate H-2-incompatible heart allografts *in vivo* express genes encoding cytotoxic cell-specific serine protease, but do not express the MEL-14-defined lymph node homing receptor. *J. Exp. Med.* 167: 1124-1136, 1988.

215. Weissman IL. Approaches to an understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in AIDS. *In:* Background Paper, AIDS, The Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, 1986. Also *Review of Infectious Diseases* 10: 385-397, 1988.

216. McCune JM, Rabin LB, Feinberg MB, Lieberman M, Kosek JC, Reyes GR, Weissman IL. Endoproteolytic cleavage of gp160 is required for the activation of human immunodeficiency virus. *Cell* 53: 55-67, 1988.

217. Weissman IL. Was the MHC made for the immune system, or did immunity take advantage of an ancient polymorphic gene family encoding cell surface interaction molecules? A speculative essay. *Intern, Rev. Immunol.* 3: 397-416, 1988.

218. Siegelman M, Weissman IL. Lymphocyte homing receptors, ubiquitin, and cell surface proteins. *In:* Ubiquitin. Rechsteiner M. Plenum Publishing Corporation, Chapter 9, pp. 239-269, 1988.

219. Spangrude GJ, Muller-Sieburg CE, Heimfeld S, Weissman IL. Two rare populations of mouse Thy-1<sup>10</sup> bone marrow cells repopulate the thymus. *J. Exp. Med.* 167: 1671-1683, 1988.

220. Adkins B, Gandour D, Strober S, Weissman IL. Total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) leads to transient depletion of the mouse thymic medulla and persistent abnormalities among medullary stromal cells. *J. Immunol.* 140: 3373-3379, 1988.

221. Spangrude GJ, Heimfeld S, Weissman IL. Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. *Science* 241: 58-62, 1988.

222. Muller-Sieburg CE, Townsend K, Weissman IL, Rennick D. Proliferation and differentiation of highly enriched mouse hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells in response to defined growth factors. *J. Exp. Med.* 167: 1825-1840, 1988.

223. Carlson JC, Weissman IL. Molecular tools for inactivating a yeast enzyme *in vivo*. *Mol. Cell. Biol.* 8: 2647-2650, 1988.

224. Kraal G, Weissman IL, Butcher EC. Memory B cells express a phenotype consistent with migratory competence after secondary but not short-term primary immunization. *Cell. Immunol.* 115: 78-87, 1988.

225. Sher BT, Bargatze R, Holzmann B, Gallatin WM, Matthews D, Wu N, Picker L, Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Homing receptors and metastasis. Invited review, *In: Advances in Cancer Research*, Academic Press, Inc., G Klein, ed. 51: 361-375, 1988.

226. Spangrude GJ, Weissman IL. Mature T cells generated from single thymic clones are phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous. *J. Immunol.* 141: 1877-1890, 1988.

227. McCune JM, Namikawa R, Kaneshima H, Shultz LD, Lieberman M, Weissman IL. The SCID-hu mouse: murine model for the analysis of human hematolymphoid differentiation and function. *Science* 241: 1632-1639, 1988.

228. Gershenfeld HK, Hershberger RJ, Mueller C, Weissman IL. A T cell- and natural killer cell-specific, trypsin-like serine protease: implications of a cytolytic cascade. *In: Cytotoxic T Cells Biology and Relevance to Disease*. Battisto JR, Plate J, Shearer G, eds. *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences* 532: 367-379, 1988.

229. van de Rijn M, Weissman IL. Biosynthesis of gpMel-14, the murine lymph-node-specific homing receptor. *In: Current Communication in Molecular Biology*. The Ubiquitin System. Schlesinger M, Hershko A, eds. pp. 171-177, 1988.

230. Spangrude GJ, Aihara Y, Weissman IL, Klein J. The stem cell antigens Sca-1 and Sca-2 subdivide thymic and peripheral T lymphocytes into unique subsets. *J. Immunol.* 141: 3697-3707, 1988.

231. Weissman IL, Scofield V, Saito Y, Boyd H, Rinkevich B. Speculations on the relationships of two *Botryllus* allorecognition reactions - colony specificity and resorption - to vertebrate histocompatability. *In: Invertebrate Historecognition*. Grosberg R, Hedgecock D, Nelson K, eds. Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 67-78, 1988.

232. Namikawa R, Kaneshima H, Lieberman M, McCune M, Weissman IL. Infection of the SCID-hu mouse by HIV-1. *Science* 242: 1684-1686, 1988.

233. Jung TM, Gallatin WM, Weissman IL, Dailey MO. Down-regulation of homing receptors after T cell activation. *J. Immunol.* 141: 4110-4117, 1988.

234. Hershberger RJ, Mueller C, Gershenfeld HK, Weissman IL. A serine protease-encoding gene that marks activated cytotoxic T cells *in vivo* and *in vitro*. *In: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology*, Vol. 140, Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 81-92, 1988.

235. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Retreat growth in the ascidian *Botryllus schlosseri*: a consequence of nonself recognition. *In: Invertebrate Historecognition*. Grosberg R, Hedgecock D, Nelson K, eds. Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 93-109, 1988.

236. Harp JA, Tsuchida CB, Weissman IL, Scofield V. Autoreactive blood cells and programmed cell death in growth and development of protochordates. *J. Exp. Zool.* 247: 257-262, 1988.

237. Wood GS, Mueller C, Warnke RA, Weissman IL. *In situ* localization of HuHF serine protease mRNA and cytotoxic cell-associated antigens in human dermatoses. *Amer. J.Path.* 133: 218-225, 1988.

238. Mueller C, Gershenfeld HK, Lobe CG, Okada CY, Bleackley RC, Weissman IL. Expression of two serine esterase genes during an allograft rejection in the mouse. *Transplantation Proceedings* 202: 251-3, 1988.

239. Guidos CJ, Weissman IL, Adkins B. Intrathymic maturation of murine T lymphocytes from CD8+ precursors. *PNAS* 86: 7542-7546. 1989.

240. Siegelman M, van de Rijn M, Weissman,IL. Mouse lymph node homing receptor cDNA clone encodes a glycoprotein revealing tandem interaction domains. *Science* 243: 1165-1172, 1989.

241. Murphy MEP, Moult J, Bleackley RC, Gershenfeld H, Weissman IL, James M. Comparative molecular model building of two serine proteinases from cytotoxic T lymphocytes. *Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics* 4: 190-204, 1988.

242. Spangrude GJ, Klein J, Heimfeld S, Aihara Y, Weissman IL. Two monoclonal antibodies identify thymic-repopulating cells in mouse bone marrow. *J. Immunol.* 142: 425-430, 1989.

243. Guidos C, Ransom J, Fischer M, Weissman IL, Zlotnik A. Role of interleukin-4 in T-cell ontogeny: Changes in cell surface phenotype and lymphokine production of immature thymocytes after culture with interleukin-4 and phorbol ester. *J. Autoimmunity* 2: 141-153, 1989.

244. Holzmann B, Weissman IL. Integrin molecules involved in lymphocyte homing to Peyer's patches. *Immunol. Reviews* 108: 45-61, 1989.

245. Wu Q, Tidmarsh G, Welch P, Pierce JH, Weissman IL, Cooper MD. The early B lineage antigen BP-1 and the transformation-associated antigen 6C3 are on the same molecule. *J. Immunol.* 143: 3303-3308, 1989.

246. Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Lymphoid tissue and organs. *In: Fundamental Immunology, WE Paul, ed.* Raven Press, New York, 1989.

247. Cooper CL, Mueller C, Sinchaisri T, Pirmez C, Chan J, Kaplan G, Young SMM, Weissman IL, Bloom BR, Rea TH, Modlin RL. Analysis of naturally occurring delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in leprosy by *in situ* hybridization. *J.Exp. Med.* 169: 1565-1579, 1989.

248. Holzmann B, McIntyre BW, Weissman IL. Identification of a murine Peyer's patch-specific lymphocyte homing receptor as an integrin molecule with a β chain homologous to human VLA-4β. *Cell* 56: 37-46, 1989.

249. Okada CY, Weissman IL. Relative Vβ transcript levels in thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues from various mouse strains. Inverse correlation of I-E and M1s expression with relative abundance of several Vβ transcripts in peripheral lymphoid tissues. *J.Exp. Med.* 169: 1703-1719, 1989.

250. Weissman IL. Developing ethical human models for experimental medicine. *Stanford Medicine*: pp. 17-32, Winter, 1989.

251. Siegelman M, Weissman IL. Human homologue of mouse lymph node homing receptor: evolutionary conservation at tandem cell interaction domains. PNAS 86: 5562-5566, 1989.

252. Manyak CL, Norton GP, Lobe CG, Bleackley C, Gershenfeld HK, Weissman I, Kumar V, Sigal NH, Koo GC. IL-2 induces expression of serine protease enzymes and genes in natural killer and non specific T killer cells. J. Immunol. 142: 3707-3713, 1989.

253. Guidos C, Weissman IL, Adkins B. Developmental potential of CD4+8+ thymocytes: peripheral progeny include mature CD4+8+ T cells bearing aT8 T cell receptor. J. Immunol. 142: 3773-3780, 1989.

254. Jerabek L, Greenspan S, Okada C, Weissman IL. Tolerance, the thymus, and H-Y. In: Realm of Tolerance. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 50-59, 1989.

255. van de Rijn M, Heimfeld S, Spangrude GJ, Weissman IL. Mouse hematopoietic stem-cell antigen Sca-1 is a member of the Ly-6 antigen family. PNAS 86: 4634-4638, 1989.

256. Guidos C, Weissman IL, Adkins B. Intrathymic maturation murine T lymphocytes from CD8+ precursors. In: Immunology of HLA, Vol. II Immunogenetics and Histocompatibility, Dupont B, ed. Springer Verlag, New York pp. 581, 1989.

257. Holzmann B, Weissman IL. Peyer's patch-specific lymphocyte homing receptors consist of a VLA-4-like a chain associated with either of two integrin ~ chains, one of which is novel. EMBO 8: 1735-1741, 1989.

258. Weissman IL, SaitoY, Rinkevich B. Allorecognition in colonial tunicates; parallels with and tangents from vertebrate immunity. In: Progress in Immunology. Melchers F, ed. Springer-Verlag, Vol. 7, pp. 1256-1263, 1989.

259. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Variation in the outcomes following chimera formation in the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri. Bull. of Marine Sci. 45: 213-227, 1989.

260. O'Neill HC, Weissman IL. Measurement of binding specificity between T cell lymphomas and murine leukemia viruses. J. Immunol. Methods 122: 79-90, 1989.

261. Muller-Sieburg CE, Tidmarsh GF, Weissman IL, Spangrude GJ. Maturation of hematolymphoid cells that express Thy-1. In: Cell Surface Antigen Thy-1. Reif A, Schlesinger M, eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York. pp. 289-316, 1989.

262. McCune JM, Kaneshima H, Lieberman M, Weissman IL, Namikawa R. The SCID-hu mouse: current status and potential applications. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 152: 183-193, 1989.

263. Held W, MacDonald HR, Weissman IL, Hess MW, Mueller C. Genes encoding tumor necrosis factor a and granzyme A are expressed during development of autoimmune diabetes. PNAS 87: 2239-2243, 1990.

264. Farinas C, Adkins B, Stall AM, Weissman IL, Strober S. B cell infiltration of the thymic medulla in NZB, NZW and (NZB x NZW) F1 mice: effect of total lymphoid irradiation. Arthritis and Rheumatism 33: 702-710, 1990.

265. Sen-Majumdar A, Guidos C, Kaneshima H, White JH, Marian J, Lieberman M, Weissman IL. An immunodominant murine lymphoma cell surface heterodimer marks thymic progenitor subsets. *J. Immunol.* 144: 111-121, 1990.

266. Moroy T, Fisher P, Guidos C, Ma A, Zimmerman K, Tesfaye A, DePinho R, Weissman IL, Alt FW. IgH enhancer deregulated expression of L-*myc*: abnormal T lymphocyte development and T cell lymphomagenesis. *EMBO* 9: 3659-3666, 1990.

267. van de Rijn M, Weissman IL, Siegelman M. Biosynthesis of gp90 Mel-14, the mouse lymph node-specific homing receptor. *J. Immunol.* 145: 1477-1482, 1990.

268. Denney D, Weissman IL. DNA generated by polymerase chain reation using taq polymerase has non-template nucleotide additions: implications for cloning PCR products. *Amplifications. A Forum for PCR Users* 4: 25-26, 1990.

269. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Botryllus schlosseri (Tunicata) whole colony irradiation: do senescent zooid resorption and immunological resorption involve similar recognition events? *J. Exp. Zool.* 253: 189-201, 1990.

270. Okada C, Holzmann B, Guidos C, Palmer E, Weissman IL. Characterization of a rat monoclonal antibody specific for a determinant encoded by the Vβ7+ gene segment. Depletion of Vβ7 T cells in mice with M1s-1a haplotype. *J. Immunol.* 144: 3473-3477, 1990.

271. Boyd HC, Weissman IL, Saito Y. Morphologic and genetic verification that Monterey *Botryllus* and Woods Hole *Botryllus* are the same species. *Biol. Bull.* 178: 239-250, 1990.

272. Lauzon R, Weissman IL. The paternal centrosome directs the polarity of early pattern formation in the fertilized ascidia ceratodes egg. *In: Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction* 5. Hoshi M, Yamashita O, eds. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, pp. 131-138, 1990.

273. Sherwood P, Weissman IL. The growth factor IL-7 induces expression of a transformation-associated antigen in normal pre-B cell. *Intl. Immunol.* 2: 399-406, 1990.

274. Weissman IL, Saito Y, Rinkevich B. Allorecognition histocompatibility in a protochordate species: is the relationship to MHC semantic or structural? *Immunol. Rev.* 113: 227-241, 1990.

275. Guidos CJ, Danska JS, Fathman CG, Weissman IL. TCR-mediated negative selection of autoreactive T lymphocyte precursors occurs after commitment to the CD4 or CD8 lineages. *J. Exp. Med.* 172: 835-845, 1990.

276. Siegelman MH, Cheng I, Weissman IL, Wakeland EK. The mouse lymph node homing receptor is identical with the lymphocyte cell surface marker Ly-22: role of the EGF domain in endothelial binding. *Cell* 61: 611-622, 1990.

277. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Failure to find alloimmune memory in the resorption phenomenon of *Botryllus* cytomictical chimera. *Eur. J. Immunol.* 20: 1775-1779, 1990.

278. Siegelman MH, Weissman IL. The peripheral lymph node homing receptor: Tandem structural and functional domains in a novel class of adhesion molecule. *In: Vascular Adhesion Molecules, Gimbrone, M, Cochrane C, eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.* pp. 61-90, 1991.

279. Danska JS, McIntyre BW, McDevitt HO, Weissman IL. Structural similarity between a primitive chordate membrane heterodimer and lymphocyte antigen receptors. *Intl. Immunol.* 2: 795-802, 1990.

280. Ikuta K, Kina T, MacNeil I, Uchida N, Peault B, Chien Y-H, Weissman IL. A developmental switch in thymic lymphocyte maturation potential occurs at the level of hematopoietic stem cells. *Cell* 62: 863-874, 1990.

281. Watson ML, Kingsmore SF, Johnston GI, Siegelman MH, Le Beau MM, Lemons RS, Bora N, Howard TA, Weissman IL, McEver RP, Seldin MF. Genomic organization of the selectin family of leukocyte adhesion molecules on human and mouse chromosome 1. *J. Exp. Med.* 172: 263-272, 1990.

282. McCune J, Kaneshima H, Krowka J, Namikawa R, Outzen H, Peault B, Rabin L, Shih C-C, Yee E, Lieberman M, Weissman IL. The SCID-hu mouse: a small animal model for HIV infection and pathogenesis. *Ann. Reviews in Immunol.* 9: 399-429, 1991.

283. Mueller C, Shelby J, Weissman IL, Perinat-Frey T, Eichwald EJ. Expression of the protease gene HF as a marker in rejecting allogeneic murine heart transplants. *Transplantation* 51: 514-517, 1991.

284. Kina T, Sen Majumdar A, Heimfeld S, Kaneshima H, Holzmann B, Katsura Y, Weissman IL. Identification of a 107-kD glycoprotein that mediates adhesion between stromal cells and hematolyphoid cells. *J. Exp. Med.* 173: 373-381, 1991.

285. Hu MC-T, Holzmann B, Neuhaus H, Weissman IL. The Peyer's patch homing receptor: a novel member of the integrin family. *In: Vascular Adhesion Molecules. Gimbrone M, Cochrane C, eds.* Academic Press, San Diego, CA. pp. 91-110, 1991.

286. Neuhaus H, Hu MC-T, Hemler ME, TakadaY, Holzmann B, Weissman IL. Cloning and expression of cDNAs for the α subunit of the murine lymphocyte-Peyer's patch adhesion molecule. *J. Cell Biology* 115: 1149-1158, 1991.

287. Weilbaecher K, Weissman IL, Blume K, Heimfeld S. Culture of phenotypically defined hematopoietic stem cells and other progenitors at limiting dilution on Dexter monolayers. *Blood* 78: 945-952, 1991.

288. Miyake K, Weissman IL, Greenberger JS, Kincade PW. Evidence for a role of the integrin VLA-4 in lympho-hemopoiesis. *J. Exp. Med.* 173: 599-607, 1991.

289. Griffiths CM, Namikawa R, Mueller C, Liu C-C, Young JD-E, Billingham M, Weissman IL. Granzyme A and perforin as markers for rejection in cardiac transplantation. *Eur. J. Immunol.* 21: 687-692, 1991.

290. Weissman IL. Some observations on the life history of lymphocytes, *The Harvey Lectures*. Series 85, pp. 43-69, 1991.

291. Friedman J, Weissman IL. Two cytoplasmic candidates for immunophilin action are revealed by their affinity for a new cyclophilin: one in the presence and the other in the absence of CsA. *Cell* 66: 799-806, 1991.

292. Liu J, Farmer JD Jr, Lane WS, Friedman J, Weissman IL, Schreiber SL. Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes. *Cell* 66: 807-815, 1991.

293. Schmidt-Wolf I, Negrin RS, Kiem H-P, Blume KG, Weissman IL. Use of a SCID mouse/human lymphoma model to evaluate cytokine-induced killer cells with potent antitumor cell activity. *J. Exp. Med.* 174: 139-149, 1991.

294. Weissman IL, Shih C-C, Sherwood P. Abelson leukemia virus tumorigenesis: cellular genes that regulate growth and invasiveness. *In: Cold Spring Harbor Conference on Origins of Human Cancer, pp. 463-471, 1991.*

295. Smith L, Weissman IL, Heimfeld S. Clonal analysis of hematopoietic stem-cell differentiation *in vivo*. *PNAS* 88: 2788-2792, 1991.

296. Wood GS, Dubiel C, Mueller C, Abel E, Hoppe RT, Edinger A, Weissman IL, Warnke RA. Most CD8+ cells in skin lesions of CD3+, CD4+ mycosis fungoides CD3+ T-cells that lack CD11b, CD16, CD56, CD57, and Human Hanukah Factor mRNA. *Am. J. Pathology* 138: 1545-1552, 1991.

297. Peault B, Weissman IL, Baum C, McCune JM, Tsukamoto A. Lymphoid reconstitution of the human fetal thymus in SCID mice with CD34+ precursor cells. *J. Exp. Med.* 174: 1283-1286, 1991.

298. Waller EK, Kamel OW, Cleary ML, Sen-Majumdar AS, Schick MR, Lieberman M, Weissman IL. Growth of primary T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomata in SCID-hu mice: requirement for a human lymphoid microenvironment. *Blood* 78: 2650-2665, 1991.

299. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Interpopulational allogenic reactions in the colonial protochordate *Botryllus* schlosseri. *Intl. Immunol.* 3: 1265-1272, 1991.

300. Spangrude GJ, Smith L, Uchida N, Ikuta K, Heimfeld S, Friedman J, Weissman IL. Mouse hematopoietic stem cells. *Blood* 78: 1395-1402, 1991.

301. Heimfeld S, Hudak S, Weissman IL, Rennick D. The *in vitro* response of phenotypically defined mouse stem cells and myeloerythroid progenitors to single or multiple growth factors. *PNAS* 88: 9902-9906, 1991.

302. Ikuta K, Ingolia DE, Friedman J, Heimfeld S, Weissman IL. Mouse hematopoietic stem cells and the interaction of c-kit receptor and steel factor. *Int. J. Cell Cloning* 9: 451-460, 1991.

303. Ikuta K, Weissman IL. The junctional modifications of a T cell receptor γ chain are determined at the level of thymic precursors. *J. Exp. Med.* 174: 1279-1282, 1991.

304. Griffiths G, Alpert S, Lambert E, McGuire J, Weissman IL. Perforin and granzyme A expression identifying cytolytic lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. *PNAS* 89: 549-553, 1992.

305. Rinkevich B, Shapira M, Weissman IL, Saito Y. Allogeneic responses between three remote populations of the cosmopolitan ascidian *Botryllus* schlosseri. *Zool. Science* 9: 989-994, 1992.

306. Hu MC-T, Siegelman MH, Holzmann B, Crowe DT, Weissman IL. Lymphocyte homing receptors. *In: Cold Spring Harbor Conference on The Cell Surface, Vol. 57, pp. 291-308, 1992.*

307. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Incidents of rejection and indifference in Fu/HC incompatible protochordate colonies. *J. Exp. Zoology* 263: 105-111, 1992.

308. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Allogeneic resorption in colonial protochordates: consequences of nonself recognition. *Develop. and Comp. Immunol.* 16: 275-286, 1992.

309. Uchida N, Weissman IL. Searching for hematopoietic stem cells: evidence that Thy-1.1<sup>lo</sup> Lin<sup>-</sup>Sca-1<sup>+</sup> cells are the only stem cells in C57BL/Ka-Thy-1.1 bone marrow. J. Exp. Med. 175: 175-184, 1992.

310. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Chimeras vs genetically homogenous individuals: potential fitness costs and benefits. Oikos 63: 119-124, 1992.

311. Baum CM, Weissman IL, Tsukamoto AS, Buckle A, Peault B. Isolation of a candidate human hematopoietic stem cell population. PNAS 89: 2804-2808, 1992.

312. Rinkevich B, Lauzon RJ, Brown BWM, Weissman IL. Evidence for a programmed life span in a colonial protochordate. PNAS 89: 3546-3550, 1992.

313. Ikuta K, Uchida N, Friedman J, Weissman IL. Lymphocyte development from stem cells. Ann Rev. Immunol. 10: 759-83, 1992.

314. Ikuta K, Weissman IL. Evidence that hematopoietic stem cells express mouse c-kit, but do not depend on steel factor for their generation. PNAS 89: 1502-1506, 1992.

315. Lagasse E, Weissman IL. Mouse MRP8 and MRP14, two intracellular calcium-binding proteins associated with the development of the myeloid lineage. Blood 79: 1907-1915, 1992.

316. Ikuta K, Kina T, MacNeil I, Uchida N, Peault B, Chien Y-H, Weissman IL. Development of γδ T-cell subsets from fetal hematopoietic stem cells. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 651: 21-32, In: CD5 B Cells in Development and Disease. Herzenberg LA, Haughton G, Rajewsky K, eds, 1992.

317. Hu MC-T, Crowe D, Holzmann B, Weissman IL. Cloning and expression of mouse integrin βρ(β7): a functional role in Peyer's patch-specific lymphocyte homing. PNAS 89: 8254-8258, 1992.

318. Lauzon R, Ishizuka K, Weissman IL. A cyclical, developmentally-regulated death phenomenon in a colonial urochordate. Developmental Dynamics 194: 71-83, 1992.

319. Weissman IL. Hematopoietic stem cells and lymphopoiesis. In: Current Opinion in Oncology., vol. 4, Academy Palace, Brussels, Belgium, pp. S8-S10, 1992.

320. Vaux DL, Aguila HL, Weissman, IL. Bcl-2 prevents death of factor-deprived cells but fails to prevent apoptosis in targets of cell mediated killing. Intl. Immunol. 4: 821-824, 1992.

321. Sen-Majumdar A, Lieberman M, Alpert S, Weissman IL, Small M. Differentiation of CD34+ thymocytes in short-term thymic stromal cell culture. J. Exp. Med. 176: 543-551, 1992.

322. Negrin RS, Weissman IL. Hematopoietic stem cells in normal and malignant states. Marrow Transplantation Reviews 2: 23-26, 1992.

323. Talento A, Nguyen M, Law S, Wu JK, Poe M, Blake JT, Patel M, Wu T-J, Manyak CL, Silberklang M, Mark G, Springer M, Sigal NH, Weissman IL, Bleackley RC, Podack ER, Tykocinski ML, Koo GC. Transfection of mouse cytotoxic T lymphocyte with an antisense granzyme a vector reduces lytic activity. J. Immunol. 149: 4009-4015, 1992.

324. Waller EK, Sen-Majumdar A, Kamel OW, Hansteen GA, Schick MR, Weissman IL. Human T-cell development in SCID-hu mice: staphylococcal enterotoxins induce specific clonal deletions, proliferation, and anergy. Blood 80: 3144-3156, 1992.

325. Hershberger RJ, Gershenfeld H, Weissman IL, Su L. Genomic organization of the mouse granzyme A gene: two mRNAs encode the same mature granzyme A with different leader peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 25488-25493, 1992.

326. Lieberman M, Hansteen GA, Waller EK, Weissman IL, Sen-Majumdar A. Unexpected effects of the severe combined immunodeficiency mutation on murine lymphomagenesis. J. Exp. Med. 176: 399-405, 1992.

327. Vaux DL, Weissman IL, Kim SK. Prevention of programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans by human bcl-2. Science 258: 1955-1957, 1992.

328. Heimfeld S, Weissman IL. Characterization of several classes of mouse hematopoietic progenitor cells. Curr. Topics in Microbiol. and Imunol. 177: 95-105, 1992.

329. Baum CM, Uchida N, Peault B, Weissman IL. Isolation and characterization of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells. In: Bone Marrow Transplantation. Blume KE, Thomas D, Forman S, eds. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Inc. Chapter 6., pp. 53-71, 1993.

330. Lauzon R, Patton C, Weissman IL. A morphological and immunohistochemical study of programmed cell death in Botryllus schlosseri. Cell and Tissue Res. 272: 115-127, 1993.

331. Chen RH, Ivens KW, Alpert S, Billingham ME, Fathman CG, Flavin TF, Shizuru JA, Starnes VA, Weissman IL, Griffiths GM. The use of granzyme A as a marker of heart transplant rejection in cyclosporine or anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody-treated rats. Transplantation 55: 146-153, 1993.

332. Fleming H, Alpern EJ, Uchida N, Ikuta K, Weissman IL. Steel factor influences the distribution and activity of murine hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. PNAS 90: 3760-3764, 1993.

333. Guidos CV, Weissman IL. Sequential occurrence of positive and negative selection during T lymphocyte maturation. In: P & S Biomedical Sciences Symposia on Molecular Mechanisms of Immunological Self-Recognition. Alt FW, Vogel HJ, eds. Academic Press, Inc., London, 137-147, 1993.

334. Su L, Hershberger RJ, Weissman IL. Lyar, a novel nucleolar protein with a zinc finger DNA-binding motif, is involved in cell growth regulation. Genes and Development 7: 735-748, 1993.

335. Rinkevich B, Saito Y, Weissman IL. A colonial invertebrate species that displays a hierarchy of allorecognition responses. Biol. Bulletin 184: 79-86, 1993.

336. Uchida N, Fleming WH, Alpern EJ, Weissman IL. Heterogeneity of hematopoietic stem cells. Current Opinion in Immunology 5: 177-184, 1993.

337. Miller SC, Fleming WH, Zsebo KM, Weissman IL. The in vivo effects of steel factor on natural killer lineage cells in murine spleen and bone marrow. Natural Immunity 12: 293-301, 1993.

338. Kraft DL, Weissman IL, Waller E. Differentiation of CD3-4-8+ human fetal thymocytes in vivo: characterization of a CD3-4-8+ intermediate. J. Exp. Med. 178: 265-277, 1993.

339. Ikuta K, Weissman IL. T lymphocyte development from fetal hematopoietic stem cells. *Seminars in Develop. Biol.* 4: 371-378, 1993.

340. Hu MC-T. Holzmann B, Crowe DT, Neuhaus H, Weissman IL. The Peyer's patch homing receptor. *In:* Adhesion in Leukocyte Homing and Differentiation, Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 125-138, 1993; also in *Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol.* 184:125-138, 1993.

341. Peault B, Baum C, Weissman IL. Characterization and purification of candidate mouse and human hematopoietic stem cells. *In:* Application of Basic Science to hematopoiesis and Treatment of Disease. Thomas D, ed. Raven Press, Ltd., New York. 83-98, 1993.

342. Friedman J, Trahey M, Weissman, IL. Cloning and characterization of Cyclophilin C-associated protein: a candidate natural cellular ligand for cyclophilin C. *PNAS* 90: 6815-6819, 1993.

343. Fleming WH, Alpern EJ, Uchida N, Ikuta K, Spangrude GJ, Weissman IL. Functional heterogeneity is associated with the cell cycle status of murine hematopoietic stem cells. *J. Cell Biol.* 122: 897-902, 1993.

344. Peault B, Weissman IL, Baum C. Analysis of candidate human blood stem cells in "humanized" immune-deficiency SCID mice. *In:* Leukemia: Normal and Malignant Hemopoiesis. Modern Trends in Human Leukemia the Xth Wilsede Meeting on Leukemia Research. Greaves M, Zander A, Supplement Editors, Sven-Aage Killman Leukemia Foundation. 7: S98-S101, 1993.

345. Berlin C, Berg EL, Briskin MJA, Andrew DP, Kilshaw PJ, Holzmann B, Weissman IL, Hamann A, Butcher EC. α4β7 integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular address in MAdCAM-1. *Cell* 74: 185-195, 1993.

346. Vaux D, Weissman IL. Neither macromolecular synthesis nor Myc is required for cell death via the mechanism that can be controlled by Bcl-2. *Mol. and Cell. Biol.* 13: 7000-7005, 1993.

347. Weissman IL, Cooper MD. How the immune system develops. *Scientific American* 269: 65-71, 1993.

348. Waller EK, Ziemianska M, Bangs C, Cleary M, Weissman IL, Kamel OW. Characterization of posttransplant lymphomas that express T-cell-associated markers: immunophenotypes, molecular genetics, cytogenetics, and heterotransplantation in severe combined immunodeficient mice. *Blood* 82: 247-261, 1993.

349. Ke H, Zhao Y, Luo F, Weissman IL, Friedman J. Crystal structure of murine cyclophilin C complexed with immunosuppressive drug CsA. *PNAS* 90: 11850-11854, 1993.

350. Griffiths GM, Alpert S, Hershberger RJ, Su L, Weissman IL. The granzyme A gene: a marker for cytolytic lymphocytes *in vivo*. *In:* Cytotoxic Cells. Sitkovsky M, Henkart P, eds. Birkhauser, pp. 273-277, 1993.

351. Weissman IL. The whole body view. *Current Biology* 3: 766-769, 1993.

352. Schmidt-Wolf IGH, Lefterova P, Mehta BA, Fernandez LP, Huhn D, Blume KG, Weissman IL, Negrin RS. Phenotypic characterization and identification of effector cells involved in tumor cell recognition of cytokine-induced killer cells. *Exp. Hematology* 21: 1673-1679, 1993.

353. Peault B, Weissman IL, et al. Thy-1-expressing CD34+ human cells express multiple hematopoietic potentialities *in vitro* and in SCID-hu mice. *Nouv. Rev. Fr. Hematol.* 35: 91-3, 1993.

354. Peault B, Khagaal J, Weissman IL. *In vitro* development of B cells and macrophages from early mouse fetal thymocytes. *Eur. J. Immunol.* 24: 781-784, 1994.

355. Weissman IL. Developmental switches in the immune system. *Cell* 76: 207-218, 1994.

356. Bartl S, Weissman IL. PCR primers containing an inosine triplet to complement a variable codon within a conserved protein-coding region. *BioTechniques* 16: 246-250, 1994.

357. Bartl S, Weissman IL. The isolation and characterization of major histocompatibility complex class II B genes from the nurse shark. *PNAS* 91: 262-266, 1994.

358. Bartl S, Weissman IL. The isolation of putative major histocompatibility complex gene fragments from dogfish and nurse shark. *Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences* 712: 346-349, 1994.

359. Sen-Majumdar A, Weissman IL, Hansteen G, Marian J, Waller EK, Lieberman M. Radiation leukemia virus-induced thymic lymphomas express a restricted repertoire of T-cell receptor Vβ gene products. *J. Virology* 68: 1165-1171, 1994.

360. Friedman J, Weissman IL, Friedman J, Alpert SA. An analysis of the expression of cyclophilin C reveals tissue restriction and an intriguing pattern in the mouse kidney. *Am. J. Pathology* 144: 1247-1256, 1994.

361. Lagasse E, Weissman IL. Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis of neutrophils but not their engulfment by macrophages. *J. Exp. Med.* 179: 1047-1052, 1994.

362. Qian F, Vaux DL, Weissman IL. Expression of the integrin α4β1 on melanoma cells can inhibit the invasive stage of metastasis formation. *Cell* 77: 335-347, 1994.

363. Uchida N, Aguila H, Fleming WH, Jerabek L, Weissman IL. Rapid and sustained hematopoietic recovery in lethally irradiated mice transplanted with purified Thy-1. 1º Lin Sca-1+ hematopoietic stem cells. *Blood* 83: 3758-3779, 1994.

364. Crowe DT, Chiu H, Fong S, Weisman IL. Regulation of the avidity of integrin α4β7 by the β7 cytoplasmic domain. *J. Biol. Chem.* 269: 14411-14418, 1994.

365. Morrison S, Lagasse E, Weissman IL. Demonstration that Thy1º subsets of mouse bone marrow that express high levels of lineage markers are not significant hematopoietic progenitors. *Blood* 83: 3480-3490, 1994.

366. Veromaa T, Weissman IL, Steinman L, Brocke S, Gijbels K. Critical role of CD44 and β4 integrins in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. *Trends in Microbiology* 2: 250-254, 1994.

367. Morrison SJ, Weissman IL. The long-term repopulating subset of hematopoietic stem cells is deterministic and isolatable by phenotype. *Immunity* 1: 661-673, 1994.

368. Small M, Sen-Majumdar A, Lieberman M, Weissman IL. Isolation of CD3-, CD4-, CD8-, IL-2R+ thymocyte precursors by panning. *J. Immunol. Methods* 167: 103-107, 1994.

369. Weissman IL. Stem cells, clonal progenitors, and commitment to the three lymphocyte lineages: T, B, and NK cells. *Immunity* (Minireview) 1: 529-531, 1994.

370. Sen-Majumdar A, Guidos C, Kina T, Lieberman M, Weissman IL. Characterization of preneoplastic thymocytes and of their neoplastic progression in irradiated C57BL/Ka mice. J. Immunol. 153: 1581-1592, 1994.

371. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL, Shapira M. Alloimmune hierarchies and stress-induced reversals in the resorption of chimeric protochordate colonies. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 258: 215-220, 1994.

372. Bartl S, Baltimore D, Weissman IL. Molecular evolution of the vertebrate immune system. PNAS 91: 10769-10773, 1994.

373. Alpert S, Kang HO, Weissman IL, Fox RL. Expression of granzyme A in salivary gland biopsies from patients with primary Sjogren's Syndrome. Arthritis & Rheumatism 7: 1046-1054, 1994.

374. Brocke S, Veromaa T, Weissman I, Gibjels K, Steinman L. Infection and multiple sclerosis: a possible role for superantigens? Trends Microbiol. 2: 250-254, 1994.

375. Fleming WH, Weissman IL. Hematopoietic stem cells. In: Clinical Oncology. Abelhoff M, Armitage J, Lichter A, Niederhuber J, eds. Churchill Livingstone. Part 1, Section 1, Chapter 7, pp. 127-134. 1995.

376. Tsukamoto A, Weissman IL, Chen B, DiGiusto D, Baum C, Hoffman R, Uchida N. Phenotypic and functional analysis of hematopoietic stem cells in mouse and human. In: Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Biology and Therapeutic Applications. Levitt D, Mertelsmann R, eds. Marcel Dekker, New York. pp. 85-124, 1995.

377. Morrison SJ, Uchida N, Weissman IL. The biology of hematopoietic stem cells. Ann. Rev. of Cell & Developmental Biology 11: 35-71, 1995.

378. Morrison S, Weissman IL. Heterogeneity of hematopoietic stem cells: implications for clinical applications. In: Transactions of the American Association of Physicians. pp. 187-194, 1995.

379. Aguila HL, Hershberger RJ, Weissman IL. Transgenic mice carrying the diphtheria toxin A chain gene under the control of the granzyme A promoter: expected depletion of cytotoxic cells and unexpected depletion of CD8 T cells. PNAS 92:10192-10196, 1995.

380. Chadwick-Furman NE, Weissman IL. Life histories and senescence of Botryllus schlosseri (Chordata, Ascidiacea) in Monterey Bay. Biol. Bull. 189: 36-41, 1995.

381. Chiu HH, Crowe DT, Renz ME, Presta LG, Jones S, Weissman IL, Fong S. Similar but non-identical amino acid residues on VCAM-1 are involved in the interaction with α4β1 and α4β7 under different activity states. J. Immunol. 154: 5257-5267, 1995.

382. Dejbakhsh-Jones S, Jerabek L, Weissman I, Strober, S. Extrathymic maturation of αβ T cells from hemopoietic stem cells. J. Immunol. 155: 3338-3344, 1995.

383. Mehta BA, Weissman IL, Negrin R. Two pathways for exocytosis of cytoplasmic granule contents and target cell killing by cytokine induced CD3 CD56 killer cells. Blood 86:3493-3499, 1995.

384. Morrison S, Hemmati H, Wandycz A, Weissman IL. The purification and characterization of fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells. PNAS 92: 10302-10306, 1995.

385. Chadwick-Furman NE, Weissman IL. Life history plasticity and senescence in the colonial ascidian *Botryllus schlosseri*. *Proc. R. Soc. London B. Sciences* 262: 157-162, 1995.

386. Aguila H, Weissman I. Hematopoietic stem cells are not direct cytotoxic targets of natural killer cells. *Blood* 87:1225-1231, 1996.

387. Shizuru JA, Jerabek L, Edwards CT, Weissman IL. Transplantation of purified hematopoietic stem cells: requirements for overcoming the barriers of allogeneic engraftment. *Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation* 2: 3-14, 1996.

388. Uchida N, Jerabek L, Weissman IL. Searching for hematopoietic stem cells. II The heterogeneity of Thy-1. 1<sup>lo</sup>Lin<sup>-/lo</sup>Sca-1<sup>+</sup> mouse hematopoietic stem cells separated by counterflow centrifugal elutriation. *Exp. Hematology* 24: 649-659, 1996.

389. Randall T, Lund F, Howard M, Weissman I. Expression of murine CD38 defines a population of long-term reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells. *Blood* 87: 4057-4067, 1996.

390. Komagata Y, Miyazaki J, Weissman IL, Ikuta K. A. Heterogeneity of N insertion capacity in fetal hematopoietic stem cells. *Intl. Immunol.* 8: 837-845, 1996.

391. Fagan M, Weissman IL. Sequence and characterization of two Hsp70 genes in the colonial protochordate *Botryllus Schlosseri*. *Immunogenetics* 44: 134-142, 1996.

392. Small M, Weissman IL. CD34+8+ thymocyte precursors with IL-2 receptors differentiate phenotypically in coculture with thymic stromal cells. *Scand. J. Immunol.* 44: 115-121, 1996.

393. Vaux DL, Whitney D, Weissman IL. Activation of physiological cell death mechanisms by a necrosis-causing agent. *Microscopy Research & Technique* 34: 259-266, 1996.

394. Akashi K, Weissman IL. The c-kit positive maturation pathway in mouse thymic T cell development: lineages and selection. *Immunity* 5: 147-161, 1996.

395. Morrison S, Prowse S, Howe P, Weissman IL. Telomerase activity in HSC is associated with self-renewal potential. *Immunity* 5: 207-216, 1996.

396. Yang X, Michie S, Mebius R, Tisch R, Weissman IL, McDevitt H. Role of cell adhesion molecules in the development of insulin-dependent Diabetes Melletis. Implications for pathogenesis and therapy. *Diabetes* 45: 705-10, 1996.

397. Mebius RE, Streeter PR, Michie S, Butcher EC, Weissman IL. A developmental switch in lymphocyte homing receptor and endothelial vascular addressin expression regulates lymphocyte homing and permits CD4+3+ cells to colonize lymph nodes. *PNAS* 93: 11019-11024, 1996.

398. Lagasse E, Weissman I. Flow cytometric identification of neutrophils and monocytes in the mouse. *J. Immunol. Methods* 197: 139-150, 1996.

399. Morrison S, Wandycz A, Akashi K, Globerson A, Weissman I. The aging of hematopoietic stem cells. *Nature Medicine* 2: 1011-1016, 1996.

400. Stoner DS, Weissman IL. Somatic and germ cell parasitism in a colonial ascidian: possible role for a highly polymorphic allorecognition system. *PNAS* 93: 15254-15259, 1996.

401. Weissman, IL. From thymic lineages back to hematopoietic stem cells, sometimes using homing receptors. *J. Immunol.* 156: 2019-2023, 1996.

402. Weissman I. Stem cells: the lessons from hematopoieses. In: Isolation, Characterization and Utilization of CNS Stem Cells. IPSEN Foundation, Gage RH and Christen Y, eds., Springer-Verlag, pp. 1-8, 1997.

403. Morrison S, Wright D, Weissman I. Cyclophosphamide/G-CSF induces hematopoietic stem cells to proliferate prior to mobilization. *PNAS* 94: 1908-1913, 1997.

404. Brown D, Kogan S, Lagasse E, Weissman I, Alcalay M, Giuseppe P, Pelicci P, Atwater S, Bishop JM. A PMLRAR transgene initiates murine acute promyelocytic leukemia. *PNAS* 94: 2551-2556, 1997.

405. Randall T, Weissman I. Phenotypic and functional changes induced at the clonal level in hematopoietic stem cells after 5-fluorouracil treatment. *Blood* 89: 3596-3606, 1997.

406. Morrison SJ, Wandycz AM, Hemmati HD, Wright DE, Weissman IL. Identification of a lineage of multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. *Development* 124: 1929-1939, 1997.

407. Lagasse E, Weissman IL. Enforced expression of bcl-2 in monocytes rescues macrophages and partially reverses osteopetrosis in op/op mice. *Cell* 89: 1021-1031, 1997.

408. Akashi K, Kondo M, von Freeden-Jeffry U, Murray R, Weissman IL. Bcl-2 rescues T lymphopoiesis in Interleukin-7 receptor-deficient mice. *Cell* 89: 1033-1041, 1997.

409. Aguila HL, Akashi K, Domen J, Gandy KL, Lagasse E, Mebius RE, Morrison SJ, Shizuru J, Strober S, Uchida N, Wright DE, Weissman, IL. From stem cells to lymphocytes: biology and transplantation. *Immunol. Rev.* 157: 13-40, 1997.

410. Stoner DS, Quattro JM, Weissman IL. Highly polymorphic microsatellite loci in the colonial ascidian *Botryllus schlosseri*. *Mol. Marine Biol. and Biotech.* 6: 163-171, 1997.

411. Morrison S, Wright D, Cheshier S, Weissman I. Hematopoietic stem cells: challenges to expectations. *Curr. Opinion Immunol.* 9: 216-221, 1997.

412. Mebius RE, Rennert P, Weissman IL. Developing lymph nodes collect CD4⁺CD3⁻LTβ⁺ cells that can differentiate to APC, NK cells, and follicular cells but not T or B cells. *Immunity* 7: 493-504, 1997.

413. Klug CA, Morrison SJ, Masek M, Hahm K, Smale ST, Weissman IL. Hematopoietic stem cells and lymphoid progenitors express different Ikaros isoforms, and Ikaros is localized to heterochromatin in immature lymphocytes. *PNAS* 95: 657-662, 1998.

414. Gandy KL, Weissman IL. Tolerance of allogeneic heart grafts in mice simultaneously reconstituted with purified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells. *Transplantation* 65: 295-304, 1998.

415. Uchida N, Friera AM, He D, Reitsma MJ, Tsukamoto AS, Weissman IL. Hydroxyurea can be used to increase mouse c-kit⁺Thy-1.1¹⁾ Lin⁻/⁻Sca-1⁺ hematopoietic cell number and frequency in cell cycle in vivo. *Blood* 90: 4354-4362, 1997.

416. Kondo M, Akashi K, Domen J, Sugamura K. Weissman IL. Bcl-2 rescues T lymphopoiesis, but not B or NK cells in the common cytokine receptor γ chain deficient mice. *Immunity* 7: 156-162, 1997.

417. Kondo M, Weissman IL, Akashi K. Identification of clonogenic common lymphoid progenitor in mouse bone marrow. *Cell* 91: 661-672, 1997.

418. Fagan MB, Weissman IL. Hsp70 genes and historecognition in *Botryllus schlosseri*: implications for MHC evolution. *Hereditas* 127: 25-35, 1997.

419. Fagan MB, Weissman IL. Linkage analysis of two heat shock protein 70 genes and the allorecognition response locus in the colonial protochordate *Botryllus schlosseri*. *Immunogenetics* 47: 468-476, 1998.

420. Uchida N, Tsukamoto A, He D, Friera AM, Scollay R, Weissman IL. High doses of purified stem cells cause early hematopoietic recovery in syngeneic and allogeneic hosts. *J. Clin. Investigation* 101: 961-966, 1998.

421. Randall TD, Weissman IL. Characterization of a population of cells in the bone marrow that phenotypically mimics hematopoietic stem cells: resting stem cells or mystery population? *Stem Cells* 16: 38-48, 1998.

422. Hahm K, Cobb BS, McCarty AS, Brown KE, Klug CA, Lee R, Akashi K, Weissman IL, Fisher AG, Smale ST. Helios, a T cell-restricted Ikaros family member that quantitatively associates with Ikaros at centromeric heterochromatin. *Genes and Development* 12: 782-796, 1998.

423. Akashi K, Kondo M, Weissman IL. Two distinct pathways of positive selection for thymocytes. *PNAS* 95: 2486-2491, 1998.

424. Domen J, Gandy KL, Weissman IL. Systemic overexpression of BCL-2 in the hematopoietic system protects transgenic mice from the consequences of lethal irradiation. *Blood* 91: 2272-2282, 1998.

425. De Tomaso AW, Saito Y, Ishizuka KJ, Palmeri KJ, Weissman IL. Mapping the genome of a model protochordate I. A low resolution genetic map encompassing the fusion/histocompatibility (Fu/HC) locus of *Botryllus schlosseri*. *Genetics* 149: 277-287, 1998.

426. Cohen CS, Saito Y, Weissman I. Evolution of allorecognition in botryllid ascians inferred from a molecular phylogeny. *Evolution* 52:746-756, 1998.

427. Garcia-Ojeda ME, Dejbakhsh-Jones S, Weissman IL, Strober S. An alternate pathway for T cell development supported by the bone marrow microenvironment: recapitulation of thymic maturation. *J. Exp. Med.* 187:1813-1823, 1998.

428. Fagan MB, Weissman IL. Characterization of a polymorphic protein localized to vascular epithelium in *Botryllus schlosseri*: role in tunic synthesis? *Mol. Marine Biol. and Biotech* 7: 204-213, 1998.

429. Mebius RE, Schadee-Eestermans IL, Weissman IL. MAdCAM-1 dependent colonization of developing lymph nodes involves a unique subset of CD4+CD8+ hematolymphoid cells. *Cell Adhesion and Comm.* 6: 97-103, 1998.

430. Traver D, Akashi K, Weissman IL, Lagasse E. Mice defective in two apoptosis pathways in the myeloid lineage develop acute myeloblastic leukemia. *Immunity* 9: 47-57 1998.

431. Randall TD, Heath AW, Santos-Argumedo L, Howard MC, Weissman IL, Lund FE. Arrest of B lymphocyte terminal differentiation by CD40 signaling: mechanism for lack of antibody secreting cells in germinal centers. *Immunity* 8: 733-742, 1998.

432. Akashi K, Kondo M, Schlageter AM, Weissman IL. T-cell development from hematopoietic stem cells. *In:* Molecular Biology of B-Cell and T-Cell Development. Monroe JG and Rothenberg EV, Eds. Humana Press, pp. 305-336, 1998.

433. Akashi K, Kondo M, Weissman IL. Role of Interleukin-7 in T cell development from hematopoietic stem cells. *Immunol. Rev.* 165: 13-28, 1998.

434. Uchida N, Sutton RE, Friera AM, He D, Reistma MJ, Chang WC, Veres G, Scollay R, Weissman IL. HIV, but not murine leukemia virus, vectors mediate high efficiency gene transfer into freshly isolated G₀/G₁ human hematopoietic stem cells. *PNAS* 95: 11939-11944, 1998.

435. Kogan SC, Lagasse E, Atwater S, Bae S, Weissman I, Ito Y, Bishop JM. The PEBP2βMYH11 fusion created by Inv(16)(p13;q22) in myeloid leukemia impairs neutrophil maturation and contributes to granulocytic dysplasia. *PNAS* 95: 11863-11868, 1998.

436. Rinkevich B, Weissman IL, De Tomaso AW. Transplantation of Fu/HC incompatible zooids in *Botryllus schlosseri* results in chimerism. *Biol. Bull.* 195: 98-106, 1998.

437. Mebius RE, van Tuijl S, Weissman IL, Randall TD. Transfer of primitive stem/progenitor bone marrow cells from LTα⁻/⁻ donors to wild-type hosts: implications for the generation of architectural events in lymphoid B cell domains. *J. Immunol.* 161: 3836-3843, 1998.

438. Shizuru JA, Weissman IL. Isolation and characterization of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells. *In:* Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, 2nd Ed., Thomas ED, Blume KG, Forman SJ, eds. Blackwell Sciences, pp. 63-78, 1999.

439. Magor BG, De Tomaso A, Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Allorecognition in colonial tunicates: protection against predatory cell lineages. *Immunol. Rev.* 167: 69-79, 1999.

440. Cheshier S, Morrison SJ, Liao X, Weissman I. *In vivo* proliferation and cell cycle kinetics of long-term self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells. *PNAS* 96: 3120-3125, 1999.

441. Trahey M, Weissman IL. Cyclophilin C-associated protein: a normal secreted glycoprotein that down-modulates endotoxin and proinflammatory responses *in vivo*. *PNAS* 96: 3006-3011, 1999.

442. Domen J, Weissman IL. Self-renewal, differentiation or death: regulation and manipulation of hematopoietic stem cell fate. *Mol. Med. Today* 5: 201-208, 1999.

443. Brocke S, Piercy C, Steinman L, Rosen H, Weissman IL, Veromaa T. Antibodies to CD44 and integrin α₄, but not L-selectin, prevent central nervous system inflammation and experimental encephalomyelitis by blocking secondary leukocyte recruitment. *PNAS* 96: 6896-6901, 1999.

444. Akashi K, Traver D, Kondo M, Weissman IL. Lymphoid development from hematopoietic stem cells. *Intl. J. Hematology* 69: 217-226, 1999.

445. Stoner D, Weissman IL, Rinkevich B. Heritable germ and somatic cell lineage competitions in chimeric colonial protochordates. PNAS 96: 9148-9153, 1999.

446. Ye SK, Maki K, Kitamura T, Sunaga S, Akashi K, Domen J, Weissman IL, Honjo T, Ikuta K. Induction of germline transcription in the TCRγ locus by Stat5: implications for accessibility control by the IL-7 receptor. Immunity 11:213-223, 1999.

447. Weissman IL, Shizuru JA. Immune reconstitution. Invited review, New Eng. J. Med. 341: 1227-1229, 1999.

448. Gandy KL, Domen J, Aguila H, Weissman IL. CD8+ TCR+ and CD8+ TCR- cells in whole bone marrow facilitate the engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells across allogeneic barriers. Immunity 11: 579-590, 1999.

449. Akashi K, Kondo M, Cheshier S, Shizuru J, Gandy K, Domen J, Mebius R, Traver D, Weissman IL. Lymphoid development from stem cells and the common lymphocyte progenitors. Cold Spring Harbor Vol. LXIV, pgs. 1-12, 1999.

450. Terskikh A, Lukyanov S, Diatchenko, Weissman I. Hunting hematopoietic stem cell-specific genes using PCR-select cDNA subtraction. Clontech, page 1-4, November, 1999.

451. Weissman IL, Allison J, Alt FW, von Boehmer H, Cooper MD, Feller I, Glimcher LH, Goeddel DV, McDevitt H, Mathis D, Nossal G, Perlmutter RM, Thompson CB, Wiley DC. International Benchmarking of US Immunology Research, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, 2000.

452. Weissman IL. Stem cells: units of development, units of regeneration, and units in evolution. Invited review, Cell 100: 157-168, 2000.

453. Domen J, Cheshier S, Weissman IL. The role of apoptosis in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells: overexpression of BCL-2 increases both their number and repopulation potential. J. Exp. Med. 191: 253-263, 2000.

454. Weissman IL, Uchida N. Hematopoietic stem cells: biological targets and therapeutic tools. In: Clinical Bone Marrow and Blood Stem Cell Transplantation. K Atkinson, Ed. Cambridge Press, pp. 19-42, 2000.

455. Weissman IL. Translating stem and progenitor cell biology to the clinic: barriers and opportunities. Invited review, Science 287: 1442-1446, 2000.

456. Akashi K, Reya T, Dalma-Weiszhausz D, Weissman IL. Lymphoid precursors. Current Opinion in Immunol. 12: 144-150, 2000.

457. Akashi K, Traver D, Miyamoto T, Weissman IL. A clonogenic common myeloid progenitor that gives rise to all myeloid lineages. Nature 404: 193-197, 2000.

458. Kim S, Iizuka K, Aguila HL, Weissman IL, Yokoyama WM. In vivo natural killer cell activities revealed by natural killer cell-deficient mice. PNAS 97:2731-36, 2000.

459. Nisitani S, Satterthwaite AB, Akashi K, Weissman IL, Witte ON, Wahl MI. Posttranscriptional regulation of Bruton's tyrosine kinase expression in antigen receptor-stimulated splenic B cells. PNAS 97:2737-42, 2000.

460. Akashi K, Richie LI, Miyamoto T, Carr WH, Weissman IL. B lymphopoiesis in the thymus. *J. Immunol.* 164: 5221-26, 2000.

461. Negrin RS, Atkinson K, Leemhuis T, Hanania E, Juttner C, Tierney K, Hu WW, Johnston LJ, Shizuru JA, Stockerl-Goldstein KE, Blume KG, Weissman IL, Bower S, Baynes R, Dansey R, Karnes C, Peters W, Klein J. Transplantation of highly purified CD34+Thy1+ hematopoietic stem cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer. *Biol. Of Blood and Marrow Transplantation* 6: 262-271, 2000.

462. Laird DJ, De Tomaso AW, Cooper MD, Weissman IL. 50 million years of chordate evolution: seeking the origins of adaptive immunity. *PNAS* 97: 6924-6926, 2000.

463. Miyamoto T, Weissman IL, Akashi K. AML1/ETO-expressing nonleukemic stem cells in acute myelogenous leukemia with 8;21 chromosomal translocation. *PNAS* 97: 7521-7526, 2000.

464. Lauzon RJ, Rinkevich B, Patton CW, Weissman IL. A morphological study of nonrandom senescence in a colonial urochordate. *Biol. Bull.* 198: 367-378, 2000.

465. Klug CA, Cheshier S, Weissman IL. Inactivation of a GFP retrovirus occurs at multiple levels in long-term repopulating stem cells and their differentiated progeny. *Blood* 96: 894-901, 2000.

466. Kondo M, Scherer DC, Miyamoto T, King AG, Akashi K, Sugamura K, Weissman IL. Cell-fate conversion of lymphoid-committed progenitors by instructive actions of cytokines. *Nature* 407: 383-386, 2000.

467. Kina T, Ikuta K, Takayama E, Wada K, Sen Majumdar AS, Weissman IL, Katsura Y. The monoclonal antibody TER-119 recognizes a molecule associated with glycophorin A and specifically marks the late stages of murine erythroid lineage. *British J. Hematology* 109: 280-287, 2000.

468. Kondo M, Weissman IL. Function of cytokines in lymphocyte development. *In: Lymphoid Organogenesis*. F. Melchers, Ed. Springer-Verlag, pp. 59-65, 2000.

469. Lagasse E, Connors H, Al-Dhalimy M, Reitsma M, Dohse M, Osborne L, Wang X, Finegold M, Weissman IL, Grompe M. Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate to hepatocytes *in vivo*. *Nature Medicine* 6: 1229-1234, 2000.

470. TerskikhA, Fradkov A, Ermakova G, Zaraisky A, Tan P, Kajava AV, Zhao X, Lukyanov S, Matz M, Kim S, Weissman I, Siebert P. "Fluorescent timer": protein that changes color with time. *Science* 290: 1585-1588, 2000.

471. Uchida N, Buck DW, Dongping H, Reitsma MJ, Masek M, Phan TV, Tsukamoto AS, Gage FH, Weissman IL. Direct isolation of human central nervous system stem cells. *PNAS* 97: 14720-14725, 2000.

472. Traver D, Akashi K, Manz M, Merad M, Miyamoto T, Engleman EG, Weissman IL. Development of CD8α-positive dendritic cells from a common myeloid progenitor. *Science* 290: 2152-2154, 2000.

473. Shizuru JA, Weissman IL, Kernoff R, Masek M, Scheffold YC. Purified hematopoietic stem cell grafts induce tolerance to alloantigens and can mediate positive and negative T cell selection. *PNAS* 97:9555-9560, 2000.

474. Domen J, Weissman IL. Hematopoietic stem cells need two signals to prevent apoptosis; BCL-2 can provide one of these, Kitl/c-Kit signaling the other. J. Exp. Med. 192: 1707-1718, 2000.

475. Wright DE, Weissman IL. Formation and differentiation of leukocytes. In: Physiology of Inflammation. K. Ley, Ed., Oxford Press, pp. 11-51, 2001.

476. Geschwind DH, Ou J, Easterday MC, Dougherty JD, Jackson RL, Chen Z, Antoine H, Terskikh A, Weissman IL, Nelson SF, Kornblum HI. A genetic analysis of neural progenitor differentiation. Neuron 29: 325-339, 2001.

477. Kogan SC, Brown DE, Schultz DB, Truong B-TH, Lallemand-Breitenbach V, Guillemin M-C, Lagasse E, Weissman IL, Bishop JM. BCL-2 cooperates with Promyelocytic Leukemia Retinoic Acid Receptor (PMLRARα) to block neutrophil differentiation and initiate acute leukemia. J. Exp. Med. 193: 531-543, 2001.

478. Qian F, Hanahan D, Weissman IL. L-selectin can facilitate metastasis to lymph nodes in a transgenic mice model of carcinogenesis. PNAS 98: 3976-3981, 2001.

479. Allsopp RC, Cheshier S, Weissman IL. Telomere shortening accompanies increased cell cycle activity during serial transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. J. Exp. Med. 193: 917-924, 2001.

480. Akashi K, Weissman IL. Stem cells and hematolymphoid development. In: Hematopoiesis, A Developmental Approach, Zon LI, editor, Oxford Press, pp 15-34, 2001.

481. Anderson DJ, Gage FH, Weissman IL. Can stem cells cross lineage boundaries? Invited commentary, Nature Med. 7: 393-395, 2001.

482. Wright, DE, Cheshier SH, Wagers AJ, Randall TD, Christensen JL, Weissman IL. Cyclophosphamide/ granulocyte colony-stimulating factor causes selective mobilization of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells into the blood after M-phase of the cell cycle. Blood 97: 2278-2285, 2001.

483. Park I-K, Klug CA, Li K, Jerabek L, Li L, Nanamori M, Neubig RR, Hood L, Weissman IL, Clarke MF. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel regulator of G-protein signaling from mouse hematopoietic stem cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 915-923, 2001.

484. Lagasse E, Shizuru JA, Uchida N, Tsukamoto A, Weissman IL. Towards regenerative medicine. Immunity 14: 425-436, 2001.

485. Weissman IL, Baltimore D. Disappearing stem cells, disappearing science. Invited editorial, Science 292: 601, 2001.

486. Manz MG, Traver D, Miyamoto T, Weissman IL, Akashi K. Dendritic cell potentials of early lymphoid and myeloid progenitors. Blood 97: 3333-3341, 2001.

487. Mebius RE, Miyamoto T, Christensen J, Domen J, Cupedo T, Weissman IL, Akashi K. The fetal liver counterpart of adult common lymphoid progenitors gives rise to all lymphoid lineages, CD45+ CD4+ CD3- cells, as well as macrophages. J. Immunol. 166: 6593-6601, 2001.

488. Terskikh AV, Easterday MC, Li L, Hood L, Kornblum HI, Geschwind DH, Weissman IL. From hematopoiesis to neuopoiesis: evidence of overlapping genetic programs. PNAS 98: 7934-7939, 2001.

489. DiMartino JF, Selleri L, Traver D, Firpo MT, Rhee J, Warnke R, O'Gorman S, Weissman IL. Cleary ML. The Hox cofactor and proto-oncogene Pbx1 is required for maintenance of definitive hematopoiesis in the fetal liver. Blood 98: 618-626, 2001.

490. Traver D, Miyamoto T, Christensen J, Iwasaki-Arai J, Akashi K, Weissman IL. Fetal liver myelopoiesis occurs through distinct, prospectively isolatable progenitor subsets. Blood 98: 627-635, 2001.

491. Yuan Y, Zhou L, Miyamoto T, Iwasaki H, Harakawa N, Hetherington CJ, Burel SA, Lagasse E, Weissman IL, Akashi K, Zhang D-E. AML1-ETO expression is directly involved in the development of acute myeloid leukemia in the presence of additional mutations. PNAS 98: 10398-10403, 2001.

492. Kondo M, Scherer DC, King AG, Manz MG, Weissman IL. Lymphocyte development from hematopoietic stem cells. Invited review, *Curr. Opinion in Genetics & Development* 11: 520-526, 2001.

493. Brown JM, Weissman IL, Shizuru, JA. Immunity to infections following hematopoietic cell transplantation. *Current Topics Immunology*, pp. 451-147, 2001.

494. Weissman IL, Anderson DJ, Gage F. Stem and progenitor cells: origins, phenotypes, lineage commitments, and transdifferentiation. *In:* Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, R Schekman, L Goldstein, SL McKnight, J Rossant, editors. Vol. 17: 387-403, 2001.

495. Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Invited review, *Nature* 414: 105-111, 2001.

496. Wright DE, Wagers AJ, Gulati AP, Johnson FL, Weissman IL. Physiological migration of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. *Science* 294: 1933-1936, 2001.

497. Christensen JL, Weissman IL. Flk-2 a marker in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation: a simple method to isolate long-term stem cells. PNAS 98: 14541-14546, 2001.

498. Jerabek L, Weissman IL. Intrathymic injection for analysis of T cell progenitor activity. *In:* Hematopoietic Stem Cell Protocols. Klug CA, Jordan CT, Eds. Humana Press, pp. 161-165, 2002.

499. Park I-K, He Y, Lin F, Laerum OD, Tian Q, Bumgarner R, Klug CA, Li K, Kuhr C, Doyle MJ, Xie T, Schummer M, Sun Y, Goldsmith A, Clarke MF, Weissman IL, Hood L, Li L. Differential gene expression profiling of adult murine hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 99: 488-498, 2002.

500. Morrison SJ, Qian D, Jerabek L, Thiel BA, Parks A, Ford PS, Schork NJ, Weissman IL, Clarke M. A genetic determinant that specifically regulates the frequency of hematopoietic stem cells. J. Immunol. 168: 635-642, 2002.

PUBLICATIONS IN PRESS

Mebius RE, Weissman IL, Kraal G. The development of the lymph node vasculature. *In:* Morphogenesis of Endothelium. W Risau, Ed.

Manz MG, Traver D, Akashi K, Merad M, Miyamoto T, Engleman E, Weissman IL. Dendritic cell development from common myeloid progenitors. *In:* Hematopoietic Stem Cells 2000: Basic and Clinical Sciences - Third International Conference, Vol. 938 of the *Annals of the New York Academy of Science*, Orlic D, Brummendorf TH, Sharkis SJ, and Kanz L, eds.

Wagers AJ, Christensen JL, Weissman IL. Cell fate determination from stem cells. Invited review, *Gene Therapy*.

Wagers AJ, Allsopp RC, Weissman IL. Changes in integrin expression are associated with altered homing properties of hematopoietic stem cells following mobilization by cyclophosphamide/granulocyte-colony stimulating factor. *Exp. Hematology*.

PUBLICATIONS IN PREPARATION AND SUBMITTED

95-12 Sen-Majumdar A, Lieberman M, Weissman IL. Thymocyte differentiation in vitro: demonstration that thymic epithelial cells participate in positive and negative selection to superantigens. in preparation.

95-17 Chadwick-Furman N, Weissman IL. Fitness costs of allorecognition in field-cultured colonies of the protochordate *Botryllus schlosseri*. submitted.

96-17 Holzmann B, Siegelman M, Bargatze R, Weissman IL. in preparation.

97-24 Tse WT, Cheshier SH, Weissman IL. Generating a hematopoietic cell-specific phage antibody library by direct affinity selection on the cell surface. in preparation.

97-27 Zhang W, Lieberman D, Mody I, Weissman IL. in preparation.

98-1 Lagasse E, Coutre SE, Weissman IL. Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: demonstration of failed monocyte apoptosis as a pathogenic event in mouse and man. submitted.

98-4 Lieberman DN, Behr J, Zhang W, Weissman IL, Mody I. Targeted loss of calcineurin Aa enhances the NMDA component of synaptic transmission and predisposes mouse hippocampus to seizures. in preparation.

98-9a Klug C, Weissman IL. Assessment of barriers that limit retroviral transduction of FACS-purified, long-term self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells. submitted.

99-3 Gandy KL, Domen J, Aguila H, Kondo M, Ford B, Weissman IL. Characterization of the mechanisms by which CD8+ cells facilitate engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells across allogeneic barriers. in preparation.

99-5 Stoner DS, Quattro JM, Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Tracing the origins of the invasion of the California coast by a temperate colonial ascidian. in preparation.

00-02 Shizuru J, Weissman IL. in preparation.

00-07 The use of H2K-BCL-2 transgenic mice to study sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents: lack of HSC activation following exposure. in preparation.

00-13 Stoner D, Rinkevich B, Weissman IL. Invasion of an ascidian. in preparation.

00-16 Minagawa M, Watanabe H, Miyaji C, Tomiyama K, Shimura H, Ito A, Ito M, Domen J, Weissman IL, Kawai K. Enforced expression of Bcl-2 restores the number of NK cells, but does not rescue the impaired development of NKT cells or intraepithelial lymphocytes, in IL-2/IL-15 receptor β chain-deficient mice. in preparation.

00-18 BitMansour A, Burns SM, Traver D, Akashi K, Contag CH, Weissman IL, Brown JMY. Newly characterized myeloid progenitors protect against invasive aspergillosis and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* following hematopoietic cell transplantation. in preparation.

01-02 Wright DE, Flavell RA, Weissman IL. L-selection independent engraftment by and mobilization of murine hematopoietic stem cells. in preparation.

01-03 King AG, Kondo M, Scherer DC, Weissman IL. Lineage infidelity in myeloid cells with TCR gene rearrangement: a latent development potential of proT cells revealed by ectopic cytokine receptor signaling. submitted.

Klug CA, Sutton R, Anderson M, Savage P, Nolan GP, Weissman IL. Assessment of barriers that limit retroviral transduction of FACS-purified, long-term self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells. In revision.

01-06 Reya T, Domen J, Scherer D, Willert K, Nusse R, Weissman IL. A role for the Wnt signalling pathway in hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal. submitted.

01-07 Na Nakorn T, Traver D, Weissman IL, Akashi K. Myeloerythroid-restricted progenitors can alone provide radioprotection and the majority of day 8 CFU-S. submitted.

01-08 Wright DE, Bowman EP, Wagers AJ, Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Hematopoietic stem cells are uniquely selective in their migratory response to chemokines. submitted.

01-09 Allsopp RC, Weissman IL. Replicative senescence of hematopoietic stem cells during serial transplantation: does telomere shortening play a role? submitted.

01-10 Chatterjea-Matthes D, Garcia-Ojeda M, Dejbakhsh-Jones S, Jerabek L, Manz M, Weissman I, Strober S. Early defect in bone marrow T cell progenitors in athrymic *nu/nu* mice. submitted.

01-11 Jaiswal S, Traver D, Miyamoto T, Akashi K, Weissman IL, Lagasse E. Development of murine chronic and acute myelogenous leukemia with targeted expression of BCR/ABL to common myeloid progenitors. in preparation.

01-12 Allsopp RC, Cheshier S, Weissman IL. Rejuvenation of telomere length in activated T cells derived from serially transplanted hematopoietic stem cells. submitted.

01-13 Miyamoto T, Iwasaki H, Reizis B, Graf T, Weissman IL, Akashi K. Lineage promiscuity precedes commitment in hematolymphoid development. in preparation.

01-14 Beilhack GF, Scheffold YC, Weissman IL, Taylor C, Jerabek L, Burge MJ, Masek MA, Shizuru JA. Purified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation blocks diabetes pathogenesis in NOD mice. submitted.

01-15 Domen J, Weissman IL. Hematopoietic stem (HSC) and progenitor cells in H2K-BCL-2 transgenic mice show broad resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and surviving HSC resist the phenotypic changes of wild-type HSC. submitted.

02-01 Lauzon RJ, Ishizuka IJ, Weissman IL. Resorption of cell corpses derived from massive cyclical apoptosis is dependent upon asexual regeneration of buds in the colonial ascidian *Botryllus schlosseri*. in preparation.

02-02 Terskikh AV, Miyamoto T, Chang C, Diatchenko L, Weissman IL. Chipping away at self-renewal: microarray analysis of hematopoietic stem cells and committed progenitors. in preparation.

95-1 Saito Y, Weissman IL. Allorecognition in colonial tunicates: genetics of colony resorption in Monterey Botryllus Schlosseri. In revision *Developmental and Comparative Immunol*.

Kissinger Office - Exclusive interview with Herman Cohen

Page 1

**From:** "Academy of Diplomacy" <academy@academyofdiplomacy.org>
**To:** "Academy" <aadiplmcy@aol.com>
**Date:** Mon, Oct 21, 2002 9:34 PM
**Subject:** Exclusive interview with Herman Cohen

Exclusive interview with Mr. Herman Cohen

Original interview in French

Congopolis October 15, 2002

OCT 2 2 2002

The former United States of America assistant Secretary of State for Africa, Herman Cohen is well known especially when we speak about Africa. In an exclusive interview to Congopolis, Mr. Herman Cohen analyzes the situation in democratic republic of Congo with the knowledge which we recognize him well. Here is the whole text of the interview:

Congopolis: According to you, what faces do you see in the war which continues to shake the Congo? Is this a typically Congolese war, is this a war to pursue the interahamwe? What do you think?

Herman Cohen: The war in the Congo appears to be coming to a close as far as violence is concerned. However, it is not yet over as a political phenomenon. I disagree with those who describe the war in the Congo as a civil war with foreign intervention. Unfortunately, this seems to be the unanimous view of the media. In my opinion, the conflict in the Congo is essentially what I call a "proxy war." A "proxy war" is a war originating from the outside of a country, but disguised as a civil war. The key element is the creation of a surrogate rebel force inside the target country that is totally controlled, financed and armed from the outside. When war broke out in the Congo in August 1998, there was no RCD. When was the RCD established? It suddenly appeared like the Immaculate Conception. The RCD was created by the Rwandan and Ugandan governments to cover their armed intervention that was designed to overthrow Lauren Kabila and replace him with another Congolese who would be subject to "guidance" from Kigali and Kampala. There were a number of well-meaning Congolese who rushed to Goma to join the RCD in the belief they were joining a liberation movement. They quickly discovered they had joined a surrogate army of Rwanda, and most of them abandoned the RCD. Virtually all of those who remain in the RCD today are virtual hostages who cannot escape. Later, the Rwandan and Ugandan governments admitted that they invaded the Congo for their own purposes, and gave as their main reason the elimination of their own rebels who were using Congolese territory as a base from which to launch guerrilla operations across their borders. The Ugandan excuse had some validity because there were Ugandan rebels in northeastern Congo under the control of the Sudanese. Indeed, the Kabila regime had agreed to allow the Ugandans to maintain troop deployments in northeast Congo to combat these rebels. There was no security need, therefore, for a Ugandan invasion that reached the gates of Kinshasa in August 1998. The Rwandans, on the other hand, engaged in a self-fulfilling prophecy. They claimed there were "Interahamwe" genocidiaries in the Congo who were enjoying Kabila's hospitality, and who had to be eliminated. In fact, most of the Interahamwe who had escaped the first invasion of the Congo in 1986, were living in central Africa outside of the DRC. When the Rwandans invaded, they were quite happy to come to the Congo to fight the RPA invaders. Quite ironic is the fact that between 1998 and the present day, most of the interahamwe fighters have been operating in the

eastern DRC in areas controlled by the Rwandan and RCD armies. Why has there been so little combat between the Rwandans and the interahamwe? The Rwandans have fought the Mai-Mai, the Banyamulenge, dissident RCD soldiers, and civil society. Why have the Rwandans engaged in peaceful coexistence with the interahamwe when their declared purpose in invading the Congo was to eliminate these genocidal criminals? The continued presence of the interahamwe, of course, provided a perfect reason for the Rwandans to maintain their presence that became essentially an economic presence.

**Congopolis:** At the time when Congo crossed and continue to pass through a crisis without the preceding one of its history, you were one of rare advocates of a remade and rebuilt Congo who must be remade and to be rebuilt. I mean that you never married the language as of those who wish to see the dismemberment of Congo. What represents, for you, the withdrawal of the Rwandan troops?

**H. Cohen:** The Rwandan army has departed the DRC under heavy pressure from the American and British Governments. It is no coincidence that the Rwandan army started to withdraw very soon after Kagame had a meeting with President Bush in New York in September. The Americans had reached the conclusion that a political transition in DRC could not take place as long as the Rwandan army remained inside the Congo. The massacres of RCD dissidents and their families in Kisangani earlier in the year on the order of Kigali was the final straw for the US Government. I believe that one of the politico-strategic objectives of Kigali has been, and continues to be, the dismemberment of the Congo. The main objective is to create an independent state of Kivu that would be ruled by Kigali surrogates, and would become Rwanda's motor of economic development. To the Rwandans' surprise, the people of the Kivu demonstrated a high degree of Congolese nationalism. Although the Mobutists had systematically plundered their wealth, the people of Kivu consider themselves Congolese above all. I believe that Mobutu, for all his faults and crimes, did instill this sense of nationalism in all the people of the DRC during his presidency. Yes, the Rwandan army has departed, but the surrogate RCD army is still present with RPA cadres in disguise, and will work for the secession of Kivu if they cannot win power in Kinshasa.

**Congopolis:** We have read in the news that the last Rwandan troops on the congolese ground withdrew on Friday October 4, 2002 at 1:00 pm. Can you confirm the veracity of this news?

**H. Cohen:** I believe that the Rwandan army has departed. The reports are accurate. I also believe that Rwandan cadres remain in the RCD to make sure there are no more defections, and to give both political and military guidance. The Rwandan policy right now is to help the RCD to take power in Kinshasa, presumably by military means.

**Congopolis:** You were US Secretary of State for African Affairs. The African Great Lakes region was in your sphere of activity. What would you wish to remake to pose the base of a stable African Great Lakes region?

**H. Cohen:** There are two answers to this question. First, there must be majority rule in Burundi and Rwanda combined with security guarantees for minorities. After having demanded and achieved the end of the minority rule apartheid system in South Africa, the African Union and the international community must demand the end of minority rule in Burundi and Rwanda. The great instability of the Great Lakes region since 1990 comes from the

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problem of minority rule in these two countries. The democratic election in Burundi in 1993 was free and fair, and the majority government that emerged was moderate, just as the majority government of South Africa has been moderate and fair to the minorities. The international community should not have been so tolerant of the coup that overthrew the Burundi government in 1993. Until Rwanda and Burundi move toward majority rule, there will be no peace in those two countries, and there will be grave dangers for the entire Great Lakes region. Secondly, the Congo must go through a true transition to democratic rule. I was with Secretary of State Baker in March 1990 when he persuaded Mobutu to accept multi-party democracy. Mobutu announced this momentous change on April 24, 1990. I believe the transition that Mobutu started could have been successful if the Congolese political class had been more intelligent about carrying it out. The problem with the unfinished Mobutu transition was the general view of the political class that the transitional government was a theatre for the competition to control power in Kinshasa. Transitional governments are supposed to carry out a transition from authoritarian rule to democratic rule, and nothing more. I fear that the current maneuvering for power in the Kabila transitional government represents the same tragic view: He who has power in the transitional government will rule in Kinshasa. This should not be the case. The transitional authority should have only two missions. These are (1) to prepare a transition to democratic elections, and (2) to maintain a stable macro-economic situation. If the transition becomes an arena for a power struggle, then I fear that those who have weapons will prevail, and once again the Congolese people will be left out of the equation. My strongest recommendation for the transition, is that the United Nations be given complete responsibility for organizing and implementing the multi-party elections. This is unfortunate, but if these first free elections in forty years are controlled by any Congolese government, there could be a crisis of credibility among the Congolese people who are totally traumatized by the past.

**Congopolis:** We cannot really speak about the history of Congo and dissociate it from the presence of the United States in this part of the continent. The United States were already present on the congolese political scene since the time of the Belgian King Leopold II. They were there still in the 1960s. They were still there from the beginning till the end of the Mobutu reign. And they were still present in the war which started in 1996 and which continues today. And all these presences were not with the height of a superpower, which promotes the democratic values. The goodwill and determination of the Bush administration to put an end to this war which started with his predecessor Clinton, is it an American reversal towards a more constructive policy in Central Africa?

**H. Cohen:** The United States became deeply involved in Congolese affairs only after independence in June 1960. The US was not active in the Congo either under King Leopold or under the Belgian colonial regime. Prior to independence, the US administered its limited interests in the Congo through Brussels. Because of Belgian colonial policy, US private investments in the Congo were virtually non-existent as of 1960. After independence, the Congolese state authority and political system suffered severe shock and virtual collapse, and the Belgian Government was unable to fill the vacuum. It was only at that point in history that the United States started to play a major role in Congolese affairs. Part of the motivation was the Cold War, and part was the desire to see the Congo's wealth utilized for true development in Central Africa. Behind the Cold War mentality there also

existed a real element of development idealism in Washington. The United
States played a major role in the rise of Mobutu. This has been highly
criticized. But one must remember the chaos and disintegration that existed
before Mobutu came to power in 1965, and even continued until his defeat of
the mercenaries in 1967 with US assistance. Between 1967 and 1975, Mobutu
was a very popular Head of State. Not only did he stabilize and unify the
country, but he stimulated a strong sense of Congolese nationalism by his
expropriation of Union Miniere and his policy of Zairianization. I was
present in Kinshasa as a diplomat in 1967 when Congolese university students
marched in support of Mobutu's action against the Belgian-owned copper
mines. Throughout Mobutu's rule, the US sought to help the Congo with
development and to serve as a moderate influence in the Great Lakes region.
The development effort failed because of bad governance and poor economic
policies. Mobutu failed to listen to US advice as well as that of the World
Bank. Should we have abandoned support of Mobutu when his method of
governance became hopelessly corrupt? Perhaps, but one can not blame the
United States for the deficiencies of the Mobutu era, in my view. After the
arrival of Kabila, the Clinton administration, in my view, failed to
understand the nature of the conflict. They viewed the conflict as a civil
war and not as a "proxy" war. The Clinton administration, therefore, tended
to view the Congo through the optic of Kigali. This was a grievous
misjudgment. The Bush administration, on the other hand, has been very
realistic, and has taken vigorous steps to allow the Congolese people to
decide for themselves without foreign interference. I commend the Bush
administration for their strong work on behalf of the Congolese people.

Congopolis: Even if the interview is in French, I want to quote a sentence of Chester Crocker, Under-secretary of the United States for African Affairs under the Reagan administration in an article published in the NY Times and which was reproduced in The Globe and Mail of Toronto on Friday April 4, 1997 on page A19: "... Do we, as some seem to believe, want Zaire dismembered? If not, what are we doing to stop it? " Honorable Cohen, do the United States believe today in a policy of the dismemberment of Congo?

H. Cohen: The United States Government is totally opposed to the dismemberment of the Congo. If nothing else, the war in the Congo has taught all of us that all of the Congolese people want their country to remain united. The fact that the Clinton Administration showed excessive sympathy for the RPA's security claims in the Congo conveyed the wrong impression that the US favored dismemberment. This has never been the case, and is not the case today. Thanks to the present Bush administration, the potential for dismemberment of the Congo has receded.

Congopolis: Today, 42 years later, the whole world know now that Belgium was behind the assassination of Patrice Lumumba and by the very fact the assassination of democracy, because after Patrice Lumumba Congo never knew a democratic government. Belgium apologized to the Congolese people for this act. In the light of the files of the pentagon, the United States were as well involved as Belgium in this assassination. And the most recent revelation is from Stephen R. Weissman (Staff Director of the US House of Representatives Sub Committee on Africa 1986-1991) published in an article published on allfrica.com on July 23, 2002. Do you see also the United States apologizing to the Congolese people?

H. Cohen: I believe that all of the archives and studies indicated that the US was not unhappy to see Patrice Lumumba removed from office. However, I do

Page 5

not believe there is evidence that the US was directly implicated in his
assassination.

Congopolis: The Belgian journalist Colette Braeckman wrote in an article entitled: "Rideau de silence sur un nettoyage" published in Le Soir of Wednesday April 13, 1996: "... Witnesses worthy of faith ensure to have seen black American soldiers with soldiers of the Rwandan Patriotic Army... "
Beyond the political speeches, does the US help Congo to raise up?

H. Cohen: American military have trained Rwandan military in the same way they have trained military in most of the other African countries. As soon as the Rwandan Patriotic Army became implicated in the Congo conflict, the US military training personnel were removed from Rwanda. Since the arrival of the Bush administration in 2001, I believe the United States has been the strongest external force for conflict resolution in the Congo.

Congopolis: Speaking about Zaire, a leading article of International Herald Tribune published with Washington Post of Thursday December 19, 1996 on page 8, we could read: " There is overbearing reason for the West to commit itself preserving that impossible, unnatural union. The colonial border cannot forever be considered sacrosanct. " What can the United States benefit from dismembered Congo or plain and stable Congo?

H. Cohen: The United States is absolutely opposed to the dismemberment of the Congo. One should look at all of the resolutions in the UN Security Council sponsored by the United States. These resolutions emphasize the territorial integrity and unity of the Congo. In all of the other regions of Africa, the United States is encouraging regional integration. It would not make sense for the US to favor the dismemberment of the Congo. This objective is quite alive in Kigali, however.

Congopolis: In a sub-regional context, I want to say Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, the RDC, Congo-Brazza, the difficulty which arises for the re-establishment of peace and which is unanimous to all African and international experts, is the impunity. Do you believe in a lasting peace in this part of the Continent without bringing to judgment all the authors of crime and war crime against the humanity, which continues to make the law in this part without less concern of being worried?

H. Cohen: It is important that the general population be reassured that those who committed crimes will be brought to justice. However, this should not be confused with politicians who mismanaged the economy and engaged in corruption. If this road is pursued, it will be impossible to reach closure. I believe the various governments in the region should study the South African model of the "Truth and Reconciliation Commission" in order to find the appropriate way to overcome the impunity issue. It is also important not to misuse the word "terrorist." Political opposition, including those who may be armed, are not terrorists, although they should be prosecuted if they committed crimes against humanity. Once you start designating opposition as terrorist, the word loses all meaning.

Congopolis: When we speak to bring to justice the author of war crime, we talk of authors of crime in Rwanda in 1994 who are facing justice, we speak also and in particular the author cyclic genocides which took place in Burundi and war crimes in Congo in particular against the Hutu refugees in the equatorial forest and against the Congolese population with 3.5 million

Page 6

of death, number advanced by the NGO (Amnesty International, Human Right Watch, International Crisis Group, International Rescue Committee) and which hold some fact that these genocides really took place. A court was installed for Ex-Yugoslavia and that of Arusha for Rwanda has until now judged one group. However the crimes committed by the Rwandan Army in the North of Rwanda and those of the officers of executive of the RPF on the Congolese territory, no one speak about it. Are we dealing with a justice two weights two measures?

H. Cohen: This is an extremely important subject. When there were reports of massacres of Hutu refugees in the equatorial forest around Kisangani in 1996, the United States and others demanded a UN investigation. At that moment, Laurent Kabila was working closely with the Rwanda regime that helped install him in power. He therefore frustrated the investigation. This caused the Clinton Administration to become hostile to Kabila. When Rwanda became Kabila's enemy in 1998, he invited the UN to come and do its investigation. But, of course, the Rwandan army controlled the area, thereby preventing any inquiry. We now know from Congolese eye witnesses that the RPA systematically went to Congolese villages killing all Hutus they could find. I believe they massacred as many as 350,000 Hutu refugees. In their view, all Hutus who did not return to Rwanda after the Kivu refugee camps were destroyed were automatically considered to be Interahamwe. This investigation must now be revived, and if there are sufficient grounds, a war crimes tribunal should be established to deal with the guilty. It is also interesting to note that prosecutors in the Arusha Tribunal want to investigate crimes committed by the RPA in Rwanda against Hutus when they took power after the genocide in 1994. The Rwandan Government is refusing to cooperate with the magistrates on this issue. Finally, it is important to take testimony from Congolese living in Kivu, North Katanga, Maniema, Kisangani and Congo Orientale as to the crimes against humanity committed by the RPA, the RCD, and the MLC. We have already heard sufficient information from human rights groups to indicate that real crimes may have been committed in the eastern Congo.

Congopolis: To justify the aggression and the occupation of Congo, Paul Kagame claimed to have come to drive out Interahamwe. Today, He is withdrawing without having destroyed those which he claimed to seek and which besides were more active in the territory of the East. What can you say?

H. Cohen: The RPA's failure to destroy the Interahamwe fighters in the eastern Congo that was under RPA control is an important indicator that the Rwandans did not come into the Congo to fight the perpetrators of genocide. Indeed, we all know that most of the Interahamwe fighters joined from refugee camps and had not participated in the genocide inside Rwanda. It is also important to note that the majority of RPA soldiers in the Congo have been Hutus who were taken from prisons in Kigali where they awaited trial for participating in genocide. Undoubtedly, there were elements in the Interahamwe in the Congo who did participate in the genocide. I assume that it served Rwandan interests to keep the interahamwe soldiers "contained" rather than destroy them. It was certainly within the RPA's capacity to destroy the Interahamwe. It is ironic that the Rwandans are now demanding that the Kabila government deal with the armed Hutu in the Congo after they failed to do so.

Congopolis: How to explain that the international Community always coldly

Page 7

expressed its support to peace in Burundi? However the events which took
place in ex-Yugoslavia mobilized, in very little time, all the means of the
Western powers?

H. Cohen: The difference between the Burundi situation and the ex-Yugoslavia situation is one of geo-politics. The conflict in Yugoslavia threatened the stability of Europe. There was a danger that Greece and Turkey, two members of NATO, could enter the conflict on opposing sides. In view of the state of armaments in that part of Europe, the entire European Union risked destabilization. After two world wars in which the United States and Europe lost millions of killed and wounded, such destabilization could not be tolerated. The tragedy of Burundi has stimulated considerable interest and concern in the international community. The Clinton Administration established a program to train African battalions to intervene in African conflict because of a fear that there might a genocide in Burundi. They also named former Congressman Howard Wolpe to be a special US representative to intervene in the conflict. The US also assisted President Mandela in his role as mediator. Should the international community have sent peace keeping forces to Burundi? I believe this should have been done. I remember when UN peace keepers were proposed in 1993, the Tutsi leadership in Burundi adamantly opposed it. They said they would become guerrilla fighters in the bush to fight foreign troops. They also refused proposals for OAU soldiers to intervene. My feeling is that Burundi should become a ward of the international community because extremist elements within the minority prefer permanent conflict and endless false negotiations to democracy. The cost in human lives and humanitarian assistance is too great. International intervention in Burundi needs to be more forceful.

Congopolis: Your conclusion I believe that the people of the Democratic Republic of the Congo should be given the opportunity to decide on their own future, and their own form of government.

H. Cohen: There is a new generation of Congolese intellectuals now in their thirties and forties and early fifties who are ready to make the Congo a modern democracy that can realize its great economic potential. I am speaking of talented dedicated Congolese like President Kabila, Finance Minister Matangulu, Central Bank Governor Massangu, Jean-Oscar Ngalamulume of CIDES, Noel Tchiani and Rudy Chingunzu in the World Bank, Marcel Lengema in the Belgolaise, Ambassador Faida Mitifu in Washington, and former UN Ambassador Andre Kapanga. I am sure there are many more than those mentioned above. The old political class who are now fighting for positions in the transitional government should allow this new generation to come to power through democratic elections. It is time for the generation of 1960 to 1975 to step aside. Finally, it is important that the Congolese Government send a message to Congolese in the Tutsi ethnic group that they are considered to be Congolese citizens with all the rights and privileges attached to that citizenship. Because of the grievous errors committed by the National Conference, some Congolese Tutsis joined with the Rwandans who attempted to overthrow the Kabila regime. These Tutsis were exploited, betrayed, and killed by Kigali in the Mulenge highlands. The vast majority of Congolese Tutsis wish to remain Congolese and contribute to the country's development. They should be reassured and reintegrated. Congopolis: Thanks for your answers.

HENRY A. KISSINGER

July 1, 2002

Dear Bill:

I was delighted to be included in the dinner which you and
Lovida hosted in your home on Thursday night. Your warm
hospitality made for a wonderful time and Nancy again sends her
regrets that she was not able to join. The dinner was superb and as
usual the group which you brought together made for a terrific evening
which I enjoyed enormously.

Thank you for thinking of me and together with Nancy, we
look forward to seeing you before long.

The Honorable
William T. Coleman
O'Melveny and Myers
555 13th Street NW, Suite 500 West
Washington, DC 20004-1109

TWENTY-SIXTH FLOOR · 350 PARK AVENUE · NEW YORK, NEW YORK 10022 · (212) 759-7919
FACSIMILE (212) 759-0042

24-FEV-2002 16:23

YANOU COLLART

0142245062

P.02

YANOU'S
CHOICE

FEBRUARY 20, 2002.

JUNE 11TH 2002

NINE MONTHS AFTER
« THE TIME NEEDED TO BE BORN »

A CHARITY OF INTERNATIONAL
FRIENDSHIP AND GENEROSITY

ELEVEN EUROPEAN CHEFS WILL JOIN ELEVEN CHEFS WORKING IN AMERICA TO COOK A DINNER FOR NINETY TABLES OF ELEVEN PERSONS EACH: TEN PAYING GUESTS (A THOUSAND DOLLARS EACH) AND ONE PERSON WHO HAS SUFFERED FROM A LOST DURING THE TRAGEDY.

EACH TABLE WILL BE PRESIDED BY A CELEBRITY TO WHOM I AM ASKING TO GIVE ME TO AUCTION « SOMETHING THAT MONEY CANNOT BUY »

FOR INSTANCE: MICHAEL DOUGLAS: A PART IN HIS NEXT MOVIE, ANDRE AGASSI: FIVE TENNIS LESSONS, JULIAN SCHNABEL: A PORTRAIT BY HIM, TIGER WOODS: A GAME WITH HIM, FRED WILPON: THE OPPORTUNITY OF BEING BACKSTAGE WITH THE PLAYERS OF THE NEW YORK METS BEFORE AND AFTER THE GAME AND BE INVITED TO THEIR DINNER AFTERWARDS
LOUIS VUITTON: A BAG DESIGNED BY YOU AND MADE EXCLUSIVELY FOR YOU IN LOUIS VUITTON'S ATELIERS IN PARIS, GIORGIO ARMANI: A LUNCH AT HIS VILLA OUTSIDE MILANO DURING WHICH HE WILL DESIGN A DRESS OR A SUIT FOR YOU, A.S.O.

AN OLIVE TREE WILL BE ERECTED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ROOM WHERE THE GALA DINNER WILL TAKE PLACE AND EACH CELEBRITY, AT THE BEGINNING OF THE EVENING, WILL HANG HIS PRESENT ON IT.

ALL THE LOTS WILL BE DESCRIBED TO THE GUESTS TWO WEEKS BEFORE THE EVENT AND SUBMITTED TO A SILENT AUCTION IN ORDER TO AVOID A TOO LONG AND TOO BORING SESSION.

DURING THE DINNER, THE AUCTIONER WILL ANNOUNCE THE AMOUNT OFFERED THROUGH THE SILENT AUCTION AND GIVE THE AUDIENCE ONE MINUTE TO TOP IT. THE CELEBRITY WILL HAND HIS GIFT TO THE BUYER.

YANOU COLLART LES FLORALIES
1, AV. DE GRANDE BRETAGNE MONTE CARLO MC 98000

TEL: 00 377 97705479 CELL: 0680026550

24-FEV-2002 16:24

YANOU COLLART

0142245062

P.03

YANOU'S
CHOICE

ENTERTAINMENT: RICHARD JOO (PIANO) AND JULIAN RACHLIN (VIOLIN)

WILL PERFORM TOGETHER AND INTERPRET A SONG WRITTEN BY KATINKA DE MONTAL AND SET TO MUSIC BY RICHARD WHO IS SINCE EIGHTEEN WEEKS N° 1 ON THE BILLBOARD WITH BILLY JOEL'S CLASSICAL COMPOSITIONS FOR SOLO PIANO « FANTASIES AND DELUSIONS ».

I SENT THE SONG TO MY FRIEND JESSYE NORMAN WHO HAS ALREADY
CONFIRMED HER PRESENCE AND I HOPE SHE WILL ACCEPT TO SING IT.

I HAVE ALSO CONVINCED THE GREAT CLASSICAL CLARINETIST, GERVASE DE PEYER TO MAKE HIMSELF AVAILABLE AND I'LL ASKED WOODY ALLEN TO PLAY WITH HIM.

THE TABLES: I'LL ASK THE TOP CHINA, CRYSTAL AND SILVERWARE MANUFACTURERS (LALIQUE, BERNARDAUD, PUYFORCAT, HERMES ...) TO TAKE CHARGE OF THE TABLES SETTING.

LOCATION: AS I WANT TO MAKE THE EVENT A VERY SPIRITUAL ONE, MY DREAM IS TO BE ABLE TO ORGANIZE IT IN A CHURCH.

IF I CANNOT GET ST PATRICK'S, MY SECOND CHOICE WOULD BE ST JOHN THE DIVINE ON THE WEST SIDE.

ALL THE PROCEEDS WILL GO THE ONE OF THE CHARITY AGREED BY THE CITY
OF NEW YORK.

MY FRIEND, FRED WILPON HAS ARRANGED A MEETING WITH MR LARRY LEVY WHO RUNS THE « WORLD TRADE CENTER FUND ».

PS I'LL BE IN NEW YORK FROM FEBRUARY 28 UNTIL MARCH 6 TO MEET WITH THE MAYOR, MICHAEL BLOOMBERG AND ALL THE AUTHORITIES I WANT TO INVOLVE IN THIS EVENT.

I AM OPEN TO ANY SUGGESTION AND SHALL NEED THE HELP OF ALL MY

FRIENDS. MY PORTABLE: 310 869 8314

Washington Seminar

Parker High School
3125 Mineral Point Avenue
Janesville, WI 53545
Phone: (608) 743-5711
Fax: (608) 743-6661

March 15, 2002

Joe Van Rooy /Director
Parker High School
Phone: (608) 882-6101
E-mail: vanrooy@inwave.com

MAR 2 5 2002

Henry A. Kissinger
Center for Strategic and International Studies
1800 K. Street, N.W.
Washington D.C. 20006

Good Morning Counselor Kissinger

I am currently in preparation for the Field Study of the 30th annual Washington Seminar, the week of April 15th to the 19th. I am greatly anticipating this unique opportunity for study in our nation's capital.

Recently, I have completed a research paper on the issue of "The Taiwan Question" and U.S. policy towards China and Taiwan. During the field study in Washington, I am required to interview persons who are involved with this important issue in order to complete this research project. Several of the sources I used for this paper cited your role in these important events and it would be an honor to be granted an interview. I will be writing a position paper on "The Taiwan Question" issue and will then be participating in a public information program of the Washington Seminar after the field study, including writing an editorial for publication in the regional newspaper, *The Janesville Gazette*. I would be grateful for your assistance in completing this project.

I do hope that it will be feasible to meet with you or a member of your staff at our mutual convenience during the week of April 15th to the 19th. Perhaps you could let me know the person in your office whom I should call to arrange an interview appointment when I get to Washington? I will be making follow-up phone calls to schedule interviews when I am in Washington on Monday, April 15th.

I look forward to the opportunity of interviewing you on this important issue. Thank you.

You may reply to my home address:
4806 W. Woods Edge Rd.
Janesville, WI 53545
Phone: (608) 741-7269
Email: comfort@ticon.net

Monday, June 17, 2002

from Rebecca

Re: Communications Response Advisory Board

FYI - You are invited to join advisory board for fully
licensed and operating telephone company, Communications Response.
I will file and not respond.

To:HENRY KISSINGER (12127590042)

10:34 06/17/02 EST Pg 1-

JUN 17 2002

COMMUNICATIONS RESPONSE, INC.™

**Confidentiality Notice:** The document accompanying this facsimile message contains confidential information belonging to the sender, which is privileged. This telecopy is intended for the use of the addressee named. If you are not the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any disclosure, copying or distribution of the contents is strictly prohibited. Thank You.

June 17, 2002

Dear HENRY KISSINGER

Re: Advisory Board Compensation / Partnership

This invitation is to inform you that you have been recommended to participate as a member of the Advisory Board for a telephone company, which is fully licensed and operating in the USA.

We are actively seeking a limited number of professionals of various business experiences to expand our Advisory Board. The telephone company will be looking to the Advisory Board for new product acceptance, market need and product / price comparison.

Communications Response, Inc.™ is offering Advisory Board members a liberal compensation opportunity that could create a potential income in excess of $100,000.00 (One Hundred Thousand Dollars).

This will require two to three hours of telephone conferences per month. This includes reviewing, advising and voting on various business and partnership matters.

There are a limited number of Advisory Board seats available.

If you have an interest in being an Advisory Board member and would like to participate, we request an immediate response.

Please call 1.800.333.4959 ext. 101 for further details to see if you qualify.

If you have received this fax in error or would like it removed from our database, please call:

East Coast Headquarters
2901 Clint Moore Rd • Suite # 153 • Boca Raton, FL 33496

If you have received this fax in error or would like to be removed from our database, please call: 1-866-258-1406