# PART I

## PURPOSE

The Harvard International Seminar attempts to promote international understanding and cooperation by giving its members an opportunity:

1. To acquaint themselves firsthand and for the first time with the United States.

2. To discuss and study America's role in relation to other countries of the world.

3. To overcome national prejudices and to build lines of international communication through the daily contact of its participants with each other.

4. To bring foreign thinking and attitudes to the attention of Americans.

## GENERAL PRINCIPLES

The Harvard International Seminar is designed to meet the needs of a group not presently reached by any other exchange program. Specifically, it is concerned with those persons between the ages of twenty-five and forty who are about to attain positions of leadership in their own countries, and whose impact on their societies is considerable even now. Too old for other exchange programs, too active to leave their countries for extended periods, these men and women have tended to view the world from a narrow perspective, and have too often sought refuge in simple nationalism. It was our belief that a meeting of the most promising representatives of this group in an atmosphere such as Harvard's would go far toward promoting a better understanding of common problems and of America's deeper values.

The Harvard International Seminar does not attempt to convert its participants to the American point of view. Rather, the Seminar seeks to provide a wide range of contacts with the main aspects of American life, and by this means to enable them to form their own judgment of America's moral and material contribution to present problems. At the same time, the Seminar has been based on the belief that its participants should have an opportunity to make available to Americans and to each other their varied experiences and points of view. For all these reasons, the Seminar has been kept small enough to permit a constant interchange of ideas on a personal basis.

It was further assumed that the purposes of the Seminar could best be attained by conducting it under private auspices, making possible the freedom of discussion necessary for a cooperative effort.

2.

HISTORY OF THE HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

The Seminar was conducted for the first time in 1951 as a pilot project with twenty participants drawn from West-European students already in the United States. Its discussions not only encouraged us to continue with the idea of the Seminar, but resulted in the formation of the review CONFLUENCE, which attempts to provide a continuing forum for the international exchange of ideas between Americans, Europeans and Asians.

The success of the 1951 session encouraged the Harvard Summer School to expand its program to include Asian participants. The following year twenty-one Europeans and nineteen Asians attended the 1952 session of the Seminar. The 1953 meeting brought together sixteen Asians and twenty-three Europeans, and included, for the first time, three Americans. In 1954, with thirty-four persons attending, representatives from the Near East were included for the first time. And in 1955, with the number of those invited increased to forty-two representatives, many more members from the smaller and often neglected countries were included. This year, with forty-two members, we have continued our effort to obtain members from countries which may be small in size, but are vital elements in the world of today. Thus in 1956, two very excellent participants from Ceylon and one from Yugoslavia attended the Harvard International Seminar.

3.

# PART II

## SELECTION PROCESS

a. **Criteria and Typical Delegations:** The effectiveness of an effort such as the Harvard International Seminar depends to a large extent on its selection process. The following criteria governed the selection of applicants for the Harvard International Seminar: (1) Professional or academic activity. (2) Breadth of interests. (3) Potential impact on their country. Although it is our wish to have members from as many different countries as possible, some of the countries send larger delegations than others. In such cases, however, the points of view represented by the various members of the delegation are usually quite different in emphasis. For instance, the French delegation this year was composed of the following members: a foreign correspondent of *Le Monde* (Paris), a leading French newspaper; the Head of the Research and Documentation Department of the Common Assembly of the European Community for Coal and Steel; a staff member of the *Bulletin Analytique* of the Sorbonne who is also the author of numerous poems, essays and analytical studies, and a former high official in the government of Mendes-France who is currently the legal consultant for the Ministry of the Merchant Navy. The Japanese members consisted of: a lady lawyer; the supervisor of the Biometrics Section of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission; the General Secretary of the Japan Social Democratic Party of the Kioto Area; and the Foreign News Editor of the Tokyo Bureau of the Hokkaido Shimbun. The British delegation included a Member of Parliament, a senior civil servant, an editor of the *Manchester Guardian* and a nuclear physicist. (For complete list of participants, see Appendix H)

b. **Method of Obtaining Applications:** The method of obtaining applications varies between Europe and Asia, reflecting the relative difficulty of establishing contacts in the two areas. The European applications, numbering more than seven hundred, came from the following sources:

(1) Recommendations by a large number of European intellectual leaders who represent the panel of contributors for CONFLUENCE.

(2) Recommendations by outstanding members of previous sessions of the Harvard International Seminar.

(3) Recommendations by prominent European political and literary figures.

(4) Recommendations by members of the Harvard faculty with European acquaintances.

(5) Direct applications received as the result of publicity at universities and professional organizations, and in newspapers and periodicals.

In Asia, the number of personal contacts was more limited and more reliance had to be placed on official sources. Thus contact was had with various government bodies, such as the Ministry of Education or the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. However, contacts with various reliable persons in Asia have been expanding. The extension of CONFLUENCE to include Asian authors

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has been one reason for this, and the growing list of past Seminar partici-
pants upon whom we can call has been another.

In both areas, however, each candidate was required to submit a
formal application, two letters of recommendation and a letter explaining
his interest in the Seminar. And in all cases, the applications have been
judged solely on their own merits.

c. **Method of Making Selection:** In almost all cases, applications were submitted directly to the Harvard International Seminar. In a few countries, such as Spain, the Netherlands, the Philippines and Japan, we have found it of value to have the candidates send their applications to a selection committee in their own country for preliminary screening. These committees were composed entirely of private citizens who gave their time to the Seminar and also paid for administrative expenses. (For Japanese selection committee, a typical committee, see Appendix F.) We have also found it of value to have interviews conducted in several of the larger European countries. The procedure in this case is to reduce the applications received from these countries to about twenty for each country. Each applicant on the resulting preliminary list is then interviewed by a representative of the Harvard International Seminar in Europe. This year the interviewer in France was Mr. William Edgar, Jr., a representative of the Commercial Cable Company who has lived in France for a number of years; the interviewer in Germany was Mr. George R. Chetwynd, a Member of the British House of Commons and an outstanding "alumnus" of the Seminar; the interviewer in Italy was Mr. Howard P. Backus, who is with the American Embassy in Rome.

After all the applications and the data from the screening committees
and interviewers have been received, the applications are studied by the
Executive Director of the Seminar, his assistant, and at least one ad hoc
representative of each country; and the final selection is made.

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# PART III

## PROGRAM

The 1956 program of the Harvard International Seminar was composed of the following parts: (For a complete schedule, see Appendix E.)

a. **A Formal Academic Program:** This took the form of groups of approximately fourteen members gathered together to discuss problems of contemporary interest under the general supervision of a faculty member. The subject matter was of sufficient scope to permit each participant to treat it from the point of view of his special discipline or particular field of interest. Each group had an American chairman, and an American participant who functioned as secretary. One group dealt primarily with political problems, another with economics and sociology, and a third with the arts, literature and philosophy. Each applicant, upon acceptance, was furnished with a prospectus outlining the work which his group expected to engage in. (For reading list and outline of meetings of each group, see Appendix G.)

b. **Guest Speakers:** In addition to the group meetings, the Seminar participants were given an opportunity to become acquainted with various aspects of American life through a program of distinguished guest speakers from the professions, labor unions, industry, government and other spheres. (For list of guest speakers, see Appendix B.)

c. **Visits to American Institutions and Enterprises:** In order to diversify the program as much as possible and to introduce the members to as wide a segment of American life as possible, visits to industrial plants, newspapers, educational and cultural institutions, and various governmental bodies were arranged. (For list of tours and visits, see Appendix D.)

d. **Open Forums:** Each national group was given an opportunity to select one of its members or to form a panel to speak to an American audience on some aspect of its own country. (For a list of evening forums, see Appendix C.)

A more detailed discussion of each part of the Seminar program follows:

a. **Academic Program:** Each member of the Seminar attended one of the three seminar groups meeting three mornings a week. Professor Lincoln Gordon of the Harvard Business School directed the economics group; the group dealing with politics was conducted by Professor Earl Latham of Amherst College; and the humanities section was led by Professor Allen Tate of the University of Minnesota. Each group discussed a number of topics which reflected problems common to major portions of the world. The American chairmen first discussed the American experience with this problem and then invited one European and one Asian member to read a prepared paper before throwing the question open for discussion.

Professor Latham's political group began its discussions with a consideration of the American political system, which inevitably involved

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consideration of political systems throughout the world. Special emphasis
was laid on the decentralized character of the American system; on the
nature of American political parties; and on American foreign policy. As
the discussions developed, they tended to center on events of current interest,
such as the American elections; the Suez Canal situation; the colonial problem,
particularly in the light of Algeria; the dilemma of the Asian countries in
trying to chart a course between the conflicting ideologies of communism,
neutralism, imperialism, colonialism and nationalism. Dean McGeorge Bundy
of Harvard participated in the part of the program dealing with United States
foreign policy. The meetings closed with a reminder by Professor Latham that
the nature of our society is essentially pluralistic, and that this should be
remembered when observing and judging the United States.

The economics group, chaired by Professor Gordon, centered its
discussions around six topics: the role of government in economic life,
the determinants of productivity, economic stability and growth, regional
economic integration, international economic policies and promotion of
economic development - relations between advanced and underdeveloped countries.
Within these broad general topics, the participants found an opportunity to
become acquainted with the American experience and to present their individual
points of view for discussion.

The humanities group under Professor Allen Tate, an eminent poet
and critic, included writers, artists, philosophers and critics. This
group has proved perhaps the most difficult to conduct because while there
exists a certain similarity in political and economic problems, the humanities
vary greatly. The humanities group surmounted this problem admirably, and
from the comments of the individual members, it would be safe to say that
their gain was the greater because the problems posed were so challenging.
(For reading list and outline of meetings of each group, see Appendix G.)

b. **Guest Speakers:** Three afternoons a week were devoted to guest speakers representative of the significant phases of American life, from labor to management, from comic strips to publishing, from government to the theater. A small luncheon at the Faculty Club before each lecture afforded the opportunity for those members of the Seminar particularly interested in the speaker's speciality to meet the speaker in person. The speakers generally talked informally to the group for thirty or forty minutes, and then devoted the remainder of the time to questions from the Seminar participants. Among the speakers this year were: Paul Nitze, President of the Foreign Service Educational Foundation; Roy Wilkins, Executive Secretary of the NAACP; Philip Reed, Chairman of the Board of the General Electric Company; David Riesman, outstanding American sociologist; and Robert Bowie, Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning. (For complete list of guest speakers and for list of their comments on the Seminar, see Appendix B.)

c. **Visits to American Institutions and Enterprises:** Two days each week were set aside for tours and visits to factories, courts of law, business firms, educational and cultural institutions and hospitals. A special point was made that these visits should not be comprised simply of a tour of the establishment, but that some well-informed person or a panel of persons should be on hand to give a brief talk and answer any questions the Seminar members might have. Seminar members were free to select those

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tours which were of particular interest to them, and to request the scheduling of visits not already planned. From comments and letters, it seems that the following things impressed the Seminar participants most: the active part played in city government by all the citizens as brought out by the visit to the City of Newton; the progress being made in automation and automated factories, which was observed at the Alden Research Center in Westboro, Mass.; the excellent relations between labor and management as brought out by visits to the Ford Assembly Plant and the Rubber Worker's Union; the methods for dealing with juvenile delinquency and crime as shown in visits to the Third District Court of Middlesex County and the Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Walpole. A slightly more macabre note was struck when the Seminar members evinced an interest in seeing a funeral home, a phenomenon peculiar to our culture. (For a complete list of tours and visits, see Appendix D.)

d. Open Forums: An Open Forum was held one evening each week, and gave the Seminar members a chance to communicate some of their ideas to and discuss some of their problems with an American audience. At each meeting, two delegations, an Asian and a European, were given an hour each, and were free to nominate one of their members to speak or to form a panel for discussion. The only requirement was that the speakers or panels be willing to answer questions at the conclusion of their talks. Following the forums, the audience was invited to a reception given by the entire Seminar in the lounge of Phillips Brooks House on the Harvard Campus. The forums contributed greatly to the spirit of the Seminar, and formed an additional and provocative point of contact between the Seminar members and the community. Station WGBH arranged for the broadcasting of these talks to the Greater Boston area in both "live" and tape-recorded sessions. Some of the topics discussed by Seminar members were "The New India," "A Sketch of Japan Today," "No Miracles in Germany," and "Alliance, Neutrality and Development." (For a complete list of evening forums, see Appendix C.)

****************

**Social Program:** In addition to the formal part of the program, an effort was made to enable the Seminar members to meet people from the Boston area, and to visit Americans in their homes. A reception was held at the beginning of the Seminar to which a great number of people were invited, and many friendships developed from the occasion. The World Trade Center of Boston invited the members to a dinner at the Statler Hotel where they met a number of Boston businessmen; the Junior Chamber of Commerce gave a clambake on one of the local beaches; and several people in Ipswich, one of the outlying towns, joined together to invite the members to tea, dinner and a concert. All of these events went far in creating contacts between the community and the Seminar. Many persons, having read about the Seminar in newspaper articles, called us directly and extended invitations to the participants. It was from contacts such as these that the members gained an understanding and appreciation of American society, and it was an admirable adjunct to the more theoretical understanding gained in the formal discussions of the Seminar.

**Post-Seminar Trips:** Last year for the first time the Seminar approached some American firms asking them to arrange for post-Seminar trips

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for a number of our Seminar participants. Several companies did so, and the Seminar members who were able to take advantage of their kindness found that to be able to take such a trip broadened their understanding of America and gave an added dimension to their impression of this country. This year again several firms were contacted, for while a number of the participants had sufficient funds to travel for a limited time after the Seminar - various of them visited New York, Washington, Chicago and Atlanta - most of them had no money for such purposes and were strictly limited to whatever the Seminar was able to arrange for them.

When a company had indicated their willingness to play host to one or more of the Seminar members, we sent them a list of the participants and they chose the persons they felt would most benefit from such a contact. Thus the Crown Zellerbach Corporation invited Mr. Neville Kanakaratne of Ceylon for a tour through their Pacific Northwest Mills; Aluminium Ltd. Inc. invited Mr. Ajit Das and Mr. Narayan Rajadhyaksha of India to visit their plants in Montreal; Socony Mobil Oil Company, Inc. sponsored a tour of their installations in New York and Philadelphia by six of the European members; Standard-Vacuum invited four of the Asian members; six companies, including Ford and General Electric, pooled their efforts and sent Peter Kennedy, a brilliant young nuclear physicist, on a tour which included plants in Schnectady, Detroit, St. Louis, Houston and Los Angeles; and the National Students' Association sponsored a tour for Mr. Hiralal Bose of India. Several foundations arranged trips for the Seminar members: the Japan Society sponsored Mrs. Ai Kume; the Richardson Foundation sponsored Mr. Husain A. Mahfuz; and the Asia Foundation sponsored Mr. Yong Hee Lee, Mr. Kishiro Sakai, Mr. Eiichi Nagasue and Mr. Ming-min Peng. Altogether thirteen Asians and seven Europeans were able to travel upon the conclusion of the Seminar in this manner.

We have come increasingly to feel that these post-Seminar trips are of tremendous value, and every effort is being made to expand the scope of the program. The Seminar members have been most enthusiastic in their response, and the reaction of the companies has been very encouraging. It seems to us to be particularly important that the Seminar members realize the diversity of the American scene. These post-Seminar trips are one very good way to insure that they do.

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PART IV

EVALUATION

The Harvard International Seminar does not attempt to make its participants over in our image. What the Seminar trys to do, and it seems succeeds in doing, is to give its members a common basis in understanding their agreements and disagreements alike. It helps to correct preconceived ideas and prejudices, it provides insights into other cultures and other patterns of thought.

Nor should the value that comes simply from living together be underestimated - forty-five participants from nineteen countries sharing rooms, going to meals together, doing things as a group. As one participant put it on his evaluation sheet submitted at the Seminar's conclusion:

"But above all, the experience of getting along with people for whom you do not very often care much or have anything in common, is from my point of view one of the main fruits of the Seminar, since you prove you can get along."

Since the Seminar is held in America and the professors and guest speakers are American, it is only natural that the Seminar should have been most concerned with this country. The United States, by virtue of the unique position it occupies in world affairs, is much written about and discussed in every country of the world; but it is almost impossible for even the most intelligent person to sift the myriad information at hand and arrive at any accurate estimate of this country. There is no question that the members of the Seminar carried away a deeper insight into America, or that they came to a realization that intellectual conformity and materialism - the two sins of which America is most often accused - are not the problems they had thought them to be.

The contribution the Seminar has made to the development of its individual members is perhaps the least tangible result of the Seminar. But the contribution the Seminar members will make in their own countries to clarifying what this country and other countries stand for can be measured in more concrete terms. Among the participants this year were newspapermen from England, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Pakistan and Switzerland; professors from Belgium, China, England, France, India, Iraq, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Turkey and Yugoslavia. These people have been writing and speaking extensively about their experiences in this country. But perhaps the lasting impact of the Seminar can best be illustrated by quoting from a letter just received from one of the Dutch participants of the 1953 session, a man who despite the excited tone of his letter is one of the most balanced representatives the Seminar has ever had:

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

Today it is the day of the Soviet treason in Hungary. I do not know what has been the reaction in the U.S.A. In this country public opinion is on a boiling point. I cannot remember that we have ever been so closely with our feelings with the

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fate of a nation dying in the hands of murders. All Dutch
radio stations have changed their programs. They only give
serious music or sober comments. The flags from all houses
and public buildings are half mast to pay tribute to the Hun-
garian fighters. Sport events have been cancelled and the
Dutch team shall be withdrawn from the Olympic games unless
the Soviet Union withdraws its teams. There is a strong
pressure to cut all diplomatic relations with the Soviet
Union.

What especially occupies me is that all our ideals
to come to a world based on a small number of essential funda-
ments for international cooperation are burning. This applies
also to your international work. Though small its contribution
may be in the whole of world events, it meant something. It
meant something to all those who subscribe to the ideals on
which your work was based, and quite a few of those who parti-
cipated in this work have some influence in their countries.

I am writing you because I would ask you whether it
would not be possible to come in these gloomy days to some
closer contacts between the members of the Harvard International
Seminar, or to some greater activity.

I am fully aware of the fact that the contribution of
the Harvard International Seminar may only be extremely small.
Nevertheless it may satisfy some basic humanitarian feelings of
international understanding.

I have no concrete proposals, but I am thinking for
instance of the following idea: Would it not be possible to
collect funds among the members of the Harvard International
Seminar which might enable a victim of brute and inhuman aggres-
sion to study in the free world. Thousands of refugees are now
pouring from Hungary into Austria. Among them are boys and girls
who fought for the ideals we subscribe to, or at least which we are
expected to subscribe. By a fund as proposed above we might help
one or more boys and girls to live in a world which is (still?)
free. They might for instance study at a University whether in
the East or in the West on behalf of the Harvard International
Seminar. I am convinced that my proposals would at any rate be
shared by the members of the small countries in Western Europe.
What are your ideas about some greater activity in these chal-
lenging days?

You may quote this letter if you would like to do so,
and may count on any contribution from my side.

Sincerely yours,

Jan Wemelsfelder
Chief of the International Economic
Cooperation Research Section of the
Ministry of Economic Affairs

11.

Each of the members has broadened his perspective both with
respect to the United States and with respect to the fellow nations
of the non-Communist world. Tolerance and understanding have grown out
of living together and together experiencing the entire program. The
members have been the more responsive to their opportunity, as they
themselves have emphasized, because of the lack of preaching, the sense
of dedication to them, with which the Seminar is conducted. This spon-
taneity of effort, this freedom of activity and thought is made possible
by the private sponsorship which the Seminar has received. Herein lies
the major factor in the success of the Seminar thus far.

The effectiveness of the Seminar is perhaps better summed up
in this paragraph from a letter we received from a French professor:

At this precise moment, I receive a letter from Alain Clement
(a French participant and correspondent for the neutralist,
influential *Le Monde*). I never saw a reasonable young Frenchman
so enthusiastic about anything. The USA is wonderful, Harvard
is wonderful, the Summer School Director is wonderful, and so
on, and so forth. It certainly was a hit, and that fact gives
me great pleasure: he tells me he is to write on his American
experiences in *Le Monde*, and I only hope he won't lose his job
for being sold out to the Yankees. Seriously, I am convinced
that this kind of thing is just what the USA ought to go for.
Unfortunately, they are not always convinced of that - and they
do not always find the human material they would need on this
side for a good job.

or in the following comment by Professor Latham, leader of the political
section of the Seminar:

As one impressionistic measure of the degree to which the
idea of the Seminar took hold, I might mention the large
number of people who volunteered the information that they
had got much out of their experience; that it was just the
thing they needed to aid understanding of the American culture
and its institutions; and that they felt great regret that the
visit was so short and that they would now have to go home. So
far as I can see, these sentiments were universally shared. I
mention it only because the expressions this time were so numerous
and so strong.

The warmth of the reaction of the Seminar participants can be
seen in the extracts from their letters which can be found in Appendix A.

EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS FROM PARTICIPANTS

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

It is not so easy to get used again to my old, orphaned desk
and only the need to reply to a veritable mountain of mail eases my task
somewhat. But it also makes it more difficult for it only increases my
"nervous" impatience finally to get down to essentials and to "make"
something of my American experiences. Everything depends then on collec-
ting oneself again, to return to fundamentals and to leave hang in the
trees of Harvard Yard that part of us which is still there. There is
something like a homesickness involved - the Yard appears in the melan-
choly light of a late afternoon, a fortunate illusion that has already
disappeared again. To travel is to experience something of the secret
of Eros; every journey makes us lose a part of our innocence, one
consumes enormously much "world" without ever paying for it. But when
we return we see the other side of the coin - the happiness and the
innocence lie behind us in a past forever lost....

Were you to ask me about the sense and value of the Seminar,
I should reply: community, yes, and encounter and discussion, mutual
discovery, best when it was most private...but what is the need of my
saying it, you know it better than I. That was precisely the warming,
the sovereign part of your organization that you expected nothing direct,
that you attempted to create something invisible from a wide perspective,
just as a wise businessman who understands that confidence is the
strongest capital. This is of course the only meaningful creativity
because if you want serious and permanent results - and of course you
do - then they can occur only silently and unnoticed, in the very core,
the very depth of our being. For that which occurs on the surface on
the plane of loud-speakers, bureaucrats, and ideologies outdates itself
in four weeks.

My dear Mr. Kissinger:

Time certainly flies, for it has now been over a week since I
left the Harvard Yard and the unforgettable memory of those joyful days
I had the pleasure of spending with you and the other members of the
Seminar, associated with the picturesque vision of green ivy scrolling
over those historic, old buildings, is still warm in my heart.

I sincerely wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to all
those to whom I owe so much for those many happy days I spent in the
Yard, and I am sure that the other Japanese participants join me in

wonderful opportunity you gave me by asking me to join the Seminar. It has been a unique experience, one sees that more and more when looking at it in perspective. I feel that I learnt so much during those two months.

With best wishes.

Yours sincerely,

Giorgio Borsa
Head of the Eastern Asia Department
of the Instituto Studi Politica
Internazionale, Correspondent for
the London Times.

Dear Dr. Kissinger:

I do not want to leave America before expressing my heartfelt gratitude at your hospitality and kindness. I am very proud to have known you and I shall follow with great interest the further rise of your career.

The courses at Harvard University have greatly enriched my knowledge about America, and as a newspaperman, I shall forever endeavour to work toward still closer understanding between your country and mine. One point which America and Indonesia have in common is the democracy - which guarantees the civil liberties of men.

I leave New York on Saturday for London taking with me pleasant memories of all the persons who have made our stay pleasant. Please say hello for me to the three girls at your office.

As always,

Harris Sitompoel
Editor of Merdeka, a leading Indonesian daily.

Dear Henry:

Next week, I'll go to a panEuropean Congress to Paris and meet Francois and Paul Salleron, maybe they are concentrating some more HISA people. With about half of my seminar colleagues I am still in contact, I just got a letter of Price Mejia from the Philippines, dreaming of our Bombay meeting. I am still much in favour of this project. We know so little about Asia then I had before. As often as I change letters with my colleagues and as ever I meet one of them like Nossent or Onken, we are grateful to you and we are sure, that the weeks in Cambridge were among the best we spent in our life. If you don't manage the Asian Congress, try to concentrate the best of the HISA people f.e. every ten years for two weeks. That should be possible, if we help you in fund raising.

You will be astonished, if I tell you, that I felt more than
one time homesick for Harvard and when I told a few days ago to a group
of young students about my stay there, I was moved to tears and don't
feel ashamed about that - besides, this happens rather seldom with me,
you know I am more or less - or pretend to be - a cynic fellow.

Forgive my many mistakes, please, I can't use my English.

Best regards.

Sincerely yours,

Wilfried Gredler
Member of the Austrian Parliament

Dear Dr. Kissinger:

The Seminar came up to my expectations. This is largely due to
the vividness and sometimes penetrating character of the debate and
discussions.

It certainly fills the needs we generally feel to understand
each other, for only by grouping many kinds of ideology, individual
viewpoints and discussion, we may understand each other, even if we
do not share each other's viewpoint.

Seen from my individual interests (politics as well as culture),
I must say that this Seminar has given me much to think about, on political
as well as humanitarian field, as regards the United States as well as
the other countries, where the participants come from.

Yours truly,

Hazil
Executive Assistant to the
President of Pembangunan LTD,
Publishers and Booksellers, Indonesia

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

I received the picture of last year's group. As soon as I
got it, I looked back upon our life at Harvard last year and became
a little sentimental. So long as I am alive, my memory of the Seminar
will never wither away and urge myself in many respects.

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

I avail myself of this opportunity to express my deep thanks
to you for making it possible for me to participate in the 1956 session
of the International Seminar. I must say that the Seminar has done me
good, and that I understand the American point of view on the issues
that divide our two countries better than I did before. The value of the
Seminar from the point of view of my own interests, expectations and needs
lies in getting an opportunity to have a heart to heart talk with the
people of different nationalities, with a view to stressing the fact that
we are more alike than different and that it is in our interest to explore
more and more the areas of our agreement than to exaggerate our differences.

From this point of view, the Seminar has been an unique opportunity
in my life. And I am sure that out of such Seminars will evolve better
understanding and closer ties of friendship.

I must conclude by saying that though my stay here has been
short, my memories of it will be long. I carry with me a fund of goodwill
towards America and her people.

Thanking you,

N.D. Rajadhyaksha
Lecturer in Logic and Philosophy,
Jai Hind College, Bombay; also
closely associated with adult
education work

Dear Dr. Kissinger:

The Seminar fulfills the purpose of making people from different
countries, religions and ideologies, live together and share the same
activities. It makes many of them overcome prejudices and understand
problems different than theirs. On the other hand, I think it gives the
chance to many to get acquainted with many aspects of the American life.
In this aspect too many preconceived ideas disappear and one can get a
more impartial knowledge about the American questions. But above all the
experience of getting along with people for whom you do not very often
care much or have anything in common, is from my point of view one of
the main fruits of the Seminar, since you prove you can get along.

Dear Dr. Kissinger:

Back home I am availing the first opportunity to convey my sense
of deep gratitude to you personally and the Harvard University International
Seminar for my trip to U.S.A. and the eight weeks long participation in the
Seminar.

GUEST SPEAKERS
HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

| Date | Speaker | Description |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| July 10th | Kenneth B. Murdock, Chairman of the Committee on General Education of Harvard University. | |
| July 12th | Paul Nitze, President of the Foreign Service Educational Foundation. | |
| July 16th | Stanley H. Ruttenberg, Director, Department of Research, A.F.L. - C.I.O. | |
| July 19th | Roy Wilkins, Executive Secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. | |
| July 23rd | Gilbert Seldes, well-known expert on American radio and television. | |
| July 24th | General James McCormack, Assistant to the President of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. | |
| July 26th | James Burnham, Professor in the Department of Philosophy at New York University. | |
| July 30th | David Riesman, outstanding American sociologist. | |
| July 31st | Philip Reed, Chairman of the Board of General Electric. | |
| August 2nd | Sevellon Brown III, Editor of the Providence Journal. | |
| August 6th | Joseph E. Johnson, President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. | |
| August 7th | Al Capp, cartoonist, creator of "Li'l Abner." | |
| August 8th | Robert Bowie, Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning. | |
| August 9th | Cheryl Crawford, theatrical producer. | |
| August 13th | Max Millikan, Director of the Center for International Studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. | |
| August 14th | Gilbert Clee, McKinsey and Co., a firm of management consultants. | |
| August 16th | The Honourable James Sinclair, Minister of Fisheries, Canada. | |
| August 20th | Caryl Haskins, President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. | |

A more complete statement on each of the Guest Speakers can be found in
the weekly schedules which appear under Appendix E.

aspects of this country and contributed to the understanding of
what to me was an impressive group. I can assure you that I carried
away a fortified spirit from my experience with your Seminarians.
And so I'm indebted to you.

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

I can assure you that I got a great deal out of my
very short stay with the group and, as some of my colleagues and
friends could readily tell you, have been enthusiastically singing
its praises since. The best compliment I can pay you is to say
that I should like to be a member all the way through one of these
sessions, but that is unfortunately just a dream.

With best regards.

INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR OPEN FORUMS

July 12th Messrs. Michael Davis, Peter Kennedy, William Ross and John Townsend held a panel discussion on "Any Questions on Britain?" Mrs. Herawati Diah spoke on "Indonesia Since Independence."

July 19th Messrs. Guy d'Arvisenet and Jean Paris spoke on "What's Ahead for France." Mr. Bangalore Kuppuswamy spoke on "The New India."

July 26th Miss Alasia Borghese and Messrs. Ernesto de Marchi and Giovanni Merlini spoke on "Italy a Fortnight Ago." Messrs. Aziz Beg, A. Mannon Omar and Imaduddin Sheikh spoke on "Progress in Pakistan."

August 2nd Messrs. Yong Hee Lee and Neville T.D. Kanakaratne spoke on "Alliance, Neutrality and Development." Messrs. Joachim Gehlhoff and Herbert Pothorn spoke on "No Miracles in Germany."

August 8th Messrs. Bangalore Kuppuswamy, Eric Mettler and William Ross spoke on "What the World Thinks of America."

August 9th Mr. Husain Ali Mahfuz spoke on "Islam's Answer to the Present Crisis." Mrs. Ai Kume and Messrs. Mikiso Mizuki, Eiichi Nagasue and Kishiro Sakai spoke on "A Sketch of Japan Today."

August 16th Mr. Ceferino Padua spoke on "Philippine-American Relations." Messrs. Emil Meijer and Joseph Van Bilsen spoke on "From Amsterdam to Leopoldville."

Each of the speakers was required to answer questions from the floor at the conclusion of his talk. A reception in the Phillips Brooks House followed the Open Forums and provided an opportunity for discussion to continue on an informal plane.

SCHEDULE OF TRIPS AND TOURS

<table><tr><td>July 4</td><td>Sightseeing tour of Boston</td></tr><tr><td>July 6</td><td>Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Somerville, Mass.</td></tr><tr><td>July 7</td><td>Tea, picnic supper and concert at Castle Hill</td></tr><tr><td>July 10</td><td>Executive Council Meeting of the United Rubber Workers' Union</td></tr><tr><td>July 11</td><td>Tour of the Massachusetts State House, and meeting with Governor Christian Herter<br/>Cocktail party and clambake given by the World Trade Center in the Statler Hotel</td></tr><tr><td>July 13</td><td>Visit to the City of Newton</td></tr><tr><td>July 14</td><td>Baseball game -- Boston Redsox and Chicago White Sox</td></tr><tr><td>July 17</td><td>Performance of Henry V at Sanders Theater</td></tr><tr><td>July 18</td><td>Boston Museum of Fine Arts<br/>Reception by American Academy of Arts and Sciences</td></tr><tr><td>July 20</td><td>Visit to Deerfield Academy, Deerfield, Mass.</td></tr><tr><td>July 25</td><td>Framingham Shopping Center<br/>Visit to a Boston law office for six lawyer members of the Seminar.</td></tr><tr><td>July 27</td><td>Visit to the offices of The Christian Science Monitor</td></tr><tr><td>July 28</td><td>Clambake on Scituate Beach given by the Junior Chamber of Commerce</td></tr><tr><td>August 1</td><td>South Boston Housing Project</td></tr><tr><td>August 3</td><td>Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Walpole</td></tr><tr><td>August 8</td><td>First National Bank of Boston</td></tr><tr><td>August 10</td><td>Daniel O'Brien Funeral Home</td></tr><tr><td>August 14</td><td>Second meeting of the Executive Council of the Rubber Workers' Union</td></tr><tr><td>August 15</td><td>Alden Research Center in Westboro, Mass.</td></tr><tr><td>August 17</td><td>M.I.T. Nuclear Research Laboratory</td></tr><tr><td>August 21</td><td>Final Dinner and farewell party at the Boston Harvard Club</td></tr></table>

SCHEDULE

Thursday, July 5th

9:30 - 11:00 - Meeting of the Economics Group in Lamont, Room 403

9:30 - 11:00 - Meeting of the Humanities Group in Lamont, Room 502

11:00 - 12:30 - Meeting of the Political Group in Lamont, Room 403

3:00 - Welcoming talk by Professor William Y. Elliott, Director of
the Harvard Summer School, in Lamont, Room 101.

4:45 - 6:45 - Reception at the Harvard Union for all members of the
Seminar - to greet friends from the Cambridge-Boston area.

Friday, July 6th

1:00 - Bus will leave Memorial Hall for a visit to the Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant in Somerville. This will include a tour of the plant as well as a chance to meet with representatives of both the management and labor groups. You will be back by 3:00.

Saturday, July 7th

3:30 - Bus will leave Memorial Hall for Castle Hill. This visit will include a cocktail party and a picnic supper at private homes in Ipswich, to be followed by an outdoor program of modern ballet presented by Jose Limon and Company. PLEASE SIGN UP FOR THIS ON THE BULLETIN BOARD WHICH IS RIGHT OUTSIDE THE WELD HALL BY THURSDAY. They must know who is coming in order to facilitate their planning. Your host for the cocktails will be Mr. William Phillips, for the dinner will be Mr. Albert C. Burrage, and for the program will be Mr. Richard Scullin.

Next week we will give you another schedule, but we want to tell you about one event which will be taking place, and which we would like you to sign up for BY THURSDAY OF THIS WEEK. This is a cocktail party and "real New England Clambake" (it is called a clambake, but all sorts of seafood are served) which will be given by the World Trade Center. They have extended a cordial invitation to all Seminar members to come to this, and have invited a number of Boston businessmen. It should be a most enjoyable event. PLEASE DO SIGN UP IF YOU WISH TO GO. They need to know in order to make their arrangements.

You are, of course, welcome to attend any of the summer school functions.

SCHEDULE

Second Week

Monday, July 9th

Tuesday, July 10th

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Kenneth B. Murdock, Chairman of the Committee on General Education of Harvard University. Former Dean of the Faculty at Harvard. Mr. Murdock will speak on "Education and Harvard University."

4:00 - Meet at Memorial Hall to go to a meeting of the Executive Council of the United Rubber Worker's Union, a Member of the A. F. of L. This will be a regular meeting, but those attending will be welcome to participate in it. PLEASE SIGN UP FOR THIS ON THE BULLETIN BOARD IN WELD HALL. Twelve persons are as many as it is practicable for them to invite, and so only the first twelve to sign up will be able to go. However, they will be having another meeting on the 14th of August, and anyone who is unable to go this time can go then.

Wednesday, July 11th

1:30 - Meet on the steps of Weld Hall to visit the State House. This trip will include a tour of the State House and a meeting with the Governor of Massachusetts, Christian Herter.

5:30 - Meet on the steps of Weld Hall to go to the cocktail party and "real New England Clambake" which will be given by the World Trade Center, and to which a number of Boston businessmen have been invited.

Thursday, July 12th

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Paul Nitze, President of the Foreign Service Educational Foundation. Former Chief of the Policy Planning Staff of the Department of State. Mr. Nitze will speak on "American Foreign Policy."

8:00 - Emerson, Room D - International Seminar Public Forum. Messrs. Michael Davis, Peter Kennedy, William Ross and John Townsend will hold a panel discussion on "Any Questions on Britain?" Mrs. Herawati Diah will speak on "Indonesia Since Independence." Following these talks, there will be a reception in the second floor lounge of the Phillips Brooks House.

Friday, July 13th

9:00 - Bus will leave Memorial Hall for a visit to the city of Newton.
Included in the tour will be a visit to the public schools where classes
will be in session, a visit to City Hall to talk with the Mayor and see
the Hall, lunch in Newton's Library, a panel discussion by representative
leaders of all branches of community life to be followed by a question
period, and a tea or punch party. If anyone has any questions they would
like the panel to discuss, please give these to Sam Parkman as soon as
possible. Also, the Mayor of Newton has sent us some information about
the city which he thought you might be interested to see before your visit,
and you will find this on the table in Weld Hall. PLEASE SIGN UP FOR THIS
VISIT BY WEDNESDAY IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO GO.

Saturday, July 14th

1:00 - Meet on the steps of Weld Hall to go to Fenway Park for a baseball game between the Boston Red Sox and the Chicago White Sox. PLEASE SIGN UP FOR THIS ON THE BULLETIN BOARD IN WELD.

SCHEDULE

Third Week

Monday, July 16th

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Stanley H. Ruttenberg, Director, Department of Research, American Federation of Labor - Congress of Industrial Organization. Mr. Ruttenberg is also a member of several advisory committees to the Federal Government. He will speak on "Labor Unions in America."

Tuesday, July 17th

8:30 - Performance of Henry V at Sanders Theater. PLEASE SIGN UP FOR THIS ON THE BOARD BY MONDAY. We will then give you your tickets Tuesday afternoon.

Wednesday, July 18th

1:15 - Meet on the steps of Weld Hall to go by public transportation to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Miss Randall of the Museum will give a brief talk, answer any questions, and then take you to see some of the more exceptional sections of the Museum.

8:00 - Go to the Fogg Art Museum for a reception given by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. There will be a program which will include a brief talk by Mr. Kanakaratne as representative of the International Seminar. This will be followed by refreshments. Members of the Foreign Student Summer Project at M.I.T. will also be present. PLEASE SIGN UP FOR THIS ON THE BULLETIN BOARD BY MONDAY.

Thursday, July 19th

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Roy Wilkins, Executive Secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Mr. Wilkins will speak on "The Situation of the Negro in America."

8:00 - Emerson, Room D - International Seminar Public Forum. Mr. Guy d'Arvisenet and Mr. Jean Paris will speak on some aspect of France. Mr. Bangalore Kuppuswamy will speak on "The New India." Following these talks, there will be a reception in the second floor lounge of the Phillips Brooks House.

Friday, July 20th

9:00 - Bus leaves Memorial Hall for visit to Deerfield Academy in Deerfield, Mass. This private secondary school for boys is situated in an historic New England

SCHEDULE

Fourth Week

Monday, July 23rd

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Gilbert Seldes, well-known expert on American radio and television, author of numerous successful books including *The Great Audience and Writing for Television*. Mr. Seldes has also had wide experience as an editor, correspondent and columnist. He will speak on "Radio, Television and Films in America."

Tuesday, July 24

9:00 - Mr. Whitcomb of the Raymond & Whitcomb Travel Co. will be here to make arrangements for after the Seminar. He will be in the Commons Room until 1:00, or later if people so desire.

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: General James McCormack, Assistant to the President of M.I.T. Formerly Chief of the Military Liaison Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, and Chief of Research and Development of the Air Force. General McCormack will speak on "American Military Policy and the Atomic Energy Program."

Wednesday, July 25th

1:30 - Bus will leave Memorial Hall for the Framingham Shopping Center, an extensive suburban shopping district where all types of stores are grouped together under one roof for their mutual advantage and the advantage of the consumer. Someone from the staff will meet with the group and then a guided tour has been arranged with an opportunity to question the managers of the various stores. You should be back by 4:30 or so.

Those who are going on the law tour (Feyzioglu, Ibler, Kanakaratne, Kume, Padua and Simonard) should meet on the steps of Weld Hall at 12:30.

Thursday, July 26th

11:00 - 12:30 - Meeting of the Politics Group in Lamont, Room 403

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: James Burnham, Professor in the Department of Philosophy at New York University, and noted author of *The Managerial Revolt* and *The Coming Defeat of Communism*. Mr. Burnham will make a defence of the Investigating Committees, including the McCarthy Committee.

- 2 -

8:00 - Emerson, Room D - International Seminar Public Forum. Miss Borghese, Mr. de Marchi and Mr. Merlini will speak on "Italy a Fortnight Ago." Mr. Beg, Mr. Omar and Mr. Sheikh will speak on "Progress in Pakistan." Following these talks there will be a reception in the second floor lounge of the Phillips Brooks House.

Friday, July 27th

9:45 - Meet on the steps of Weld Hall to go by public transportation to the newspaper offices of the Christian Science Monitor. The visit will include an inspection of the entire plant, as well as talks with some of the editorial writers.

Saturday, July 28th

3:00 - Leave Memorial Hall to go to a beach party and clambake at the Castle Hill Beach. There will be twenty-five members of the Junior Chamber of Commerce (who will be about 21-40 years old) there as well. This should be great fun, and be sure to take your swimming suits.

Summer School Activities:

Monday, July 23 at 8:30 in Sanders Theatre, Memorial Hall, there will be two lectures on "Presidential Campaign Politics" by Samuel Lubell and Denis Brogan. Mr. Lubell is author of *Revolt of the Moderates* and *The Future of American Politics*. Mr. Denis Brogan is Professor of Political Science, University of Cambridge, and author of *Politics in America*.

SCHEDULE

last three weeks

Sixth Week

Monday, August 6th

9:30 - 11:00 - Meeting of the Economics Group in Lamont, 403

9:30 - 11:00 - Meeting of the Humanities Group in Lamont, 502

11:00 - 12:30 - Meeting of the Political Group in Lamont, 403

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Joseph E. Johnson, President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Mr. Johnson will speak on "The Role of Private Foundations in America."

Tuesday, August 7th

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Al Capp, famous cartoonist, creator of "Li'l Abner," radio and theater producer, satirist on American life. Past sessions considered Mr. Capp one of the most amusing speakers of the Seminar.

Wednesday, August 8th

10:15 - Meet on the steps of Weld Hall to go by public transportation to the First National Bank of Boston. There will be a tour of the bank and then a luncheon given by the bank with members of the bank present. Only twenty will be able to go on this, so it will be first come, first served. PLEASE SIGN UP FOR THIS ON THE BULLETIN BOARD BY MONDAY, AUGUST 6th.

8:30 - Allston Burr Hall, Room B - Mr. Kuppuswamy, Mr. Mettler and Mr. Ross will give lectures on the general topic "What the World Thinks of America." Mr. Kissinger will be moderator. This program will be sponsored jointly by the Harvard Summer School and the Summer Session of M.I.T.

Thursday, August 9th

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Cheryl Crawford, theatrical producer. Miss Crawford has produced such performances as *The Tempest*, *Brigadoon*, and the *Rose Tattoo*. She will talk on "The Theater in America."

8:00 - Emerson, Room D - International Seminar Public Forum. Mr. Mahfuz will speak on "Crisis in the Middle East." The Japanese delegation will speak on the topic "A Sketch of Japan Today." The talks will be followed by a reception in the second floor lounge of the Phillips Brooks House.

- 2 -

Friday, August 10th

Mr. Robert Bowie, who is Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning and a close associate of Mr. Dulles, will speak to the group either Thursday, August 9th, Friday, August 10th or Monday, August 13th. Please watch the bulletin board for further information as to when this will be. There may have to be a change of schedule.

Summer School Activities: The Summer School is having a Conference on "General Education at the Crossroads." There will be three public evening sessions on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, August 6th, 7th and 8th, to which you will be admitted free on presentation of your privilege card. These will be held in the New Lecture Hall at 8:30. For more details, see the posters which will be put up on the bulletin boards.

Seventh Week

Monday, August 13th

Tuesday, August 14th

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Gilbert Clee of McKinsey and Co., a large firm of management consultants. Mr. Clee will speak on "The Relationship Between Management and Advertising in America."

4:00 - Meet at Memorial Hall to go to a meeting of the Executive Council of the United Rubber Worker's Union, a Member of the A.F.L - C.I.O. This will be a regular meeting, but those attending will be welcome to participate in it. The persons who are signed up for this are: Bose, Townsend, Padua, Kennedy, Davis, Ross, Sheikh, Omar, Diah, Borghese, Soignie, and Kume. If any of these people find they cannot go now, please let us know so that someone else can take your place.

Wednesday, August 15th

1:15 - Bus will leave Memorial Hall for a visit to the Carling Brewery in Natick. This plant is partly automated, and you will have a chance to look around and talk to some of the personnel.

Thursday, August 16th

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Max Millikan, Director of the Center for International Studies at M.I.T. Mr. Millikan has advised the Government on foreign economic policy on a number of occasions. He will speak on "American Economic Policy."

8:00 - Emerson, Room D - International Seminar Public Forum. Mr. Van Bilsen, Mr. Meijer and Mr. Padua will speak on topics which will be posted on the bulletin board at a later date. Their talks will be followed by a reception in the second floor lounge of the Phillips Brooks House.

Friday, August 17th

9:30 - Meet on the steps of Weld Hall to go to the M.I.T. Nuclear Research Laboratory. There will be a tour and a chance to ask questions. Mr. Zacharias of the Laboratory will show you around and give a brief talk.

Monday, August 20th

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Caryl Haskins, President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, one of the most influential scientific institutions in the United States. Mr. Haskins is President of Haskins Laboratorys, Inc. He will speak on "American Science."

Tuesday, August 21st

5:45 - Final Dinner. Meet on the steps of Weld Hall to go to the Harvard Club, 374 Commonwealth Avenue, for cocktails and dinner. Plans for the rest of the evening will be announced later, but perhaps we should warn you that drinks during the evening will be at your own expense.

REVISED SCHEDULE

for the end of the Seminar

Wednesday, August 8th

10:15 - Meet on the steps of Weld Hall to go by public transportation to the First National Bank of Boston. There will be a tour of the bank and then a luncheon given by the bank with members of the bank present. Only twenty will be able to go on this, so it will be first come, first served. PLEASE SIGN UP FOR THIS BY MONDAY, AUGUST 6th. You will be back in plenty of time to hear Mr. Bowie.

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Robert Bowie, Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning and a close associate of Mr. Dulles. He will speak on "American Foreign Policy."

Thursday, August 9th

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Cheryl Crawford, theatrical producer. Miss Crawford has produced such performances as *The Tempest*, *Brigadoon*, and *The Rose Tattoo*. She will talk on "The Theater in America."

8:00 - Emerson, Room D - International Seminar Public Forum. Mr. Mahfuz will speak on "Islam's Answer to the Present Crisis." The Japanese delegation will speak on the topic "A Sketch of Japan Today." The talks will be followed by a reception in the second floor lounge of the Phillips Brooks House.

Friday, August 10th

10:15 - Meet on the steps of Weld Hall to go by public transportation to the Daniel O'Brien Funeral Home.

Monday, August 13th

- 2 -

Tuesday, August 14th

4:00 - Meet at Memorial Hall to go to a meeting of the Executive Council of the United Rubber Worker's Union, a Member of the A.F.L. - C.I.O. This will be a regular meeting, but those attending will be welcome to participate in it. The persons who are signed up for this are: Bose, Townsend, Padua, Kennedy, Davis, Ross, Sheikh, Omar, Diah, Borghese, de Soignie and Kume. If any of these people find they cannot go now, please let us know so that someone else can take your place.

Wednesday, August 15th

9:00 - 12:00 - Everybody should go to the Common Room in Holworthy to see the tax official. This is very painless but absolutely necessary.

1:15 - Meet at Memorial Hall to go to the Alden Research Center in Westboro, Massachusetts. These people do research on the problems of converting to automation, and will be glad to show you around and answer any questions you might have. They apparently also have movies and demonstrations available. PLEASE SIGN UP FOR THIS BY MONDAY, AUGUST 13th. You may have to plan to eat a little early on this day. This visit will take the place of the visit to the Carling Brewery.

Thursday, August 16th

9:30 - 11:00 → Meeting of the Humanities Group in Lamont, 502

There will probably be a visit to the Boston Psychopathic Hospital in the afternoon, but watch the bulletin board for confirmation.

Friday, August 17th

9:30 - Meet on the steps of Weld Hall to go to the M.I.T. Nuclear Research Laboratory. There will be a tour and a chance to ask questions. Mr. Demos of the Laboratory will show you around and give a brief talk.

-3-

Monday, August 20th

2:30 - Lamont 101 - Guest Speaker: Caryl Haskins, President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, one of the most influential scientific institutions in the United States. Mr. Haskins is President of the Haskins Laboratorys, Inc. He will speak on "American Science."

Tuesday, August 21st

HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

1956

ECONOMIC GROUP

CHAIRMAN: LINCOLN GORDON

READING LIST

As a "seminar" is conducted in American universities, its success depends on participation, formal or informal, by all its members. The function of the leader is to organize the program, to make a preliminary presentation of the topics to be covered, and to try to guide the discussions toward some measure of coherence and focus. In this case, he will have the special task of indicating how these themes are envisaged from an American perspective, and of eliciting from the other participants statements of how the topics are dealt with in their own cultures and in their own individual thinking.

In the course of the seminar, several members of the group will be asked to give fairly substantial reports, of something like forty-five minutes each, on various sub-topics of their choosing, and others will be invited to prepare briefer comments on these or related subjects. The reports may deal either with European and Asian material or with American topics as viewed critically through the experience of another society. Each participant is urged to prepare a report in one of the topics of the outline prior to his arrival at the seminar, using materials available in his own country.

The following indication of the scope of the course is offered not as a rigid outline, but to suggest to the participants the kinds of topics that may be chosen for discussion. Since the place of the meeting is in the United States, the American experience has been taken as a point of departure. This is not meant to exclude other experiences but rather to elicit the fullest statement of the political experiences of the participant's culture or society. The books mentioned are, therefore, not to be taken as "assignments" but rather, from their titles and contents

2.

as indications of the range of questions that may profitably be raised in the seminar. It is suggested that participants before arriving in America prepare themselves to discuss at least one of the topics using either the books listed below or others illustrative of the same problem in their own background. Since the members of the seminar are mature persons, who will wish to follow their own judgment as to how they can make their most useful contribution to the seminar, it has not been thought desirable to prescribe an elaborate program of weekly reading. But one or two articles or chapters from books will be recommended each week, in order that discussions may be focused on some common reading, and the chairman will suggest a more detailed list of readings on American treatments of these themes for the use of those who wish to pursue these in greater detail either during their visit or after returning home.

Six topics have been chosen to guide the seminar in planning its work, although some modification will perhaps be possible if the participants wish. It is likely, however, that the topics are sufficiently broad to offer an opportunity for expression for the various points of view in the group. It is contemplated that each topic would elicit at least one expression each of an American, a European, and an Asian view. The topics are:

(1) The Role of Government in Economic Life.

What are the different concepts of the proper role of government in a modern economy? What are the differing roles of government in different societies and the changing role over time in a given society? What parts are played by doctrine as against empirical experiment in determining the role? What are the effects of war and cold war conditions? What are the differing concepts of planning and controls, as they affect internal and external economic conditions?

(2) The Determinants of Productivity.

What are the factors that make for stagnation or growth? Under present conditions, does the main impetus to growth come from the push of enterprise or the pull of demand? How important is competition as a dynamic force, and how can competition be strengthened? What are the related problems of management-labor relations, management and labor attitudes, incentives, etc.?

3.

(3) Economic Stability and Growth.

Is the business cycle obsolete? Has chronic inflation replaced intermittent
depression as the central problem of national economic policy? How effective are
indirect and direct controls in maintaining stability and fostering growth? How
are they affected by concepts of equitable income distribution, limits on taxation,
organized pressures for wage increases, and the channeling of large proportions of
income through the governmental budget?

(4) <u>Regional Economic Integration.</u>

Does regional integration, in Europe or elsewhere, promise substantial improvement in political relations or in economic conditions? What are the similarities and differences between intranational and international integration? To what extent are regionalism and broader goals of international economic policy conflicting or compatible?

(5) International Economic Policies

What are the central problems in achieving an orderly world economy? Are the goals of the Bretton Woods system achievable? Is there a chronic tendency to "dollar shortage" and, if so, why? Can underdeveloped countries fit into a general framework of world rules for international trade and finance? Can the Soviet bloc be so included?

(6) Promotion of Economic Development: Relations Between Advanced and Underdeveloped Countries.

What are the principal obstacles to accelerated economic development? Do the advanced countries have a positive interest in promoting such development, and, if so, what is the nature of that interest? What are the respective roles of domestic measures and outside assistance, and, within the latter category, of private capital, public technical assistance, and public loans or grants? Should such assistance be organized internationally or be bilateral in nature? What is the significance in this connection of "Competitive coexistence" between the Soviet and Atlantic Community groups of nations?

It would be hoped that each of the topics is sufficiently broad to enable
every participant in the seminar to select one aspect of one of these topics
which interests him, and on which he will undertake the preparation of a paper, or
material for a paper, before leaving for Cambridge. Such a paper may discuss a
topic generally but preferably would concentrate on it from the national point of
view of the participant preparing the paper.

In order that the participants may have some opportunity to think about the
topics under discussion, and some introduction to the materials in English on them,
the following reading suggestions are offered. These should be treated as a
selection to be sampled from, not as assignments to be read completely:

4.

(1) <u>The Role of Government in Economic Life.</u>

J.K. Galbraith, <u>American Capitalism</u> (Houghton Mifflin, 1952).

J.M. Clark, <u>Alternative to Serfdom</u> (Knopf, 1948).

G.A. Steiner, <u>Government's Role in Economic Life</u> (McGraw-Hill, 1953).

G.P. Adams, <u>Competitive Economic Systems</u> (Crowell, 1955).

J.A. Schumpeter, <u>Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, Third Edition</u>,
(Harper's, 1950).

(2) <u>The Determinants of Productivity.</u>

W.E. Rappard, <u>The Secret of American Prosperity</u> (Greenberg, 1955).

A.R. Burns, <u>Comparative Economic Organization</u> (Prentice-Hall, 1955).

M. Gilbert and I.V. Kravis, <u>An International Comparison of National Products</u>
(O.E.E.C., 1954).

P.F. Drucker, <u>The New Society</u> (Harper's, 1950).

W.G. Hutton, <u>We Too Can Prosper</u> (Published for the British Productivity Council by Allen & Unwin, 1953).

Editors of Fortune, <u>The Changing American Market</u> (published by Time-Life, 1955).

C.D. Edwards, <u>Maintaining Competition</u> (McGraw-Hill, 1949).

(3) <u>Economic Stability and Growth.</u>

J.M. Clark, <u>Guideposts in a Time of Change</u> (Harper's, 1949).

<u>The Economic Report of the President</u>, January, 1956 (Govt. Print. Office,
Washington, 1956).

International Monetary Fund, <u>The Revival of Monetary Policy</u> (I.M.F., 1953).

H.C. Wallich, <u>The Mainsprings of German Recovery</u> (Yale Univ. Press, 1955).

I. Svennilson, <u>Growth and Stagnation in the European Economy</u> (U.N.E.C.E., 1954).

R.A. Gordon, <u>Business Fluctuations</u> (Harper's, 1952).

N.H. Jacoby, <u>Can Prosperity Be Sustained?</u> (Holt, 1956).

M.T. Florinsky, <u>Integrated Europe?</u> (Macmillan, 1955).

J.E. Meade, <u>Problems of Economic Union</u> (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1953).

5.

Jacob Viner, *Customs Union Issue* (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1950).

Jacob Viner, *International Trade and Economic Development* (The Free Press, Glencoe, Ill., 1952).

Barbara Ward, *Policy for the West* (Norton, 1951).

(5) *International Economic Policies.*

Report of the Commission on Foreign Economic Policy (Randall Commission)
Govt. Print. Office, Washington, 1954).

W.L. Thorp, *Trade, Aid, or What?* (Johns Hopkins, 1954).

D.H. Robertson, *Britain in the World Economy* (Allen and Unwin, 1954).

R.F. Mikesell, *United States Economic Policy and International Relations*
(McGraw-Hill, 1952).

Committee for Economic Development, *United States Tariff Policy*
(C.E.D., November, 1954).

J.H. Williams, *Economic Stability in a Changing World* (Oxford Univ. Press, 1953).

(6) *Promotion of Economic Development: Relations Between Advanced and Underdeveloped Countries.*

Ragnar Nurkse, *Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries*
(Blackwell, 1953).

B.F. Hoselitz (Editor), *The Progress of Underdeveloped Areas* (University of
Chicago, 1952).

W.A. Lewis, *The Theory of Economic Growth* (Allen and Unwin, 1955).

N.S. Buchanan and H.S. Ellis, *Approaches to Economic Development* (The
Twentieth Century Fund, 1955).

United Nations, *Processes and Problems of Industrialization in Underdeveloped Countries* (United Nations, 1955).

United Nations, *Measures for the Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries* (United Nations, 1951).

Committee for Economic Development, *Development Abroad and the Role of American Foreign Investment* (C.E.D., 1956).

HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

1956

PHILOSOPHY, LITERATURE AND ARTS SEMINAR

CHAIRMAN: MR. ALLEN TATE

READING LIST

In the course of the Seminar, several members of the group will be asked to give fairly substantial reports, of something like forty-five minutes each, on various sub-topics of their choosing, and others will be invited to prepare briefer comments on these or related subjects. The reports may deal either with European and Asian material or with American topics as viewed critically through the experience of another society. Each participant is urged to prepare a report in one of the topics of the outline prior to his arrival at the seminar, using materials available in his own country.

The following indication of the scope of the course is offered not as a rigid outline but to suggest to the participants the kinds of topics that may be chosen for discussion. Since the place of the meeting is in the United States, it has not been thought unreasonable to take the American experience as a point of departure. This is not meant to exclude other experiences but rather to elicit the fullest statement of the experiences of the participant's culture or society. The books mentioned are, therefore, not to be taken as "assignments" but rather,

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from their titles and contents, as indications of the range of questions that
may profitably be raised in the seminar. It is suggested that participants before
arriving in America prepare themselves to discuss at least one of the topics
using either the books listed below or others illustrative of the same problem in
their own background. Since the members of the seminar are mature persons, who
will wish to follow their own judgment as to how they can make their most useful
contribution to the seminar, it has not been thought desirable to prescribe an
elaborate program of weekly reading. But one or two articles or chapters from
books will be recommended each week, in order that discussions may be focused on
some common reading, and the chairman will suggest a more detailed list of readings
on American treatments of these themes for the use of those who wish to pursue
these in greater detail either during their visit or after returning home.

The Chairman has chosen three general topics around which the discussions will center, but the participants will understand that the topics are not exclusive. The bibliography for these topics consists in twenty-six works of modern literary criticism, chiefly American. The field of literary criticism has been selected as a specific humanistic discipline which, in its American phase, will presumably be of interest to European persons; and it will provide a point d'appui for the discussion of the larger topics suggested below.

1. The relation of literary criticism to academic, historical scholarship.

2. The relation of literary criticism to the various philosophical disciplines, historical and metaphysical.

3. The relation of literary criticism to works of the imagination and to the society in which these works appear.

Reading List

1. Babbit, Irving, *Rousseau and Romanticism*.

2. Blackmur, R. P., *Language as Gesture*.

3. Brooks, Cleanth, *Modern Poetry and the Tradition*.

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4. Brooks, Van Wyck, <u>America's Coming of Age</u>.

5. Burke, Kenneth, <u>A Grammar of Motives</u>.

6. Cowley, Malcolm, <u>The Literary Situation</u>.

7. Curtius, Ernst Robert, <u>European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages</u>.

8. Eliot, T. S., <u>Selected Essays</u>.

9. Eliot, T. S., <u>Notes Towards the Definition of Culture</u>.

10. Fergusson, Francis, <u>The Idea of a Theatre</u>.

11. Lubbock, Percy, <u>The Craft of Fiction</u>.

12. Meritain, Jacques, <u>Creative Intuition in Art and Poetry</u>.

13. Mattheissen, F. O., <u>The American Renaissance</u>.

14. Muir, Edwin, <u>The Structure of the Novel</u>.

15. Ortega y Gasset, Jose, <u>The Dehumanization of Art</u>.

16. Pound, Ezra, <u>Pavannes and Divisions</u>.

17. Ransom, John Crowe, <u>The World's Body</u>.

18. Richards, I.A., <u>The Principles of Literary Criticism</u>.

19. Spencer, Theodore, <u>A Garland for John Donne</u>.

20. Tate, Allen (ed.), <u>The Language of Poetry</u>.

21. Tate, Allen, <u>The Man of Letters in the Modern World</u>.

22. Trilling, Lionel, <u>The Liberal Imagination</u>.

23. Warren, A., and Wellek, R., <u>Theory of Literature</u>.

24. Wilson, Edmund, <u>Axel's Castle</u>.

25. Wilson, Edmund, <u>The Triple Thinkers</u>.

26. Winters, Yvor, <u>In Defense of Reason</u>.

HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR - 1956

Political Section Reading List

Chairman: Professor Earl Latham

As a "seminar" is conducted in American universities, its success depends on
participation, formal or informal, by all its members. The function of the leader
is to organize the program, to make a preliminary presentation of the topics to be
covered, and to try to guide the discussions toward some measure of coherence and
focus. In this case, he will have the special task of indicating how these themes
are envisaged from an American perspective, and of eliciting statements from the
other participants as to how the topics are dealt with in their own cultures and
in their own individual thinking.

In the course of the seminar, several members of the group will be asked to give fairly substantial reports, of something like forty-five minutes each, on various sub-topics of their choosing, and others will be invited to prepare briefer comments on these or related subjects. The reports may deal either with European and Asian material or with American topics as viewed critically through the experience of another society. It is suggested that each participant prepare a report on one of the topics of the outline prior to his arrival at the seminar, using materials available in his own country.

The following indication of the scope of the course is offered not as a rigid
outline but to suggest to the participants the kinds of topics that may be chosen
for discussion. Since the place of the meeting is in the United States, it has not
been thought unreasonable to take the American experience as a point of departure.
This is not meant to exclude other experiences, but rather to elicit the fullest
statement of the political experiences of the participant's culture or society. The
books mentioned are, therefore, not to be taken as "assignments" but rather, from
their titles and contents, as indications of the range of questions that may
profitably be raised in the seminar. The readings suggested are exclusively

- 2 -

American publications since the participants are presumed able to select for them-
selves the literature of their own countries. It is suggested that before arriving
in America, participants prepare themselves to discuss at least one of the topics
using either the books listed below or others illustrative of the same problem in
their own background. Since the members of the seminar are mature persons, who
will wish to follow their own judgment as to how they can make the most useful
contribution to the seminar, it has not been thought desirable to prescribe an
elaborate program of weekly reading. But one or two articles or chapters from
books will be recommended each week, in order that discussions may be focused on
some common reading, and the chairman will suggest a more detailed list of readings
on American treatments of these themes for the use of those who wish to pursue these
in greater detail either during their visit or after returning home.

1. The Role of Political Parties in the Modern State

Useful surveys of the American scene are V. O. Key, *Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups* (Crowell, New York, 1948) and Austin Ranney and Willmoore Kendall, *Democracy and the American Party System* (Harcourt, Brace, New York, 1956). These books describe the dynamics of the American political process with a wide use of specific illustration. Samuel Lubell, *The Future of American Politics* (Harper, New York, 1952) is an interpretation of the distribution of power and support between the two major parties with special reference to the shift in 1932 and its consequences.
His most recent work, *The Revolt of the Moderates* (Harper, New York, 1956) is a useful account of middleclass politics in both the major parties. *Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952* (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1954) is an extensive report on how the major political parties chose Eisenhower and Stevenson in 1952.

-3-

Besides these general works, the members of the seminar may find the following useful: E.L. Schattschneider, *Party Government* (Farrar and Rinehart, New York, 1940), which emphasizes the decentralized nature of American parties and argues for stronger centralization; E.P. Herring, *Politics of Democracy* (Farrar and Rinehart, New York, 1940) takes a somewhat different line from Schattschneider and makes a defense of the present system; W.E. Binkley, *American Political Parties: Their Natural History* discusses the development of American parties as loose confederations of special interests of one kind or another; and Arthur Holcombe, *The Middle Class in American Politics* discusses a shift in party politics from a sectional to a class basis.

Machine and boss politics are dealt with in the following: Harold Gosnell, *Machine Politics: Chicago Model* (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1937); H.T. Kane, *Louisiana Hayride* (1941) deals with Huey Long; Dayton McKean, *The Boss: The Hague Machine in Action* (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1940); M.M. Milligan, *Missouri Waltz* (1948) discusses the Pendergast machine in Kansas.

The American Political Science Association Committee on Political Parties issued a report, *Towards a More Responsible Two-Party System*, in September 1950, which contains proposals for strengthening the American two-party system. See also, Julius Turner, "Responsible Parties: A dissent from the Floor," *American Political Science Review* (hereinafter cited as APSR), March 1951, p. 143 ff; and Austin Ranney, "Towards a More Responsible Two-Party System: A Commentary," *APSR*, March 1951, p. 488 ff.

2. The Function of the Legislature s

Standard descriptive works on the structure and functions of the
American Congress are: Woodrow Wilson, <u>Congressional Government</u> (1885);
Harvey Walker, <u>The Legislative Process</u> (1948); Lindsay Rogers, <u>The American
Senate</u> (1926). A critical description and interpretation is James Burns,
<u>Congress on Trial</u> (1949), which concludes that the chief weaknesses are to be
at ributed to the party system. H.H. Wilson, <u>Congress: Corruption and Com-
promise</u> (1951) compares American and British experience and makes recommenda-
tions for reform. The practice of the filibuster is dealt with in F. L.
Burdette, <u>Filibustering in the Senate</u> (1940) and the role of the Senate in
treaty-making is discussed and defended in R.U. Dangerfield, <u>In Defense of
the Senate: A Study in Treaty Making</u> (1933). The office of Speaker of the
House of Representatives under "Uncle Joe" Cannon is discussed in E.B.
Bolles, <u>The Tyrant from Illinois</u> (1951).

For the operation of the important conference committee procedure,
see G. Steiner, _The Congressional Conference Committee: Seventieth to
Eightieth Congress_ (1951), and for the operation of a well-known investigating
committee, see Robert K. Carr, _The House Un-American Activities Committee_
(Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1953). In connection with these dis-
cussions of American legislative committees, an interesting companion piece
is Neil C.M. Elder, "The Parliamentary Role of Joint Standing Committees in
Sweden," _APSR_, June 1951, p. 464 ff.

The reason for and results of the reorganization of Congress in 1946
are considered in: American Political Science Association, Committee on
Congreee, _The Reorganization of Congress_ (1945); Joint Committee on Organiza-
tion of Congress, _Organization of Congress_, Senate Report 1011, 79th Congress,

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2nd Session, 1946 (favorable report recommending reorganization of Congress); and George B. Galloway, "The Operation of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946," *APSR*, March 1951.

There is a growing literature on the role of interest groups in the legislative process of which the following are some examples: Fred Riggs, *Pressures on Congress* (Columbia, New York, 1950); John Shott, *The Railroad Monopoly* (Public Affairs Institute, Washington, 1950); E. E. Schattschneider, *Politics, Pressures, and the Tariff* (1936); Stephen Bailey, *Congress Makes A Law* (Columbia, New York, 1950); Pendleton Herring, *Group Representation Before Congress* (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1929); M. L. Rutherford, *The Influence of the American Bar Association on Public Opinion and Legislation* (1937); Wesley McCune, *The Farm Bloc* (1943); Stuart Chase, *Democracy Under Pressure* (1945); D. C. Blaisdell, *Economic Power and Political Pressures*, (TNEC Monograph 26, Washington, 1941).

Efforts to take account of pressure and other group activity in the formulation of public policy are Arthur Bentley, *The Process of Government* (Principia Press, Bloomington, 1935); David Truman, *The Governmental Process* (Knof, New York, 1951). See also Earl Latham, "The Group Basis of Politics: Notes for a Theory," *APSR*, June 1952. For the view that the Congress does not possess a monopoly of the quality of "representativeness", see Norton Long, "Bureaucracy and Constitutionalism," *APSR*, September 1952, p. 808 ff.

### 3. Relations Between the Executive and the Legislative Powers

One of the characteristic features of the American political system, misunderstood in the United States as well as abroad, is the separation of powers which sometimes produces sharp tension in the field of international relations as well as in domestic politics. One historical explanation for the

separation of group interests which the separation of powers entails is Wilfred Binkley, *President and Congress* (Knopf, New York, 1947). A specific discussion of the relation between separation of powers and foreign policy is Daniel Cheever and H. F. Haviland, *American Foreign Policy and the Separation of Powers* (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1952). The best discussion of the constitutional law of the institution of the presidency is E. S. Corwin, *President: Office and Powers*. (New York University, New York, 1948), 3rd ed.

The best discussion of the office of the presidency in a single small volume is Clinton Rossiter's *The American Presidency* (Harcourt, Brace, New York, 1956). The President as a leader in the formulation of public policy is discussed in Pendleton Herring, *Presidential Leadership* (1940). For an account of the powers of the President as commander-in-chief, see Clinton L. Rossiter, *The Supreme Court and the Commander in Chief* (1951). In the fulfillment of his responsibilities as the chief administrator in the Federal Government, the President functions through the heads of the various agencies, the most important of which are those that comprise the cabinet. This cabinet is unlike its English namesake, and the merits of the presidential and parliamentary cabinets are discussed in the colloquy between Don K. Price and Harold Laski in *Public Administration Review*, Autumn 1943, pp. 317-334, and Autumm, 1944, pp. 347-359 and 360-363.

The respective roles of the President and Congress in law-making are considered in L. H. Chamberlain, *The President, Congress, and Legislation* (1946). Robert A. Dahl, *Congress and Foreign Policy* (Harcourt, Brace, New York, 1950) is an account of the functions of Congress in the indicated field. L. Wilmerding, Jr., *The Spending Power* (1943) deals with the forceful authority of the Congress over Federal agencies through the power to grant or withhold funds; and Elias Huzar, *The Purse and the Sword* (Cornell Univ. Press, 1950) is a good account of Congressional control of the

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military through the power to make appropriations. The power of the Senate to withhold confirmation from presidential appointees is dealt with in Joseph Harris, "The Senatorial Rejection of Leland Olds: A Case Study," *APSR*, September 1951, p. 674. For invaluable material on the relations between the President and his principal civilian and military advisers, and the role of Congress with respect to both, see the "MacArthur Hearings," Senate Committee on Armed Services and Committee on Foreign Relations, *Hearings*, Military Situation in Far East, 82nd Congress, 1st session, 1951.

K. London and K. Ives, *How Foreign Policy is Made* (1949) is an account of the procedures for the making of foreign policy in the principal democratic countries. Gabriel A. Almond, *The American People and Foreign Policy* (1950) is an account of the role of groups in the making of foreign policy in America. J.L. McCamy, *The Administration of American Foreign Affairs* (1950) is a recent work on the place of the State Department and other agencies of the Federal Government in the formulation and execution of foreign policy. See also J.P. Chamberlain, "The Place of Congress in the New Foreign Policy," *Columbia Journal of International Affairs*, Winter, 1949.

For clear accounts of the relations between the Executive and the Legislature in Britain, France, Germany and the Soviet Union, See Gwendolyn Carter, John Ranney, and John Herz, *The Major Foreign Powers* (rev. ed. 1952) at the indicated places, and the citations to monograph and periodical works in the bibliography.

## 4. Minority Groups and Civil Liberties

The problem of the Negro in American society in all its manifold complexity is discussed in Gunnar Myrdal, *An American Dilemma* (Harper, New York, 1944). The political consequences of racial dualism are discussed in V.O. Key, *Southern Politics* (Knopf, New York, 1949). For a discussion of national

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minorities and their place in American politics, see F. J. Brown and J. S. Roucek (ed), *One America* (Prentice-Hall, New York, 1945). To these might be added H.L. Moon, *Balance of Power* (1948) which shows the critical importance of the Negro vote in national elections. But the problems of the Negro are problems of civil liberties, and this section has therefore been broadened to include other problems of civil liberties besides those of racial and minority groups. See for example, O.K. Fraenkel, *Our Civil Liberties*, (1944).

The best work on the nature of freedom of speech is Zechariah Chafee, *Free Speech in the United States* (rev. ed. 1941). J.E. Gerald discusses freedom of the press in *The Press and the Constitution, 1931-1947* (1948). Morris L. Ernst in *The First Freedom* (1946) considers the relation of economic concentration in press and radio to freedom of expression.

Although Government regulations may constitute threats to civil liberty as in Walter Gellhorn, *Security, Loyalty and Science* (1950) and Morton Grodzin, *Americans Betrayed: Politics and the Japanese Evacuation* (1949), the Federal Government has also been the protector of civil liberties. See Robert K. Carr, *Federal Protection of Civil Rights* (1948) and Hollis W. Barber, "Religious Liberty V. The Police Power: Jehovah's Witnesses," *APSR*, April 1947.

For an opinion on the relation between Congressional investigations and academic freedom, see Whittaker Chambers, "Is Academic Freedom in Danger?" *Life*, June 22, 1953.

## 5. *The American Democracy*

A non-scholarly but informed and insightful interpretation of the American political system as a means of fulfilling democratic values in *Fortune Magazine, USA: The Permanent Revolution*. Pendelton Herring, *The Politics of Democracy* interprets the American political system as a mode of making