OFFICERS

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER JR.,
PRESIDENT
WILLARD S. RICHARDSON
SECRETARY

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER
L. M. DASHIELL
ASST. TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUML
DIRECTOR
EDWARD M. BARROWS

TRUSTEES

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER JR.
GEORGE WELLWOOD MURRAY
RAYMOND B. FOSDICK
WILLARD S. RICHARDSON
CHARLES H. BRENT
ARTHUR WOODS
CLEVELAND E. DODGE

The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial

ESTABLISHED BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

61 Broadway
New York

October 17, 1922'

Dear Chief:

I have talked again with Dr. Mayo, of
Queensland, and it will be entirely convenient for him
to meet you either Saturday evening or Sunday morning,
as you prefer.

The following is a list of some of Mayo's
more recent writings:

In 1919, "Democracy and Freedom."
MacMillan & Company.

In 1921, "Psychology and Religion."
MacMillan & Company.

This the Douglas Price Memorial Lectures.
Brisbane, Queensland.

In 1921, "Industrial Unrest and Psychological Research"
Published in five sections in the
"Industrial Australian."

I enjoyed ever so much the talk we had Saturday
evening.

With best wishes to Mrs. Angell and her Football
Team,

President James R. Angell,
Yale University,
New Haven, Conn.

BR/FM.

OFFICERS

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER JR.
PRESIDENT

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUML
DIRECTOR

EDWARD M. BARROWS

TRUSTEES

61 Broadway
New York

October 25, 1922.

Dear Chief:

Dr. Mayo is motoring to New Haven Friday morning with Leonard Outhwaite. They will reach your office at ten thirty.

I have been more and more impressed by Mayo as I have seen more of him. Last night he lectured to Outhwaite's class at Columbia, and made a splendid job of it. He is very skillful in getting the interest of his audience. If you are favorably impressed by him, and feel that you can absorb him in the very near future, please let me know. In case you want to take him, I think I can finance him for a short period in the meantime. Mayo does not know that you will be looking him over; he is visiting you because you are a psychologist. Unfortunately, his finances are such that a pretty prompt decision must be made. He almost left for Australia last Monday.

After talking with you last week, I suggested to Leonard Outhwaite that as Director of the Personnel Research Federation and as a Yale man, he ought to exert a little personal effort to help get some research started in industrial New Haven. Outhwaite has a good many contacts, and thinks it might be possible for the Federation to get some money to put into a Yale program. He is thinking particularly of a Mr. Nicolas Brady, President of the New York Edison Company, and others, whom he knows rather intimately. I thought he should talk to you before he goes very far so that no wires may be crossed.

Had you ever considered Outhwaite as a possibility as your assistant in New Haven? He is a Yale man, Phi Beta Kappa, and is familiar with academic machinery. He was a student of Merriam's in California, and I think Merriam thinks well of him. He has an income of perhaps $12,000 and could afford to work for five or six. He would also bring the Journal of Personnel Research to New Haven, since he is its editor. If you don't have a good chance to talk to him Friday, I will arrange a dinner here in New York any time you say.

BR/FM.

OFFICERS

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUML
DIRECTOR

EDWARD M. BARROWS

TRUSTEES

61 Broadway
New York

January 2, 1923.

JAN 3 - 10:23 Rec'd

Dr. James R. Angell, President,
Yale University,
New Haven, Conn.

Dear Dr. Angell:

Your letter of January 1st to Dr. Beardsley Ruml has just been received, and I am hastening to advise you that Dr. Ruml left early this afternoon for Chicago, and does not expect to return until the end of this week.

FMcK.

C O P Y

January 5, 1923

To the President and Board of Trustees
of the University of Chicago.

The undersigned, representing the Departments of Political
Science, Sociology and Anthropology, and Political Economy,
request approval and support of a research organization.

We are convinced that the time is ripe for a marked advance
in the scientific methods and achievement of the Social Sciences;
that such an advance will provide new and very significant con-
tributions to social welfare; and that there is here a proper
field for co-operative action. We, therefore, wish to combine
and to extend quite markedly certain of our research enterprises
by forming a strong research organization under the joint con-
trol and management of these departments.

The initial task of this organization would be that of a
comprehensive and objective study of the social life of our own
city. Our purpose is to use this great laboratory in the process
of collecting and analyzing masses of data which may be expected
to throw light on the forces operating in society. The study
of Chicago is to be undertaken, then, as a study of certain
vital phenomena of modern social living. This seems to us our
appropriate first step, taken in the hope and expectation that our
activities, added to the activities of other research groups in
this field will accumulate masses of new data, and existing

To the President and Board of Trustees ................................. 2

scattered data, and ultimately provide a firm scientific basis
for social studies. We think it not improbable that the pro-
vision of this basis may prove to be the great scientific advance
of our time.

We wish to proceed at once. Although many details of the
comprehensive plan should be matured slowly and after much thought,
there are certain studies which need not wait for rounding out
these details. The following will serve as illustrations of
studies which might be undertaken immediately.

1. The forces determining the location of industries and of population groups.

2. The relationship between population grouping and such phenomena of social disorganization as crime and divorce.

3. The activities of industries which have come to regard this region as an appropriate center of their operations.

4. Non-voting in Chicago, - distribution, causes, and constructive proposals.

These are only samples, - cited to indicate the objective approach
which we have in mind and to emphasize the fact that we are ready
to begin the work without delay.

It seems to us highly important that we should, before en-
gaging in further work upon detailed parts of the project, secure
approval and support of the plan as a whole. In terms of mechanism,
the plan contemplates a research organization under joint control
and management of these departments. In terms of spirit, or
outlook, the plan contemplates fundamental contributions to the
methods and achievements of the social sciences. In terms of its
initial attack upon the problem, the plan contemplates making use

APPENDIX A

A More Detailed Statement of Separate Research Projects:

The samples of individual research projects cited in the main document are but a few cases chosen from a much larger list of projects either already under way or outlined and waiting for funds. A brief statement of three of these projects will illustrate the situation.

1. A survey of the forces determining the location of industries and of population groups is absolutely fundamental in any study of community organization. This survey has been undertaken by two separate parts of our staff. In one case it has been suspended for lack of staff and funds. In the other case actual suspension has not occurred but the work is proceeding so slowly as to hamper progress in coordinate and subsequent studies. A few thousand dollars expended in this field would yield very large returns.

2. A study of the relationship between population grouping and such phenomena of social disorganization as crime and divorce is already under way. It has gone far enough to make it reasonably certain that significant results can be obtained. It is, however, progressing with exasperating slowness because of lack of ordinary clerical and statistical help and because of a lack of the grade of help indicated by the title, research assistant.

3. A study of non-voting in Chicago - its distribution, causes, and constructive proposals - would almost certainly yield significant results, not only for Chicago but for other urban centers as well. Detailed plans for such a study have been drawn and could be executed on short notice. Lack of funds keeps these plans in a pigeon-hole.

The foregoing are only a few samples of the existing situation.

APPENDIX B
Expenditures Budget

I. For the initial period, February 1 to July 1, 1923

<table><tr><td>A. Four research assistantships @ $500</td><td>2000</td></tr><tr><td>B. Routine clerical and statistical aid</td><td>1400</td></tr><tr><td>C. Postage, printing of questionnaire and organization expenses</td><td>300</td></tr><tr><td>D. Providing instructors in Spring Quarter to free the time of a research man</td><td>1400</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>5100</td></tr><tr><td>say,</td><td>5000</td></tr></table>

II. For the fiscal year July 1, 1923 to July 1, 1924

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Essential<br>Schedule</th><th>Highly<br>Desirable<br>Schedule</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>A. Research assistantships (ranging<br>from $400 to $1500 each)</td><td>8000</td><td>15000</td></tr><tr><td>B. Routine clerical and statistical<br>aid</td><td>3600</td><td>4200</td></tr><tr><td>C. Postage, printing (not including<br>publication of results which<br>can be otherwise cared for)</td><td>300</td><td>400</td></tr><tr><td>D. Releasing, for not unduly extended<br>periods of time, certain men<br>from such teaching burdens as may<br>seriously interfere with needed<br>research activities (not all teaching<br>does so interfere)</td><td>4000</td><td>7000</td></tr><tr><td>Total</td><td>15900</td><td>26600</td></tr><tr><td>Say,</td><td>15000</td><td>25000</td></tr></tbody></table>

C O P Y

January 5, 1923.

The Board of Trustees :-

On the basis of the accompanying memorial from
the Departments of Political Science, Political Economy
and Sociology I respectfully recommend that the Board
of Trustees request the Laura Spelman Rockefeller
Memorial to provide the funds to finance the same from
February 1, 1923 to July 1, 1924.

PRESIDENT

OFFICERS

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR.
PRESIDENT

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

BEARDBLEY RUML
DIRECTOR

FRANK B. STUBBS

TRUSTEES

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER JR.
GEORGE WELWOOD MURRAY
RAYMOND B. FOSDICK
WILLARD S. RICHARDSON
CHARLES H. BRENT
ARTHUR WOODS
CLEVELAND E. DODGE

61 Broadway
New York

July 25th, 1923.

Dr. James Angell,
Hurricane Lodge,
Hurricane, Essex County,
New York.

Dear Dr. Angell:

Thank you very much for Angell's statement. I was very glad indeed that an opportunity came to take care of this matter.

I am sailing for England on the fourth of August to see what is going on over there in the social sciences. Do you think of anyone in particular whom I ought to try to see?

I hope that you are having a pleasant summer and that you are all well.

Very sincerely yours,

BR/cmr

February 20, 1924.

Dear Dr. Ruml:—

I beg leave to introduce Mrs. John W. Blodgett, who is a trustee of Vassar and who desires to bring to your notice some matters of possible interest to the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial. I shall greatly appreciate any service that you find you can render her.

Yours very truly,

Dr. Beardsley Ruml,
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial,
61 Broadway, New York City.

OFFICERS

ARTHUR WOODS
ACTING PRESIDENT

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUMRL
DIRECTOR

TRUSTEES

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER JR.
GEORGE WELWOOD MURRAY
RAYMOND B. FOSDICK
WILLARD S. RICHARDSON
CHARLES H. BRENT
ARTHUR WOODS
CLEVELAND E. DODGE
ERNEST M. HOPKINS

61 Broadway
New York

Personal and Confidential.

26th February 1925.

Dr. James R. Angell, President,
Yale University,
New Haven, Connecticut.

Dear Dr. Angell:

I am sending you the enclosed correspondence on my own initiative and responsibility. The writers of the letters would probably be shocked beyond words, but I have a special interest in the situation which they have not, and therefore I seek your advice and counsel with respect to that special interest. It is important in the interests of the development of psychology as a science that the extremely rich resources of the University of Chicago be exploited and strengthened by an outstanding group in psychology. From the standpoint of effective co-operation and broad work the present department is merely a vacuum and even at that an imperfect one. The strength of the departments of neurology, physiology, sociology, political science and economics merely serve to emphasise the weakness, and the possibilities presented by the contemplated Sprague development only serve to emphasise the scientific loss due to the Chicago psychological situation.

As to the personalities now at Chicago, no one of them is qualified to lead the department. The discussion of relative merit is therefore unimportant except that Robinson is probably less qualified than either Carr or Thurstone. The department is undermanned. I believe that the answer is to bring in a new man of first rank who would be sensitive to recent developments in psychology, the opportunities presented at Chicago for co-operative research, and with the ability to command a position of personal prestige both at Chicago and elsewhere throughout the world. If they cannot make such an appointment because of a temporary lack of funds, why don't they ask for them?

Please return the letters soon, because I do not want to get caught with them out of my possession.

Yours very sincerely,

BR/gmcs

OFFI

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER JR.

PRESIDENT

ARTHUR WOODS

ACTING PRESIDENT

HARRY P. FISH

ASST. SECRETARY

LOUIS G. MYERS

TREASURER

L. M. DASHIELL

ASST. TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUML
DIRECTOR

GUY STANTON FORD

TRUSTEES

61 Broadway
New York

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER JR.

GEORGE WELWOOD MURRAY

RAYMOND B. FOSDICK

WILLARD S. RICHARDSON

CHARLES H. BRENT

ARTHUR WOODS

CLEVELAND E. DODGE

ERNEST M. HOPKINS

February 26, 1925

President J.R.Angell
Yale University
New Haven, Conn.

Dear President Angell:

Dr. Ruml and I have been discussing a plan which I should like to present for your consideration and advice. The idea is a conference or series of informal conferences of psychologists and of other scholars allied in scientific interest such as workers in psychiatry, mental hygiene and neurology. We have thought of having them at some convenient time between the middle of August and the middle of September, and to have them in some quiet, attractive place with recreational facilities available. The period for any one group might be about two weeks together at some place in the New England mountains or at the seaboard.

It is not planned to have programs or formal discussions, but rather to give an opportunity for men in productive work to exchange ideas, discuss common problems or their possibility. Even if the idea does seem without form we should hope it would not be void.

We feel sure that if an interested group can be brought together the Memorial would see its way clear to make it financially possible for those invited to attend.

May I ask what you think about the idea and to give us any suggestions that occur to you, especially a list of a dozen to twenty names or even more of men whom you think might well be asked to join the group? Could we count upon your own presence?

FEB 28 1925 10:00AM

February 28, 1925.

Guy Stanton Ford, Esq.,
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial,
61 Broadway, New York City.

Dear Sir:-

Your letter of the twenty-sixth comes just as President
Angell is leaving for a few days trip, so he has asked me to acknowledge
it and to tell you that he has discussed the matter quite fully with
Dr. Ruml. He approves of the program and Dr. Ruml understands his
views, he is sure.

OFFICER

ARTHUR WOODS
ACTING PRESIDENT

HARRY P. FISH
ASST. SECRETARY

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUMFORD
DIRECTOR

GUY STANTON FORD

TRUSTEES

61 Broadway
New York

May 8th, 1925

MAY 11 1925 RECD

President C. R. Angell,
Yale University,
New Haven, Connecticut.

My dear President Angell:

May I, on behalf of The Laura Spel-
man Rockefeller Memorial, extend you an invitation to be the
guest of the Memorial at an informal summer conference of
psychologists and allied groups. The Conference as now
planned will be held at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hamp-
shire from Monday, August 24th to Saturday, September 5th,
1925. The invitation of the Memorial covers expenses to
and from the Conference and the stay in Hanover. Through
the courtesy of the officers of the College arrangements will
be made for outings, golf, tennis, etc.

It is the distinct hope of the officers
of the Memorial in calling such a conference that they will
get information that will be of value to them in one of the
fields in which their program and purposes give them a vital
interest. To the fifteen or twenty men in attendance it should
be an opportunity to exchange views about research problems,
common interests and the larger unexplored fields before those
who are interested in the study of human conduct.

I can assure you not only of the pleasure
of the Memorial in counting upon your presence but of the
gratification your acceptance will give the disinterested group
whose advice we have sought in undertaking the summer conference.

GSF/gt

CONFIDENTIAL

A MEMORANDUM OF SOME OBSERVATIONS MADE IN CONNECTION WITH
NEGRO EDUCATION IN THE SOUTHERN STATES OF U.S.A.

To
THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
LAURA SPELMAN ROCKEFELLER MEMORIAL
GENTLEMEN,

I have great pleasure in presenting to you the results of
observations made of experiments in negro education in the South. These
were carried out during the Spring months of this year in a pleasant and
interesting trip through the States of Virginia, N. and S. Carolina,
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana.

The remarks which follow do not pretend to be an exhaustive report
on Negro education in the South. For this purpose I had neither the
necessary previous experience of educational work elsewhere nor the time
for study of facts, reports and figures. The results and experiments
described here have been gathered from personal, fleeting, and often
random impressions, supplemented by conversations and the perusal of
occasional papers on the subject. The traveler through a foreign country
sees much or little according to the degree of seriousness with which
he observes and the interpretation which he is able to place upon the
things which come before him. Consequently these observations are to
be understood and appraised with reference to the information and insight
afforded the writer by the many friends who gave of their experience and
knowledge in the course of long and happy talks. To these men and women,
white and coloured, agents of private boards and public authorities, I

2.

am indebted for unfailing courtesy and opportunities otherwise denied
the visitor on pilgrimage. To them belongs the truth embodied here.
The errors, such as they are, must be due to misunderstanding and mis-
translation of their statements.

Very recently the writer made a trip with an Educational Commis-
sion to the territories of East Africa inhabited by millions of coloured
people who are the kith and kin of the American negroes. They are now
distinguished by various names, Bantu, Nilotic, Hamitic and many more
sub-divisions of the above. They are differentiated from the pure negro
type by minor physical characteristics yet they are unquestionably of
the same main racial stock as the negroes of the Southern States. When
one compares the two, the contrast is almost incredible and it is aggra-
vated by the resemblances which have been carried over from the fatherland
to America and still persist in institutions, social customs, and tem-
peramental features. 'My race made no preparation to come here,' said
Dr. Moton at a meeting in New York this January, 'but I thank God we have
come' Dr. Moton believes that his people are a thousand years ahead of
other racial groups in which the black man is found today. To the same
kind of assertion Dr. Booker Washington committed himself many years ago.
Though Dr. Moton has never been in Africa, he has had many opportunities
of knowing something of the life of the black man there. Our judgment of
this matter will depend on our view of progress but as progress is
generally regarded, there can be no doubt of its truth. The physical,
social, mental and moral life of the masses of the African people is that
of primitive man whereas the life of the American negro approximates
more closely each year to that of the twentieth-century white society to
which his neighbour belongs. The achievements of the negro here are a

3.

perpetual surprise to the observer who has seen the life of Africa whether
in regions isolated from contact with the West, or in British colonies
where it has been affected by the presence and manners of the white man
for half a century, and by deliberate influences of education for a part
of that time. The proof of the negro's progress lies not only in what
he has accomplished when given the chance but by the growing sentiment of
faith in his possibilities which can be clearly seen in all sections of
the South. Considering the relatively insignificant period of time which
has elapsed since his emancipation and the still shorter period during
which any adequate provision has been made for his education, the powers
of the negro to assimilate the elements of white civilization must be
regarded as nothing less than astonishing. It is true that, here as in
Africa, the externals are more easily imitated than the qualities of
character which we think of as typical of the best in our white society,
but, in this respect, the negro is, not a solitary exception to any uni-
versal facility in mankind for building the foundation of society in
individual and social virtues. After the evidences of our visit to the
South, I do not believe that the 'negro' is a problem any longer except
in the sense that the individual is always a problem to every other
individual and to society. There are unquestionably dark places of inertia
and ignorance to be reached and moral slums to be cleaned up but these are
not the negro's monopoly here or elsewhere. The facts are evident that
the educated negroes are making the future secure for their own race and
proving its necessity to the economic progress of the South. It will be
clear as time goes on that this economic contribution is vital to the
whole country and that, without it, the material prosperity of the United
States would suffer decline. In view of the common opinion in Africa,

4.

and no doubt prevalent here also, that negroes cannot build up commercial
undertakings because of their lack of business ability, their low stand-
ards of honesty, thrift and industry, the achievements of the race in the
cities of the South are more than ever astonishing. It would come as a
revelation to many people in America no less than to the white settlers
in Africa, to know the extent and success of business enterprises carried
on by negroes for negroes in the South. We had some idea of these facts
from a visit to the negro business quarter in Atlanta, Georgia. There we
visited the Atlanta Life Insurance Company which has a capital of nearly
a half-million dollars and has issued policies to the value of a million
dollars for sickness, industrial, endowment and life-insurance. We are
always led to believe that the negro is incurably improvident and so he
is when you examine his habits in Africa. Yet his habits of insurance
would refute such a charge. Dr. Eleazar of the Inter-Racial Committee
believes that the insurance-habit is prevalent among a larger proportion
of negroes than whites in industry. Next door to this office there is a
negro bank, one of seventy such enterprises in the South and North, and
another sign of material and moral progress. This bank was involved with
a negro insurance company which failed last year. The bank was losing
heavily and its doom was heralded. It is a great testimony to the negro's
confidence in his own institutions and his business-men, that, though the
bank was seriously endangered and all the elements of a scare were present,
its subscribers never rushed for their deposits and today the bank is
still doing business and building up its lost capital.

These institutions are not exceptions to the rule. On the contrary
they are representative of the negro's economic progress in many of the
principal cities of the South. In an article contributed to the Manufact-
urers Record of November 20, 1924, Dr. Moton has pointed to such facts in

5.

other places. The cities of Birmingham, Savannah, Richmond, Memphis,
Durham, Dallas and many more have a real negro business district which
includes not only banks and insurance offices but all kinds of business
undertakings, shoe-stores, groceries, drug-stores, restaurants, haber-
dasheries, movie theatres and the undertaking trade which seems to have
been the first of all negro business adventures. When you add the lawyers,
physicians, dentists, and real estate agents, you have all the constituents
of an independent economic society. The companies comprising the National
Negro Insurance Association alone give employment to 8000 coloured people
as agents, bookkeepers and accountants.

These facts point to a negro constituency in the large cities which
will become relatively independent and will be sustained by the exchange
of goods and services among its own membership. In the meantime,
similar advance has been made in the rural districts though naturally it
is a slower process and, like its counterpart in the cities, affected by
the corresponding status of the white man in the same situation. Here
the most significant fact of all is the rapid increase of land-ownership
among the negro farming class. Writing in 1920, Mr. Jackson Davis stated
that probably one-fourth of the negro farmers owned their own land and
this acreage mounts up each year. At that time these holdings were
estimated at 21 million acres and negro property was valued at one Billion
dollars. As we saw in our visits to the homes and farms in several States
of the South, this increase in land-ownership brings with it a remarkable
and delightful rise in the living conditions of the people. In Gloucester
County, Virginia, we saw some negro farm homes which were reminiscent of
farm-houses in the country districts of Scotland. Clean kitchens, bread
baking in the oven, old-fashioned furniture of the ponderous type but
built for long life, the parlour piano and a small library--these were

6.

the common features. In this county, 95% of the coloured farmers own their
own property. Their farms vary from five to fifty acres. These people can
support themselves without much recourse to the stores for the necessary
provisions. They grow their own vegetables, fruit, potatoes and corn.
They breed pigs and cure the pork, they have butter, milk and eggs from
their own stock. In addition they are able to make money from the sale of
vegetables and eggs at the market. It must not be thought that such con-
ditions are found in all the rural districts of the South but they are
becoming quite usual where the people have had the opportunities of educa-
tion and have been shown the benefits of ownership and the improvements
that may be made in farming and living conditions. In Lee County, Alabama,
we visited several homes which showed similar progress. In one case, the
negro farmer had been paying ten bales of cotton for his rent a few years
ago. Now he has 138 acres of his own and he is growing food crops for his
own family and for sale as well as the inevitable cotton. There in
Alabama, you can see the one-roomed shacks still in occupation, destitute
of windows and lacking the necessities of decency as well as of health.
Yet beside these cabins of the old slave type, the modern negro farmer is
building his comfortable house, providing rooms for parents and children,
separating the eating and sleeping of his family, and making both house
and garden something that is pleasant to behold. In one such home we
noticed in the kitchen, a new stove, a pantry and cabinet and shelves of
fruit and vegetables bottled by the farmer's wife. In another, we came
on a beautiful lawn and nicely planned walks, and found the light and water-
supply taken care of by a Delco engine. Curtains, good rugs on the floor,
walls tastefully decorated with pictures, and white linen on the beds and
the table-such things were evident in the few moments of our visit. Behind
all these results there is a story of long and patient effort, of devotion

7.

and wisdom, of demonstration and friendliness, but now we are describing
results and not the means and methods by which they have been secured.
These instances of farm- and home- improvement might be multiplied. We
came upon them in remote communities of every state we visited. We found
them back from the full glare of the cities and untouched by the railroad
in the most unexpected places. In such places there was an air of settled
comfort, of domesticity, and of that leisure which is the beginning of
mental and cultural refinement and exists in solid promise alongside the
hard and intelligent industry that alone makes it possible.

It is never so easy to estimate the intellectual and moral
progress of a people because material prosperity is only one factor and
there may be no corresponding advance in the social and group relation-
ships and no similar artistic or cultural output. On the other hand if
we find that there are many individuals who show distinguished achievements
in the field of art or science or social leadership, and if we find among
such people the spirit of dedication to the uplift of the less fortunate
members of their own race, we may feel certain that the higher reaches of
life will soon be open to their conquest in all directions. That the
negro is able to profit by what we commonly call higher education does
not seem open to question if we apply the usual standards of judgment.
The fact that nearly all the coloured children now in school are in charge
of teachers of their own colour is one significant feature of the life of
the South. The qualifications of these teachers for the responsible and
delicate task of leadership are found precisely in proportion as these
men and women themselves have had access to abundant opportunities of
mastering the heritage of the world's learning and experience of life. It
is true that the positions of administration in public education are still
held by white men and one does not find negroes in charge of school-systems

8.

and responsible for the expenditure of large sums of public money. But
the reasons for this fact, I imagine, are to be sought rather in political
history and social custom than in the certified incompetence of the negro
leader in these matters. When you pay a visit to Tuskegee and compare it
with other large schools of the same type, you are not overcome by the
disadvantages of having an entirely coloured staff. It would seem that
negroes with training for responsibility can be trusted to administer money
for the benefit of their own people and can do so with surprising success.
The same is true of professional life in other respects. The mass of the
people are always at the mercy of the unscrupulous individual who exploits
their weakness or their need for his own private ambition or profit,
Numerous cases of this kind can be found today but they are rare in
comparison with Reconstruction days. The remedy lies in the education of
the masses to a higher level of judgment and wisdom and in the education
of the leaders to responsibility. We came across some conspicuous cases
of men who preferred to render a service to their own people rather than
profit by more tempting opportunities. The case of Dr. Carver of Tuskegee
is perhaps the most remarkable because he is one of the most distinguished
scientists of the day in this country or in others. He receives a salary
of some five thousand dollars at Tuskegee where he is in charge of the
Division of Research in the field of chemistry. He has an amazing array
of scientific discoveries to his credit. He has some 118 preparations
from the sweet potato and 180 from the peanut. These are of incalculable
commercial importance, ranging from 32 varieties of milk, a brand of
breakfast coffee, Worcester Sauce, pickles, icing flavours to face powders,
paints and stains, and rubber glue. It is well known to the staff at
Tuskegee that last year he was offered a salary of some sixty thousand

9.

dollars by a distinguished scientist and inventor but Dr. Carver preferred to remain where he could instruct the younger members of his own race and pursue his lofty investigations in the laboratory. Dr. Carver, like many more who have genius, is more concerned with the creation and discoveries of experimental science than in the commercial profits to be derived from the results. On the lower levels of education, the same spirit can be seen in operation. We travelled across to St. Helena Island in South Carolina with a former pupil of the Penn School to which we were bound. The boy had come back to the school to confer with the local cooperative society about a loan for farm purposes. We learnt later in the day that this man had been employed in a position in New Jersey where he had risen to the rank of foreman and was earning around forty dollars a week. At the request of the school principal, who did not know these facts until later, he surrendered this job in order to teach one of the county schools in the island at the wage of 36 dollars a month. Similar instances could be found in many of the backward rural districts of the South. Where the negro woman teacher is receiving some such salary and where the school is not sure of more than four or five months term, it is a wonder to see the devotion and patience that prefers this service to the emoluments of the town and the company of kindred folks. It is true that this spirit has not yet resulted in supplying the rural schools with fully trained teachers but the same is true of the white schools in the country and many factors go to the making of this problem. The education of the negro owes much to the self-sacrifice of his own fellows who have had the chance that he has not had and this alone accounts for the farm and home improvement which is so notable a feature of the South.

One interesting indication of the results of the many efforts to

10.

raise the condition of the negro is his own corresponding struggle to
provide for his family the advantages of education in greater abundance.
This seems to be a reliable index of the progress of the race towards
complete freedom in the sense of positive use and increase of the opportu-
nities offered. Here, especially, credit is due to the manner in which
help has been offered him, but, none the less, the eagerness of the negro
people themselves to cooperate with every agency working for their benefit
is a striking testimony to their larger sense of responsibility and when
one thinks of the short time which has elapsed since they owed everything
to obedience and nothing to initiative, the results are sufficient to
demonstrate the success of each outstanding method employed to enlighten
their minds and develop their character. I had the privilege of attending
the Alabama State Teachers Meetings at Mobile in the beginning of April
and one of the most impressive sessions was occupied almost entirely with
the recital of instances of negro self-help in education. The facts are
not sufficiently well known in this respect. In 1924 the Jeanes Teachers
raised $502,972. for lengthening terms and increasing teachers' allowances
and building schools. It is very delightful to know that the local white
people contribute to such enterprises but the bulk of this money is, of
course, raised from the negro parents in the vicinity of the schools.
affected. It ought to be remembered that all negro money given locally to
supplement teachers' salaries and increase school terms is additional to
the payment of the public taxes in which the negro takes his share.
Negroes have now given two and a quarter million dollars of the total of
$9,758,000. expended in the erection of the Rosenwald schools and teachers'
homes. We were told that, at Talladega College, a denominational school
for negroes, the graduates had pledged themselves to contribute $10,000.

11.

for the erection of a building in memory of one of their former teachers.
Such facts do not make their proper impression unless one remembers the
condition from which the negro has come and the opinions which have been
held almost universally as to his slackness, conservatism and willingness
to take all that is given and continue passively recipient. In Africa
the view held by many of the white people who claim to know the native
is quite to the contrary of these indications. It is asserted that the
native will do nothing for himself and considers he is conferring a favour
on those whose charities he accepts. There is much to give support to
this statement though it is not a just complaint unless we give considera-
tion to the effect of long centuries of traditions of stagnation and
irresponsibility. Here our concern is to present such facts as evidence
of the negro's progress towards the standards of the white race and the
proven wisdom of the methods of private philanthropy employed on his be-
half.

Similar evidence is to be seen in the change of attitude of the
Southerner towards the negro. When a City Board gives $3,000. to the
support of a denominational High School for negroes, we can see the signs
of a new faith in the negro's capacity to benefit by higher education.
This is a stage far removed from that of fear in the evil effects of any
schooling whatever. It is one of the most striking impressions which one
gains from a visit to the South and from conversations with those men whose
life has been spent in efforts on the behalf of the negro that the attitude
of the public mind in the South is rapidly changing in regard to the negro.
No question is more complicated than this relationship of white to black
and it has many subtle and conflicting elements. I would say that there
are three main factors in this more kindly and appreciative attitude:

-12.

The first is the improved educational and economic situation of the mass of the white people in the South as compared with what it was twenty-five years ago. Race-hatred and prejudice has always been most bitter among the white groups who themselves live on a low economic plane and are most closely affected by the poor wage-rates of the negroes. With the rise of a strong middle class among the whites of the South, this fear and ignorance has been to a great extent removed. The provisions of high-schools for white children in the rural districts, the rise in the level of teacher-training, and the increased wealth derived from agriculture, industry, and trade have all contributed to the new feeling of security and saner community attitudes. The educational work promoted through the Inter-racial Committee in the press and through the white colleges must be taken into account in the truer ideas prevalent among the whites in regard to the negro's character and capacity for making good.

The second factor is the negro migration and the perception of economic solidarity which has been accelerated by it. The South has begun to feel the negro's value as an economic asset in the community. It has been seen that the South must offer greater inducements if the Negro is to refuse the call of the North with its greater wages, more abundant school facilities, and the removal of disadvantages, fears, and persecutions. This applies especially to the agricultural districts of the South for it is evident that the negro migration is not simply a movement to the North but to industry; and the cities of the South show a greater increase in their negro population than the numbers of negroes who have gone north in the years 1910-1920. The census of 1920 showed an actual decrease of 3.4 per cent in the negro rural population of the United States taken all over. A survey made in Alabama recently has shown that negro farmers in

13.

15 counties had left their farms to the number of one thousand, and 135 of these were actually owners of their own land. In an article to the Southern Workman of May, 1924, Dr. Work of Tuskegee thus summed up these facts:- 'Before the migration the South was mainly concerned with how it might control negro labour rather than about the needs of the labourers and how they should be treated. It is causing the South to assume a new attitude toward negro labour. This new attitude is finding expression in the tendency to pay negroes higher wages, to accord them juster treatment, including a tendency to give them better protection under the law and to provide better educational facilities for them.' The ramifications of this negro movement are nation-wide and are going to affect the whole race-situation and the political and social position of the negro. Here our purpose is to mark its effect upon the treatment which the negro may expect in the South as he becomes more valuable to the prosperity of its agriculture and industry.

The last factor in the change of attitude - and the one which is relevant here to the discussion of the negro's own advance in the South-is the white man's growing respect for the negro as able to take advantage of the opportunities given him for a rise in the standards of intelligence, industry, honesty, and racial self-respect. We say that 'God helps those who help themselves' and nowhere is this more ardently believed than in America. It follows as an axiom that the white American should be disposed to help those who show an eagerness and ability to help themselves when they are helped. When Booker Washington taught large numbers of his race to prove themselves good workmen and economically serviceable to the life of the South, he influenced race relations at the point where, perhaps more than elsewhere, the American public may be impressed. The negro who took this road to improvement was not only making himself economically

14.

indispensable. He was also teaching the white brother to think more highly of his manhood and character. The white people of the South, and they are like white people anywhere in this respect as in others, do really think more brotherly of the negro when he lives in a good house, when his children are clean and well-nourished, and when he gives them all the chances that a good parent can offer. This is our standard of measurement and we cannot get away from it. Thus there is a cumulative effect to every educational and social service which we can render to the negro. When a community builds good negro schools it quits lynching at the same time. When economic competition is absent from the race-question and when there is no fear of race-amalgamation or domination, every rise in the scale of negro living will evoke the respect of the white man and make him more anxious to cooperate. When Fisk or Hampton are out for money, it is notable that they base their appeal largely on the ground that they are producing negro economic independence. When a state or community tries to equalize the social conditions of negroes and whites in their separate spheres, it is doing more than building better schools, providing hospitals, or giving fuller legal status. It is also changing its own attitude progressively by deeds which affect its conception of the negro and what he can apprehend and use for his own benefit. Thus when Mr. Rosenwald's money provides an opportunity for a new and improved school building in any community, it not only awakens the negro parents to take the initiative in raising money and themselves contributing, it also stimulates the interest and sincere admiration of the white citizens for people who will take this trouble and give this money for their children's education. These white people give of

15.

their incomes when they are approached and, when they have given,
they are inevitably more disposed to give again, to follow other
negro community improvements with sympathy and support.

We do not mean to attempt the examination of the complex re-
lationship of cause and effect in race-relations but it must be
evident to any sympathetic observer of life in the South that sympathy,
cooperation and faith on the part of the stronger group in the negro
community have a marked influence on the social and moral standards of
both races. Dr. Washington held that the effect of the system of
slavery was more detrimental to the character and independence of the
white men than to the slaves themselves. Mr. Murphy has pointed out
this kind of reaction in most impressive language: 'When the strong
man finds the trace of the servant's speech in the speech of his child,
he finds the sombre clue of a returning influence. Here is the symbol
of a process which has been reciprocal and which stops not with the
child alone. That little lisp ... is but sign and parable of a
commerce of impressions, sentiments, assumptions, in which the weaker
race is creditor as well as debtor. The 'commerce of impressions,
sentiments and assumptions' is equally strong when the attitude of the
white man is constructive and helpful towards the negro in the midst
of his country. We see therefore that the progress of the white
citizens of the South is affected not merely by the higher educational,
economic, and social level to which the negro is rising but by the
nobler sentiments, the more charitable assumptions and the more
deliberately moral attitudes by which he regulates his conduct towards
the black man. To say that, in helping the negro to contribute largely
to the production of goods and services which are needed, the whites
are benefiting themselves is true. But this is but touching the sur-

16.

face of a much more profound social phenomenon. When the white man sets new standards for the negro and helps him to get there, he is incidentally but none the less deeply remaking and enlarging his own moral and social responsibilities and duties. He is bringing a new tone of sympathy and sensibility into his own social group and is lifting himself in the scale of humanity with every lift he gives to the lower and less privileged race at his doors.

If there ever was any ground for the fear that education and social opportunity would engender the elements of racial disintengra- tion among the negroes, that fear has now been demolished. The results of the constructive and educational approach to the race question show every sign of developing racial solidarity and pride among the mass of the negroes. The tendency to miscegenation, as has often been pointed out, is confined to the lower levels of the races where there is no developed consciousness of kindred and ancestry and no pride in institutions or achievements that are peculiarly racial. Among the educated negroes whom we met, we found the most impressive pride of race. Nothing will illustrate this better than the experience of a meeting which we attended in Tuskegee Institute held in commemoration of the late Colonel Charles Young of the United States Army. The service was arranged by the local chapter of a Negro fraternity which stands for race development and achievement. One speaker after another told of the story and struggles of Young in face of discriminations and obstacles. He was presented to the huge audience of keen, young, coloured pupils as one of themselves who had made good in the eyes of men in spite of the prejudice which made his life hard at West Point and later secured his rejection as physically unfit to take high military rank in France. The heroism

17.

of the man in battle, his zeal to serve in the Great War, his reticence
as to his own disappointment and the opposition he encountered on
account of the colour of his skin, these were the ground of the appeal
to the school to emulate his character and determination. Whether the
facts are actually as they were presented is not our concern at this
point. The significant thing was the ground of the appeal and the
obvious response of the audience. They were sitting with an expression
of rapt enthusiasm on their faces which showed how completely they
were absorbed in the contemplation of this character as one of their
responsible leaders, and representative of what they could claim as
their own. We knew in that moment that there was no need to teach this
audience racial pride and self-respect. The educated negroes, indeed,
are keeping more closely to themselves as time goes on. They show no
desire to be found always in the company of the white man. We found
that in Tuskegee where we were the only white people in a population
of two thousand members, staff and pupils, nobody paid any special
attention to us. We were treated as guests just as we would have been
treated elsewhere and there was none of that rather obsequious and
cringing deference which the white man's attitude to and treatment of
the negro have so often encouraged. There was no move made to cross
the social barriers and conventions. It is some time since Mr. Murphy
wrote 'The Basis of Ascendency' and much of his treatment of racerre-
lations has already been justified by events and this matter in parti-
cular:- The true hope, therefore, of race integrity for the negro
lies in establishing for him the possibilities of a broader social
differentiation within his own racial and social life. For the very
reason that the race, in the apartness of its social life, is to work
out its destiny as the separate member of a larger group, it must be

18.

accorded its own leaders and thinkers, its own scholars, artists,
prophets... thus... it will gain that individual foothold among the
families of men which will check the despairing passion of its self-
obliteration. I venture to think that these words could not be written
in the time at which we are living. They might well be written by one
who knew some African tribes who are being exposed to the blast of
Western civilisation but not by one who has travelled and studied the
Southern states and has met with and talked to the educated negro. The
race that commemorates men like Booker Washington and Charles Young,
which reads Paul Laurence Dunbar and studies Du Bois in the 'Crisis'
when each new number appears, which goes to hear Roland Hayes sing the
classical music of every tongue but especially the Spirituals that are
American negro-born, this race is not in danger of self-obliteration
whatever else may be in store for it. This is the situation and out-
look of the educated negro today and the masses of his race as they
come out into the daylight of knowledge and look for leadership, as
every people must, have got their own negroes, prophets and statesmen
in increasing numbers. The danger as we seemed to feel both at
Hampton and at Tuskegee among the younger generation is of a different
nature. It may well follow as a result of the social segregation of
the South and the new racial self-consciousness of the negro that he
fails to realize the debt of his race to the white missionary and
educator from the North and the select group of Southerners who have
been his staunchest friends. Certain it is that America must take
into consideration in race-matters a factor which in the past has not
figured very largely in discussions of the subject, viz. what the negro
himself thinks of the treatment he gets and the assumptions that are
made as to his intelligence and integrity. It is evident that the

19.

young negro is extremely sensitive to the references that are made to
his own people and to the past. The white Southerner who addressed a
coloured teacher in my hearing as 'Jake' and his wife as 'Mary' told
me a few moments after that 'these niggers like it' but, having
watched their faces and heard their answers, I knew he was only fool-
ing himself. At a teachers meeting we heard a University professor
boast of his 'Mammy' in old Virginia and it was apparent that his
jests, kindly and well-intentioned though they were, did not make
his audience listen any more appreciatively to what followed. We
could not help feeling while we were at Hampton that the school
listened with a quite different air to any speaker of their own race.
In demeanour on the grounds and in conversation one could not find
the least trace of rudeness and yet it suggested a rather aggressive
attitude to the white visitors who came to see the school, in a talk
that I had with a gentleman who knows the negro schools most intimately,
I suggested that there was an air of festiveness about Hampton and I
thought that the position of the white ladies and gentlemen on the
staff was becoming more difficult as time went on. He indicated to me
that this was his impression and that he would not be surprised if it
became almost impossible to run a negro higher institution with a
white staff. At least this much is evident that the young negroes
will be very much more affected by their own leaders as time goes on
and that, with them, lies the onus of preserving the attitude of recog-
nition and appreciation of what has been done for the race by its
white friends. My own impression was strongly in the direction of
trusting the relationship of the students to the staff in the hands
of some able interpreter of their own colour in each school where the
white man was still in charge of administration and instruction.

20.

The new negro may be more difficult to handle in many respects
than his forbears but he is apparently a patriot in a quite remarkable
way. Nothing we saw in the South impressed us more than the hearing
of a discussion on Immigration by a class of student-teachers in their
final year at Hampton. The subject was concerned with the Christian
view of the race-question and the leader wisely and skillfully kept
the discussion off the one race-question with which these coloured
students were most familiar. They showed very considerable ignorance
of the fact that there was a colour problem in other countries than
America. But the most striking thing was to hear them discuss the
merits and demerits of the different immigrant populations which were
settling in the country and the reasons for admitting or excluding
them. They showed that they were accustomed to think of such questions
from the point of view of America's good, from economic and social
angles affecting the country as a result of its policy in such matters.
It was apparent that this young negro audience, and it must be typical
of others elsewhere, would surrender to no one in its patriotic feel-
ing and sense of its own citizenship in democratic America.

It is practically impossible to find out what the new negro
really thinks of the discriminations which make his lot so peculiar
in the Southern states. He does not talk about it spontaneously and
it is hard for a stranger, and perhaps for any white man at all, to
question him without raising sensitiveness. The hardest of all its
results from one point of view is the lumping of all negroes in one
group for separate treatment. With all that can be said of negro
solidarity, it is no whit more undifferentiated than our own in the
social and educational levels. The negro who is well educated and
refined, who has made some money and desires to raise his famility

21.

according to good social standards, cannot but chafe under the laws,
written and unwritten, that bind him so closely to his ignorant and
often undesirable brother. There is a distinct social stratification
among the negroes which increases as individual merit and opportunity
works its inevitable effects. It is not exclusion perhaps so much as
inclusion which is resented on railroad cars, in restaurants, hotels
and living quarters. One State which we visited had employed a very
able coloured woman as State Agent for the Jeanes Work. Owing to the
disagreeable experiences which she encountered when travelling, she
asked to be allowed to resign.

I believe that we are misled by the cheerfulness which is
characteristic of the negro and by his patience and humour in the
face of discrimination. They do not suffer less nor perhaps resent
less the experiences which would be a blow to our pride and self-
respect. The explanation lies partly in the fact that the schools
have taught this patience and toleration as the means by which, in
the long run, you can convince your opponent. One instance we met
with is rather interesting. I was asking a State official in the
South whether the negroes of his town had access to any entertain-
ments of a cultural nature which were presented to the public. I
asked this question because I had noticed that, at a concert given
by the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra in the public hall, there were
no negroes present. In answer to my question, he told me that negroes
had no opportunity to hear a good musical programme, or to use the
public library, except in a few cases where they had a small and
inconsiderable section placed at their disposal. The negroes of
this town had brought Roland Hayes, the negro tenor so much in de-
mand in the North, to give a concert. They took especial care to

22.

invite and to reserve special seats for the white citizens who cared to
come. This seems to be a most efficient example of the principle
of turning the other cheek and no doubt it has its results in a truer
knowledge of what the negro race can claim in the way of artistic
ability of the first order.

It is a matter of great moment to those of us who are concerned with the education of the peoples of Africa to enlist the experience and sympathy of America in a task which concerns the future of civilization not only in Africa but in the countries of the West which will be affected by contact with Africa. There would seem to be two channels through which American experience can most helpfully influence the education of the African native.

The first of these is through the services of the educated
American negro. In the past, both Governments and missionary soci-
eties have been inclined to discourage those who have made this
proposal. It was but natural, since they have known so little of the
educated negro in America, since their contact with him has been made
rather through the Marcus Garvey movement than through personal ac-
quaintance with the worker, teacher, thinker-type. It was to be ex-
pected that his intervention should be distrusted for fear of social
and political disturbance. Their experience of the instability of
the native in Africa, and his ingenuous expectation that he can make
the leap of centuries in a day, makes them very suspicious of the
politico-religious prophet and firebrand from across the seas. Yet
it is time that the connection between America and Africa should be
established, and established with the approval of responsible autho-
rities. That connection must be made through the selection and com-
mission of men, and of women too, wherever possible, who are representa-

23.

tive of the best of the race here. The negro in America must and ought
to look towards Africa for an opportunity for service to the people of
his own race. Associations of American negroes are already including
Africa within their purview and policy. That fact may be a menace if
such activity is confined to the propaganda for political rights. It
need not be a menace if the way is opened up for American negroes to
cooperate personally in the development of Africa's people.

The separation of Africa and America is always becoming of less
account in the relations of the black people in sympathy and con-
sciousness of kind. The negro here can read, if he cares, of events
in Africa through the coloured press of both continents. The natives
of Africa, in their turn, are becoming aware of the millions of their
people in America. With the extension of education, often of that
superficial variety which leads men to hasty conclusions, the African
native is inclined to aspire to be like his American brother. His
knowledge of the negro's progress in America ought not to be derived
from newspaper reports. If the peoples of Africa are to realise the
struggle which is the precondition of social progress, if they are to
understand how much the life of the race in this country has been
bound up with solid work, with the building up of an economic founda-
tion, and the efforts involved in meriting and using an education,
they must hear it from the lips of the American negro himself and
see it demonstrated. In the special conditions surrounding the educa-
tion of the native African, we feel that American negroes of the right
kind would give most valuable assistance. For the psychological
problems involved in education, for the wisest adaptation of existing
social traditions and institutions, we might receive the most timely
aid from those whose racial background and temperament are so much

24.

nearer the enigma we are trying to understand. This contact on the
levels of understanding and public duty is valuable for the American
negro himself. As Dr. John Hope of Morehouse College, Atlanta, ex-
pressed it to me in conversation: For the sake of the ten millions of
American negroes who are growing every day more self-sufficient econ-
omically and more rich in the possibilities of public service, there
must be an opening for the giving of life to a cause. For that vision
which alone will keep a people from perishing, nothing would be so
stimulating as a great vocation of guidance and enlightenment in the
new day that has come for the peoples of Africa. The type of leader
and teacher to be produced by the African natives from among their
own number will depend on the type of man who now fills the positions
of leadership quite as much as on the type of education adopted. We
agree that the white settler and trader in Africa should learn the
possibilities of the negro from the best characters and minds that the
race has produced rather than from the crude and undeveloped types with
whom he is thrown in contact. So, too, the African native should dis-
cover the essential road to progress and the surest means of overcom-
ing racial and social barriers by contact with the sanest and most
constructive minds of his own race who have started with all his handi-
caps and yet have won through.

American experience, however, need not be limited to the per-
sons of negroes who might take to Africa some of the educational ideas
and experiments which have been so successful in negro work in this
country. The responsibility of the Western nations in Africa is liter-
ally overwhelming. Great Britain, alone, has assumed the administra-
tion of two and a half-million square miles of territory with an esti-
mated population of forty million people. This includes only the

25.

tropical dependencies of East and West Africa. That responsibility
has now been openly and candidly declared by the Imperial Government
as involving the social and moral advancement of these people through
the deliberate influence of education. In a white paper issued by the
Colonial Office, the new Advisory Committee on Native Education has
declared for a policy of generous Government provisions for education
of all types with a system of cordial encouragement of private agency
through grants-in-aid to missions. The task is so stupendous and the
issues are so vital that it is not really an exclusively British
problem. The best and wisest statesmen have no illusions as to the
ability of Britain's resources to cope with the magnitude of the task.
The public expenditure of the British Colonial Governments will be
multiplied in the next few years for educational purposes but these
are pitifully insufficient for the needs. It is not surprising,
therefore, that educational statesmen in Government and Missions,
knowing the services of American philanthropy to human needs in many
foreign lands, have coveted for Africa the same knowledge and sympathy.
The appeal is reinforced many times by the fact that American aid has
been wrestling with similar social and educational tasks in the Southern
States, that the methods chosen by private philanthropy have been so
singularly successful; and have so largely convinced the public author-
ities that private money can now be progressively withdrawn. It is
clear that, in the last analysis, the educational provisions in Africa
will depend on agricultural and industrial development on the part of
the native himself and one would not wish it to be otherwise. To give
an education which will be the basis of order as well as progress,
which will preserve the best in tribal authority and custom and yet
bring the notions of individual responsibility and initiative; to avoid

OFFICERS

ARTHUR WOODS
ACTING PRESIDENT

HARRY P. FISH
ASST. SECRETARY

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

TRUSTEES

61 Broadway
New York

July 9th, 1925.

My dear President Angell:

In the absence of Dr. Ruml who will
be in Europe until later this month, I am writing you further
about the Conference at Dartmouth, the *convivium psychologicum*
to which you have been kind enough to accept an invitation.

I think it is a reasonable hope that
in an informal conference and free interchange of the leaders
in the field some things may be done that can not be done in
larger meetings with set programs or even smaller section meet-
ings where there is a prepared docket. It ought to give an
opportunity for a definition of major problems, the delination
of fields, the marking out of things to be done as the next
great objectives, for a reckoning with weaknesses and dangers
in the present status of psychology, what its relations are
to allied fields, a sturdy presentation of conflicts and a
frank and cordial effort to find points of contact and co-
operation.

There is no need of a program in any formal
sense and yet it will be wise to see that some leads are given
to even informal discussion so that it will have definite point
and a bearing on the general aims. The matter will in general
be in your own hands but in two ways at least we in the Memorial
may be helpful.

One is to see that the conference is started
off in some way which will briefly get every one into it with a
chance to define his own basic attitude and interest and in a
sense also accomplish the same purpose as set papers defining
aims and delimiting fields. For this purpose I am passing on
what it seems to me is a very effective suggestion for thus
breaking ground. The writer of the suggestion says:

President James R. Angell, 2:

July 9th, 1925.

"It seems to me that if this conference is, inter alia, to consider the general question of promoting scientific work the very diversity of aims, interests and prepossessions exhibited by these several persons in itself calls for some examination and discussion. The suggestion, therefore, that each person give some account of the tradition and school to which he belongs might provide the basis for a further discussion of how scientific research might be promoted. Of course, this does not mean that the individuals should prepare a lengthy history of psychology but rather that they be prepared to show the advantages and opportunities and the background of the specific interests and theories which they cherish and which, impliedly, the others are ignoring or declining."

Now it may not be possible to go the whole round on this plan even if but a brief time is given each but certainly it is the one thing all of you will, I hope, contribute during the conference in some form or other, if not at the opening.

The second thing that may be helpful is to ask four or five to take a lead in opening up not only particular phases of psychology but the interrelation of psychology and allied fields, what they may expect of psychology, what they have to contribute to it as for instance neurology, psychiatry and psycho-pathology, cultural anthropology and the social sciences. I am taking the initiative in seeing that some basis is prepared for such discussions in addition to those to be initiated by the psychologists per se.

What I should welcome would be any further suggestions as to what you would like to see come out of the conference. Please don't hesitate to write in. The fact that the one man in the Memorial staff who is least a psychologist signs this letter ought to arouse as hearty a response as Mark Twain got from the subscribers of the agricultural paper he undertook to edit.

OFFICERS

ARTHUR WOODS
ACTING PRESIDENT

HARRY P. FISH
ASST. SECRETARY

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUML
DIRECTOR

GUY STANTON FORD

TRUSTEES

61 Broadway
New York

July 14th, 1925.

JUL 15 1925 Rep'd

President Jas. R. Angell,
Yale University,
New Haven, Connecticut.

My dear President Angell:

I think perhaps each one of you
could do your own thinking about the Conference a little
bit more clearly if you had before you a list of those who
up to date have accepted invitations. I am enclosing
the membership of the Conference.

GSF/gt

MEMBERSHIP

CONFERENCE OF PSYCHOLOGISTS

August 24th - September 5th
Hanover, New Hampshire

President Jas. R. Angell - Yale University

Mr. W. V. Bingham - Personnel Research Federation

Professor E. A. Bott - University of Toronto

Dr. MacFie Campbell - Boston Psycopathic Hospital

Professor Raymond Dodge - Yale University

Dr. C. Judson Herrick - University of Chicago

Professor J. B. Johnston - University of Minnesota

Dr. Wolfgang Koehler - University of Berlin

Dr. Elton Mayo - University of Pennsylvania

Professor Henry T. Moore - Dartmouth College

Professor S. T. Orton - University of Iowa

Professor Donald G. Paterson - University of Minnesota

Dean Carl Seashore - University of Iowa

Dr. G. M. Stratton - University of California

Dr. L. I. Thurstone - University of Chicago

Dr. F. Lyman Wells - Boston Psycopathic Hospital

Dr. Clark Wissler - Yale University

Dr. Robert Sessions Woodworth - Columbia University

Dr. Merriam of Chicago, Dr. Odum of the University of North Carolina and Dr. Coss of Columbia will be more directly associated with the Social Science group to which I referred in my recent letter.

OFFICERS

ARTHUR WOODS
ACTING PRESIDENT

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUML
DIRECTOR

TRUSTEES

61 Broadway
New York

28th July 1925.

Dr. James R. Angell,
Seal Harbor,
Maine.

Dear Dr. Angell:

I don't think that it is necessary for me to come to Seal Harbor. The thing I wanted to discuss with you is the Hanover conference. We want to keep the conference very informal, and at the same time have enough organization of program so that it will hang together. What we want most to get out of it from the Memorial's standpoint is the opinion of the group as to the probable direction that the sciences which deal with various aspects of human behavior are likely to take, or should take, in the course of the next ten or twenty years. The Memorial's interest in social science makes it very necessary that those sciences centering around psychology and anthropology should develop as rapidly and as wholesomely as possible.

Such a purpose calls for the consideration of strategy rather than tactics, and it was my hope that you might open up the discussion on the first day by a general discussion as to where psychology has come from historically, the various fields into which it has divided itself, and some of the tendencies which you yourself see in the subject. I thought that you better than anyone else could give to the conference the point of view and general attitude that is necessary to lift it above either the mere discussion of detailed problems, or, on the other hand, jurisdictional disputes as between the various scientific categories.

The method which we thought we would follow would be to have one set meeting a day at ten o'clock, at which there will be a discussion of the trends in one of the fields of study of human behavior. This discussion would be opened by a talk, and it would be followed by someone else who would try to bring out of the conference the ideas of its members. The conference begins on Monday, 24th August. The first set meeting will be on Wednesday, 26th, and it was for this meeting that I hoped we might have this discussion from you. If I haven't made myself clear in this letter, please let me come to Seal Harbor and explain.

Yours sincerely,

BR/gmcs

OFFICERS

ARTHUR WOODS
ACTING PRESIDENT

HARRY P. FISH
ASST. SECRETARY

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUML
DIRECTOR

FRANK B. STUBBS

TRUSTEES

CHARLES H. BRENT
ARTHUR WOODS

61 Broadway
New York

August 10th, 1925

President James R. Angell
Seal Harbor, Maine

My dear President Angell:

Although Professor Ford has written you in detail about the plans for the conference at Hanover, there may be some questions about transportation, mailing address, room accommodations, etc. which you would like to have answered.

If you plan to go to Hanover by rail from Boston or New York, it is advisable to get off at White River Junction and take a bus or taxi from there to Hanover. The best train available from New York to White River Junction, leaves New York at 10:45 P.M., standard time, Grand Central Station, arriving at White River Junction at 11 A.M. the next day. There is a day train leaving New York at 7:40 A.M., standard time, and arriving at White River Junction at 3:55 P.M. Among the trains from Boston are:

* Leave Boston 8 A.M. arriving White River Junction at 12:55 P.M.

* Leave Boston 3 P.M. arriving White River Junction at 8:20 P.M.

In most cases each individual will probably prefer to make his own Pullman reservations, but if you find that it would be a convenience to have reservation made through this office, please write me as to the train which you prefer and the date.

Through the courtesy of Dartmouth College and the Alpha Delta Phi and Chi Phi fraternities, arrangements have been made for accommodating the guests at the conference in the fraternity houses and in a dormitory. The conferences will be held in the fraternity houses and meals will be served at the Hanover Inn. On arriving in Hanover, it is suggested that you go directly to the Chi Phi House, which is about two blocks from the Inn.

Your mail should be addressed:

c/o The Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial
Chi Phi House
Hanover, New Hampshire

It will facilitate making plans for your accommodation to know the exact time of your arrival. May I therefore suggest that you telegraph me a day or two in advance of your arrival, giving me as nearly as possible the exact time. The fraternity houses will be open from Monday, August 24th,

- 2 -

JRA:FBS

8/10/25

through Saturday, September 5th.

Professor Ford has written you that the Memorial expects to
reimburse you for travelling expenses incurred in going to and returning
from the conference at Hanover as well as providing for your living ex-
penses while there. For your convenience in keeping account of these
expenditures, I am enclosing a Memorial expense book. Reimbursement can
be made in whatever way best suits your convenience. If you wish, an
amount sufficient to cover your expenses could be sent to you in advance,
or you could be reimbursed at the time of the conference for expenditures
made up to that time, or you could send your expense book to the Memorial
after your return. If you prefer an advance, I should be glad to have
you write to me giving an estimate of the amount needed.

After August 20th, please address communications to me at the
Hanover Inn, Hanover, New Hampshire.

If there are other questions which you have in mind, please
do not hesitate to write me about them.

FBS:MCC

OFFICERS

JOHN D. R. KEFELLER, JR.
Y. ZSIDENT
ARTHUR WOODS
ACTING PRESIDENT

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUMR
DIRECTOR

TRUSTEES

61 Broadway
New York

4th August, 1925.

Dr. James R. Angell,
Sealharbor,
Maine.

Dear Dr. Angell:

I am not informed on the question you
raise, but I shall keep my ears open, and let you have any in-
formation that I may pick up.

Here is the tentative program for the Hanover
conference. I have just had a letter from Dean Woodbridge saying
that he may be present, also there is a fair chance that Janet may
be there. It will be mighty good to see you.

With best wishes,

Very sincerely yours,

BR/gmcs

OFFICERS

ARTHUR WOODS
ACTING PRESIDENT

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

---

BEARDSLEY RULM
DIRECTOR

TRUSTEES

61 Broadway
New York

September 14th, 1925

President James R. Angell
Seal Harbor
Maine

My dear President Angell:

I am sending today under separate cover, the extracts from the records of the Hanover Conference which have been credited by the reporter to you. Each extract is marked with the page from which it was taken so you will have no difficulty, by referring to your complete minutes, in finding the context in which the statement occurred.

I hope in correcting these extracts, the members of the Conference will keep these things in mind. First, the desirability of prompt attention to the matter, since the final minutes cannot be prepared until the corrected notes have come from every single individual. Delay on the part of one member of the Conference will result in delay for all in the receipt of final minutes. And since the final minutes will contain the considered statements of several members of the Conference who were present earlier but could not stay for the final session, I feel that this delay should be as small as possible.

In the second place I hope that the members of the Conference will limit their changes in the extracts to the correction of simple errors of reporting, and not attempt to make drastic or substantial changes in the content itself. In rereading the minutes in their present form it has been evident to me that much of their vigor and suggestiveness comes from the fact that the Conference atmosphere has been preserved in ink and paper. Changing the substance of the statements will result in the uncorrected minutes becoming the standard text rather than the corrected minutes; inasmuch as we should all prefer to have the uncorrected minutes become obsolete as rapidly as possible, it is the more necessary not to eliminate the inconsistencies, trivialities and flashes of the moment that give the original minutes their present flavor. I hope that you will not think that I am implying that the extracts containing your remarks should require such revision, but inasmuch as I must write a more or less uniform letter to all members of the Conference I have felt that warning on this point might perhaps be advisable.

From the standpoint of the Memorial the Conference was very successful and I want to thank you again for coming to Hanover. For-

OFFICERS

ARTHUR WOODS
ACTING PRESIDENT

HARRY P. FISH
ASST. SECRETARY

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUMRL
DIRECTOR

FRANK B. STUBBS

TRUSTEES

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER JR.

GEORGE WELWOOD MURRAY

RAYMOND B. FOSDICK

WILLARD S. RICHARDSON

CHARLES H. BRENT

ARTHUR WOODS

CLEVELAND E. DODGE

ERNEST M. HOPKINS

61 Broadway
New York

October 9, 1925

President James R. Angell
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut

My dear President Angell:

In accordance with your
letter of September twenty-first addressed to Dr. Ruml,
you will find enclosed the Memorial's check #1881 for $2.50
to cover the balance due you on account of expenses incurred
in connection with the Conference of Social Scientists held
at Hanover, New Hampshire.

With kindest personal

regards, I am

Enc.

S/R/MAK

October 19, 1925.

Dr. Beardsley Ruml,
61 Broadway,
New York City.

Dear Dr. Ruml:-

I have sent back under another cover the manuscript report of
my remarks at Hanover. On a more careful reading, I found many passages
in which it was very difficult to tell exactly what I might have said and,
while I have made no substantial alterations in the content of the docu-
ment, I have been obliged in some places to introduce such phraseology
as might make the material reasonably intelligible. I do not think that
I have in any way detracted from the obviously conversational and informal
tone of the whole. I have, on a few occasions, cancelled an entire
paragraph where, in the form given, the material seemed to be purely
repetitious and where I found an unravelling of the material almost
impossible. I hope you will not feel that I have transgressed the request
to make no needless alterations.

I do not know that you have the slightest thought now of giving
any publicity to the document. I should wish to be informed if you
decided to try and make such use of any part of it, for there are
personal statements about men now living, like Dewey and Cattell, which
I should be reluctant to put in print.

I hope to send very shortly my own brief commentary on the meeting
as a whole -- so far as my attendance permitted me to judge. I think,
however, that there is little for me to add to the thoughtful comments of
other members of the conference. I do not know how nearly it resulted
in what you yourself had at the outset in mind, but I am sure it was an
extremely stimulating experience to all those who were privileged to
participate.

With regret that I should have been so long delayed in sending
you this, believe me,

Yours very truly,

OFFICERS

ARTHUR WOODS
ACTING PRESIDENT

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUML
DIRECTOR

TRUSTEES

61 Broadway
New York

20th October, 1925.

OCT 21 1925 RDC'1

Dr. James R. Angell,
Yale University,
New Haven, Connecticut.

Dear Dr. Angell:

Thank you for your note of October 19th, which has come together with the manuscript report. We are planning to publish none of this material, and consequently none of your remarks will get into print unless you yourself see fit to reshape some portions of your talk on your own account. It just occurs to me that this might be a good thing to do, particularly since this talk of yours seems to have made a distinct impression on all the members of the group. The background material, together with your hunch that the borderline between psychopathology and psychology might prove an extremely fruitful one, rather took the imaginations of the people in Hanover, and since very few universities have so organized their facilities that the exploration of this borderline field is possible, it might perhaps start some thinking on this issue.

By the way, I understand that McGill has offered Mayo a professorship in Industrial Hygiene in the Medical School. The people at Pennsylvania are quite excited about it. Janet was there last week, and I understand that Mayo and Gleason are getting ready to translate "Les Nevroses" provided Macmillan cooperates.

Very sincerely yours,

BR/gmcs

OFFICERS

ARTHUR WOODS
ACTING PRESIDENT

LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUMI
DIRECTOR

TRUSTEES

61 Broadway
New York

30th October 1925.

OCT 31 1925 10:04

Dear Dr. Angell:

Many thanks for your memorandum on the
Hanover conference. All of the corrected statements are in,
with one exception, and I hope that in the course of two weeks
or so the final edition will be ready. We are seeing already
some very encouraging results which can be traced directly to
the conference, and we are all encouraged by what has happened
as a result of the performance.

Please let me know sometime when you are
coming to New York, as I should like very much to talk with you
about one or two matters.

Very sincerely yours,

BR/gmos

December 9, 1925.

Confidential.

Dr. Boardsley Ruml,
Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial,
61 Broadway, New York City.

Dear Dr. Ruml:

You will be interested to know, I think, that
the Institute has appointed to membership Dr. Gesell and Dr.
Ruggles. This is in line with our effort to consolidate the
interests and the work of these men in closely allied fields.
What may come out of our building program is not as yet clear.

Believe me,

Yours very truly,

OFFICERS

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER JR.
PRESIDENT
ARTHUR WOODS
ACTING PRESIDENT
WILLARD S. RICHARDSON
SECRETARY
LOUIS G. MYERS
TREASURER
L. M. DASHIELL
ASST. TREASURER

BEARDSLEY RUML
DIRECTOR

TRUSTEES

61 Broadway
New York

October 22nd, 1926

OCT 23 1926 Reckn

President James R. Angell
Yale University
New Haven, Conn.

My dear President Angell:

This is to acknowledge your letter of
October 20th, and to let you know that Dr. Ruml is at present
out of the City. He is expected to return to the office on
Monday, and your letter will be brought to his attention at
that time.

161 WEST TWELFTH STREET

New York City,

January 24, 1928.

PERSONAL

Dear Mr. Angell,

Yesterday Charles Merriam and I had a long talk about the current situation and prospects of the social sciences in general, and of the role which Beardsley Ruml is playing in particular. Both of us think that the great services he is now rendering are due in good part to his going into foundation work fresh from research and abreast of current problems.

Looking forward to the future, we wonder whether Ruml, or any man, can maintain keen intellectual insight into current needs, if he cuts himself off from participation in current work. In reflecting upon that problem, I feel justified in writing this letter to you. Of course you know Ruml's qualities better than I and can judge better whether he is likely to go stale in the course of five or ten years more of purely administrative work. If you think there is such a danger, you also can judge better than anyone else what sort of scientific activity ought to be urged upon him, and how the game might best be rigged.

Of course Ruml knows nothing of this letter. Don't take time to answer it, unless you think there is something I can do to be of service to Ruml. I feel that he is so valuable a person that any one of his friends can fairly ask any other of his friends to consider factors affecting his further development.

Personal.

January 25, 1938.

Professor Wesley C. Mitchell,
161 West 12th Street,
New York City.

Dear Mr. Mitchell:

I have your interesting note of January 24th with reference to Beardsley Rml.

There is a good deal to be said for the point which you make, but hitherto when I have tried to interest Rml in a continuation of academic work, I have found him unwilling, or unable, to face the financial limitations generally connected with these fields of activity. It may be that he has since his New York residence began succeeded in laying up enough to make him less sensitive to these financial issues.

I am disposed to believe that the danger to which you refer is real. I think I have sensed it from a little different angle from that upon which you personally comment. I think that approaching the whole problem from the point of view of an office chair at the bottom of Broadway, he tends inevitably to under-estimate the difficulties of academic co-operative undertakings and perhaps to over-estimate the significance of some forms of achievement which can be readily put into tangible documentary form, as, over against those which have more subtle but often much more/fundamentally significant in their consequences. I think were he to get back once again into an academic atmosphere, this might be a very wholesome corrective for these tendencies, if they really exist, as I believe to be the case.

I am obliged, however, to admit that I do not quite see how he could maintain his present connections and get the benefit of any such experience. The Rockefeller group of foundations have, I think, in recent years, stood committed to the abstention of their own staff from active participation in investigatory activities, primarily on the ground that any results achieved must be free from all suggestion of undue foundation influence. I am therefore afraid that it would be almost impossible to bring about such a process as you have in mind, unless Rml were willing to give up entirely his foundation connections.

In this connection, I may add that I have been a good deal disturbed at a rumor which has recently reached me that the relations in his office were a little strained and that they might result in his retirement. You are much more likely than I to be in touch with such

Professor Mitchell

-2-

January 25, 1928.

gossip and to know whether it has any substantial foundation. I may
also add that I should be extremely reluctant to see him withdraw from
his present work just at this time. He has been the moving spirit in launch-
ing a considerable number of highly important undertakings and I know no
one else in whose hands they would be likely to be wisely or sympathetically
dealt with in the next five or ten years. On this score the gossip
to which I have referred has made me very uneasy.

If, as matters move forward, you find that I can be of any
slightest assistance, I trust you will not fail to call upon me, assured
at once of my great regard forقم and of my keen interest in promoting
his welfare.

Yours very truly,