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buttock; but the other, perfectly aware of his movements, will probably catch him under the ribs, and often dispose of him with ease and safety.

If both parties have lost hold of the back, he who has the lean is much more advantageously situated than his opponent. He stands freer with his neck and easier with his body, and is, consequently, more at liberty to assault or defend with a much greater prospect of success. As the two most important objects in wrestling—namely, hold and feeling with the breast—are, in that situation, of comparatively little consequence, a view of the right leg becomes an object of some consideration, as it implies the fact of the right arm being more up, and the left more down, than his antagonist's (if the men have any hold) can possibly be, as the left buttock is then the only attack that his opponent can make, and which he cannot make without moving the right leg. On the other hand, the person possessing the lean is by no means in so confined a situation. By standing perfectly at ease he can choose his time of assault, or is fully prepared to avail himself of any effort his antagonist can make; and if he be a good striker with the left leg across the shin, he has every chance of doing so with success, which he ought not to defer doing, lest his antagonist should wrench his head loose, and thus oblige him to forfeit his advantage by taking a fresh hold.

Having taken hold, the wrestlers wait for the umpire to give the signal, which is

"BEGIN!"

THEN each man is at liberty to improve his hold in the best way he can, *though without altering the clasp of the hands*. It is then quite fair to shrink under your adversary's breast, if you can, and so pinion his right arm by the pressure of your left close to his elbow. If this can be done it is a very great advantage, and for this reason many good wrestlers prefer slack holds to begin with. But, having the word to

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begin, the question is, Who shall have the first fall? And in order to win a fair fall, the man who throws must—

1. Have held his fingers or hands clasped in exactly the same manner, and without letting go, from the beginning of the wrestle till the end of the fall.

2. He must either fall on his adversary or not at all.

3. He shall be considered to fall on his adversary if he falls with only one leg across him.

## THE FALLS.

THE principal falls or throws in the Cumberland wrestling are: The Hipe, the Back Heel, the Buttock, the Cross Buttock, the Lock, the Knee Blow, the Chip, the In and Out, the Stroke with one Leg and then with the other, Hamming, Grandy-Stepping. To begin with the first-mentioned,

## THE HIPE.

THIS is rather difficult to execute, as there are several movements which must be performed at the same time. The hipe is most frequently executed with the left leg, in which case you suddenly lift your adversary off the ground, and swing him and yourself round to the right; at the same instant you strike the inside of his right thigh with your left knee, pitching him with your right hip. Thus his body, swinging round to the right, and his legs being kept off the ground by the action of your knee, the adversary will be thrown out of balance, and must fall; and, unless you are very clumsy, you will fall on top of him. (See Illustration No. 6.)

The right leg hipe is, of course, the reverse of the above; you strike the inside of his left thigh with your right knee, etc.

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*To stop the Hipe.—When your adversary attempts to lift you, you must endeavour to shrink your breast under him, so as to keep upon the ground. If he strikes at you with the left leg, you must meet it with your right, and vice versa. You can hardly avoid being thrown if your foe succeeds in lifting you; but if you succeed in shrinking your breast under him, your hold will be much improved. It is possible to stop the hipe by clapping the knees firmly together the instant the adversary begins to lift; thus you prevent your foe getting his leg between yours.*

## THE BACK HEEL,

SOMETIMES called Heeling, or Catching the Heel. This is done by throwing one of your heels—say your left—behind the adversary's right with such strength and rapidity as to force his foot forward, while at the same time you throw the whole weight of your body forward upon him, so as to force him backward. He is bound to fall upon his back, and you on top of him. (See Illustration No. 7.)

When this attack is vigorously made it is difficult to stop. The best plan is to slacken your hold as much as you can without letting go, planting the feet as firmly as possible upon the ground, and throwing the weight of the body well forward. But if you are quick in your movements, you may have time to hipe the leg which your adversary puts forward to back-heel you.

It happens at times that you cannot back-heel your adversary at once, yet, by keeping the heel behind him, and pressing forward, you may at last throw him by gradually getting him out of balance. This is called "Hankering the Heel."

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## BUTTOCK AND CROSS BUTTOCK.

IN both these movements it is necessary to twist the body sideways, so as to get one of your hips under your antagonist. A slack hold enables you to perform these throws with greater ease than a close one. They are generally performed with the left hip, but may be done on either side.

To buttock your adversary with the left hip, you twist your left side round so as to get your hip under his belly, and then you pull strongly with your arms, so as to keep him on your buttock. You then twist yourself suddenly round to the right, when he will be lifted off the ground, and as you both keep turning and falling at the same time, he will fall under you.

In the cross buttock the side is twisted in, but at the same time it is so much twisted round that the back is almost turned to the adversary, and the leg of the same side (say the left) is placed across his left leg; then you swing round, falling with and upon your adversary.

When the buttock and cross buttock are well performed, it is difficult to make any defence against those movements, because you are lifted off the ground and held upon your adversary's back; but if you perceive his intention in time, you may save yourself by what is called

## THE LOCK.

TAKING the Lock from behind, and at the same time crouching and drawing your head from under his arms. The lock may be taken with either leg, but as the buttock and cross buttock have been described from a left-hand—or rather left-legged—point of view, we will choose the left-leg lock.

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## THE STROKE WITH ONE LEG AND THEN WITH THE OTHER.

THIS consists of two separate actions: In the first place you give either the blow with the knee, the chip, or the in and out, or some such movement; the second is a blow across your adversary's shin with the leg. If you have administered the chip or the blow of the knee with the left leg or foot, you must immediately place that foot upon the ground, and strike across the antagonist's left leg with your right, at the same time swinging him round to the left. It requires some practice to do this well, but it is the prettiest play in the Cumberland wrestling when it is well performed. You may reverse the practice if you think it advisable, performing the first action with the right leg: in either case it is a telling stroke, and one very difficult indeed to guard against.

## HAMMING AND GRANDY-STEPPING.

HAMMING is something like back-heeling, both in the method of attack and the defence. But the attack is made behind the knee of your adversary, instead of behind his ankle. You will scarcely find it possible to hipe your foe when he attempts to ham you, yet you may overthrow him by forcing him over to the same side as the leg he attempts to ham you with.

Grandy-stepping consists in getting one of your legs behind both your adversary's.

Having thus described the style practised by the men of Cumberland and Westmoreland, we must next give our consideration to the

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DEVON AND CORNWALL WRESTLING.

There is a difference—but only one difference—between the wrestling of the men of Cornwall and those of Devonshire; and it is rather an important difference. Kicking the shins is allowed in Devonshire, but not by the Cornish men; therefore the Devonshire men wrestle with their shoes on, and it is said that they bake the soles of those shoes to harden them, before commencing. In former times horn tips at the toes of the shoes were worn; we believe, however, that they are now prohibited. The wrestlers are permitted to bandage their legs, but still their shins get very severely punished.

Kicking is, we imagine, improper, therefore our description of the Devon and Cornwall style is to be read minus the kicking.

This style depends more upon personal strength than the North-country wrestling, but still some degree of art and quickness is required in it. In Devon and Cornwall wrestling a fall is not counted, unless both shoulders of the man who is thrown come to the ground exactly at the same instant.

DRESS.

THE dress is most important in this style of wrestling, for the hold is upon the dress, not upon the body, of your foe. After stripping to the shirt, and turning up the trousers, unless the wrestler wears breeches, each player puts on a loose jacket of strong canvas, reaching down to the hips, and fastened in front with two strings. These strings, which are of the same length in all the jackets, should be tied so as to leave the front of the jacket open, as this prevents the adversary taking so firm a hold as he could if the jacket were not so loose. The sleeves of the jacket are loose also, for the wrestlers are very fond of taking hold at the wrist or elbow. The wrestlers, in fact, hold each other by the jacket, and by nothing else, though they are at liberty to alter the hold as often as they please.

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the above attitude dart out your left hand, and seize your adversary's right sleeve at the wrist or elbow, and at the same time you catch the right-hand side of his jacket, just above the hip-bone, or you may pass the hand round by the left side of his neck, and endeavour to catch hold of the right shoulder of his jacket. The movements of the two hands must be instantaneous, and the instant they are executed you must turn your-

No. 9.—CROSS HEAVE. DEVONSHIRE STYLE. (See p. 31.)

self round to the left, so as almost to get your back to your antagonist, remembering to keep a firm hold, and throw your weight forward. Thus you will have the forehand-play, and he the after-play. To get the hold for the after-play, seize your adversary's left collar with your right hand, and pass your left round his back to his left loin. But the forehand-play is so much the favourite, that a wrestler will seldom object to your seizing him for the after-play.

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Suppose you have secured the forehand-play, you may then proceed to take the Outside Lock, Inside Lock, Cross Heave, Cross Lock, and Cross Buttock. Begin, we will say, with the

## OUTSIDE LOCK.

HAVING twisted yourself round, as before described, so as to turn your back to your foe, throw your right leg over the outside of his right leg and twist your foot round, so that your toe comes to the inside of his ankle; and while you hold so close with your hands as almost to lift him off the ground with your right hip, pull him over his right side by twisting yourself to the left. As you both keep at once turning and falling, he will come upon his back, and you will fall upon him. Or, if you do not succeed in throwing him, you can rest with your leg hanging over his.

The defence against the outside lock is this: If the adversary's head be under your arm, he will most probably take the

## INSIDE CLUMP,

By striking the inside of your left shin with the outside of his left foot, pushing your foot forward, and twisting you round so as to make you fall on your back. But if his head is not under your arm he will probably prefer the

## OUTSIDE CLUMP,

WHICH he will endeavour to accomplish by throwing his left leg over your left thigh, and pressing you either backward or forward as may suit him. If he throws you backward, he will try to turn himself as you both come to the ground, so as to fall on his left side, and make you fall on both your shoulders.

YALE

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## THE INSIDE LOCK.

THE inside lock may be taken for either a backward or forward throw. For a forward inside lock twist your right leg round the adversary's left by passing your left leg between his, and bringing the toe round to the front of his shin; then proceed as in the outside lock.

To stop the forward inside lock, when your adversary has you in that position, you must pull strongly with your left arm round his loins, or press with your left hand against the back of his head, which will bring his head to the ground.

## THE INSIDE LOCK BACKWARD

Is thus executed: After twisting your right leg round the adversary's left, turn yourself forcibly to the right; then you will both fall—he on his back, and you on your right shoulder.

To take what is technically known as the

## CROSS HEAVE

FROM the forehand-play, slip your right hand round your adversary's right side to his left loin, so as to have him under your right arm, and slip the left hand along his belly, so as to get hold of his left elbow.

This is the only throw in which the parties are exactly in the same position. All, therefore, depends upon the promptitude with which the position is utilised—if you are quick enough and strong enough, you may throw your adversary heels over head.