[LC]

BETWEEN ISSUES

SPACE around here is getting tighter than the proverbial bongo. We have a baker's dozen features lined up for next week's Christmas Book Number, but a record volume of advertising (look, Ma, no hands) is getting record-er by the hour. Where we will put all those special literary essays and reviews—not to mention columns and articles—is the mystery of the week. Rather than frustrate you next week by announcing features now we won't be able to run then, we'll use the understatement ploy. We guarantee at least these seven items for next week's issue:

*   Granville Hicks dissects the contents of four leading "little mags" (literary quarterlies to you): *Partisan*, *Kenyon*, *Sewanee* and *Hudson Reviews*.

*   Adolf A. Berle Jr., himself an old Roosevelt brain-truster, writes a review of Rexford Tugwell's *The Democratic Roosevelt* that is itself a prime historical document.

*   James MacGregor Burns, author of *Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox*, turns to another Democratic leader to consider Kenneth Davis's biography of Adlai Stevenson and *The New America*, a collection of Stevenson speeches.

*   Eugene Lyons, author of *Assignment in Utopia*, examines Vladimir Dudintsev's *Not by Bread Alone*.

*   Richard Chase, leading critic now at Indiana University, reviews *Art and Psychoanalysis*, a massive collection edited by William Phillips.

*   F. W. Duane of Columbia, a friend of the late James Agee, surveys his career, with special attention to the posthumous novel *A Death in the Posthouse*.

*   Harvey Curtis Webster of Louisville University scans *The Living Novel*, a symposium edited by Granville Hicks.

At this writing, too, at least a half-dozen other famous writers are struggling along with their contributions; any

or all of them may reach us before you finish your Thanksgiving turkey. What happens then will be intriguing to students of space-cramming. Get next week's issue and see how we all come out.

**HUDSON REPRINT:** "Laisser sépanouir les cent fleurs. ..." is the title of a massive French document which arrived here a few days ago and immediately struck us as familiar. When we looked down the title page and saw the names of Mao Tse-tung and G. F. Hudson, we realized exactly what it was: a complete translation of our September 9 special section "Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom"—the celebrated Mao speech with notes and introduction by Professor Hudson. The reprint occupies a full issue of a monthly called *Le Courier d'Extrême-Orient* (Far Eastern Courier), published by a French Committee for the Study of Far Eastern Questions.

**SPUTNIK BOOK:** Thomas K. Finletter's "New Armaments and Disarmament," which appeared in our October 28 issue, will be included in a forthcoming Doubleday paperback entitled *The Mystery of Sputnik*, edited by Richard Witkin.

**WALKER MOVE:** In our November 18 issue, Richard L. Walker was described as assistant professor of history at Yale University—a post he vacated some time ago. Professor Walker is now at the University of South Carolina.

**SANDS OF TIME:** If you want to take advantage of our Christmas Book Premium offer—and want the gifts to reach your friends before Christmas Day—you'd better move fast. The mails being what they are this time of year, we can insure pre-Christmas delivery only if you act within the next two weeks. Our order form is on pages 28-29 this week, so located that you won't destroy any articles when you cut out the coupon.

the new Leader

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor: William E. Bohn. Executive

editor: S. M. Levitas. Managing editor: Anatole Shub. Associate editors:

Louis Jay Herman, Myron Kolatch. Literary consultant:

Granville Hicks. Literary associate: Mary V. Greene.

Promotion manager: Peter Jacobsohn. Drama critic:

Joseph T. Shipley. Contributing editors: David J. Dallin, William Henry Chamberlin.

CORRESPONDENTS

Washington: Tris Coffin, David C. Williams. Atlanta:

Charles O. Lerche, Jr. Boston: Ralph W. Porter. Chicago:

Irving Pflaum. Boulder: William Petersen. Dallas: Bicknell

Eubanks. Detroit: Brendan Sexton. Minneapolis: Sam

Romer, New Orleans: Foust Richards. St. Louis: Richard

Rose, Los Angeles: Frank Mankiewicz.

Ottawa: A. Andras. Latin America: Victor Alba, Robert

J. Alexander, Serafino Romualdi. London: Denis Healey,

M. P., G. F. Hudson, Walter Z. Laqueur. Paris: Sal Tas,

George B. Boswell. Rome: Silvio F. Senigallia. Madrid:

Richard Mowrer. Bonn: F. R. Allemann. Berlin: Melvin J.

Lasky, Harold Hurwitz. Vienna: Friedrich Katscher. Stockholm:

Laszlo Hamori. Jerusalem: Uri Ra'anan. New Delhi:

G. S. Bhargava. Tokyo: Takeo Naoi. Sydney: Richard

Krygier. East Asia: Richard Deverall, Edward Hunter.

THE NEW LEADER: Published weekly by The American Labor Conference on International Affairs, Inc. Publication Office: 34 N. Crystal Street, East Stroudsburg, Pa. Editorial and executive office: 7 East 15th Street, New York 3, N. Y. Telephone: Algonquin 5-8844. (Postmaster: If undelivered, send form 3579 to New York Office.) Price this issue: 20 cents. Subscription $6 a year, Canadian $7, foreign $8. Entered as second class matter in post office at East Stroudsburg, Pa., May 9, 1950.

MONDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1957

<table><tr><td>Legislating Union Democracy: J. B. S. HARDMAN</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>Franco Spain After the Sputnik: RICHARD SCOTT MOWRER</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Yugoslavia Moves Closer to Moscow: HUGH SETON-WATSON</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Arms to Tunisia: LORNA HAHN</td><td>11</td></tr><tr><td>The Rise and Fall of Po Prostu: K.-A. JELENSKI</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>Guest Column: HOWARD FAST</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>Justice Black's Illogic: SIDNEY HOOK</td><td>17</td></tr></table>

Writers and Writing

Metternich and Castlereagh: FRITZ STERN 21

Inside Red China: QUINCY HOWE 22

Garibaldi Never Came: ROBERT C. TUCKER 23

Elegy for a Dead Self: SONYA RUDIKOFF 25

Music: HIBBARD JAMES 26

Dear Editor 27

PHOTOS BY WIDE WORLD

Signed contributions do not necessarily represent the views of The New Leader.

We welcome a variety of opinions consistent with our democratic policy.

VOLUME XL, NUMBER 48

2

The New Leader

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WRITERS and WRITING

# Metternich and Castlereagh

A World Restored.

By Henry A. Kissinger.

Houghton Mifflin. 354 pp. $6.00.

Reviewed by Fritz Stern

Associate professor of history, Columbia
University; editor, "The Varieties of History"

HENRY KISSINGER has written a highly original book on a familiar subject, the establishment after the Napoleonic upheaval of a legitimate world order. His work is more than a close scholarly analysis, based on thorough reading of the relevant texts, of the decade of diplomacy between 1812 and 1822. His narrative is illuminated by wise and memorable aphorisms about the condition of man and is informed by an implicit theory of politics. His book demonstrates anew the merit of Ranke's deceptively simple maxim that the particular ought to be illuminated by the universal, the universal buttressed by the particular. Many historians have studied Metternich, many have sought to revisit conservatism; none has brought to such a study a more incisive intelligence, a more penetrating judgment, or a more distinguished style.

Clearly the author chose a subject to which he was perfectly attuned, a subject, moreover, that relates to his current best-seller, *Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy*. Just as in the latter he ponders the alternative modes of policy and defense in the contemporary world, so here he probes and reflects on the means by which Metternich and Castlereagh restored a stable society. In some ways, of course, the problems of the post-1812 period were similar to those of the Versailles and post-Teheran periods, and Kissinger discreetly points to these analogues. The main difference, alas, is that in 1815 peace came after the defeat of the revolutionary power, whereas in 1945 the defeat of one dynamic power was achieved by the victory of another.

Kissinger's story begins in 1812, when the European equilibrium had been shattered, and when Napoleon's might, though bruised in Russia, was still the dominant threat. Metternich's initial tasks were to detach a weak and highly vulnerable Austria from its French alliance, and then to enter and quickly dominate the anti-French alliance; ultimately he strove to anchor Austria's survival by the re-establishment of a legitimate order in Europe. Kissinger distinguishes between a relatively stable, because legitimate, system, where conflicts are limited in scope, and a revolutionary order where "nothing can reassure" the revolutionary power.

With almost exasperating skill and caution, Metternich built up the coalition against Napoleon, fearful that Napoleon might yet win, more fearful still that his defeat might bring about Russia's ascendancy on the Continent. Castlereagh, representing insular Britain with only a pragmatic and intermittent interest in the Continent, had simpler hopes and fears; he sought the destruction of Napoleon, the strengthening of Holland as a barrier against future French aggression, and the preservation of Britain's maritime rights. This achieved, England would be satisfied, though not Austria, whose "security depended on the first battle, not the last." Once the coalition was formed, Castlereagh and Metternich emerged as the two great leaders who together "rescued stability from seeming chaos." Together they prevented the conclusion of a punitive peace, moderated Russia, curbed Prussia, and forged an instrument for the preservation of peace.

It was Castlereagh who proposed that the Quadruple Alliance should provide for periodic meetings to consider "the measures . . . for the re pose and prosperity of nations . . . and the peace of Europe." He fathered the Congress system which ruled Europe for seven years, long enough for Metternich to legitimize the Vienna settlement and to become the Prime Minister of Europe, the acknowledged and accepted leader of the conserving powers. While he could still rely on the implicit support of Castlereagh and of the insular power that shunned intervention, he gained a personal ascendancy over the erratic Tsar Alexander I, trapping him ultimately into a belief that the legitimate order in Europe had to be maintained and the existing social system preserved. The several revolutionary outbreaks in Europe strengthened Metternich's position in Europe, though with each crisis the tie of England to the police powers of the Continent became more tenuous. The tie snapped at the time of the Greek revolt in 1822, and the end was hastened, as well as tragically symbolized, by the suicide of Castlereagh.

The diplomacy of that decade was infinitely complex, though at times Kissinger may be exaggerating slightly the difficulties and dangers in order to magnify the achievements of his two protagonists. Like the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, Kissinger is always quick to define the precise aims and motives of the several actors, and one wonders whether what strikes him as design may not, in some instances, have been an uncertain, intuitive groping. The ever

December 2, 1957

21

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# Inside Red China

shrewd Metternich and the marvel-
ously perceptive Castlereagh of these
pages at times appear as the puppets
of the author's fine imagination.

Not that Castlereagh and Metter-
nich are sentimentally glorified. Both
men, according to Kissinger, failed
as they succeeded—"Castlereagh in
making Britain a permanent part of
the concert of Europe; Metternich in
preserving the principle of legitimacy
he had striven so hard to establish."
But their successes were tangible
enough. The order established at
Vienna lasted for a hundred years,
though obviously this long peace de-
pended on much more than the work
of two statesmen. They had bought
peace at the expense of frustrating
liberal aspirations, and the peace
itself, though a blessing to contempo-
ralies, may have been a mortgage on
the future. As Kissinger points out,
a century of peace had so dulled
men's fear of war that in 1914 no
one, except Sir Edward Grey, would
believe that the old order could real-
ly be destroyed.

Kissinger ends his study with a
chapter on the nature of statesman-
ship, a proper summary of his book's
primary interest. Once more the main
figures are judged not by the tradi-
tional liberal standards but by the
standard of the politically and hu-
manly possible. "Only a shallow his-
toricism would maintain that suc-
cessful policies are always possible."
No one, not even Metternich, could
have saved Austria in an age of
nationalism. But "it is Metternich's
smug self-satisfaction with an essen-
tially technical virtuosity which pre-
vented him from achieving the tragic
stature he might have, given the proc-
ess in which he was involved."

To the end, Mr. Kissinger insists
on the personal responsibility of the
statesman, insists, too, that the states-
man is not impotent, and avows that
circumstances and conditions do not
make a policy. His high conception
of the duties of statesmen remind one
that our belief in human freedom im-
plies as much a challenge to action as
a protection of passivity.

600 Million Chinese.

By Robert Guillain.

Criterion. 299 pp. $5.00.

ROBERT GUILLAIN is a French jour-
nalist who worked in China in 1937
and 1938 and did not return until
1955, when he accepted the invita-
tion Chou En-lai extended to foreign
journalists at the Bandung Confer-
ence to come and see Red China for
themselves. This book is the account
of a supervised, 20,000-mile tour that
took the author from the coastal
cities through industrial Manchuria
and the western plains. "Material
balance sheet," he sums up, "remark-
able—spiritual balance sheet, terrifying."
Because he has presented a
factual report and drawn logical con-
clusions, it all adds up to a devas-
tating indictment of the State De-
partment's refusal to permit Ameri-
can correspondents to do the same.

Here are some of the facts and
conclusions, as reported by Guillain,
from which the Dulles Doctrine on
Red China would quarantine the
American public:

"The subject is rarely mentioned
in Peking, yet the fact which domi-
nates all others and the figure which
haunts the visitor is the Chinese popu-
lation; at the present rate, it will
reach the billion mark in 1980. Nor
is that the ceiling." During six years
of Communist rule, China's birth rate
has risen from 35 to 37 per thou-
sand; its death rate has dropped
from 25 to 17. And China can nour-
ish twice its present population of
600 million by irrigating its empty
lands.

The material achievements of the
Communists belie those who scoff at
the regime's future prospects. Harbin,
which had three hospitals in 1949,
now has nine. Its 33 primary schools
have increased to 134. Its working-
class population is up from 120,000
to 350,000.

Help from Russia accounts for

most of this progress, and that help
did not begin to arrive in large
amounts until the Korean War. It
came not because the Soviet leaders
hoped to make China another satel-
lite but because "once Communism
had seized power in Peking, it would
have been the most terrible catastro-
phe for the Moscow International to
see it overthrown by interior diffi-
culties or by attack from the outside.
The very fragility of China made
this alliance an urgent necessity; she
needed all the weight of Russia be-
hind her." And the Russians knew
that the less conspicuous they made
themselves, the more their weight
would count. Guillain sees no pros-
pect of a Chinese revolt against Rus-
sia until the year 2000:

"The real problem which will oc-
cupy the attention of the world until
the end of the century will be the
relations between the Russian and
American colossi. The game will be
played out during this interval; for
this decisive period Russia wants
China at her side, thus to be allied
with the greatest mass of revolution-
ary forces and popular energy to be
won over by Marxism. The risk for
Moscow would have been *not* to help
China and thus to open the doors to
a return of the West."

To Guillain, one of the present
regime's "most exemplary good
deeds" has been to change China
from "a country of thieves" into "one
of the most honest countries in the
world." The Communists did this, as
they did everything else, by setting
neighbor to spy upon neighbor; and
Guillain found himself wondering if
a real change of heart had occurred
or whether honesty had become "a
kind of by-product of the police
state." He disagrees with those who
have predicted that China would

22

The New Leader

A brilliant and sensitive history
of the “coalition” that brought
peace for 100 years

Report by DUMAS MALONE

IT IS DIFFICULT TO DO JUSTICE to this brilliant and sensitive book in a brief review. Mr. Kissinger unfolds the complex but engrossing story of one of the most fruitful decades of European diplomatic history—from 1812, when Napoleon's disaster in Russia marked that conqueror's failure to organize Europe by force, to 1822, when “legitimacy” had been established and Europe had entered upon a century of unparalleled security and peace. The book is a penetrating study of international statesmanship, centering on two of modern history's greatest diplomatists, Metternich the Austrian and Castlereagh the Britisher. Furthermore, there are parallels here for us, since the author, in his introduction and concluding chapter and in thoughtful observations throughout the work, suggests the timelessness of the problems which are shown here in sharp relief. What he says on the very first page of his pregnant introduction may be applied to Communist Russia as well as to Napoleonic France. It is still true that “the distinguishing feature of a revolutionary power is not that it feels threatened—such feeling is inherent in the nature of international relations based on sovereign states—but that nothing can reassure it. Only absolute security—the neutralization of the opponent—is considered a sufficient guarantee, and thus the desire of one power for absolute security means absolute insecurity for all others.”

As a story, the book begins and ends with Metternich, who in 1809 assumed the post of foreign minister of

[ 3 ]

Lord Castlereagh, who joined with Metternich to form the coalition against Napoleon. From a painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence. (Bettmann Archive)

Austria which he held until 1848. The intricate maneuvers whereby this supremely subtle and tireless diplomat, after the invasion of Russia, built up the coalition against Napoleon, with whom he had "collaborated" when Central Europe was prostrate, cannot be described here and his purpose can be only briefly stated. Of all major European countries, Austria most required a stable European order, and Metternich "epitomized its essence." Over against revolution he set equilibrium. He could hardly have attained it without Castlereagh, the British foreign secretary whose significant career almost

[ 4 ]

exactly covered this decade, and ended tragically when
he took his own life in 1822. As Mr. Kissinger says,
"Metternich was elegant, facile, rationalist; Castlereagh,
solid, ponderous, pragmatic." Two men could hardly
have been more different, but the reserved Viscount
also wanted to restore equilibrium to Europe—not for
ideological reasons but for the safety of Britain. So
when the "two great statesmen of stability" eventually
met they understood each other.

Equilibrium, as these men envisaged it when they
were trying to defeat Napoleon, meant more than his
removal and the cutting of France down to historic size.
It meant that the Russian giant should not rush in to
occupy the vacuum. The crisis of the coalition came
after Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig. Mr. Kissinger sagely
observes that when an enemy is so weakened that each
ally can achieve its ends alone, a coalition is at the
mercy of its most determined member. Castlereagh and
Metternich sought to put the brakes on Tsar Alexander,
though they let him enter Paris first, enjoy the glory,

Metternich (standing, left foreground) and Castlereagh (seated, center foreground) at the Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815. From an old engraving. (Bettmann Archive)

[ 5 ]

and reap the eventual unpopularity. The Allies refrained
from making a punitive peace with France. Most par-
ticularly, Castlereagh counselled moderation. For se-
curity he relied "not on a prostrate but on a pacific
France" under the restored Bourbon monarchy.

The equilibrium among the Allies themselves had to
be completed at the Congress of Vienna. Mr. Kissinger
tells the famous story freshly and well. The status quo
powers, Austria and Britain, faced the acquisitive
powers, Russia and Prussia, with France and Talleyrand
on the sideline until finally admitted to the full concert.
The resulting settlement, which gave Russia most of
Poland, and Prussia compensation in Saxony and the
Rhineland, fell far short of justice and left considerable
dissatisfaction. Nobody got absolute security, which
would have meant absolute insecurity to everybody else,
but nobody was sufficiently displeased to turn revolu-
tionary.

The return of Napoleon from Elba threatened the
prospective equilibrium, for, after Waterloo, the clamor
rose for a more punitive peace with France. The Prus-
sians were especially vocal, and Castlereagh had a hard
time restraining his government. The advocates of "ab-
solute security" always have popular support, but
Castlereagh foresaw that international order would be
threatened again if the French were left permanently
dissatisfied. The second Peace of Paris was less mag-
nanimous than the first, but it involved no dismember-
ment of France.

Besides the peace, Castlereagh deserves the major
credit for the persistence of the conference system after-
ward. In the succession of congresses which followed
during the next seven years, however, Metternich was
the ruling spirit, and the policies of the two great advo-
cates of stability diverged. The wily Austrian followed
a preventive policy, seeking to forestall revolution and
violent social change, while the pragmatic Britisher
clung to the defensive tradition of his own government

[ 6 ]

and its policy of non-interference in the domestic affairs of other countries. The story of Metternich's success in attaching Prussia to Austria through fear of Russia, and of attaching the lesser German states [to Austria] through fear of Prussia, is to the last degree intriguing, but it was a matter of relative indifference to the English. Also, the notorious Carlsbad Decrees, indicating the extremes to which the Austrian was willing to go to check the critical spirit in universities and the press were a German matter. Eventual clash was inevitable in the matter of intervention in other countries to prevent revolt, though Metternich and Castlereagh were equally unwilling to allow Russia to intervene in Greece. Following the death of the most European of British statesmen in 1822, the island kingdom had little concern for the unity of Europe. The greatest period of unity, therefore, was 1815-1821 when Castlereagh and Metternich were seeking to effect it.

Mr. Kissinger gives the two great statesmen of equilibrium the full measure of justice which historians of their own century often denied them because of their extreme conservatism, but he recognizes their limitations. Both of them were defeated at last by the domestic structure of their own countries: "Castlereagh by ignoring it, Metternich by being too conscious of its vulnerability." The consummately skillful Austrian did not control the internal affairs of the empire he served, but by the very success of his diplomacy he obscured its domestic weakness. Perhaps it could never have cured its internal faults and remained an empire—as it did for a hundred years after the defeat of Napoleon—but Metternich never viewed these as a challenge. We may hold that against him, but, in any case, he and Castlereagh restored the European world and gave the international order a stability which our generation can envy. The achievement was minimized after people came to take it for granted, but without stability there could have been no effective movement for social justice.

[7]

THE ALTERNATE SELECTION

A fascinating history of knavery
on an unprecedented scale--
dating from the Mayflower!

Report by RAY C. DOVELL

TO MOST READERS this book by Kenneth Scott, Professor of Modern Languages at Wagner College, Staten Island, will be history of an unconventional pattern. Not all of the settlers in the New World were devout patriots seeking a home where they might worship according to their lights and enjoy liberties not to be had in the countries of their birth; there were among them numerous sharp individuals who were as eager to fleece a stranger—or a neighbor— as any modern devotee of the art of “making a fast buck and a quick getaway.” It is the fascinating, carefully documented story of this wholesale knavery that Professor Scott tells in his off-beat, close-textured narrative, and his book should be welcomed by all students of the period.

Counterfeiting, “clipping,” and forgery were rife in all the principal colonies; indeed, the counterfeiting of the bills of Virginia in 1773 was so clever that business there came to a virtual standstill, as was attested by James Hill, steward on the Custis plantations, who, in a letter to George Washington, declared that he “dared not take money for corn that he had sold but required the purchaser to give a note of hand.” And when two important horse races took place “at Leedes Town on the Potomack,” a New York newspaper reported that not half the money that would normally have been

[ 8 ]

wagered was bet, since the Marylanders would not
stake their property against the Virginia currency
which had been counterfeited in a manner so unparal-
leled.

Coins, usually Spanish and Portuguese gold and
silver, were those most generally imitated, but very
often the entrepreneur was careless, as when pieces of
eight, dated 1754, were struck with the name "Philip"
instead of "Ferdinand" on them. On the other hand,
the public was defenseless against such masterpieces as
the doubloons which were circulated in Philadelphia
in 1748 and 1749, which most goldsmiths of the day
pronounced genuine. Actually they were only one-half
gold.

Nor did the laws of the colonies do much to curb
the activity of the counterfeiters: they varied so greatly
that whereas convictions in one province might be
punishable by death, the individual proved guilty in
another got off simply by paying a fine. And in Con-
necticut the malefactor who pleaded or was proven
guilty and admitted to bail could skip town and remain
unmolested, since the authorities were well satisfied
to collect the bond for the colony's treasury. Indeed,

List price, $5.00

Members' price $4.50

[9]

[10]

on many occasions the authorities of one government refused to cooperate with those of another, as when a sheriff from New York seized a gang of counterfeiters near Sheffield, in territory claimed by both Massachusetts and New York, and had to return home empty-handed.

In the former colony, one *cause célèbre* was recorded as early as July 22, 1704, when Judge Samuel Sewall of Boston wrote in his famous diary: "It begins to be known that the twenty shilling bills of credit are counterfeited." Two days later a proclamation was issued by Joseph Dudley, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He warned that some evil-minded persons, designing to "cheat and cousen" Her Majesty's good subjects, had counterfeited the twenty shilling bills, and therefore he ordered all holders of notes of that denomination to bring their bills before the council chamber in Boston to be validated.

By July 25 four of the gang were jailed. The prisoners were two blacksmiths of Boston, Peregrine White, Jr., the son of Peregrine White, Mayflower baby and first-born New Englander of English parentage, and his son, Benoni White; a carpenter named John Brewer, and one Daniel Amos, a winecooper. Amos promptly broke jail and escaped, the two Whites pleaded guilty and turned crown witnesses, and only Brewer, the carpenter, was found guilty. He was sentenced to sit in the pillory for one hour and a half "on a lecture day" (probably a Thursday), when a harangue on some religious theme or a sermon was sure to bring a crowd to town for the mixed pleasure of listening to the oratory, learning about all the marriage banns, and viewing the punishment of criminals: to have one ear cut off, to be imprisoned for one year, and to pay the costs of the prosecution. Brewer probably repented his misdeeds to the accompaniment of the gibes of his fellow colonists; but he escaped with both ears, thanks to remission of that part of the sentence by the Governor.

[10]

Other Books that
We Recommend

These past selections ranging over the broad field of history are reviewed for your convenience and easy reference.

**A HISTORY OF FRANCE, by André Maurois.** The great biographer André Maurois, of the Académie Française, has in this book chosen no less a subject than France herself— from the days before Rome conquered Gaul to the elections of 1956. The latest of a long line of Frenchmen of letters who have interpreted history as a literary form, M. Maurois presents a living tapestry of kings, mistresses, conquests, artisans and revolutionaries. List price, $7.50. Members' price, $5.45.

**SOVIET RUSSIA IN CHINA: A SUMMING UP AT SEVENTY, by Chiang Kai-shek.** In a temperate and restrained memoir, the leader of Free China presents a scathing indictment of Soviet trickery. List price, $5.00. Members' price, $4.50.

**CHURCHILL ROOSEVELT STALIN: THE WAR THEY WAGED AND THE PEACE THEY SOUGHT** (A Diplomatic History of World War II), by Herbert Feis. This is a brilliant and absorbing dissection of the tangle of motives, aims, strategic plans and intractable destinies in the relationship between the leaders of World War II. Mr. Feis comprehends this "one war and three wills" as a whole and sheds striking new light on the personalities of each of the three leaders. List price, $6.95. Members' price, $5.25.

**REVOLUTION IN AMERICA: CONFIDENTIAL LETTERS AND JOURNALS 1776-1784 OF ADJUTANT GENERAL MAJOR BAURMEISTER OF THE HESSIAN FORCES, edited by Bernhard A. Uhlendorf.** Here is one of the most unusual, comprehensive and informed of the contemporary accounts of the American Revolution, appearing for the first time in book

[ 11 ]

form. Major Baurmeister, an astute observer and a profes-
sional soldier, reported to his superior the military events
and his comments upon the men and methods of both
sides of our War for Independence. List price, $9.00.
Members' price, $6.95.

**MIGHTY STONEWALL**, by Frank E. Vandiver. "I don't like Jackson's movements," Union General George B. McClellan wailed. "He will suddenly appear where least expected." Nor was McClellan alone in his discomfiture—every Union general who opposed Jackson paid tribute to his tactical brilliance. Mr. Vandiver has written a fine and moving book about "a genius sparked by God and War." List price, $6.50. Members' price, $4.95.

**A HISTORY OF SOVIET RUSSIA**, by Georg Von Rauch. The single book of its kind available to English speaking readers, this tough, unvarnished history of the U.S.S.R. bares the devastating record of four decades of Soviet rule. List price, $6.75. Members' price, $5.25.

**AMERICAN EPOCH:** A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES SINCE THE 1890's, by Arthur S. Link. The exuberant, free-wheeling growth of the American nation in our own times is outlined and specified in this authoritative history. List price, $7.95. Members' price, $5.95.

**OF PLYMOUTH PLANTATION:** 1620-1647, by Governor William Bradford; edited by Samuel Eliot Morison. The true story of the Mayflower crossing and the first years in the New World, told by the Pilgrims' learned and perceptive leader. List price, $6.00. Members' price, $4.65.

**ARMS AND MEN:** A STUDY IN AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY, by Walter Millis. A sober, brilliantly-written study of the growth of America's military might. Written by the editor of the famous Forrestal Diaries, this book throws new light on the problem of security and survival. Military critics call it "a book for the years." List price, $5.75. Members' price, $4.65.

**THE PARKMAN READER**, edited by Samuel Eliot Morison. The titanic struggle of France and England for hegemony in the New World is brought to life in Francis

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Parkman's immortal study, extracted here. List price, $6.00.
Members' price, $4.65.

**FROM LENIN TO MALENKOV:** THE HISTORY OF WORLD COMMUNISM, by Hugh Seton-Watson. Here is perhaps the definitive book on Communism, a masterful history of techniques in the Communist rise to power in Russia and elsewhere—and of the men and women who participated in the ruthless conspiracy. List price, $6.00. Members' price, $4.95.

**THE MASTERS AND THE SLAVES:** A STUDY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRAZILIAN CIVILIZATION, by Gilberto Freyre. Where in the Western Hemisphere has the problem of race relations most successfully been met? What does it mean if it rains on St. John's Night in Brazil? Why was the patriarch of the Big House on a Brazilian plantation a symbol of the unification of a society rather than its division? These questions on the history and culture of the second largest nation in the New World are answered brilliantly by Brazil's greatest living scholar. List price, $8.50. Members' price, $5.75.

*Dual:* THE PUBLIC PHILOSOPHY, by Walter Lippmann, and REALITIES OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, by George F. Kennan. What is Russia's real weakness? Where is policy made in the American system? Two noted commentators on the current scene answer these questions. Combined: List price, $6.25. Members' price, $4.50.

**GALLIPOLI**, by Alan Moorehead. On the night of March 18, 1915, following a plan first conceived by Winston Churchill, the Turks were virtually beaten. But the Allies did not know that! Here is the vivid account of adventure, agony, and heroism that made up one of history's grimmest tragedies. List price, $4.50. Members' price, $3.95.

**THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS**, by Millar Burrows. Out of the ancient past have come these priceless documents which reveal little known aspects of our heritage. What do they mean? How did they come to be written? Who wrote them? Millar Burrows has written the most complete account of the discovery of the Scrolls and their significance. List price, $6.50. Members' price, $4.95.

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**NOTRE-DAME OF PARIS:** THE BIOGRAPHY OF A CATHEDRAL, by Allan Temko. A key to the romance and intricacy of medieval France lies in this absorbing history of the Cathedral of Paris. List price, $6.75. Members' price, $4.95.

**THE WEB OF VICTORY:** GRANT AT VICKSBURG, by Earl Schenck Miers. The vivid narrative of "the first great campaign in modern warfare," Grant's classic maneuver that shattered Vicksburg and cut the Confederacy in two. List price, $5.00. Members' price, $4.50.

**THE DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST OF MEXICO:** 1517-1521, by Bernal Diaz del Castillo. A masterpiece of history in its first American edition! One of Cortes' own foot-soldiers tells of the conquistadores' epochal victory, gained against odds of 1,000 to one. List price, $6.50. Members' price, $4.95.

**THE LIVING LINCOLN:** THE MAN, HIS MIND, HIS TIMES, AND THE WAR HE FOUGHT, RECONSTRUCTED FROM HIS OWN WRITINGS, edited by Paul M. Angle and Earl Schenck Miers. For the first time, Abraham Lincoln's "autobiography," told in his own words, through letters, speeches and documents dating from the rail-splitting years to the day before his death. List price, $6.95. Members' price, $4.95.

**A HISTORY OF UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY,** by Julius W. Pratt. You will be better able to understand the international frictions of today, after reading this brilliant history of our country's relations with foreign powers, from Benjamin Franklin's day to John Foster Dulles. List price, $9.25. Members' price, $5.95.

**ALEXANDER HAMILTON AND THE FOUNDING OF THE NATION,** edited by Richard B. Morris. The master planner of our democracy and the genius who urged the adoption of the Constitution through the Federalist papers, Hamilton is a man too little known to moderns. This book serves to correct the record and is a masterly tribute to Hamilton's vision and foresight. List price, $7.50. Members' price, $5.25.

**ABRAHAM LINCOLN,** by Benjamin P. Thomas. A great biography. Lincoln scholars call this the best life since Charnwood's. List price, $5.75. Members' price, $4.95.

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**BYZANTIUM:** GREATNESS AND DECLINE, by Charles Diehl. It was the fabulous capital where Emperors were sheathed in gold . . . where hanging rooms swung in the breeze . . . where Greek learning was preserved . . . and where 30,000 persons were executed at one time. Here, in all its grandeur and decadence, is the story of Byzantium, the 1,000-year Empire which championed Christianity and sparked the Renaissance. Magnificent photographs. List price, $8.50. Members' price, $5.95.

**THE LION AND THE THRONE:** THE LIFE AND TIMES OF SIR EDWARD COKE, by Catherine Drinker Bowen. Attorney General under Elizabeth, Coke—as agent of the Crown—mercilessly prosecuted Essex, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Guy Fawkes. But as Chief Justice under James I, he risked his life to defend the right to public trial, the writ of habeas corpus, and many other legal rights. Written by the author of *Yankee from Olympus*, this book paints a warm and vivid picture of England's greatest jurist. List price, $6.00. Members' price, $4.50.

**THE RED ARMY, edited by B. H. Liddell Hart.** Are we underestimating the striking power of the Soviet Army? Is the USSR overtaking us in nuclear weapons? Here is the first authoritative appraisal of the Russian forces by a distinguished group of experts *who fought with them ... and against them*. List price, $6.00. Members' price, $4.50.

**CHARLES EVANS HUGHES** (two volumes, boxed), by Merle J. Pusey. A definitive biography of the great Chief Justice and statesman, which tells for the first time the inside story of the “packing” crisis in the Supreme Court. List price, $15.00. Members’ price, $5.50.

**HISTORY OF THE GERMAN GENERAL STAFF, by Walter Goerlitz.** The personalities, triumphs and fatal mistakes of the great military geniuses from Clausewitz to Rommel. List price, $7.50. Members' price, $5.65.

**THE CENTRAL BLUE:** THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF AIR MARSHAL SIR JOHN SLESSOR. In effect, the history of the Royal Air Force as well as the life story of a fascinating man. Tells of the trials and achievements of the proponents of air power in the modern world. List price, $7.50. Members' price, $4.95.

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RUSSIA LEAVES THE WAR (SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS: 1917-1921), by George F. Kennan. What really happened during those critical months when the Bolsheviks seized power and Russia withdrew from World War I? Here is a fascinating account, rich in detail and in personalities, of the Russian Revolution through American eyes. By the former U.S. Ambassador to the Kremlin. A quadruple Award Book, recipient of the Bancroft Prize, the Francis Parkman Award for Literary Excellence, National Book Award, and a Pulitzer Prize for History. List price, $7.50. Members' price, $5.75.

THE STORY OF MEDICINE, by Kenneth Walker. From the ancient tribal witch doctor to the thrilling accomplishments of modern science in the alleviation of man's pain. List price, $6.00. Members' price, $4.65.

THE UNITED STATES AND ASIA, by Lawrence H. Bат-тistini. This is a basic book on Asian affairs, one designed to help the general reader understand clearly the rise of American interests in this area. List price, $5.00. Members' price, $4.25.

THE BIRTH OF BRITAIN: A HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH SPEAKING PEOPLES (vol. I), by Winston S. Churchill. A great leader, a commanding and versatile intelligence, writes of leaders of the past. This first volume deals with Roman Britain, Magna Carta, the age of Shakespeare's kings, and the violent birth of Tudor England on Bosworth Field. List price, $6.00. Members' price, $4.50.

THE NEW WORLD: A HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH SPEAKING PEOPLES (vol. II), by Winston S. Churchill. Here the great characters of our heritage play their parts: Henry the Eighth, Mary Queen of Scots, Elizabeth I, and the galaxies which surrounded them. List price, $6.00. Members' price, $4.50.

RETURN TO POWER, by Alistair Horne. As the first defense against the Red Army, West Germany is at the heart and core of the Free World's strategy. Here is the eye-opening story of her fabulous build-up of military power: *how* it happened, *who* accomplished it, and *what* it means in the fight against Communism. List price, $6.00. Members' price, $4.65.

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FOR PUBLICATION ON AUGUST 31st

*A great German war novel*

# The Willing Flesh

WILLI HEINRICH

The book American reviewers have hailed as the *All Quiet on the Western Front* of World War II. 'The most important post-war German novel.'—*New York Herald Tribune*

478 pp., Lg Cr 8vo, 16s.

*An outstanding Naval autobiography*

# U-Boat Killer

CAPTAIN DONALD MACINTYRE

Known as 'Bulldog Drummond of the Atlantic', the author sank more U-boats than any man alive. His book is one of the finest, most exciting personal accounts of war at sea ever written—the Atlantic Battle as it really was for the men who fought it.

200 pp., Illustrated, Dy 8vo, 16s.

*A brilliant travel book*

# Where the Gods are Mountains

RENÉ VON NEBESKY-WOJKOWITZ

The Himalayas are as much a paradise for anthropologists as for mountaineers. The author describes his three years in Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet and gives much new fascinating information about the strange customs and traditions of the Himalayan peoples.

256 pp., Dy 8vo, Illustrated, 21s.

*All prices and dates of publication in this list are provisional*

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# Diamond

EMILY HAHN

Every mention of diamonds—a jewel robbery, the finding of a new great gem—provokes the same question: why are they so valuable? Diamonds have an everlasting, ever-tantalizing fascination, and the more one learns of them the more their fascination grows, which is why *Diamond* will absorb everyone who has ever marvelled at the mysterious glint of the hardest substance on earth. No better guide could be found to the world of diamonds than Emily Hahn, for she writes of them not only with her accustomed shrewdness and wit, but with the familiarity of long acquaintance. 'I feel about them,' she says, 'rather as a doctor feels about appendixes; they are not quite mysteries to me.' For amongst her many achievements are degrees in Mining Engineering and Mineralogy.

She describes the diamond mines of South Africa; their spectacular development from the uproarious chaos of the first diggings to the smooth-running diamond trade of today; and the great diamond kings who have feuded and ruled there—Rhodes, Barnato, Oppenheimer; and all the various methods used by men to extract diamonds from the blue earth or the alluvial gravel. And then the trade and the cutting: the secrets of Hatton Garden and the Antwerp workshops. And the legends of the great diamonds . . . And the strange qualities of diamond itself, that rare, beautiful, and brittle mineral which is earth's greatest treasure and man's greatest greed.

256 pp., *Dy 8vo*, 18s. NOVEMBER

DIAMOND has been serialized in the NEW YORKER

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# The Amazing Oscar Hammerstein

VINCENT SHEEAN

Among the great impresarios, the first Oscar Hammerstein is unique, not only for his achievements, but also for the extraordinary figure which he cut in American life. A zestful fighter, forever involved in up to forty law-suits at a time; a noted wit, whose sayings were eagerly reported by the Press; a daring gambler, whose theatre-building schemes perpetually hovered on the brink of bankruptcy; he was a legend in his lifetime.

Oscar Hammerstein made his name in Variety—he presented Marie Lloyd, Houdini, Buster Keaton and the young Charlie Chaplin—but his lifelong passion was opera. His intrepid challenge to the well-established Metropolitan with his own Manhattan Opera House gave him his greatest triumph, and the fierce 'Opera War' that followed revealed all his talents for eccentric showmanship. Hammerstein ruthlessly stole singers from his great rival, and on one occasion even gave a pirated performance of *La Bohème*. He imported new stars from Europe—among them Mary Garden, Tetrazzini and Melba—and threw them over when he tired of them. In the end he determined on the ruin not only of the Metropolitan but of his own partners as well. And when the debacle came, Oscar Hammerstein departed to London—to build yet another Opera House.

Vincent Sheean brings this fabulous career to life in a book to delight all lovers of opera and Americana.

352 pp., Dy 8vo, *Illustrated*, 25s. NOVEMBER

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# Dior *by* Dior

Since his first collection in 1947 when the New Look rocketed him to fame, Christian Dior has exercised an unrivalled sway over French fashion—which means world fashion. The opening of the new Dior collection has become a ritual ceremony, attended by high priests of fashion from all over the world—and at the same time it has the surprise quality of a Budget speech. For no one can ever be sure what new direction Dior's imagination will take. In turn the New Look, the A line, the H line, the Y line have taken the world by storm. It is only certain that whatever new line he chooses to introduce will affect fashion everywhere.

Dior's autobiography, written with charm and modesty, is imbued with a passionate love of his profession. He describes the patronage of Marcel Boussac which enabled him to start his own house; his visits to England—in particular the famous fashion shows at Blenheim Palace and the Savoy Hotel, which created such a stir in the press—with some asides on English women and their attitude to dress; his tours of America and the establishment of Christian Dior, New York; and his hopes for the future. At the same time he gives a fascinating, and detailed insight into the workings of a great fashion house, and the part played by each of its members, from the mannequins to the vendeuses.

256 pp., *Dy Svo*, *Illustrated*, 21s. NOVEMBER

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# Model Girl

## JEAN DAWNAY

What is she like—the model girl of today, whose aloof sophisticated image tantalizes us from the pages of the glossy magazines? Jean Dawnay's fresh and witty account of her career as a model—from the dreadful moment when the first agent who interviewed her told her she was 'far too ordinary, not tall enough, hair frizzy from cheap perms, teeth sticking out', to the dazzling heights of working for Christian Dior in Paris and earning £500 a week as a leading model in New York—gives the inside story of a career which can be grim as well as glamorous.

In the course of working her way up from the bottom to the top of her profession, Jean Dawnay has experienced the fashion world in all its widely differing aspects. She has modelled for 'bread and butter' jobs like knitting leaflets and mail order catalogues, and she has made triumphal tours of Australia, France, Italy and America as a free-lance model. Her story will therefore be of particular interest to the thousands of girls who are thinking of taking up modelling as a career. At the same time, the spontaneous gaiety of her writing, and the diverting anecdotes which pepper her story, make this a book which anyone, however far removed from the fashion industry, can read with enjoyment.

256 pp., Lg Cr 8vo, Illustrated, 18s. NOVEMBER

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# A Way of Life

PETER WILDEBLOOD

*Against the Law* was a plea for a change in the legal attitude towards homosexuality, based on the author's own experience of prosecution and imprisonment. In his second book, Peter Wildeblood argues that the state of the law is not the only factor which prevents homosexuals from playing their full part in the life of the community. He believes that concessions must be made on both sides; by the homosexual himself, no less than by men and women of normal instincts.

*A Way of Life* presents a series of vivid portraits of social 'misfits' of widely differing kinds, together with the men and women who prey on them and those who devote their lives to helping them. Clergymen and drug addicts, prostitutes, policemen and philanthropists are among the characters, and Peter Wildeblood, following them in their separate paths, describes what happens when those paths cross. *A Way of Life* is a merciless exposure of social attitudes, written with the same astringent candour and warm humanity that made *Against the Law* one of the most widely-praised books of 1955.

192 pp., Dy 8vo, 18s. OCTOBER

ALSO BY PETER WILDEBLOOD

## Against the Law

'... the noblest, and wittiest, and most appalling prison book of them all ... The pictures of prison life are unforgettable, their quality made memorable by this man's unaffected avoidance of self-pity.'

—C. H. ROLPH, *New Statesman*.

'A very courageous, honest book which can do a great deal of good, even to the most prejudiced.'

—SIR BASIL HENRIQUES, *Daily Telegraph*.

192 pp., Dy 8vo, 3rd Imp. 16s.

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# The Five Pound Look

TOM HOUSTON

‘Every university graduate should be able to go round the world on £5.’—THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH

To one 25-year-old ex-Oxford undergraduate, the Duke's speech came as a personal challenge. December 19, 1954, found Tom Houston with a £5 note in his pocket leaving for New York as groom to a string of racehorses. This was the first of many unconventional jobs and unexpected adventures as he worked his way through North and South America, New Zealand, Australia, Indonesia, India and Egypt. He became a journalist for the anti-British *Chicago Tribune*, a wharfie in New Zealand, a scab labour newspaper packer, the winner of the jackpot in a geographical quiz, and the (fortunately heavily compensated) victim of a drunken assault on a plane to Karachi. But perhaps the most dramatic adventure of all happened in Toronto, where, discovering for himself the loneliness of big cities, Tom Houston sent a proposal across the Atlantic to 22-year-old Caroline Neave; she promptly flew out to marry him and thenceforth they shared together the ups and downs of their Odyssey.

Tom Houston has proved himself as resourceful a writer as he has a traveller; his account of his journey—humorous, pungent, thoughtful—is a travel book right out of the ordinary.

300 pp., Dy 8vo, *Illustrated*, 18s. OCTOBER

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# Under Ten Flags

By Vice-Admiral BERNHARD ROGGE
*as told to Wolfgang Frank*

The *Atlantis*, Germany's most successful surface raider, has achieved an almost legendary fame. Part of her saga has already been told, but one man alone is in a position to tell the full truth of her amazing voyage. In this book Admiral Rogge, who planned and directed *Atlantis'* lone war against the Allies, gives his Captain's story of the most brilliant German naval feat of arms of the last war.

He sailed from Germany on March 31 1940; his mission to harass Allied shipping; his hunting-ground the distant trade routes where ships sailed un-convoyed. Out of touch with home except for occasional wireless signals and with only one brief respite in a bleak Antarctic bay, he and his crew remained continuously at sea for 655 days. 'Secrecy and surprise were paramount,' writes Admiral Rogge. Hardly a week passed without the *Atlantis* transforming her appearance, and altogether she adopted nine separate identities. Each time not only her name and flag, but the colour of her hull, the shape of her upperworks and even the appearance of her crew were changed to deceive her victims. Nearly 150,000 tons of Allied shipping were sent to the bottom by the elusive raider. But at last she met her match in a British cruiser. Then began the most amazing episode in the whole *Atlantis* story, the safe voyage home in U-boats and open boats of her crew across thousands of miles of ocean and through the British blockade.

200 pp., *Dy 8vo, Illustrated, 18s.* SEPTEMBER

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# Inventors of our World

JOACHIM LEITHAÜSER

This book is a popular history of the technological revolu-
tions that have made the world we live in—the world of
cars and aeroplanes, photographs and nylons, concrete and
television. The author writes for the general reader; and is
less concerned with technical details than with the person-
alities of the great inventors and the ways in which their
inventions have transformed our lives.

The early chapters deal with the harnessing of new
sources of power, from the invention of the steam-engine,
through electricity, to the atomic age. Then come chapters
on inventions that speeded up communications by land, sea
and air: Stephenson's locomotive, Fulton's steamship,
Dunlop's bicycle, Benz's petrol engine, the Wright
brothers' aircraft; other chapters on telegrams, telephones
and wireless; on artificial lighting, paper-making and
printing; on the revolutions in clothing and building mate-
rials; and finally a discussion of automation and electronic
brains.

320 pp., *Dy 8vo, Illustrated, 25s.* NOVEMBER

# Man into Space

HERMANN OBERTH

Here is a comprehensive survey of the techniques and
theories of space travel, by a world-renowned expert. To
many its contents may appear astonishing, but it contains
nothing that is not the logical result of scientific research.
It covers all the branches of space flight: the satellite
rockets, whose construction has been announced; space sta-
tions or interplanetary islands; electric space ships; obser-
vatories installed on asteroids; the moon-vehicles essential
for work on that body; the most suitable planet for the first
invasion; and the nature of the tests, both physical and
mental, which space travellers will have to undergo before
they can embark on the journey—tests which may dismay
the optimists who have already booked tickets to the Moon.

256 pp., *Dy 8vo, Diagrams & Illus.*, 18s. JANUARY

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# A Short History of Communism in Asia

CAPTAIN MALCOLM KENNEDY

It is in Asia that Communism has faced the Western world with its most dangerous challenge since the war, and nothing is of greater importance to an understanding of world affairs today than a knowledge of the Asian Communist movements.

Captain Kennedy was employed for many years by the Foreign Office as an expert on Far Eastern affairs and he has now written a well-documented, full-length history of Asian Communism from its beginnings to the present day. He describes the background of nationalism against which the first Asian Communist parties were founded in the 1920s; the dramatic change brought about by the Japanese conquests of 1941-2 in countries which had for so long been under Western domination; and the revolutionary situation caused by Communist China's emergence as a world power.

450 pp., *Dy 8vo, 42s.* OCTOBER

## The Soviet Army

Edited by CAPTAIN B. H. LIDDELL HART

For the first time a group of leading international authorities have combined to give a reliable and up-to-date picture of the Soviet Army. In the light of the lessons learnt in the last war and in the wider perspective of Russian history, they review the quality and training of its officers and men, the development of its armament and equipment, its accepted principles of strategy and tactics, and its administrative organization. The authors, many of whom have fought with or against the Russians include: Field-Marchal von Manstein, Generals Weygand, Guillaume, Guderian, Bayerlein and Blumentritt, Sir David Kelly, Colonel Miksche and Leonard Shapiro.

448 pp., *Dy 8vo, Illustrated, 35s.* OCTOBER

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