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TABLE OF CONTENTS

*

<table><tr><td>Part I</td><td>PURPOSE<br/>GENERAL PRINCIPLES<br/>HISTORY</td></tr><tr><td>Part II</td><td>SELECTION PROCESS</td></tr><tr><td>Part III</td><td>PROGRAM</td></tr><tr><td>Part IV</td><td>EVALUATION</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>APPENDIX A</td><td>EXTRACTS OF LETTERS FROM PARTICIPANTS</td></tr><tr><td>APPENDIX B</td><td>LIST OF PARTICIPANTS</td></tr><tr><td>APPENDIX C</td><td>READING LISTS</td></tr><tr><td>APPENDIX D</td><td>GUEST SPEAKERS AND LETTERS FROM SPEAKERS</td></tr><tr><td>APPENDIX E</td><td>LIST OF MEMBERS OF JAPANESE SELECTION COMMITTEE</td></tr><tr><td>APPENDIX F</td><td>SCHEDULE OF WEEKLY EVENTS</td></tr></table>

PART I

PURPOSE

The Harvard International Seminar attempts to promote international
understanding and cooperation by providing its members an opportunity:

1. To acquaint themselves firsthand and for the first time with United States democracy.

2. To discuss and study America's role in relation to other countries of the world.

3. To overcome national prejudices and to build lines of international communication.

4. To bring foreign thinking and attitudes to the attention of Americans.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

The Harvard International Seminar is designed for a group not reached by any existing exchange program: those persons between twenty-five and forty who are about to attain positions of leadership in their country, and whose impact even now is considerable. Too old for existing exchange programs, too active to leave their countries for extended periods, these men and women have felt isolated and have too often sought refuge in a narrow nationalism. It was our belief that a meeting of the most promising representatives of this group in an atmosphere such as Harvard's, would go far toward promoting a better understanding of common problems and of America's deeper values.

The Harvard International Seminar does not attempt to achieve a consensus on specific policies or to convert its participants to the American viewpoint. Rather, the Seminar attempts to provide a wide range of contacts with the main aspects of American life so that the participants may form their own judgment of America's moral and material contribution to present problems. It has been felt that these goals could be best achieved by keeping the Seminar small enough to pay personal attention to each participant and by basing the selection process as much as possible on the personal recommendations of reliable individuals.

It was further assumed that the purposes of the Seminar could be best attained by conducting it under private auspices, making possible the freedom of discussion necessary for a cooperative effort.

HISTORY OF THE HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

The Seminar was conducted for the first time in 1951 as a pilot project with twenty participants drawn from West-European students already in the United States. Its discussions resulted in the formation of the review CONFERENCE which attempts to provide a continuing forum for the international exchange of ideas.

The success of the 1951 session encouraged the Harvard Summer School to expand its program to include Asian participants. The following year twenty-one Europeans and nineteen Asians attended the 1952 session of the Seminar. The 1953 meeting of the Seminar brought together sixteen Asians and twenty-three Europeans, and included, for the first time, three Americans. They were a young professor of political science at the University of Florida, the editor of a Negro newspaper in Atlanta, and a junior fellow of Harvard University. In 1954, with thirty-four persons attending, representatives from the Near East were included for the first time. It is hoped that in future years we will be able to attract participants from Africa as well. In 1955, the number of those invited was slightly enlarged, to forty-two representatives, with many more members from the smaller and often neglected countries. In all cases the visit of our foreign participants was their first to the United States.

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## PART II
### SELECTION PROCESS

a. **Criteria:** The effectiveness of an effort such as the Harvard International Seminar depends to a large extent on its selection process. The following criteria governed the selection of applicants for the Harvard International Seminar: (1) Professional or academic activity. (2) Breadth of interests. (3) Potential impact on their country. Some of the countries send larger delegations which are generally composed of one representative from the academic field, one from the arts or journalism, and one from the civil service or politics. The 1955 British contingent, which was a typical one, was composed of the following members: a leading poet, author and professor; a Labor Member of Parliament; and editor at Longman's Green and Co.; and a financial journalist on the staff of *The Economist*. The Indian members consisted of: the Secretary to the Department of Parliamentary Affairs of the Indian Government; the General Secretary of the Indian Cooperative Union; the Executive Officer of the Kesoram Cotton Mills, Ltd., who also wrote poetry and novels; and a member of Parliament and Advocate of the Supreme Court of India.

b. **Method of Obtaining Applications:** The method of selection varies between Europe and Asia, reflecting the relative difficulty of establishing contacts in the two areas. The European applications, numbering more than 700, came from the following sources:

(1) Recommendations by close to three hundred European Intellectual leaders who represent the panel of contributors for CONFLUENCE.

(2) Recommendations by outstanding members of previous sessions of the Harvard International Seminar.

(3) Recommendations by members of the Harvard Faculty with European acquaintances.

(4) Recommendations by private organizations concerned with the international exchange programs, such as the English-Speaking Union, the Institute of World Affairs, etc.

(5) Direct applications received through publicity at universities, professional organizations and newspapers.

(6) Recommendations by prominent European political figures.

In Asia, the number of personal contacts was more limited and more reliance had to be placed on official sources. Thus in Pakistan and the Philippines preliminary selection boards were formed composed of representatives of the Ministry of Education, the United States Information Service, the Universities and professional organizations. In Japan a preliminary

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selection committee was formed composed entirely of private individuals, headed by the President of the Harvard Club of Japan. (Appendix E)

In both areas, however, each candidate was required to submit a formal application, two letters of recommendation and a letter explaining his interest in the Seminar.

### c. Method of Making Selection:
All European applications were sent directly to Harvard. They were then sifted by the Executive Director of the Seminar, his assistant, and at least one ad hoc representative of the country whose applications were being considered. This board made a preliminary selection of approximately 125 candidates. Each applicant on the preliminary list was then interviewed by a representative of the Harvard International Seminar in Europe. The interviewer in France was the Reverend Gerardus Beekman, Assistant to the Dean at the American Pro-Cathedral; the interviewers in Germany and the Low Countries were Juergen Weichert, Secretary of the Foreign Affairs Committee and Secretary on the All-German Affairs Committee of the Western German Parliament, and Raymond Nossent, Member of the Belgian Parliament, both of whom were outstanding participants in the 1954 session of the International Seminar; the interviewer in Italy was Gian Brioschi, head of the Financial department of Olivetti and an outstanding "alumnus" of the Seminar. When the interview reports were received, a final selection was made at Harvard.

The Asian applications, direct or from the selection committees, were considered in much the same fashion, although we were unable to conduct formal interviews in these countries.

PART III

PROGRAM

The 1955 program of the Harvard International Seminar was composed
of the following parts:

a. **A Formal Academic Program:** This took the form of groups of approximately fourteen members gathered together to discuss problems of contemporary interest under the general supervision of a faculty member. The subject matter was of sufficient scope to permit each participant to treat it from the point of view of his special discipline or particular field of interest. One group dealt primarily with political problems, another with economics and sociology, and a third with the arts, literature and philosophy. Each applicant, upon acceptance, was furnished with a prospectus outlining the work which his group expected to engage in. (Appendix C)

b. **Guest Speakers:** In addition to the group meeting, the Seminar participants were given an opportunity to become acquainted with various aspects of American life through a program of distinguished guest speakers from the professions, labor unions, industry, government, and other spheres.

c. **Visits to American Institutions and Enterprises:** In order to diversify the program as much as possible and to introduce the members to as wide a segment of American life as possible, visits to industrial plants, newspapers, educational and cultural institutions, and various governmental bodies were arranged.

d. **Open Seminar Forums:** Each national group was given an opportunity to select one of its members or to form a panel to speak to an American audience on some aspect of their own country.

A more detailed discussion of each part of the Seminar program follows:

a. **Academic Program:** Each member of the Seminar attended one of the three seminar groups meeting three mornings a week. Professor C.P. Windleberger of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology directed the economics group; the group dealing with politics was conducted by Professor Earl Latham of Amherst College; and the humanities section was led by Professor Richard Wilbur of Wellesley College.

Professor Latham's political seminar devoted itself first of all to the American political system, which inevitably involved consideration of political systems throughout the world. Special emphasis was laid upon the plurality characteristic of the American political system, and upon the diffusion of elective power in American parties, the impact of regional differences, the lack of central discipline, all of which were contrasted with the separation of powers in the United States, particularly in the conduct of foreign policy, was underscored, and discussion was devoted to the role of the President in directing foreign policy. Dean McGeorge Bundy assisted in

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this discussion. The consideration of American policy in the Far East led to contributions by the Seminar members concerning the merits of recognizing Communist China, the American policy of disengagement, and the Asian concept of neutrality, and the policies which the nations of Asia should follow with respect to World Communism. The final meetings of this group heard a discussion on the relative importance and effectiveness of NATO and EDC.

The Economics Seminar, most homogeneous in the competence of its members, devoted itself to the major problems of American and international economics. In order to focus the discussion while still permitting the daily agenda to remain flexible, Professor Kindleberger outlined three major topics for consideration. Thus discussion centered first on evolution and change in national standards of living, which led to comments upon the problem of population growth, the effects of taxation, and the need for preserving traditional values. The group then turned to the problem of economic integration and the role of government in economic life, with special emphasis placed upon the trends toward national integration and international disintegration, and toward the equalitarian state. Finally, the group discussed the relationship of the national economy to the world economy, concentrating largely on foreign trade and tariff restrictions. Within these large general categories, members gave reports based on particular experiences in their own countries.

The humanities group under Richard Wilbur, an eminent poet in his own right, comprised such diverse members as a Moslem philosopher from Egypt, an Italian architect and a Spanish poet. At its first meeting, the group decided to work from the specific to the general, relying on reports from various members of the group to stimulate and direct discussion. Some of the specific reports given were from an English poet on the nature of poetic language, from a Spanish poet on the theory of communication, from a French critic on the state of the French theater, from a German publisher on the German novel after World War II, from a Philippine newspaperman on the "adolescent" literature of the Philippines, and from a French writer and sculptress on the revival of religious art in France. Although the humanities group is traditionally the most complex group to conduct, the Seminar members succeeded, in their method of discussion, in neither indulging in specious generalizations which really say nothing, nor getting bogged down in defining of terms and mere technical jargon.

b. **Guest Speakers:** Three afternoons a week were devoted to guest speakers representative of the significant phases of American life, from county courts to the Supreme Court of the United States, from labor to management, from the comic strip to New England art. A luncheon at the Faculty Club afforded the opportunity for various members of the Seminar to meet each speaker in person before his lecture to the entire group. The speakers generally gave half their time to answering questions from Seminar participants following their prepared address. Among the outstanding speakers were Harold Stassen, Advisor to the President on the Disarmament question; Justice Felix Frankfurter of the Supreme Court; Philip Reed, Chairman of the Board of the General Electric Company; Al Capp, creator of Lil Abner, and Erwin Canham, Editor of the Christian Science Monitor. The entire list of speakers is attached. (Appendix D)

c. Visits to American Institutions and Enterprises: Twice a week tours were arranged in the Greater Boston area to provide the Seminar members a firsthand impression of American factories, courts of law, hospitals or business firms. Particular efforts were made to secure a panel of experts at each visit who could orient the participants and answer their many questions. Seminar members were free to select those tours which were particularly interesting to them and to request the scheduling of visits and interviews of professionall relevance. Thus, a Boston law firm entertained the lawyers of the group; a local branch of the Rubber Workers' Union invited members to attend their executive meetings; others visited the Boston Museum of Fine Arts; and those interested in radio were received by the local national network stations. Many personal interviews were arranged; for example, Mr. Silvio Radiconcini, Italian architect, had a conversation with Gropius. Particularly impressive to all Seminar members was the tour through the Ford Motor Company assembly plant in Somerville, where the industrial relations managers answered innumerable questions concerning production methods and labor relations. Other places visited included a public housing project, an afternoon at the baseball park, a reception in the office of the Governor of Massachusetts, the women's reformatory directed by Dr. Miriam Van Waters in Framingham, the Christian Science Monitor publishing house, Deerfield Academy, the City of Newton, the Framingham Shopping Center, and a trip around New York City under the auspices of Mr. Robert Moses, Director of the New York Port Authority.

d. Weekly Forum of the Harvard International Seminar: One evening each week a European and an Asian member of the Seminar, selected by their national delegations, spoke to an American audience in Emerson Hall. These speeches concerned problems of the particular countries represented in the Seminar and included such topics as "Korea in World Politics," Germany Today," Israel and the Middle East," "The Message of Moslem Thought," and "British Politics, 1955 and After." The reaction of the public to these talks was very warm, and the audience, an overflow crowd at each meeting, took full advantage of the opportunity to ask questions at the conclusion of each speech. Station WGBH arranged for the broadcasting of these talks to the Greater Boston area in both "live" and tape-recorded sessions. Following the forums themselves, the audience was invited to a reception given by the entire Seminar in the lounge of Phillips Brooks House on the Harvard campus. The forums contributed greatly to the spirit of the Seminar, and formed an additional and provocative point of contact between the Seminar members and the community.

e. Social Program: During the opening days of the Seminar, members of the Harvard and Boston community who were interested in meeting Seminar members were invited to a reception held in the Harvard Student Union. Many friendships evolved from this occasion, resulting in invitations to homes and a broadening of the reputation of the Seminar itself. In response to newspaper articles about the Seminar, a few families even wrote directly to the social director requesting an opportunity to entertain Seminar participants. One such invitation gave an opportunity for members to visit the Providence-Newport area on a week end. Many supper invitations were made available to groups of Seminar participants in accordance with their professional congeniality with the hosts and hostesses.

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PART IV

EVALUATION

The full impact of the Harvard International Seminar can be measured
only approximately. Certain tangible indices of the Seminar's effect are
available, however, and the intangible benefits may be substantially predicted
on the basis of the experience thus far.

Confluence, a quarterly journal of international exchange between
the American, European and Asian cultures, developed from the deliberations
of the 1951 Seminar. Its impetus, its panel of contributors, and the initial
contacts were established by participants in that program. Its impact abroad
has been considerable, as is indicated by the enthusiastic reviews in major
newspapers and by the significant response extended through letters to the
editor. Several members of the 1955 Seminar have already written articles
to be published in Confluence in the near future; for example, Father Calvez
of France has written an article entitled "Integration, National Independence
and the French Colonial Crisis" for our topic on "The Relation of Advanced to
Underdeveloped Countries." And many more will be consistent contributors in
future years.

In line with this very practical accomplishment are the many
written and oral interpretations of the United States which the 1955 Seminar
participants expect to render upon their return home. The various media of
their professions are available to them, as for example, the newspapers of
the Chinese, British, French, Israeli and Italian journalists in the group,
the radio broadcasts of the Indonesian editor, or the lectures of the
members from Italy, England, Turkey and Egypt. The several Members of
Parliament will also report upon their experiences, informally to their
colleagues and, in the case of Mr. Whang and Mr. Van Lier, through their
publications. As in the past, full-scale books about this country are
contemplated by members who felt the lack of accurate information about the
United States in their native languages.

Such are some of the tangible products of the Seminar. More
decisive perhaps and more lasting are the attitudes engendered in the minds
of the forty-two participants in the course of living together for eight
weeks on the Harvard campus, testing their outlooks and ideas in the group
meetings and the crucible of informal conversations. Even beyond the
countless attitudes about American life which were transformed during the
summer, a wealth of channels toward general international understanding
were discovered. As one participant put it on his evaluation questionnaire
submitted at the Seminar's conclusion:

"(The Seminar) certainly fills the need we generally feel to
understand each other, for only by grouping many kinds of ideology,
individual viewpoints and discussion, may we understand each other,
even if we do not share each other's viewpoint."

But perhaps the lasting effects hoped for from this year's Seminar
can best be illustrated by quoting from a letter received at the beginning
of the 1955 Seminar from one of the German participants of the 1953 session:

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"Still today I profit from the impressions the Seminar provided me in the summer of 1953 and I follow with interest the events in your country which I understand much better as I got such a good background at Harvard.

"I make practical use of the international cooperation and understanding practiced at Harvard in my daily work: having worked in Paris and London in 1954 for EDC and NATO, I found it helpful to be trained a little bit in getting in touch with other nation's representatives and to argue about national interests and to compromise.

"The relations between my own country - Europe - America - Asia - the world and their interests are put in a better perspective - it makes me happy to work for my country in regard of others. So I'm thankful and I hope to give my small contribution to society and humanity."

Many Seminar members could not themselves assess the full impact which their eight weeks at Harvard have had upon them to date. Yet all agree, and have indicated with varying degrees of expressiveness, that the Harvard International Seminar provided them with a unique opportunity to assess the qualities of the nation which bears the heaviest burden of responsibility in the Western World. It has also enabled them to familiarize themselves with outstanding representatives of their corresponding age and professional groups in Europe and Asia as well as the United States. There is no question but that the Seminar experience made a positive contribution to the development of its individual members. Each of them has carried away a deeper insight into what they had previously distrusted in America -- an insight often resulting in elimination of their initial disturbance. Intellectual fear and conformity are no longer the American bugbears in the minds of the departing Seminar members that they generally were upon arrival. Similarly, the materialistic underpinnings of American culture are now viewed in three dimensions which bring into focus such items as the stupendous collections of Widener Library, the challenging Summer School Forums of leading American intellectuals, or the peerless performance of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The warmth of the reaction of the Seminar participants is best illustrated by the attached extracts from letters. (Appendix A)

Each of the members has broadened his perspective both with respect to the United States and with respect to their fellow nations of the non-communist world. Tolerance and understanding has grown out of living together and together experiencing the entire program. The members have been the more responsive to their opportunity, as they themselves have emphasized, because of the lack of preaching, the sense of dedication to them, with which the Seminar is conducted. This spontaneity of effort, this freedom of activity and thought is made possible by the private sponsorship which the Seminar has received. Herein lies the major factor in the success of the Seminar thus far.

Extract

LETTERS FROM PARTICIPANTS

Dear Dr. Kissinger:

I do not want to leave America before expressing my heartfelt
gratitude at your hospitality and kindness. I am very proud to have known
you and I shall follow with great interest the further rise of your car er.

The courses at Harvard University have greatly enriched my know-
ledge about America, and as a newspaperman, I shall forever endeavour to
work toward still closer understanding between your country and mine. One
point which America and Indonesia have in common is the democracy - which
guarantees the civil liberties of man.

I leave New York on Saturday for London taking with me pleasant
memories of you and all the persons who have made our stay pleasant. Please
say hello for me to the three girls at your office.

As always,

Harris Sitompoel
Editor of *Merdeka*, a leading
Indonesian daily.

Dear Dr. Kissinger:

I cannot adequately express my gratitude and appreciation for
what you have done to enable me to gain the highly profitable and interest-
ing experience in the past seven weeks. I can only say, from the bottom
of my heart: Thank you.

Dear Dr. Kissinger:

According to the announcement, the Seminar attempts to provide an
opportunity for the participants to discuss present-day problems with "con-
temporaries in other European and Asian countries and in the United States."
The Seminar has proved to be a successful way to bring people from Asian

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Today going to New York and tomorrow back to Frankfurt by air.
Tuesday July 12th I'll be introduced at Fontainbleau to the NATO staff
(Central Europe).

Please remember me to Mrs. Kissinger. My greeting to Herr
Paulsen please. Bonne chance for the Seminar, I was so glad to have seen
you in Paris. I'm sure we'll meet again.

Dear Henry:

Next week, I'll go to a PanEuropean Congress to Paris and meet
Francois and Paul Salleron, may be they are concentrating some more HISA
people. With about half of my seminar colleagues I am still in contact, I
just got a letter of Price Mejia from the Philippines, dreaming of our
Bombay meeting. I am still much in favour of this project. We know so
little about Asia then I had before. As often as I change letters with my
colleagues and as ever I meet one of them like Nossent or Onken, we are
grateful to you and we are sure, that the weeks in Cambridge were among
the best we spent in our life. If you don't manage the Asian Congress,
try to concentrate the best of the HISA people f.e. every ten years for
two weeks. That should be possible, if we help you in fund raising.

You will be astonished, if I tell you, that I felt more than one
time homesick for Harvard and when I told a few days ago to a group of
young students about my stay there, I was moved to tears and don't feel
ashamed about that - besides, this happens rather seldom with me, you
know I am more or less - or pretend to be - a cynic fellow.

Forgive my many mistakes, please. I can't use my English.

Best regards.

Excerpt

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

I received the picture of last year's group. As soon as I got
it, I looked back upon our life at Harvard last year and became a little
sentimental. So long as I am alive, my memory of the Seminar will never
wither away and urge myself in many respects.

Dear Sir:

It is my great pleasure to send in writing to you my deep
gratitude for your kind considerations extended to me during my stay at
your famed University attending the International Seminar. I am very
sorry of not writing to you for so long a time because of the unfavorable
physical condition which I had to suffer since my return to Japan....

More than two months have elapsed since I took leave of you and
your institute at the Harvard, but the pleasant memory of the fine days I
could enjoy in the Seminar is getting dearer and stronger to me. The pro-
grams of the Seminar were so planned out as to provide us with the best
opportunity to learn the essential aspects of your country. For the first
time I could see to my real understanding that the present presitge and
prosperity of the U.S. is the outcome of the superb human relationship
based on the well established cultural foundation. I must confide of my
envious feeling to those young people who can study at such a fine univer-
sity as the Harvard with firm conviction in the long run victory of humanity.

It was entirely a new and revealing experience to me to get in
touch with the participants representing various countries of the free
world. Through the association with them I could get the otherwise un-
feasible information about the actual conditions of our friendly countries.
Moreover I could be convinced of the will for co-existence inherent in
human nature which should defy the narrow concept of nationalism if pro-
perly supplied with the better chance for mutual understanding. Activities
of this kind will surely pave the way to the peaceful World despite of
the wide gradations in the condition of living which are yet to be levelled
out by the international cooperation.

The other day I received the invitation to the Harvard Internatinal
Seminar Association. I am very grateful for the trouble taken by you in
shaping up the idea originated in the last Session up to this status. It
is my great pleasure to be favored with the chance to join this Associa-
tion, thereby to get better contact with you and the past and present members

Excerpt

of the Seminar and at the same time to have the opportunity to render my
service to the betterment of international friendship. You will please
find my application herein enclosed and I am looking forward to be received
as a member of the Association.

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

Today is the beginning of the Seminar and I would like to extend
my best wishes for its success.

It is a happy opportunity for me to forward enclosed an announce-
ment for the participants, inviting some of them who will be travelling
through the Middle East to be my personal guests for a week or so in Leba-
non and Syria. I shall be in Europe for the most part of September next,
but anyway all arrangements could be made during my absence in case some
of the participants arrive in the Middle East at that time. Maybe on
another occasion I shall be able to consider possibilities of a meeting
in Beirut where some past and present members of the Seminar could get
together with their good reminiscences of Harvard.

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

It is not so easy to get used again to my old, orphaned desk and
only the need to reply to a veritable mountain of mail eases my task some-
what. But it also makes it more difficult for it only increases my "nervous"
impatience finally to get down to essentials and to "make" something of my
American experiences. Everything depends then on collecting oneself again,
to return to fundamentals and to leave hang in the trees of Harvard Yard
that part of us which is still there. There is something like a homesick-
ness involved -- the Yard appears in the melancholy light of a late afternoon,
a fortunate illusion that has already disappeared again. To travel is to
experience something of the secret of Eros; every journey makes us lose a

## Excerpt

part of our innocence, one consumes enormously much "world" without ever paying for it. But when we return we see the other side of the coin -- the happiness and the innocence lie behind us in a past forever lost....

Were you to ask me about the sense and value of the Seminar, I should reply: community, yes, and encounter and discussion, mutual discovery, best when it was most private... but what is the need of my saying it, you know it better than I. That was precisely the warming, the sovereign part of your organization that you expected nothing direct, that you attempted to create something invisible from a wide perspective, just as a wise businessman who understands that confidence is the strongest capital. This is a course the only meaningful creativity because if you want serious and permanent results -- and of course you do -- then they can occur only silently and unnoticed, in the very core, the very depth of our being. For that which occurs on the surface on the plane of loud-speakers, bureaucrats, and ideologies outdates itself in four weeks.

My dear Mr. Kissinger:

Time certainly flies, for it has now been over a week since I left the Harvard Yard and the unforgettable memory of those joyful days I had the pleasure of spending with you and the other members of the Seminar, associated with the picturesque vision of green ivy scrolling over those historic, old buildings, is still warm in my heart.

I sincerely wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those to whom I owe so much for those many happy days I spent in the Yard, and I am sure that the other Japanese participants join me in expressing these sentiments. Before our common tie of humnarity, differences in manners and customs among races mean next to nothing. It is our utmost pride that we have felt the great tradition of Harvard and that we have learned the noble spirit which should prevail in the future by our friendship with all the nationalities of the world. We are very happy in that we have learned so much from you and the others although we regret having brought so little to you.

My activity here has been directed toward the promotion of strong,

## Excerpt

frank and friendly relations between the U.S. and Japan....

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

It is with much pleasure that I send to you a copy of our Magazine containing an article on "The Harvard International Seminar, 1953" contributed by me. The magazine is monthly issue and its circulation is 30,000 copies. It will be distributed to all the schools and libraries both in the urban and rural areas of the country. In fact, it will reach every nook and corner of the country and I hope the account on the Seminar will be of some interest to the reading public of the magazine.

I am sorry that the article is written in Burmese. But it will serve its purpose well, since the dissemination of any news in Burmese is more effective in this country. The contents of the article are: - How I got selected as a participant in the Seminar; purpose of the Seminar; journey to the Seminar; friends from all over the world; the Seminar itself; how I enjoyed the Seminar; Executive Director's remarkable talk at the beginning and end of the Seminar; back to home.

Once again I thank you very much for your kindness and deep concern shown towards me during the last Harvard International Seminar. I hope I will see you in Burma one day.

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

When I was seven years old, my father sent me to a Montessori school; there it was possible to profit variously from the opportunities offered by the school... The experience of the Montessori school made me anti-fascist forever.

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**FINLAND**
**TOLLET, Carl G., Tavastvagen 68A15, Helsingfors, Finland**
General Secretary, Finnish Foreign Trade Association. Formerly vice-president of the Finnish National Union of Students.
Publications: several articles on economic policy and foreign trade in Finnish and international periodicals.

**FRANCE**
**BURK, Pierre A., 19 rue d'Anthony, Chantenay-Malabry, Seine**
Author. Publications: articles in *Esprit* and *France-Observateur*; presently engaged on a book entitled, *Historie du Movement Francais et International*.

✓ **CALVEZ, Jean Y., Les Fontaines, Chantilly, Oise**

Professor of Social Science at the Institut Superieur de Philosophie, Chantilly. Collaborator for the *Revue de l'Action Populaire*, published under the auspices of the Institut Catholique, Paris. Publications: *Droit international et souverainete en U.R.S.S.*, 1953; numerous articles in French publications.

✓ **d'ANDLAU, Mme. Helene, 102 av. de Neuilly, Neuilly s/Seine, France**

Painter, free-lance writer, literary critic and sculptor. Regular collaborator with "La Revue Francaise," "Echo," (international magazine). Publications: numerous articles (and illustrations) for British and French publications.

✓ **DUMUR, Guy, 17 rue de Bellechasse, Paris**

Writer, novelist, literary and dramatic critic. Publications: *Les Petites Filles Modeles*; *Le Matin de Leurs Jours*; an essay on Pirandello.

**GERMANY**
**DORING, Karl, 2 Im Bachfeld, Bonn, Germany**
Member of the German Foreign Service at the central office in Bonn. Formerly Counsellor of Legation at the German Embassy in Yugoslavia.

✓ **PAULSEN, Ernst M., Verdistrasse 12, Bonn, Germany**

Personal Assistant to the Secretary of State in the Dienststelle Blank. Formerly member of the German delegation of the Interim Committee of the European Defence Community. Publications: manuscript on the trustee-ship in International Law, 1949.

✓ **SOMBART, Nicolaus, 2, rue de Lens, Strasburg, Germany**

Council of Europe, Secretary of the Committee of Cultural Questions of the Consultative Assembly. Publications: *Cappriccio No. 1 (novel), 1947. Ursprung der Soziologie bei Saint-Simon und Comte, etc.*; Beitrag zur "Einfuehrung in die Soziologie" ed. by Alfred Weber, 1955.

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✓ **UNSELD**, Siegfried, 94 Eschersheimer Landstrasse, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
Member of the Board of Directors, Suhrkamp Verlag. Publications:
*Das Werk von Hermann Hesse* - Essays on Hesse, Kafka, Loerke, Max Frisch - *Characteristics of the Modern German Short Story*.

✓ **INDIA**
**BHOJWANI**, Narayan Kundammal, 5 Meenabagh, King Edward Road, New Delhi, India
Secretary, Department of Parliamentary Affairs, Government of India (liason between Parliament and all Ministries, Coordination of Parliamentary business of Ministries, planning of business in both Houses of Parliament). Publications: numerous articles in Indian journals.

✓ **JAIN**, Lakshmi Chand, 43 Golf Links Road, New Delhi, India

General Secretary of the Indian Cooperative Union. Publications: responsible for publication of several reports; articles in the *All India Cooperative Review*.

✓ **NAIDU**, P. S. Rajagopal, 185 North Avenue, New Delhi, India

Member of Parliament and an Advocate of Supreme Court of India.

**ROY**, Sochi Raut, 42 Garden Reach Road, Calcutta, India

Executive Officer of the Kesoram Cotton Mills, Ltd., Calcutta. Publications: poetry and novels written in English, Oriva and Bengali; text books; books on social welfare and industrial relations subjects.

✓ **INDONESIA**
**HAZIL**, Dj. Salemba Tengah 30, Djakarta, Indonesia

Executive assistant to the President of "Penbangunan" Ltd., Publishers and Booksellers. Publications: biographies of Jawaharlal Nehru, 1950, and Teku Umar, 1952; book on the U.N. and other International organizations, 1952.

✓ **SITOMPOEL**, Harris Fadilla, Djalan Tjimandiri 10, Djakarta, Indonesia

Editor, *Merdeka*; columnist, *Indonesian Observer*. Publications: *The Reconstruction in Holland*, 1948; *Tanah air Kita* (documentary on Indonesia).

IRAN
**CHUBAK**, M. Sadeq, c/o The National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran, Iran
Inspector, Distribution Department, National Iranian Oil Co., Tehran; Publications: numerous short stories in Persian; several translations.

ISRAEL
**SIEM**, Arie, 7 Cremieux, Tel-Aviv, Israel

Chief News Editor of HAARETZ, a daily newspaper. Publications: Survey of World Press (T.A., 1946); numerous editorials, columns, features.

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[cc]

ITALY

BORSA, Giorgio, Via Caronti 12, Milano, Italy

Head of the Eastern Asia Department, Instituto Studi Politica
Internazionale; correspondent for the London *Times*; lecturer in
Colonial History, Pavia University. Publications: *The Termination
of International Mandates*, 1934; *Gandhi and the Indian Renaissance*,
1942; *On the Philosophy of P. Martinetti*, 1951; and other books;
also several translations and articles.

RADICONCINI, Silvio, Via Monserrato 34, Rome, Italy

Architect; founder and editor of *Metron* (architectural magazine).
Publications: articles in *Metron*, *Domus*, *Casa-bella*, *Stile and
Architectural Design*, as well as in several books.

SPAZIANI, Miss Maria Luisa, via Pesaro 26, Turin, Italy

Literary advisor for the Mondadori publishing firm, Milan.
Publications: articles in *Epoca*, *Tempo*, *Preuves*, *L'approde*,
*Communita*, *Ia Stampa*, *Bellezza*; poems in *Poeti nuovi*, 1949
*Poetesse del Novecento*, 1952 and in numerous reviews.

JAPAN

ITO, Kikuchi, 8 Shichiki Shimogishi-cho, Kamikyo Ku, Kyoto, Japan

Professor of Sociology, Doshisha University, Kyoto. Publications:
numerous articles in professional journals, magazines and news-
papers.

NAGAI, Kunio, Ohta-ku, Minamisenzoku-cho, No. 248, Tokyo City, Japan

Chief of Foreign Exchange Section, Foreign Department, the
Industrial Bank of Japan, Ltd.

SAKURAUCHI, Takeshi, No. 60, 4-chome, Mejiro-machi, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Chief in charge of import and export of General Merchandise
Section, Foreign Trade Department, Mitsui Bussan Kaisha, Ltd.

SUZUMURA, Shingo, 1, Nichome, Nagata-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Head of the Personnel Section of the Prime Minister's Office.
Publications: *Explanation of the New Medical System*.

KOREA

WHANG, Sung Soo, National Assembly, Republic of Korea, Seoul, Korea

Lawyer; Member of Korean National Assembly; Lecturer on Political
Science and International Law, Union Christian College. Publications:
*History of Political Thought*, 1950; *Old World View and New World
View*, 1954

NETHERLANDS

VAN LIER, Thee J.A.M., Ruychrocklaan 158, The Hague, Netherlands

Member of the Lower House of Parliament (Second Chamber).

Publications: *The Social Message of the Papal Encyclicals*, 1949;
articles in *Socialism and Democracy* (a scientific monthly).

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<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>NORWAY</td>
      <td>GLESNE, Truls, Ullevalsveien 51, Oslo, Norway<br/>Chief of the National Budget Office in the Ministry of Finance; conducting a survey on measures for defeating an economic depression.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>PAKISTAN</td>
      <td>ABDUL BARI, Muhammad, 27/h Azimpur Estate, Dacca, Pakistan<br/>Professor of Arabic and Persian, Dacca College. Publications: Islam and Socialism, The Islamic Literature, 1951; The Fara'idi Movement; Political Aims of Sayyid Ahmad Barelwi; numerous articles in Bengali.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td>SIDDIQI, Marghub, 13 Ganga Ram Building, The Mall, Lahore, Pakistan<br/>News editor of Civil and Military Gazetter Lahore. Publications: Realism in Shakespeare's Last Plays, 1944; A Memorandum to Fosterity, (incomplete).</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>PHILIPPINES</td>
      <td>AZCARATE, Federico V., 1126-2 Misericordia, Manila, Philippines<br/>Senior Research Assistant for the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation, Publications: articles in the Evening News Magazine; book reviews in the Evening News and Manila Chronicle.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td>SANTOS, Ruben F., 751 Vito Cruz, Manila, Philippines<br/>Chief, Wage Administration Service, Department of Labor; professor of mercantile and labor laws, Far Eastern University, Manila; associate editor of This Week. Publications: numerous short stories, essays, poems.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>SPAIN</td>
      <td>FERRAN, Jaime, C. Alcala 44, 6º piso, Madrid, Spain<br/>Chief of National Cultural Activities at the Spanish Union of Students. Publications: la piedra mas reciente; Desde esta orilla; Poemas del viajero. Winner of the "Ciudad de Barcelona."</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td>ZAVALA, Rafael, Gran Via 22, Bilbao, Spain<br/>Lawyer; legal adviser to "Centro Industrial de Vizcaya." Publications: numerous articles in various magazines.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>TURKEY</td>
      <td>SUVLA, Refii S., Bomonti Arpas yu No 20, Istanbul, Turkey<br/>Professor of Economics, Istanbul University; Member of the Board of Directors, Central Bank of Turkey. Publications: La Banque Centrale de la Republique de Turquie, 1933; The Problems of International Payments in Turkey and in the World, 1937; Economics, 2 vol., 1949; numerous articles in Turkish and French.</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

[Lc]

HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

1955

ECONOMIC SEMINAR

CHAIRMAN: C. P. KINDLEBERGER

READING LIST

As a "seminar" is conducted in American universities, its success depends on participation, formal or informal, by all its members. The function of the leader is to organize the program, to make a preliminary presentation of the topics to be covered, and to try to guide the discussions toward some measure of coherence and focus. In this case, he will have the special task of indicating how these themes are envisaged from an American perspective, and of eliciting from the other participants statements of how the topics are dealt with in their own cultures and in their own individual thinking.

In the course of the seminar, several members of the group will be asked to give fairly substantial reports, of something like forty-five minutes each, on various sub-topics of their choosing, and others will be invited to prepare briefer comments of these or related subjects. The reports may deal either with European and Asian material or with American topics as viewed critically through the experience of another society. Each participant is urged to prepare a report in one of the topics of the outline prior to his arrival at the seminar, using materials available in his own country.

The following indication of the scope of the course is offered not as a rigid outline but to suggest to the participants the kinds of topics that may be chosen for discussion. Since the place of the meeting is in the United States, it has not been thought unreasonable to take the American experience as a point of departure. This is not meant to exclude other experiences but rather to elicit the fullest statement of the political experiences of the participant's culture or society. The books mentioned are, therefore, not to be taken as

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"assignments" but rather, from their titles and contents, as indications of the range of questions that may profitably be raised in the seminar. It is suggested that participants before arriving in America prepare themselves to discuss at least one of the topics using either the books listed below or others illustrative of the same problem in their own background. Since the members of the seminar are mature persons, who will wish to follow their own judgment as to how they can make their most useful contribution to the seminar, it has not been thought desirable to prescribe an elaborate program of weekly reading. But one or two articles or chapters from books will be recommended each week, in order that discussions may be focused on some common reading, and the chairman will suggest a more detailed list of readings on American treatments of these themes for the use of those who wish to pursue these in greater detail either during their visit or after returning home.

Four topics have been chosen to guide the seminar in planning its work, although some modification will perhaps be possible if the participants wish. It is likely, however, that the topics are sufficiently broad to offer an opportunity for expression for the various points of view in the group. It is contemplated that each topic would elicit at least one expression each of an American, a European and an Asian view. The topics are:

(1) Evolution and Change in National Standards of Living

The point has been made that economic development in the 19th century was directed by the entrepreneur; today, the push for economic change comes from the side of consumption. How are national standards of living measured and compared? How important are differences in the composition of national standards? Are these differences decreasing under pressure of increased international travel, motion picture, newspaper and magazine communication? The demonstration, bandwagon effects. Conspicuous consumption. How changes in standards of living are introduced, spread. The change in standards between rural and urban societies. The standard of living and demographic change, including the demographic counterrevolution since World War II, under which children have become a high standard of living item in United States and Western European life. To what extent is consumption the independent and investment the dependent variable in income formation?

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(2) <u>The Role of Government in Economic Life</u>

Government as umpire in a laissez-faire system, planner, producer, redis-
tributor of income, stabilizer, saver, innovator, entrepreneur. The different
role of government in different societies, and the changing role over time in
a given society. Cold war. Government and social overhead capital. Govern-
ment and international finance in a world of timid investors. The Marxian,
Fascist, capitalist, Socialist, etc., views of government's role.

(3) <u>Economic Integration</u>

Are economic and political integration increasing within and decreasing
between countries? Is integration properly defined as equal native ability to
get the same kind of work? The opportunities and wage scales of the Negro,
Jew and immigrant or second-generation immigrant in the United States. The
effects of progressive taxation in achieving greater equality in Britain, the
United States. The Marxist rebuttal. The class problem: peasant, industrialist,
civil servant, petit bourgoisie, worker in France. Regional income differences.
The North-South problem in Italy. International integration in Europe, thus
defined. The Indian caste system; the Chinese trader and banker in Indonesia,
the Philippines. The Turkish expulsion of Greeks, Armenians, Jews. The melting-
pot solution in the United States.

(4) <u>Relations of the National to the World Economy</u>

National defense, vested interests in import-competing industry, the
institutional problem presented by political organization in the United States.
The problem of countries engaged in development: fears of instability; of long-
run unfavorable terms of trade; of colonial dependence; risks of too narrow
specialization. The costs of autarchy. The international transmission of
business cycles from the United States. Different rates of productivity. The
necessity for continuous adjustment in a world of changing technology. The
concentration of technological change in the "dominant economy."

It would be hoped that each of the topics is sufficiently broad to enable
every participant in the seminar to select one aspect of one topic which interests
him, and on which he will undertake the preparation of a paper, or material for
a paper, before leaving for Cambridge. Such a paper may discuss a topic generally
but preferably would concentrate on it from the national point of view. It might,
for example, discuss the content of the national standard of living and the forces
which have and are introducing changes into it; the role of government in national
economic life; the position and prospects of economic integration at home and with
surrounding countries, or the relation of the domestic to the world economy.

In order that the participants may have some opportunity to think about the
topics under discussion, and some introduction to the materials in English on

[LC]

them, the following reading suggestions are offered. These should be treated
as a selection to be sampled from, not as assignments to be read completely.

1. <u>Evolution and Change in National Standards of Living</u>

Colin Clark, <u>The Conditions of Economic Progress</u> (Macmillan, 1952)

Russell Lynes, <u>The Tastemakers</u> (Harpers, 1954)

R. Nurkse, <u>Some Aspects of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Areas</u> (Oxford, 1953)

Milton Gilbert and I.V. Kravis, <u>An International Comparison of National Products and Purchasing Power of Currencies</u> (OEEC, 1954)

David Potter, <u>People of Plenty</u> (Chicago, 1954)

E. Hoyt, <u>American Income and Its Use</u> (Harper, 1954)

Editors of Fortune, <u>The Changing American Market</u> (New York, 1955)

2. <u>The role of Government in Economic Life</u>

J. K. Galbraith, <u>American Capitalism</u> (Houghton, Mifflin, 1952)

P. A. Samuelson, <u>Economics</u> (McGraw Hill, 1952) Chapters 7, 8, 35

G. P. Adams, <u>Comparative Economic Systems</u> (Rinehart, 1954)

3. <u>Economic Integration</u>

W. Diebold, Jr., <u>Trade and Payments in Western Europe</u> (Harper, 1952)

Seebohm Rowntree, <u>Poverty and Progress</u> (Longmans, 1952)

Roy Lewis and A. Maude, <u>The English Middle Classes</u> (Knopf, 1950)

United Nations, <u>Economic Survey of Europe in 1954</u>, Chapter 6, "Problems of Regional Development and Industrial Location in Europe"

4. <u>Relations of the National to the World Economy</u>

S. Lubell, <u>The Revolution in World Trade</u> (Harper, 1955)

Sir D. Robertson, <u>Britain in the World Economy</u> (Allen and Unwin, 1954)

L. Erhard, <u>Germany's Comeback in World Markets</u> (1954)

UN expert reports on <u>National and International Measurements for Full Employment (1949)</u>
<u>Measures for the Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries (1951)</u>, <u>Commodity Trade and Development</u>

President's Commission on Foreign Economic Policy <u>Report and Staff Papers</u> (Wash. 1954)

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HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

1955

PHILOSOPHY, LITERATURE, AND ARTS SEMINAR

CHAIRMAN: MR. RICHARD WILBUR

READING LIST

In the course of the seminar, several members of the group will be asked to give fairly substantial reports, of something like forty-five minutes each, on various sub-topics of their choosing, and others will be invited to prepare briefer comments on these or related subjects. The reports may deal either with European and Asian material or with American topics as viewed critically through the experience of another society. Each participant is urged to prepare a report in one of the topics of the outline prior to his arrival at the seminar, using materials available in his own country.

The following indication of the scope of the course is offered not as a rigid outline but to suggest to the participants the kinds of topics that may be chosen for discussion. Since the place of the meeting is in the United States, it has not been thought unreasonable to take the American experience as a point of departure. This is not meant to exclude other experiences but rather to elicit the fullest statement of the political experiences of the participant's culture or society. The books mentioned are, therefore, not to be taken as "assignments" but rather, from their titles and contents, as indications of the range of questions

[LC]

- 2 -

that may profitably be raised in the seminar. It is suggested that participants
before arriving in America prepare themselves to discuss at least one of the
topics using either the books listed below or others illustrative of the same
problem in their own background. Since the members of the seminar are mature
persons, who will wish to follow their own judgment as to how they can make
their most useful contribution to the seminar, it has not been thought desirable
to prescribe an elaborate program of weekly reading, But one or two articles or
chapters from books will be recommended each week, in order that discussions may
be focused on some common reading, and the chairman will suggest a more detailed
list of readings on American treatments of these themes for the use of those who
wish to pursue these in greater detail either during their visit or after returning
home.

Three topics have been chosen to guide the seminar in planning its work.
The topics are:

(1) **Poetry, American and other, as an index of contemporary sensibility**

Examination of specific poets and poems, on the assumption that poetry,
when that art exploits all its potentialities, can give the fullest report on
our sense of the world. The chairman will offer remarks on certain English-
language poets, and will expect comments and reports from the other members
of the seminar.

(2) <u>The condition of the arts in the modern world</u>

Group discussion of the roles of poetry, prose fiction, drama, music,
painting, architecture, etc., as seen by their current practitioners and by
the public. The effect of mass-media (film, radio, television) on the arts.
State and private patronage. Regionalism, nationalism, and internationalism
in the arts. Other questions of the sort.

(3) <u>The arts and the status of value-thinking in the modern world</u>

Present relations of art and religion. Art and ideology. Art and scientism.

In order that the participants may have some opportunity to think about
the topics under discussion, and some introduction to the materials in English
on them, the following reading suggestions are offered. These should be

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Auerbach, Erich, *Mimesis* (Princeton, N.J., 1952); (Bern, 1946)

Beach, Joseph Warren, *The Twentieth-Century Novel* (New York, 1932)

Bentley, Eric, *The Playwright as Thinker* (New York, 1946)

Cauldwell, Christopher (pseud), *Illusion and Reality* (New York, 1947)

Daiches, David, *The Novel and the Modern World* (Chicago, 1939)

Daiches, David, *Poetry and the Modern World* (Chicago, 1940)

Eastman, Max, *The Literary Mind* (New York, 1931)

Greene, Theodore Meyer, *The Arts and the Art of Criticism* (Princeton, 1940)

Hoffman, Frederick J., *Freudianism and the Literary Mind* (Baton Rouge, 1945)

Keingender, F. D., *Marxism and Modern Art* (London, 1943)

Malraux, Andre, *The Voices of Silence* (Garden City, L.I., 1953); (Paris, 1952)

Maritain, Jacques, *Creative Intuition in Art and Poetry* (New York, 1953)

Overmyer, Grace, *Government and the Arts* (New York, 1939)

Perry, Ralph Barton, *General Theory of Value* (Cambridge, Mass., 1950)

Ranson, John Crowe, *The New Criticism* (Norfold, Conn., 1941)

Read, Herbert, *Art and Society* (London, 1937)

Read, Herbert, *The Grass Roots of Art* (New York, 1946)

Trilling, Lionel, *The Liberal Imagination* (New York, 1951)