Oct. 29, 1955

Dear Henry:

Today came your letter of Oct. 26, and I hasten
to answer it briefly. I was very glad to have the report
about your sessions with Spiro, Kavolis and to know that
things are moving along well. I think Stammer's piece will
be there very soon.

On the economic side, I agree with you that the main
problem now is Thalheim. I have written him a rather urgent
letter. I hope it produces results. I would, however, sug-
gest that Mendeshausen move ahead with his work, as I doubt
that Mendeshausen really needs the Thalheim material. As it
happens, Thalheim is working on stuff for which the printed
documentation is quite good: industrial potential, taxation
and trade. (I am enclosing a bit of comment from Rittershau-
sen which I received in answer to some observations I had
made; M. may like to have them.)

There is another reason for this. Yesterday, there
appeared in France (chez Seuil) a volume on the SBZ entitled
D.D.R. Allemagne de l'Est, - a quite substantial piece of
work, edited by a young historian G. Castellan (whom I hope
to see soon) who gathered an equipe of half a dozen cowor-
kers. I have skimmed through it, and started reading it with
care; it seems quite well done. Indeed, it raises serious
doubts in my mind about our publishing ours, if this is trans-
lated. The viewpoint is that of the Christian Left. It's a bit
woolly on the political side at times, and the authors do not
work with the sharp concept of totalitarian dictatorship that
we have become accustomed to, but there is a pretty good ba-
lance in the book, and a rather sympathetic spirit of humani-
stic tolerance and understanding pervades it. What I have
seen, I have liked. It contain's lengthy chapters on the eco-
nomy. I am asking my bookseller to dispatch a copy to the
office right away, and I hope you'll get a chance to look
at it, and perhaps communicate with Springer about it. I be-
lieve Springer will want to secure it and perhaps translate
it; or perhaps we should translate it for him. I wish you'd
get into touch with him about this and discuss it, if you
consider it wise, before the Officers' visit. Thanks for ta-
king care of this for me; I don't see why these visits have
to be - they are a waste of time for everybody, aren't they?
I should think a two-page letter from you about progress w'd
take care of it. Oh well ...

This book will provide Mendeshausen with a target
to shoot at and to improve upon. We can pay him a bit more
for the extra work of pushing ahead. I believe this will be
cheaper in the end than getting our schedule mixed up, and
was the original plan anyhow.

I have not yet heard from Fletcher about the atomic
job. I wondered whether you would consider it worthwhile
for me to discuss this job with my assistant, Miss Caleb,
diplômée de l'Institut d'Etudes Politiques et licencié-en-
droit? She is a very bright girl, daughter of a judge in
Lille, with a vivid interest in politics. I think she could
do you a good study of the kind you have in mind, and I c'd
help her a bit. But I don't want to ask her without your prior
Okay, and anyway, Fletcher would still perhaps be my first
choice, because of being an American.

I am glad you are sending your pieces, and I'll bear
in mind what you say. Don't let it worry you. What you say
about the Olivetti volume, is very nice. I just had lunch
with him in Rome Tuesday. He wants to publish the Common
Man, if I can get it reshaped for Europe, as I intend to
do. Did you ever see the actual article in Communauté that
grew out of that *conference* of your seminar which Serafini
attended? It suggests the lines of the revision. But if you
have any pointed observations, I'd certainly be grateful, as
always.

I just had lunch with Polin, the secretary of the In-
stitut de Philosophie Politique which will hold its first
meeting the end of November here at Paris, on power. We're
going to publish the proceedings and indeed a good deal more
as the first volume of this Institute. (Incidentally, I cal-
led Jean Wahl and found him rather preoccupied; he could not
seem to recall having heard from you, and we left it that
he'd call back; I sort of doubt it.) I think this may deve-
lop into something worthwhile.

Please forgive the two-sided typing : the French
postal rates are like that. My best to Men-
deshausen, if you see him, and to your wife
(is she in New York? of course.)

UNIVERSITÄT KÖLN

BANKSEMINAR

Der Direktor:
o. Prof. Dr. Rittershausen

Köln-Lindenthal, den 11.10.1955
Tel. 412 21, App. 324

Herrn
Prof.Dr.C.J. Friedrich,
Harvard University,
Cambridge Mass.

Betr.: Geld- und Bankwesen in der Sowjetzone.

Deine Mitteilungen vom 7.10. sind mit sehr interessant.

1. Vertraulichkeit der Währungsreform von 1948 in der SBZ: Die Ostzonenregierung bestand damals noch nicht. Nach genauen Informationen wurden die Währungsreformgesetze von den Russen allein beraten, erlassen und verkündet. Die Texte wurden der damaligen Vertretung der deutschen Bevölkerung, soweit man von einer solchen sprechen konnte fertig, nach anderen quellen schon gedruckt, wohl in der Fahnenkorrektur zur Unterschrift vorgelegt und wurden kritiklos unterschrieben, wenige Stunden vor Erlass und Veröffentlichung. Die deutschen Instanzen der SBZ dürfen bis zuletzt keinerlei Kenntnis gehabt haben.

2. Die Währungsreform 1948 erfolgte in der Ostzone völlig überraschend. Die deutsche Bevölkerung hatte sie nicht erwartet, weil sie ja schon eine Währungsreform durchgemacht hatte. Die Russen scheinen von ihr überrascht gewesen zu sein, denn sie hatten im Gegensatz zu den Westzonen für den Neudruck von Noten keinerlei Vorbereitungen getroffen. Sie mussten sich daher monatelang mit dem Aufkleben von Marken behalten, die aber zuerst ebenfalls nicht vorrätig waren.

3. Du schreibst, dass Clay und Robertson den Russen eine eigene Notendruckerei für gesamtdeutsches Geld deswegen vorenthalten wollten, weil sie vermuteten, die Russen würden ihre Inflationspolitik fortsetzen. Wenn die westlichen Generäle diese Meinung gehabt haben sollten, so würde ich sie für irrig halten, da die Russen in den letzten 30 Jahren

in ihrem eigenen Lande die Zivilbevölkerung immer knapp an Geld ge-
halten haben.

4. Wir in Westdeutschland begründeten die uns bekannte Stellungnahme von Clay und Robertson damit, dass die Generäle den Russen die Möglichkeit der billigen Finanzierung ihrer Propaganda in Westdeutschland und Westeuropa abschneiden wollten.

5. Die Russen haben die Ostzonenwährungsreform von 1945 so angelegt, dass die Zivilbevölkerung fast gar kein Geld erhielt, sie aber die Zone von Waren leerkauften und diese Waren nach Russland verfrachteten. In abgemildeter Weise wiederholte sich das 1948: Die Behörden und die fast ganz staatseigenen Banken erhielten den Umtausch von 1 : 1.

6. Über die Garkreba (Seite 14) war es nicht möglich, Material zu be-
kommen. Hier wird offenbar die Geheimhaltung am weitesten getrieben.

Herzlichst

Dein

November 18, 1955

Professor C. J. Friedrich
34 Boulevard Marbeau
Paris, XVI

Dear Professor Friedrich:

Miss Hiss will undoubtedly write you in detail about the meeting with the army officers, Springer and Graham. I think it went very well indeed. The only difficulty was that some tension arose between Graham and the army officers not connected with our project. At the end, however, they expressed their appreciation and seemed to be well pleased with everything.

Otherwise work is progressing satisfactorily. If Thalheim gets his material to us by the end of November, Mendeshausen will be able to meet his deadline. The only material outstanding is that by Luft and perhaps we should try to make some other arrangements. I have written to him several times, but he has not replied. Have you any suggestions whom to write to? I shall, in the meantime, write to some of my acquaintances in Germany to ask for their assistance. I talked to Meyer's assistant at the New School. They will definitely have their section finished by the end of the month.

I am a little concerned about Kavolis' ability to correlate the sociology section. Couldn't we turn it over to Mavrinac? In its present shape, the sociology section is going to be a very difficult task and Miss Hill is very helpful with it, as with everything else, but I think it would require a more practiced hand.

My work here is going well. I look forward to talking to you about it when you return.

My best to Mrs. Friedrich.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

C. J. FRIEDRICH
Professor of Government

M-31 LITTAUER CENTER
CAMBRIDGE 38, MASSACHUSETTS

22 November 1955

Mr. Henry Kissinger
Council on Foreign Relations
58 East 68th Street
New York 21, New York

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

I enclose some more forms - although I don't know what happened to the others. I haven't filled these in at all because you probably want to add some days for the time last week. Let me know anyway, for the record, how many days you put down.

I have sent the piece by Stammer to Strauss who says he can do it and have given him two weeks. De Man is doing the Matthias piece. I am beginning to wonder if it may not be time to begin thinking of what is to be done about the bibliography, about the translation of German titles in both the bib. and the documentation at the end of each section. Some one around here could do it, but it might be best to find out soon who has time to do it. Nothing else has happened since your departure and shall keep you posted. I enclose the political section as you requested, at least Spiro's part of it.

December 2, 1955

Dear Mr. Friedrich:

Your letter of November 29 just arrived. I am aware of your
feelings about the manuscript and I explained them to George Springer.
Quite frankly, the whole thing came up only because of the inexperience
of Spiro and Kavolis in dealing with army personnel. I had given the
officers a very tough and very aloof briefing and they seemed perfectly
satisfied. Then when the meeting was just ready to break up, they asked
us whether we had any questions and Herb and Kavolis told them all their
troubles in finding material and asked their advice. Naturally if two
Lieutenant Colonels are asked for advice, they give the only advice they
are capable of. I would take nothing they say too seriously.

I had dinner with Springer in the evening and made clear to him
and he agreed—that we would proceed as heretofore. The only suggestion
that Springer made that has some merit is that we should write each
section in such a way that some integrating ideas emerge from it. This,
it would seem to me, we would do in any case. It would be a great mis-
take if we attempted to popularize the manuscript. If every last colonel
in the Pentagon could understand it, every last colonel would think that
he could have written it. This is what happened to the West German study
which is now being criticized in the Pentagon for being too popular. In
short, I agree with what we have, except for some editorial suggestions
about integrating paragraphs. I have already explained all of this to
Springer, but I shall call him and also put it in writing.

I do not anticipate any difficulty with the Army. I have over
the past few months gotten to know the top command of the army, including
General Taylor and the Army Staff quite well, and if the Psychological
Warfare colonels should cause any difficulty—which I think is out of the
question—I will take it up with their superiors.

I would be grateful if you did not repeat my remarks to Herb
Spiro since what he did was done in good faith and was due to his inex-
perience in dealing with army personnel.

Best regards,

December 2, 1955

Dear Mr. Friedrich:

Just a note to report to you on the progress of the study and related problems. Meyer has finished his section on religion and has despatched one copy to you. Another copy is coming to me. I still have not heard from Luft and am trying hard to get somebody else. I had lunch with Mendeshausen the other day and he raised a number of questions which I would like to take up with you. He tells me that you agreed that his salary would be $1500 if he would have to do a great deal of original research. He feels because of the lateness of Thalheim and the incompleteness of the other papers, he had to do a great deal of research and, therefore, would like $1500. He wanted to deliver the whole thing to me at the end of January, but I made it clear to him that this is out of the question. We have now agreed that I would receive the first three chapters by December 15 and the remainder by January 15. I shall look them over before your return.

In looking over the schedule of my commitments here, I saw that I cannot spend the time to do the actual physical editing of the manuscript. I shall be glad to look over the papers and make editorial suggestions and I shall, of course, represent you until your return, but I could not exercise the close editorial supervision that I do over Confluence, for example. I hope this will not inconvenience you. I thought that I should let you know to find out whether you wanted me to get someone else to do the actual editing. I know a girl in Cambridge who has experience as a copy editor and who would do an excellent job.

We also must do something about the bibliography and the translation of German titles, especially for the bibliography. Groan is unavailable. Do you have any suggestions?

Mendeshausen is leaving New York for the West Coast on February 15 and would like to be paid in two installments: on December 31 and on January 31. Could you let me know what you think about this and also about his salary fairly soon.

Best regards,

DEC 30 1955

Dec. 18, 1955

Dear Henry:

Thank you for your further letter of December 13. I hasten to reply, in the hope of catching you before Christmas. As you will know, if you have received my previous letter, exactly the misunderstanding which you have now eliminated did arise. For since it was always clearly (from my end) understood that Miss Hill would do the proof-reading, correcting of style and the like (just as she does for Public Policy - she has more experience in that than either of us), I took your letter to mean that you could not do what we had agreed on, but which you now say you will continue to do. So all is well, except that I wish I had waited a day longer in writing you. It could have spared us both unnecessary effort. What I expected you to do, and what I hope, in light of your last letter, you will do is to go through these MSS with a redpencil, indicating sections which in your view could be eliminated (duplications, rexdundancies, asides etc.) I shall then in turn consider these "suggestions" and make the final decision.

I have now three copies of the Meyer MS! He having sent me two. I have written Miss Hill to have it combined with the WF MS we've already got; they implement each other well. I shall read the Mendeshausen pieces with interest if I can find the time, though I had hoped to leave these labors until my return. They look allright.

Once again, happy Christmas and New Year to you both.

In haste,

(7)

December 20, 1955

Professor C. J. Friedrich
34 Boulevard Marbeau
Paris XVI

Dear Mr. Friedrich:

Thank you for your letter of December 16. I think that I have not made my problem absolutely clear and that there is a slight misunderstanding about what I will and will not be able to do. As I have mentioned before, I will be very glad to read the manuscripts, to edit them in the sense of suggesting revisions, of cutting them, and of transposing paragraphs. What I wish to free myself of is the task of preparing the manuscript for the printer which involves a great deal of detail work of checking punctuation, spelling, etc.

In practice, what I have already done is spend a great deal of time with Mendeshausen and I think the product needs relatively little editing. I have incorporated my suggestions for changes in a letter to him and I am sure that by the time you return we will have a manuscript that requires little work. The political section is in rather good shape, although I think that Spiro might add an introductory section which contains a little more analysis. This leaves the sociological section. Miss Hill is sending this to me and I shall work on it during my vacation, reducing it to the size it should have and improving its style. I have already talked to Parsons and I shall turn over the manuscript to him around January 10. I would be willing to incorporate his suggestions into it afterwards. It seems to me that on this basis a great deal of the work will have been done by the time you return. After your return, I suggest we split the sections between us and go over them once more. But it does seem to me that the copy editing could be done either by Miss Hill or by someone like her.

What you say about my section on foreign policy is absolutely correct. I should not have taken on any writing. I will try to do something about it in January, but I am not too optimistic on that score.

To summarize: By the time you return the sociological chapter will be in as good shape as it can be pending your comments. The economic section will not require too much work and Spiro's section you are familiar with. It should not prove too difficult to split these sections up among us to put them in acceptable shape.

[T]

Professor C. J. Friedrich

- 2 -

December 20, 1955

I have spoken to Springer again about the form of the manuscript and I have thought it wise for him to send me a letter confirming our understanding regarding the style and approach. I shall send you a copy as soon as I receive it.

The reason why I find myself so extremely busy is that after waiting for nine months to coordinate things with the British publisher, Houghton Mifflin now is pressing me to read galleys during February and March. In addition, my work at the Council is extremely time consuming. But you will be able to count on the assistance I outlined above.

I do not know whether you have met Brice Parrain who is the literary advisor to Gallimard and a remarkable philosopher and writer. If you have not, I suggest you call him and tell him that I have you his name. I know him well and I think you will enjoy his company very much.

Please accept my best wishes for the New Year. Kind regards to Mrs. Friedrich.

P. S. The only point that Springer is making that has merit is that our facts should be structured by an adequate analysis which could be done by writing an introduction to each portion relating the various topics to each other.