File "Atsompa—Pottery production and sale " (nr. 23)

#

1. Outline—brn ink

2. Numbered bundles of trans-slips

I. "Teorica"

a. "Atsompa problems"—pottery—history & technology—5 pp.

b. Soc org materials

c. Economics—occupations

II. "Las Minas—El Barro"—slips on mining and pottery-clay.

III. Pottery-making techniques

IV. The economics of pottery-making

V. "El Horno"

VI. "Sociological and General"

VII. "La Plaza"

2587

page 147

on return to Atzompa

1. Costing of jarros from Luiz step-father.

2. Costing of ollas - we can figure this from amt. of <u>ollas from 1 mezclas</u>. we know that 3 ollas mediana from 1 carga of mezcla. Find out for ollas grande and chica.

3. merchandising - man in tienda who used to go to Mexico. Some of this we will find out in Oaxaca on Saturday and Tlacolula on Sunday.

4. Measuring and appreciation of olla sherds to find out regularity of thickness. Also other sherd.

5. Read over Doctor's notes of visit to Atzompa, last year.

6. See the juquetes.

7. Get samples of all.<u>five</u> classes of clay.

8. Is there "lodo liso" in Atzompa?

9. See preparation of barro - photograph: ♀ golpea, sifting and mixing best place in Juacintos.

10. Inquire how barro (a) is prepared when used exclusively and barro (b) is prepared for thick apaxtles.

11. Do comales crack when wet.

12. Do daily tortilleras over barter for losa.

13. How is molde turned <u>clockwise</u> or anti.

14. See Luiz Pequero

15. See Innocent Sarate, ollas may grade Lino Franco smallerollas; Apothmar Garcia makes Apaxtles grandes.

16. Prices in Atz. to <u>Atz. penon</u>, Atzompenos.

17. Prices of articles in Atz. market

18. Check costs of burro
25¢ Atz. to Oaxaca (J. Gonzales)
Atz. barro 50¢ (p. 113)
Luiz Ruiz

19. Juan Ruiz - losa recommended by Dna Porfemia

20. Don Lucio Lopez - amigo de Jose.

21. Make clear casting of barro de Sn Lorenzo

22. Make sure that measurements are taken in the same way.

23. Purchase of unbaked articles by the dozen at what prices. (Marcelino bought a few unfired ollas paying 50¢ a dozen.) What arrangement for firing.

2588

## Size & its importance

# Later date collected in Atzompa (22-26 July) indicated that jarros are not measured in the making, by the alferera. Alferera takes a lump of barro, a pulso, and the size of the jarro is determined by the quantity of barro in the initial lump or pulso. At the same time we found that there is regularity in the sizes of jarros. The wife, ______ of Luiz Aquilar works in three sizes of jarros and one type of pitcher, ______, we were told by Jose Gonzales, regaton of Tlacolula. We have yet to find the relation between the initial lump or pulso and the capacity of the finished jarro as measured by litros. This we will do on our return to Atzompa. We will thus measure jarro by:

(a.) weight of pulso of barro*

(b.) capacity in litres.

(c.) metric dimensions.

Out of these measurements we will first check once again in the fact that sizes are approximately standardized. Secondly from these measurements we will find a standard with which the student can identify any jarro in any market, which is necessary for the notation of prices. And thus thirdly we will be able to compare with exactitude the variation of prices.

So far we have assumed only the existence of price differences between towns - (Oax, Tlacolula, Ocotl., Zimatlau, etc.) - while regatones have also informed us of the seasonal price difference between now (July) and Octubre when losa will be higher due to the festivities in that season, -

However, we may find even more variation once we can assess the article exactly and quickly. It may turn up, for instance, between the price of the article bought in a permanent puesto de losa in the market of Sn. Juan de Dios on a weekday and the price for the exactly equivalent article sold from a temporary puesto in the calle de Atzompa on a Saturday. We already know that also there is one price to regaton and another, al menudeo, in Oaxaca. We might even find price differences between different regatones operating under exactly the same circumstances, which might then be a symptom of some other factor in the economic behavior of the market. Prices in this respect are the external, immediately observable evidences of larger happenings. Such differences between regatones, for instance, might only show that Donna Porfetia Hernandez was a better bargainer than Don Jose Gonzales, but on the other hand, it might reveal some more important fact, such as different techniques of transporting or storing merchandise or from such price differences we might find the relation between the price of losa and that of maiz, as we found between chili and maiz in Ocotlan, (this however is improbable as regatones of losa could afford not to sell in anticipation of market changes.) At any rate, such complete information would prepare the student of the market to notice any events in the market and to appreciate their importance immediately.

*It should be noted that weight of pulso of barro is not equal to weight of finished jarro. Scraping with cuchara reduces amt of clay. Glaze increases it.

B.M's)

Figures:

Calculation of annual costs -

<table><tr><td>Barro</td><td>10.00</td><td>11.50</td></tr><tr><td>transp.</td><td>40.00</td><td>48.00</td></tr><tr><td>lena</td><td>50.00</td><td>50.00</td></tr><tr><td>Greta</td><td>75.00</td><td>75.00</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$175.00</td><td>$184.50</td></tr></table>

page 7 cont'd.

2594

## Organization

1 Municipio - admin - presidente
secretario
tesorero

Municipal
- Crescentio Ruiz
- Savina Ruiz
- Jose Lopez

from these 5 (5 conjevals - 1. Crescentio Ruiz
pres. is chosen(      - Julian Ruiz
serv. for 1 yr.(      - Victor Velasco
                         - Felipe Juarez
                         - Maximino Espinosa

5 proprietarios

Pres. Crescentio Ruiz
Sindico Mun. - Julian Ruiz

1. Regidor - Victor Velasco

2. " - Felipe Juarez

3. " - Maximino Espinosa

(5 supplentes - Luiz Aquilar)

( - Lauro Perez

( - Amado Blanco

( - Maximino Vasquez

( - Enrique Blanco

judicial = alcalde

→ Estevan Garcia

2. supplentes.

primera - Francisco Ruiz

segundo - Enemecio Lopez

page 8

junta vecinal (second oldest) care of church - ecclesiastical

Is not legally recognized but has power

aseo = cleaning.

page 9

junta vecinal- se nombra por todo el pueblo

by the initiative of Ayuntamiento

Offices - 10 vecinos. headed by one.

1st Benfilio Vasquez; Manuel Chavez (dead) Pablo Larson (dead); Manuel

Juarez; Evaristo Lavida; Pedro Chavez; Ernardo Velasco; Manuel Zarate

(Sacriston 1. Margarito Garcia (dead)

( - 2. Carlos Vasquez

Servidores del
templo

( - 3. Porfirio Reyes

( - 2 acolytos - Florentino Vasquez; Domingo Aquilar

( - 2 ministros o topiles - Agustin Lopez; Arnulfo Garcia

( - 2 fiscales - Delphino Zarate; Juan Lopez

Sacristan -

Obligations - 1. Aseo general del Templo y de atrio

2 topiles del curso

(Yunta vecinal takes initiative, administration & costs of repairing the church.)

2. colocar flores a los santos, sobre los altares

3. armar/los valores de la iglesia (Sacrist.)

4. teniendo llaves del templo & caja - (Sacristan)

iglesia

page 11

Acolytes - servir en la misa
barrer con el sacristan

ministros - tocar la campana
(topiles) & traer Kd sacerdote

fiscales = a reglar con el curo el precio de la misa así como la fecha

page 12

school teacher says "mayordomas make people poor." It is the key - cost of food, drink

Ask what they criticize president for
cheapest mayordomia - 100 pesos
expensive -1000 pesos

30 mayordomios en Atzompa - antiguamente - actualmente como 18 o 20.

En. Tomas "sell muchachas." Torbicio velas
cheapest mayordomia = de la Cruz flores -missa ) $30
greatest in del Patron - gasto de $600 aprox. (more elsewhere)

page 13

Mayordomias Mayordomos

30- Mayordomas are voluntary here (not elected)

obligationes - 1. comprar flores cada echo días domingo

2. " y aceite para lamparas.

3. pagar al cura de los derechos de la misa

4. dar de comer al cura.

5. " " " a las musicos/a a los chirimiteros (2)

6. " " " a todos los mayordomos
parientes
compadres
invitados. (not to municipio)

7. Comprar cuetes y ruedos catarinas para la casa y la misa

page 14

VO [Vungen de Ocotlan]
com - Herman Vasque
lynd

The hermandad is active only for 5 days of

page 15

5. Hermandades -

1. Virgen de Ocotlan 5 de enero

2. Carnestolendos - febrero

3. Patrona 15 agosto

4. Virgen de la Rosario - Octubre, primero domingo

Organizacion-

1. comisionado

1 ayudante

1 sacristan 1º

1. " 2º

1. " 3º

1. " 4º

2595

2601

Pag. 13

Problemas del material de alfarería: que tipos de barros hay? que propiedades del barro determinan su calidad? que propiedades tiene la piedra blanca? Puntos de relacion entre la explotación antigua y la moderna. De donde se saco el barro usado en las piezas que aparecen en Monte Alban? Los moldes son iguales a los antiguos?

Miércoles 20 de Agosto : Inf.: Bazán

Se han encontrado piezas hechas con diversos tipos de barro, en Monte Abán, alrededor de 10 - 12 tipos, con intrusiones, en las piezas, de caliza, metales, mica, pirita, cobre. Se trata de piezas de residuo.

Los pulidores que se han encontrado son similares a los de Coyotpec, antiguos, a veces los buscan las gentes, para usarlos. De sílex, o de piedra dura, en general. El barro de las piezas que se encuentran es de diversas tonalidades. En las piezas grises, clasificadas como mixtecas, el ahumado puede ser bastante disparejo, ya que las混合das son más fértils. En las piezas rojizas, las混合das son más fértils. En las piezas rojas, las混合das son las más fértils. Bazán ha observado que las piezas colocadas dentro de otras, son más obscuras que éstas, porque el oxídamo fierro se quema menos, el color es opaco, y resulta destruido por el fuego. Esto ocurre en piezas encontradas en Zaachila.

Los moldes que se encuentran en Atzompa y M.A. Son planos y son convexos. Según Bazán, para hacer piezas diferentes, se hacen mezclas diferentes de barros.

Minas: se acostumbra hacer túneles profundos, sin ademas, No hay muchos accidentes. Fermentación del barro: innecesaria, por la humedad del terreno, posiblemente.

Piezas vitrificadas: se encuentran, siguen diseños de varias piezas.

Libreta 6
áginá 29

2602

27

Especialidades en Atzompa: jarreros, jugueteros, comaleras, olleros (olla relujada), apaxtleros, maceteros

Loza de ocasión especial: juguetes y alcancías, para fin de año

cochinos venados etc. rayados, para cuaresma

loza de difuntos, como jarritos para el chocolate.

Una especialista en juguetes es la que existe, es más hábil, su marido gran artífice, sus chicos hacen juguetes. Los cochinos rayados son hechos por los chicos, nos dicen, igual que los silbatos y demás.

La sra. de Jiménez usa dos barros, uno para amasar y re-

En casa de Jiménez, un pariente hace la molienda, impulsando el molino de piedra de lumbre. El hombre se quita los huaraches para dar vueltas, impulsa con una al reganar impulso. Véase foto. Se paga 20 centavos por esta faena, por tarea.

piedra blanca, nada
greta 0.65 kilo, en la tlapalería.

Leña: cuesta $1.00 carga

Baruja: se consigue en el campo; es para la primera codida

Molino: 20 ¢ tarea.

2606

page 149

There are four classes of clay used as material for the body of pottery.

1. Sn Felipe Tejalapa

2. Sn Lorenzo Cacaotepec primera

3. S Lorenzo Cacaotepec segunda

4. Atzompa

In reality there are two functional types (a) barro or lodo liso, or *deremojar*, (b) lodo de golpear or depolvo. 1 & 2 constitute (a) 3 & 4 - (b). A. is thick greasy clay, clear of stones and sand, constituting the binding element. b. seems to contain sand, is dry and dusty before mixing, and may provide the necessary silica.

Hypothetically: the binding element in moulding comes from (a); at the burning the sandy particles of B, if silica, melt and provide strength.

Lodo liso, deremojar - comes from the mines in a damp condition. It has to be dried in the sun. After thoroughly dried put again into water for some 12 hours.

B. lodo de golpear has to be dried, then beaten* on an *era*, then sifted) till it becomes a fine dry somewhat sandy powder (polvo)

The two are mixed in different proportions. This is done by pouring the powder into the apaxtle (?) and kneading it. (man's work.)

Man returning from San Felipe at 1.15. He started at 6 or 7 this morning. Bring back two cargas. Had a long stick with a metal point on one end.

Both Luiza Vasquez, and daughter of Felipe Aguilar agree that mixing polvo de San Lorenzo produces finer ware than with polva de Atzompa. The former gives a finer green in vidriado like green of leaves of grass. "Sale mas durable and mas precioso." But for Apaxtes and Ollas grandes Atzompa barro is better.

2607

Page 107

1. Barro - types - costs.
methods of procuring it. costs. mozos. transportation.

2. Technology (a) time and quantity of production → cost of labor
(b) regulation of sizes and relation to prizes.

3. Distribution

Barro negro esta de Sn Felipe.

Accident yesterday at Ruiz Hernandez - due to bad burro (too much sand)

Remedy to mix with some Sn. Felipe.

burro rent 40 or 50¢ for journey to mines of Sn F.
25¢ here for journey to mines of Atz.

Et barro rojo - comes from the mountain lands of Sn. Felipe Aqua - slope of Sierra

Most dangerous mines are Sn Felipe Tejalapa and San Lorenzo
Mines deep and horizontal tunnels.

page 125

## Summary of clay

There are 3 types of clay

amarillo - 1 Atzompa - taken from the grounds of the village taken from the slopes to S. W. Yellow clay, somewhat sandy.

amarillo - 2 Barro de Sn Lorenzo Cacastepec. In that village used for finer ware always mixed with three

negro - 3 Barro de Sn Felipe Tejalapa - Very compact and plastic, pegajoso. Combined with either 1 or 2 in various proportions depending upon article to be made.

For finest work (juquetes) only 3" used. For less fine work, jarros, casuelas; small ollas and small apaxtles or cajetes, a mixture of 2 & 3 50% would be used. For coarser articles (macetas, floreos, services, 75% Atzompa 25 St. Felipe. Large ollas 2 A to 1 of F. For big apaxtles pure Atz. is used.

This classification of clays is superceded by later information - see page 149.

BII

2609

Con Margarita Ponas de Garcia-

62.

Minas de S Felipe son viejas mas grandes y mas
secas

en S Lorenzo nace agua en las mismas minas
"el minero sale bañado de lodo"

Precio 15 cen en S Felipe 10 cent. S. Lor.

Polvo mejor de S Lorenzo

también lodo de remojar mejor de S Lor, Pero (agua en las minas)

Mar. Garcia explains that if they put lodo liso
straight into water it would not dissolve not
even after months. Once well dried, it dissolves
beautifully.

Lodo polvo también hay que asolear. Tierra
colorada también hay que asolear y después
dissolver en agua.

Color verde es viejo - ya los abuelos de M.

Garcia lo hacían

Tortilleras también cambian-prices same as
Martes plaza

2611

30 - VII - 191-

Cara de Juquetés - Felipe Aguiar-

(Material "Todo el material es comprado las minas son muy peligrosas se quedaron muchos de aquí")
They have to buy their barro

Grandmother

The vidriado is very old. Her grandmother said that of old they did not put much green as they thought it venenoso
There are 2 gretas

Colorada - mas cara 65

verde - 55

las dos salen verdes en la cocido
Barro de S Lor y S Felipe liso pintan algo
diferenta. " A nosotros nos

gusta mas el b. de S Lor. - pero muchas vezes
no se lo consigue"

They agree that mixture of polvo S Lor
is better than polvo Atz. - "el verde sale más
colorado" with Atz. Color yerba with S Lor.

2016

p. 8, -9

Atzompa--July 31.

Takes molde-- & broken piece of molde- between
the two places small lump of lodo so that the two stick

& turn together.

(Juguetitos lo mas dificil a hacer)

p. 9.

Stages.(B)

1. Amazar al bodoque

2. Tortillar el bodoque ana carita.

3. Alevantar la pared del coquito.

4. Recortar la pared del coquito

5. Emparejar.

6. Redondear el coquito (cuchara)

7. Recortar (emparejar) el coquito.

Mixes lodo liso con polvo de S.Lorenzo por que
e s mas durable y mas liso.

Carita de lodo

Estirar--hacer mas liso con la badana.

2617

VII

p.10.

La Asa

Takes lump, hand full- makes longana, fat, pulls
it put & rolls out till long & thin. Draws out lower
end with water, & when equal size (equal in thickness ?)
breaks off & lays on knee. Then draws out 2nd. & 3rd.
in this manner, thus breaking the longana into
3 equal lengths. fixs to top of jarro, then bends
on to bariga, removing extra length & pressing
fast on to bariga with thumb, then neatens base.

Alizar.

Takes coquito oreado--WAXK

Wets

Alizar-----------Scrapes ouyside with cuchara

Aliz.por dentro-Takes round cuchara & scrapes inside
Wettens & scrapes outside with cuchara

Recortar y Evens mouth

Emparejar Takes longana

Rolls out

Flattens

Pegarle la---- Places round mouth

boquita Raises & evens top

Estirar wets & forms shape, raising

Endelgazando--- Opens mouth-badana- left hand on molde- turns clockwise & anticlockwise

Levels mouth

Hacer los-----------Decoration of mouth with cuchara-left hand on molde-clockwise
piquitos

Mexico, D. F.

Biblioteca Academica No. 81

162: 18-06-80 A 7-82-98

УЧЕБНИК ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ АУДИТАРСКИХ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

ИТНЕБ БОВИНА

blancigure

DE KLETVCIONE2 CNIINBNTGE2
INSTITUTE WEXICINO ENKOBEO

120 BEZVILLE SCHMIDT

2ecscletio Ceeuslor

- 11 -

2618

Coquito Stages - V. (Corrected from Bs.list).

I. Amasando el bodoque.

II. (Toma lodo en el pulso). Agarrar el lodo en el pulso o en la mano.

III. Haciendo la carita -poniendo el polvo-cada dos o tres piezas (pone en el molde).

IV. Levantando la pared.

V. Emparejar la pared.

VI. Recortar la pared.

VII. Redonder - (por dentro con la cuchara).

VIII. Emparejar el coquito.

México, D. F.

Kabupca X13676 N° 51

1948. JG-00-50 A 1-82-98

УЧЕРСТВО ДОК ГУ ОЛИСИНУ ВООБЕВАСЬИ НИЯТЕСТВУ В ДУ ГЕСКЕЛЫНУ ВО ОБЩЕСТВО НБРСЬВ

ИНТЕГ ВОВЫШИ2

b16a9851c

DE КЕГВАСЦИЕ2 СПГПКВАГЕ2
ИНГТИПТО МЕХИСВИО ОПКОВЕО

130 ББУМБ 2СН3А3ЕIDE

2есG3a10io (auslel)

- 12 - 13.

Haciendo un jarro Con Petrona, mujer de Luís Aguilar 2619

L. Hacer el coquito.

2. Orear por una hora.

3. Alizar.

4. Pone la boquita.

5. Orear una hora.

6. Poner asitas.

7. Orear 2-3 horas.

8. Luís Aguilar hace los dibujos.

9. Luís Aguilar raspa los jarritos.

10. Luís Aguilar pone el pulido con el alizador.

Esperan ya el día para cocerlos.

11. Entran en el horno, cocidos 2 horas.

12... Salen, ponen a enfriar.

13. Les limpian bien la ceniza.

14. Hace la vidriada por dentro- Petrona ayudando a su es-
poso cuando es desocupada (generalmente es trabajo de
hombres).

15. Vidriada por fuera - (seca muy pronto la greta).

16. Ponen a hornear.

17. Cuecen una hora.

18. Sacan muy calientes con barras de alambre.

Hecho, de 11
a 18, por
Luís Aguilar

Siempre los hombres hacen los dibujos

House of Ricardo Labido (o Lavido?)

Makes macetas, macetas-col (he alone?) & casuelas. Content

36 large objects. Belon buys coles - large 20 P. per doz.

small 12 P. Ordinary macetas, large ones at 4 P.doz..

Much vidriado needed on coles, have to be muy verdes.

Man uses liso y Atzompa, agrees that polvo San Lorenzo
gives better green, but often have no time to fetch it.

Large tub - an apaxtle about 80 cm. high - tina made
by himself stands in his solar.

Placing in oven for baking green. Apaxtlitos placed in si-
de downwards with each successive apaxtle with its lip on
back of other.

Biblioteca Nacional. N° 81

1914-18-06-30 A. F. 82-08

YUCALYNDO BOK TU OLICHUY DE COOBEKVCION HUTECUAYT DE TU SECBEYBIV DE EDNCVCION DNBICAC

HIGBEG BOWVII?

blancigus

DE KEGVCIONEG SEPIEKVGE2
INSEINTO WEXICANO ENKOBEQ

120. SEVAGE SCHMIEIDE

SECBEYBIV CUGUIE

2621

25. VII. 41

Friday - making of large olla - 38.

Friday Maby of larga ollo/
started at ab 11 or 11.05

Old Lady (O.L.) takes large lump, kneads it
after wetting ( dry powder (amarilla) put under
molde)

Made two lumps
1 into wide thick pancake
puts into molde, pats down
1 <on molde>
all this time

left hand turns molde
starts soon with longanas (length?) adds lap?
each, working from inside near lap, left hand
outside patting; right hand: thumb presses longanas
(pays out?) (like squeezing axn tube). both
hands working against each other longana
from time to time a longj put in lower down
to reinforce a thick piece of wall? left
hand all the time takes pressure of what the
right does
The longana has to have a definite size ( runs on - p. 39)

Page 37 a.

Then olla which was photographed being scraped
has 3 1/2 cuartas

Younger Lady smoothes pesterdays olla with
cuchara: first scrapes with convex side fore-
mostx, then with concave.

p.57

2623

Ollas Grandes- D. Ignacia Garcia & Dna. Florencia Zarate

Already made the day before-

XXXXXXXX

Rasps with olote

wets all over

smooths with cuchara de jicara

then forms edge, trimming all round

she roughened top to put longana- fairly fat, placed in 2 sections-with pressing thumb motion

rubs within rim with olote, raising rim with this motion

left hand on outer side pushing up at same time

second longana, on inside, & after using olote, another 2

longanas on outside, one above the other, to thicken
rim- "pesqueso"

olote turns rim outwards, moistened within rim

levels top edge of rim

edge bent out & finished with badana of lana, after wetting
before, small longana put on outside over joint of olla

with rim

cuando la olla es en forma de un barril, mide 3 cuartas

para la mediana, 4 para la mas grande, y empieza

despues a formar la variga

(when rim is too thick, she remakes it)

smothers with water & cuchara de jicara, "para pulir mas bien"

final smoothing with water & badana of wool on rim, & with
cuchara on variga

Final process

takes olla from molde & inverts with care on to petate

takes raspador of metal & scrapes bottom to shape, first

roughly & then more smoothly with other side of raspador

when smooth, takes alisador, of piedra de lumbre, & rubs all
over the newly roughened surface till quite smooth,

using water on stone

leaves to orear a short time

then polishes again with alisador, wetting stone with

tongue

leaves 5-6 days to dry & then bakes

Todas ollas son vidriadas.

"tiene que estar a su punto"- the olla breaks if too thick
or too thin

Para trabajos mas finos (jarros, apaxtles chicos, cazuelas finas) hay que usar el barro de S.Lorenzo

Barro de Atzompa y de S.Felipe para cosas mas corrientes y
objetos grandes(apaxtles, ollas grandes, mazetas,
cazuelas grandes, servicios)

"Los servicios, eso es su verdadero oficio" sister of Jacinto

6 ollas madianas por 2 cargas de mezcla

2624

page 117 cont'd.

* Asked about the torno they said it could be used for smaller things but not for la olla grande

page 118
de Juarez)

Donna Florencia Sarate - old lady
Donna Ignatia Garcia de Juarez

Don Luiz-mama jarros
wife born to jarros chicos

page 119

* they work more in the winter because it is drier - In summer air humidity retards drying (orear) and thus some ollas get spoiled also great danger when the rain comes during burning since whole lot may be spoiled.

* these people burn every 15 days
24 in one horno.
8 cargas of leña
6 cargas of basura

* these are taken to the plaza
man takes them. Women do not go.

* the senor polishes them with piedra de lumbre after they are dry

* all ollas are vidriada verde - (pordentro solamente)

ollas trandes apaxtles casuelas corriente, etc.
macetas, servicios -- Atzompa, con Sn Felipe
flores

casuela mas fina barro de Sn Lorenxo

jarros

apaxtles chicos

floreors fuas

juquetes solamente Sn Felipe puro

*use green leaves with badana, put on inside of badana*

2625

page 120

I judge the old lady best worker because she achieves more with one tool.
When she uses the cuchara de jicara her strokes are smoother and she then
has already done part of the work of the badana.

mediana 3 qt. 37 cm top rim
29 cm inside rim
54 depth
50-47 from rim to edge of molde

page 121

* roughens edge of mouth with a corn cob and then puts on longana for the rim.

6 ollas medianas per dos cargas
1 of Sn F & 2 of Atz.
thus 3 ollas from one carga of mezcla

mediana 3 cuartas
grande olla vertical 3 cuartos - 3 hand stretches. = 7 almudes.

mas grande 4 cuartas= 14 almudes
2 cuartas= 4 almudes

The measurement by quartas is done while the sides are still vertical
and before any outward shaping has been done -- measurement made from the
molde to rim.

3 to 5 in every hornado
3 quarta olla - 2.00 in Oaxaca almenudeo
-5.00 in Ocotlan "

*they sell to regatones

last price 4 quartas 3.00 )  
" " 3 " 2.00) in Oaxaca  
" " 2 " .75 )

Jose Gonzales sells 3 qt. olla at $2.50 in Tlacolula bought it from
sore eyes at $1.50 regaton's price in Oaxaca

2626

## Ollas Grandes

* Woman works on kind of losa of husbands family. This senora born to jarros, after marrying makes ollas grandes. 6 houses in Atzompa that make ollas grandes.

* Molde is much different.

One in comale shape which rests directly on the dirt floor
In scraping stage not much turning - Turning is not continuous but big turn at one time. Women are on knees.

* Olla is made one day and scraped the following.

page 127

## Atzompa
Friday July 25th

[ case de los Sracile? ]

### Casa of olla grande begins 11.15

old woman takes lumps off a great hunk of semi-damp clay. She kneads these lumps in a great roll. mashing with palm. gouging with fingers, rolling on a rock slab in the floor. She sprinkles dry clay powder on the slab to keep roll from sticking. Having two large kneaded lumps, one she flattens out into a thick circular slab (approx 2 inch thick) which is placed in the concave molde that has already been sprinkled with clay powder.

page 131

2628

at 12.00 p.m. side of old lady's olla is desired height of 3 quartas (hand span from little finger to thumb stretched) on verticle side. Now she begins the smoothing motion with the cuchara de jicara inside with the right hand. left supporting outside with gentle - and the sides are slowly taking their curved shape. The opposite side from which she works wobbles gently. For this work, reaching down inside the rim, she has to stand on her feet.

Old woman finishes smoothing the inside and begins to work the rim of mouth. Finishes at 12.15 exactly 1 hour time.

Tomorrow will come scraping with jicara to thin side, scraping of outside with a corn cob, and smoothing with the jicara. Then rim put on and smoothed.

page 143

2634

## Comales - round concave molde

A round lump patted between hands como una tortilla. Thus flattened out

Then put on flat ground and patted with both palms. Is now a pancake of about 1 cm thickness.

Placed in molde - smoothed with jicara.

A long longana 1 1/2 - 2 inches thick (about 2 in.)

Squeezed on around edge on inside

page 142

claro - lodo es mas caro caramba cuanto es obviously

She calls the lump she begins with a "tortilla"

large comal (measure by quartas) $1.50 dozena 3 qt. 56 1/2diam light
59 measure along concave surface
8 cm deep

## "Altijo" - ?

page 145

2 1/2 "x 4" cuartas

aMediano - diam across - 46 cm ) $1.00 a doz.
" concave - 50 )
depth inside - 7 cm)

chico 2 "x 4" cuartas
40 cm diam. across )
43 " concave ) $.75 a dozena
5 cm deep )

One man here told us that he bought a small comal# for regateo (4¢). He
was Atzompeno. Marcelio Garcia.

## Mezcla de comales

1 carg liso (barro)

2 carg golpea/do.

never use expression amarillo or negro (a) liso deremojor
(b) polvo, de golpear

man sells 2 cigarros for 1¢ paqueta 7¢
illegal tienda

string of candles on wall. Woman had a cabana of brown sugar
which she was chopping while small pieces.

p.48.49.

2635

July 23. Solar de Samuel Hernandez. Atzompa.

Cazuelas-process of making.

Inverted jar at base
places 2 pieces broken molde on jar
places molde on this
powder on molde
takes fat lump of clay, flattens it to thick circle
places on molde
pats down
lifts side with thumb, ^to 1½-2 inches in height
1st.chorizo-placed from within, ½ in. higher
2nd.longana- ½ in. higher
3rd. longana- " " "
takes badana-very wet
smooths surface & forms shape.
lifts sides higher
flattens bottom with cuchara
re-forms cazuela with right thumb
& raises higher the sides, forming rim
further work on rim & inside of base

LII

page 93

Atzompa

Wednesday, July 23

Carga from Sn. Felipe $1.00 Solar de Don Samuel Hernandez
Sn. Felipe 3 lequas away 3 hr. in time
Man, mozo de la casa came with 1 of his own burros and one belonging
to this house. Man was not paid said this was his Comida.
[Tortillas - about 15 in package]
Woman took 4 1/2 minutes for a casuela
another at 4 1/2 25 cm diam. top }
6 cm de alto. } $1.00 per doz.
bottom about 18 cm)

Piedra blanca = crystalline quartz is being crushed to a powder
on a stone trough - pounded with a stone held in one hand. Pounded on

other alquilado (50c. daily, alquiler). The mosso of the house
goes with the two burros to the mine to fetch the barro.

Said they send the mozo because the mines are very dangerous
deep like a well, & it takes much work to dig out the barro.

Cazuelas-flat bottoms

Cajitas-rounded bottoms

p.48. 49.

2635

Cazuelas-process of making.

Inverted jar at base
places 2 pieces broken molde on jar
places molde on this
powder on molde
takes fat lump of clay, flattens it to thick circle
places on molde
pats down
lifts side with thumb, ^to 1½-2 inches in height
1st.chorizo-placed from within, ½ in. higher
2nd.longana- ½ in. higher
3rd. longana- " " "
takes badana-very wet
smooths surface & forms shape.
lifts sides higher
flattens bottom with cuchara
re-forms cazuela with right thumb
& raises higher the sides, forming rim
further work on rim & inside of base
lines drawn on outside
smooths within
turns rim outwards
makes decoration of rim with right thumb & forefinger-
last touch

the wholeof this process of making cazuela took, from start
to finish, 4½ minutes.

A woman makes 2 dozen cazuelas in 1 day- she stops work always
when the 2 doz. are done.

"Raspando y alisando el asiento de la cazuela".

The barro arrives on 2 burros, one burro of the house, the
other alquilado (50c. daily, alquiler). The mosso of the house
goes with the two burros to the mine to fetch the barro.

Cazuelas-flat bottoms

Cajitas-rounded bottoms

Cefifea- Lomnged poffome

Cosneis- Ief poffome

geeb like a weef, & if fokea much wolk to dig onf the pallo.

Bicd they send the moxo because the wjnea ste velv dangelona
Koea wjth the fwo pnlloa to the wjne to tefch the pallo.

ofhel sldnijado (20c. dsijd'sldnijel). The mosaio of the honae
The pallo stlives on 5 pnlloa' one pnllol of the honae' the

"Hasabsado & sijasando el sajenfo de is cosneis".

Mjen the 5 dos' ste gone.

A woman wokea 5 dozen cosneis in 1 day- she afobe wolk alwae
fo tinjan' 4½ wjnnfes.

The wjolsol chja bloceaa of making cosneis took' itow afal

Jesef foneh
wokea decoration of lim with light fhnwp & tolelingel-
fnlne lim onfwele
ammoshe wjthin
Jjnea qilswn on onfaje
Inlfnel wolk on lim & jnajde of paae
& lasea higher the ajde' tolwin& lim
le-tolwa cosneis wjth light fhnwp
Jaffena poffom wjth enchele
Jilfa ajde higher

ammoshe anllise & tolwa ajde.

fokea program-veil waf

Jig. lourana- " " "

Sug. lourana- $ in. higher

Tar' enoliso-bjaced itow wjthin' $ in. higher

Jilfa ajde wjth fhnwp' to 1$-5 jnqaa in naf$1
bela qan

bisca on wjge

bisca on wjge

fokea lsf jnsh of clay' Jaffena if to thick gilote

homgat on wjge

bisca wjge on chja

bisca 5 bisca plokew wjge on jis

Involfeq jis af paae

Cosneis-bloceaa of making.

JUNY 53. Bolst de cosnei Helnged. afkom.

S022

p. 50. 51.

2636

## Apaxtles grandes- solar of Julian Ruiz

Use barro de Atzompa- it is not mixed with any other. The apax apaxtle is wsahed over when finished with red- tierra del cerro de S.Felipe del Agua, 20c.-25c. per carga.

The shape of the apaxtle rises from a large base by the addition of longanas.

Takes cuchara de hierro & smooths outer surface, which is stil
perpendicular. Brings it to equal height all round. Adds a
løngana to the top all the way round to produce thicker
rim. Then takes iron cuchara, & scrapes inside smoothing with
-in, & at same time changing the sides from the perpendic-
ular to the outward angle of the final shape.

Then scrapes outer surface to flatten & smooth it- motion
from bottom upwards. Next, equalises height of apaxtle,
removing or adding as needed. Smooths rim with badana. Scrapes
inside, widening top a little more.From time to time shakes
a few drops of water on inside to assist smoothing.

Leaves apaxtle to dry & nezt day smooths further the outside only, & adds the rim--takes equal time as first days work.

**Beginning of process.** (insert above)

Places barro on molde, flattens it with blows of the fist,
& raises sides slightly, pushing barro from the centre
towards this side. Adds water to base, hammers with palm of
the hand, adding barro where necessary. Begins to build the
side by adding fat longanas, smoothing inside with right

p.51, 52, 53.

2637

forefinger. Continue thus till correct height is obtained.

"Torno" consists of 2 flat stones, with powder placed between the two. On this, the molde is placed- diameter 47cm.

**Red Apaxtles** - very good for the fire, stand the greatest heat
**Green Apaxtles** stronger than red, because they are baked twice, while the red are baked only once.

The Ruiz family sometimes make green apaxtles, but mostly red as they sell better.

Biggest molde- 75 cm. Next- 51½ cm.

"cargas of barro for 4-5 apaxtles-
costs 75c.-P 1.00 per carga

Food for burro 25c.

Comida del mozo 25c.

Pago del mozo 25c.
75c.

2638

Julian Ruiz, makes apaxtles

1. base

to which are added rings of clay, building up the sides to
desired height. "Molde" is turned with the left as the
sausage of clay is kneaded on to the side.

2. Scraping of side to get thinness desired with a tin or gourd cuchara.

3. At same time as scrapping the sides, which were completely vertical, are shaped outward to desired curve.

4. also badana, piece of sheepskin, is used for smoothing as molde is turned. (naturally the side may be further shaped simultaneously)

page 94

Ruiz has yoke of oxen

Mrs. M's notes = smoothing work of second day takes just as long as to form apaxtle. 2 hours work then?

1 p per carga of Atzompa barro for apaxtles

casuel
22 top
8 side
18 bottom

An apaxtle molde
47 cm in diameter
another molde
75 cm in diam.
another 51 1/2
another 68

Woman is from Oaxaca - 18 years since she learned to make Apaxtles, since she married to Don Juliano Ruiz. Was she an alferara in Oaxaca?

2640

page 115

Sister makes servicios.

1 smaller than chico at D

She makes a gran servicio

begins at 1.33 1/2 p.m.

She uses a stick after she has put longanas on to measure height of
vertical side. Says that most people judge by the pulso.

memela?

3 longanas sobreMEME memela with tipped up sides

finishes at 40 1/2 - taking 8 minutes

however rim must still be put on bottom and handle to side -
which would make about 4 more minutes - a total of 12.

El chico takes less time 5 minutes.

large takes 15 hours for 6 doz.

small 9 1/2 hrs. " "

tiempo de golpea 1 hr.

amazar 1/2 hr. "kneading"

time of cooking 1 1/2 gruesa - 4 hours (including both burnings.)

In the burning they lose about 5 pieces.

2647

page 77

Atzompa Losa Production

Luiz Aquilar

make jarros by sizes of capacity.

jarros 1/2 litro

1 litro

2 litro o mas.

Not correct. See #

- 5 ¢ )

-10 ¢ )

-25 ¢ )

in Atz.

Prices of material calculated

Barro * 15¢ a carga - from S. Lorenzo (1 lequa (4 kilom. away)

* 20¢ " " S. Felipe Tejalapa (1 lequa)

45¢ for 2 cargas a week

*these are charges paid to pueblos owning clay - exd usive
of excavation or transportation costs.

(Transport al 2 burros per annum
x ($70-80 capital value
($6 a month for pasto

Luis has 18 surcos of land - 1 almud de siembra
alquila ($1.50 a day) for yunta.

("elquilar" - to rent)

($10 a year por burro.

x ($80 de gustos de los 2 burros.

($40 a burro a year

x- have abandoned cost per year - this information too generalized.

Lena = $2 a week
$1 per carga a su puerta

Greta = 4 Kg. (a hornada) = $2.60 ---(or 0.65

Cobre .40¢/ como 200 gms (8 onzas)
(se compra en dispachos de negocio)

Greta y cobre por 1 hornada (each 15 days)
$3 per hornada
or $75 a year

Por Hornada = $3. Greta
2. Greta deña
.45 barro
1.50 transporte
$6.95 or $7.00 per hornada (jarros - what kind how many)

Valor de mercancía 12.00
7.00 gana net $ 5.00

Work - 1 hombre 12 horas - excavation y transporte. } superficial
3 hours - diaria (aquilar)

page 89

2649

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>Val. a doz.</th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>casuela 1</td><td>at 1.00</td><td>4 doz.</td><td>$4.00</td><td>4.80</td></tr><tr><td>casuela 2</td><td>at .75</td><td>2 doz.</td><td>1.50</td><td>1.22</td></tr><tr><td>casuela 3</td><td>at .30</td><td>2 doz.</td><td>.60</td><td>.48</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>$6.10</td><td>6.50</td></tr><tr><td>cost of 1 hornada</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.13</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>net gain</td><td></td><td></td><td>$1.00</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

page 91

casuela 2
75¢ doz,
8¢ Oaxaca
10¢ Tlacolula, Etta, Zaachila
15¢ Ocotlan Zimathuk

## casuela 3

distribution (Says can sell whole tornado in one Saturday
( in Oaxaca and what he doesn't sell by pieza he
( gets rid of to a regaton.

could put 10 doz. of cas. 1 in 1 horno.
12 " cas. 2 " " "
36 " cas. 3 " " "

(man with bread from Sn. Maz. not only was trading cambio
distribution (in one transaction he paid 15¢ for an olla.

Horno of Aquilar (mas grande) 1 m. 60 cm. (areas)
depth above areas 45 cm deep
inside diameter 1 meter

page 92

## Problems - Comparison of Atz. Coyot, and Oax. ware

Cucharas of Atzompa
barrio specialization

hire another ass at 50¢
and hire a mosa for pay
and food

cost of a carga 75 - $1.
and price at $1.00

### Casuela - Tamano

1 peso dot = 23 wide

9 high
17 1/2 bottom inside

### Tamano

| | |
| :--- | :--- |
| ~~1/2 apaxtle - 55 cm wide at top ) | price |
| 33 deep ) | |

2654

34 a. (to follow p. 35) & 36)

There is less work in P.P. than in jarros
J.P. has his own lands to cultivate: his wife and mother
have to do the cooking for house and mozos

37.

## Time Taken

Tiempo - time observed minutes
to make body of P.P.
for as a piecito y raspada
3 or 5 minutes.

Tiempo 12 minutos, 1 dozena 2 hour 30
6 dozenas - 15 horas 2.30 horas

Small P.P. 5 min. 8 minutes complete
for body - 1 dozen - 1 hour 36 min
6 dz - 9 1/2 hours

small ones, 6 hours

## Tiempo de trabajo para cocer

1 gureno y media 31 horas de señor
2 horas de hombre
33 horas

Tiempo de golpear 1 hora
amazar 1/2 hora

Perdidas en hornada 1 man ab 18 pieces
Luiz ab 5 pieces
Jacinto also less

Page 36 a.

Jacinto works mostly in fields

Alfarería subsidiary Tiene 1 yunta -
siembra como 10 almudes
(first lump bodoque de lodo)

Lady (Jacinto's sister) has 2 sticks to measure
depth and width of P.P.
depth 16.5
width 24.5

these measures taken when P.P. in statu
nascendi -

p.54. 55,56

2655

Badana, of felt cut from hat- for ollas, apaxtles y servicios

Piel de calzado- used for iarros, cazuelas

July 24. D.Jacinto Peguero.

Mozo- payment per day 50 c.- (25c. in money, 25c. in comida)

Servicios-- mas grandes, per docena 2.50
medianos, " " 1.50
chicos, " " 1.25

Barro- una mezcla de S.Felipe y de Atzompa.

1 Hornada holds 1 gross- 4 dozen of each type.

Peguero's sister makes 6 pieces each day.

Daughter, 7 years old, is just beginning to make cazuelitas.

Giant servicio- height 27cm. width 32 cm.

The men do the mixing of the tierra, in an apaxtle.

1 gruesa cuesta- 21.00
entonces 1½ gruesa, cuesta 31.50
Gross gain therefore 31.50

Costo:

Mezcla 3.00

3 cargas lena 2.25

greta, 12 kilos 7.20

cobre, 6c. per ozl.00

Molino, 10c. kgm.1.20

(a 60c. por kilo)

14.65

Transporte en burro- 6 cargas con 6 burros
40c. per burro, viaje hasta Oaxaca

asi por 6 burros 2.40

Meson .30

2.70

Costo de los servicios 14.65

costo total 17.35

Gross gain, 1½ gruesa 31.50

Costo total 17.35

Gana neta por 1½ gruesa 14.15

p.54. 55.56

2655

Piel de calzado- used for jarros, cazuelas, floreros, juguetes.

Mixture for servicios--

3 cargas of Atzompa

1 carga of S.Felipe- 20c. para escabar.

S.Felipe- P 1.00 per carga comprada

2 burros mandado- 2 cargas por P 1.65

( 40c. por 2 cargas y 1.25 por gastos de mozo y burro)

Atzompa- 3 horas de ida y vuelta

70c. por 2 cargas

( Mozo 25c., burro 25c., total 50c.- comprado, 50c.)

Costo: 6 cargas de Atzompa- 4.20
2 " " S.Felipe 1.65
---
5.85

Asi la mezcla - 3 Atzompa y 1 S.Felipe cuesta 2.95

De esta mezcla (3 plus 1 cargas) hacen 1½ gruesa de servicios, de los 3 tamaños mezclados:

4 dozena, grandes, a 2.50 doc. 10.00
4 " medianos," 1.50 " 6.00
4 " chicos, " 1.25 " 5.00
---
1 gruesa cuesta- 21.60
entonces 1½ gruesa cuesta 31.50
Gross gain therefore 31.50

Costo: Mezcla 3.00
3 cargas lena 2.25
greta, 12 kilos 7.20 (a 60c. por kilo)
cobre, 6c. per ozl.00
Molino, 10c. kgm.1.20
---
14.65

40c. per burro, viaje hasta Oaxaca
asi por 6 burros 2.40
Meson .30
---
2.70
Costo de los servicios 14.65
---
costo total 17.35

Gana neta por 1½ gruesa 14.15