PREFACE

The Ford Foundation began its technical assistance program in Pakistan in 1952 --- a program which has been carried out entirely through contracts with universities and other cooperating institutions. By the end of 1960 it had made grants totalling approximately 19 million dollars to assist the country with the establishment of key institutions for long-range development in such fields as public administration, economic planning and research, agriculture, education, and rural industry. While this amount of money is relatively small when measured against the task to be accomplished, we who have taken part in the Pakistan program believe that the contribution of the Foundation and the cooperating institutions has been a significant one. If this is true, it is only because scores of capable persons, both foreign and Pakistani, have expended thousands of hours of hard work and careful thought in behalf of Pakistan's future.

Morale among personnel in Foundation-supported projects over the years has been high, and I believe it is because we have never doubted that the job to be done is an important one, nor that we can assemble a corps of highly-qualified people to do it. These convictions have made up for the fact that quick and obvious results are seldom forthcoming in the field of technical assistance.

Pakistan has barely begun its development effort. Much remains to be done. For those who are considering an assignment in Pakistan, we can assure a real opportunity for service in a most hospitable host country, and in association with congenial colleagues.

Harry L. Case
Representative

Karachi, Pakistan

June 1, 1961

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CLIMATE

West Pakistan stretches from the latitude of southern Kansas to what would approximate one hundred miles beyond the southernmost tip of Texas. It's climate is similar in many ways to that area of the United States. The country is arid or semi-arid with rainfall typically varying from 5 to 20 inches per year. The hottest months are May through October when temperatures commonly rise above 100° during the day. In Karachi the winter months of December, January and February are pleasantly warm with temperatures in the 70's during the day and between 40° and 50° at night. Farther north in Lahore, Rawalpindi and Peshawar winter months are brisk and nightly temperatures sometimes approach the freezing point. Heating by fireplace, oil or electric heater is necessary. Summer temperatures in these northern but inland cities run higher than those on the coast, reaching 110° to 115° on very hot days.

East Pakistan lies at about the same latitude as Cuba. It's temper-
ature range is roughly that stated above for Karachi. However, East Pakistan
is characterized by a very humid climate and dense vegetation. Rainfall
reaches 100 inches per year. While Dacca temperatures seldom go below 50°,
the city is considerably more humid than any area of the United States.

HEALTH

The following comments are an attempt to give some idea of the pre-
cautions needed for the preservation of good health in Pakistan. Brief des-
criptions of the medical facilities are given under the sections on cities of
assignment. A more complete medical report is provided upon arrival in
Pakistan.

Most people coming to Pakistan lead healthy and active lives with-
out preoccupation with health considerations, provided reasonable precautions
are taken. In fact, it is not uncommon to hear mothers say that their child-
ren seem to be healthier in Pakistan than in the northeastern United States.

Water

Because of easy contamination, water to be used for drinking, ice cubes, and brushing teeth should first be brought to a full rolling boil. Water for washing and bathing of course need not be boiled. Drinking water need not be boiled if the source of water is a properly sealed and tested tubewell. Fresh milk should be boiled, and canned or dried milk should be diluted with boiled water.

Food

Many new arrivals experience initial intestinal complaints, but
these are usually controllable once you are settled in your own home. Be-
cause of the risk of dysentery and other digestive troubles however, special
attention should be paid to hygiene in the kitchen. The kitchen should be
inspected frequently for cleanliness. The servants should wash their hands

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thoroughly each time they enter the house, and the employer shouldn't take
cleanliness for granted. This isn't something to be worried about; rather
it is a routine which should be established early and then maintained.

In preparing fruits and vegetables, bruised or damaged portions
should be discarded and the foods washed thoroughly with detergent and then
boiled water if they are to be eaten raw. All fruits and vegetables that
will be taken raw should be peeled. Fruit grows clean; only the skin may
be contaminated, unless it is damaged.

Because of the impracticability of thoroughly cleaning and dis-
infecting lettuce, celery, cabbage, grapes, strawberries, etc., it is not
advisable to eat these foods raw in Pakistan unless grown under carefully
controlled conditions in your own garden.

The safest way to prepare any local food is to cook it thoroughly.
Soaking foods in an iodine solution (or chlorine or permanganate solution)
cannot be recommended as fully effective.

Vitamins

With the careful preparation of fresh fruits and vegetables found
in the local market, all of the essential vitamin requirements can be met.
If, in the opinion of your physician, additional vitamins are required in
your case, many will be found available in the local market; special pre-
parations will need to be ordered from abroad.

Climatic Hazards

Physiological changes which result from residence in Pakistan are
chiefly adjustment to heat and humidity. The average individual requires
a period of acclimatization. This is a short period - perhaps a week. In-
take of sufficient fluids, appropriate clothing carefully selected from the
outset (cotton is still the most practical), adequate rest, reasonable work-
ing hours, and an appropriate diet (high protein foods cause the body to gen-
erate more heat, and can be minimized for comfort during hot weather) are
advisable.

Inoculations

Before coming to Pakistan the following inoculations should be
taken: yellow fever, typhus, typhoid, para-typhoid, tetanus, cholera,
poliomyelitis, gamma globulin, and smallpox vaccination. Most of these shots
require boosters at varying intervals.

Insects

DDT spray is used in some quantity on a regular basis. Spray may
be purchased locally, but aerosol bombs which are useful for trips or for
quick attacks on bugs are not available.

Malaria can now be quickly cured if properly diagnosed. Chloro-
quin tablets, available locally, can be taken for malaria suppression but
this may confuse the diagnosis. Persons travelling in the interior of

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Pakistan should include in their luggage an aerosol bomb, insect repellent, and DDT powder.

## Drugs

Many drugs are available on the local market. Unless you know that you will need specific drugs which are not common, it is best to purchase drugs after arrival on the local market or import them after surveying the local market.

## HOUSING AND FURNISHINGS

The Ford Foundation/Pakistan arranges furnished housing for all its overseas staff. Housing is modern and comfortable and generally more spacious than that found in the United States. Beautiful gardens are common and most yards are enclosed by compound walls. Single persons are provided with furnished quarters or a quarters' allowance. Single persons may make arrangements to live as paying guests with other Foundation families, if agreeable to all concerned.

The furnishings include furniture, drapes, one rug, cook stove, refrigerator, water heater, screening, and air-conditioners for occupied bedrooms. Additional air-conditioning may be negotiated in justified cases. Transformers and a small number of lamps are provided at Foundation expense. Additional lamps can be purchased locally at reasonable prices. Linens, pictures, dishes, glassware, cutlery, kitchen utensils, etc., are not furnished. Washing machines and many other appliances can usually be purchased from families leaving Pakistan by writing the Foundation office in Karachi. Write before purchasing and shipping expensive appliances.

## SERVANTS

Families living in Pakistan usually find it necessary to employ servants in view of local customs and practices, the unaccustomed heat, and the level of entertaining. The number of servants employed depends on individual requirements. Following are the categories of servants, the wage-scales and a brief description of duties. Wages vary within these ranges according to locality.

**Bearer** (Rs.120 - 170) The bearer is the local equivalent of a butler-valet. He is usually the senior household servant and staff manager.

**Cook** (Rs.120 - 180) The cook does marketing as well as preparing meals.

**Sweeper** (Rs.20 - 35, part-time and Rs.50 - 80, full-time) The sweeper cleans floors and bathrooms.

**Hamal** (Rs.60 - 100) The hamal is a helper to the bearer and

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does cleaning and dish-washing.

**Ayah** (Rs.100 - 170) An ayah (nursemaid) is considered a near-necessity for families with small children, unless another servant will assume the responsibility. Usually an ayah comes in the morning and returns to her home in the evening.

**Mali** (Rs.40, part-time and Rs.80 - 110, full-time) A mali is a gardener. He is necessary because of the large amount of watering required to keep grass and flowers in the compound. The Ford Foundation presently reimburses staff for the salary of this servant.

**Chowkidar** (Rs.70 - 100) A chowkidar is a night watchman. His hours are usually from sundown until the household servants come on duty in the morning. The Ford Foundation presently reimburses staff for the salary of the chowkidar.

**Driver** (Rs.120 - 170) Most families do not employ a driver.

**Dhobi** (Rs.20 per person served) A dhobi is a laundryman.

**Darzi** (Rs.10 daily as needed) A darzi is a tailor. He will work from patterns, by copying, or original design.

Household servants are entirely a personal responsibility of the staff member. For personal protection all servants should be examined by a physician. It is Ford Foundation practice to reimburse for two physical examinations per servant per year as well as for inoculations and vaccinations. All servants should be immunized against typhoid and smallpox.

Local practices regarding the provision of clothes for servants vary according to individuals. Almost all bearers are furnished clothing at the employer's expense, and this is often the case for hamals and cooks. Local tailors make uniforms inexpensively. Shoes are available in the local market. Mostly, servants are supplied with inexpensive tennis shoes.

Usually servants' quarters are available for each residence. These quarters are used by the servants for rest periods during the day and as permanent living quarters. The Ford Foundation discourages having members of a servant's family in the compound.

TRANSPORTATION

Importation of private automobiles is prohibited by agreement between the Government of Pakistan and The Ford Foundation. Automobiles are provided for professional and personal use. Personal mileage is charged to the individual. Business mileage is, of course, at Foundation expense.

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FOOD, CLOTHING, AND EQUIPMENT
(see also "Import Procedures" p.12)

Supplies of various durable and non-durable household items should be brought to Pakistan at the time of first entry or subsequently. The kind and quantity of supplies to be brought will depend upon the size and tastes of the family, and the following lists are suggestive only. The items enumerated below are divided into essential, suggested, and luxury categories, but decision must obviously be made by the family concerned.

Durable Household Goods

Essential

Sheets - 3/4 size recommended; muslin available but not percale

Pillowcases

Two blankets per bed for use in winter (more for Lahore, Rawalpindi, Peshawar)

Shower curtains

Washcloths

All Glassware for table or drinks - available locally, but expensive

Table linens - tables are larger here, usually 7' x 4' - 1 large cloth

Dishes - service for twelve, minimum

Silver or fine stainless steel

Kitchen knives - good carving knife and breadknife

Mixing bowls and spoons

Camera or cameras (Most films, except Kodachrome, can be purchased and developed locally.)

Suggested

Record Player or Tape Recorder - turntable **must** be fitted with an adaptor to handle 50 cycles

Card Table - helpful to have more than one

Iron

Ironing board

Wringer-type washing machine, with transformer, or 220V (usually available from departing families. Write Foundation's Pakistan office.)

Bed pillows - available locally, but inferior

Wash rugs for bathrooms

Sewing machine

Vacuum cleaner

Clothes hangers - plastic or wooden

Clothes line and clothes pins

Christmas tree lights and decorations

Childrens' games, toys, and some birthday, Christmas and small party gifts if there are children in the family - available locally, but expensive

Tricycles, bicycles and wagons - available locally, but inferior

Airtight metal cases )

Cellophane bags ) for Dacca and Comilla because of high humidity

Wardrobe heaters )

Towels and bath mats

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Plastic bags for storing blankets, clothes, etc.

Toaster

Electric oven, hotplate or both

Waffle iron

Electric milk pasteurizer - if children don't drink powdered milk

Meat grinder

Cannisters for kitchen

Place mats - for everyday use and for guests

Pots and pans - if not to be purchased locally. Most cooks prefer locally-made pots and pans.

Large casseroles and dishes for buffets

Plastic dishes for everyday use - China and glass breakage is high.

Refrigerator dishes with covers

Ice cube keepers

Bottle openers, can openers

Glass jars - if interested in putting up preserves

Grater

Thermos bottles, quart size - several desirable for use in bedrooms and baths; available locally, but expensive

## Electricity and Electrical Appliances

The electric current in Pakistan is rated at 220V - 50 cycles. Since most American appliances are manufactured to 110 - 120V - 60 cycle specifications, it is necessary to adapt American-made equipment to the Pakistan electricity supply. This may be done at the point of manufacture or by a transformer. The use of transformers is most common, and the Foundation provides an adequate number of transformers for 110-120V appliances brought from the States. If purchasing new appliances, however, those manufactured for 220V - 50 cycle current are preferable. Normally, no adjustment is required for the difference in cycles, i.e. refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, fans, mixers, etc., operate somewhat less efficiently but quite satisfactorily. Precision instruments such as phonograph turntables must be adjusted to 50 cycles.

Lamp fixtures and lamp bulbs are commonly socket type rather than screw type. There are no socket type fixtures which fit the 3/8" stem pipe used in the States. Locally-manufactured imported fixtures are cut 1/2" pipe. Screw type bulbs may sometimes be bought locally but are often out of stock.

## Clothing for Karachi, Dacca, Comilla

Although these cities are warm most of the year, unheated houses make the winter months seem quite cold, especially at night. Parties, including dinners, are held out-of-doors all year, and most personal travel is done during the cooler months and usually to colder areas so that a certain amount of warm clothing is advisable.

For men. Ready-made clothing is available but it is very limited in supply, quality and size and probably would not please most American men. It is advisable to bring a good supply of American-made clothing. The most satisfactory suits for Karachi are of washable palm beach cloth, seersucker, cotton cord, linen, dacron, white duck, denim and other light-weight material. It is advisable not to bring a complete dacron or other synthetic

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are not often worn except for protection from the sun. No maternity clothes are available locally but they may be made locally from patterns or by copying existing styles. Pakistani women dress conservatively; women are encouraged to dress modestly, and should appear in public, such as when shopping, only in modest, sleeved dresses. Sun dresses, slacks and shorts are considered very bad taste for street wear, but are worn much of the time at home.

Several bathing suits as well as a good supply of bathing caps should be brought from home. Both are scarce or, frequently, not available at all.

For children. A large supply of polo-shirts, underwear, socks and shoes (if narrow widths or correctives are needed) should be brought for children. Blue jeans are not available in Pakistan. If you find it hard to predict your children's growth, a limited supply of suits, dresses, shorts, shirts and play clothes can be brought. Excellent copies of old or outgrown garments can be made cheaply and well. It is recommended that materials for children's clothes be brought, though there are many good local fabrics. School children will need sweaters and other warm clothes. Children change clothing more frequently than in the States.

Local tailors are good copyists and can make almost any article from patterns or pictures. It is wise, however, to bring thread, trimming, buttons and zippers. The local materials are improving in quality and variety and many people use them for clothing, drapes, slip covers, etc. Imported materials are scarce. Good inexpensive shoe-repair facilities are available. So are inexpensive and satisfactory children's tennis shoes.

Dry cleaning facilities are used by everyone, and are generally reliable. However, it is suggested that whenever possible washable clothes should be brought.

It is hardly worth buying elaborate waterproof clothing or even rubber boots for Dacca or Comilla because they would be hot and sticky in the monsoon weather. An umbrella is useful for these two cities, and women find light plastic over-shoes good for negotiating muddy places in wet weather.

## Clothing for Lahore, Rawalpindi, Peshawar

Clothing requirements for Lahore, Rawalpindi and Peshawar are similar to those described for Karachi, Dacca, and Comilla with certain exceptions. The quantity of light, warm weather clothing should be reduced and more heavy clothing should be packed for the northern cities. Such things as sweaters, wool socks and shirts, fleece-lined slippers or boots, woolen pajamas and top coats are regarded as essential. Woolen suits, both men's and women's are worn during the coldest months. Children need sweaters, and lined jackets and pants for the winter.

## Consumables

### Food

Food products which are mixtures of many ingredients are more difficult