GOVERNMENT 180-FALL TERM 1956-7

PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS-Mr. Cox, Mr. Cheever

The course deals with the principal concepts and issues of
international politics with emphasis on the basic problem of power
including the nature, strategies and controls of "power politics."
There are no prerequisites.

I. REQUIRED READING

H. J. Morgenthau, POLITICS AMONG NATIONS, 2d edition N.Y.,
Knopf, 1954. Students are advised to buy this work which
is assigned in its entirety and which establishes the
theoretical and analytical frame of the course.

W. Churchill, THE GATHERING STORM. (pp. 1-40), Lamont

H. Holborn, THE POLITICAL COLLAPSE OF EUROPE, Knopf, N.Y., 1951.
Entire, including forward and introduction.

Palmer and Perkins, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. (Chaps. 12, 15-19, 20, 21, Lamont) 1st edition, doudet

Harold Nicolson, THE EVOLUTION OF DIPLOMATIC METHOD, Constable,
1954.

Edmund Burke, THOUGHTS ON FRENCH AFFAIRS. In "Everymans
Library" Ed., Everyman No. 460, pp. 285-330.

Thucydides, PELOPONNESIAN WAR, Modern Library or Loeb Classics,
Book I.

II. SUGGESTED READING

Almond, Gabriel, THE AMERICAN PEOPLE AND FOREIGN POLICY,
Harcourt-Brace, 1950.

AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE REVIEW:

R. Tucker, "Professor Morgenthau's Theory of Political
Realism," March 1952.

H. J. Morgenthau, "Another Great Debate, the National
Interest of the U.S.," December, 1952.

T. Cook and M. Moos, "Foreign Policy: The Realism of
Idealism," June 1952, and "The American Idea of Inter-
national Interest."

Arnold, G. L., THE PATTERN OF WORLD CONFLICT, Dial, 1956.

Aron, Raymond, THE CENTURY OF TOTAL WAR, N.Y., 1954.

Beloff, Max, FOREIGN POLICY AND THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS,
Baltimore, 1955.

Bowles, Chester, AMBASSADOR'S REPORT, N.Y., 1953.

Brierly, J. L., THE LAW OF NATIONS, Oxford, 1949.

Cantril, Hadley, ed., TENSIONS THAT CAUSE WAR, Urbana, 1950.

Carr, NATIONALLISM AND AFTER, Macmillan, 1945.

Carr, Edward H., THE TWENTY YEARS CRISIS, London, 1948.

Cheever, Daniel S. and Haviland, H. Field, AMERICAN FOREIGN
POLICY AND THE SEPARATION OF POWERS, Harvard University
Press, 1952, and ORGANIZING FOR PEACE, Boston, 1954.

Claude, I. L., SWORDS INTO PLOWSHARES, Random, 1956.

Clausewitz, K. von, ON WAR, Modern Library, 1943.

Cook, T., and Moos, M., POWER THROUGH PURPOSE, THE REALISM OF
IDEALISM AS A BASIS FOR FOREIGN POLICY, Baltimore, 1954.

Craig, G., THE DIPLOMATS, Princeton, 1952.

Dulles, John F., WAR OR PEACE, Macmillan, 1950.

GOVERNMENT 180

2.

Elliott, William Y., ed., UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY, ITS ORGANIZATION AND CONTROL, Columbia University Press, 1952, and POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, N.Y., 1955.

Feiling, Keith, THE LIFE OF NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN, N.Y., 1946.

Ferrero, G., THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE.

Friedrich, C. J., INEVITABLE PEACE, Harvard, 1948.

Halle, Louis J., CIVILIZATION AND FOREIGN POLICY, N.Y., Harper, 1954.

Hobbes, T., THE LEVIATHAN, Chs. 13, 14, 15, 17-21, 26, 29.

Kennan, George F. AMERICAN DIPLOMACY, Chicago, 1951, and REALITIES OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, Princeton, 1954.

Kohn, Hans, THE IDEA OF NATIONALISM, Macmillan, 1944.

Levi, Werner, FUNDAMENTALS OF WORLD ORGANIZATION, University of Minnesota Press, 1950.

Lippmann, W., The Breakup of the Two Power World, "ATLANTIC MONTHLY, April, 1950.

Machiavelli, THE PRINCE

Marshall, C. B., THE LIMITS OF FOREIGN POLICY, N.Y., 1954.

Mitrany, David, A WORKING PEACE SYSTEM, London, 1944.

Morgenthau, Hans, IN DEFENSE OF THE NATIONAL INTEREST, Knopf, 1951.

Nicolson, H., DIPLOMACY, Oxford, 1950, and THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA.

Niebuhr, R., MORAL MAN AND IMMORAL SOCIETY, Ch. IV.

Northrop, F. S. C., THE TAMING OF THE NATIONS, Macmillan, 1952.

Padelford and Lincoln, INTERNATIONAL POLITICS, N.Y., 1954.

Palmer and Perkins, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. Students may wish to read beyond the assigned reading in this work, especially Part 6 dealing with the foreign policies of the major powers.

Schiffer, Walter, THE LEGAL COMMUNITY OF MANKIND, Columbia University Press, 1954.

Schuman, Frederick L., THE COMMONWEALTH OF MAN, Knopf, 1952, and INTERNATIONAL POLITICS, any edition.

Schwarzenberger, G., POWER POLITICS, Praeger, 1951.

Sherwood, Robert E., ROOSEVELT AND HOPKINS, Harper, 1948.

Spykman, Nicholas, AMERICA'S STRATEGY IN WORLD POLITICS, Harcourt-Brace, 1942.

Taylor, A. J. P., THE STRUGGLE FOR MASTERY IN EUROPE, 1848-1918, N.Y., 1954.

Wheeler-Bennet, John W., MUNICH-PROLOGUE TO TRAGEDY, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948.

White, T., FIRE IN THE ASHES, Harper, 1953.

Wilmot, Chester, THE STRUGGLE FOR EUROPE, Harper, 1952.

Wolfers, Arnold, BRITAIN AND FRANCE BETWEEN TWO WARS, Harcourt-Brace, 1940.

WORLD POLITICS:

Arnold Wolfers, "The Pole of Power and the Pole of Indifference," October, 1951, and "Statesmanship and Moral Choice," January, 1949.

Wright, Quincy, A STUDY OF WAR, University of Chicago Press, 1942.

GOVERNMENT 180

3.

## EXAMINATIONS

There will be two hour examinations for undergraduates, on or about October 22nd and November 21st. The final examination in January is for both graduates and undergraduates.

COURSE PAPER - Graduates - See the instructors.

## DISCUSSION PERIODS

Some of the reading and lecture material may be discussed in section meetings from time to time.

## NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS

Students should be familiar with the better periodicals and newspapers dealing with international affairs. The *New York Times*, *Herald Tribune*, the *Christian Science Monitor*, the *Economist* (London-weekly) are recommended as well as the following journals:

*World Politics*, *Foreign Affairs*, *International Organization*, *Pacific Affairs*, *Department of State Bulletin*, *Twentieth Century*, (London-monthly).

## SCHEDULE OF ASSIGNMENTS

### I. Before the first Hour examination:

- Churchill, pp. 1-401

- Thucydides, Bk. I, pp. 1-88 in Modern Library Edition.

- Burke, *Thoughts..., Entire*. C pp. 285-330 in Everyman Edition.

- Morgenthau, Parts I and II, pp. 1-92

### II. Before the Second Hour Examination:

- Morgenthau, Parts III-VIII, pp. 93-468.

- Holborn, Entire Book.

- Palmer and Perkins, Chs. 12, 15 & 16.

### III. Before the Reading Period:

- Morgenthau, Part IX and Part X, pp. 469-538.

- Palmer and Perkins, Chs. 17-21.

- Nicolson, Entire Book.

## READING PERIOD ASSIGNMENTS

There will be a choice of books for the Reading Period. A list, from which selections are to be made, will be distributed before Christmas vacation.

GOVERNMENT 180

2.

Lippmann, W., "The Breakup of the Two Power World," ATLANTIC MONTHLY, April, 1950.

Palmer and Perkins, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. Students may wish to read beyond the assigned reading in this work, especially part 6 dealing with the foreign policies of the major powers.

Thucydides, THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR.

Wheeler-Bennett, John W., MUNICH-PROLOGUE TO TRAGEDY, Duell, Sloan andPearce, 1948.

WORLD POLITICS

EXAMINATIONS

There will be an hour examination for undergraduates on or about March 16. The final examination in June is for both graduates and undergraduates.

COURSE PAPER

Topics for a paper of 3500-5000 words, for undergraduates, will be announced later. It will be due in the reading period. Graduate students may, in most instances, prepare a somewhat longer paper. The paper should analyze a specific problem (the Recognition of Communist China, the Defense of Formosa) or decision (Munich Agreements, Relief of General MacArthur) so as to demonstrate the basic factors and theoretical considerations that are involved.

GOVERNMENT 180

3.

DISCUSSION PERIODS

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS

Students should be familiar with the better periodicals and newspapers dealing with international affairs. The New York Times or Herald Tribune and the Christian Science Monitor are recommended as well as the following journals:

World Politics, Foreign Affairs, International Organization, Pacific Affairs, Department of State Bulletin.

SCHEDULE OF ASSIGNMENTS

I. Before the Hour Examination - The Nature and Strategies of International Politics:

Morgenthau, Part I-IV; Holborn, entire; and the assigned portions of Hobbes, Machiavelli, Niebuhr, Churchill and Palmer and Perkins, Chaps 12, 15, 16.

II. Before the Reading Period - The Controls of International Politics and Problem of World Order:

The remainder of Morgenthau and the assigned portions of Palmer and Perkins and Friedrich and Kant.

Students should also complete research for their papers.

May 2: Reading period

May 9: Papers must be in by this date.

I. REQUIRED READING

W. Churchill, THE GATHERING STORM. (pp. 1-401, Lamont)

SUGGESTED READING

T. Cook and M. Moos, "Foreign Policy: The Realism of Idealism," June 1952, and "The American Idea of International Interest."

Carr, NATIONALISM AND AFTER, Macmillan, 1945.

GOVERNMENT 180

2.

Machiavelli, THE PRINCE

WORLD POLITICS:

GOVERNMENT 180

3.

## EXAMINATIONS

**COURSE PAPER** - Graduates - See the instructors.

## DISCUSSION PERIODS

## NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS

## SCHEDULE OF ASSIGNMENTS

- Churchill, pp. 1-401

- Burke, *Thoughts...*, Entire. C pp. 285-330 in Everyman Edition.

- Holborn, Entire Book.

- Nicolson, Entire Book.

## READING PERIOD ASSIGNMENTS

GOVERNMENT 180

Reading Period Assignment

Fall, 1956

Choose one of the following:

Carr, E. H. THE TWENTY YEARS' CRISIS. Any edition. Of particular interest to graduate students and political theorists.

Halle, Louis J. CIVILIZATION AND FOREIGN POLICY, N.Y., Harper, 1954. Of general interest and relevance - very readable.

Arnold, G. L. THE PATTERN OF WORLD CONFLICT. N.Y., Dial, 1956. An analysis of the fundamental political and economic conflict of the 1950s - of interest especially to graduate students and economic and government majors.

Claude, I. L., Jr. SWORDS INTO PLOWSHARES, THE PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION, Chapters 2, 5, 9, 10 may be omitted. This work is suggested for those with a special interest in international organization.

January 1957

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

GOVERNMENT 180

PART I -- Choose ONE. (One hour--35%)

Discuss critically with reference to lectures and assigned readings:

1. "President Truman and President Eisenhower repeatedly have declared that the cornerstone of United States foreign policy is the support of the United Nations; but such a policy is beset with great difficulties, for it tends to ignore the fundamental character of international politics."

OR

2. "The logic of overlapping and conflicting regional systems spells the bankruptcy of the idea of universal collective security through universal organization built on global consensus."

PART II -- Choose ONE. (45 minutes--25%)

1. Louis Halle (Civilization and Foreign Policy) argues that the "principle of legitimacy" is the key to the "force-consent equation." What does he mean by these concepts and how are they relevant, in your estimation, to the understanding of international politics?

2. Discuss E. H. Carr's conception of "utopianism" in political thought as it applies to international relations and the "realist critique" of that utopianism. Indicate what position Carr himself adopts. (The Twenty Years' Crisis)

3. What connection does G. L. Arnold see between the concept and operation of a "permanent revolution from above," and the economic and social conditions of the under-developed countries of Asia, the Middle East, etc.? What is the importance of that connection for understanding the "pattern of world conflict?" (The Pattern of World Conflict.)

4. In his book, Swords Into Plowshares, I. L. Claude states that, "Considered primarily in terms of its purposes, international organization may be said to exhibit a basically dualistic nature. . . . it may be regarded as a mean for making the modern state system function more satisfactorily. . . . In contrast, international organization may be looked upon as a process of initiating steps in the direction of world government, of realizing the ageless aspiration for human brotherhood by transcending the national state system and substituting a fundamentally new system."

Which of these purposes do you feel can be associated with international organization? Does purpose in these respects vary with the organization? Your discussion should include references to the course generally as well as to specific points in the reading period assignment.

124

PART III. -- Choose FIVE (5). (75 minutes--40%)

Write a brief essay on each quotation selected, explaining its
significance for the understanding of international politics. If
possible, identify the author and give the source.

1. "The problem to consider is whether the changes inspired, rather than introduced, by President Wilson in 1919 do not repeat and emphasize the defects of previous systems and render more difficult what must always remain the chief aim of diplomacy, namely international stability."

2. "What is commonly called the 'historic Europe' is dead and beyond resurrection."

3. "The Sermon on the Mount is the last word in Christian ethics. . . Still, it is not on these terms that Ministers assume their responsibilities of guiding states."

4. "The Prime Minister had declared that sanctions meant war; secondly, he was resolved there must be no war; and thirdly, he decided upon sanctions. It was evidently impossible to reconcile these three conditions. Under the guidance of Britain, the League kept clear of any sanctions that would provoke war."

5. "As to the greater nations, they do not aim at making a direct conquest of them, but by disturbing them through a propagation of their principles they hope to weaken them, and to keep them in perpetual alarm and agitation, and thus render all their efforts against them utterly impracticable, whilst they extend the dominion of their sovereign anarchy on all sides."

6. "As many as shall wish to see the truth of what both **has** happened, and **will** hereafter happen again, according to human nature--such persons will find this history useful; it is composed as a possession for all times, not as a prize composition which is heard and forgotten."

GOVERNMENT 180 - SPRING TERM 1958

(Revised draft lecture schedule Dec. 6, 1957)

I. <u>The Nature of International Politics</u>

Suggested partial assignment: Morgenthau 1-93; Hobbes, *Leviathan*
chaps. 13-15, 17-21, 26 and 29; Niebuhr, *Moral Man and Immoral Society*,
chap. 4

1. Feb. 3 (Cheever) Introduction - requirements - reading, International politics as "power politics"-- the concept of "national interest" in "the state of nature" and "interest defined as power."

2. Feb. 5 (Kissinger) The nature of international politics continued: A struggle for power? - What is power?

3. Feb. 7 (Cheever) The nature con.: Realism v Idealism. Power v. Morality - A harmony of interests?

4. Feb. 10 (Kissinger) The nature of international politics concluded, including illustrations, perhaps, from U.S. diplomatic history and its relation to the world balance of power.

Plan graduate session on the study of international relations within
first two weeks.

II. <u>The Structure and Force of Contemporary International</u>
<u>Politics</u>

Tentative assignment: Morgenthau, Part III; Machiavelli, _The Prince_; Thucydides, Bk. I pp. 1-88 in Modern Library edition.

5. Feb. 12 (Kissinger) National Power - identification and evaluation.

6. Feb. 14 (Kissinger) Ideologies as national power and as a factor in international politics - nationalism and imperialism - French and Russian Revolutions.

7. Feb. 17 (Cheever) The Modern State System including the emergence of nations as "severeign" powers and the concepts of sovereignty, and equality. "Dominant Powers" and "world powers." The state as focus of loyalty.

8. Feb. 19 (Cheever) How the system has worked - struggle for power or concert of power - the European State System and unique experience of USA - reference to 19th and 20th Century.

Reference to 18th and 20th Centuries.
State, State and mixed experience of USV -
bower or concept of bower - the Erichdem
S. Rep. 10 (Cheevers)

How the system was worked - straight for
states as ones of fully
"Dominant bowers" and "world bowers". The
and the concepts of sovereign, and equality.
emergence of nations as "sovereign" bowers
J. Rep. 11 (Cheevers)
The Modern State System including the
institutions - French and German Reactions.

P. Rep. 11 (Krasinger)
Ideologies as national power and as a factor
inflation.

2. Rep. 15 (Krasinger)
National Power - identification and
evaluation.

Timequides, BK. I. db. I-88 in Modern Liprand edition.
Tentative assignment: Morgenthau, Part III; Machaveff, The Prince;
**Bolitics**

II. The Structure and Force of Contemporaneous International Relations

that two weeks.

The graduate season on the study of international relations within

world balance of power.

H. Rep. 10 (Krasinger)
The nature of international politics concluded.
including illustrations, perhaps, from U.S.

3. Rep. 7 (Cheevers)
The nature of power: Realism and Idealism. Power
finnegt: A struggle for power? - What is power?

S. Rep. 2 (Krasinger)
The nature of international politics con-
cludes: A struggle for power? - What is power?

J. Rep. 3 (Cheevers)
Introduction - requirements - reading,
state of nature" and "interest defined as
the concept of "national interest" in "the
international politics" as "power politics"--
power."

quad. f
chaps. 13-15, 16-19, 15-51, 52; Nippur, Morel Men and Immorsi Socio.
Suggested partial assignment: Morgenthau I-83; Hoppe, Reinfahr

I. The Nature of International Politics

**BEMINGERS OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS**

(Revised draft lecture schedule Dec. 9, 1925)

GOVERNMENT 180 - SPRING TERM 1928

[f2]

[Lc]

-2-

9. Feb. 21 (Cheever) Political Realism and power politics reviewed.

10. Feb. 24 (Kissinger) Nationalism and Imperialism continued.

11. Feb. 26 First Hour Exam? - (If we have no undergrad. paper.)

### III. Strategies and Instruments of International Politics

Tentative assignment: W. Churchill, *The Gathering Storm*, pp. 1-401; H. Holborn, *The Political Collapse of Europe? A.J.P. Taylor, or Kissinger*

12. Feb. 28 (Cheever) Foreign policy - the central factor in international politics.

13. March 3 (Kissinger) Diplomacy and Power - general principles including the balance of power.

14. March 5 (Kissinger) Diplomacy and power continued - the Congress of Vienna - "legitimizing" power - the Concert of Europe.

15. March 7 (Kissinger) Diplomacy and power continued - Bismarck's diplomacy? and other 19th Century experience.

16. March 10 (Cheever) The Twenty Years' Crisis and the Munich period, its bearing on the dualism of realism v idealism and power v morality.

17. March 12 (Cheever) Munich continued. The concept of appeasement.

18. March 14 (Kissinger) Total war - World War II.

19. March 17 (Cheever) The aftermath at Yalta.

20. March 19 (Kissinger) Limited war and its strategies--Korea.

21. March 21 (Kissinger) Strategies of power - deterrent power, etc.

22. March 24 (Cheever) Institutional factors and foreign policy - or omit for discussion period?

23. March 26 (Cheever) Discussion period.

24. March 28 Second Hour exam?

-3-

## IV. Limitations and Controls on Power Politics

Assignment: Morgenthau parts IV-VIII

25. April 7 (Kissinger) The Balance of Power - classic techniques and modern application.

26. April 9 (Cheever) Collective Security - the organization of power and legitimization of power - League and U.N.

27. April 11 (Cheever) Collective security con. - including regional security pacts.

28. April 14 (Cheever) International Organization - attempts to "organize" a peace structure and institutionalize collective security.

29. April 16 (Cheever) International Law - law without power.

30. April 18 (Cheever) "Disarmament" - the problem of regulating force.

31. April 21 (Kissinger) "Disarmament" continued.

? 32. April 23 (Cheever) Summary - The problem of "peaceful change."

## V. The Task of Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century

Assignment: Morgenthau Parts IX-X

33. April 25 (Kissinger) Strategic concepts and nuclear weapons.

34. April 28 (Cheever) Sources of revolution and disequilibrium.

35. April 30 (Kissinger) Subject?

### Questions

Whittle Johnson is available as assistant. He is able and experienced, and I recommend him highly.

More reading - Kissinger? Which?

Perhaps one should come in reading period? I am working on a general bibliography, etc.

Course paper? - reduce hour exams?

GOVERNMENT 180

Paper Topics

Reading Period Assignment: Complete H.A. Kissinger, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy.

Write on one of the following topics. Papers should not be over 10 pages in length, and are due on or before Friday, May 9th in Littauer 125 or Wadsworth House 2nd floor, Mr. Cheever's office. Papers must be thoroughly legible or typewritten. The instructors or assistants will be glad to assist with bibliographical items. Only a modest amount of additional reading should be necessary.

1. "Wilson has been maligned for his 'utopianism' at Versailles. Yet he understood better than any statesman of this century the fact that the balance of power can lead only to universal destruction. It is an error to label his critics 'realists.' It is Wilson who was the true realist."

2. "The concept 'power' means all things to all men. To the soldier it means force, to the saint it means love, to the businessman it means money, to the judge it means law. To say that international politics is a 'struggle for power' does not clarify discourse; it confuses it. We would gain a clearer understanding of international politics if we abandoned the elusive notion of 'power' and relied on terms which have some precise meaning."

3. "Kant understood morality but not power; Morgenthau understands power but not morality. Neither grasps the whole of reality; each deals with a significant part of it." (Read Kent, Perpetual Peace.)

4. Compare Morgenthau's theory of international politics with the views developed by *one* of the following:

a. E.H. Carr in *The Twenty Years' Crisis*.

b. I.L. Claude in *Swords into Ploughshares*.

c. George Liska in *The International Equilibrium*.

d. G. Kennan in *American Diplomacy and Realities of American Foreign Policy*.

e. R. Niebuhr in *Moral Man and Immoral Society (Ch. 4)*, The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness, The Irony of American History.

f. T. Hobbes in *The Leviathan*.

5. Korea - The Problem of Limited War. (See L.M. Goodrich, *Korea*, and The McArthur Hearings, *passim*, already cited on the reading list.)

6. The slogan "unconditional surrender" in World War II reflects a misunderstanding of the role of war in international politics.

7. The Suez crisis and the balance of power.

8. The Yalta agreements as an inevitable consequence of Munich.

9. Disarmament is futile as an approach to peace. Unless it is preceded by political settlement it will fail. It is preceded by political settlement, it is unnecessary.

HONORS SENIOR EXAMINATION

Government 180

April 1958

Write a carefully organized essay based on one of the following questions, drawing upon both the lectures and the reading:

1. "It is fallacious to expect that International Law, International Morality, International Institutions and Disarmament can provide effective safeguards against the dangers of Power Politics."

Discuss with specific reference to the assigned readings of Morgenthau, Machiavelli, Kissinger and Churchill.

2. You are the Secretary of State of the United States. You are confronted with the Middle Eastern crisis as described by Wint and Calvocoressi. Your four chief advisers are Churchill, Kissinger, Millikan-Rostow and Morgenthau. You have asked them for the *principles* which should guide United States policy in this crisis. What answers would each give? What *principles* do you feel should guide your decisions?

Government 180 - Lecture Schedule

- 2 -

10. February 24 (Johnson). Critique of Morgenthau's political thought including reference to "scientific man v. power politics" or whatever Whittle wishes to do. (Placed here to meet demands of D.S.C.'s and H.A.K.'s schedules.)

11. February 26 (Cheever). The Foreign Policy of the great powers continued - or perhaps class discussion period with D.S.C. and two assistants.

12. February 28 (Kissinger). Diplomacy and Power - problems and principles with reference to alliances and alignments.

13. March 3 (Kissinger). Diplomacy and Power continued. Congress of Vienna - a world restored.

14. March 5 (Kissinger). Bismarck's Diplomacy and other examples.

15. March 7 (Kissinger). World War II, perhaps, and begin the twenty years crisis.

16. March 10 (Cheever)? The Munich period and twenty years crisis continued - including concept of appeasement.

17. March 12 Hour Exam. H.A.K. OR D.S.C. meet with graduate students.

18. March 14 (Kissinger). War as an instrument of policy in the 20th century. World War II and total war.

19. March 17 (Kissinger). World War II strategies continued - and the Yalta aftermath.

20. March 19 (Kissinger). Limited war and diplomacy - Korea as example.

21. March 21 (Kissinger). Nuclear power and foreign policy.

22. March 24 (Kissinger). Institutional problems in relating force to diplomacy.

23. March 26 (Kissinger). Reflections on Suez and Hungary.

24. March 28 Discussion period. D.S.C. unable to participate

### III. Efforts to Alter Power Politics

25. April 7 (Cheever). Collective Security - the organization and legitimation of power - the League and U.N.

26. April 9 (Cheever). International organization - attempts to institutionalize peace.

GOVERNMENT 180 - Spring Term - M.W.F. at 11 a.m.

PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS - Mr. Cheever, Mr. Kissinger

## I. Required Reading

H.J. Morgenthau, POLITICS AMONG NATIONS, 2nd edition, N.Y., Knopf, 1954.
Students are advised to buy this work which is assigned in its entirety and which establishes the theoretical and analytical frame of the course.

W. Churchill, THE GATHERING STO M. (pp. 1-401, Lamont)

H. Holborn, THE POLITICAL COLLAPSE OF EUROPE, Knopf, N.Y., 1951. Entire, including foreword and introduction.

Palmer and Perkins, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. (Either 1st edition Part V or 2nd edition Part IV, Lamont)

Edmund Burke, "THOUGHTS ON FRENCH AFFAIRS." Reflections on the French Revolution. In "Everymans Library" ed., Everyman No. 460, pp. 285-330.

Thucydides, PELOPONNESIAN WAR, Modern Library or Loeb Classics, Book I, and Book V, chapter 17.

Henry A. Kissinger, NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND FOREIGN POLICY, Harper, N.Y., 1957.
Chapters 2,7,8,10. (The remainder will be a reading period option.)

N. Machiavelli, THE PRINCE. (Any edition.)

M. Millikan and W. Rostow, A PROPOSAL - KEY TO AN EFFECTIVE FOREIGN POLICY, Harper, N.Y., 1957.

Guy Wint and Peter Calvocoressi, MIDDLE EAST CRISIS, Penguin Books

Selections may be announced later from Hearings before the Committee on
Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States
Senate, 82nd Congress, 1st session, MILITARY SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST,
May, 1951 (MacArthur Hearings).

## II. Other Requirements

**Examinations.** There will be an hour examination for undergraduates on or about March 12th. The final examination in June is for both graduates and undergraduates.

**Course Paper.** Graduates and undergraduates (about 3000 words for undergraduates). Due early in the reading period.

**Discussion Periods.** Some of the reading and lecture material may be discussed in section meetings from time to time.

**Newspapers and Periodicals.** Students should be familiar with the better periodicals and newspapers dealing with international affairs: the New York Times, Herald Tribune, the Christian Science Monitor, The Economist (London weekly) are recommended as well as the following journals: World Politics, Foreign Affairs, International Organization, Pacific Affairs, Department of State Bulletin, Twentieth Century (London Monthly), Bulletin of Atomic Scientists.

Government 180

2.

Schedule of Assignments

1. Before the hour examination:

Morgenthau, Parts I - II, pp. 1 - 155.

Churchill, pp. 1 - 61.

Thucydides, Book I, pp. 1 - 88 in Modern Library Edition.

Burke, Thoughts..., pp. 285 - 330 in Everyman Edition.

Holborn, entire.

Machiavelli, The Prince, entire.

2. Before the Reading Period:

Morgenthau, complete the work, pp. 155 - 538.

Palmer and Perkins, Part V, 1st edition or Part IV, 2nd edition.

Kissinger, Chapters 2, 7, 8, 10.

Wint and Calvocoressi, entire.

Millikan and Rostow, entire.

III. Suggested Reading on Various Aspects of International Relations

Political and Theoretical

Aron, Raymond, The Century of Total War, N.Y., 1954.

Carr, E.H., The Twenty Years Crisis, London, 1948.

Halle, L.J., Civilization and Foreign Policy, Harper, 1954.

Hobbes, T., The Leviathan.

Jouvenel, B. de, On Sovereignty, N.Y., 1957. On Power.

Kaplan, Morton A., System and Process in International Politics, N.Y., 1957.

Kissinger, Henry A., A World Restored, Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-22, Boston, 1957.

Liska, George, International Equilibrium, A Theoretical Essay on the Politics and Organization of Security, Harvard, 1957.

Morgenthau, H.J., Scientific Man vs. Power Politics.

Niebuhr, R., Moral Man and Immoral Society.

Schwarzenberger, G., Power Politics, N.Y., 1951.

Spykman, Nickolas, America's Strategy in World Politics, N.Y., 1942.

Ward, Barbara, The Interplay of East and West, Points of Conflict and Cooperation, N.Y., 1957.

Wright, Quincy, A Study of War, Chicago, 1942.

International Law and Organization

Bloomfield, L., Evolution or Revolution, The Problem of the U.N. and Peaceful Territorial Change, Harvard, 1957.

Brierly, J.L., The Law of Nations, Oxford, 1949.

Cheever, D.S. and Haviland, H.F., Organizing for Peace, Boston, 1954.

Claude, I.L., Swords into Plowshares, N.Y., 1956.

Government 180

4.

Huntington, Samuel P., *The Soldier and the State: the Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations*, Harvard, 1957.

Kaufman, W., ed., *Military Policy and National Security*, N.Y., 1956.

Osgood, R.E., *Limited War: the Challenge to American Strategy*, Chicago, 1957.

Wilmot, Chester, *The Struggle for Europe*, Harper, 1952.

## Social, Cultural, Psychological

Cantril, Hadley, ed., *Tensions that Cause War*, Urbana, 1950.

Kluckhohn, Clyde, *Mirror for Man*.

Murphy, Gardner, *Human Nature and Enduring Peace*.

UNESCO, *The Nature of Conflict*, by members of the International Sociological Association.

GOVERNMENT 180 - INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

Spring Term, 1958

Lecture Schedule (subjects can be altered!)

I. The Nature and Structure of International Politics

1. February 3 (Cheever). Introduction - requirements. International politics as "power politics" - "national interest" and interest defined as power.

2. February 5 (Kissinger). Factors determining national interest and national power. International politics as a struggle for power? Power and capabilities - interrelation of foreign and domestic policy.

3. February 7 (Cheever). The primacy of self interest in the "state of nature" (refer to Hobbes v. Machiavelli).

4. February 10 (Cheever). The Nature of international politics concluded, including realism v. idealism, power v. morality, and the notion of a harmony of interests (refer to Thucydides).

5. February 12 (Kissinger). Elements of national power - identification and evaluation. Changing "powers," etc.

6. February 14 (Kissinger). Ideologies as national power and factor in international politics. "Legitimate" and "revolutionary" foreign policies.

7. February 17 (Cheever). The modern state system, including "sovereign" powers and principles of sovereignty and equality - state as focus of loyalty - nationalism - domestic jurisdiction.

8. February 19 (Cheever). The system in practice - dominant powers and world powers - the European Concert - alliances and alignments - the unique position of the USA - reference to imperialism.

9. February 21 (Cheever). Foreign policy, the central factor in international politics, including its relation to power and the definition of "interests." Examples from 19th century concert of powers - should serve as forerunners to H.A.K.'s lectures.

- 2 -

25. April 7 (Cheever). Collective Security - the organization and legitimization of power - the League and U.N.

32. Abrif 30 (Klausingen). On theories.

34. Abrif 38 (Weismann it de wapen) Middje Beat.

32. Abrif 33 (Klausingen). Strategic concepts and nuclear weapons or planned later)

IV. Theories of International Relations and the Task of Diplomacy. (to be planned later)

32. Abrif 33 (Opeever). A General summary - basic points.

33. Abrif 33 (Klausingen). Activities regulation - a critique.

30. Abrif 38 (Opeever). Regulation force continued - under the U.N. - with reference to the resume experience.

30. Abrif 38 (Opeever). Discussion - the problem of regulating force

38. Abrif 34 (Opeever). International law - few without force.

33. Abrif 11 (Klausingen). "Collective security" in reference to current regions seemly beefs.

Government 180 - Rectime Schede

- 2 -

-2-

2. "Domestic considerations always predominate in shaping foreign policy."

Discuss with reference to specific episodes in international relations.

3. "Those who believed that disarmament was the proper approach to peace were confronted, traditionally, with difficulties which proved to be insurmountable. In the age of totalitarianism and nuclear weapons these difficulties have not been lessened; they have been compounded." Discuss

4. "The renunciation of force will mean the perpetuation of all international disputes however trivial." Discuss

Part III - one-half hour

Identify and discuss briefly the significance for international politics of SIX of the following:

1. The Remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936

2. The Berlin Crisis of 1948

3. U.N.E.F.

4. The Uniting for Peace Resolution

5. Of cruelty and clemency, and whether it is better to be loved or feared.

6. The Schleswig-Holstein Question

7. J.C.S. 1067

8. Chamberlain's Birmingham Speech of March, 1939

HONORS SENIOR EXAMINATION

Government 180

April 1958

I. Required Reading

Edmund Burke, THOUGHTS ON FRENCH AFFAIRS. Reflections on the French Revolution. In "Everymans Library" ed., Everyman No. 460, pp. 285-330.

Henry A. Kissinger, NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND FOREIGN POLICY, Harper, N.Y., 1957. Chapters 2, 7, 8, 10. (The remainder will be a reading period option.)

Palmer and Perkins, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. Chapters 15 - 18 and 21 - 23 (2nd edition).

Arnold, G.L., THE PATTERN OF WORLD CONFLICT, N.Y., 1956. Chapter VI, pp. 70 - 171.

Henry A. Kissinger, A WORLD RESTORED, Boston 1957. Chapter IX.

I <u>The Nature of International Politics</u>. (Kissinger)

February 2 - The approach to International Politics - "Prophet and analyst," etc.

February 4 - The elements of Policy-making.

The problem of survival and the interpretation of its
requirements.

February 6 - The elements of policy-making (continued)

Domestic structure and national purpose
"Legitimate" and revolutionary foreign policies

February 9 - International Politics as "power politics" - Interest defined as power.

February 11 - The changed nature of international relationships - including role of idealogies

February 13 - The role of negotiations and the function of force

February 15 - Strategic and Political Doctrine and the problem of predictability
in foreign policy.

(could give a lecture on alliances, etc., here)

II <ins>International Relations - Theories and Structure.</ins> (Cheever)

February 16 - The "state of nature" (Hobbes and Machiavelli)

February 18 - Idealism vs. realism; power vs. morality, etc. (Thucydides)

February 20 - The modern state system - principles of sovereignty and equality and the rise of nationalism.

February 25 - The European System - The foreign policy of the Great Powers

February 27 - The concert of powers and a theory (Kant, Mazzini)

March 2 - Critique of Morgenthau and "realist" school (Johnson)

March 4 - Collective Security - League of Nations and United Nations.

-2-

### III. Foreign Policy - Strategies and Instruments

March 6 - The Nature of Statesmanship (Kissinger)

March 9 - Diplomacy and Power including the balance of power (Kissinger)

March 11 - Case History Metternich

March 13 - (Kissinger)

March 16 - Bismarck (Kissinger)

March 18 - Pre-World War I diplomacy (Kissinger, Cheever of Epstein)

March 20 - Versailles and its aftermath (Cheever)

March 23 - The Twenty-Year Crisis (Cheever)

March 25 - Munich and the outbreak of the War (Cheever)

March 27 - World War II and its Aftermath (Kissinger)

### IV. The Establishment of a Stable International Order

April 6 - The Role of International Law (Cheever)

April 8 - International Organization - attempts to institutional peace and the problem of peaceful change. (Cheever)

April 10 - Efforts to regulate armaments (Cheever)

April 13 - Control of Force - The Middle East (Weltman)

April 15 - Force and Diplomacy including disarmament problem (Kissinger)

April 17 - Force and Diplomacy (Cont.) Limited War (etc.) (Kissinger)

April 20 - Korea and Suez (Kissinger)

April 22 - The Uncommitted Nations (Cheever) or Weltman

April 24 - Economic Development and Political Stability (Cheever)

April 27 - Problems of Organization (Cheever or Kissinger)

April 29 - Problems of Personnel (Kissinger)

Vbrii 30 - Problems of Personnel (Krasinger)

Vbrii 31 - Problems of Organization (Cheever or Krasinger)

Vbrii 34 - Economic Development and Political Stability (Cheever)

Vbrii 33 - The Uncommitted Nations (Cheever) or Meitman

Vbrii 30 - Korea and Korea (Krasinger)

Vbrii 31 - Force and Diplomacy (Cont.) Limited War (etc.) (Krasinger)

Vbrii 32 - Force and Diplomacy including quarantine brooms (Krasinger)

Vbrii33 - Control of Force - The Middle East (Meitman)

Vbrii 10 - Efforts to regulate nations (Cheever)

Vbrii 9 - The brooms of benevolent change (Cheever)

Vbrii 8 - International Organization - attempts to institutionalize benevolence and

Vbrii 6 - The Role of International Law (Cheever)

## IV. The Establishment of a Step International Order

March 31 - World War II and its Alternatives (Krasinger)

March 32 - Munich and the outbreak of the War (Cheever)

March 33 - The Twenty-Year Crisis (Cheever)

March 30 - Affairs and its aftermath (Cheever)

March 18 - Pre-World War I Diplomacy (Krasinger, Cheever, of Batein)

March 16 - Bismarck (Krasinger)

March 13 - Gsee History Metternich (Krasinger)

March 11 - Gsee History Metternich

March 9 - Diplomacy and Power including the presence of Power (Krasinger)

March 6 - The Nature of Statesmanship (Krasinger)

-3-

GOVERNMENT 180 - SPRING TERM - M.W.F. at 11 a.m.

PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS - MR. CHEEVER, MR. KISSINGER

I. Required Reading

Edmund Burke, THOUGHTS ON FRENCH AFFAIRS. In "Everymans Library" ed., Everyman No. 460, pp. 285-330.

M. Millikan and W. Rostow, "Foreign Aid - Next Phase," FOREIGN AFFAIRS, April, 1958.

Palmer and Perkins, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, 2nd edition. Chapters 15 - 18 and 21 - 23.

Arnold, G. L., THE PATTERN OF WORLD CONFLICT, N.Y., 1956. Chapters IV - VI, pp. 70 - 171.

Henry A. Kissinger, A WORLD RESTORED, Boston, 1957, Chapter IX.

Walter Lippmann, THE PUBLIC PHILOSOPHY, Boston, 1955, Little Brown. Part I (Part II recommended).

Alan Bullock, HITLER, A STUDY IN TYRANNY, Harper, N.Y. Chapter 7 (Chapters 6 and 8 recommended).

Wint and Calvacoressi, THE MIDDLE EAST CRISIS, Penguin Books.

Feiling, THE LIFE OF NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN, Chapters XXIII - XXIX (p. 320 - 382).

A.J.P. Taylor, BISMARCK, Chapter on Schleswig-Holstein.

Organski, WORLD POLITICS, Chapters 11 and 12.

Gordon A. Craig, THE DIPLOMATS, Chapter XIX.

Denis Healey, "A Neutral Belt in Europe," Fabian Society, January 1958.

II. Other Requirements

**Examinations.** There will be an hour examination for undergraduates around March 16. The final examination in June is for both graduates and undergraduate.

**Newspapers and Periodicals.** Students should be familiar with the better periodicals and newspapers dealing with international affairs: the *New York Times*, *Herald Tribune*, the *Christian Science Monitor*, *The Economist* (London weekly) are recommended as well as the following journals: *World Politics*, *Foreign Affairs*, *International Organization*, *Pacific Affairs*, *Department of State Bulletin*, *Twentieth Century* (London monthly), *Bulletin of Atomic Scientists*.

[y]

2.

Schedule of Assignments

Part I: The Nature of International Politics - February 2 - 16.

Morgenthau: Parts I, II and III.

Morgenthau: Part V.

Morgenthau: Chapter 20.

Lippmann: Part I.

Burke: pp. 285 - 330.

Part II: International Relations - Theories and Structure - February 18 - March 4.

Morgenthau: Part IV.

Morgenthau: Chapter 21.

Organski: Chapters 11 and 12.

Part III: Foreign Policy - Strategies and Instruments - March 6 - 27.

Morgenthau: Chapters 24, 25, 27 and 28.

Kissinger, "A World Restored": Chapter IX.

Churchill

Bullock: Chapter 7.

Feiling: Chapters XXIII - XXIX.

Craig: Chapter XIX.

Palmer and Perkins: Chapters 15 - 18 and 21--23.

Part IV: The Establishment of a Stable International Order - April 6 - 29.

Morgenthau: Chapters 18 and 19.

Morgenthau: Chapter 26.

Morgenthau: Chapter 23; Kissinger, "Nuclear Weapons...": Chapter 7.

Wint and Calvocoressi

Morgenthau: Part X.

Morgenthau: Chapter 22.

Kissinger, "Nuclear Weapons...": Chapter 2.

Kissinger, "Nuclear Weapons...": Chapters 8 and 10.

Morgenthau: Part IX.

Arnold: Chapters IV - VI.

Millikan and Rostow

3.

# III. Suggested Reading on Various Aspects of International Relations

## Political and Theoretical

Carr, E.H., THE TWENTY YEARS CRISIS, London, 1948.

Friedrich, C.J., INEVITABLE PEACE, Harvard Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1948.

Halle, L.J., CIVILIZATION AND FOREIGN POLICY, Harper, 1954.

Hobbes, T., THE LEVIATHAN.

Jouvenel, B. de, ON SOVEREIGNTY, N.Y., 1957. ON POWER.

Kaplan, Morton A., SYSTEM AND PROCESS IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS, N.Y., 1957.

Kissinger, Henry A., A WORLD RESTORED, Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-22, Boston, 1957.

Liska, George, INTERNATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM, A Theoretical Essay on the Politics and Organization of Security, Harvard, 1957.

Machiavelli, N., THE PRINCE.

Morgenthau, H.J., SCIENTIFIC MAN VS. POWER POLITICS.

Niebuhr, R., MORAL MAN AND IMMORAL SOCIETY. THE IRONY OF AMERICAN HISTORY.

Organski, A.F.K., WORLD POLITICS, N.Y., Knopf, 1958.

Schwarzenberger, G., POWER POLITICS.

Spykman, Nickolas, AMERICA'S STRATEGY IN WORLD POLITICS, N.Y., 1942.

Ward, Barbara, THE INTERPLAY OF EAST AND WEST, POINTS OF CONFLICT AND COOPERATION, N.Y., 1957.

Wright, Quincy, A STUDY OF WAR, Chicago, 1942.

## International Law and Organization and Plans for Peace

Bloomfield, L., EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION, THE PROBLEM OF THE U.N. AND PEACEFUL TERRITORIAL CHANGE, Harvard, 1957.

Brierly, J.L., THE LAW OF NATIONS, Oxford, 1949.

Cheever, D.S. and Haviland, H.F., ORGANIZING FOR PEACE, Boston, 1954.

Clark, G. and Sohn, L., WORLD PEACE THROUGH WORLD LAW, Harvard, 1958.

Corbett, Percy E., LAW AND SOCIETY IN THE RELATIONS OF STATES, N.Y., Harcourt, 1951.

Claude, I.L., SWORDS INTO PLOWSHARES, N.Y., 1956.

Frye, W., A U.N. PEACE FORCE, N.Y., 1957.

Goodrich, L.M., KOREA: A STUDY OF U.S. POLICY IN THE UNITED NATIONS., N.Y., 1957.

Loveday, A., REFLECTIONS ON INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATION, Oxford, 1956.

Moore, Ben T., NATO AND THE FUTURE OF EUROPE, N.Y., Harper, 1958.

Patterson, R., and Furniss, E.S., Jr., NATO - A CRITICAL APPRAISAL, Princeton, 1957.

Schiffer, W., THE LEGAL COMMUNITY OF MANKIND, Columbia, 1954.

## Economics

Elliott, W.Y., ed., THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, N.Y., 1955.

Mitrany, David, A WORKING PEACE SYSTEM.

Stoessinger, J., THE REFUGEE AND THE WORLD COMMUNITY, Minnesota, 1956.

4.

Foreign Policy and Diplomacy

Acheson, Dean, POWER AND DIPLOMACY.

Bemis, S.F., JOHN QUINCY ADAMS AND THE UNION, N.Y., 1956.

Berle, A.A., Jr., TIDES OF CRISIS, N.Y., 1957.

Campbell, John C., DEFENSE OF THE MIDDLE EAST, N.Y., Harper, 1958.

Cheever, D.S., and Haviland, H.F., AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AND THE SEPARATION OF POWERS, Harvard Press, 1952.

Craig, G.A. and Gilbert, F., THE DIPLOMATS 1919-1939, N.Y., 1953.

Feis, Herbert, THE CHINA TANGLE, Princeton, 1954.
CHURCHILL, ROOSEVELT, STALIN, THE WAR THEY WAGED AND THE PEACE THEY SOUGHT, Princeton, 1957.

Hull, Cordell, Memoirs of..., N.Y., 1950.

Jones, Joseph M., THE FIFTEEN WEEKS: THE GENESIS OF THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE, N.YL, 1955.

Langer, W.L., and Gleason, S.E., THE CHALLENGE TO ISOLATION AND THE UNDECLARED WAR, N.Y., Harper.

Nicolson, H., DIPLOMACY, Oxford, 1950.
THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA.
PEACEMAKING, 1919, London, 1933.

Osgood, R.E., IDEALS AND SELF-INTEREST IN AMERICA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS, Chicago, 1953.

Reitzel, W. et al., UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY, 1945-55, Brookings Institution, 1956.

Sherwood, R.E., ROOSEVELT AND HOPKINS, N.Y., 1948.

Snell and Associates, MEANING OF YALTA, Louisiana State University, 1956.

Stimson and Bundy, ON ACTIVE SERVICE IN PEACE AND WAR, Harper, 1948.

Taylor, A.J.P., THE STRUGGLE FOR MASTERY IN EUROPE, 1848-1918, N.Y., 1954.

Wheeler, John W., MUNICH, PROLOGUE TO TRAGEDY, N.Y., 1948.

Wolfers, Arnold, BRITAIN AND FRANCE BETWEEN TWO WARS, N.Y., 1940.

Military and Strategic

Bryant, Arthur, THE TURN OF THE TIDE. DIARIES OF FIELD MARSHAL LORD ALANBROOKE, N.Y., 1957.

Buzzard, Sir Anthony W. et al., ON LIMITING WAR, London, 1956.

Finletter, T.K., POWER AND POLICY, N.Y., 1954.

Huntington, Samuel P., THE SOLDIER AND THE STATE: THE THEORY AND POLITICS OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS, Harvard, 1957.

Kaufman, W., ed., MILITARY POLICY AND NATIONAL SECURITY, N.Y., 1956.

Osgood, R.E., LIMITED WAR: THE CHALLENGE TO AMERICAN STRATEGY, Chicago, 1957.

Kluckholn, Clyde, MIRROR FOR MAN.

Murphy, Gardner, HUMAN NATURE AND ENDURING PEACE.

UNESCO, THE NATURE OF CONFLICT, by members of the International Sociological Association.

I. <u>The Nature of International Politics.</u> (Kissinger) 195-6

February 2 - The approach to International Politics -"Prophet and analyst," etc.

February 6 - The elements of national power (Cheever)

February 9 - The elements of policy-making (continued)

II. <u>Theories (?) of International Relations.</u> (Cheever)

February 20 - The concert of powers and a theory (Kant, Mazzini) (Kissinger, if necessary. Preferably Cheever)

February 25 - The modern state system - principles of sovereignty and equality

February 27 - The foreign policy of the Great Powers

March 2 - Critique of Morgenthau and Lippman

March 4 - The Nature of Collective Security

III. <u>Topics in Foreign Policy</u>

March 9 - Diplomacy and Power (Kissinger)

Government 180

Paper Topics

Spring Term, 1959

Choose one of the topics listed below. Undergraduate papers should not be over 15 pages in length. All papers should be formally written and should include footnotes and any bibliographical items not on the assigned reading list.

1. (Organski) "Mr. Organski throws the venerable doctrine of the balance of power out the window and develops a new scheme of analysis to picture the relations within the Eastern and Western power blocs and the relations between them." Students should read at least Parts I and II of Organski in addition to the assigned chapters.

2. Compare Morgenthau's theory of international politics with the views developed by one of the following:

a. Raymond Aron in *On War* (Anchor Book 1958)

b. E.H. Carr in *The Twenty Years Crisis*.

c. L. Halle in *Civilization and Foreign Policy*.

d. G. Mazzini in *The Duties of Man*. (Everyman Edition)

e. R. Niebuhr in *Moral Man and Immoral Society* (Ch. 4) and *The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness* (Ch. 5) and *The Irony of American History* (Chaps 2, 6, 7).

f. Two of the following six figures: A. Smith, T. Hobbes, J. Locke, J. Bentham, R. Cobden, W. Wilson. (See selections in A. Wolfers and L.W. Martin, *The Anglo-American Tradition in Foreign Affairs*.)

3. "The Middle East is the tinderbox that may ignite World War III. It can and should be neutralized." J.C. Campbell, *Defense of the Middle East*.

4. "The outcome at Munich was determined more by the personalities of the individual actors concerned than by conflicting interests of state." See relevant passages in Churchill, *The Gathering Storm*; Bullock, Hitler; Feiling, *The Life of Neville Chamberlain*; Craig and Gilbert, *The Diplomats*.

5. The problem of disengagement in Europe. See Denis Healey, *A Neutral Belt in Europe* and Michael Howard, *Disengagement in Europe*. (Students who have taken Government 185 are not to select this topic.)

6. The role of international functional and administrative agencies in international politics. Read relevant chapters from such works as: D.S. Cheever and H.F. Haviland, *Organizing for Peace*; I.L. Claude, *Swords into Plowshares*; Brookings Institution, R.E. Asher, et al., *The United Nations and Promotion of the General Welfare*, Washington, D.C. 1957. Dr. Cheever is available for conferences.

Government 180

Part I (one hour) The second part of the examination will be distributed at 10:15.

This course has probably raised a number of issues in your mind about the nature of international politics. Which one of these issues do you regard as being most important? Phrase the issue carefully and state your reasons for selecting it. Can the issue be resolved? If not, what are the major considerations bearing on it?

Your answer should show familiarity with the readings and lectures in the course.

Part II (90 minutes) Select two questions and spend forty-five minutes on each. Do not select a question closely related to your answer to Part I.

1. "In a nuclear age there is no more urgent need than that for the establishment of world peace under world law. Vice President Nixon's suggestion that disputes arising over matters of interpretation of any future Great Power agreements should be made justiciable before the World Court, therefore, ought to be implemented immediately." Do you agree? Discuss critically.

2. Lectures and reading in this course have stressed America's need for "doctrine" in the conduct of its international relations. What is the meaning of "doctrine" in this context? Why do we need it? What substantive and organizational obstacles stand in the way of our getting it? How does the position of the United States compare with that of the USSR in this respect?

3. "The method of establishing the preconditions for permanent peace we call peace through accommodation. Its instrument is diplomacy." Discuss with reference to the following: a) the tasks of diplomacy; b) the factors which have led to a decline of diplomacy; c) the conditions necessary for a revival of diplomacy. Illustrate your discussion by reference to at least two historic instances dealt with in the course.

4. In what ways does the rise of new nations since World War II affect the structure and practice of international politics?

Part III (30 minutes) Discuss the significance of 4 of the following:

1. The strategy of ambiguity.

2. The Hoare-Laval agreement.

3. The special status of the five permanent members of the Security Council.

4. The International Labor Organization.

5. The European Coal and Steel Community.

6. The Concert of Europe.

75

Wiltrud Rehlen
1595 Massachusetts Ave.
Cambridge, Mass.

4/18/59

Dr. Kissinger
Centre for International Affaires
6 Divinity St.

Cambridge, Mass.

Dear Mr. Kissinger,

You will recall my asking to be released from the paper I have to
write for your course, Government 180. In the seminar of Professor
Gailbraith, Economics 287, I am writing a paper about regional
differentials in the development of Pakistan. It should examine
the economic impact of the division of Pakistan into two wings,
more than 1000 miles apart. I would like to offer you this paper
as a substitute, considering the political problems involved in
these two different economic bases of one political entity,
which might be of interest to you. The other paper I have to
write, concerns wage-policy. It seems less related to the subject
of your course.

By the way, the prospects of getting an internship with the United
Nations this summer appear to be not as favourable today as they
seemed yesterday.

Please remember me to Mrs. Kissinger.

ok

May 28, 1959

Registrar of Harvard College
University A

Dear Sir:

With great regret I wish to inform
you of a clerical error in the recording
of a grade of D+ for James E. Schlaeppi,
'59. The grade was recorded as D+ and
should be changed to a C. The clerical
error arose in connection with the cor-
rection and recording of a paper that
was required for the course.

With the apologies of Dr. Kissinger,
the graders and me, I am

cc: Dr. Henry Kissinger
    Dr. Benjamin Labarce

Government 180 - Thoughts of a Backbencher

In the consideration of readings for the course it seems that a
necessary preliminary is an agreement on the framework of the course.
Three possible frameworks have occurred to me: 1) a course integrated
around the consideration of key thinkers; 2) integration on the basis of
the comparative analysis of certain incidents or of the policies of certain
states; 3) integration via consideration, "analytically", of certain
institutions, procedures, "forces", etc; such as international law, international
organization, balance of power, diplomacy, etc; I feel that the
reading should be made to serve the purposes of the framework adopted.

My own inclination is to favor an approach based primarily on the
comparative analysis of certain key thinkers; this is a special bias on
my part, but I should perhaps start with it. The thinkers might in turn
be subdivided into the statesmen and the prophets, and into those whose
concern is based on actual participation in positions of governmental
responsibility, and those whose concern is primarily academic. Among the
academicians, I think fruitful work can be done through the analysis of
Morgenthau (portions of all his four books, including the first, "Scientific Man vs. Power Politics", and his most recent "Dilemmas of Politics",
as well as "Politics Among Nations"). The bulk of that need not be assigned if our main interest is in different theoretical approaches; the main
bulk of Morgenthau's "Politics Among Nations" is more relevant if related
to the "analytic" approach mentioned as the third alternative.) Other
significant figures would be E.H. Carr, Niebuhr, Cook & Moos, Frank Tannenbaum, perhaps parts of Norman Kaplan's difficult study on "System and
Process...," and parts of Jiri Liska's "International Equilibrium", some
of the world government theorists, such as Cord Meyer, and some of the
international lawyers, such as Corbett, DeVisscher, and Brierly, along
with the arguments relative to international organization (Cheever and
Haviland, Claude, Schiffer). Among the practitioners, I think a rich
field presents itself, from the writings of Churchill, exerpts from the
Bismarck memoirs, or from those of any number of other statesmen from
Truman and Cordell Hull, to the speeches of Wilson and such valuable accounts of Roosevelt as that given by Sherwood. Of course the secondary
works could usefully be used here, on the Congress of Vienna, on Versailles, on Yalta, etc; With regard to the last two, the Amherst series on
Problems in American Civilization has two useful short collections of opposing interpretations. One could also turn to figures like Hitler, as
pictured in say Bullock, or Stalin, as evidenced in his own writings, or
in, say, Deutscher's biography, for the totalitarian's "principles".

Integration on the basis of the comparative study of certain incidents or of the policies of certain states seems to me to pose a necessity for limiting the scope of the period dealt with. It seems to me that before a student can make any significant generalization from complex instances he must know the facts of the case in some depth. In this sense I sympathize with Saadia's feeling that *he* should have a surer factual knowledge. I would limit the period sharply, however - or, if one chooses countries, limit these to at most three. If one chooses the period since 1918 in western Europe and studied in it depth, in terms of the interactions of vastly different conceptions of international politics, I think some real "work in depth" could be done. The whole issue of appeasement as a policy could be dealt with, and the Churchill purple retained, which would certainly make me happy. But I would suggest that Chamberlain be allowed to present his case, perhaps via Feiling, perhaps by Halifax's memoirs, or perhaps through his own speeches. I think the *is* issue should be joined sharply in the reading, rather than abandoned to Churchill thru forefeit. Also I think the issue of the relation of international organi-

2.

zation to world politics could be explored thru a searching examination of specific instances in the League's history (drawn perhaps from Walters), and supplemented with such theoretical assessments as that of Schiffer, the third part of which dates from 1918, or rather deals with the period from 1918 thru the establishment of the UN. The disarmament issue might also be canvassed on the basis of the proceedings under the League, and outside. But in any case, I think the students will have to have a solid acquaintance with the facts. In this regard, Gathorne-Hardy might be used, although it is packed full of detail; Carr's own short history of the inter-war period is more manageable; and Craig and Gilbert's brilliant collection of essays on "The Diplomats" could be used either in this period or in an approach, or in an approach #1. For depth, and comparative study of foreign policies, I think Wolfers on Britain and France would be very fruitful, but again this will involve a genuine limitation of scope of what one wants to cover. I would also be sympathetic to a section dealing with the relation between international economics and world politics, focussing on the interwar period, and starting with Keynes and Mantoux, and going on through the period of the Depression and into an examination of the techniques employed by the totalitarians in the world economy. If one chose to take the US as one of the countries which formed a part of the comparative analysis, the Amherst pamphlets on Versailles and Yalta would also be relevant, along with Osgood's "Ideals and Self-Interest", and Kennan, Halle, etc;

Integration on the basis of approach three would be fairly close to the structure Morgenthau follows in "Politics" and his chapters relevant to each section could be assigned as the course moved into that section. The various sections I had in mind were along the following lines: 1) Balance of power: theory, different types, evaluation, historical development or illustrations. 2) International law: theory or theories, its function at different periods, its function today, causes of decline, contrast in position between such a figure as Oppenheim in the Victorian era, and Morgenthau today. 3) Diplomacy: its changed status (Nicolson, Carr, Morgenthau) etc; great practitioners, etc; 4) International organization, its theory and practice; its difference from the organization of states domestically. 5) Other topics such as alliances, disarmament, arbitration, etc; which aren't sufficiently covered under other headings. 6) International economics: the classical theory of an international harmony of interests, the factors which gave plausibility to this in the 19th c., the changed conditions today. Here the various writings of Carr are of use, and one could draw on the Elliott volume on the "Polit. Econ. of US For. Policy", or parts of Vondliffe's "The Commerce of Nations."