The Japanese Ambassador, Viscount SHUZO AOKI, encouraged his countrymen at the Nippon Club banquet Tuesday evening to "marry American ladies":

I hear some of you are married with American ladies. I sympathize with you. In associating with Americans, in gentlemanlike, formal ways, our countrymen have no trouble. But when it comes to more intimate friendship our countrymen may be somewhat backward. Make yourself worthy of love of millionaires' daughters. When your fathers-in-law see in you something, they will assist you in every way possible.

Does Viscount AOKI forget that he is a licensed and responsible diplomat? What will Japan's ally say to this meddling in its market for American esses?

N. Y. Times

In Germany farmers conduct small stills on their own farms, and with these export their waste products into alcohol. The still is attached a "con- which is sealed by a visiting seal, gauges and witnesses the酒 goes away. The official is called Alco- butters are im- ty Gov-

at to be a good one for the gen- eral situation has been that his guns have been used against him more than that he was not a doubt in any mind that he is an old man's money, and none the less not at all scrupulous about how he is a good citizen."

## Good Cause for Indignation.

Naturally enough, San Francisco is "angry" with Secretary METCALF'S presentation of its case against the Japanese children. To be more nearly accurate, it is angry with his revelation of the fact that it had no case against the children, but has simply extended to them on general principles its antagonism to their parents as industrial competitors.

The city is angry with him because it could not be anything else—except repentent, and of course it didn't want to be that. It could not deny his statements or meet his arguments. And San Francisco's protest against "dragging in" the boycott of the Japanese restaurants and the labor situation is simply amusing. Obviously its protest is against the relevancy, not against the irrelevancy, of these matters, and it was especially disturbed by the revelation that the boycott of the restaurants ended when $100 was paid to the Cooks and Waiters' Union. That was, indeed, a cruel blow.

What the city and State wanted the Secretary to do was to accept and promulgate their own version of the controversy, which had a much prettier sound than the true story. The only thing to

now is to fight openly for Japanese exclusion, not from the schools, but from the country. And the attainment of that will be a big job.

be establishing a precedent," said President
It would be a case of the
coming out money and accepting a
before the contractor had per-
formed his contract and before he had
finished the structure."

Brig. Gen. George Moore Smith said: "It is up to the board to close up this business and hold somebody responsible. We cannot give anybody any money. Let the contractor's bondsmen pay. They are liable. Let us give the contractor notice officially, and then hold the bonding company liable for his failure to carry out his contract. The company can furnish the money to complete the work."

The contract provided that the armory
be constructed within 300 working days
from January, 1903. There is about six
weeks' work yet to do.

## SAME NIPISSING DIVIDEND.

No Indication of Discord in Company,
and Little Doing in the Stock.

The regular dividend for the quarter of
3 per cent., with 2 per cent. extra, was
declared by the Nipissing Mines Com-
pany's Directors at yesterday's meeting.
Talk of a larger dividend, which was ac-
cepted as oracular two months ago, when
Nipissing was climbing for its recent
slump, has already been forgotten on the
Curb, along with other once credited bull-
ish information, and the stock made only
minor fluctuations yesterday, with divi-
dend action imminent. It had been the
tip for a week that the dividend would go
unchanged.

If there has been discord among the
controlling interests in the company since
the Guggenheims forfeited their option on
the stock, knocking it down

from his capture; ferson Davis when he was
Maj. Edward Owen, Henry W. Hyde,
David Hallam Dodge, Bianconi Collins,
Dr. John A. Wyeth, Lorenozo Semple, J.
Quintus Cohen, and Dr. P. E. D. Mal-
colm.

After an introductory address by Col.
Caffrey, ex-Secretary Herbert spoke. After
referring briefly to the history of the
State of Alabama and the "men who
built our ship of state and launched it
upon its carrier," Secretary Herbert said,
in part:

"The Government these men founded took its shape from the temper of the times. What a difference between the teachings of Jefferson and the pronouncements of Secretary Root in this city recently, when the titular chief of the present Cabinet made an announcement which appears to mean that the Constitution ought to be construed so as to allow the Federal Government to do anything and everything that a State Government ought to do and fails to do. Under this doctrine if any of our States should fail to provide a proper admixture of colors in its free schools, the Federal Government might put in its big stick and stir the to the queen's taste."

After discussing conditions
in days, ex-Secretary Herbert

"Still another element, holding a high standard, duello. The code woman's virtue men. Politically old-time Alabamians. Politically absolutely their best and able when full of re-

YALE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

February 17, 1907.

135 WHITNEY AVENUE
NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT

My dear Mr. Asakawa:

Dean Phillips has turned over to me your request to the President to arrange for your courses during the coming college year and I have just returned to him an outline of three courses which you are abundantly able to conduct and which call for two hours each in the week. I am sorry that the matter seems to have been neglected up to this late date so that they have to go into the pamphlet without further consultation with you. They cover in general, however, the three topics which you suggested in your letter and you will have entire liberty in developing them as you like. They are
(1) A B course in MODERN JAPAN offered in the history section to undergraduates in the College. It is described as an outline of the political development of Imperial Japan during the past half-century, and a study of its social and economic conditions.

(2) JAPANESE, an introductory course in the spoken language.

(3) JAPANESE INSTITUTIONS, a history of the civilization of ancient Japan and of the evolution of its political institutions.

The two last are offered to graduates. You are not very likely to have students in all of the courses named at first, but they present subjects which we are glad to include in the catalog. Next year you will be in a position to alter these specifications and perhaps add some other topic that will come under the head of economics. If you are occupied in the Library during a part of every day you will not want many more hours than these to devote to teaching. The Corporation, we are told, has recently voted a large sum to make a new catalog of the entire library on larger cards, and as there are no printed cards in Oriental languages those which you have so carefully written for the Chinese and Japanese books will have to be copied, I suppose, and it may be that your attention will be turned to this job. The new Library building

is now under cover but its progress is extremely slow, as it is an elaborate
matter to erect an edifice of this sort; we are not likely to be using it for
a year.

MARCH 5. I laid aside this letter in order to be quite sure as to your proposed courses and in the meantime great things have happened. Everything may be said to come to him who waits; I have been hoping against hope for years that I might get a chance to visit Asia. A former student of mine has just proposed to present me with a year's trip around the world and I have succeeded in getting leave for that time so as to start east next September. Mr. Adams wants at least one of my undergraduate courses kept up and, as I have no doubt of your capacity, I have put your name down in the pamphlet for that on Modern Asia -- the same course you took with me. You can treat it practically as you like and if you do not feel sufficiently up on India you may drop the textbook on that country and put more time on China, Japan and Russia in Asia. It man also be that you can combine the course for next year with that on MODERN JAPAN described above.... It will be a good opportunity to get you started here in undergraduate instruction and not, I think, a great task for you.

Your letter of Jan. 27 was promptly handed to Mr. Schwab, to whom I
also made the suggestion that as I was to give up $1000 of my salary in my ab-
sence he might well apply for it to help out your book fund. The idea seemed
to appeal to the Corporation, and you are going to receive that sum as soon as it
can be formally voted upon -- I hope within a fortnight. I deeply deplore
the embarrassments in the execution of your splendid task and have employed
every argument I know of to hasten the forwarding of funds to you. It is so
unusual a project that few understand its importance, but you may be sure that
you are not without friends here to back you up and that, despite delays, you are
sure eventually of the money. I cannot sufficiently say how delighted I am to
learn of your progress in collecting the rare material you describe.

You will probably have heard from Walker or some others that Prof. Bourne had to give up his work altogether and seek a health resort at New years in order to reestablish his health. He remains away, at present in Atlantic City, with his wife until next fall. His friends cannot help feeling some apprehension as to his permanent recovery. Prof. Wheeler was made Emeritus Professor this year but he continues his undergraduate courses in the capacity of lecturer, having now no administrative connection with the History Department. He is as well as ever in his life, apparently.

I hope to hear from you long ere I leave the country and to get from you some advice and perhaps assistance in plans for visiting Japan. I am sorry that we cannot meet in your country where I shall doubtless be frequently reminded of you.

Mrs. Williams joins me in very cordial regards and good wishes and hopes for your safe return to America later in the year.

February 27, 1907.

Dear Dr. Asakawa:

We take pleasure in enclosing the usual semi-annual statement, showing the sales of your book for the past six months, and the amount which we pass to your credit. We are glad to see that the sales for the current half-year, though very small in themselves, are still a considerable increase on those of the previous six months. It is a discouraging showing at the best; but we take it that political memories are short.

We are looking forward to the time when we may have your new book on the stocks.

The writer is sending you a personal line under another cover by this mail,

April 18, 1907.

My dear Mr. Asakawa:

My letter of March 5th must have reached you shortly after you posted yours of the 24th and in it you will have found your queries as to courses for the coming year substantially answered. As the matter in your previous communication to the President was turned over to me by Dean Phillips, to whom it had been referred, I infer that he never answered it; so the lost "Dakota" may be released from suspicion in the premises. As you already know I have not set you as much class-room work as you propose for yourself. I had a word with Mr. Adams to-day and he agreed with me that it would be as unnecessary as it would also be unfair to set you down for more than two undergraduate courses for the first year in addition to your Library work.

In view of Professor Beach's experience this past year it does not seem likely that any Japanese language course will be taken; we do not seem to have assembled the students who are aching for Far Eastern languages as yet, but I am quite sure that they will come in time. So it would appear quite safe to offer at least the elementary course you suggest and risk the time you would have to bestow upon it. With my Modern Asiatic and your Modern Japan courses you will have about all the recitation work you ought to have at first, and the future will allow of your adding others to them. If you should care to extend the course in Japanese history to a general history of the Empire there is no reason why you should not do so despite the announcement already in print. I want you, however, to reserve time enough to get to work on your historical researches, and this you must have.

Mr. Schwab gave me the agreeable information the other day that he had sent you $1500 which I trust will relieve you from all embarrassment as to finances for the immediate future. It is most unfortunate that you should have had cause for worry at all in this respect but such difficulties occur in

even the best regulated institutions where hopes have to be built upon donations that do not materialize as expected. I have fairly hounded the Librarian in this matter and impressed him, I think, with the seriousness of the situation so that he is now as thoroughly convinced as I that we have in your enterprise a great opportunity which the University cannot afford to let slip. Well, I trust it is secure now, but I still hope you will get the remaining ~~$1,000~~ $500 you should have to complete your collection of sources.

The list of Japan's Seven Greatest Men is extremely interesting. I am rather surprised that Ieyasu doesn't come first and that Ota Nobunaga finds no place there at all. That Brooklyn Institute has been getting scholarly advice from some of us here on the same subject of decorating its building with great names. I have just received, by the way, three vols. of de La Mazeliere's "Le Japon: histoire et civilisation", to which he promises to all two more volumes, a comprehensive and discursive work chiefly cultural, but I've not had a chance to read it yet.

Are you willing to sketch a plan of travel for me when I am in Japan? I presume I shall have to be satisfied with about six weeks there and these will be in July and August next year. I shall rely greatly upon your advice in making the best use of my time and trust also that you may commend me to some of your friends there to assist me. If any of them will be ready to recommend a thoroughly capable and honest "boy" for interpreter and courier it will probably be the greatest service I could desire. But there is plenty of time to develop any plans for this part of my journey in the future.

Have you thought of making application for a room in a dormitory, or will you prefer to lodge in town on coming to New Haven? I mention this now because all rooms are filled by the fall. Yale is not making much newspaper fame at the present moment but good work is being done here quietly.
The end of my sheet bids me halt; with many and sincere regards believe me to be cordially yours.
S. W. Williams.

PRESIDENTS OFFICE
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE
HANOVER N.H.

Confidential until the meeting of the Trustees

April 6, 1907.

To the Trustees of Dartmouth College:-

For the last eighteen months I have been conscious of an undefined
physical disability which has given me at times serious embarrassment,
especially in meeting public engagements. The sudden and somewhat
protracted sickness through which I am passing has revealed
the cause, namely, an impairment of the heart. My physicians advise
me that I cannot expect to do further efficient executive work. I take
the earliest opportunity to apprize you of their decision, and to place
before you my resignation of the Presidency of the College. I have long
recognized the fact that there are no gradations in the work of a
college president, in the way either of responsibility or of initiative.
From the nature of the work there can be but one standard of efficiency.
While therefore I anticipate by two or three years the natural time of
my resignation, I do so with prompt and cheerful acquiescence in the
law of all administrative service, which makes no provision for crip-
pled leadership. I now return to my books from which I virtually
parted company when I assumed the absorbing duties of the Presidency.
If it shall seem to you to be a useful service, and in other respects
wise, I shall be glad to retain an informal connection with the College
through one or more courses of lectures, open to seniors, upon the
general subject of the Formation and Expression of Public Opinion in a
Democracy.

PRESIDENT'S OFFICE
DARTMOUTH COLLEGE
HANOVER N.H.

I cannot put by these fourteen years of service, happy in their
associations and inspiring in their purpose, without a word of grate-
ful acknowledgment to those through whom the service has been made
one of mutual obligation and delight - first to you for your stead-
fast and unwavering support, and then to the faculty, and to the
students of successive classes, and to the alumni, each and
all of whom have contributed everything in their power to the
common end. With such cooperation no reasonable good to the
College has seemed unattainable. The things which remain to be
accomplished, very much larger than any which have been wrought, go
over with equal incentive and hope to other hands. I count it a
joy, that as I now relinquish the position which you asked me as a
graduate of the College to take, I may resume my place in the united
and enthusiastic fellowship of our graduates to add one more supporting
force to the work of my successor in the Presidency.

I am in constant esteem,

Most sincerely yours,

THE MANCHESTER INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

... Officers ...

President, ALBERT L. CLOUGH
Cor. Sec., EDWARD J. BURNHAM
Treasurer, NORWIN S. BEAN

Clerk, HARRIE M. YOUNG
Curator, WILLIAM H. HUSE
Librarian, CHARLES J. ABBOTT

U.S.A.
MANCHESTER, N. H.... May 16, 1907.

Kan-ichi Asakawa, Ph.D.,
Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.

Dear Sir: ---

This institution annually presents a course of lectures which is known from
the name of its founder as the "Chandler Course". The enclosed folder will give you
some idea of its nature and scope.

We are very anxious, if possible, to secure you to fill one of the dates in this course during the season of 1907-1908 and, as we understand that you will be occupying a chair at Yale College during the coming season, we beg to inquire if you can arrange to appear before this organization.

If you feel that you will be open to engagement during the coming winter, please advise us as to your subjects, the amount of your fee and as to the part of the season when a date could be made most conveniently. We should very much like a lecture upon Japanese art, but other topics would be of interest.

Our lectures usually take place upon the first Wednesday evenings of each month from November to March inclusive, although we are not strictly bound by this custom. Hoping to hear from you favorably, we remain

P.S. Kindly address your reply to Mrs. F. W. Batchelder, #220 Myrtle St., Manchester, N.H.
U.S.A. Chairman Lecture Committee, rather than to the writer.

A.L.C.

ALC/B.

THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

FOUNDED 1824

RE-INCORPORATED 1890

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

A.AUGUSTUS HEALY,
HON. CHARLES A.SCHIEREN
HON. CARLL H. DE SILVER
COL. ROBERT B. WOODWARD
GATES D. FAHNESTOCK
GEORGE C.BRACKETT

PRESIDENT
FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT
SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT
THIRD VICE-PRESIDENT
TREASURER
SECRETARY

DIRECTOR

PROF. FRANKLIX W. HOOPER, M.A.

OFFICERS OF THE COUNCIL

REV. L. MASON CLARKE, D.D.
JAMES CRUIKSHANK, LL.D.

PRESIDENT
SECRETARY

OFFICE: 502 FULTON STREET

Brooklyn, June 11, 1907.

Professor K. Asakawa, Ph.D.,
Waseda University,
Tokio, Japan.

My dear Sir:

I thank you very much indeed for your letter of May 19th and on behalf of the Trustees of the Institute I thank you most heartily for the list of names of seven representative Japanese people.

I will bring these names to the attention of the committee which has charge of the arrangement of names to be inscribed on panels of our Museum Building.

I beg leave to assure you that the very great care which has been taken by you and your friends in the selection of these names is very highly appreciated.

W.

W.

Very sincerely yours,

of these names is very highly appreciated.
which has been taken by you and your friends in the selection
I beg leave to name you that the very great care
inscribed on benefits of our Museum Building.

committee which has charge of the arrangement of names to be
I will bring these names to the attention of the
Japanese people.

most heartily for the list of names of seven representative
19th and on behalf of the Trustees of the Institute. I thank you
I thank you very much indeed for your letter of my
My dear Sirs,

Tokio, Japan,

Waseda University,

Professor K. Vasakoski, Ph.D.,

Brooklyn, June 17, 1924.

No. 1288. The Metropolitan News Co., Boston, Mass. and Germany
IN SPACE BELOW MAY BE WRITTEN SENDER'S NAME AND
ADDRESS (NO OTHER WRITING)

Post Card

PLACE
POSTAGE
STAMP HERE

DOMESTIC
ONE CENT

FOREIGN
TWO CENTS

50-34

JAPAN AND JAPANESE-AMERICAN
RELATIONS

Program of the
Conference to be held at Clark University

NOVEMBER 22-25, 1911

*The sessions of the Conference are open to the Public*

WEDNESDAY—NOVEMBER 22

MORNING SESSION

Presiding—COLONEL A. GEORGE BULLOCK, President of the Board of Trustees, Clark University.

10.30 o'clock. Addresses of Welcome, COLONEL A. GEORGE BULLOCK and PROFESSOR GEORGE H. BLAKESLEE.

11.00 o'clock. Address—"Foreign Influence in Japan," ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, LL.D., Professor of the Science of Government, Harvard University, author of "Foundations of American Foreign Policy," and the "Obvious Orient."

12.00 o'clock. Paper—"The Japanese in the United States," Jokichi Takamine, Sc.D., President of the Nippon Club of New York, formerly Chemist to the Department of Agriculture and Commerce in Japan—to be read by M. HONDA, Litt.D.

AFTERNOON SESSION

Presiding—PROFESSOR ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, LL.D.

3.00 o'clock. Address—"The Man, Hirobumi Ito," GEORGE TRUMBULL LADD, LL.D., Professor in Yale University, author of "In Korea with Marquis Ito," and "Rare Days in Japan," decorated by the Emperor of Japan.

4.00 o'clock. Address—"Japan as a Colonizer," INAZO NITOBÉ, Ph.D., LL.D., President of the First Higher School and Professor in the Imperial University, Tokyo., formerly adviser to the Governor-General of Formosa, recently adviser to the Colonial Bureau of the Japanese Government, author of "Bushido, the Soul of Japan" and "Intercourse between the United States and Japan," now first Exchange Professor from Japan to the United States.

EVENING SESSION

Presiding—HON. JOHN A. THAYER, Member of Congress.

8.00 o'clock. Address—"The Progress of Japanese Industry," HON.

WILLIAM C. REDFIELD, Representative in Congress from the Fifth District, New York, member of the Japan Society of New York, recently returned from an investigation of economic conditions in the Far East.

9.15 o'clock. A reception will be given to the speakers of the conference at the residence of President and Mrs. G. Stanley Hall.

## THURSDAY—NOVEMBER 23
### MORNING SESSION

Presiding—
10.00 o'clock.

Address—"Japan in Southern Manchuria," TOYOKICHI IYENAGA, Ph.D., Professorial lecturer in Political Science, University of Chicago, formerly Professor of Political Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, author of "The Constitutional Development of Japan."

11.00 o'clock. Address—"Japanese-American Relations as Affecting the Control of the Pacific," EDWIN MAXEY, D.C.L., LL.D., Professor of Public Law and Diplomacy, University of Nebraska, formerly Counsel for the Japanese against the San Francisco School Board, author of "International Law," and "Some Questions of Larger Politics."

12.00 o'clock General Discussion.

## AFTERNOON SESSION

Presiding—MR. GEORGE KENNAN.

3.00 o'clock. Address—"New Literature of the New Japan," ADACHI KINNOSUKE, Contributor to the leading periodicals on Japanese topics.

4.00 o'clock. Address—"Japan and the Chinese Revolution," FREDERICK MCCORMICK, Special correspondent of the Associated Press, Pekin, author of "The Tragedy of Russia in Pacific Asia," Special correspondent in the Russian-Japanese war.

5.00 o'clock. Address—"The Origin and Development of Japanese Art," illustrated by the stereopticon, LANGDON WARNER, of the Oriental Department, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, recently returned from a three years study of art in Japan, as Sheldon Fellow from Harvard University.

## EVENING SESSION

Presiding—EDWIN D. MEAD, of the World Peace Foundation, Boston, recently returned from an extended lecture trip through Europe. Mr. Mead will speak briefly upon Europe's opinion of Japanese-American Relations.

8.00 o'clock. Address—"The Family of Nations Idea and Japan," GEORGE G. WILSON, Ph.D., Professor of International Law, Harvard University, author of "International Law Situations," and (with G. F. Tucker) "International Law."

8.30 o'clock. Address—"The Relations between Japan and the United States." DAVID STARR JORDAN, LL.D., President of Land Stanford University, author of "The Human Harvest," recently returned from an extended lecture trip throughout Japan, decorated by the Emperor of Japan.

## FRIDAY—NOVEMBER 24

### MORNING SESSION

Presiding—PROFESSOR EDWIN MAXEY, LL.D.

10.00 o'clock. Address—"Relations of Geographical Environment to Japanese History," ELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Geography, Yale University, author of "The Pulse of Asia," awarded the Maunoir medal by the Geographical Society of Paris.

11.00 o'clock. Address—"The Foreign Trade of Japan," R. ICHINOMIYA, Manager of the New York Branch of the Yokohama Specie Bank.

12.00 o'clock. Paper—"Japan, Revisited after Thirty Years," prepared by THOMAS C. MENDENHALL, Sc.D., LL.D., President of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 1894-1901, formerly Professor of Physics in the Imperial University, Tokyo.

### AFTERNOON SESSION

Presiding—PROFESSOR GEORGE G. WILSON, Ph.D.

3.00 o'clock. Address—"Certain Characteristics of the Japanese," EDWARD S. MORSE, Ph.D., formerly Professor in the Imperial University, Tokyo, Keeper of Japanese Pottery, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, author of "Japanese Homes and their Surroundings" and "Catalogue of the Morse Collection of Japanese Pottery," decorated by the Emperor of Japan.

4.00 o'clock. Address—"The Japanese Race," ALEXANDER F. CHAMBERLAIN, Ph.D., Professor of Anthropology, Clark University.

4.30 o'clock. Address—"Certain Misconceptions with Regard to the Japanese," GEORGE KENNAN, author of "Siberia and the Exile System," "Tent Life in Siberia," Special correspondent of the Outlook in Japan, 1904, decorated by the Emperor of Japan.

### EVENING SESSION

Presiding—W.M. ELLIOT GRIFFIS, D.D., L.H.D.

8.00 o'clock. Address—"Japanese Diplomacy Past and Present," MASUJIRO HONDA, Litt.D., Editor of the Oriental Review, author of "Diplomacy DeLuxe" (North American Review and many other magazine articles relating to Japan.

9.00 o'clock. Address—"The Results of the Russo-Japanese War," ARTHUR J. BROWN, D.D., Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, author of "New Forces in Old China," "The Nearer and Farther East," "The New Era in the Philippines."

SATURDAY—NOVEMBER 25

MORNING SESSION

Presiding—PROFESSOR GARRETT DROPPERS.

10.00 o'clock. Address—"Some Results of Christain Work in Japan," REV. CHARLES M. WARREN, for twelve years a missionary of the American Board in Japan.

10.30 o'clock. Address—"The Japanese Church," REV. GEORGE M. ROWLAND, D.D., for twenty-five years a missionary of the American Board in Japan.

11.30 o'clock. Paper—"The Japanese in Hawaii," prepared by THEODORE RICHARDS, M.A., Manager of the Friend, Honolulu, and originator of The Friend Peace Scholarships for the promotion of friendly relations between Japan and America.

12.00 o'clock. General Discussion.

AFTERNOON SESSION

Presiding—M. HONDA, Litt.D.

3.00 o'clock. Address—"Some of the Contributions of Feudal Japan to New Japan," KAN-ICHI ASAKAWA, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Japanese Civilization, Yale University, author of "The Early Institutional Life of Japan," and "The Russo-Japanese Conflict," Editor of "Japan" in the History of the Nations.

4.00 o'clock. Address—"The Secret of Japanese Success," GARRETT DROPPERS, Professor of Political Economy, Williams College, formerly Professor of Political Economy and Finance in the University of Tokyo.

5.00 o'clock. Address—"Medicine in Japan; some Notes on Its History and Present Condition," JOHN C. BERRY, M.D., late medical director Doshisha University Hospital, Kioto, Japan.

EVENING SESSION

Presiding—PRESIDENT G. STANLEY HALL, LL.D.

8.00 o'clock. Address—"A Literary Legend; The Oriental," WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS, D.D., L.H.D., formerly Professor in the Imperial University, Tokyo, author of "The Mikado's Empire," "Corea, Without and Within," "Japan, in History, Folk-Lore and Art," "The Japanese Nation in Evolution," etc., decorated by the Emperor of Japan.

INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION
IN THE UNITED STATES, INC.

GENERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

JOHN J. CARTY
FREDERICK G. COTTRELL
MRS. JAMES S. CUSHMAN
JOHN H. FINLEY
ARTHUR A. HAMERSCHLAG
JAMES G. HARBORD
CLARENCE H. HOWARD
MRS. JAMES LEES LAIDLAW
WILLIAM LAWRENCE
SIDNEY E. MEZES
ARTHUR E. MORGAN
MRS. DAVE H. MORRIS
SAMUEL W. STRATTON
MRS. CHARLES L. TIFFANY

HERBERT N. SHENTON, SECRETARY
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK CITY

Bey Switzerland

July 28, 1925-

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

EARLE B. BABCOCK, PRESIDENT
JOHN J. CARTY, VICE-PRESIDENT
HERBERT N. SHENTON, SECRETARY
DAVE H. MORRIS, TREASURER
LE ROY E. BOWMAN
FREDERICK G. COTTRELL
STEPHEN P. DUGGAN
HARRY E. EDMONDS
JOHN H. FINLEY
ALFRED N. GOLDSMITH
ARTHUR A. HAMERSCHLAG
HENRY GODDARD LEACH
SIDNEY E. MEZES
PAUL MONROE
FREDERICK H. OSBORN

Dear Prof. Okakawa,

You have given me an inspiring
Spirit to study this summer. I have held
Close to your counsel that I try first
& establish friendly relations, - that
Other things were secondary and would
follow later. It has been an exhibit-
ing experience, & I am happy & well
To say that many relations of friendliness
to you have resulted, where at first there
+ trust have resulted, even violent Antagonism.
Has suspicion + even violent Antagonism.
I can trust Mr. Charles Rieber
+ Prof. Jespersen as real friends, then former
An impassioned Esperantist, then latter an

May 28, 1923.

Professor K. Asakawa,
Yale Station,
New Haven, Connecticut.

My dear Asakawa:

Many thanks for your letter of May 24. I can
understand your point of view perfectly and I think it very
important that the Provost and Corporation should understand
it. I am taking the matter up again with Andrews and shall
hope to discuss it with Cross during the next three or four
days.

I am heartily sorry that you have been bothered.

Very sincerely yours,

June 23, 1923.

Professor K. I. Asakawa,
Yale Station,
New Haven, Connecticut.

Dear Asakawa:

I assume that you have received notice from the Corporation of the increase in your salary for the academic year 1923-24. You will note that this increase is made absolutely and in no way conditional.

I am very glad that things have worked out as they have, and I congratulate the Corporation on their good sense.

Very truly yours,

a fact which exerted a decisive influence upon all phases of material life. Politically, the race had achieved successes which had encouraged it, but also faced perils that challenged its mettle: it had subdued and assimilated the tribes less gifted and advanced in the arts of life, but progress northward was resisted tenaciously by the warlike Aino; it had constructed a state-system unified under a single ruling house, but the inherent evils of its tribal organization grew steadily, nor did it know how to meet its increasing need of an effective centralization. Culturally, the nation had already evinced an intimate love for the comely Nature in whose bosom it was nurtured, and a degree of aptitude to feel and reproduce the strong and graceful forms of what little arts and letters of Korea and China had filtered through fortuitous communication. Here was a people in the early springtime of life, sound in body and spirit, hopeful, sensitive, struggling for a fuller and freer existence, and looking with an undefined longing to an inspirations which the distant continent of Asia seemed to promise.

The promised boon came, from the middle of the sixth century, in abundant measure — far too abundant, in fact, for the race to be able at once to comprehend, much less to assimilate. For, as you have clearly shown, the flood of light that burst upon Japan combined the brilliance not only of the civilizations of two of the most accomplished nations of the world of that day, the Indian and the Chinese, a culture at least a millenium in advance of the Japanese, but also of indirect contributions from Hellenistic, Parthian, Iranian, and other minds. The sum was a rich amalgam of religion, arts, and literature, inseparably blended. Here, to change the metaphor, was a vast storehouse from which a race, coming late as it did to

3

its heritage, might continue to draw for ages without exhausting the
treasure.

Contact with a culture so highly complex and so immeasurably
more advanced than the native, would have stupified an inapt pupil
with amazement or staggered him with its overwhelming burden. Thanks,
however, to an insatiable passion for new learning and to an un-
fathomed power of absorption, the inrush of continental culture
stimulated the Japanese, not only to master it, but actually to
rival the very nations from which it had come. The earnest study
of the new lore and the application of its lessons to national life
that immediately followed can be compared only to a similar effort
made by the same people thirteen centuries later, when another
an equally
civilization, this time from Europe, invaded their land.
The Japanese aristocracy of the latter half of the sixth century
immediately set about to learn the wonderful ideographs of China,
and to reshape after a novel pattern, not only many of their laws and
matters, but also their customs, their dwellings and their clothes and all the arts
of life. For the first time the race was articulate; it had learnt
to record its events, and to express, haltingly as it may be, its
thoughts and feelings. For the first time edifices rose with colored
frames and curved roofs, and images were carved which embodied the
hitherto unknown ideals of a serene and benign life. For the first
time the very life on earth was charged with a subtle meaning which
identified it with the universal Life that encompassed it.

The race, or rather its ruling classes, had been awakened to
a desire for riches which were at once material and spiritual; it had
been stirred to a restlessness in pursuit of luxury, learning, and
spiritual peace. And this disquiting inspiration supervened at a time

when political unrest was becoming yearly more profound. The tribal
structure had long since proved impracticable, but no one was wise
enough to devise a reorganization to prevent the impending disinte-
gration or to save the nation from the dangers threatened by rival
~~state~~ *oga~~ itation
races and states. A peculiar *nagitation* may be observed in the ruling
minds of the Japanese at this juncture; they chafed ~~under~~ many
fears for their political future, and gave themselves up with the
~~many~~
greater abandon to the acquisition of fresh cultural refinements.

A closer view of the court life immediately prior to the
Suiko period seems to reveal certain odd features due to the abrupt
contact between the primitive and the advanced cultures. No pupil has
ever learnt a complicated lesson more fully than his untrained mind
could comprehend, nor in any other form than that determined by his
own limited experience. To this rule the Japanese understanding of
Buddhism and Buddhist art formed no exception. How could a race
bred to the belief in ancestral ghosts and nature-spirits at once
grasp the subtle doctrine of karma, or the Mahayana Law of which
all the deities of the Buddhist pantheon formed, as it were, evanesc-
ent manifestations designed for the salvation of all sentient beings?
To the native mind these deities were as many specific, individual
objects of devotion superadded to the historic gods of his land;
the promised blessing was interpreted as material gifts on earth
and bliss in the life beyond, while the path of salvation lay through
the making of images pictures and of images and the building of re-
ligious edifices. In fact, the full meaning of the theory of karma and
of the doctrine of the universal Buddha-nature,—the very testure of
Buddhism, remained hidden from the official understanding of the
Japanese rulers even to the end of the eighth century. How natural

it was that, in the late sixth century, the converts to the new faith
saw in it only a species of gospel that promised infinite returne
for a small coin,— security of the state and happiness of man in
exchange for a rite or a temple. Yet, it is true that, amid the hetero-
geneous refinements which appealed more to the senses than to the
spirit, true piety had been kindled in a few rare souls, the inner
lives of many had been touched, and awaied further deepening.

When the Suiko period dawned at last, Buddhism had been in
Japan for a half century, and the time was ripe for the first out-
burst of national art. The term "national" is used here, not with
the sense that the newly learnt art had been thoroughly assimilated
in the native genius, — manifestly there had not been sufficient
time for that, — but in the sense that at length we observe in the
various art forms of the period a distinct unity, a remarkable homo-
geneity, of feeling and of design. This is an important point which
you, my friend, are far more competent than I to explain. Even you
could not succeed, I dare say, without taking your reader to the
venerable monastery Hōryū-ji, where the architecture and sculpture of
the age breathe its spirit; even there, if I may say so without offence,
the subtle pervasive unity to which I refer would escape nine pairs
of eyes out of ten. How much more lame and helpless must be all
verbal description to convey the meaning that I have dogmatically
asserted. Let the reader turn over, repeatedly, the illustrations
of sculpture which your volume contains; let him note, in he can,
the half spiritual and half sensuous devotional piety that animates
the better specimens; and let him, if he will, compare the singular
quality of curves and cusps which runs through them all and through
which the taste of the time speaks. What graceful but powerful

6

lines, and how distinct from those that ruled the later periods of Japanese art. The same feeling for line repeats itself in the minor details of architecture, which lie beyond the scope of your work. As for the broader aspects of the same Buddhist architecture, nothing but an actual inspection of the monastery could demonstrate the ideal of the sanga-arama (Japanese garan), which comprised, as in a complete university, quadrangle, gates, hall of worship, pagoda, assembly hall, bell tower and drum tower, and western and eastern and refectory a bath-house, dormitories for monks, all harmonized in themselves, with one another, and with the surrounding Nature.

"The extraordinary grace and refinement of the work", Mr. Ralph Adams Cram writes, referring to the Suiko edifices of Hōryū-ji, "compel the most profound admiration. .. In simplicity and directness of construction, in subtlety and rythm of line, in dignity of massing, on perfection of proportion, and in gravity and solemnity of composition, it shows all the evidences of a supreme civilization." A generous appraisal indeed from a high authority.

Of the existence of a "supreme civilization" in the Suiko period, I have my secret doubts, but I cannot for a moment doubt what even my untrained eyes have seen of the unity in the spirit which underlies the whole of the best artistic production of that age and which expresses itself in all the greater and lesser aspects of its culture. What had heretofore been fragmentary, scattered, and

For my view of the art of the Suiko period, I am indebted to my friends, Professors C. Ito and T. Sekine, of the Imperial University of Tokyo.

U 7

heterogeneous, as reproduced rather mechanically from continental models, was by this time brought together as by a magic wand and welded into the organic harmony of Suiko art. There are here the form and the contents, all completed and co-ordinated and all animated by the master hands in which dwelled the soul of the age.

We know whose was the moving spirit that guided those master minds, and for that reason cannot wonder that the culture of the age presented such a striking unity. In Prince Umayado (A.D. 573-622), better known as Shōtoku (literally Saintly Virtue), Japan produced an extraordinary combination of scholar, Buddhist sage, prophet, social reformer and statesman, whose greatness has won increasing admiration with a growing understanding of his character and of his times. I cannot tarry to note the events of his life, which form a large part of the history of the age, but must be permitted to say a brief word of his dominant influence upon Suiko culture.

It was he who erected seven new monasteries, of which Tennō-ji has survived as an institution; and Hōryū-ji, together with the adjoining Chūgū-ji, preserves some of the very structures which he built and the images and other objects that were intimately associated with his person. Again, it was this Prince who selected three from the vast body of Buddhist scriptures, and lectured and wrote commentaries upon them. Scholars have often speculated on the reason for Shōtoku's choice of these three particular sutras. The Shōman (Srīmālā-devi) sutra is an exquisite story of Princess Srimala of Ayodhya in India who, in her deep compassion for mankind, vowed never to infringe the commandments, or be arrogant, offended, or envious; never to hold wealth for herself, devoting all to the poor and

I 8

the suffering; to accept all human beings without partiality; to
deliver from their misery the solitary, the imprisoned, and the
sick, and to benefit them with righteousness; to subdue or to ac-
cept the breakers of law and morals; and to accept the right
Law with steadfastness. In the Yuima (Vimala-kirti) sutra, Mahāyāna
Buddhism rises to the very height of eloquence in the trencha
and, uncompromising exposition of its doctrine through the mouth
of the sick Yuima of Vaisāli. He was a Rodhisattva who had assumed
the form of a layman for the salvation of man, and whose illness
would vanish only when all the illness, or, illusion, of mankind
was dispelled. As for the Hokke (Saddharma-pundarīka) sutra,
that is for many Buddhists the sum of the doctrine, containing as
it does the great idea that the Buddha has existed for all time,
for he is the very Reality, and that every being has in himself the
Buddha-nature and can become a Buddha. The same sutra also com-
prises, among other things, the fruitful teaching of the faith in
Kwannon (Avalokitesvara), a Rodhisattva who, like other beings of
the same order, defers the final attainment of Ruedhahood to which
she is entitled, in order that she may appear among men, freely
taking varied forms, and bring the mercy and the salvation of the
Law to whomever reposes his faith in her. It seems reasonable to
assume, as various scholars do, that Prince Shotoku chose these
three holy books for special exposition because he saw in the Hokke
the fundamental doctrine of Riddhism, and in the Yuima and the Sho-
man, respectively, the models of ideal manhood and womanhood. The
theory gains force when it is seen that, in his faithful comment-
aries, the Prince shows a degree of intelligent understanding of
the true import of Mahāyāna as a system of out-and-out altruistic

pantheism, a most convincing evidence of his intellectual superiority to the Japanese Buddhists of his and even of subsequent ages.

Most significant for the Suiko period is this conception of Buddhism by the Prince. From it resulted the practical acts of the man and the statesman. It was his altruistic pantheism which inspired him to build Horyu-ji, a veritable Buddhist university, and Tenno-ji which comprised institutions of charity and medical administration; to elaborate and harmonize the artistic phases of religion as its concrete expressions; and, through the institution of several political reforms, to establish the principle of a centralized government as an embodiment of the Buddhist doctrine of universal brotherhood in mundane affairs. So inclusive was his comprehension of Buddhism that later ages have proved that it actually foreshadowed the religious, cultural, and political developments of the century which followed. It is for these reasons that I conclude that it was chiefly through Shōtoku that the civilization of his period gathered together and developed into a harmonious unity the various factors which had grown up sporadically.

A survey of Suiko culture would be incomplete if it did not consider its serious limitations. There was indeed harmony, but it was born largely of one man's mind and enjoyed by a restricted society; there was unity, but in imitation of a foreign model yet unripe

It has been pointed out that the Prince followed at least in part the commentaries by Fa Yün of China. It is probable that neither scholar attained the highest point of philosophical under standing in his exposition of Mahāyāna. Nevertheless, I believe that Shōtoku's comprehension was clearly in advance of the current thought of the Buddhists in Japan.

10

and destined to see higher accomplishment. Further and newer stimuli were still to come from China. Even as the mind and heart off the nation were to achieve freer articulation through a fuller knowledge of the ideographs and the invention of the kana syllables, and as the political reforms of the future were to save the state from disintegration and secure a fuller and nobler existence; so, too, the genius of the native land and race, that spirit of a gentle and luminous nature and of the ever susceptible and joyous people, still more profoundly was to impress itself upon the evolution of culture through the succeeding ages. The Suiko period was like a lake where the slender headwaters of the national life of Japan were collected for a time, to emerge, a voluminous stream, past a richer and more diversified landscape.

Such is the general review, expressed in unschelastic language, of the conception which I have formed of the culture of Suiko times. Do you find in it points that you can approve? I should never have spread myself thus far, had you not prevailed on me by repeated requests. And I beg that you and Mrs. Warner will regard this idle message as my indirect way of expressing the joy and gratitude that I feel at the appearance of your joint work on the plastic expression of that early adolescence of Japanese culture.

Faithfully yours,

K. Asakawa

Department of History,
Yale University.

19 EAST SEVENTIETH STREET
NEW YORK

November 28, 1924

My dear Professor Asakawa, -

Your charming letter makes Mr. Morris and me happy. We feel that we are in debt to President Morgan for having brought us all together. The pleasure has been so completely ours that we are delighted to find it is shared by you.

I am glad to have your notes; unless you need them immediately, I shall keep them for about a fortnight so as to have them copied by my secretary as soon as she has time after I leave for Florida. She will return to you the original notes together with one of the copies.

A number of friends have told us that they felt your talk at Mrs. Phipps' was the gem of the Evening. You helped along the good cause and aroused interest in it, which we hope may be permanent.

I shall send your message to Mrs. Cushman. She has told me that she and her husband greatly enjoyed meeting you and having you with them for dinner.

Mr. Morris joins with me in warmest remembrances.

GENERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

JOHN J. CARTY
FREDERICK G. COTTRELL
MRS. JAMES S. CUSHMAN
JOHN H. FINLEY
ARTHUR A. HAMERSCHLAG
JAMES G. HARBORD
CLARENCE H. HOWARD
MRS. JAMES LEES LAIDLAW
WILLIAM LAWRENCE
SIDNEY E. MEZES
ARTHUR E. MORGAN
MRS. DAVE H. MORRIS
MRS. CHARLES L. TIFFANY

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

EARLE B. BABCOCK, PRESIDENT
JOHN J. CARTY, VICE-PRESIDENT
HERBERT N. SHENTON, SECRETARY
DAVE H. MORRIS, TREASURER
LE ROY E. BOWMAN
FREDERICK G. COTTRELL
STEPHEN P. DUGGAN
HARRY E. EDMONDS
JOHN H. FINLEY
ALFRED N. GOLDSMITH
ARTHUR A. HAMERSCHLAG
HENRY GODDARD LEACH
SIDNEY E. MEZES
FREDERICK H. OSBORN

19 East 70th Street
New York

April 1, 1925.

Prof. K. Asakawa
Department of History
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut

My dear Prof. Asakawa,

Your letters of March 29th and 30th have been received, and I am so glad you think you can be with us over the weekend of May fourth. It is very good of you to try to arrange for this visit.

I am torn between conflicting emotions. One part of me says: "do not be insistent; it is a nuisance". Another part of me keeps repeating: "it would be so wonderful if Professor Asakawa would speak on May fifth, - can he not be prevailed upon to reconsider?" I do not know whether I ought to write to you in this spontaneous vein, but you are responsible for giving me the happy feeling that you will always understand, so I am yielding to the part of me that dies hard in its buoyant belief in the old adage "If at first you don't succeed, try, try, try again". We do really want you with our whole hearts and minds. The date of May 5th has not been definitely fixed. We are all still holding it open, but can make any readjustment that would suit you better. We had only thought of that date because we thought it would be easier for you to take in all I AL activities on one trip than to make a second trip from New Haven. If, however, another date would be more convenient for you I am sure we can manage it. The only conditions that we should like to fulfill are that the meeting be in the afternoon, any week day, except Friday or Saturday.

I trust you will forgive my yielding to my impulse and that you will realize two things, first, that we want you most terribly and nobody else, and second, that if you still feel that you must decline we shall thoroughly understand even though with tears.

With sincerest greetings,

April 3, 1925

Mrs. Dave H. Morris,
19 East 70th Street,
New York City.

My dear Mrs. Morris:

I have received your letter and package.
Senator Root's suggestions are very valuable.
Letters from people whom you invite to become
our Corresponding Consultants are very interest-
ing indeed. As for letters in Nov-Esperanto I
have not yet had time to puzzle over them. I
shall return all the manuscripts that belong to
you.

What sort of response did you have
from the Idists at the last meeting? I am very
curious to know the results.

Now, as regards the question of the
suggested speech, I also am torn between conflict-
ing emotions. Should I consent to do a thing
which almost anyone could do better than I, and
which lies so far from my own field of knowledge?
Yet, could I refuse a request made so repeatedly
and so courteously, without making of myself a
boor? I do not wish to seem to invite coaxing.
Nor would I care if I made a dismal failure in
the attempt, but would that not be irresponsible
of me for the cause you wish me to promote? Now,
dear Mrs. Morris, in this state of mind, the best,
perhaps the only way, to make me yield would be
for you to address yourself to my sense of duty.
No other appeal would seem to me as strong.
Could you say that I was shirking my duty as the
only other member of our Committee if I declined
to speak?

- 2 -

The question of date does not frighten
me so much as two other things; the presence of
school children, and my ignorance of the subject.
How could I speak in a way which would interest
the young folks and yet would not bore college
students and other highbrows? If I tried to
appeal to the understanding of the highly educat-
ed, I should be sorry for the poor innocent. Also
I hardly have spare time to look for material on
which such an address should be based, no matter
how simple it ought to be worded. Could you per-
haps, coupled with a reproach for my shirking of
duty, give me a promise to keep away too young
children and to lend me again your book by Leon
D. Gúrd?

As for the date, I would accept May 5th,
if I might bring over a lot of work to do when I
visit you. I have a stiff seminar class on
Chivalry on Wednesday the 6th.

With best wishes to you and Mr. Morris,

I am

Very sincerely yours,

GENERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

No. 19 East 70th Street

New York

September 11, 1925

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Prof. K. Asakawa,
Department of History,
Yale University,
New Haven, Connecticut.

My dear Professor Asakawa:

letter of August 29,

It was delightful to receive your

I had a very enjoyable conversation
with Richet in Paris, and a wonderful visit of about two weeks
from Professor and Mrs. Jespersen in Bex and Geneva. Jespersen
has consented to be chief adviser for Linguistic Research, to be
undertaken by I A L A. He is not only a great linguistic scholar,
but a noble spirit.

Preparing my final report of the summer's
work will take a long time, because I now have only occasional odd
moments to devote to it. The first section should be finished and
mailed before the end of this month, and you will receive a copy
as soon as it is ready. The second section, which will include an
analysis of the situation and conclusions, will be still longer in
preparation, but will, I hope, describe the possibilities for future
coordination and definite lines of work in such a way that it may
serve as a basis of action for several years to come, that is, of course, if
approVED by you & the directors.

When you read the recommendations pre-
pared in Europe "Concerning 'Linguistic Research'" which will be en-
closed in the first section of my report, you will notice that it
is recommended that one of the three suggested Research Directors
be a non-Indo-European. There was some difference of opinion on
this matter, but fortunately, Jespersen was favorably inclined,
and when he found that I had a real conviction on the subject, he
readily acceded to favoring it actively, and his advocacy prevailed.
There was general agreement that personal qualification rather than
nationality should be the prevailing element in making a choice,
and there was a general tendency towards the idea that said Director
should be either Japanese or Chinese rather than, let us say, Indian
or Persian. The reasons for this tendency were:

No. 1. There exists stronger and more widespread interest
in the Auxiliary Language Problem in China and Japan than in any
other country in Asia.

September 11, 1925.

Prof. K. Asakawa,

No. 2. The Japanese and Chinese are in many ways in closer and more sympathetic contact with Occidental nations than are other nations in Asia. This statement may be challenged owing to waves of anti-Americanism in Japan and political antagonism to all foreign nations in China; but there seem to be, none the less, many instances of genuine understanding between individuals and groups in Japan and China, and in European and American countries, while the statement appear * many to be true*.

The two practical questions that now confront us are, how to find the necessary funds and how to find the men to fill the positions of Directors.

Can you make any suggestions for finding the right men?

I have returned from Europe in better health than I have enjoyed in many years. It is good to be with the family once more, and we are all very happy together.

I feel that the summer abroad has been rich in the establishment of friendly contacts, and that firm foundations have been laid for future progress. I only wish that things could move more quickly. I know this great Auxiliary Language movement needs the point of view of the astronomer rather than the microscopist, but since living through a week of Esperanto fellowship during the Congress in Geneva, I do long more ardently than ever that even we of the older generation may see a great practical expansion of the movement, and have the fun of enjoying some of it with the younger generation.

Mr. Morris joins in warmest remembrances.

K. ASAKAWA

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

October 22, 1925.

Mrs. Dave H. Morris,
19 East 17 Street,
New York City.

My dear Mrs. Morris:

I wrote to President Angell before the University opened, asking him to arrange an interview with me. At last I succeeded in seeing him for a little while more than ten days ago. He was very much interested in the whole subject as you had told me, and promised to write to a number of professors, sounding their opinions about the subject and also about the possibility of introducing an optional course of instruction. When he hears from them he will probably see me again and advise me further in the matter. You are perhaps aware that the Yale Faculty is known to be rather conservative about such things and things will move rather slowly here I fear. It would at any event be too late now to begin any course of instruction for this academic year. If a dinner is to be given, it seems to me advisable to have it postponed till the end of the academic year, so that its impressions will not be forgotten when the University opens again next fall. In the meantime, I should be interested to know the results of your effort at Harvard.

Referring to your letter of Sept. 11th, I was delighted to read that you had succeeded in reserving a place for an oriental scholar on your Board of Research Directors. As to the right person who should be selected for that place, I should like to have a personal conference with you sometime this fall, since I presume that the matter requires no special haste.

December 17, 1925.

Professor K. I. Asakawa,
Yale Station,
New Haven, Conn.

Dear Asakawa:

Forgive my slow response to your letter with
regard to the office. I have delayed as I wish to investi-
gate the situation, and see whether it was not possible to
secure an office for you this year. Apparently the one which
Gabriel is now using has been promised to McDonald when he
comes in the second term, and I have not been able to find
any other. I do not see however, why the History Department
cannot claim this office for you after McDonald's departure
in June. If anything better appears upon the horizon, I will
let you know.

I am glad to be able to inform you that I have
included in the budget a salary increase of $600. for next
year, which has been approved by the Provost and received the
hearty endorsement of the Corporation's Committee on Educational
Policy. I have every reason to believe it will be passed by
the Corporation's Council on Finance. My hope is that this is
only a step.

With warm regards,

Faithfully yours,

K. Asakawa

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

1 April 1926

Dear Mr. Angell,

Mrs. Morris, referring to her original idea of giving a dinner here, writes: "Mr. Angell's reversing the hospitality was both gracious and delightful, and of course far more effective than our first idea." This exactly expresses my own reason for being grateful to you. I regretted that I was not so situated as to be able to do much socially for the Morrises, but they obtained results through your hospitality much more than through anything I might have done. With these results they seem to be more than gratified. If it is not presumptuous, I wish to add to theirs my gratitude to you for having given so generously of your time and thought.

If anything is to be done here according to Mrs. Morris' desire, it seems essential that, as you suggested, Miss Kennon and Mr. Thorndike should work out a clear-out program of a ten-lesson test, which might be used in many colleges and schools. I urged that upon the visitors, and will persist in doing so. Miss Kennon does not seem to think or speak with Mrs. Morris' definiteness and decision; I shall venture to worry that one through the other.

When I have an opportunity to see you again,

November 8, 1926

Professor K. I. Asakawa,
1141 Edwards Hall.

Dear Asakawa:

I learned only this morning from Allison that you have been
receiving salary checks on the basis of a $2400 salary. It should of
course be $2600 from the History Department. I have written to Mr. Os-
trander to correct this error and to make good the deficiency for the
first two months. Will you not let me know if the matter is not satis-
factorily arranged?

With warm regards,

Always yours faithfully,

GENERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

19 East 70th Street
December 3, 1936

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Professor K. Asakawa
1141 Yale Station
New Haven, Connecticut

My dear Professor Asakawa:

Recently Mr. Henry Goddard Leach, Editor of the FORUM, brought to see me Mr. C. K. Ogden of England, co-author with I. A. Richards of "The Meaning of Meaning" and a leading spirit in directing the "International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method". We had a long talk about the linguistic research work which I am directing and participating in for I A L A and I gave Mr. Ogden I A L A's "Outline of Program", my "Reality and Language" and some other papers to peruse at leisure. A few days later I received from Mr. Ogden a letter saying that the FORUM would like to print my article, providing I agreed to the title "Why Should We Cut Out Our Tongues" and to some cutting and revision. He sent me his own suggestions for changes.

Since then Mr. Ogden has spent about four hours with me in going over auxiliary language matters, particularly my linguistic manuscripts and beginnings of card indexes. I enclose his most recent letter to me, which is very encouraging and implies that we may get some valuable cooperation from him and his associates in the future. This kind of cooperation is what we have all along been hoping for. Our faith seems to be justified that as soon as we produce a certain amount of work which might be of service in certain technical fields, there will be no difficulty in securing the highest type of cooperation in the further development of such work.

In reply to Mr. Ogden's pressing me for the final revision of "Why Should We Cut Out Our Tongues", I sent him yesterday a copy of the manuscript herewith enclosed, saying that unless I wanted to make some further revision after conferring with you, he might consider this to be my final manuscript, subject to his own suggestions.

December 31, 1926.

Professor K. Asakawa
Department of History
Yale University.

My dear Professor Asakawa,--

It was delightful to hear from you, and I passed on promptly
your letter to Mr. Champion, who spoke enthusiastically about meeting you,
and shared your regret that it could not be for longer.

You *refer to* my manuscript *in regard to* its not *referring to* "terms of manner, (adjectives, adverbs, etc.)". I should say that in my mind your comment is possibly covered by the clauses, "adjectives qualify nouns; adverbs immediately modify verbs, and *intermediately* modify both nouns and verbs through modifying adjectives and other adverbs;" — but perhaps you feel I should have given more prominence to adjectives and adverbs.

A description of progress of linguistic research would be
difficult. I hope for the pleasure of showing you the work itself when
we meet again.

Will you stay with us on February 2nd and spend the night?
The annual meeting of the I.A.L.A. is to take place that evening at the
Automobile Club, and we hope surely you will be able to attend it. The
following morning we could go over research matters together.

Miss Eaton and I taught Esperanto as planned in the Children's University School last Spring, when we gave about eighteen lessons to a group of delightfully bright children. Last summer Miss Eaton was very successful in conducting an Esperanto course at a Columbia summer session. She had six pupils, three of whom were teachers. Two of them are now teaching Esperanto in their respective schools. Miss Eaton has just completed a ten lessons outline course in Esperanto for adults at the Browning School. There were, I think, twenty-seven registrants of whom possibly twenty were steady, enthusiastic students.

The project to be prepared by Dr. Kennon for use in
colleges is progressing steadily although slowly. We do not know when
she will have it ready. There seem to be endless delays, but we
believe she is doing excellent work.

Hoping for the pleasure of seeing you February 2nd, I am

Reval, (Estonia).

Eha 10.

28 Sept. 1927

Professor K. Asakawa

Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

Dear Professor,

Please permit me to express to you my sincere
thanks for your friendly letter of the 11th and for
your favorable and commendatory judgment regarding
OCCIDENTAL.

You have called my attention to the name
which I have given to this language. I, too, have the
opinion that it would be problematical, at least in the
present state of things, to make a language which should
be common for all peoples. At all events, it is a problem
surpassing my feeble powers. A great work cannot be real-
ized immediately, but only by slow steps, little by
little, beginning with what is most needed.

Now, today the relations between the Oriental
peoples are still far from the state which the Occiden-
tal peoples have attained among themselves. The rela-
tions between the peoples of the Orient and the Occident
are at present being carried on by means of the English
language, and this will probably continue as long as

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the Anglo-Saxons more or less command the marine traffic
between nations. But what is felt in the greatest
need at the present moment is a medium of relation between
the peoples of Europe torn by discords, customs duties,
and other obstacles against communication. If we had such
a medium in a language which shall be founded in so com-
prehensive a manner upon our Occidental culture and
customs as to be our useful common language, the obstacles
would be somewhat removed. If that language should expand
itself even beyond Europe, to America and to the
Orient, it would be for Europeans a great advantage,
and, I think, in the actual state of things, also for
the Orientals, for OCCIDENTAL would be about ten times
easier for them than English.

But I think that my work should not aspire for
a worldwide expansion and use, and for that reason I
have given to my work the modest name of that which it
represents. It is in fact a quintessence of the Occiden-
tal languages and an expression of the Occidental civili-
zation. As its name indicates, it is only an Occidental
language, and nothing more. That it will succeed in
becoming a Cosmoglotta is the prediction of Professor

(3)

Guérand, who probably knows whereof he speaks. But how
many languages have called themselves world-languages or
international languages which never have had a single
adherent beyond their authors? But the language OCCIDENTAL,
which, thanks to the enthusiasm of its adepts, is begin-
ning to march with increasing rapidity, would, even if
it achieved its highest aspirations, always remain an
Occidental language. Likewise, Esperanto, Ido, and the
other projects of international language are not Oriental
or neutral or common, any more than OCCIDENTAL; they are
merely less European, less cultural, and less natural.
Only their pretensions are greater, and nothing else.

If the Oriental peoples should agree to adopt
a possible common language for use among themselves,
that would be a great gain, and perhaps might prove
~~as~~ later an example for Europe; a medium of mutual under-
standing might also be *found* there. Such regional
inter-languages then might become *as many cells* for a
truly common language of the human race in the future.

~~For Today, however, and for a long time yet,~~
I cannot imagine the possibility of such a language.
And for this reason I have confined myself only to what

(4)

has seemed to me possible. As you may see, I have
not been able to consider even the Slavonic languages
in my vocabulary; which, however, is not from chauvin-
istic motives, (I have been officer in the Russian navy,
and I love the Russians, whose language is ~~doubly~~ second
mother tongue), but simply because the problem seemed
beyond my powers. "In magnis et voluisse sat", says
a Latin proverb; and a German: "In der Beschränkung
zeigt sich der Meister." I have not desired to invent
anything, ~~striven~~ but have tried to listen to the voice of Nature.

And so your estimation, as that of an Oriental
person, honors me doubly.

With high esteem and respect, I remain,

Yours sincerely,

E. Wahl.

Mr. Andrew Keogh
Librarian, Yale University

30 November 1927

Dear Mr. Keogh:

I wish to make a brief comment on the large collection of manuscript material
on the history of southern France which has been offered to us for purchase by
M. Édouard Champion, of Paris.

The documents in the collection cover the period from 811 to 1655 and relate
to the vast territory south of the Loire and north of the Pyrenees. The collection
forms some 320 volumes bound in cloth and about 40 volumes unbound. A great mass
of these documents no longer exist in the original; all of them together, except
such small parts as have been published in different works, constitute, aside from
the manuscripts from which they have been copied, a unique copy.

Before I describe the contents of the collection, a word may be said as to
its origin. The late M. Edmond Cabié of Roquesérière (Haute Garonne), a graduate
of the Ecole des Chartes and trained paleographer, had these documents copied at
his expense, between 1875 and 1905, at the Bibliothèque Nationale, and, as the
Municipal Council of Toulouse certifies, revised, corrected, and annotated the
copies. Probably this was done in connection with his work on the religious wars
of South France, which he later wrote and published, but, I presume, primarily for
his love of the history of his native land.

The immense collection falls into four parts: the Fonds Latin, the Fonds
Français, the "Collection de Languedoc (Bénédictine)", and the "Collection Doat".
(The following is a summary of an analysis which the writer has made of the detailed
description of the Cabié manuscripts furnished by M. Champion, containing a certi-
ficate of the Municipal Council of Toulouse; and of the authoritative statements
of the Collection Doat and the Collection de Languedoc by the archivists L. Delisle,
1871, and Ph. Lauer, 1905. Delisle's report was published in the Bibliothèque de
l'Ecole des Chartes, tome 32; Lauer's, in Bibliothèque Nationale: Inventaire des
Collections sur l'Histoire des Provinces de France, tome 1.)

1. The Fonds Latin, 11 volumes, consists of excerpts from Latin works on

-2-

Aquitain and Gascony by Estiennot and others, containing copies of original documents.

2. The Fonds Français, 139 volumes, includes "registres" of the invaluable documents of the Trésor des Chartes; documents in the national and departmental archives; and those collected by the famous scholars Baluze and Moreau. All who know the published volumes of the *Layettes du Trésor des Chartes*, and the published works of Baluze, may readily understand the great variety and the inestimable value of the unpublished documents forming the Fonds Français.

3. The "Collection de Languedoc (Bénédictine)", some 40 volumes, contains, besides the cartulary of Lezat, rich materials on the geography, genealogy, ecclesiastical history, municipal and seigneurial administration, and taxation, of Languedoc. These had been gathered by de Vic and Vaissete when they were preparing their monumental work, the *Histoire Générale de Languedoc*.

4. By far the most important part is a complete copy of the "Collection Doat". The original "Collection Doat" forms a tenth of the entire manuscript material on the provincial history of France kept at the Bibliothèque Nationale. It was made by order of Colbert, in 1665-1670, by Doat and many other skilled men, in remarkably good hand, from the archives of cities, chateaux, churches, and monasteries, of the South; when the copies were sent to Paris, they were rearranged and classified in an admirable order; - the convenient arrangement has been commended by modern archivists. The documents begin with Charlemagne's time and reach continuously down to the middle of the seventeenth century. They are of infinite variety, comprising papal bulls and letters; royal orders; seigneurial and municipal acts and charters; documents of bishoprics, abbeys, chapters, priories, and hospitals; of universities and colleges; records of marriages, and testaments. Among the feudal documents figure homages, oaths of fealty, investitures, etc., including those relating to Simon and Amaury of Montfort and many other lords well known in history. The religious materials comprise, among other things, actual trials of heretics; treatises on inquisition written by ecclesiastical judges; matters of the Crusades,

-3-

the Great Schism, the various Orders and the Templars; and the relations with
the Jewish population. Documents of local customary laws and private transactions
of business are abundant.

The distinguished place which Languedoc held in the medieval history of
Europe is well known: it was here that the influence of Roman law was strongly
felt in public and private life through the Visigothic, Frankish, and French
periods; that the political relations with England brought about complex develop-
ments of events; that heresies flourished, causing the Albigensian wars and the
inquisitions; and that many institutions--land, municipal, feudal, and seigneurial--
saw a peculiar evolution, the contrast of which with those of other regions is
always illuminating. The documents in the collection Cabié bear on all these and
other phases of history, and afford abundant material for the study of the religion,
culture, government, and economic life in all parts of Languedoc.

After this description, it would seem superfluous to dwell on the enormous
value of the collection as a whole. It is, in its entirety, unique in France
outside of the Bibliothèque Nationale, and, if we should acquire it, would be
absolutely unparalleled in America. It would not only immensely strengthen our
medieval collection, but also afford us material out of which many theses for the
doctorate could be evolved, and which would lead generations of American scholars
to start on their careers of original investigation. Also the value of the rich
sources for our work in university instruction would be incalculable. M. Champion,
after his recent visit in America, has considered our own Library the most worthy
place in this country for the keeping of the Cabié manuscripts. It is hardly
necessary to say that such a magnificent collection is not likely to come our way
again for many a year. To let this rare opportunity pass by us would be, for Yale
University and for the cause of historical study in America, a great pity.

Faithfully yours,

K. Asakawa.

30 November 1927

Dear Mr. Keogh:

Before I describe the contents of the collection, a word may be said as to the origin. The late M. Edmond Cabié of Roquesérière (Haute Garonne), a graduate of the École des Chartes and trained paleographer, had these documents copied at his expense, between 1975 and 1905, at the Bibliothèque Nationale, and, as the Municipal Council of Toulouse certifies, revised, corrected, and annotated the copies. Probably this was done in connection with his work on the religious wars of South France, which he later wrote and published, but, I presume, primarily for his love of the history of his native land.

The immense collection falls into four parts: the Fonds Latin, the Fonds Français, the "Collection de Languedoc (Bénédictine)", and the "Collection Doat". (The following is a summary of an analysis which the writer has made of the detailed description of the Cabié manuscripts furnished by M. Champion, containing a certificate of the Municipal Council of Toulouse; and of the authoritative statements of the Collection Doat and the Collection de Languedoc by the archivists L. Delisle, 1871, and Ph. Lauer, 1905. Delisle's report was published in the Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, tome 32; Lauer's, in Bibliothèque Nationale; Inventaire des Collections sur l'Histoire des Provinces de France, tome 1.)

-2-

1. The Fonds Latin, 11 volumes, consists of excerpts from Latin works on Aquitain and Gascony by Estiennot and others, containing copies of original documents.

2. The Fonds Français, 139 volumes, includes "registres" of the invaluable documents of the Trésor des Chartes; documents in the national and departmental archives; and those collected by the famous scholars Baluze and Moreau. All who know the published volumes of the *Layettes de Trésor des Chartes*, and the published works of Baluze, may readily understand the great variety and the inestimable value of the unpublished documents forming the Fonds Français.

4. By far the most important part is a complete copy of the "Collection Doat". The original "Collection Doat" forms a tenth of the entire manuscript material on the provincial history of France kept at the Bibliothèque Nationale. It was made by order of Colbert, in 1665-1670, by Doat and many other skilled men, in remarkably good hand, from the archives of cities, chateaux, churches, and monasteries, of the South; when the copies were sent to Paris, they were rearranged and classified in an admirable order; —the convenient arrangement has been commended by modern archivists. The documents begin with Charlemagne's time and reach continuously down to the middle of the seventeenth century. They are of infinite variety, comprising papal bulls and letters; royal orders; seigneurial and municipal acts and charters; documents of bishoprics, abbeys, chapters, priories, and hospitals; of universities and colleges; records of marriages, and testaments. Among the feudal documents figure homages, oaths of fealty, investitures, etc., including those relating to Simon and Amaury of Montfort and many other lords well known in history. The religious materials

comprise, among other things, actual trials of heretics; treatises on inquisition written by ecclesiastical judges; matters of the Crusades, the Great Schism, the various Orders and the Templars; and the relations with the Jewish population. Documents of local customary laws and private transactions of business are abundant.

The distinguished place which Languedoc held in the medieval history of Europe is well known: it was here that the influence of Roman law was strongly felt in public and private life through the Visigothic, Frankish, and French periods; that the political relations with England brought about complex developments of events; that heresies flourished, causing the Albigensian wars and the inquisitions; and that many institutions—land, municipal, feudal, and seigneurial—saw a peculiar evolution, the contrast of which with those of other regions is always illuminating. The documents in the collection Cabié bear on all these and other phases of history, and afford abundant material for the study of the religion, culture, government, and economic life in all parts of Languedoc.

After this description, it would seem superfluous to dwell on the enormous value of the collection as a whole. It is, in its entirety, unique in France outside of the Bibliothèque Nationale, and, if we should acquire it, would be absolutely unparalleled in America. It would not only immensely strengthen our medieval collection, but also afford us material out of which many theses for the doctorate could be evolved, and which would lead generations of American scholars to start on their careers of original investigation. Also the value of the rich sources for our work in university instruction would be inculcable. M. Champion, after his recent visit in America, has considered our own Library the most worthy place in this country for the keeping of the Cabié manuscripts. It is hardly necessary to say that such a magnificent collection is not likely to come our way again for many a year. To let this rare opportunity pass by us would be, for Yale University and for the cause of historical study in America, a great pity.

Faithfully yours,
Kawasaki Asakawa

2141 Yale Station

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

12 December

1927

K. Asakawa

Dear Mrs. Morris:

It was a great pleasure to visit your home once more, and, above all, to have the privilege to confer with you.

I thank you sincerely for your always generous hospitality. The hotel was very comfortable. After Saturday, I was attending to my own affairs, and did not consider myself your guest, but presumed to keep the room till Sunday.

I accepted the expenses which you offered to reimburse, understanding that this was customarily done. I return herewith, however, what exceeded my actual expenses.

The memorandum I dictated to your secretary needs to be revised. If you will kindly send me its duplicate at your convenience, I will make changes.

The note I wrote on the relation of my views and Mr. Rose's suggestions, must also be revised and copied. I am afraid I have to lay it aside for several days. The moment I return here, I lose all leisure. The work that surrounds me here is not only massive, but also quite exacting for my littler brain. A multitude of things I must do is laid aside, to give place to my first duties, which are to the University. I shall, however, steal time during the vacation to revise the two notes which I owe you.

My humble opinion of the kind of work represented by Mr. Collinson's papers on quantified and proposition-connections is, to speak frankly, that its value for our main objective will be indirect - that it can become very indirect, if indulged in for its own sake. In every research in every field, there is possibility of pursuing studies (which are sincere and deep) in by-paths which do not directly converge on the goal. Only by very rigorously controlling one's own studies by his steadfast aim to return to the high road after picking treasures by the

K. Asakawa

NEW HAVEN, CONN.

wayside, deliberate side-studies can become of contri-
butory value. I do not know how many times I have squan-
dered precious hours by exploring attractive valleys and
woods. A vast majority of scholars in all fields are al-
ways wandering there. The results are often of value to
humanity, and the world is the richer for them. But that
is because the world is vast and time is infinite. On the
contrary, our aims are definite and our time is short
and extremely precious. Every study must be mercilessly
bent to our one purpose.

I think that if we decided to submit our studies to the
scrutiny of scholars, that very fact would react on our
studies in a salutary manner.

Yours very sincerely,

KA:EM

21 December, 1927

Mrs. Dave H. Morris
Honorary Secretary

Dear Mrs. Morris:-

My association with your work and my observation and thought have gradually brought me to the following conviction:- That it would be practically impossible to aim from the beginning at a synthetic language which would be fair to all national languages and acceptable to all nations; and that it would be much wiser, for the present, to devote our work exclusively to the consideration of a synthetic language which would serve the peoples of Occidental culture only. My reasons for this viewpoint are briefly as follows.

The chief purpose of an I.A.L. is to facilitate intercommunication among nations. But there is a second aim which is directly contributory to the first, namely, accessibility to and fro between the I.A.L. and the existing national languages: it should be equally easy to pass from one national language to the I.A.L. and to pass from the latter to another national language in use in the group which the I.A.L. serves. In other words, an I.A.L. should possess not only intercommunicational, but also educational and cultural value. Without the latter value, an I.A.L. would not be synthetic, but arbitrary; not auxiliary, but an imposition. And the very purpose of intercommunication would be largely defeated, for such language, however simple and perfect in its mechanical structure, would be more or less alien to the culture of the nations for which it was designed, and its apparent simplicity would really be a demand for sheer memorizing. If, on the contrary, an I.A.L. embodied elements of the common historic culture of the group of nations which it served, everyone would discover in it something familiar and congenial to him, and would find it a pleasure and stimulus to

-3-

learn it, and also, from this foundation, to study
other languages of the group. Such a synthetic language
would then be vastly more than a mechanical tool of
intercommunication, but also a vital contribution to
civilization in a really spiritual sense.

The double purpose-intercommunicational and
cultural-could, it is clear, never be attained if we
strove to make an I.A.L. designed for all nations,
Occidental and Oriental. In the present state of our
knowledge, it would manifestly be an impossibility
to arrive at once at a common denominator of the great
diversity of peoples and civilizations that exist in
the world; to find a common ground of linguistic cul-
ture which would satisfy even the more important of
the nations of the world. Any I.A.L. which could be
devised for the world's use would be either one of the
two things: a cold mechanism expressing the heritage
of no nation; or an incongruous mixture of artificial
rules on the one hand, and, on the other, a prepon-
derantly one-sided vocabulary. A language of the latter
sort would, in its geometrical aspects, seem an offen-
sive exorcidence to the nations whose vocabulary it
has borrowed, and, in its vocabulary, an intolerable
imposition to the other nations. The result would be
that neither party (except a few adherents which any
I.A.L. would acquire) would accept such an I.A.L.
officially or otherwise in any large number. To all
certainty, it would be changed, and other schemes
would spring up.

Would it not be far wiser to make up our
minds at once to limit definitely the scope of our
work and to concentrate our effort solely upon the
consideration of what should be a great regional lan-
guage of the Occident? Such decision would influence
our work in a decisive manner and determine its char-
acter in all its aspects. We should be liberated from
an impossible task and be enabled to work within the
range of practicability. We should bend our energies
to the consideration of what would be natural to the

-3-

history and true to the genius of the Occident, and not something which would be simple in appearance but in reality unnatural to some, alien to others, and unacceptable and uncongenial and unacceptable to all. With so clear a purpose in our constant view, our task, though still vast in range, could, in all its progress and in all its branches, be controlled and directed to definite ends. Moreover, the co-operation of other scholars and of the interested public could be sought and obtained with comparative ease.

The result of this labor should be frankly and simply called an Occidental I.A.L. It should not, under any circumstances, be proclaimed as a world language, and the Oriental peoples should not be asked to adopt it for intercommunication among themselves. They would naturally use it, of their free will, in their communication with Occidental nations, but should be left free either to accept it for their own uses or to frame, if they would, an equally important regional language of their own. Only upon the basis of great regional languages, which shall have been tried and tested, a truly practicable world language could some day be built.

An adequate Occidental I.A.L. would be a contribution to humanity worthy of the best effort of any body of scholars. But it would not be necessary, perhaps, for our Association to renounce its original object to prepare the ground for a world language. My plea is only for a clear formulation of the first great task of the Association.

Very faithfully yours,

KA:EM

February 9, 1928

Professor Kan-Ichi Asakawa,
9 Hopkins Hall.

Dear Asakawa:

I had meant to speak to you on Tuesday, but found no
opportunity to tell you that the History budget has been approved
by the Prudential Committee of the Corporation, providing an in-
crease in your salary of $500. This is a matter of great satis-
faction to me personally, and I know that the Department would be
pleased with this slight recognition of your services by the Cor-
poration.

Always yours sincerely,

GENERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

JOHN J. CARTY
FREDERICK G. COTTRELL
MRS. JAMES S. CUSHMAN
JOHN H. FINLEY
JAMES G. HARBORD
CLARENCE H. HOWARD
MRS. JAMES LEES LAIDLAW
WILLIAM LAWRENCE
SIDNEY E. MEZES
ARTHUR E. MORGAN
MRS. DAVE H. MORRIS
SAMUEL W. STRATTON

NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS
525 WEST 120 ST., NEW YORK CITY

CABLE ADDRESS: INTALA NEW YORK

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY HERBERT N. SHENTON
SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, SYRACUSE, N. Y.

19 East 70th Street
New York

March 15, 1938

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

EARLE B. BABCOCK, PRESIDENT
JOHN J. CARTY, VICE-PRESIDENT
HERBERT N. SHENTON, SECRETARY
DAVE H. MORRIS, TREASURER
LE ROY E. BOWMAN
FREDERICK G. COTTRELL
STEPHEN P. DUGGAN
HARRY E. EDMONDS
JOHN H. FINLEY
ALFRED N. GOLDSMITH
HENRY GODDARD LEACH
SIDNEY E. MEZES
PAUL MONROE
FREDERICK H. OSBORN

Professor K. Asakawa
Yale University
New Haven, Conn.

My dear Professor Asakawa

Mr. Morris and I have read with much thoughtfulness and sincere
admiration your paper prepared for the meeting next Monday.

May we have it multigraphed and send it to I A L A's directors
and committee members and to other selected people? We believe that
this would be the most effective way to gain for it from this group the
careful consideration which it should have. We should of course be
glad to let you have as many copies as you want. If you will let us do
this, we might submit a few minor changes, as you have been good enough
to ask for suggestions.

For the meeting on March 19, as its program is planned with the
purpose of gaining new interest for I A L A, nothing of a controversial
nature should be presented. We therefore suggest that you use only part
of your paper, as indicated by enclosures. We feel that the shortened
paper is a most charming and persuasive presentation of your main idea
and that it can be appropriately connected with the report on I A L A's
linguistic research. With this in mind I shall be glad to shape that
report so that your address at the annual meeting can include the two
items as one continuous speech and remain within a time limit of five
minutes.

That question of "time limit" has been a most difficult one.
General Carty who is to preside spent an hour with me going over the
agenda. He is delightful and is especially looking forward to see-
ing you, whom he remembers with much pleasure. He says he will keep
every one to a strict time limit so that the meeting will be snappy!
The enclosed agenda will give you an appreciation of our problems.
We think it quite a remarkable program and are full of appreciation
that so many eminent speakers are willing to take part for such a tiny
proportion of time when each might well hold an audience spellbound for
an hour.

March 17, 1928

My dear Professor Asakawa:

I am deeply grieved that there seems to be any misunderstanding, but since it will be the cause of realizing your wish that your "frank explanation will only serve to improve our relations", perhaps it is worth the pain each of us has experienced.

Every word of your letter of the 16th, except the reassuring last sentence, has made me as unhappy as it has you. I assure you that it is quite evident from what you write that there is a misunderstanding of some sort. I must admit that I am just too stupid to see what I have done, and ask you to forgive me on the basis of good intensions only. I wanted to help you as I was helping some of the other busy men who, with you, are kind enough to give of their time and energy for the cause we so deeply have in mind and heart. My suggestion for a shortened address was intended as cooperation for the meeting only, so you would feel I had given you ahead of time the atmosphere of the audience expected. But your paper in full was to be sent to Directors and Committees, as they are entitled to know the progress our thinking and experiences are making; whereas an audience of prospective members and untrained listeners should perhaps have nothing controversial suggested.

Now all of this is as nothing compared to your feeling that malevolent spirits have been at work. Permit me then to withdraw my suggestions and promise me an afternoon when we can go over the matter and frankly exchange ideas, as I am sure there is no basis for any misunderstanding between us. Meanwhile, I shall count on you to deliver at the meeting whatever address you prefer, and I know we shall be very grateful to you for your words of wisdom.

I shall do just as you wish regarding the report. That is, make it a document entirely separate from your address. Indeed, this is what I had always intended to do and I must have expressed myself in a most bungling manner to give a contrary impression. What I had in mind was in some way to connect this report with your basic idea of concentrating first of all upon research leading to the development of an Occidental I A L. Whatever your final feeling may be as to whether you or I should read this report, I shall accept your decision without question. Should you be willing to read the report, as Vice-Chairman of the Committee on Cooperative Service and Research, stating that the Chairman has asked you to read it, I shall be most grateful, because I have to appear at the end of the program and it might possibly be better from the point of view of the audience, to have me appear only this once. But if, after thinking over the matter, you still feel that you would prefer to have me read my own report, I shall gladly do so.

On the Agenda for Monday's meeting I shall see that your address on "Problems of Auxiliary Language" and the report on linguistic research are listed as two separate items.

COSMOGLOTTA

MAUER BEI WIEN

J/

Mauer bei Wien, 24. septembre 1928.

A sr. professor Dr. K. Asakawa, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. (USA).

Estimat senior professor,

Li Occidental-Moventie nu intra in un nov stadie de su devo-
lopation. In poc semanes va apparèr un grand libre con un grammatica
detal'at in german elaborat de nor coidealist mag. phil. A.Z.Ramstedt.
De januar 1929 nor revue Cosmoglotta va apparir in coloros covritur
e con plu grand nùmere de pàgines. Li nùmere de nor amices cresce
continualmen.

Omni to ha instigat nos fundar "Occidental-Union" quam
organisation universal del adherentes de Occidental. Noi misse vos
un list del proposit constitution del nov organisation. Vu va trovar
vor nòmine inter li proposit protectores. Vor epistul tant favoros
por nor lingue a sr. E. de Wahl ha causat nos tornar nos a vu con li
prega accepter li officie de protector.

Noi espera que vu ne va refusar li officie offertat, quel
obliga vos absolutmen ne a abandonar vor neutral position al move-
ment interlinguistic.

Con respectossim salutationes

por li comità preparatori del
Occidental-Union

Ples retro strax a Cosmoglotta
Mauer D. Wien con proposit changes
e augmentationes por insertion in
li secuent numero.

Occidental - Union
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Proposit Constitution

Recourses deve esser inviat inmediatmen a Cosmoglotta.

## Protectores

Prof. Dr. K. Asakawa, Department of History, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., USA

Prof. Dr. J. Baudouin de Courtenay, Universitate Warszawa, Smolna 28., nr. 6., Polonia

Prof. Dr. A. Guérard, Department of French Philology, Stanford University, Calif., USA

Prof. Dr. A. Saareste, Universitate Tartu, Maarjamoisa 44, 2., Estonia.

## Presidentes honorari.

Ing. Hanns Hoerbiger, Wien-Mauer, Postfach 6, Austria.

Director Gerald A. Moore, Cleveland Square 52, London W2, England.

## Senat (Comité directori?)

President: Karl Janotta, Wien-Kaltenleutgeben, Austria.

Vicepresident: Ric. Berger, Corcelles près Payerne, Vaud, Suisse.

Comte Dr. Ernö Zichy, Acs, Komárom um., Hungaria.

Regierungsrat Dr. Meil, Rudolstadt, Thür., Schwarsburgerstr. 60, Germany.

L. M. de Guesnet, 85 rue Rochechouart, Paris 9, Francia.

Dr. A. Pellers, am Kömerturm 15, Köln, Germania.

Prof. H. Pásma, Tabor 1006, Tchecoslovakia.

Albert Haldin, Eskilstuna, Suomenia.

## Officie Central (Officie directori?)

Wien-Mauer, Postfach 10.

Curatorium: Ing. Joh. Rob. Hoerbiger.

Provisori director e redactor: Ing. E. Pigal.

Vice-director e secretario: Alois Deminger.

KA

Memo to Prof. Asakawa

From Mrs. Morris

October 25, 1928

Professor Shenton writes from Syracuse:

I approve of Professor Asakawa accepting the in-
vitation to become a "Protector" of the new "Occidental-
Union........."

I do not feel that the neutrality of the IALA is
any longer dependent upon the evident neutrality of any or
all of its members. There was a time when I felt a bit
sensitive at this point. In fact I now think that the
more intimately we are associated with the various serious
experiments in attempting to formulate an IAL the more
effectively we can reach our own end............ It seems
to me that the care which should be exercised by Professor
Asakawa and any other of the officers of the association
is that they shall not as officers of IALA endorse any
specific movement or activity; in fact I look forward to
the time when we may include everyone who has worked serious-
ly, sincerely and effectively in the interest of creating
an IAL or experimenting with the same.

30 October

Dear Mrs. Morris,

I thank you very much for giving me your and Mr. Morris' opinion and for having taken the trouble to consult Drs. Cottrell and Shenton. I made my own decision soon after I wrote you, but have not tried to interfere with the course of your correspondence.

It is generous of you and Mr. Shenton to permit me to accept the title of a Protector of the Occidental Union, but I think it would be best to decline the honor. My reasons are simple. I am sympathetic more with the basic principles which inspired the conception of Occidental than with its linguistic details; the former I understand, but the latter I have not had the time to study with care. The extent of my sympathy is at present determined almost wholly by my appreciation of the fact that Occidental has aimed to be a true synthesis of the non-Slavic European languages conceived on a natural and historic ground; this I regard as a contribution of prime importance. The questions as to whether this is the best principle that should guide us, how far that principle may be carried out in practice, and also how wisely and successfully Occidental has done the task, seem to me to be matters for intensive study and wide experimentation. I wish

to see Occidental launched upon an active competition with its rivals, so that it may have an ample opportunity to be fully tried and tested. All this seems to me hardly sufficient to permit myself to be called a Protector of the Occidental Union.

There is danger that, even if my neutrality was fully understood by the officers of the Union, there might result a natural misunderstanding, even of my personal position, not only in the outside world, but also within the IALA.

Will you kindly return the Occidental documents I sent you? I do not recall who signed the letter, and do not know to whom I should address myself.

I was very sorry to hear that Miss Alice had to go under the knife, but was relieved to know she was recovering normally after the operation. Even with a young person, strength will return only slowly. I had a little operation of my own in July, and only now feel the same as I was. I beg to send to you my best wishes regarding her.

Yours very faithfully

Mr. Ing. Pigal
Occidental - Union
Post fasch 10
Mauer bei Wien, Austria

My dear Sir:

I have just received your kind letter of October 20th. Your previous letter of September 24th, in which you did me the signal honor to invite me to become a Protector of the Occidental Union, has remained unanswered, pending answers from central officers of the International Auxiliary Language Assoc. in the United States.

I am officially related to that Assoc., whose attitude toward Occidental is, as you know, neutral. I have great sympathy for the principles on which Occidental seems to be based. It aims, if I understand correctly, to be a true synthesis of the non-Slavic national languages of Europe, preferring a natural and historical basis of word-formation to a mechanical one. I venture to regard this as a distinct contribution to the whole work of international language; and I have nothing but cordial desire that Occidental come out into the open and contest the field in active competition with the rival systems. My hope is that the principles, as well as the actual form, of Occidental, be freely and thoroughly tried and tested by open competition. But I fear that, although you are fully aware of the neutrality of the International Auxiliary Language Assoc., and that of my general attitude, if I accepted your proposal, I should naturally be regarded by others as committed to an exclusive support of Occidental. Even aside from my connection with the Assoc., I do not feel that I should be justified in allying myself with Occidental before I knew it more intimately than I can say that I do at present, and before it should have persons to back its superiority.

Mr. Ing. Pigal

- 2 -

For these reasons I regret exceedingly that I have to say that I must decline the great honor you have done me. Be assured, sir, that I am following with deep interest the progress of Occidental and wish for the Union the success which it deserves.

Very truly yours,

24 November 1928

Mr. E. de Wahl
Eha 10
Reval, Estonia

My dear Sir:

I thank you for the postcard you
sent me some time ago with your kind comment on
my address delivered at the last annual meeting
of the I.A.L.A.

I am happy to be informed that the
Occidental-Union is being organized, and beg to
wish it all success.

The central office favored me with
a request to become a Protector of the new Union.
The I.A.L.A., with which I am connected, has
assured me that it has no objection to my accept-
ing the invitation. But my own personal scruples
have counselled me against my accepting the
proffered honor. The simple reasons for this
are: first, that, though the central office of
the Occidental-Union knows the neutral character
of the aims of the I.A.L.A. which I am supporting,
other persons would naturally interpret my holding
of the office of a Protector in the former as sig-
nifying my exclusive support of Occidental; and,
secondly, that I must say that I know and appreci-
ate more the principles upon which Occidental is
based, than the details of it as a language.
These details I have not had the time to study and
test as thoroughly as I wish. For these reasons,
I felt obliged to decline, with great regret, the

-2-

honor which the Union wished to confer upon me.
I hope, dear Sir, you will understand my scruples.

It gives me great pleasure to know
that Occidental is going to have greater publicity
than before, for then it will have opportunities
to prove its merits by active competition and
test. It is a wide and prolonged testing that
Occidental needs to have.

For one thing, it seems to me that
you should give a more detailed grammar than has
been given, and philological arguments in support
of both the *principles* and the *detailed structure*
of Occidental. Also, statements regarding the
choice and the extent of your *roots* and *vocabulary*
are needed. I am aware that *justifications* and
statements have appeared in the *Cosmoglotta* from
time to time, but it is highly desirable that they
should be gathered together in one place in crisp,
concise language, and in a comparative form.

As for the *practical* merits of Occi-
dental, they need careful, scientific testing.
For example, the degree of facility of learning
different IALs by persons who know only their
mother tongue and no other, by persons who know
one foreign language, etc., etc.; the practicabil-
ity of your numerous affixes (which seem to my
friends staggeringly many), of your consonant
endings for purposes of conversation, of your verbal
endings in -ar, -er, and -ir, and of many other
points. The common doubt expressed is that Occi-
dental, though apparently easy for scholars to
read, would be harder for the uneducated to learn
than Esperanto; and that Occidental would not be

-3-

so easy to learn to speak as it seems to be to
learn to read. These practical points cannot
well be argued by reason, but must be tested in
practice and in competition.

Pray forgive these unsolicited sug-
gestions. They are stated to you because, I
assure you, I have deep sympathy for the purpose
and for the great merit of Occidental, of which
you are the honored author.

With high personal regard, I am, Sir,

Yours very sincerely,

KA:F

E. DE WAHL

REVAL
EHA 10

16 Decembre 1928

Professor K. Asakawa
Yale University
New Haven, Conn.
U.S.A.

Altestimat Senior Professor,

Ples accepter mi mersias pro Vor amabil
epistul del 24 Nov. e ples excusar que yo ne responde Vos
in angles ma in occidental. It es proque yo ne have tam fun-
damental conossenties del anglesi por posser scrir it abso-
lut fluent e sin idiomatic erras.

Naturalmen yo comprende e respecte Vor scru-
pules pri acceptation del function de protector del Occ.Union,
ma ples permisser me regretar e plendir Vor decision, quancam
yo deve confesser que in li inpartial IALA it es forsan bon,
que anc Vu es inpartial. To da plu grand pondere a Vor opinion.

Yo aprecia anc Vor amabil consilies quel vi-
sibilmen es suggestet per li tenentie de Vor amicos in IALA.
Noi ja self ha pensat pri li utilità de tal passus e pruvas.
Li 2-5 August in Bern va haver loc li unesim conferentie de
Occidental, apert anc a altri interessetes pri un LI. Yo es-
pera que ye ti conferentie li membres de IALA max bon va pos-
ser convicter se ca lor judicie pri Occidental es just o ne,
e ca ili ne vell far plu bon adressar lor postulation pri fi-
lologic argumentation del formes e paroles usat a lor tam apre-
ciat Espernto.

Naturalmen it vell esser nos un apart plesur, si Vu self, alt-
estimat Senior Professor, vell bonvoler honorar nor conferentie
de Vor amabil presentie.

Con sinceri mersias pro Vor expresset sympa-
ties a nor labores, yo peti Vos accepter li expression de mi
profund veneration e respecte.

Vor sempre devoet

April 23, 1929

Mrs. D. H. Morris
19 E. 76th Street
New York City

Dear Mrs. Morris:

I have received your very handsome letter acknowledging the receipt of my book which I had taken the liberty to send to you.

I am sorry that Mr. Sapir will be unable to continue the research which he began. I am not surprised, however. It now seems to me that this development may mean the practical end of that kind of research. For this I should not feel merely depressed, for, frankly, the research, though valuable in its way, was of very remote use to the objects of I.A.L.A., and its continuation would have been expensive. Does this not make it all the more urgent that we should decide our next step, and decide it with more clarity of view than when we began this last research?

The enclosed recommendations now need some modification, inasmuch as what I have called the first circle of research will not continue. With this changed outlook, however, the rest of my paper may stand as it is.

There is something inexorable in the way that Time gradually defines our issues and clarifies our ideas, even in our Association. I am afraid that sooner or later I might be obliged to decide whether I might properly continue to serve on our Committee. The recommendations which I am enclosing herewith may form a milestone in this slow unfolding of policies and issues; whether they will be decisive for my position regarding I.A.L.A. remains to be seen.

Mrs. D. H. Morris

Page 2.

You will observe that some of my recommendations are definite. That is because past events have made it possible for me to think definitely for the future, which it has been difficult to do heretofore.

Although I hope that my views may seem to you quite clear, I wish to dwell specially on one of them, not so much because it is more important than the others, as because it may be better amplified in a personal letter than in the other form.

The point concerns the question whether we should attempt to edit the works by Messrs. Collinson and Sapir. It is immaterial whether they permit us to do this or not. I think that the matter is quite simple, — that we should not edit them. My reasons for this attitude are sufficiently expressed in the enclosed document, but I wish to relate to you certain examples of the disasterous effects of editing which I have observed elsewhere.

A friend had the task of supervising the writings and investigations of a number of men. Their works were of different sorts, some merely clerical, others involving personal mental efforts of the writers, and still others being investigations by specialists more or less known in their own spheres. The first kind was mechanical and impersonal, and was revised and edited freely and without the least offense. My friend, who was conscientious, did the same with the other two kinds of work with equal care; and he was astounded by the results. With the second kind of work the men who had done it were re-

Mrs. D. H. Morris
Page 3.

Repeatedly annoyed, and finally utterly discouraged, because my friend, after having set them to writing with more or less vague ideas in his mind how much expenditure of personal energy on their part their work would involve, overhauled everything they accomplished and set them to re-writing much of their pieces. Re-writing is a bitter task under any conditions but in this case, it was, in the candid opinion of the observers, very largely needless. My friend, all the while meaning well, persisted in editing the work, entirely unaware of the torture he was inflicting on the workers. Their endurance was gradually worn out; the very health of some of them was impaired; one after another they went away. A similar though not the same result followed with the investigating scholars. They had cordially worked for my friend, and at first tolerated his editing; but when they saw again and again that their contributions, in which they took certain pride and for which they were responsible as recognized specialists, were altered and changed, with no visible improvement but with a loss of accuracy and point and always with more or less dilution of their personal characteristics, they felt obliged reluctantly to sever their relations with him. In this way the work, which had begun with loyalty and with high promise, and which would have gone on with enthusiasm to a happy conclusion, if my friend had directed his efforts to cultivating sympathy for the individual workers and encouraging their personal expressions, was killed in an early stage. When he awoke to the situation, it was too late. The case was most unfortunate, as it took place among men who were all conscientious and honorable, and would have been entirely different if

Mrs. D. H. Morris

my friend had reflected sooner and guided his own
efforts in another way.

I have dwelt on this example, so that our
Committee would not be tempted by any consideration
to follow the misguided steps of my friend. From
such personal observation, you would not wonder why
I am so emphatic about the evils of editing.

Editing is only one of the several points I
have made in the enclosed recommendations, and is
really a somewhat minor point. I beg you to give to
the other points even greater consideration.

Since some of my views might not be in accord
with yours, and since I am inclined to stake my po-
sition on the Committee upon some of these views,
I would wish to submit them at this time also to
Messrs. Shenton, Cottrell, Morgan, and a few others,
so as to put my ideas on record. Will you kindly say
if you would be willing that I should do so?

If any of the points in my recommendations
need further discussion, either in writing or in
person, I need not tell you that I shall be at your
disposal.

Very sincerely yours,

TELEPHONE:
UNIVERSITY 8800, Ext. 40

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

EARLE B. BABCOCK
PRESIDENT

JOHN J. CARTY
VICE-PRESIDENT

MRS. DAVE H. MORRIS
HONORARY SECRETARY

HERBERT N. SHENTON
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

DAVE H. MORRIS
TREASURER

JOHN H. FINLEY
ALFRED N. GOLDSMITH
HENRY GODDARD LEACH
PAUL MONROE
FREDERICK H. OSBORN
MRS. HAROLD PEABODY

(IALA)
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS
525 WEST 120TH ST.
NEW YORK CITY

GENERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

JOHN J. CARTY
FREDERICK G. COTTRELL
MRS. JAMES S. CUSHMAN
JOHN H. FINLEY
JAMES G. HARBORD
CLARENCE H. HOWARD
MRS. JAMES LEES LAIDLAW
WILLIAM LAWRENCE
SIDNEY E. MEZES
ARTHUR E. MORGAN
SAMUEL W. STRATTON

COMMITTEE ON COOPERATIVE
SERVICE AND RESEARCH

MRS. DAVE H. MORRIS, CHAIRMAN
K. ASAKAWA, VICE-CHAIRMAN

ADVISORY BOARD FOR
LINGUISTIC RESEARCH

WILLIAM E. COLLINSON

OTTO JESPERSEN

EDWARD SAPIR

COMMITTEE ON AUXILIARY
LANGUAGE STUDY

STEPHEN P. DUGGAN, CHAIRMAN

ADVISORY BOARD FOR
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

JAMES P. W. CRAWFORD
ROBERT H. FIFE
MASON D. GRAY
VIVIAN A. C. HENMON
HENRY W. HOLMES
HAYWARD KENISTON
EDWARD L. THORNDIKE

EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

INSTITUT J. J. ROUSSEAU
GENEVA, SWITZERLAND
PIERRE BOVET, DIRECTOR

19 East 70th Street

April 25, 1929

Professor K. Asakawa
2141 Yale Station
New Haven, Conn.

My dear Professor Asakawa,

Your letter of April 23 and paper on linguistic research ab-
sorbed my attention last evening until after midnight. I meditated upon all
your ideas, point by point, reading and rereading with keenest interest every-
thing you wrote.

I hope you will be as glad to hear as I am to say that I not
only find your ideas enormously helpful, but find that I am in complete accord
with their substance as a whole, and specifically with the paragraph beginning
on page 5 of your paper and running through the first half of page 6: "The
question is quite otherwise with linguistic research.....or the IALA were a tru-
ant and a failure". This does not mean that I should wish to hold up the publi-
cation of certain of Collinson's recent work, e.g. a paper which deals with prob-
lems in world building illustrated only from Esperanto and Ido, but I should
preface such an article by some statement showing how it is only an item in
"the second circle".

Your plea for publishing monographs "without the least attempt to
give them an editorial unity" is persuasive and I can conscientiously pledge my-
self to heed its spirit. There are, however, in the present stage of the triangu-
lar collaboration between Professors Collinson and Sapir and me, certain features
of the work which of necessity call for careful editing. The three of us talked
this over at length in Chicago and arrived, I think, at a perfect accord in regard
to methods of editing for the first simultaneous publications. We agreed quite
specifically on a plan of procedure and I trust we shall be able to carry it out
to our mutual satisfaction.

One of the most important steps in this process was to be a cer-
tain amount of editing by Collinson of Sapir's work and by Sapir of Collinson's
work. I now fear that Sapir's part may have to be given up and I feel sure that
this will be a great disappointment to Collinson even as it is to me. I find my
own role in the necessary editorial work extremely difficult and I am trying my
utmost to do it in such a way as to entail a minimum of revision by either author.

- 2 -

In Chicago I was fortunate enough to have brought some of my editorial work on one of Collinson's manuscripts to a point where I was satisfied to submit it to him. It did not take him more than an hour to go over it with me and he expressed himself as satisfied and asked me to continue along those same lines with the balance of his work. "The same lines" had of course been previously agreed to by him and me. The part I seem able to play is two-fold. In the first place, I act as a representative educated person, who is not familiar with the technicalities of the subject being treated, and thus I am able to detect passages which are not clear to a lay reader, in spite of their being clear to the author. In the second place, being steeped in the purposes of IALA, I am naturally often able to make a little change of phraseology here or there which avoids an unintentional lack of harmony between the author and those purposes. I am grateful to Dr. Cottrell for the patient training he has given me along these lines in past years. I feel I owe this detailed explanation to you so that there may be no future misunderstanding which might otherwise naturally arise in your mind when, after my having told you that I agree on principle with your warning not to make an editorial mess, you find that I am still laboring as an editor!

There are other points in your paper which I shall be glad to take up more in detail later on. I shall not be able to do this until some time after our daughter Emily's wedding, which will probably take place in Bar Harbor about the middle of July.

You ask if I am willing that you submit at this time your ideas to Messrs. Shenton, Cottrell, Morgan and a few others. Indeed, I should heartily welcome such a procedure. The only questions in my mind are concerning *what* to submit and *when*. If by submitting your ideas you mean your ideas concerning "circles" of linguistic research, I should unhesitatingly say the sooner the better. If in addition to these you would wish to submit comments on the work actually under way, I would urge that such comments be postponed until manuscripts are in proper shape to be sent out at the same time. Otherwise I think confusion would result.

A number of items of "the second circle" are under way. For instance, the suffixes to certain of the elements listed in Miss Eaton's manuscript, which was prepared in 1925, are being put onto cards which, when ready, will be sent for checking up by other experts. It is proposed, for instance, to ask Peano, Wahl and Ahlberg to take charge of checking Latino sine flexione, Occidental and Ido. Another item is under way, namely a tabulation in parallel columns of suffixes in Esperanto, Ido, Occidental and Novial. This latter task sounds easy, but as a matter of fact, it is extremely difficult and we are not yet sure of the best way of doing it. In Esperanto and Ido suffixes are mostly uni-notional, but in Occidental the suffixes are almost as chaotic as those in national languages. In Novial they stand about half way between. The ideal of "Foundations of Language" being to present notions, techniques for doing so have to be evolved,— sometimes a well nigh impossible task. Collinson has spent a lot of time over this and is as eager as you and I to have it done with perfect impartiality and justice.

In spite of difficulties, however, I have refused until now to become discouraged and my faith is still unshaken that with time and patience, IALA's linguistic research can be gradually brought more and more into the narrower circles of its direct purpose. How long this faith will last I cannot tell, but I do know that your patient, counsel and understanding are invaluable factors in it. May I therefore express from my heart a very deep and sincere desire that you indefinitely continue on the Committee and give its frequently puzzled chairman, from time to time, just the kind of comment and criticism you have so gener-

- 3 -

ously given when it has been needed?

These lines take to you my warm greetings and high esteem.

P. S. There is a little item concerning the technique of using "IALA" which I would pass on for your information. Sometime ago, after considerable experimentation with the use of this symbol, a decision was reached that it should be used as if it were a proper name without being preceded by "the". This usage is parallel to the way the Englishman in India says "Government" passed such and such a law today;" and the way its directors in its publications refer to "Research Corporation" without any preceding "the". This item of technique has no particular importance, but it may be just as well for all of us to use the symbol in the same way.

January 22, 1929.

Mr. George Farmly Day
Yale University Press
New Haven, Connecticut

Dear Sir:

I take the liberty to send to you the
manuscript of the work entitled "The Humanitarian
Ideas of the Japanese" which the author, Professor
Z. Tzuji, Head of the Historiographical Institute
of the Imperial University of Tokyo, has sent me
with a view to publishing it in America. I submit
the manuscript to you and ask if the Yale Univer-
sity Press would be inclined to consider its publi-
cation. As is stated in its Preface, this work is
a result of researches made under the auspices of
an Imperial Prince who is encouraging investigation and
the publication. Professor Tzuji is one of the
foremost authorities on Japanese History and the
author of many well known works. He is the chief
of the Historiographical Institute, which is the
highest and most complete repository of historical
material of the nation. Mr. Tzuji, therefore,
commands authentic sources relating to the subject
of his work in a way few others in his country can.
Though brief, the work is obviously based upon a
complete study of the best existing sources.

The work was first written in Japanese,
and in that form has been published in Tokyo.

Very sincerely yours,

KA:F