HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

France

M. Victor Thomas dePange, candidate for a fellowship (Aggregation); working on thesis for University of Oxford; writes articles in various reviews.

"The invitation extended to us by the International Seminar has given me the opportunity of altering whatever pre-conceived ideas I had regarding the U.S., on American materialism for instance, which I now feel to be a gross misconception since I have had sufficient proof of a greater current of idealism in this country. My experience in this country has given me the possibility of building up a frame in which any views I may get subsequently, when I shall be back in Europe, will fit in."

M. Marcel Moussy, Teacher of English, College classique de Pontoise; Reviewer for "Las Revue Theatrale"; Playwright for French Radio.

"The Seminar amounts, for me, to such a huge bulk of sensations, impressions, and contacts with people that I am for the moment unable to disentangle myself from it. But I am sure that I was deeply nourished and enriched by it. ....I shall let you know within six months or so what really was the profit of the whole experience."

Netherlands

Andries Ekker, Hague correspondent of the Amsterdam daily newspaper "Het Parool" and parliamentary correspondent of the Amsterdam weekly "Vrij Nederland," both former resistance papers.

"To be mentioned first of all, the things we learned, which especially for me, regarding my field of work, will doubtlessly be of ever lasting value, since my work deals so much with the United States internal policy making, that it requires more than a superficial knowledge of the system. I think the opportunity the Seminar offered us to meet with Americans to get a closer picture of what America really is, of great importance. Needless to say, this picture was much different from the one anyone of our group had before. I think the basic idea was not only sound; I think it a magnificent idea for which I cannot but congratulate you."

Italy

Flavia Derossi, Director of the industrial section and filmology section at the Institute of Social Psychology.

"I wonder now how I will be able to practice my gratitude; because I am not only going to remember but to use for the best what I received during these months. For all of us I think the Seminar is still going on: for me it created a deeper interest in the U.S., a wish of knowing more about it, a readiness, with the better understanding it gave us, to love and to learn from such a different life, the will of bringing back its ideals to my own country. Maybe the best of the Seminar was to give birth to this fruitful curiosity about other nations and people and to an approach now free of prejudices."

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Valdo E. Zilli, Florence, Lecturer in Italian at the University of Lund (Sweden)

"The experience of the guest-speakers was excellent, and it offered the most fruitful experiences to the members of the Seminar. Because of their different origin and professional activity, they presented a rather various and sometimes contrasting interpretation of the problems of their own country, and gave therefore a vivid picture of the complexity and variety of opinions existing in American society. They helped me to understand better America, and made me more cautious in generalizing about this country."

Britain

William Campbell Balfour, Research Assistant, Industrial Relations Department; Also lectures for the Dept. of Extra-mural Studies, the W.E.A. and the Workers Educational Trade Union Committee.

"The Seminar was immensely useful. We may not have left much impression behind on Americans, but we have had a continual stream of ideas and experiences which have widened our intellectual horizons. I am sure the fertilizing effect of this will be apparent in later years."

Neil McCallum, Writer, works on older Scottish writers; study of Scottish 18th century topics.

"I should like to state my belief in the complete success of the Seminar. It is extremely important that as many people as possible should know the real America. There are, amongst foreigners, inevitable misconceptions and misunderstandings that can be most effectively adjusted only by a visit to this country. In its casual exposure of foreigners to the American scene, the Seminar is providing a chance of immediate insight into the country. That is of the utmost value. During my time here, I have had many surprises, most of them agreeable and encouraging. Much of the value will emerge months later amongst the individual delegates. Almost every day I am busy explaining the American point of view and enlarging on the virtues of your country."

Belgium

Jean D. de Grunne, Benedictine priest at the Abbey of Maredsous, Belgium. Preparing a book on English 17th century history.

"The Seminar has given me the essential of what I was looking for: a better understanding of the U.S. and concrete personal experience of people and situations which was exceptionally advantageous. The basic idea is most sound. The experiment ought to be continued and developed."

Michel G. Woitrin, University of Louvain, Lecturer in Economics; Director for Economic Research at the "Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales" of the University; Member of the Committee of Counselors of the Ministry of Economic Affairs.

"Results better and more numerous than expected: My main discoveries: the level of general culture in this part of the country; the importance of sociology and anthropology to explain the American economy; the functioning of American politics and especially the degree of autonomy of the States; the progress to be done in this country in the field of industrial relations, social security, economic stability; discovery of the problems of Asia. Bravo for the very idea of this Seminar which is, I am sure, a most promising enterprise"

Britain

Dennis Walters, Law student at Middle Temple; Contributor to European Serive of British Broadcasting Corporation.

"I would like to say that for me the Seminar was quite invaluable. It was useful from many angles but perhaps the most important is that it left me with a reasonably clear understanding and appreciation of American life."

India

Mehendra V. Desai, Assistant Editor, The Times of India, Bombay

"The past few weeks at Harvard have been for me a most fruitful opportunity and a tremendously stimulating intellectual experience. The pleasant memories of my stay will remain forever fresh on account of the warmth of many friendships I have been fortunate in making in Cambridge."

Balkrishna G. Gokhale, Lecturer, Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College, Bombay; Chairman, Socialist Party, Bombay.

"Before I came here, the U.S. was a problem in my line of thought; now it appears as a tremendously human and dynamic situation. This I believe is the most significant contribution of the Seminar to the fund of my experiences. It also gave me an opportunity of meeting people from practically all over the world. Outside the classroom we met and discussed various problems and these discussions of ours, though they did generate heat on several occasions, gave light. The personal contact with people from countries as far apart as Japan and France not only enriched my knowledge but also patterned it in human terms. We came to understand the American people and discovered that intellectual and cultural co-operation with them was not only possible but also necessary."

Pakistan

Latif Ahmed Shervani, Assistant Secretary, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs; Assistant Secretary of Institute in editing the Institute's quarterly journal and other publications and in arranging meetings on international affairs by specialists.

"During the past eight weeks I have had numerous opportunities of meeting men and women who have both status and influence and I am very happy indeed to say that most of them have shown great goodwill and understanding of our conditions and problems, and I very much hope that programs like our Seminar will go a long way in bringing Asia and the States closer. So far as Pakistan is concerned, I for one, am convinced that we have a real friend in this great democracy."

Japan

Mrs. Fujiko Iseno, author of a book on Mongol culture; on the translation staff of the Japanese edition of the Reader's Digest.

"The experience of this summer gave me some ideas about how I can help to promote better understanding between Japan and the United States. When I am back, I am going to start working, beginning in a very small scale at first. One of the plans is to encourage some of the 'dangerous' people to learn English conversation and apply for the International Seminar next year."

ablest for the International Seminary next year."
to encounter some of the "bureaucrats," because to form British conversation and get to start working, pertaining in a sort of way at UNG. One of the best, better, more meaningful persons to be with and the United States. "How I am pack! I am "The experience of the same manner, have me some ideas about how I can help to promote of theubanee edition of the leader's book."

Mrs. Brito Inge, author of a book on the root of offshoots on the conversation staff.

## TALK

I let one, "I am convinced that we have a real friend in this great democracy." I want to bring up the statesmen. So far as Britains is concerned, and biopies, and I mark many jobs that probably fire our Seminar off to a true mood of them past known great books and more meaningful to our conditions and women who have put effort and influence and I am veryladly indeed to ask "Did you beat that week I passed numerous obituaries of meeting men

international authors in sheafietes,
dailyjournals and other publications and in arrangements made with
Attletet! Vastant Secretary of Institute in effect the Institute's

Leftist Viceroy Secretary, Vastant Secretary, Britains Institute of International

## PUBLICATIONS

with them was not only beautiful but eine necessary."
the American beagle and doggerel that intellectual and cultural co-operation
proved much knowledge put into bettered it in human terms. We come to understand
with beagle from countries so far apart as Japan and race not only en-
through such the beautiful past of several centuries, State life. The basis of
the civilization we met and discussed airships biopies and these biographies of one,
us an obituaries of beautiful beagle from bracteolary will over the world. Outside
of the contribution of the Seminary to the fund of our experience. If we do have
a transmission human and dynamic situation. The I believe is the most esti-
"Before I come here" the U.S. was a broken in my mind of thought now it abides

Bombed! Chairman, Secretary, Ltd., Bombed.

Briarcliff G. Gobie, lecturer, Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College,

I have been fortunate in meeting in Cambridge"
and at will return forever, then on account of the strength of such triadships
a transmission stimulating intellectual experience. The beautiful memories of
"The best few weeks at Harvard was pen for, as a most delightful experience and

Reprobrus A. Deen, Vastant Editor, The TIME of India, Bombed

## INDIA

ofen understanding and appreciation of Western life."
them much pleasure put themselves in the most favorable to that it felt we with a reasonableness. "I would like to say that for me the Seminary was quite invaluable. It was useful

British broadcasting Corporation.

Dentate Buffet, I amladent at Middle Temple, Contractor to European Ceramics of

Britain

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ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

"I have been busy writing for the press here and recently wrote an article on U.S.
foreign policy in view of the Republican victory in the last presidential election.
I had a letter from Nora Kohler from Berlin asking me for news about the youth
movement in my country. I also heard from Roxas from Manila and so you see I have
been keeping touch with some members of the Seminar."

Tamotsu Ozata, Assistant Editor of the *Nippon Times*, Tokyo

"Oh, how I wish to meet my dear Seminar comrades and the Harvard people again! I
get nostalgic whenever I recall the blessed days that I was privileged to spend at
Cambridge last summer. Gonzalo Callanta has safely returned to Manila after girdling
the globe and he sent me a nice letter the other day. Ekker wrote me the other day
proposing that I write on Japan in his Amsterdam paper, *Het Parool*. I have sent one
article and I am hoping that this will prove interesting to Dutch leaders."

articles and I am hoping that this will prove interesting to Dutch readers.

proposing that I write on Japan in the Watermelon paper, *Het Batavia*. I have sent one to Europe and he sent me a nice letter the other day. Ekker wrote me the other day that he would like to see me. I have sent him a copy of my book *The Dutchman's Almanac* and the Harvard Monthly. I think he would like it.

*Tsumetan Oats*, Assistant Editor of the *Winston Times*, Tokyo

movement in my country. I also heard from Kozseowicz from Warsaw and so you see I have had a letter from Mora Koper from Berlin asking me for news about the youth conference in May of the Republican factory in the last presidential election. "I have been trying writing for the press here and recently wrote an article on U.S. history."

Bowles, Chairman, Socialist Party, Bowles.

Rejoice, God, God bless, leavers, Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College,

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

COPY

Meppelweg
The Hague, Netherlands

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

Today it is the day of the Soviet treason in Hungary. I do not know
what has been the reaction in the U.S.A. In this country public opinion is
on a boiling point. I cannot remember that we have ever been so closely with
our feelings with the fate of a nation dying in the hands of murderer. All
Dutch radio stations have changed their programs. They only give serious
music or sober comments. The flags from all houses and public buildings are
half mast to pay tribute to the Hungarian fighters. Sport events have been
cancelled and the Dutch team shall be withdrawn from the Olympic games unless
the Soviet Union withdraws its teams. There is a strong pressure to cut all
diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.

What especially occupies me is that all our ideals to come to a world
based on a small number of essential fundamentals for international cooperation
are burning. This applies also to your international work. Though small its
contribution may be in the whole of world events, it meant something. It
meant something to all those who subscribe to the ideals on which your work
was based, and quite a few of those who participated in this work have some
influence in their countries.

I am writing you because I would ask you whether it would not be
possible to come in these gloomy days to some closer contacts between the
members of the Harvard International Seminar, or to some greater activity.

I am fully aware of the fact that the contribution of the Harvard
International Seminar may only be extremely small. Nevertheless it may
satisfy some basic humanitarian feelings of international understanding.

I have no concrete proposals, but I am thinking for instance of the
following idea: Would it not be possible to collect funds among the members
of the Harvard International Seminar which might enable a victim of brute
and inhuman aggression to study in the free world. Thousands of refugees are
now pouring from Hungary into Austria. Among them are boys and girls who
fought for the ideals we subscribe to, or at least which we are expected to
subscribe. By a fund as proposed above we might help one or more boys and
girls to live in a world which is (still?) free. They might for instance
study at a University whether in the East or in the West on behalf of the
Harvard International Seminar. I am convinced that my proposals would at
any rate be shared by the members of the small countries in Western Europe.
What are your ideas about some greater activity in these challenging days?

You may quote this letter if you would like to do so, and may count
on any contribution from my side.

Manila and so you see I have been keeping touch with some members of the Seminar. I hope to go to Rangoon next month to attend the Asian Socialist Conference where Mr. Atlee and Mr. Bevan are scheduled to speak. I am always happy to hear from you about the activities at Harvard and if there is anything I can do here for you please let me know. I promise I will be prompt in my replies as I have some time now.

With best regards,

First fold here

Sender's name and address :--

Dr. Balkrishna Gokhale,
Mansen Karsonda Flats, 17,
Benganga Road, Malbar Hill,
Bombay-6, INDIA.

CORR. 66

Third fold here

BY AIR MAIL

AIR LETTERS THROUGH
IF ANYTHING IS ENCLOSED
THIS LETTER WILL BE SENT
BY ORDINARY MAIL.

EDUCATION

TO
Mr. Henry A. Kissinger
Editor, the "Confluent"
10, Weld Hall, Harvard
Cambridge 58, Massachusetts
U.S.A.

Second fold here

October 28, 1952

Mr. Allen Dulles
2450 E Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C.

My dear Mr. Dulles:

I am writing this letter at the suggestion of Mr. Elliot albeit with some reluctance, since no doubt in these troubled times you are fully occupied with problems more pressing than the observations of half-informed outsiders. And I am sure, most of what I am about to say has already occurred to you. If I write you nevertheless it is because our fiasco in Germany reveals a number of problems which have long concerned me and because of the opportunity it affords me to expand on my brief remarks to you last year. In brief, I do not believe that what happened in Germany can be ascribed to the mistakes of one man or one desk except in its incidental manifestations. Rather, I would suggest that it reveals weaknesses in our basic approach to psychological strategy, particularly an overly manipulative method of operation and an incomplete use of "cover" organizations. I should like to add that it is of course infinitely easier to state a problem than to solve it.

The major difficulty facing our psychological strategy is the existence in both Europe and Asia of substantial Communist parties which are able to present Soviet policies in terms of indigenous interests. Conversely, practically no groups exist which defend the US position (or policies paralleling the US position) with equal intensity. This has enabled the Communists to put tremendous pressure on already shaky governments, which are forced to defend themselves against Communist allegations of US imperialism whenever they undertake measures to protect their independence. (The recent statements by Stalin would seem to indicate that this effort will be intensified.)

The effectiveness of Communist propaganda thus results as much from the absence of an effective opposition as from inherent strength. The emergence of significant groups which defend American principles as national purposes with equal intensity would soon shake the apparent monolithic structure of the various Communist parties, as recent events in Czechol-Slovakia, Yugoslavia and Italy abundantly demonstrate. They would force the Communist parties to expend major energies on defensive measures, such as maintaining party discipline. They would provide moral support for the existing governments and allow a bolder, more integrated policy.

Mr. Allen Dulles

October 28, 1952

The basic tasks of psychological strategy can therefore be stated as follows:

a) The discovery of individuals who can provide basic political, psychological and economic data and function as nuclei for larger groups.

b) The development of organizations to provide the nucleus for long-range strategic intelligence planning in negating fifth-column activities, in penetrating the Iron Curtain in certain key countries and above all, in creating the psychological climate for a bolder, more integrated policy. The primary function of these organizations should be medium and long-range. They should therefore not be used for short-range intelligence objectives. Many can serve a very useful purpose by functioning as "sleeper" groups and be kept in existence until needed.

c) The impact of these groups will be proportional to their sponteneity. Since the propaganda charge of U S "imperialism" is one of the most effective in the Communist arsenal, evidence of U S support should be kept to a minimum. Wherever possible this support should be dispensed under "private" auspices. Even the most deeply motivated individual may balk at acceptance of support from a foreign government. This raises as a crucial problem the development of a private "cover".

d) Organizations of an essentially political nature should not be used for other purposes, such as "stay-behind" organizations. The attempt to combine incommensurable purposes results in a diffusion of effort and a watering down of all activity. It multiplies the danger of penetration and the risk of compromise: to discover the support of one organization is to destroy the usefulness of both.

It is my belief that our German difficulties support these conclusions: In the first instance, the BDJ was drawn from the youth organizations of the three major political parties to defend democratic values against the totalitarien threat of both right and left. Its primary needs were financial and technical. There was every reason to foster it, very little in combining it with a "stay-behind" organization to the detriment of both. Moreover, the BDJ seems a group which should be supported if at all possible by private groups - such as the Committee for Free Europe - in order to keep the danger of embarassing the U S government to a minimum. No doubt we require "stay-behind" organizations. It is doubtful, however, whether the type of person interested in fighting Communism politically is also the same as will fight it underground; more whether

Mr. Allen Dulles

October 28, 1952

membership in the BDJ does not automatically compromise an individual for "stay-behind" activities. There is a danger in trying to achieve too much. Often the attempt to force events ruins projects which the passage of time would almost certainly materialize.

The importance of "cover" can not be stressed too much. Many individuals quite ready to accept private support would balk at governmental influence. Too often, however, "cover" is construed merely as avoiding areas (such as Germany, the Middle East and Far East) where any U S agency is as certain and distrusted a symbol of foreign influence as CIA. My experience with the Harvard International Seminar supports this. Many of our key people, including a number invaluable for intelligence projects, have told me flatly that they would have refused to come under governmental auspices.

I have heard the argument advanced that at least one member of a group or organization supported by CIA should know of the source of support in order to achieve a measure of discipline. I do not agree with this. Discipline based on financial considerations alone is a dangerous reed and should be, not a policy, but a last resort. It is moreover difficult to see why support coming from a "cover" organization should not give the same degree of discipline without the risk of exposure. That this risk is great my experience illustrates: I travelled both in Germany and Japan during the past year ostensibly under private auspices. In each country, without any effort on my part, I ran into organizations clearly identified with CIA in the minds of certain segments of the indigenous population to the obvious detriment of their usefulness. That the discipline of pecuniary advantage is not the sole motive force of spontaneous effort the experience of the Harvard International Seminar indicates: More than twenty articles about America are appearing in respectable journals all over the world, most of them favorable and all the more impressive for being written by individuals without a record of independence from the U S. Other participants are now organising democratic groups in their countries.

I have purposely confined myself to general principles, since I have submitted already papers to the Psychological Strategy Board dealing with more specific proposals for Germany and Japan. Reading the letter over I am again struck with the extraordinary difficulty of say what I have in mind in a fashion that does not sound platitudinous, or unfair to the many

# PURPOSE

The Harvard International Seminar attempts to promote international understanding and co-operation in two ways:

a. By enabling its participants to obtain a more complete understanding of the deeper meaning of United States democracy.

b. By making a contribution towards overcoming the nationalistic stereotypes which obstruct international co-operation.

## GENERAL PRINCIPLES

The Harvard International Seminar is designed for a group not reached by any existing exchange program: The group which is about to attain positions of leadership in their country, and whose impact even now is considerable. Too old for existing student exchange programs, too active to leave their countries for extended periods, these men and women have felt isolated and have too often sought refuge in a narrow nationalism or hopeless pessimism. It was our belief that a meeting of the most promising representatives of this group in an atmosphere like that of Harvard, created by a privately sponsored program, would go far to promote a better appreciation of common problems and of America's deeper values.

The program of the International Seminar is based on the assumption that the real block in America's impact on the world is not displeasure with specific U.S. policies but a lack of confidence in America's moral stature. The criticisms of the neutralists or the hesitations of Asian nationalists often reflect a pervasive distrust not to be assuaged entirely by economic aid programs. On the contrary, economic aid programs in the present psychological climate often achieve the opposite effect - they reinforce the myth of a materialistic American misunderstanding the real aspirations of Europeans and Asians. This accounts for the bitterness of anti-American criticisms and for the fact that no indigenous advocates of the United States ever appear to oppose indigenous communism with equal fervor. The same applies to the nationalism of many European and most Asian countries. Too often it reflects a narrow provincialism or a frustrated background not resolvable by abstract discussion.

If the foregoing is correct the major emphasis of the Harvard International Seminar need not be an attempt to "propagandize" its participants in the sense of either attempting to achieve a consensus on specific policies or to make the participants over in the image of the United States. It does attempt to achieve an appreciation of the various excellencies of its participants. As far as the United States is concerned, the Harvard International Seminar attempts to provide a wide range of contacts with various aspects of American life to afford its participants an opportunity to form their own judgment of America's moral and material contribution to present problems. It was felt that these goals could be best achieved by keeping the Seminar small enough to pay personal attention to each participant and to base the selection process as much as possible on the recommendations of reliable, personal recommendations.

It was further assumed that the purposes of the Seminar could be attained best by conducting it under private auspices which make possible the freedom of discussion necessary for a co-operative effort.

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HISTORY OF THE HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

The Seminar was conducted for the first time in 1951 as a pilot project with twenty participants drawn from West-European students already in the United States. Its discussions produced the review CONFLUENCE which attempts to provide a continuing forum for the international exchange of ideas and to set the intellectual tone for the Harvard International Seminar.

The success of the 1951 sessions encouraged the Harvard Summer School to expand its program to Asia. Twenty-one Europeans and nineteen Asians attended the 1952 session of the International Seminar. None of the participants had previously been in the United States.

## SELECTION PROCESS

a. **Criteria:** The success of an effort such as the Harvard International Seminar depends to a large extent on the effectiveness of its selection process. The following criteria governed the selection of applicants for the Harvard International Seminar: (1) Activity in some field of endeavor. (2) Breadth of interests. (3) Ability to work in a group. (4) Potential impact on their country. In general the delegations were composed of one representative from the academic field, one representative from the arts or journalism, one representative from the civil service of politics, and a fourth member to balance the group. Thus a typical such as the British contingent was composed of the following members: a Labor M.P., the director of extra-mural studies at Cardiff University, a Scottish novelist and contributor to the *New Statesman* and *Nation*, and the Young Conservative Representative on the National Executive Committee of the Conservative Party. (A full list of participants of the 1952 Harvard International Seminar is attached).

b. **Method of Obtaining Applications:** The method of selection varied between Europe and Asia, reflecting the relative difficulty of establishing contacts in the two areas. The European applications which numbered 970 were drawn from the following sources:

(1) Recommendations by the over 300 European intellectual leaders who represent the panel of contributors for CONFLUENCE.

(2) Recommendations by outstanding members of the 1951 session of the Harvard International Seminar.

(3) Recommendations by members of the Harvard Faculty with European acquaintances.

(4) Recommendations by private organizations concerned with international exchange programs, such as the Salzburg Seminar, the English-Speaking Union, the Institute of World Affairs, etc.

(5) Recommendations by outstanding foreign students attending Harvard University.

(6) Direct applications received through publicity at universities, professional organizations, or newspapers. No government sources, either U. S. or foreign, were utilized.

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In asia the number of personal contacts was more limited and some reliance had to be placed on official sources. Thus in India, Pakistan, and the Philippines preliminary selection boards were formed composed of representatives of the Ministry of Education, the USIS, the universities and professional organizations. In Japan, a preliminary selection committee was formed, composed entirely of private individuals, headed by the President of the Harvard Club of Japan.

In both areas, each candidate was required to submit a formal application, two letters of recommendation and a 300-word letter explaining his interest in the Seminar. (See attached application form and announcement).

c. **Method of Making Selection:** All European applications were sent directly to Harvard. They were then sifted by the Director of the Seminar, his assistant and one _ad hoc_ representative of the country whose applications were being considered. This board made a preliminary selection of 125 candidates. Each applicant on the preliminary list was then interviewed by an American representative of the Harvard International Seminar in Europe. The interviewer in Great Britain, Germany, and the Low Countries was Kenneth Keniston, a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford; the interviewer in France was Mr. Edgar, President of the Commercial Cable Company, Paris; and a Harvard alumnus; the interviewer in Italy was Professor Mason Hammond of Harvard University, and members of the USIS. When the interview reports were received a final selection was made at Harvard.

The Asian applications were first reviewed by the preliminary selection boards. They interviewed the candidates and sent reports and recommendations to Harvard. Each committee submitted a panel of on the average fifty names. The final selection was then amde at Harvard by the Director of the International Seminar, his assistant, and a Harvard Faculty member who is an expert on the country under consideration. (For Japan: Professor Reischauer, for South-East Asia: Professor Ingalls).

PROGRAM

The program of the Harvard International Seminar was composed of the following parts:

a. **Guest-speakers:** A panel of guest-speakers from various fields of American life was invited to Harvard to speak to the Seminar out of their own experience. Each talk was preceded by an informal luncheon for the guest-speaker and members of the Seminar in his special field and was followed by an extensive question period. The subject of the talk as well as its length was left to the discretion of each guest-speaker. (A list of guest-speakers is attached).

b. **Direct contact with American Life:** Each Wednesday and Friday was set aside for contact with the Boston community. The Seminar as a group visited the Ford Assembly Plant, the Framingham Shopping Center, the Boston Herald, the Framingham Reformatory, the State House, and the Law Courts. At each institution visited, a panel was available for an extended question period. Personal contacts were arranged at law offices, labor unions, social welfare organizations, (settlement houses) and women's clubs. The Seminar also organized a trip to New York, on the occasion of which Mr. Ralph Bunche spoke to the group during their tour of the United Nations, and the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union presented a panel on labor problems.

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c. **Speeches by Members of the Harvard International Seminar:** In order to stress the cooperative aspect of the program each national delegation was given the opportunity to nominate one of its members to speak to an American audience drawn primarily from the Harvard community. One evening was set aside for this purpose and the audience was never less than 150. Each forum was focussed around two speeches - by a European and an Asian member of the Seminar followed by a question period and an informal gathering to continue the discussion. The speeches were recorded by the Lowell Institute and are being broadcast in the Boston area. The Harvard International Seminar will print the speeches (by offset printing) as a record of the contribution of its foreign guests. (A list of speakers and their topics are attached).

d. **Academic Program:** The various aspects of the programs were synthesized in three seminar groups under the direction of Professor Herman Somers, Head of the department of Political Science at Haverford College, Assistant Professor Carl Kaysen of the Department of Economics at Harvard University, and William Barrett, Associate Editor of the *Partisan Review*, and Assistant Professor of Philosophy at New York University. (Reading list are attached.)

Mr. Carl Kaysen, Assistant Professor of Economics at Harvard, led the Seminar group which discussed economic and sociological problems of American economy. Such aspects as distribution of income, why America is richer and more productive than any other country, the redistribution of wealth, economic pressure groups, etc., were covered. All aspects of the economic stability of the United States were discussed and in their relations to the world in the form of world trade, foreign investments in underdeveloped countries, etc. Mr. Kaysen discussed each topic from the American point of view and then turned over the meeting to two members of the group who would present a comparative situation from the European and Asian viewpoint. For example, Mr. Volle of Germany, spoke of the American foreign policy in Europe and Mr. Sherwani, of Pakistan, discussed it in relation to Asia. Mr. Kaysen and Professor Somers held joint sessions during the nine weeks with visiting professors speaking to both groups. Professor Hansen, of Harvard, spoke on international trade, especially between the United States and Great Britain.

Professor Herman Somers supervised the group devoted to studying political problems; the main interest and discussion centered on American political institutions. The basis for all discussion was the American point of view and then comparisons were drawn with the various foreign countries represented. Professor Somers selected topics, gave introductory descriptive remarks concerning the problem under consideration and then turned over the discussion to the group. He, of course, acted as moderator during these discussions, and then at the end evaluated what had been said. Besides these general discussions each student made a brief report on some special aspect of American political life. For example, Mr. Poggeschi from Italy reported on the role of Chief Justice Holmes and his role in the development of American constitutional theory; Mr. Mulley, a Labor M.P., spoke on the comparative political role of labor in America and England; Mrs. Isono gave a report on the cultural and political factors involved in family life in America and Japan. Professor Somers also invited as guest-speakers experts on specific phases of American politics. Professor Douglas Brown, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, spoke on labor; Professors D. S. Cheever, of Harvard, and M. Field Haviland, of Haverford College, led a symposium on the governmental organization of foreign affairs.

Mr. William Barrett, Associate Editor of the *Partisan Review* and Professor

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of Philosophy at New York University, headed the group which examined the principle productions of American culture. He attempted to isolate themes and explore them on an international basis, using American literature and philosophy as test samples. Student reports, again, were used as in the other groups. Mr. Roxas, from the Philippines, reported on Ralph Ellison's novel about a negro, *The Invisible Man*, and Miss Parent, from France, reviewed William Faulkner and the South. Father de Grunne from Belgium, gave a report on American poetry. Mr. Falkenberg, from Germany, read a paper on the problem of values in American and European fiction.

e. **Social Program:** Besides their formal contacts with American life, many social contacts were arranged. Each weekend, about one-third of the group was invited to American homes. Many more were invited for meals by a panel selected from various walks of American life. On several occasions there were many more invitations than it proved possible to fill. Other members of the Boston community took Seminar members on sightseeing trips and visits to museums, or other institutions.

The whole Seminar was invited by Mr. Boyden, headmaster of the Deerfield Academy, to spend the day as guests of a small American community (Deerfield), as well as a small college (Amherst).

The Academy of Arts and Science gave a reception for the Seminar, as well as the staff of the Harvard Observatory.

Mrs. Roosevelt invited the whole Seminar group to a picnic at her summer home in Val-Kill, near Hyde Park. The whole group also visited the Tanglewood Music Festival.

## EVALUATION

It is of course difficult to evaluate a program such as the Harvard International Seminar on the basis of only one session and immediately upon its conclusion. Nevertheless, certain indices are available:

**CONFLUENCE** resulted from the deliberations of the 1951 Seminar. Its impetus, its panel of contributors, and the initial contacts were established by participants in that effort. Its impact in Europe has been considerable, as is indicated by the enthusiastic reviews in major European newspapers and by the significant response in the form of letters to the editor. The Asian participants of this year's Seminar have urged expanding the effort to Asia and are engaging in exploratory conversations to this end.

It would be hazardous at this early stage to assess the impact of the Seminar on the attitudes of its participants: It seems certain, however, that most participants have left the United States with a great feeling of warmth for their experiences at Harvard. Many members of the 1951 session are still in regular correspondence with the staff of the Seminar and have given a great amount of time to both the Seminar and CONFLUENCE. Each member of the 1952 Seminar was asked to write a report upon its conclusion. The comments were enthusiastic and are on file at the office of the Harvard International Seminar. There was a general agreement that the Seminar had impressed its participants with the pluralism of American life; that they could not again think of America in terms of the monolithic stereotype of their nationalist press.

Some immediate consequences of the Seminar are the number of articles about America based on the experience of this summer. Thus Mr. McCallum has challenged

-6-

a Britisher who has spent the summer in Moscow to a debate on the BBC and is writing a series of articles for the *New Statesman* and *Nation*, Mr. Walters is writing a series of articles for *Comment*, Mr. Falkenberg for the *German Universität Magazines*, Mr. Volle for the *Europa-Archiv*, Mr. Hansen-Løve for *Wort und Wahrheit*, Mr. Gokhale is preparing a series of lectures and articles, as is Mr. Desai, for the *Times of India*, and Mr. Sherwani for the Pakistan Institute for Foreign Affairs. Mr. Alisjahbana will devote a number of his review to an analysis of Europe and America, the major thesis of which will be the spiritual kinship of the United States and Asia because of a common sense of optimism and adventure. Many other articles are undoubtedly in the process of preparation unknown to the Seminar staff.

One of the most impressive consequences of the Seminar has been the spirit of tolerance and understanding shared among its participants. No better instance can be cited than a joint independence day celebration of the Indian, Pakistan, and Indonesian Independence Day. Nothing could reflect better the spirit of the Harvard International Seminar than the speech by Mr. Alisjahbana from Indonesia. (Copy attached).

It was found that forty represented the optimum number of participants: It permits national delegations of sufficient size to be representative, while keeping the whole group small enough to remain cohesive.

All members of the Seminar agreed that its private sponsorship represented one of the chief reasons for its success and for the spontaneity of its effort.

ASIA

The Philippines (3 men)

Gonzalo B. Callanta, Jr., Manila, Office of Legal Affairs, Department of Foreign Affairs. Law and foreign service.

Antonio J. Villegas, Manila, Executive Secretary, Anti-Communist League of the Philippines. Law and political science.

Clemente M. Roxas, Manila, Literary Editor and editorial writer for Far Eastern University Advocate. English and writing.

Indonesia (2 men)

Sam Udin, Djakarta, Head, Dept. of General Affairs of N.V. de Bataafache Maatschappij, a subsidiary of the Royal Dutch-Shell Group. Social Geography and Sociology.

Sutan T. Alisjahbana, Jakarta, Lecturer at Akademi Nasional (Jakarta) in Indonesian language and literature and cultural history; Philosophy. Editor of several Indonesian magazines. Indonesian literature and culture.

Pakistan (3 men, 1 woman)

Khursheed Ahmad, Lahore, Lawyer, Advocate of High Court of Judicature, Lahore. Law, political science, philosophy.

(more)

-3-

Latif Ahmed Sherwani, Karachi, Assistant Secretary,
Pakistan Institute of International Affairs. English language and
literature.

Muhammad Hashim M. Kidwai, Karachi, Research Officer,
Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Law, administration, journalism.
literature.

Miss Zahra B. Hilaly, Karachi, Research Officer, Ministry
of Defense, Government of Pakistan. History and political science.

India (4 men, 1 woman)

Mahendra Valjibhai Desai, Bombay, Assistant Editor,
The Times of India. Economics, History.

Stanley Ezekiel Joseph, Delhi, Research Officer (Industry,
Trade and Communication Division) at National Planning Commission,
Government of India, Economics.

Rajaram Gopal Kulkarni, Bombay, General Secretary of the
Mill Mazdoor Sabha, Bombay. Gen. Sec'y of all India Federation of
Textile Unions. Member of General Council of the Hind Mazdoor
Sabha, Central Trade Union Organization of Industrial Workers in
India. Economics.

Miss Shakuntala Bhalla, Lovedale, Nilgiris, South India,
Headmistress, Lawrence School. Education.

Balkrishna Govind Gokhale, Bombay, Lecturer, Indian
History and Culture, St. Xavier's College, Bombay. History.

Japan (4 men, 1 woman)

Tamotsu Ogata, Tokyo, Advisory Editor, The Nippon Times.
English Literature.

Mrs. Fujiko Isono, Tokyo, housewife, Translator for Readers
Digest. English Literature.

Professor Takeyasu Kimura, Tokyo, Professor of History of
Economic Doctrines, Department of Economics, University of Tokyo.
Theoretical Economics and History of Economic Doctrines.

Hideo Nishioka, Tokyo, Lecturer of the High School and
the Colleges (Faculties of Literature, Law, and Engineering) in the
Keio University. Teaches Human Geography. Japanese and Oriental
History.

Umeo Kagei, Tokyo, Bureau of Treaties, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. Political Science.

(more)

EUROPE

France (3 men; 1 woman)

Victor Thomas de Pange, Paris, student, writer. English Literature-History; Journalism.

Marcel Moussy, Paris, Teacher of English, College Classique de Pontoise; Reviewer, Playwright for French Radio. English.

Mlle. Monique Parent, Saint-Benis/Seine, Assistant at the Faculte des Lettres, University of Caen. English language and literature.

Paul Maurice Xavier Lannes, Paris, Agrigi de l'Universite, maitre de conferences a l'Institut d'Etudes Politiques de L'Universite de Paris. History of Contemporary France.

Britain (4 men)

Dennis M. Walters, London, Law student at Middle Temple; contributor to British Broadcasting Corporation. Political Science, Law and Modern Languages.

Frederick W. Mulley, London, Member of Parliament (Labor); lecturer in Economics and Industrial Relations. Formerly Fellow of St. Catherine's College, Cambridge. Philosophy, Politics, and Economics.

Neil B. McCallum, Edinburgh, Scotland, Writer. Works on older Scottish writers; study of Scottish 16th century topics.

William C. Balfour, Cardiff, Wales, Industrial Relations Department, University of South Wales and Monmouthshire; also lectures for the Department of Extra-Mural Studies, the W. E. A. and the Workers Educational Trade Union Committee. Sociology.

Austria (1 man)

Friedrich Hansen-Love, Vienna, Editor of "Wort and Wahrheit"; Director of the Research Institute for Contemporary European Problems. Humanities, Social Sciences.

Belgium (2 men)

Jean D. de Grunne, Oxford, England, student, probationer. B. Litt. Benedictine priest at the Abbey of Maredsour, Belgium. Preparing a book on English 17th Century history. English literature of 17th century.

Michel G. Woitrin, Louvain, Lecturer in Economics (International Economics, Theory of Employment), University of Louvain; Director for Economic Research at the "Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales" of the University, and Editor of the

(more)

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(w)

"Bulletin de l'Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales".
Member of Committee of Counselors, Ministry of Economic Affairs.
International Economics.

### Denmark (1 man)

Torkil Kemp, Copenhagen, one of the 34 programme "dictators"
of the Danish State Broadcasting System. History of Religion
(Especially Greek and primitive).

### Sweden (1 man)

Bengt J. Nerman, Stockholm, General Secretary to the Swedish
University. Literature.

### Germany (3 men, 1 woman)

Hermann F. P. Volle, Oberursel, Managing and contributing
editor to Europa-Archiv. Secretary General to the "Studienhilfe
fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit". Languages and Commonwealth
Relations.

Wilhelm Hennis, Bad Godesberg/Rhein, Parliamentarian Asst.
of the Social Democratic Party in German Bundestag. Private sec'y
to Dr. Adolf Arndt, member of Bundestag and First Sec'y of Social
Democratic faction. Constitutional and International law.

Hans Geert Falkenberg, Gottingen, Critic of literature,
theater and film for newspapers and periodicals. One of editors of
"Deutsche Universitats Zeitung". German and American literature,
philosophy.

Miss Eleonore H. Kohler, Berlin-Zehlendorf, part-time
editor; working on doctoral thesis and preparing for exam at end of
year. Art, literature, journalism.

### Italy (3 men, 1 woman)

Miss Flavia Derossi, Turin, Director of the Industrial and
Filmology Section at the Institute of Social Psychology. Social and
Experimental Psychology.

Valdo E. Zilli, Florence, Lecturer in Italian at the
University of Lund (Sweden). Modern History (particularly Russian).

Raffaele Poggeschi, Bologna, lawyer. Member of Editor's
staff of "Rivista Trimestrale di Diritto e Procedura Civele".
Ordinary Assistant of Civil Procedure at University of Bologna.
Civil Procedure, Administrative, Constitutional and Civil Law.

Ippolito Pizzetti, Rome, compiles and produces theatrical
and literary programs for R. A. I. (Radio Audizioni Italia - Italian
Broadcasting Co.) Modern literature.

(more)

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Harvard Summer School of Arts and Sciences and of Education

INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

JULY 6,—AUGUST 26, 1953

**Purpose of the Seminar:** The Harvard Summer School International Seminar attempts to provide an opportunity for promising individuals from abroad to discuss the nature of present-day problems with their contemporaries in other European and Asian countries and in the United States. It particularly wishes to attract individuals whose normal activities prevent extended periods of absence from their home countries and who are therefore ineligible for existing exchange programs. The 1953 session expects to invite twenty participants from Europe and twenty from Asia.

**Stipend:** The Harvard International Seminar will assume all the expenses of its participants, including transportation to and from their homes, room, board, tuition, and an adequate weekly allowance for personal expenses. This stipend does not cover expenses incurred in obtaining visas or in filing the application.

**Program:** The program of the Harvard Summer School International Seminar has three parts:

a. It will give its participants an opportunity to become acquainted with various aspects of American life through a program of distinguished guest speakers, from the professions, labor unions, industry, government, and other spheres, as well as through visits to industrial plants, newspapers, public institutions, and other organizations of interest to the participant.

b. A formal academic program: This will take the form of groups of approximately ten members working on cooperative projects of contemporary interest under the general supervision of a faculty member. Their subject matter will be of sufficient scope to permit each participant to treat it from the point of view of his special discipline or particular field of interest. It is expected that one group will deal primarily with political problems, another with economics and sociology, and a third with the arts, literature and philosophy. Each successful applicant, upon acceptance, will be furnished with a prospectus outlining the work which his group expects to engage in. The emphasis of these groups will be less on formal research than on utilizing the special competence of the participant through discussions and reports.

c. Each participant will be given an opportunity to speak to an American audience on some aspect of his own country at least once during his stay at Harvard.

**Qualifications:** In general, preference will be given to individuals who are already active in some field of endeavor although exceptionally qualified students may be considered. Applicants should be between the ages of 25 and 35 and have an adequate command of the English Language.

**Method of Application:** All applications should reach the Harvard Summer School International Seminar, 10 Weld Hall, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts, no later than March 1. They should be accompanied by a photograph, two letters of recommendation, and a letter in English by the applicant outlining the reason for his interest in the Seminar and the contribution he expects to make to it. Applicants will be notified of the decision in their case during the second half of April, together with instructions regarding visa procedure and travel arrangements. Candidates must be prepared to leave for the United States by June 15th.

**Applications may be obtained from:**

ACTIVITY SCHEDULE - 1952 SEMINAR

July 1 Opening Addresses by President of Harvard University, James B. Conant and Director of the Harvard Summer School, William Y. Elliott

Meeting of Seminar Group in Phillips Brook House - 8:00 P.M.

2 Guest Speaker: Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt

4 Picnic for Seminar at Professor Elliott's Home.

5 Boat trip on the Charles - Esplanade Concert

6 Dinner at the International Student Center for the Seminar

7 Guest Speaker: Al Capp, Cartoonist

9 Tour of Ford Assembly Plant in morning
Tour of Framingham Shopping Center in afternoon

11 Tour of the Boston Herald

14 Guest Speaker: Eric Johnston, President of the Motion Picture Association

15 Guest Speaker: Andrew Cordier, Executive Assistant to Trygve Lie of the U.N.

16 Trip to Framingham Reformatory

17 Guest Speaker: Joseph P. Spang, President of the Gillette Co.
Reception: Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston

18 First Tanglewood weekend

21 Guest Speaker: Professor Carl Friedrich

22 Guest Speaker: McGeorge Bundy

23 Guest Speakers: Mr. Claude Fuess, Former Headmaster of Exeter and
Mr. Frank Boyden, Headmaster of Deerfield Academy

24 New York trip via Deerfield and Amherst

28 Guest Speaker: Thornton Wilder
Harvard College Observatory invitation from Dr. Harlow Shapley

29 Guest Speaker: Ex-Governor Robert Bradford of Massachusetts

30 Tour of law courts

31 Guest Speaker: Mr. Theodore Brown, Director of Research, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

-2-

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>August 1</td>
      <td>Second Tanglewood weekend</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>4</td>
      <td>Guest Speaker: Roger Putnam, Administrator of the Economic Stabilization Agency</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>5</td>
      <td>Guest Speaker: Elmer Rice, Playwright</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>6</td>
      <td>Guest Speakers: Col. Harriotte, Head of European Branch of the Planning Division of the Army and Col. Hill, Former Chief of Civil Affairs in Korea</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>7</td>
      <td>Guest Speaker: Erwin Canham, Editor of Christian Science Monitor</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>8</td>
      <td>Third Tanglewood weekend</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>11</td>
      <td>Guest Speakers: Mrs. Elise Thompson Bailen, Executive Secretary of U.N. Council of Philadelphia, New England Representative for the Committee for the Marshall Plan and various other positions Judge Emory H. Niles of the Baltimore Supreme Court</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>12</td>
      <td>Guest Speaker: Herbert L. Matthews, Associate Editor of the New York Times</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td>Slides and Lecture on Sweden by Bengt Nerman and colored slides of the Seminar by Mr. Nerman, Mr. Nishioka and others.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>13</td>
      <td>Baseball Game - Red Sox-Athletics</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>14</td>
      <td>Guest Speaker: Congressman Christian Herter</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>16</td>
      <td>Independence Day Party - Pakistan, India, and Indonesia</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>18</td>
      <td>Guest Speaker: Lincoln Gordon, Assistant Director for Policy and Planning in the Mutual Security Program, Economic Adviser to the Special Assistant to the President</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>19</td>
      <td>Guest Speaker: Professor William Y. Elliott</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td></td>
      <td>Farewell Party at the Signet Club</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

(L)

SEMINAR FORUM SPEAKERS

July 9 Frederick W. Mulley, Member of Parliament (Labor)
"British Labor Party in Politics"

Professor Takeyasu Kimura, Professor of History of Economic Doctrines,
University of Tokyo

"Japan's Dilemma Between Communism and Democracy"

July 16 Sutan T. Alisjahbana, Lecturer at Akademi Nasional in Indonesian Language and Literature and Cultural history, Editor of several Indonesian magazines.
"Tension in Indonesian Life and Culture"

Rev. Dominique DEGrunne, Benedictine priest at the Abbey of Maredsour, Belgium
"Cultural Debility and Economic Prosperity in Belgium"

July 23 Mahendra Desai, Assistant Editor of *The Times* of India
"Aspects of Nationalism in the East"

Wilhelm Hennis, Parliamentarian Asst. of the Social Democratic Party in
German Bundestag.

"Germany at the Crossroads: Rearmament or Unity"

July 30 Khursheed Ahmad, Advocate of High Court of Judicature, Lahore.
"Pakistan Problems of an Asian Democracy"

Valdo E. Zilli, Lecturer in Italian at the University of Lund, Sweden.
"Democracy in Modern Italy"

August 7 Gonzalo B. Callanta, Office of Legal Affairs, Department of Foreign Affairs, Manila.
"Security Problems in Asia and the Pacific"

P. M. Xavier Lannes, Agrigi de l'Universite, Maitre de conferences
a l'Institut d'Etudes Politiques de l'Universite de Paris.

"Politics in France"

August 14 Torkil Kemp, Programme Secretary of the Danish State Broadcasting System.
"Doubtful Denmark -- The Ambivalent Attitude of Youth in a Small Country"

Dennis M. Walters, Law Student at Middle Temple; contributor to British Broadcasting Corporation.

"The Conservative Party in Foreign Affairs"

HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

Tentative Reading List

By Mr. William Barrett

1953

SEMINAR: THE ROLE OF ART AND PHILOSOPHY IN CONTEMPORARY CIVILIZATION

"IRONIES" OF AMERICAN CIVILIZATION

The Irony of American History — Reinhold Niebuhr

SOME IRONIES ORTENSIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY NOVEL

Light in August, Wm. Faulkner

Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison

Point of No Return, Marquand

The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald

The Crack-Up, Fitzgerald

The Last Tycoon, Fitzgerald

All The King's Men, Robert Penn Warren

On Native Grounds, Kazin, Preface, first and last chapters

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY IN AMERICAN CULTURE

Pragmatism and American Culture, Amherst Series - Entire

"The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy" from
Winds of Doctrine, Santayana

Social Thought in America, White (precise selections will be determined later)

Character and Opinion in the U. S., Santayana

Reconstruction in Philosophy, Dewey (Last edition - 1948)

AMERICAN CULTURE IN ITS POETRY

Collected Poems -- Robert Frost

Any Selection -- Wallace Stevens

Collected Poems -- Marianne Morre

THE LITERARY CONSCIOUSNESS IN AMERICA: LITERARY CRITICISM

Anthologies:

Literary Opinion in the U.S., ed. by Zabel (Harpers)
Kenyon Critics

Edmund Wilson, first 70 pp. of Classics and Commercials; essay
on Hemingway in Wound and the Bow

Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination: Preface, "Reality in America",
"Function of Little Magazine", "Manners, Morals, and the Novel"

HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

General Bibliography -- American Politics

Professor Somers

Summer, 1952

Standard Textbooks:

J. M. Burns & J. W. Peltason, *Government by the People*, Prentice-Hall, 1952. A descriptive text on structure and operation of American federal government.

D. W. Brogan, *Government of the People, Harpers, 1950*. 2nd edition. As seen by a European.

V. O. Key, Jr. *Politics, Parties and Pressure Groups*, T. Crowell, 1948. The party system and the dynamics of the American political parties.

David B. Truman, *The Governmental Process*, Knopf, 1951. The political process approached by way of interest group and public opinion.

Alphous T. Mason, *Free Government in the Making*, Oxford, 1949. An interpretative history of American political thought with generous excerpts from original writings.

Robin M. Williams, *American Society*, Knopf, 1951. A sociologist's over-all view of American social process; one section devoted to government and politics.

Recent General Interpretations:

David Riesman, *The Lonely Crowd*, Yale, 1950.

J. K. Galbraith, *American Capitalism - The Concept of Counter-
vailing Power*, Houghton-Mifflin, 1951

R. M. MacIver, *Democracy and the Economic Challenge*, Knopf, 1952.

Lyman Bryson, *The Next America*, Harper, 1951.

Reinhold Niebuhr, *The Irony of American History*, Scribners, 1952

Samuel Lubell, *The Future of American Politics*, Harper, 1952.

D. W. Brogan, *The Price of Revolution*, Harper, 1952. Last 2 chapters.

Editors of FORTUNE, *The Permanent Revolution*, Prentice-Hall, 1951.
(Reprint of February 1951 issue of FORTUNE Magazine).

American Political Parties:

W. E. Binkley, *American Political Parties*, Knopf, 1943. Best available history of subject.

-2.

James M. Burns, *Congress on Trial*, Harper, 1949. — A criticism of the system

Pendleton Herring, *The Politics of Democracy*, Norton, 1941. A defense of the system

**The American President:**

F.S. Darwin, *President: Office and Powers*, New York University, 1948, third edition. Basic reference work from viewpoint of constitutional Law.

E.P. Herring, *Presidential Leadership*, Rinehart, 1940. A political analysis

**American Congress:**

Roland Young, *This is Congress*, Knopf, 1943. A descriptive appraisal of Congressional operations.

S. K. Bailey and H. Samuel, *Congress at Work*, Holt, 1952. A series of case studies of congress and congressmen.

**Supreme Court:**

R. K. Carr, *The Supreme Court and Judicial Review*, Rinehart, 1942

R. H. Jackson, *The Struggle for Judicial Supremacy*, Knopf, 1941

**Role of Private Associations:**

House Report 3137 and House Report 3138, 81st Congress, second session, House Select Committee on Lobbying Activities.

Avery Heiserson, *Administrative Regulation, A Study in Representation of Interests*, University of Chicago, 1942

Wesley McCune, The Farm Bloc, Doubleday, Doran, 1943. A review of farmers' Organizations and their work.

O. McKile, *The Farm Bureau Through Three Decades*, Waverly Press, 1948. A detailed study of the most powerful farm organization.

Selig Perlman, *A Theory of the Labor Movement*, Macmillan, 1928. A classic analysis of the goals and methods of American labor.

Jack Barbash, *Labor Unions in Action*, Harper, 1948. The internal government and operation of unions.

G. S. Watkins, ed., *Labor in the American Economy* — American Academy of Political and Social Science, March, 1951

Raymond Fosdick, *The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation*, Harper, 1952. The use of a private fortune.

R. A. Brady, *Business as a System of Power*, Columbia, 1943. A controversial interpretation.

M. Louise Rutherford, *The Influence of the American Bar Association on Public opinion and Legislation*, Foundation Press, 1937

-3-

L. E. Ebersole, *Church Lobbying in the Nation's Capital*, Macmillan, 1951

## Minority Groups and Sectionalism:

Gunnar Myrdal, *An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy*, Harper, 1944. The most comprehensive study of the problem.

F. J. Brown and J. S. Roucek, eds., *One America*, Prentice-Hall, 1945
Discussions of immigrant groups in politics.

V. O. Key, Jr., *Southern Politics*, Knopf, 1949

## Planning in America:

David Lilienthal, *Democracy on the March*, Harper, 1944

National Resources Committee, *Regional Factors in National Planning*, U. S. Government Printing, 1935

## The Making of Foreign Policy:

John Fisher, *Master Plan*, U. S. A., Harper, 1951

Dexter Perkins, *The American Approach to Foreign Policy*, Harvard, 1952

McCarny, *The Administration of American Foreign Affairs*, Knopf, 1950

D. Cheever and H. F. Haviland, *American Foreign Policy and the Separation of Powers*, Harvard, 1952

Guides to American Magazines, popular and scholarly, as well as reference to especially pertinent articles, will be offered in Seminar meetings.

INDEPENDENCE DAY SPEECH

by
Sutan T. Alisjahbana

Ladies and Gentlemen:

On behalf of the Pakistan, Indian and Indonesian participants of the International Seminar, I welcome you to this very informal punch party on the occasion of the Independence Day of our respective countries. I suppose you know that Pakistan became independent on August 14th, 1947, India on the 15th of the same month and the same year, while Indonesia proclaimed its independence on the 17th of August, 1945. I think it is certainly one of the most memorable achievements of our seminar that the participants of our three countries have decided to celebrate our respective Independence Days on the same day, namely today, the 16th of August, in close cooperation with each other.

I hope you can understand that we, the youngest nations of the world today are very keen on our just-obtained liberty. The Independence Day is the most important day of the year in our countries; in every town and village the celebration takes place in a very gay and enthusiastic atmosphere.

Ladies and Gentlemen:

There is an old Minangkabau proverb (Minangkabau is the part of Indonesia with the last matriarchy in the world), which says: like a young girl wearing earrings the first time. You can imagine how she stands before the mirror and how self-confident and happy she looks at her surroundings with the new addition to her beauty and dignity. I hope that you older ladies, who have more experience and who are in consequence wiser, will be happy too to look with a smile of understanding at our youth. And I think, in this mood everyone will be able to join us wholeheartedly in our happiness on this occasion of our independence day.

Ladies and Gentlemen:

Let us together have a drink to independence and liberty!

Let us together pass a drink to independence and liberty!

Ladies and Gentlemen:

of our independence day.

Now everyone will be able to join us wholeheartedly in our
be happy too to look upon a smile of understanding at our heart. And I think, in this
that you offer today, who have more experience and who are in correspondence with us,
the looks of her, our automobile with the new addition to her beauty and brightness.
I hope
I can imagine how the audience before the mirror and how self-confident and pious
I trust there is an end to混up between the two (world's), which exists: if one a hostess wearing earrings the other
I want to say to the world, "which ever, if one a hostess wearing earrings the other

Say and enunciate atmosphere.

Dear in our company! in every town and village the celebration takes place in a very
keen on our independent liberty. The independence day is the most important day of the
I hope you can understand that we, the largest nations of the world today are very
nearly today, the first of August, in close cooperation with each other.

Comrades have decided to celebrate our respective independence day on the same day,
one of the most memorable achievements of our seminar that the barriohebuta of our time
Indonesian proclaimed its independence on the 1st of August, 1947. I think it is certainly
ent on August 14th, 1947, India on the 14th of the same month and the same year, while
once day of our respective countries. I suppose you know that Indonesia becomes independent
Seminar. I welcome you to this very very interesting bench party on the occasion of the Independence
On part of the Pakatan, Indian and Indonesian barriohebuta of the International
Ladies and Gentlemen:

Saten T. Vitthalpant
pa
INDEPENDENCE DAY SANKH

HARVARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

## France

M. Victor Thomas dePange, candidate for a fellowship (Agregation); working on thesis for University of Oxford; writes articles in various reviews.

## Netherlands

## Italy

-2-

## Britain

## Belgium

Michel G. Wotrin, University of Louvain, Lecturer in Economics; Director for Economic Research at the "Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales" of the University; Member of the Committee of Counselors of the Ministry of Economic Affairs.

["to me, I am sure, a most interesting experience.\n\nThe University of America was a most interesting experience of the kind. I was very pleased to be able to take part in the University of America. I was very pleased to be able to take part in

-8-

Britain

India

Balkrishna G. Ookhale, Lecturer, Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College, Bombay; Chairman, Socialist Party, Bombay.

Pakistan

Latif Ahmed Sherwani, Assistant Secretary, Pakistan Institute of International Affairs; Assistant Secretary of Institute in editing the Institute's quarterly journal and other publications and in arranging meetings on international affairs by specialists.

Japan

Mrs. Fujiko Isono, author of a book on Mongol culture; on the translation staff of the Japanese edition of the Reader's Digest.

which for the International Seminar next year is to encourage some of the 'quarantine', bedeep to join Eufatip conversation and float to start working, defining in a sort away some of that. One of the best later representative between them and the United States. When I am past, I am "The experience of the summer gave me some ideas about how I can help to promote

of the Japanese edition of the leader's book.

Mr. Brikko Leppä, author of a book on Motherhood in the translation effort.

## TRANSLATION

I for one, am convinced that we have a real friend in this great democracy. Text away in fruitful ways and the states closer. So far as Brikka can concerned, and problems, and I am sure maybe that problem line our Seminar will be a great one of them. I am sure that Goodwill and understanding of our conditions and means who give us good past, present and influence and I am very happy indeed to see that. During the beat eight weeks I have had someone opportunities of meeting men

international students and specialists.

International students and other publications and in arrangements made up on request at request of the Secretary, Institute in writing the Institute's

Left Wing Party, Vastuast Secretary, Brikka Institute of International

## BAKETAN

with them was not only beautiful but useful necessarily. The American bedeep and recovered that intellectual and critical co-operation needed much knowledge but useful betterment if in human terms. We come to understand each with bedeep how countries are, say, share, see them and 'know not only explicitly but indirectly' and generate beat on several occasions. Takefig. The beautiful the character as we are and discussed arrows, biographies and these discussions of one, me, an opportunity of useful bedeep how brusquely will over the matter. Create it a transgenerally human and democratic attention. This I believe is the best effect "Before I came here, I was a boy in my line of thought now it abates

Bomby: Chairman, Secretary General, Bomby.

Bikirikou G. Goklebe, Secretary, International History and Culture, St. Petersburg, Russia.

I have been fortunate in making in Canada. I am very well Resilient, then on account of the warm and kind triangle of my triangle of friends and "The beat was few weeks at Harvard, gave pen for me a useful, useful triangle and

Nepenthe V. Deat, Vastuast Editor, The Times of India, Bomby.

## INDIA

clear, mercantilist and abstracted of American life." How much sugar put because the best读书 is that it left me with a reasonableness like to ask that for me the Seminars were quite interesting. It was meant

to be a broadcasting Corporation.

Dennis Wofford, law student at Middlesex University, CONTRIBUTOR to Eurobeau Series of

Briar

-2-

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

<u>Balkrishna G. Gokhale</u>, Lecturer, Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College, Bombay; Chairman, Socialist Party, Bombay.

<u>Tamotsu Ozata</u>, Assistant Editor of the <u>Nippon Times</u>, Tokyo

"Oh, how I wish to meet my dear Seminar comrades and the Harvard people again! I get nostalgic whenever I recall the blessed days that I was privileged to spend at Cambridge last summer. Gonzalo Callanta has safely returned to Manila after girdling the globe and he sent me a nice letter the other day. Ekker wrote me the other day proposing that I write on Japan in his Amsterdam paper, <u>Het Parool</u>. I have sent one article and I am hoping that this will prove interesting to Dutch leaders."

article and I am hoping that this will prove interesting to Dutch readers."

proposing that I write on taban in his Amsterdam paper, *Het Bericht*. I have sent one
to the Groep and he sent me a nice letter, the other day. Ekier wrote me the other day
the Groep and he sent me a nice letter, the other day. Ekier wrote me the other day
Cambridge last summer. Gouwsje Cullants has safely returned to Mauilu after finding
that he would be able to write in English. I recall the previous day that I wasPrivileged to attend
"Oh, now I wish to meet my dear Seminar comrades and the Harvard people again! I
Tasmanian Oats, Vastatant Editor of the *Wroman Times*, Teikoo

been keeping foreign with some members of the Seminar."

I also heard from Boxen from Mauilu and so you see I have
movement in my country. I also heard from Boxen from Mauilu and so you see I have
used a letter from Mauilu to Berlin asking me for news about the Berlin
foreign policy in view of the Republican victory in the last presidential election.
"I have been paying writing for the press here and recently wrote an article on U.S.

Bompsi: Chairman, Socialist Party, Bompsi.
Befrijsthele G. Gouwsje, Secretary, Indian History and Culture, St. Xavier's College,
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

ADDITIONAL COMMENTS