WALTHER CASPER
VORSTANDSMITGLIED
DER
METALLGESELLSCHAFT A.-G.

6 FRANKFURT A. M., Dec. 20, 1968

REUTERWEG 14
TELEFON 59091

KISSINGER, HENRY A./C*

DEC 2 3 1968

Professor Henry A. Kissinger

Hotel Pierre
5th Avenue 61st Street
New York, N.Y.

PERSONAL

Dear Professor Kissinger,

Returned home I want to thank you for your kind luncheon invitation and the meeting we had the day before yesterday in New York.

Yesterday I had a long conversation with Chancellor Kiesinger in which I conveyed your regards to which he was very sensitive. I also told him that your heavy burden and the extreme amount of work would make it doubtful whether you could manage to come for a visit in the very near future, which he fully understands. Of course, I left every thing open, so that your final decision is in no way prejudiced.

I shall certainly notify you when my way will lead me to the States and to Washington again.

Wishing you the best and, above all, good health and endurance in the weeks to come and for your important tasks in general, I am with warm personal regards,

RECEIVED
FEB 21 1969

CENTRAL FILES

KISSINGER, HENRY A.

SEP 3 1971

Dear David:

Thank you for your friendly welcome to the
set of "The Partridge Family." My children,
my staff and I very much enjoyed talking with
you and watching you all perform. You did a
marvelous job and I can understand why my
daughter, Elizabeth especially was so delight-
ed to have the chance to meet you.

Please convey our thanks and appreciation to
the whole Partridge Family.

Mr. David Cassidy
"The Partridge Family"
Columbia Ranch
Oak at Hollywood Way
Burbank, California

PWR:jlp:9/3/71

RECEIVED
SEP 8 1971

CENTRAL OFFERS

KISSINGER, HENRY A.

N8C 5212

Center
for
Inter-American
Relations

September 11, 1973

Dr. Henry Kissinger
The White House
Washington, D.C.

Dear Dr. Kissinger:

On September 27th, this Center for Inter-American Relations is offering a luncheon in honor of the President of the United Nations General Assembly to which the Latin American Foreign Ministers then present and the Latin American United Nations Representatives are invited. If the expected practices of rotation and the wishes of the Latin American group at the United Nations are followed, as is expected, the new President will be Ecuador's Permanent Representative at the United Nations, Ambassador Leopoldo Benites. The date was selected last June after consultation with Ambassador Benites as the then only open date in the early days of the Assembly when many of the Foreign Ministers are expected to be present.

I hope very much that you will accept our invitation to attend this luncheon. It will be an auspicious but relatively informal opportunity on which you and Latin American leaders may meet each other as well as a mark of particular courtesy and interest on your part. There will be no formal speeches but naturally a few remarks and a toast or two would be in order. If you are present, I would hope you might say just a few words of greeting. I have, of course, invited Ambassador Scali and Assistant Secretary Jack Kubisch as well as the Secretary General of the United Nations.

Our luncheon seemed a most appropriate gesture for the Center in the light of our purpose which is to stimulate interest and understanding within the United States of Latin America and Canada. It also permits us to fulfill our secondary purpose which is to make evident to our neighbors our interest. Our major effort is made, of course, through substantive programs of seminars, art exhibits, concerts and translations of leading literary works.

This General Assembly, of course, provides an opportunity for you yourself to offer an hospitable gesture towards the Latin Americans in this the "Latin American year". If the already crowded United Nations social schedule presents no other opportunities I would be happy to have our invitation re-presented as offered on your behalf.

We look forward to cooperating with you as we have with your two predecessors, both of whom were members of the Center. In this connection, I would appreciate your consent to my placing your name before our Board of Directors for election to membership.

..//..

680 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10021 Telephone: (212) 249 8950 Cable: INTERAMREL NEWYORK

RECEIVED

NOV 13 1973

CENTRAL FILES

6 FRANKFURT A. M., Feb. 18, 1969

GENERAL

KISSINGER, HENRY J.

Professor Henry A. Kissinger
The White House
Washington, D. C.

Dear Professor Kissinger,

Just a line to tell you my deep satisfaction about the forthcoming visit of the President. I need not tell you how much this satisfaction is shared by our mutual Bonn friends. It was a wise and courageous decision for the President to come so soon after taking office and we certainly are not far apart in assuming that you largely participated in the preparation of this decision. It is particularly estimated that President Nixon includes Berlin in his itinerary.

The forthcoming trip will not only reaffirm the ties between countries of this continent and the United States; it will give the President a first hand and immediate view of the situation over here and a good judgement of the partners he has to deal with. And - as the human factor always plays a great part - the visit will give him an appraisal of their possible reaction in the months to come.

I myself am about to leave for Zambia for a few days returning after your Bonn visit.

On March 15th I intend to fly to Washington, where I shall spend the weekend with my friends, Mr. and Mrs. LeRoy Eakin, (in-laws of Dr. Milton Eisenhower),

1165 Chain Bridge Road
Four Winds
McLean, Va. 22101

Telephone: Elmwood 6-3649 Washington, D. C.

On the following Monday, March 17th, in the afternoon I will have to fly back to New York for some negotiations. I would indeed be very glad about an opportunity to evaluate briefly your visit to Europe.

HONORARY TRUSTEES

Hon. Jacob K. Javits

Hon. Nelson A. Rockefeller

Hon. John V. Lindsay

Marquesa de Cuevas

OFFICERS

David Rockefeller, Honorary Chairman

Emilio G. Collado, Chairman

John M. Cates, Jr., President

William S. Ogden, Treasurer

Forrest D. Murden, Jr., Secretary

William vanden Heuvel, Counsel

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

William E. Barlow

John M. Cates, Jr.

Emilio G. Collado

Albert H. Gordon

Lincoln Gordon

Kitty Carlisle Hart

Andrew Heiskell

Edgar F. Kaiser, Sr.

Philip M. Klutznick

Antonie T. Knoppers

Sol M. Linowitz

Bayless Manning

George Meany

George S. Moore

Forrest D. Murden, Jr.

Martha T. Muse

James A. Perkins

David Rockefeller

William D. Rogers

David S. Smith

Elizabeth A. Straus

Arthur Ochs Sulzberger

Charles Wagley

Rawleigh Warner, Jr.

STAFF

Music James B. Wolfe

Literature José Guillermo Castillo

Visual Arts James B. Wolfe José Guillermo Castillo

Public Affairs Ronald G. Hellman

Administration Beatrice A. Wolfe

TO OUR MEMBERS

Judging by the response from government, business, academic, press and cultural circles, the expansion of Center activities has led to a broadening recognition of its role within the United States, Latin America and Canada. We would like to single out certain projects which are either notable extensions of our established programs or new steps toward the accomplishment of our aims.

A traveling press seminar took the wire service editors of ten important U.S. papers to four Latin American countries with a view toward increasing news coverage of the area: this was a "first" which has already shown good results. Putting together the Nicaraguan Relief Committee to aid earthquake victims revealed the Center's ability to act quickly in an emergency. Our museum directors conference brought together for the first time Americans, Latin Americans and Canadians to discuss common problems in this field.

By bringing out *Review* three times a year, we hope to widen considerably the attention paid to contemporary Latin American literature. Joint programs with universities, international organizations and related institutions have been developed to enlarge the Center's effectiveness. We have offered use of the building to those with related purposes and to those interested in our programs. Our initial Washington members' meeting extended the Center's influence and predicted future activities by groups in other cities.

Increased membership and wider financial support reflect not only resident and non-resident American interest but also Latin American and Canadian participation. We are particularly gratified by Latin American recognition of the Center as a valuable instrument through which they can reach knowledgeable people and exchange views.

The inter-Americanization of our membership is crucial on several counts. It has resulted in imaginative and useful proposals that are transforming our activities. The Center has won international status as a non-governmental organization of the United Nations. We have been recognized by the OAS, ECLA and other inter-American organizations with whom we are developing useful ties.

The task of opening North American eyes not only to the rewards, but to the necessity of cooperation with its close neighbors is an enormous one. The Center continues as a lone voice, seeking a varied approach to its task of presenting a complex program representing many issues and efforts from widely diversified

5

Each year, this program involves the Center in a considerable portion of the hemisphere's outstanding political and economic issues. Cutting across the most diverse problem areas, its meetings concentrate the talents of knowledgeable personalities from many fields to enlighten our members, specialists, the media and general audiences. Perhaps the most important aspect of our public affairs program is the bringing together of leading figures from both continents and the range of personal contacts thereby encouraged.

PUBLIC AFFAIRS

Ambassador Hector Luisi, a Senator and former Foreign Minister, spoke on the prospects for resolving the election impasse in Uruguay, alternatives to the traditional two-party system and the influence of the Tupamaros.

Uruguay

January 24

Robert Anderson, Special Negotiator on the Panama Canal treaty talks, and Congressman John Murphy (D-NYC) presented the U.S. position on the treaty revision and touched upon the Executive-Legislative differences as to their respective responsibilities in this issue.

Panama

January 27

Panama's Negotiating Team described their political and economic objectives, urging an understanding of the history and influence of the U.S. presence in the Canal Zone. (Ambassadors Antonio de la Osa, Fernando Manfredo, Carlos Alfredo, Lopez Guevarra, Diogenes de la Rosa.)

March 21

Panel composed of Richard Barnet, Institute for Policy Study; James Theberge, Georgetown University; Robert Hurwitch, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, U.S. State Department; and James Goodsell, *Christian Science Monitor*, examined Cuba-U.S. relations in the light of President Nixon's rapprochement with China and the Soviet Union, and the possibilities of a similar move towards Cuba.

Cuba

February 10

Ambassador and former Foreign Minister João Araujo Castro spoke on the desirability of a fresh outlook and recognition of a Brazil growing in economic and international importance.

Brazil

March 2

7

**Venezuela**
**March 21**
Andrés Aguilar, former Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Representative to the United Nations, and recently named Ambassador to the U.S., commented on Venezuela-U.S. relations.

**China**
**March 24**
Panel including James Goodsell, *Christian Science Monitor*; Tad Szulc, *New York Times*; Professor Daniel Tretiak, University of Toronto; and Lionel Landry, Asia Society, discussed Chinese relations with, and effect on, Latin America and on Latin American-U.S. relations. This was one of a continuing series of sessions organized in collaboration with the Asia Society and came on the heels of President Nixon's rapprochement with Peking.

**United Nations**
**March 30**
UNIDO Executive Director Abdel-Rahman described the interest of the United Nations International Development Organization in Latin America and its current plans for involvement.

**Argentina**
**April 14**
Ambassador Guillermo de la Plaza, Foreign Policy Director, spoke on Argentina's national objectives and problems.

Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. talks with the Mexican Foreign Minister Rabassa prior to his recent address.

An attentive Center audience listens to the views of the Panama Negotiating Team on the Canal treaty talks.

8

Panel discussion by Professor Laurence Birns, New School; Everett Martin, *Wall Street Journal*; Dr. Fernando Alegria, Chilean Embassy; Professor Arpad Von Lazar, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, on "Socialism in Chile," its prospects and its meaning for the U.S. and for Latin America.

Chile
April 24

Alfonso Lopez Michaelson, a leading political figure and former Foreign Minister, spoke about Colombian-U.S. relations.

Colombia
May 4

Frank McDonald, Fellow of the Institute of Current World Affairs, spoke on his impressions of Cuba as a journalist, professor and a prisoner under suspicion of espionage.

Cuba
May 5

President Fernando Belaunde Terry discussed economic and social change in Peru since the military overthrow of his government in 1968.

Peru
May 24

William Dyal, President of this newly created foundation, outlined the goals and purpose of that institution.

Inter-American
Foundation
June 1

Emilio G. Collado introduces the Venezuelan Foreign Minister Dr. Aristides Calvani.

Peruvian Foreign Minister Angel de la Flor (in glasses) chats with guests following his address.

9

United States Secretary of State William P. Rogers talks to Center's President John M. Cates at the Secretary's lunch for Latin American Foreign Ministers during the United Nations General Assembly.

10

George Bush, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, addressed the difficulties Americans deeply committed to that international organization have to cope with given an indifferent U.S. public and a hostile Congress. He also commented on the specific importance of the U.N. to the Western Hemisphere.

United Nations

June 27

The Center's Washington Members met to address present U.S. policy toward the nations of this hemisphere. Dean Krogh of Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service spoke on "The Low Profile: Good News and Bad News." Seminar participants included Charles Meyers, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for L.A. Affairs, Dr. Lincoln Gordon of the Smithsonian Institute, Ambassador Sanz de Santamaría (retiring President of CIAP), and other leading members of academic, diplomatic and international institutions located in Washington. This event gave the Washington Members an opportunity to participate in a substantive Center function and air their thoughts on the goals and direction of the Center.

Washington Meeting

June 29

Foreign Minister General Miguel Angel de la Flor spoke on social change under a highly nationalistic military directorate. In this context, he stressed Peru's openness to foreign investment so long as economic sovereignty was upheld.

Peru

September 26

Foreign Minister Dr. Aristides Calvani discussed prospects for relations between his country and the U.S., and the philosophy of the COPEI party.

Venezuela

September 27

Canning House Director Steven McKenzie gave his impressions of a recent Latin America visit and provided Center members a clear idea of Canning House Programs, especially in the field of education.

England-

Latin America

October 4

Foreign Minister Emilio Rabassa talked on the law of the sea, especially with respect to the upcoming international conference scheduled to be held in Santiago de Chile in 1974.

Mexico

October 6

The fourth seminar of a series on China-Maoism saw Mr. William Radliff of the Hoover Institute present a paper on China's use of the popular front strategy in Latin America.

China-

Latin America

October 13

11

**Cuba**
October 25
Correspondent John Wallach of the Hearst Syndicate gave an illustrated talk about his visit to Cuba during August and September 1972. He discussed the difficulties in Cuba's economic sector and gave his views of the social changes taking place.

**Caribbean**
October 30
A roundtable of Latin America specialists discussed a paper presented by Dr. Abraham Lowenthal of Princeton University calling for a new U.S. foreign policy toward the Caribbean nations. The seminar was organized to provide Dr. Lowenthal with constructive criticism of his ideas and proposals.

**Europe-Latin America**
November 20
A panel composed of Philipp Schmitt-Schlegel, Consul General of the FR of Germany in N.Y., Donald Cape, British Embassy in Washington, and Mr. Gerard Errera, France's Embassy in Washington, discussed the importance of present and future relations between Europe and Latin America, especially in economic and diplomatic terms.

**Uruguay**
December 14
Dr. Eugene Stockwell, Executive Director of the World Council of Churches, discussed the growing crisis between the military and the civilian government. He maintained that the then present government had lost control to the military on political events in Uruguay, a serious departure from that nation's political history.

**Inter-University Cooperation**
December 20
A luncheon meeting brought together key figures in the Latin American Studies Programs throughout the New York area to promote increased communication and cooperation among these university centers. This was the first serious attempt to promote greater interchange among all these Latin American institutes.

**ART**
The practice of inviting a guest director, a specialist in the particular area of the exhibition, was begun with the Brizzi-Garabito show, selected and organized by Samuel Oliver, Director of the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, Buenos Aires. The Szyszlo exhibition was directed by Carlos Rodríguez Saavedra of Lima, while the Latin American art in New York collections, including 38 artists from 10 countries, was chosen by Monroe Wheeler, Counselor to the Trustees, The Museum of Modern Art, New York.

12

Continuing the cooperation with major museums, the paintings by the Peruvian Fernando de Szyszlo traveled to the Museo de Arte Moderno, Bogotá and to the Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City under the auspices of the Center. The National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa was instrumental in organizing the Michael Snow exhibition, chosen by Jean Boggs and under the direction of its Curator of Contemporary Canadian Art, Pierre Théberge. This was the Center's first one-man show from Canada.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Julio Alpuy, Uruguay<br>Sculpture and reliefs</td><td>January 25-March 5</td></tr><tr><td>Brizzi-Garabito, Argentina<br>Paintings</td><td>March 14-April 23</td></tr><tr><td>Looking South—Latin American Art In New York Collections</td><td>May 16-July 16</td></tr><tr><td>Fernando de Szyszlo, Peru<br>Paintings</td><td>September 13-October 22</td></tr><tr><td>Michael Snow, Canada<br>Electronic sculpture, photographs and film</td><td>November 15-January 7</td></tr></tbody></table>

Exhibitions

Peruvian painter Fernando de Szyszlo at opening of his exhibit talks with Center's President and with journalist José Ramon Estella.

13

Under the music program, the Center arranges for Latin American performers— soloists, orchestras, dance groups—to be heard and seen by knowledgeable New York audiences—by musicians, publishers, record companies and concert managers, with a view to gaining wider recognition and a national acclaim. One of the compelling reasons for this program has been the opportunity it provides Latin American artists to obtain return engagements in our various concert series and the establishment of their international reputations. Center-sponsored artists are thus heard not only in various concert halls in New York City but on the prestigious concert circuit throughout the U.S. The level of performance by Center-sponsored artists and composers has been consistently high and, as a medium which suffers from no language barrier, has been notably successful in fostering an appreciation of the musical achievements of our neighbors.

MUSIC

The Jamaican Folksingers perform in April at Center's Hunter College Series.

15

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Concerts</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Antonio De Raco, Argentina<br>Pianist<br>Carnegie Recital Hall</td><td>January 21</td></tr><tr><td>Irma Costanzo, Argentina<br>Classic Guitarist<br>Hunter College Playhouse</td><td>February 11</td></tr><tr><td>Pia Sebastiani, Argentina<br>Pianist<br>Hunter College Playhouse</td><td>March 9</td></tr><tr><td>Ernesto Bitetti, Argentina<br>Classic Guitarist<br>Hunter College Playhouse</td><td>March 16</td></tr><tr><td>Antonio Carlos Barbosa-Lima, Brazil<br>Classic Guitarist<br>Center*</td><td>April 18</td></tr><tr><td>Jamaican Folksingers<br>Hunter College Assembly Hall</td><td>April 21</td></tr><tr><td>Eduardo Delgado, Argentina<br>Pianist<br>Center</td><td>May 19</td></tr><tr><td>Carla Hübner, Chile<br>Pianist<br>Center</td><td>September 18</td></tr><tr><td>Guiomar Novaes, Brazil<br>Pianist<br>Hunter College Assembly Hall</td><td>December 2</td></tr><tr><td>Henryk Szeryng, Mexico<br>Violinist<br>Center**</td><td>December 12</td></tr></tbody></table>

* In association with the Society of the Classic Guitar

** In association with the Pro Musicis Foundation, Inc.

17

LITERATURE

The major event during this period was the publication of *Review* in its newly
expanded format. *Review* now appears three times a year—Spring, Fall and
Winter, in issues of approximately 80 pages. For *Review* 71/Spring 72, a double
issue, we were able to secure the collaboration of such writers as Guillermo
Cabrera Infante, Manuel Puig, Earl Shorris, Gregory Rabassa, Carter Wheelock,
Alexander Coleman and J. M. Alonso. In *Review* 72 Fall we had, among others,
works by Guillermo Sucre, Anne d'Harnoncourt, Robert Murphy, Leonard
Michaels, Robert Bly and Alastair Reid. So encouraging has been the response to
our journal that after the second issue we had a paid subscription list of 1000.

While *Review* brings recognition to a book once it is published, it is the Center's translation program which makes the publication possible in the first place. During 1972 twelve titles were produced by commercial publishing firms with the support of the Center. Among these were four poetry books: *Anthology of 20th-Century Brazilian Poetry*; *Selected Poems* by Jorge Luis Borges; *Emergency Poems* by Nicanor Parra; and *Selected Poems* by Pablo Neruda. The nature of the Center's support was twofold: first of all, the Center brought these books to the attention of their respective publishers and encouraged the publishers' readers to give the works serious attention. Second, in helping with the cost of translation, the Center has insured the English-reading public high-quality bilingual editions of some of the best poetry of this century.

19

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td rowspan="10">Books published with center sponsorship or support</td>
      <td>Emergency Poems, Nicanor Parra, translated by Miller Williams, (New Directions)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Selected Poems, Jorge Luis Borges, translated by Norman Thomas di Giovanni (Seymour Lawrence/Delacorte Press)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Seis Poetas Latinoamericanos de Hoy, edited by Homero Aridjis (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Triple Cross, novels by Carlos Fuentes, José Donoso and Severo Sarduy, translated by Suzanne Jill Levine (E. P. Dutton)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Seven Voices, interviews with Octavio Paz, Pablo Neruda, Jorge Luis Borges, Miguel Angel Asturias, Gabriel García Márquez, Julio Cortázar and Guillermo Cabrera Infante, by Rita Guibert (Alfred A. Knopf)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>62-A Model Kit, Julio Cortázar, translated by Gregory Rabassa (Pantheon)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Visit of the Queen of Sheba; The Serpent of Paradise; El/Ella The Book of Magic Love, Miguel Serrano, translated by Frank MacShane (Harper and Row)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Anthology of 20th-Century Brazilian Poetry, edited by Elizabeth Bishop and Emanuel Brasil (Wesleyan University Press)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Selected Poems, Pablo Neruda, translated by Anthony Kerrigan, W. S. Merwin, Alastair Reid and Nathaniel Tarn (Seymour Lawrence/Delacorte Press)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>Selected Poems, Jorge Carrera Andrade, translated by H. R. Hays (SUNY Press)</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td rowspan="4">Center literary joint projects</td>
      <td>THE HUDSON REVIEW, Issue on Carlos de Andrade, (Summer 1972)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>BOOKS ABROAD, Issue on Octavio Paz, (Fall 1972); to be published later in book form.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>TRI-QUARTERLY, Issue on Jorge Luis Borges, (Fall 1972)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>The Center collaborated with New York University in the presentation of a Latin American literature course on "Sunrise Semester," a nationwide TV program.<br>The popular "Puerto Rican Traveling Theatre" received the Center's help in presenting the 1972 summer program.</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

20

The Center was instrumental in arranging for Pablo Neruda to visit New York early in April of 1972. During his visit the Chilean poet was guest of honor and addressed the 50th Anniversary Dinner of the P.E.N. Club, gave numerous readings and was honored by a reception at the Center.

During the visit of the Argentine writer Ernesto Sábato, in May, the Center organized a lecture at the Center which was attended by a large group of students and teachers.

The Center offered a reception in honor of the Mexican poet Octavio Paz on the occasion of his being elected Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

On the occasion of the publication of the *Anthology of 20th-Century Brazilian Poetry*, the Center collaborated with the Academy of American Poets to honor the editors Elizabeth Bishop and Emanuel Brasil.

The West Indian poet and dramatist Derek Walcott gave a reading from his works at Hunter College in October.

## Other center events

Victims of earthquake in Managua, Nicaragua being treated in an emergency army field hospital. The Center's Nicaragua Relief Committee has been active in raising funds and collecting medical supplies for disaster victims.

21

The Center sponsored and conducted a December fact-finding visit to Peru, Chile, Argentina and Brazil for the telegraph and foreign editors of ten leading U.S. newspapers from California, the Midwest, Texas and the East Coast with the purpose of encouraging these newspapers to carry more Latin American news. The editors met with presidents, foreign ministers, ministers of planning and economics, industrialists, bankers, labor leaders, artists, journalists, legislators. For all of them, it was their first trip to Latin America. Preliminary evidence indicates that the trip has already achieved results.

A Nicaraguan Relief Committee set up by the Center was instrumental in obtaining contributions in kind and in financing to aid earthquake victims and the reconstruction of Managua. More than a thousand cartons of food, clothing and medicine were handled through the Center's building and over $150,000 raised by the Committee's efforts for reconstruction.

The Center has now been accepted for Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) status by the United Nations and has developed special working relations with the OAS. Connections with these two organizations have extended the field of the Center's influence and contacts. The Center also has working relationships with various organizations within the United States and abroad, some of which have resulted in the co-sponsoring of meetings of mutual benefit. Among institutes and organizations with which the Center is affiliated or enjoys exchanges and working relationships are: The Chicago Council of Foreign Relations; the Instituto Torquato di Tella; Latin American study institutes or centers at Yale, Princeton, Rutgers, Columbia, New York, Texas, Georgetown Universities; the UN (UNDP, ECLA, ECOSOC); FEDESAROLLO in Colombia, FLACSO and ILPES in Chile; the OAS and many foundations active in this field.

The Center is carrying on two programs related to pre-Colombian archaeology. The major program, in conjunction with the Tikal Association of Guatemala, is devoted to helping save Mayan monuments from vandalism and theft.

## SPECIAL PROJECTS
Press coverage of Latin America

### Nicaraguan earthquake relief

### Affiliation with international and national institutions

### Protection of Pre-Columbian monuments

23

The Center organized the first conference bringing together museum directors from the United States, Latin America and Canada to discuss problems and share experiences. The conference was particularly successful in bringing about long-needed personal contacts.

Cooperation among museums

Three programs of the Center relate to stimulating interest in Latin America among high school students. The first was co-sponsorship of a World Youth Forum of three seminars covering such basic issues as the Chilean political system, business in Latin America, urbanization and development, etc. The Association of Teachers of Latin American Studies (ATLAS) meets regularly at the Center under our sponsorship to improve the level of high school teaching in the area. A pilot project involving two private high schools held six meetings conducted by leading university professors on major subjects of Latin American/U.S. interest.

Student activities

The Center undertook, at the request of the producers, to obtain a public outlet for a remarkable and somewhat controversial film on Brazilian Indians entitled *The Tribe That Hides From Man*. Our initial efforts were rewarded nearly a year later when it was shown on WNET/Channel 13 on Monday, January 8 at 8 p.m. The network estimates that approximately one million people saw the film.

In cooperation with the Brazilian Consul General and the Museum of Modern Art, the Center gave a reception for the Brazilian film director, Nelson Pereira dos Santos. His film *How Tasty Was My Little French Man* was shown at the museum as part of their "New Brazilian Cinema" series.

Film

25

## MEMBERSHIP

The membership of the Center is one of its vital components. We are a membership organization, a concept which was purposefully adopted to emphasize the integral role and responsibility of the individuals who believe in the Center's goals and personally involve themselves in their attainment. More, the membership dues, or contributions, which last year reached the new high of $29,550 make up an essential element in our funding plans. Members' suggestions go into our program planning; their participation is essential to the success of all of our programs and projects. By the end of 1972, our membership reached 409. Of these more than 50 are from Latin America and Canada.

## Membership by countries

Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia

Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
Mexico
Panama
Peru

Puerto Rico
El Salvador
Uruguay
USA
Venezuela

## CENTER FOR INTER-AMERICAN RELATIONS

This neo-Federal town house, built in 1909-11, was designed by McKim, Mead & White for Percy Rivington Pyne, grandson of the noted financier, Moses Taylor. Its materials and scale established a character that was followed by the architects of all the subsequent houses on this Park Avenue blockfront. The building was occupied by the Soviet Mission to the United Nations from 1948 to 1963. The generous action of the Marquesa de Cuevas, in acquiring this property in 1965 and presenting it to the Center, saved the building from the hands of the wrecker and assured its integrity for posterity.

Plaque provided by the New York Community Trust, 1971

26

Michael Abramoff
Abraham Adler
Richard S. Aldrich
Luther Aldridge
John Alius
Richard C. Allison
Frank Altschul
Bluma Appel
Frank W. Archibald
Max Ascoli
Diego C. Asencio
Rose L. Augustine
Lee A. Ault
George Backer
Henry W. Balgooyen
Steven Banker
Milton Barall
Charles F. Barber
Robert R. Barker
Nelia Barletta
William E. Barlow
William Sprague Barnes
Maria Luisa Bastos
David Baumgarten
Leona Baumgartner
Daniel Bell
David E. Bell
Maria Luisa Bemberg
William Benton
Mrs. Adolf Berle
Maurice M. Bernbaum
E. Albert Berol
Norman Bindler
Dr. Junius Bird
Laurence Birns
Cole Blasier
Harold Blancke
Joseph H. Blatchford

Roger M. Blough
W. Michael Blumenthal
José M. Bonetti
Roberto Bonetti
Dudley B. Bonsal
Philip W. Bonsal
Clarence A. Boonstra
Fred Borch
Rodrigo Botero
Frank Bowles
Aquilino E. Boyd
John Brademas
Spruille Braden
Colin Bradford
S. Robert Breitbarth
Mrs. Flor P. Brennan
Raymond Brittenham
Edgar M. Bronfman
Detlev W. Bronk
A. Oakley Brooks
Courtney Brown
Charles Brush
McGeorge Bundy
William A. M. Burden
Findley Burns, Jr.
George Bush
Hon. John M. Cabot
W. B. Camp, Jr.
John C. Campbell
Norman Carignan
Reynold E. Carlson
William D. Carmichael
Charles Carreras
Dolores Carrillo-Flores
Darrell D. Carter
John M. Cates, Jr.
Stanton L. Catlin
Henry E. Catto, Jr.

Ernest R. Chanes
Elsa Chaney
Maxwell Chaplin
Guiberto Chateaubriand
José M. Chaves
Hollis B. Chenery
Edgar M. Church, Jr.
Frank Church
George J. Clark
Paul M. Cohen
Charles W. Cole
Emilio G. Collado
James M. Connolly
C. W. Cook
Andrew Cordier
Juan E. Corradi
Nicanor Costa Méndez
G. A. Costanzo
Frances E. Coughlin
Norman Cousins
Celeste Coutinho
Louis G. Cowan
Gardner Cowles
Robert Cox
Robert Crassweller
Dana S. Creel
Robert E. Culbertson
Curtis C. Cutter
Richard Dana
Clarence J. Dauphinot, Jr.
Nathaniel Davis
Arthur H. Dean
Myriam C. de Alamo
John Deaver
Emilia C. de Barish
José de Cubas
Dina Dellalé
Roland H. del Mar

Ambassador Enrique
De Marchena Dujarric
Ramon de Murias
Alphonse De Rosso
Henry de Vries
Charles S. Dewey, Jr.
Douglas Dillon
J. Richardson Dilworth
Thomas J. Dodd
Dixon Donnelly
William F. Draper
William H. Draper, Jr.
Peter Duchin
John C. Duncan
Ralph A. Dungan
William M. Dyal, Jr.
Samuel D. Eaton
Albert I. Edelman
Mrs. Agustin E. Edwards
Eustaquio Escandón
Mrs. Felipe A. Espil
Guillermo Espinosa-Fernández
Philip Ewald
Stephen C. Eyre
John Fagg
Marcos Falcón-Briceño
Dr. Richard Anderson Falk
Dante Fascell
Mark B. Feldman
Mario F. Fiol
Harry Fitzgibbons
Carlos Fligler
John W. Ford
Lane Fortinberry
James Fowler
Donald T. Fox
George Franklin, Jr.
Gerald Freund

27

["Berent Friele", "John F. Gallagher", "Lucio Garcia del Solar", "Alvaro Garcia-Peña", "John W. Gardner", "Richard Gardner", "Albert L. Gastmann", "Samuel Gates", "Antonio Gebauer", "Theodore Geiger", "Harold S. Geneen", "Henry Geyelin", "Manolo R. Giberga", "Kenneth R. Giddens", "Alfred C. Glassell", "Thomas Gleason", "Leonard H. Goldenson", "Charles N. Goldman", "Beatriz Gomez", "Donald Goodall", "Igor Gordevitch", "Albert H. Gordon", "Lincoln Gordon", "J. Peter Grace, Jr.", "Frances Grant", "Wilder Green", "James Greene", "Richard W. Greenebaum", "Francis Grimes", "Heinz Gundlach", "David Guyer", "Alan Hadden", "João Suplicy Hafers", "Fowler Hamilton", "Dr. J. G. Harrar", "Fred Harris", "Agustis S. Hart, Jr.", "Larry A. Hart", "Mrs. Moss Hart", "John Haugh", "August Heckscher", "Helen F. Hector", "Andrew Heiskell", "Jack I. Heller", "Lillian Hellman", "Felipe Herrera", "Christian A. Herter, Jr.", "James M. Hester", "Roberto Heurtematte", "William M. Hickey", "John Hightower", "James R. Himes", "Robert A. Hingson", "Albert Hirschman", "Paul G. Hoffman", "Terry M. Holcombe", "Kenneth Holland", "John W. Holmes", "Bruce Duff Hooton", "Peter Hornbostel", "Arthur A. Houghton, Jr.", "Graham Hovey", "Frederic Howard", "John B. Howard", "Curtis J. Hoxter", "James N. Hyde", "Robert Immerman", "Dr. Ada Elsa Izcoa", "George Jaffin", "Jerry Johnston", "Donald Jones", "Joseph J. Jova", "Louis G. Kahle", "Herman Kahn", "Edgar F. Kaiser", "Saul Milton Katz", "David M. Keiser", "Ernst Keller", "Milton Kelmans", "Hon. Edward M. Kennedy", "Mrs. W. Houston Kenyon, Jr.", "Theodore W. Kheel", "Donald P. Kircher", "Grayson Kirk", "Israel Klabin", "J. Burke Knapp", "Alfred A. Knopf", "Antonie T. Knoppers", "William L. Krieg", "Peter Krogh", "Jack B. Kubisch", "Frederick E. Landmann", "Lionel Landry", "Roy Larsen", "John T. Leatham", "Eugene LeBaron", "Glen Leet", "Diana Levillier", "Irwin A. Levy", "William Lieberman", "Sam C. Lindberg", "Sol M. Linowitz", "George Lister", "John E. Lockwood", "George C. Lodge", "John D. Lodge", "John L. Loeb", "Jorge Losada", "L. Nicholas Lotz", "Isador Lubin", "John Luter", "Myers McDougal", "Porter McKeever", "Roy McLaren", "Robert S. McNamara", "Richard Maas", "Alfredo Machado Gómez", "John Macrae III", "Frank MacShane", "Rodrigo Madrigal Nieto", "Arturo Mañas", "Nita Manitzas", "Frank Mankiewicz", "Thomas C. Mann", "Bayless Manning", "Edward Marcus", "James Marcus", "Juan Marichal", "Edwin Martin", "Ernest Martin", "Joseph Martin, Jr.", "José A. Martínez de Hos", "William Marvel", "Francis L. Mason", "James Mathias", "George Meany", "Gabriel A. Mejía", "Goar Mestre", "Charles A. Meyer", "James R. Miller", "Frank R. Milliken", "John S. Monagan", {"bbox": [1066, 888, 1215, 910

Forrest D. Murden, Jr.
Martha T. Muse
Charles N. Myers
John S. Nagel
Zygmunt Nagorski
M. F. do Nascimento Brito
Alfred Neal
Martha Nelson
Paul S. Newman
J. Quigg Newton
Michael Nimetz
Barbara Norwood
Luis Nuñez
J. S. Nye
Richard O'Connell
Thelma Ocon-Solórzano
William S. Ogden
Jeremiah O'Leary
Richard Oldenburg
Covey T. Oliver
Carlos Ortiz de Rozas
Stanley de J. Osborne
Frank Pace, Jr.
William S. Paley
Mrs. Carlton Palmer
Carlota Pardini
Bliss Parkinson
John Parkinson III
Jeanne Gabrielle Pascal
Tomás A. Pastoriza
John S. Pearson, Jr.
I. M. Pei
Charles E. Perkins
James A. Perkins
Jack Perlis
Hart Perry
Roland I. Perusse
Eugenio V. Pesqueira

Mrs. Walter Pharr
John P. Phelps, Jr.
A. J. Pick
Jean Picker
Warren Lee Pierson
Ignacio Pirovano
John Nathan Plank
Frank Platt
Mrs. Frank Platt
Francis T. P. Plimpton
John M. Porges
Michael Potashnik
Joshua B. Powers
Louis P. Privitere
Robert W. Purcell
Harold Ramirez
Gustav Ranis
Bruce Rankin
Henry Raymont
David B. Richardson
John Richardson, Jr.
John E. Rielly
Marion Ritchey
Mildred Robbins
Stefan H. Robock
David Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller, 3rd
Margaret Rockefeller
Rodman Rockefeller
Emir Rodríguez Monegal
William D. Rogers
William P. Rogers
Mrs. Sidney Rolfe
Benjamin S. Rosenthal
Alfred A. Rossin
Jerome Rubin
Seymour J. Rubin
R. Richard Rubottom, Jr.

Oscar M. Ruebhausen, Jr.
Dean Rusk
Mrs. Thomas W. Russell, Jr.
Hewson Ryan
Frederick H. Sacksteder, Jr.
Mildred D. Sage
Charles E. Saltzman
Herbert Salzman
Juan D. Sanchez
Terry B. Sanders
Sergio Santelices
Carlos Sanz de Santamaria
Oscar Schachter
L. Ronald Scheman
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
Jorge Schneider
Harvey L. Schwartz
John Scott
Walter J. Sedwitz
Donald M. Senie
Mateo Marques Seré
Whitney North Seymour
Frank J. Shakespeare, Jr.
Dr. Alejandro Shaw
Ronald K. Shelp
Robert Showman
Peter Sichel
Robert B. Silvers
Dr. Kalman Silvert
Albert Sims
Joseph E. Slater
Louis Slavitz
Alan P. Sloan
Mrs. Ann Brownell Sloane
Barry S. Smith
Carleton Sprague Smith
David Smith
Peter Smith

Frank A. Southard, Jr.
David Eric Spencer
Stephen Stamas
James H. Stebbins
John R. Stevenson
Stanley W. Stillman
Dr. Shepard Stone
Donald B. Straus
Mrs. Donald B. Straus
Roger W. Straus, Jr.
Anna Lord Strauss
J. Mayone Stycos
Arthur Ochs Sulzberger
Walter S. Surrey
Daniel Szabo
Joseph A. Taylor
Enrique Tejera-Paris
Theresa Tellez
J. J. Thackara
Eugene Victor Thaw
James D. Theberge
James F. Tierney
Pedro Tinoco
E. McL. Tittmann
Dr. John S. Toll
Sara Tornay
Irving Tragen
Beatrice Treat
Mrs. Ronald Tree
James Trees
Manuel Trucco
Frederick C. Turner
John W. Tuthill
Felix Uño
T. Graydon Upton
Francisco Urrutia Holguin
Gabriel Valdés
Harry Van Arsdale, Jr.

29

William J. vanden Heuvel
Rafael Vázquez
Siro Vazquez
Bernardo Vega
Raymond Vernon
Horacio Vicioso
Benjamin Viel
Gustavo J. Vollmer
Charles Wagley
T. F. Walkowicz
Rawleigh Warner, Jr.
Arthur K. Watson

C. H. Weaver
Andrew Weil
Richard Weinert
Henry Wells
Jacqueline Wexler
George W. Wheelwright IV
John R. White
A. Curtis Wilgus
Mrs. A. Curtis Wilgus
Harry E. Wilhelm
Alfred C. Wolf
Bryce Wood

Jack Wyant
Adam Yarmolinsky
Charles W. Yost
Jordan Young
Whitney M. Young, Jr.
Ralph Zacklin
Richard S. Zeisler
Lester Ziffren
Hyman Zuckerman
Jerome Zurkow
Mrs. Jerome Zurkow

THE CENTER'S BUILDING
AND USE OF ITS FACILITIES

A great asset of the Center is its building located in midtown New York, containing conference rooms, an art gallery, reception and dining rooms and offices. It is increasingly used not only for the wide variety of round tables, seminars, talks and working groups, concerts and exhibitions as arranged by the Center but by organizations and groups working in fields related to inter-American affairs or seeking to interest others in these fields of our endeavors. The building is coming to be used more and more by Latin American and Canadian groups, both government and private. The contributions to the Center made by such users form an appreciable part of our support. The building itself has been designated a City Landmark and is so identified by a bronze plate affixed to the building last year.

An idea of the diversity of the extent to which the building is used and of the users may be seen from the following listing.

ABC Paper

Academy of Religion and Mental Health

The Agribusiness Council, Inc.

The American International Music Fund, Inc.

American Institute of Free Labor Development

American Portuguese Cultural Society

American Society of International Law

30

Argentine Consulate General

Argentine Mission to the United Nations

Asociación Puertoriquena de Escritores de Nueva York
(Puerto Rican Writers Association)

Asiatic Petroleum Corporation

Associated Council of the Arts

Automation House

Brazilian Mission to the United Nations

Barbados Consulate General

Barbados Mission to the United Nations

Bolivarian Society of the United States

Business Council for International Understanding

Chile-American Association

Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra

Círculo de Escritores y Poetas Iberoamericanos

Continental Illinois Bank

Council of the Americas

Creole Petroleum

Dominican Republic Mission to the United Nations

Fedesarrollo, Bogotá

Foreign Policy Association

Fund for Multinational Management Education (FFME)

Georgetown University

Guyana Mission to the United Nations

Hunter College

Inter-American Association for Democracy and Freedom

Institute of International Education (IIE)

Instituto Dominicano de Difusión Cultural, Inc.

Inter-American Development Bank

Inter-American Roundtable

International Basic Economy Corporation (IBEC)

International Fellowship Program, Columbia University

Jamaican Mission to the United Nations

31

Juan Pablo Duarte Club Civico y Cultural
Latin American Graduate Students Organization
Latin American Scholarship Program of American Universities
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Mexican Mission to the United Nations
Mobil of Latin America, Inc.
Museum of Modern Art
National Association for Puerto Rican Civil Rights, Inc.
National Council of Women
National Study and Research Organization
Overseas Education Fund of the League of Women Voters
New York City Human Resources Administration
New York Metropolitan Reference and Research Library Agency, Inc.
Pan American Society
Pan American Women's Association
Society for the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured, Inc.
Sociedad Medica Hispano Americana de Nueva York
Southern Cross Club of New York
Spanish Institute
State Street Bank of Boston
Theta Sigma Phi
Thursday Evening Club
United Corporation
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR)
United Women of the Americas
The University of the State of New York
Venezuelan Consulate General
Wesleyan University Alumni Group
Westinghouse Electric International
The Young Presidents Organization

32

4, WHITEHALL COURT,
WESTMINSTER, S.W.1.

13th October, 1969

Dr. Henry Kissinger
The White House
Washington D.C.

KISSINGER, HENRY A

Your decision seems to me both prudent and wise, and I assure you of
my full understanding of it. I wrote because some Ministers not only are
willing but want to be quoted on a policy. (I have known the P.M. do
this in a letter to me.)

Howbeit, I want guidance on the development, beyond my Address, of
'Atlantic Commonwealth' policy. If, hence, I can get a few minutes with
you in the same basement room where I saw Bundy, it can make for my own
work the difference between wisdom and fruitfulness and folly and sterility.
I owe Fulton to Mountbatten and Humphrey. The private note (copy enclosed)
from the Minister of Defence also cheered.

I shall be at the Hotel Lafayette, for the AFTA/NATO Conference,
October 19-25. I shall venture to put through a call on the 20th to see
whether anything is practicable.

George E.G. Catlin

Enclosure

RECEIVED
OCT2 0 1969
CENTR

Professor George Catlin is a member of the British Atlantic Council NATO Delegation, led by Sir Frank Roberts, which will be in Washington for Atlantic Treaty Association discussions October 19 - 24 (Hotel Lafayette).

On October 26 he will deliver the Winston Churchill Memorial Address, 'Atlanticism' (in succession to the Rt. Hon. Quintin Hogg, etc.) at Fulton, Missouri, Westminster College. Printed. This follows his _The Atlantic Commonwealth_ (1969, Penguin, 4/6) and his _Atlantic Community and the Grandeur of England_ (Pergamon).

[L.C.]

ATLANTICISM

by

GEORGE E. G. CATLIN, F.R.S.L.,
Vice-President of the
World Academy of Art and Science.

ATLANTICISM

TWENTY-THREE YEARS AGO, Sir Winston Churchill stood in this place to deliver what today the whole world knows as his 'Fulton Speech'. Most of us, while being honoured to follow in that succession, are burdened with the feeling of our own inadequacy to carry the club of Hercules, even if the fighting issue remains precisely the same issue. One primary purpose today is, not only to praise that famous man and our forebears who begat the like, but to praise and emphasize the policy for which he pre-eminently stood. It is important to note that, according to contemporary evidence, his Fulton Speech was, in his own eyes, more important and more closely represented his own judgement than his no less well-known Zürich Speech, of September 19, 1946, advocating the unity of Europe. That he desired this unity, both his work and his Aachen Prize adequately testify; but it has always been open to question whether he wanted Britain unconditionally in this European Union or whether he rather felt that Britain, standing on one side, should bless the efforts of Continental statesmen. All we do know is that, in this, his policy was not then carried through. "The Party Machine was too powerful for me."

Speaking for myself I am, and always have been, an uncompromising Atlanticist, a policy to which the tribute can be paid that, whatever the sentiments in Paris, it seems to cause both attention and some alarm (I believe unjustified) in the Kremlin. At least it is neither superficial, negligible nor to be suffocated by its opponents under wet blankets of neglect by Establishment

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pundits. Wilcox and Haviland, in their edited book, *The Atlantic Community*¹ have been flattering enough to name me, along with Lippmann and Streit, as the three first to propose the concept of the Atlantic Community, which has indeed concerned me since the first paid journalistic article I ever wrote, in 1925. My views closely harmonized with those of the late Wendell Willkie, on whose Election Campaign train of 1940 I briefly rode as his interim foreign affairs adviser, owing to the sudden illness of Dr. Raymond Buell, of Harvard. (I hasten to add, for the benefit of Democrats, that my connection with Franklin Roosevelt and his family, including that wonderful woman Eleanor Roosevelt, was much earlier.) It is, I think, only proper to say, about the Wilcox-Haviland remark, that there are two other claimants here, both now dead, Admiral Mahan and Lionel Curtis, although it can be argued that the cause for which they manfully strove was more Anglo-American than what today we call 'Atlantic'. Nor, I suppose, should Andrew Carnegie, militant Scotsman and successful American, be overlooked. What perhaps the cause has hitherto lacked is poets.

I have all my life been a supporter of the international rule of law, as against what Lowes Dickinson called 'The International Anarchy'. However, bearing in mind the sharp rejoinder of President Andrew Jackson to Chief Justice John Marshall, such a rule of law to be enforceable (as the Emperor Justinian said, *legibus et armis*) requires a world government. The late Lord Attlee was of this opinion. It will have to provide something more than, to quote Churchill, the 'jaw-jaw' of the League of Nations and United Nations, especially if, as in Palestine, the UN is impotent to prevent 'war-war'. However, world government, while providing a logical if distant haven for peace, is what we may term 'a horizon ideal'. It has its own grave difficulties. Maybe it will require a Caesarean sovereignty as of the *pax romana*. Believers in reason and democracy will, in fear and trembling, hope not. Maybe, some day, the 700 million Chinese will rule the world. For millennia, under the

¹ *The Atlantic Community: Progress and Prospects*, ed. F. O. Wilcox and H. F. Haviland, Praeger, 1963.

PAGE SIX

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guidance of Confucius, they have been (and this until yesterday) a
very civilized and pacific people. Crystal-gazing into the Twenty-
First Century is an occupation of some publicists and even scientists.
It lies beyond my competence.

It is sufficient, for the moment, to advocate and promote a
pragmatic co-operation — itself deeply involved in and complicated
by the Chinese question — between what we can now truly call ‘the
Planetary Powers’, the United States and the Soviet Union. A century
ago, with quite singular foresight, de Tocqueville anticipated just
this outcome.

Even here I do not forget the long unfree rule of Russia
under the White Czars (or Caesars) and the Red Czars, heirs of
Eastern Rome. I recall that the Russian totem animal is the bear,
a furry, sentimental, honey-seeking beast, which can yet abruptly
turn suspicious and break your head in with a blow of its paw.
I therefore decline, for reasons of power more than ideology, to
advocate that kind of Washington-Kremlin understanding which is
rashly reckless of precautions or which, for reasons of euphoric
laziness, misplaced economy or a vicious nationalism, allows
the luxury of weakening divisions in the West. Let us pursue a
sober diplomacy. What, as I have many times said, is basic is the
integration of ‘the widest practicable area’.

This brings me to the main theme of my address: Regional-
ism. It is a policy recognized in the United Nations Charter itself.
But what, then, are the appropriate regions as steps on the long way
to that One World, which Willkie advocated in a once famous book,
an integration so frivolously compared by McLuhan to a global
village, so encouraged by transport technology, so retarded by the
moral dilemmas of man?

I stand here, then, as an advocate, on principle and in the
sovereign logic of political science, of world government; an
advocate of Washington-Kremlin détente; a patriotic Englishman, yet
my godfather incumbent of the New Old South Church of Boston,
Mass.; and, moreover, a patriotic Anglo-Saxon and an obstinate

PAGE SEVEN

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upholder of the English-Speaking World. Since my earliest time for
meditation in the army's winter-quarters in Belgium at the end of
the First World War, these issues of lasting peace have preoccupied
me. Where, then, do we now stand, in terms of practical answers
to the prime political question of our age, with over our heads
what Thomas Hobbes would have called the great 'terror'; when,
in the words of the mediaeval hymn, all the heavens may dissolve
in fervent heat; when all

"are melted into air, into thin air,
And like the baseless fabric of this vision,
The cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces,
The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
Yea, all which it inherits, shall dissolve,
And, like this insubstantial pageant faded,
Leave not a rack behind."¹

Vision in statesmanship is a perennial need. But, also, that steady
calculated resolution which enabled men, whatever else was left
done or undone, yet to plan the courses of the stars and put foot
upon the moon.

The shock of the start of the Second World War, being more
expected, was not as traumatic as that of the First. Nevertheless,
strongly felt proposals to prevent recurrence sprang up. In view of
subsequent misrepresentation it is important to note how largely
these were American. First, there were proposals, based upon the
American Constitution itself, for a federal union which owned their
initiative, not only to Clarence Streit and Humber, but to organized
resolutions from over a dozen States of the Union, culminating in
the resolution in the U.S. Senate by Senator Joseph H. Ball. The
language used by the N. Carolina Legislature, in 1941, was signifi-
cant in terms of sovereignty. "There is no alternative to the
federation of all nations except endless war." Most of these
resolutions were global in their perspective and scope or at least
designed, for the defence of democracy, to include a large number
of democratic states. The earlier Streit proposals had this character.

¹ *The Tempest*, Act iv, Scene 1.

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Secondly, while retaining and insisting upon the goal of 'one world' united, there was the proposal set out in my own *One Anglo-American Nation* (1941), which was expressed in a quite remarkable fashion by Wendell Willkie, in January 1941, for "a social and political union of the United States and the British Commonwealth, with common citizenship." Before we today dismiss this as pure political fantasy, it is necessary to remember (a) that proposals for common citizenship in Europe are at this moment now on the agenda in political quarters in Brussels by those who would regard them, not as fantastic, but as eminently realistic; (b) that Winston Churchill in 1940 had made precisely these proposals of common citizenship to France; (c) that, in 1940, strategic and political realism consisted in talking in terms of the triangle of the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. To make these proposals maybe less narrow, but including the Germany of Hitler, the Italy of Mussolini and the France of Pétain, would probably have landed one in jail. It was in Berchtesgaden that one talked, as had Napoleon, of the unification of Europe — and nearly achieved it.

Thirdly, there was the proposal for a revival of the League of Nations, non-federal and in the form of the United Nations. This, as I heard Molotov make clear at San Francisco, would be dominated by the veto-holding Five, the Big Three plus France and China allowed in, the one by courtesy to the past and the other by courtesy to the future. Without necessarily accepting this *Gross-macht-politik*, it was this proposal, at least nominally Wilsonian, which appealed to Franklin Roosevelt; and the President was able to drive it through. The two other policies were temporarily eclipsed. However, as we see in retrospect, the United Nations honeymoon, with the assumed musical harmony of the concert of the Great Powers, only lasted a matter of weeks, after which it became harshly discordant over the issue of free Polish elections and the consequent 'cold war'. Hot debates on federalism and the realities of Regionalism re-emerged — but in the new context of Europe.

As I have said, Winston Churchill viewed the emergent

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proposal of a Union of Europe with uncompromised benevolence but without explicit commitment. He was ready, with other English and Irish representatives, nominated, not *ad hoc* elected, to sit in the Parliament of Strasburg. It was within my own experience that the student youth of Germany saw the best prospect for the Fatherland if its people became good Europeans. This was the youth wave of the time. The great and powerful trinity of Robert Schuman, Adenauer and de Gasperi provided leadership. Such an indubitable patriot as Field-Marshal Montgomery advocated 'a pooling of sovereignty', not least in NATO defence. Not identical in membership but concurrently with NATO, there sprang up such European institutions as the Sovereign High Authority for Steel and Coal (a functional more than a federal triumph), to be followed by others in such fields as atomic energy, and above all, after the Messina Conference and Rome Treaty, the economic Common Market (EEC) of the Six. The curse of Europe since the decline of the Holy Roman Empire, the shadow of great Cæsar, had been the dynastic strife of Hapsburg and Bourbon, the bitter enmity of Germans and French. Now, at long last, might be a union; an ending of chauvinist animosities. What had come to seem a debilitating civil war was ended; and a mighty step had been made towards stable peace.

Anyone would lack a generous heart who did not sympathize. There were indeed grounds for caution. English policy since Cardinal Wolsey had been, in self-defence, to hold the balance of power. Since the Plantagenet rulers of so much of France, England had no desire to enter into the plots and counter-plots of the great armed land-Powers, except with a Marlborough or a Wellington to defeat any that aspired to dominate and unite the whole. Before the Kaiser's War, in a famous memorandum Sir Eyre Crow had warned that it was central to British policy, by supporting the weaker, to check any such aspirant if (a delicate phrase) its purposes were 'aggressive'.

Great Britain was a maritime power, for ever looking overseas for its future and anxious to keep its hands free from 'foreign entanglements' on the Continent, the English Channel so repeatedly

PAGE TEN

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proving itself so much more than 'a ditch'. It was not conceded that British power had been destroyed by the airplane. England was itself the elder partner in the English-speaking world, even if not the natural chairman. She was, in the accepted French term, one of *les pouvoirs anglosaxons*. Its fortune and fate was that the United States (and not Virginia only) was the first and greatest of all the British Dominions. Historically, constitutionally, legally, linguistically, the United Kingdom was the mother of the world's greatest Power. This was the actual phrase used by General George C. Marshall. This did not mean that large minorities, especially German, were of British descent. And the Negro minority has, of course, been present since the foundation of the American nation. In brute fact English was to be the first language spoken on the moon. I am not here denying that, just as the Hapsburgs, with their foolish aspirations to rule a polylingual, uncontrollable empire, cut their own throats in relation to the German world, so, did England develop an 'Austrian complex', England could suffer the same curse and petty destiny. Jealousy and envy are no bases for sound politics.

There was and is yet another side. A political scientist may be a lover of peace (and may indeed be a political scientist precisely because he meets the challenge of how to reach peace). A patriot precisely because he is a free Englishman, or an American of 'the land of the free', an Anglo-Saxon cherishing that distinct tradition and its objective record, may regard with distrust that Sixteenth Century worship of the State, the nationalism initiated (contradictorially) by the French Revolution, the chauvinism that spread like a fever in Europe, even to the Balkans, and like a plague in Asia and Africa, as one prime cause of war and enemy of peace. He may deplore that Canada has unthinkingly released the dogs of nationalism and has now been bitten by them herself in her Eastern parts. A wide commonwealth can indeed be strong enough to give newer freedoms to local memories, Scottish, Welsh, Québécois and Breton, Hawaian (over Hawai'i a British flag waves — in quarter part as the George once waved, in Drake's day, over California, *nova Albion*). But a nationalism inflamed to chauvinism

PAGE ELEVEN

[c]

by cult of *la gloire* is archaic in concept and must be reserved for
the *Place Vendôme*.

Hence it seemed to many of us in these post-war days that,
if the historic countries of North Western Europe could indeed pool
their sovereignties in a European Union, as Montgomery recom-
mended, a most interesting experiment could be made which, if
successful, would be a historic break-through and model for a much
wider, an Atlantic area. We had some grounds for optimism.
Everything depended upon recognition of the context — of ‘the
widest practicable area’. I had the honour to be a member of the
French-inspired *Nouvelles Equipes*, the strongest of the pioneer
organisations for a United Europe. (In some British quarters
I was abused for belonging.) My continental colleagues, not least
the French, were fully prepared to concede that the European
Union must be developed with recognition of a wider context.
There was, after all, *la France d’Outremer*. It is true that they tended
to equate Canada with African Gabon — but their hearts were in
the right place. They conceded American defence hegemony. I
was happy to find myself so often thinking along the same lines
as my friend, Maurice Schumann, now Foreign Minister of France ;
and quite peculiarly the other day I was gratified to receive from
him a telegram (most oddly labelled ‘Overseas Cables’) reading
“Vifs remerciements: Fidèle amitié.”

The climate, however, changed. A new epoch began. Perhaps
the beginning of the rot set in when a new and ambiguous phrase,
tactical or ideological, was used. The chart, which showed a hope-
fully integrating community as one part of the massive Atlantic
world, was discarded. “One step at a time” ran the canny maxim.
The advance was not to be parallel, using pragmatically such doors
as might be open. The movement as a whole was not to keep step.
And, in 1963, Brigadier de Gaulle slammed on them the relevant
door. Today, indeed, he has retired to a rural Olympus, but it has yet
to be shewn how far he has bequeathed his policy to M. Pompidou
as he has bequeathed the cloak of his arrogance to M. Guiscard
d’Estaing.

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