( 500 )

THE SUBSTANTIVE.

5. Substantives are either proper (ймя событенное), common (ймя народное), or collective (ймя собирательное), as: Николай, ‘Nicholas’; человекъ, ‘man’; стадо, ‘flock.’ To all substantives belong gender, number and case.

GENDER (родь).

6. There are three genders, masculine (мужеский), feminine (женский) and neuter (средний).

The gender of animate beings is known by their sex, and that of inanimate objects by their terminations.

(1) Of the masculine are:

a. Names of males: отецъ, ‘father’; дядя, ‘uncle.’

b. Names of inanimate and abstract objects ending in Ъ, й, and some in Ь: садъ, ‘garden’; покой, ‘room’; корабль, ‘ship.’

(2) Of the feminine are:

a. Names of females: женá, ‘wife’; дочь, ‘daughter.’

b. Names of inanimate and abstract objects ending in a, я and some in Ь: водá, ‘water’; земля, ‘land’; власть, ‘power.’

(3) Of the neuter are:

a. Names of animate beings when no distinction of gender is shown: дитá, ‘child’; существó, ‘a being.’

b. Names of inanimate and abstract objects ending in о, е, мя: слóво, ‘word’; mópe, ‘sea’; ймя, ‘name.’

7. Some nouns denoting animate beings have a common

( 501 )

inflexion for the masculine and feminine, and are therefore
common as to gender; such are: сиротá, ‘orphan;’ бро-
дáга, ‘vagabond.’

8. Some nouns denoting animate beings form the femi-
nine gender from the masculine by changing the termination
of the latter, as: ГОСТЬ, ‘guest,’ fem. ГОСТІ; ЛЕВЬ, ‘lion,’
fem. ЛЬВИЦА,

9. As to the gender of nouns ending in ь, the following
rules are to be observed:

a. Common nouns denoting animate beings are masculine:
царь, ‘czar;’ ОЛЕНЬ, ‘stag.’

Except—Мать, ‘mother;’ ДОЧЬ, ‘daughter;’ СВЕКРЬВЬ,
‘mother-in-law;’ and some names of animals ending in ВЬ,
НЬ, ПЬ, ЛЬ, ДЬ, ТЬ, СЬ, ШЬ, which are feminine, as: ЛОШАДЬ,
‘horse;’ МЫШЬ, ‘mouse,’ etc.

b. Names of abstract objects ending in ь are feminine,
as: ЖИЗНЬ, ‘life;’ ВЛАСТЬ, ‘power.’

Except—ДЕНЬ, ‘day;’ ВОПЛЬ, ‘cry;’ ВИХРЬ, ‘whirlwind;’
ДОЖДЬ, ‘rain;’ ЛИВЕНЬ, ‘pouring rain;’ ПÉРЕЧЕНЬ, ‘extract;’
and the following foreign words: СПЕКТАЛЬ, ‘spectacle;’
ПАРОЛЬ, ‘parole;’ СТЕЛЬ, ‘style;’ КОНТРОЛЬ, ‘control.’

c. Names of inanimate objects ending in ь are feminine,
as: ПЪПЬ, ‘chain;’ ДВЕРЬ, ‘door;’ except the following, which
are masculine.

АЛЬКОГОЛЬ, alcohol.

АЛТÁРЬ, altar.

БАПДЕРОЛЬ, band.

БЕМОЛЬ, a flat.

БИЛЬ, billiard ball.

БРЕДÉЛЬ, drag-net.

БУКВАРЬ, ABC.book.

БУОМЕТЕПЬ, bulletin.

ВÉКСЕЛЬ, bill of ex-
change.

ВÉНЗЕЛЬ, monogram.

ВОЛДЫРЬ, boil.

ГВОЗДЬ, nail.

ГОСПИТАЛЬ, hospital.

ГРЕБÉНЬ, comb.

ГРÍФЕЛЬ, slate-pencil.

ГРУЗДЬ, toadstool.

ДЕГОТЬ, tar.

( 502 )

Дождь, rain.
Жёлудь, acorn.
Ипойръ, ginger.
Календарь, almanack.
Камень, stone.
Картопель, potatoes.
Кашель, cough.
Киль, keel.
Конопель, hemp.
Коготь, claw.
Козырь, trump.
Колодезь, well.
Корабль, ship.
Корень, root.
Косарь, mower.
Костыль, crutch.
Кочень, heart of a cabbage.
Кремень, flint.
Кремль, Kremlin.
Крénдель, cracknel.
Куль, sack.
Лагерь, camp.
Лапоть, list-shoe.
Ларь, large chest.
Люкоть, elbow.
Люмоть, slice.
Миндаль, almonds.
Миткаль, calico.
Мопастырь, convent.
Нашатырь, nitre.

Ноготь, finger-nail.
Нуль, zero.
Огонь, fire.
Папцырь, coat of mail.
Пень, stump.
Перистиль, peristyle.
Перкаль, shirting-cалиco.
Перстень, ring.
Пистоль, pistol.
Шампель, flame.
Шлястырь, plaster.
Шлетень, hedge.
Портфель, portfolio.
Поршень, piston.
Профиль, profile.
Пузырь, bladder.
Пупырь, pimple.
Пустырь, vacant land.
Путь, road.
Рашпиль, rasp.
Ревень, rhubarb.
Ремень, strap.
Рубль, rouble.
Рубель, batlet.
Руль, helm.
Собитель, honey-tea.
Сераль, seraglio.
Складень, necklace.
Словарь, dictionary.

Ставень, window-shutter.
Стебель, stalk.
Стихарь, surplice.
Сухарь, biscuit.
Тополь, poplar.
Трёхзель, curb.
Тройцель, truffle.
Тульцель, slipper.
Уголь, coal.
Уровень, level.
Фитиль, linstock.
Фильгаць, wing (of a house).
Фонарь, lantern.
Хмель, hops.
Хрусталь, crystal.
Циркуль, pair of comical passes.
Шкврень, pole-bolt.
Шпиль, a capstan.
Штёмпель, stamp.
Щавель, sorrel.
Щебень, rubbish.
Щабь, the letter Ы.
Эль, the letter л.
Якорь, anchor.
Япитарь, amber.
Ясень, ash-tree.
Ячмень, barley.

The above list comprises all the most useful words.

NUMBER.—Число.

10. There are two numbers, singular (единственное) and plural (множественное), each number having seven cases.

( 503 )

CASE.—Падěжъ.

11. There are seven cases, viz :

(1) The Nominative (именительный), giving the name of an object in answer to the question *who? or what?*

Кто это? who is it? — Ученикъ, the pupil.

(2) The Vocative (звательный), indicating the name of the object addressed :

Ученикъ! будь прыгеженъ. Scholar! be diligent.

The vocative is the same as the nominative in all sub-
stantives, except a few used in addressing the Deity, as:
Богъ, Господь, ‘God, Lord;’ vocat. Боже, Господн.

(3) The Genitive (родительный), indicating possession, and answering to the question *whose? or of what?*

Чья книга? whose book? — Ученикá, ‘the pupil’s.’

(4) The Dative (датательный), indicating the person or thing to which an object refers, and answering to the question to whom? or to what?

Кому сказалъ онъ? To whom did he say?
Ученикъ, To the pupil.

(5) The Accusative or Objective (винительный), answering to the question *whom? or what?*

Когó опъ ючнѣ ? Whom he teaches ?
Ученикá. The pupil.

(6) The Instrumental (творительный), indicating the means or cause, and answering to the question *by whom? or by or with what?*

Къмь онъ любимъ? By whom is he loved?
Ученикъ, By the pupil.
Чьмъ это написано? With what is this written
Перому, With a pen.

( 504 )

(7) The Prepositional (предлójный), answering to the
question about whom or what? in whom or what? on whom
or what? etc.

It is termed prepositional inasmuch as it is always pre-
ceded by one of the following prepositions: о (объ), въ, па,
по, при.

О комъ онъ говоритъ?

Объ учен пкѣ.

About whom is he speaking ?

About the pupil.

In nouns denoting animate beings the accusative masc.
singular and the plural of all genders is the same as the
genitive, and in inanimate or abstract objects like the
nominative.

DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES.

12. Nouns, in regard to their declension are classed, as
regular (правильныя) and irregular (неправильныя).

The three declensions, according to gender, are given in
the practical part.

13. Regular nouns in respect of their similarity of in-
flexions in the genit. dat. and instrum. cases are divided
into two declensions, with fifteen different terminations in
the nom., as shown in the annexed table.

(1) To the first declension belong all nouns of the first
ten terminations, the genit. of which ends in a, я; dat. у,
ю; and instrum. омъ, емъ.

(2) To the second declension belong all nouns of the other
five terminations, the genit. of which ends in ы, и; dat. й,
и; instr. ою, ею, юю.

( 508 )

(1) After ж, ч, ш, щ, г, к, х the termination ы is changed into и: ножъ, ‘knife;’ plur. ножъ; тѣча, ‘cloud;’ plur. тѣчи.

(2) After ж, ц, ч, ш, щ the term. о is changed into е: улица, ‘street;’ instr. улицею, instead of улицою.

(3) After ж, ч, ш, щ in the dat. instr. and prep. cases of the fifteenth termination the vowel я is changed into a: ночь, ‘night;’ dat. ночамъ, instr. ночами, prep. ночахъ.

(4) The vowel o or e is inserted in some terminations for the sake of euphony: связка, ‘bundle;’ gen. plur. связокъ; бревпó, ‘beam;’ gen. plur. брёвень.

(5) Nouns of the 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th terminations may take in the instrum. sing. the contracted termination ой, ей, instead of ою, ею: забáва, ‘amusement;’ педѣля, ‘week;’ instr. забáвой, педѣлей.

15. Irregular nouns are of two kinds, firstly, those of mixed declension (разныхъ склонéпій), and secondly, those of mixed inflexion (разныхъ окончаній).

Of mixed declension are:

(1) The ten neuter nouns in мя: брémя, ‘burden;’ врémя, ‘time;’ вЫМЯ, ‘udder;’ знámя, ‘standard;’ ЙМЯ, ‘name;’ пЛЯМЯ, ‘flame;’ пЛЁМЯ, ‘tribe;’ стрémя, ‘stirrup;’ сЬМЯ, ‘seed;’ тёмя, ‘temple,’ which take in all the cases the syllable ен, as shown in the example ймя. According to their instr. sing. in емъ, they belong to the first declension, and according to their gen. and dat. in и to the second.

(2) The nouns дитá, ‘child;’ пямень, ‘flame;’ and путь, ‘road.’

( 511 )

a. The full or declinable terminations of adjectives are:

<table><thead><tr><th>Singular.</th><th>Plural.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Masc. ый, iи, ой.</td><td>ые, ie.</td></tr><tr><td>Femin. ая, яя, ья.</td><td>ыя, ia.</td></tr><tr><td>Neut. ое, ее, юе.</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

b. Apocopated terminations are:

<table><thead><tr><th>Singular.</th><th>Plural.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Masc. Ъ, д.</td><td>Ы, п.</td></tr><tr><td>Femin. а, н.</td><td>Ы, н.</td></tr><tr><td>Neut. о, е.</td><td>Ы, и.</td></tr></tbody></table>

22. Possessive adjectives (Lesson 30), according to their terminations, are of two classes:

(1) Ending in овъ, евъ, пнъ, цынъ, ь, as: Пвӑновъ домъ, 'John's house;' дӑдинъ садъ, 'uncle's garden.'

(2) Ending in iй, овий, евий, as: барӑний рогъ, 'ram's horn;' медвѣжий мѣхъ, 'bear-skin.'

23. Relative adjectives (Lesson 38) have the following terminations:

(1) Ский, ской, цкий, овскій, евскій, as: человѣческій, 'human;' русскій, 'Russian.'

(2) Овый, евый, овой, овный, евный, евой, енный, ный, ланный, яной, янный, as: горный, 'mountainous;' деревянный, 'wooden.'

(3) Ний, жий, чий, preceded by a consonant or a semivowel, as: лѣтній день, 'summer day.'

24. Numeral adjectives are divided into cardinal (количественные) and ordinal (порядочные).

(1) Cardinal numerals are: одинъ, 'one;' два, 'two;' три, 'three,' etc.; as also двое, трое, четверо, etc., and полъ, 'half;' полтора, 'one and a half;' полтретья, 'two and a three,' etc.

( 513 )

According to the above are declined all possessive adjectives of the first class in овъ, евъ, пъ, цынъ, fem. a, neut. o, and qualifying adjectives of apocopated termination, as: Петровъ, a, o, 'of Peter's; 'новъ, a, o, 'new.'

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">Singular.</th><th>Plural.</th></tr><tr><th>Masculine.</th><th>Feminine.</th><th>Neuter.</th><th>For all Genders.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>N. господень, Lord's</td><td>господня,</td><td>господне,</td><td>господни.</td></tr><tr><td>G. господня,</td><td>господней,</td><td>господня,</td><td>господнихъ.</td></tr><tr><td>D. господню,</td><td>господней,</td><td>господию,</td><td>господнимъ.</td></tr><tr><td>A. Like the N. or G.</td><td>господню.</td><td>господие,</td><td>Like the N. or G.</td></tr><tr><td>I. господнимъ,</td><td>господнею,</td><td>господнимъ,</td><td>господними.</td></tr><tr><td>P. господнемъ,</td><td>господней,</td><td>господнемъ,</td><td>господнихъ.</td></tr></tbody></table>

According to the above are declined all qualifying and possessive adjectives in й, жъ, чъ, and also the qualifying in шъ, щъ, as: синь, 'blue; 'похожъ, 'resembling; 'горччъ, 'hot; 'хорошъ, 'good; 'свѣдущъ, 'skilled.'

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">Singular.</th><th>Plural.</th></tr><tr><th>Masculine.</th><th>Feminine.</th><th>Neuter.</th><th>Masc. F. &amp; N.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>N. сынъвній, filial,</td><td>сынъвняя,</td><td>сынъвнее,</td><td>сынъвнее, я.</td></tr><tr><td>G. сынъвпяго,</td><td>сынъвней,</td><td>сынъвняго,</td><td>сынъвнихъ.</td></tr><tr><td>D. сынъвнему,</td><td>сынъвней,</td><td>сынъвнему,</td><td>сынъвнимъ.</td></tr><tr><td>A. Like the N. or G.</td><td>сынъвнюю,</td><td>сынъвнее,</td><td>Like the N. or G.</td></tr><tr><td>I. сынъвнимъ,</td><td>сынъвнею,</td><td>сынъвпнѣй,</td><td>сынъвними.</td></tr><tr><td>P. сынъвнемъ,</td><td>сынъвней,</td><td>сынъвнемъ,</td><td>сынъвнихъ.</td></tr></tbody></table>

According to the above are declined qualifying and relative adjectives in iй (fem. яя, neut. ee), and also those in жій, чій, шій, щій, (fem. ая, neut. ee), съпій, 'blue; 'похожій, 'resembling; 'горччій, 'hot; 'свѣдущій, 'skilled; 'старшій, 'eldest.'

( 515 )

Plural.

M. and N. Fem.

For all Genders.

<table><tr><td>N.</td><td>два, двѣ,</td><td>трн,</td><td>четніре.</td></tr><tr><td>G.</td><td>двухъ,</td><td>трёхъ,</td><td>четырёхъ.</td></tr><tr><td>D.</td><td>двумъ,</td><td>трёмъ,</td><td>четырёмъ.</td></tr><tr><td>A.</td><td>Like the N. or G.</td><td>Like the Nom.</td><td>or Gen.</td></tr><tr><td>I.</td><td>двумп,</td><td>тремя,</td><td>четырьмя.</td></tr><tr><td>P.</td><td>двухъ,</td><td>трёхъ,</td><td>четырёхъ.</td></tr></table>

For all Genders.

<table><tr><td>N.</td><td>двоє,</td><td>трое,</td><td>четверо.</td></tr><tr><td>G.</td><td>двойхъ,</td><td>тройхъ,</td><td>четверьхъ.</td></tr><tr><td>D.</td><td>двоймъ,</td><td>троймъ,</td><td>четверымъ.</td></tr><tr><td>A.</td><td>двойхъ,</td><td>тройхъ,</td><td>четверьхъ.</td></tr><tr><td>I.</td><td>двоймп,</td><td>тройми,</td><td>четверыми.</td></tr><tr><td>P.</td><td>двойхъ,</td><td>тройхъ,</td><td>четверьхъ.</td></tr></table>

The other collective numerals, пятиро, ‘five,’ шестеро, ‘six,’ etc., are declined like четверо.

27. Numerals ending in ь: пять, ‘five;’ шесть, ‘six;’ up to трйдцать, ‘thirty,’ are declined like nouns of the 15th termination (see Lesson 13, Obs. 10).

For the declension of cóрокъ, ‘forty;’ девяносто, ‘ninety;’ сто, ‘hundred;’ двѣстн, ‘two hundred,’ and other compound numerals, see Lesson 44.

For the declension of полторá, ‘one and a half;’ полтретья, ‘two and a half;’ and полторáста, ‘hundred and fifty,’ see Lesson 47.

28. Тысяча, ‘thousand,’ and миллионъ, ‘million,’ are declined like substantives.

29. Like substantives are declined also пятокъ, ‘five;’ десятокъ, ‘ten;’ дюжина, ‘dozen;’ сутня, ‘hundred;’ as also двойка, тройка, четверка, пятёрка, шестёрка, семёрка, восьмёрка, девятка, and десятка, these latter being used in card playing, as: трёфовала двойка or двойка трёфъ, ‘the two of

( 516 )

clubs;" червонная девятка or девятка, червей, 'the nine of hearts.'

DEGREES OF COMPARISON.—Степени Сравнения.

30. There are three degrees of comparison :

(1) Positive (положительная степень), as:
добрый, добръ, 'kind.'

(2) Comparative (сравнительная степень), as:
добрёшій, or добрѣе, 'kinder.'

(3) Superlative (превосходная степень), as:
самый добрый, or всѣхъ добрѣе, 'kindest.'

For the formation of degrees of comparison, see Lessons 35 and 36.

Besides the degrees of comparison, adjectives have also augmentative and diminutive terminations (Lesson 37).

DERIVATION.

31. Adjectives derived from substantives are the possessive and relative already enumerated.

32. Those derived from verbs are formed by changing the termination of the infinitive into пый (ной), лый, нвый, кий, жий, чий :

<table><tr><td>Учёный, learned;</td><td>from учить, to teach.</td></tr><tr><td>Выкупной, ransomed;</td><td>вЫКУПить, to ransom.</td></tr><tr><td>Рослый, stalwart;</td><td>вЫКУПить, to grow.</td></tr><tr><td>Игривый, playful;</td><td>вЫКУПить, to play.</td></tr><tr><td>Ломкий, fragile;</td><td>вОМИТЬ, to break.</td></tr><tr><td>Похожий, similar;</td><td>вОХОДИТЬ, to resemble.</td></tr><tr><td>ПѣВный, singing;</td><td>вПѣТЬ, to sing.</td></tr></table>

33. Compound adjectives are formed by coupling an adjective, a substantive or a particle with an adjective, the first word taking usually an o or e, with the exception of particles:

( 517 )

<table>
   <tr>
    <td>Остроумый, witty;</td>
    <td>from óстрый, sharp, ýмпый, intelligent.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Тёмный, dark-gray;</td>
    <td>„ тёмный, dark, сърый, grey.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Гостеприимный, hospitable;</td>
    <td>„ гость, guest, пріймный, receiving.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Очевидный, evident;</td>
    <td>„ очи, eyes, видный, visible.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Международный, international;</td>
    <td>„ между, between, пародный, national.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Безподобный, incomparable;</td>
    <td>„ безъ, without, подобный, like.</td>
   </tr>
  </table>

## THE PRONOUN.—МѣСТОМЕНІЕ.

34. Pronouns are divided into:

(1) Personal (LYЧНЫЯ).

(2) Interrogative (ВОПРОСІТЕЛЬНЫЯ).

(3) Demonstrative (УКАЗАТЕЛЬНЫЯ).

(4) Relative (ОТПОСІТЕЛЬНЫЯ).

(5) Determinative (ОПРЕДЁЛЫТЕЛЬНЫЯ).

35. The *personal* pronouns are: я, 'I; ты, 'thou; онъ, he' (fem. онъ; neut. онъ); plur. мы, 'we; вы, 'you; онъ (fem. онъ), 'they.'

Besides the above three personal pronouns, there is the reflective personal себя, 'self,' which serves for all persons, genders and numbers.

36. Interrogative pronouns have their corresponding de-monstratives in the following way:

### OF THE OBJECT.

#### *Interrogative.*

Кто? who? Что? what?

#### *Demonstrative.*

Тотъ, то, 'that; пѣкто, 'somebody; нѣчто, 'something; нѣкто, 'no-body; пѣчтѣ, 'nothing; всѣкъ, 'every; каядый, 'each; всѣ, 'all; пробыи, 'other.'

### OF QUALITY.

Какой, каковъ? What sort of?

Такой, таковъ, 'such, such a one; другой, 'other; всѣкій, 'every

["( 518 )", "(sort) ' пѣкоторый, пѣкій, 'certain;\" пѣкакой, 'not any;\" одинакій,\n'same;\" разный, '.diverse;\" ппаковъ, 'different.'", "OF QUANTITY.", "Колікііі ? which ?", "Сколько ? how much ?", "Толікій, 'such a one.'", "Столько, 'so many, so much;\" мно, 'much;\" málo, 'few;\" вѣсколько,\n'some;\" нисколько, 'not any.'", "OF PLACE OR ORDER.", "Котóрый ? which ?", "Сей, šтотъ, óный, 'this;\" котóрый ппбýдь, 'any one;\" пикотóрый, 'not\nany.'", "OF POSSESSION.", "Чей ? whose ?", "Мой, 'my, mine;\" твой, 'thy, thine;\" eró, 'his;\" нашъ, 'our;\" вашъ,\n'your;\" ихъ, 'their;\" and the reflective свой used for all three persons.", "These last are termed possessive pronouns (притяжатель-\nныя มิ่งสโหมิ่น).
И", "Indefinite pronouns answering the question чей? 'whose?'\nare :", "Чей-то, 'somebody's;\" чей ппбýдь, 'anybody's;\" and the negative ничéй,\n'nobody's.'", "37. The interrogative pronouns кто, что, котóрый, какой,\nчей also serve as relatives when they refer to an antecedent.\nTo the relative pronouns belong also кой, каковий, 'who, '\nor 'he who,' which have not the signification of the inter-\nrogative.", "38. The determinative pronouns are:", "a. Those expressive of size and quantity: весь, ‘all;’ óóa,\n‘both.’", "To these are added the numerals одинъ, двóе, трóе, etc.,\nwhen used as pronouns."]

( 519 )

b. Those expressive of identity: самъ, сámый, 'self.'

Determinative pronouns are employed with personal and demonstrative pronouns, as also with substantives, as:

МЫ ВСЕ, 'all of us;' МЫ ОБА, 'both of us;' ВЫ ТРОЕ, 'three of you;' Я ОДИПЪ, 'I am by myself;' ВЕСЬ НАРОДЪ, 'all people;' ОБЕ СТОРОНЫ, 'both sides;' ОПЪ САМЪ, 'he himself;' САМЫЙ ДОМЪ, 'the house itself.'

The pronoun сámый before qualifying adjectives serves to strengthen their signification and to express the superlative degree, as: сámый добрый, 'the kindest.'

39. Pronouns vary their terminations, like adjectives, according to gender, number and case.

## DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS.

40. The first two personal pronouns and the reflective personal have no genders, and are declined like substantives in the feminine, as:

Singular.

<table><tr><td>N.</td><td>я, I,</td><td>ты, thou,</td></tr><tr><td>G.</td><td>мешá,</td><td>тебá,</td></tr><tr><td>D.</td><td>мнѣ,</td><td>тебѣ,</td></tr><tr><td>A.</td><td>мешá,</td><td>тебá,</td></tr><tr><td>I.</td><td>мнóю (ої),</td><td>тобóю (ої),</td></tr><tr><td>P.</td><td>мнѣ,</td><td>тебѣ,</td></tr></table>

Plural.

<table><tr><td>N.</td><td>мы, we,</td><td>вы, you.</td></tr><tr><td>G.</td><td>насъ,</td><td>васъ.</td></tr><tr><td>D.</td><td>намъ,</td><td>вамъ.</td></tr><tr><td>A.</td><td>насъ,</td><td>васъ.</td></tr><tr><td>I.</td><td>намн,</td><td>бáмн.</td></tr><tr><td>P.</td><td>насъ,</td><td>васъ.</td></tr></table>

41. The pronoun себя has no nominative nor plural, and is declined like the second personal pronoun, viz., gen. and acc. себе, dat. and prep. себе, instr. собóю (ої).

42. The third personal pronoun онъ and all others are declined like adjectives, as:

( 521 )

Singular.

<table><thead><tr><th>Masc. and Neut.</th><th>Fem.</th><th>Masc. and Neut.</th><th>Fem.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>N. тотъ, то,</td><td>та,</td><td>весь,</td><td>вся.</td></tr><tr><td>G. тогó,</td><td>тої,</td><td>всегó,</td><td>всег(ї).</td></tr><tr><td>D. томý,</td><td>тої,</td><td>всемý,</td><td>всей.</td></tr><tr><td>A. Like the N. or G. ту,</td><td>Like the N. or G.</td><td></td><td>всю.</td></tr><tr><td>I. тěмъ,</td><td>тою (ї),</td><td>всěмъ,</td><td>всєю(ей)</td></tr><tr><td>P. томъ,</td><td>той,</td><td>всěмъ,</td><td>всей.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Plural.

For all Genders.

<table><tr><td>тě,</td><td>всě.</td></tr><tr><td>тěхъ.</td><td>всěхъ.</td></tr><tr><td>тěмъ,</td><td>всěмъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Like the N. or G.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>тěми,</td><td>всěми.</td></tr><tr><td>тěхъ.</td><td>всěхъ.</td></tr></table>

The pronouns кто and что have no plural, and are declined, the first like тотъ and the second like весь.

Singular.

<table><thead><tr><th>Masc. and Neut.</th><th>Fem.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>N. какой, какое,</td><td>какая,</td></tr><tr><td>G. какого,</td><td>какой,</td></tr><tr><td>D. какому,</td><td>какой,</td></tr><tr><td>A. Like the N. or G.</td><td>какую,</td></tr><tr><td>I. какимъ,</td><td>какою (ой)</td></tr><tr><td>P. какомъ,</td><td>какой,</td></tr></tbody></table>

Plural.

<table><thead><tr><th>Masc. Fem. & Neut.</th><th>Fem.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>какіе, какія,</td><td>какія,</td></tr><tr><td>какихъ.</td><td>какихъ.</td></tr><tr><td>какимъ.</td><td>какимъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Like the N. or G.</td><td>какими.</td></tr><tr><td>какихъ.</td><td>какихъ.</td></tr></tbody></table>

According to the above are declined такой, нѣкакій, этакой, and the three following, used only in the plural—сколький, столький, and нѣсколький.

44. The pronouns который, всейкий, другой, иной, каждый, каковый, комий, оный, самый, таковый, толый are declined like the adjective повый.

45. The pronouns таковъ, ипаковъ, одинаковъ follow the declension of the adjective паревъ, except in the genitive, which takes the full termination, as, таковаго instead of таковá.

46. The pronouns сколько, столько, нѣсколько, много and málo have no declension, except in the dat. when preceded by the prefix по, as, по скольку, по стольку, etc.

( 522 )

THE VERB.—Глаголь.

47. Verbs are divided into six voices (залогъ), viz.:

(1) The active (дѣйствительный), denoting the action of an agent upon an object, as, кидать, ‘to throw.’

(2) The passive (страдательный), formed from the active, and denoting the condition or state of the object on which the action is exerted, as, быть кидаему, ‘to be thrown.’

(3) The reflective or pronominal (возвратный), formed from the active by adding the contracted pronoun ся, and denoting an action falling upon the agent, as, одѣваться, ‘to clothe one’s self.’ The reflective is often used in the sense of the passive, especially when speaking of inanimate objects, as, книга читается, ‘the book is read.’

(4) The common (общий) ending also in ся, without which the verb by itself cannot be used, and denoting an internal feeling influencing the agent, as, бояться, ‘to fear;’ смѣяться, ‘to laugh.’

(5) The reciprocal (взаймный), ending also in ся, and denoting an action falling mutually upon two or more agents, and answering the question with whom, as, сражаться, ‘to fight.’

(6) The neuter (срелый), which has a threefold signification, and therefore a threefold form, viz.,

a. Denoting an action not passing over to an object, as, сидѣть, ‘to sit;’ стоять, ‘to stand.’ In this sense it has the form of the active.

Of this class are verbs denoting the gradual acquirement of a quality, as, бъмѣть, ‘to grow white;’ cóхнуть, ‘to dry.’