Table 5.1. Primary Federal and State/Local Agencies that Subsidize or Constrain Resource Use in Seaports

<table><thead><tr><th>Resource</th><th>Resource<br>Activity/Use</th><th>Federal Agencies<br>that Subsidize/Constrain<br>Resource Use</th><th>State/Local Agencies*<br>that Subsidize/Constrain<br>Resource Use</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="6">Water/submerged<br>lands</td><td>Navigation aids</td><td>U.S. Coast Guard</td><td>Submerged land ownership</td></tr><tr><td>Anchorage, channels, basins</td><td>U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</td><td>Fish and game agencies</td></tr><tr><td>Mitigation</td><td>Environmental Protection Agency</td><td>Water quality</td></tr><tr><td>Landfill, bulkhead</td><td>U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service</td><td>Coastal management</td></tr><tr><td>Dredge material disposal</td><td>Natl. Marine Fisheries Service/NOAA</td><td>Transportation & commerce</td></tr><tr><td>Piling: docks, floats, wharves</td><td>Coastal Resources Mgmt./NOAA<br>Indian nations**</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">Shorelands</td><td>Terminal development</td><td>U.S. Corps of Engineers</td><td>Coastal management</td></tr><tr><td>Road/rail connection</td><td>Coastal Resources Mgmt/NOAA</td><td>Planning & zoning</td></tr><tr><td>Buildings, structures</td><td>U.S. Dept. of Transportation</td><td>Building/fire/safety codes</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Carriers (vessels,<br>rail, truck)</td><td>Fair competition/nondiscrimination</td><td>Federal Maritime Commission</td><td>Harbor police</td></tr><tr><td>Access to harbor</td><td>Interstate Commerce Commission</td><td>Marine fire depts.</td></tr><tr><td>Fire & hazards safety</td><td>U.S. Coast Guard</td><td>Police</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>U.S. Dept. of Transportation</td><td>State transportation<br>Local engineering</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5">Cargo</td><td>Import/export laws (trade laws)</td><td>U.S. Dept. of Commerce</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sanitation, inspection</td><td>U.S. Customs Service</td><td>Fire & safety codes</td></tr><tr><td>Customs insp. & duties</td><td>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hazardous materials</td><td>U.S. Public Health Service</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>U.S. Dept. of Transportation</td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3">People</td><td>Longshore labor, other org. labor</td><td>U.S. Dept. of Labor</td><td>State port laws</td></tr><tr><td>Civil service</td><td>Occupational Safety and Health</td><td>State workers' comp.</td></tr><tr><td>Worker benefits</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4">Money</td><td>Tax-exempt borrowing</td><td>Internal Revenue Service</td><td>State port laws</td></tr><tr><td>Tax receipts</td><td>Federal Maritime Commission</td><td>State port laws</td></tr><tr><td>Fees for services</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Budget & audit</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

*Listed in generic terms, since names of agencies vary with state and local jurisdiction.

**Listed with federal agencies for convenience. Under the U.S. Constitution, treaties with Indian nations are paramount to federal law.