( 237 )

too exacting.—Are your scissors sharp?—They are blunt,
but the tailoress's scissors are sharp.—What is the gardener
carrying?—He is carrying the rake and the pitchfork.
Where does he carry them to?—He is carrying them into
the garden.—Are not your candlesticks new?—No, they
are already old.—Are they of silver or of pewter?—They
are of English pewter.—Give me a sharp fork, this one is
too blunt.—I have no sharp forks, all my forks are blunt.
Do you know this gentleman?—Yes, I know him; he is
very insolent and sly, and therefore no one likes him.
What did you want to say?—I wanted to say, that I shall
not be able to give you any flowers.—Are the flowers in
your garden blooming already?—No, not yet, but they
will be blooming soon.—What colours do you prefer?—I
prefer the blue and green colours to all others.—Have you
many flowers in your garden?—No, not many, we have
only roses, forget-me-nots, violets, lilies, cloves and a few
other flowers.—Which trees in Northern Russia are green
even in winter?—Firs and pines only are green in winter.
Where does the cook take the firewood to?—He takes
it to the kitchen.—Does he take it often thither?—He
carries it only when his master orders him.—Waiter, bring
me a glass of wine.—Yes, sir.—Can you go (in a vehicle)
with us to-day to the play?—No, I cannot go with you, I
have to be at home to-day.

( 238 )

THIRTY-SECOND LESSON.—Трйдцать второй Урóкъ.

OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD.

О неопредѣлённомъ наклонéпіи.

In order to conjugate Russian verbs it is essential to
know beforehand their two fundamental forms, viz. the
infinitive and the third person plural of the present indica-
tive; and in verbs wanting the present tense, the third
person plural of the future.

There are in Russian two conjugations only, which
embrace all the regular verbs, with all their so-called aspects
(впѣрь). These conjugations are distinguished by the in-
flexions of the second person singular and the third person
plural of the present.

a. The first conjugation comprises the verbs having the
second person singular ending in ешь and the third person
plural in уть or ють, as :

Пѣшь, thou goest; пѣутъ, they go.
Чптáешь, thou readest; чптáють, they read.

b. The second conjugation comprises the verbs having
the second person singular in пшь and third person plural
in ать or ять, as :

Лежйшь, thou liest down; лежáть, they lie down.
Говорйшь, thou speakest; говорáть, they speak.

All regular verbs, according to the termination of the
infinitive, and the inflexion of its first person singular of
the present indicative, are subdivided into ten classes; of
which the first eight belong to the first, and the two last
(the ninth and tenth) to the second conjugation.

( 240 )

### OBS. 2.—The consonants д, т, з, с, г, к, х, in verbs of the second class, change into ж, ч, or ш.

To wave, to brandish,
To breathe,
To cut,
To write,

I breathe, я дышу, etc.

I breathed, я дышать.

I shall breathe, я буду дышать.

Breathe, дышу, дышите.

Махать.

Дышать.

Рызать.

Писать.

I. 2.

I wave, я машу, etc.

I waved, я махалъ.

I will wave, я буду махать.

Wave, машу, машите.

Both,

And,

Both (the one and the other),

Какъ—такъ п.
П—п.

П.

П тотъ, п другой.

### OBS. 3.—Two or more subjects in the singular, connected by either of the above copulative conjunctions, require the verb or the attribute in the plural.

John and Nicholas are ill.

The Apostles Peter and Paul.

Both Mary and Laura are my pupils.

Both Moscow and London are cities.

Both are immortal.

Either one or the other will be at
our house.

Neither one nor the other will be
here.

Нвӑнъ п Николай больный.

Апостолы Петръ п Навелъ.

Какъ Мария такъ п Лаура мой уче
пинцы.

П Москва п Липонъ городъ.

П тотъ п другой безсмёрти.

† Лйбо тотъ, либо другой будетъ у
насъ.

† Пп тотъ, пп другой не будетъ
вдесь.

### OBS. 4.—The predicate is put in the singular when two or more subjects in the singular, and of the same gender, are connected by a conjunction, denoting an exclusive

( 241 )

action attributed either to one of the two subjects, or to each alternatively. The following conjunctions are of this class:

Either,—or,

Neither,—nor,

Not only,—but,

First one,—then,

Either one or the other will be re-
compensated.

Neither cold nor heat acts upon him.

Not only you, but I also was not there.

First one and then another was
asking about you.

Лийбо,—либо.

Ип,—нп.

Не тóлько,—по п.

То,—то.

Лийо тотъ, лийо другой бýдетъ наг-
раждёпъ.

Ип хóлодъ, ип жаръ не дъйствуетъ
на него.

Не тóлько вы, по п и пé бы пъ тамъ.

То одйпъ, то другой спрашивалъ о
васъ.

### OBS. 5.—When, however, the subjects connected by alternative conjunctions are of different gender, and have for their predicate an adjective or a verb in the past tense, the predicate is put in the plural.

Heat or cold is injurious.

Neither he nor she was there.

Either the brother or the sister will
be recompensed.

Жаръ йп стýжа вреды.

Ип онъ, ип опá нé былп тамъ.

Лийо братъ, лийо сестрá бýдутъ на-
граждёпы.

### OBS. 6.—An adjective referring to two nouns of different gender agrees in gender with the masculine, and is put in the plural.

The kind king and queen.

The industrious father and mother
are poor.

Добрые король и королёва.

Трудолюбивые отёцъ и мать бѣдны.

### OBS. 7.—A common noun, referring to two or more proper names, or to adjectives, must be in the plural.

The rivers Dnieper and Volga are
navigable.

Рѣки Днѣпъ и Волга судоходны.

R

( 242 )

Nicholas and Andrew are brothers.
The Black and Caspian Seas abound
in fish.

Recompensed, награждённый.
Conscience, событь, f.
A table-napkin, салфёта.
A table-cloth, скатерть.

Out,

How is it out of doors?
It is very dark out.
A heavy storm.

Николай и Андрей братья.
Мори Чёрное и Каспийское приоб-
лють рыбой.

To act, действовать.
Sealing-wax, сургύчъ.
A wafer, облатка.
To seal, печатать.

† На дворѣ.

Каково на дворѣ?
На дворѣ очень темно.
Сильная гроза.

## EXERCISE LXIV.

Does your brother or sister know where our schoolmistress is now?—No, neither my brother nor my sister knows where she is now.—Are the plate and the dish clean?—No, neither the plate nor the dish is clean.—Is this good?—Neither this nor that is good.—Who told her that the kind father and mother are ill?—Either Nicholas or his brother said so.—Is there not some one ill in this house?—Either the father or the son is ill.—Are the brother and sister well?—Neither the brother nor the sister is well.—Had you many brothers?—I had (было) two brothers and one sister.—Is the city of Moscow pretty?—Yes, the city of Moscow is large and fine. Has your niece been in the fine city of Moscow?—No, but she was in the city of Athens.—Where are this monk and that clergyman going?—They are going into the temple.—What are you cutting?—I am cutting bread. What are this tailor and that bootmaker cutting?—The tailor is cutting red and blue cloth, and the bootmaker is cutting yellow and black leather.—Will they both be

( 243 )

recompensed?—Either he or his son will be recompensed.
Will the brother or sister be recompensed also?—Neither
the brother nor the sister will be recompensed.—Is Athens
now rich?—I can say that the ancient (древний) city of Athens
was great and rich, but modern (новый) Athens is small
and poor.—Does he or his brother see on that little table
the new works of the celebrated authoress?—Neither he
nor his brother see on that little table any books.—Where
have the boy and the little girl been with their poor sick
little dog?—They were in their parents' warm little room.
Who wanted to give you a new linen napkin?—The faithful
servant of my good friend Alexander, son of Peter.
Who has been reading this book?—The master and his
lady pupil were reading it.—Did your servant bring a
tumbler and a wine-glass?—Yes, she did, but neither were
clean.—Who is there dozing in the uncle's easy-chair?
The old nurse is dozing.—Could she come to you yesterday?—She could, but she would not.—Do you see the
table and all that is on it?—I see the table, but I see
nothing on it.

## EXERCISE LXV.

Was it raining or snowing yesterday?—No, there was
no rain or snow yesterday, but the day before yesterday
and on Wednesday last week the weather was very bad.
Has it left off raining?—No, it has not yet left off raining,
and therefore we cannot go for a walk.—Does the countess
like to ride on horseback?—Yes, she does very much.
Who likes to read and to write?—The diligent lady pupil.
Does she write well already?—No, she does not write well
yet.—Had this servant something new?—She had a new
dress and a handkerchief, which her kind mistress gave

( 244 )

(подарить) her.—Has our old laundress brought the linen already?—No, she will bring it to-morrow.—Who carried away from here the table-cloth, which the servant brought? No one carried it away, it is here on the table.—Where is that dragoon galloping to?—He is not galloping, but is going at a trot.—Where did the maid-servant carry away my yellow dress to?—She has taken it to the bed-room. Happy is one whose conscience is pure.—Who took my steel pens?—Either the master or his pupil took them. Has the servant brought the new tumblers and wine-glasses already?—Not yet, but there he is coming himself, and is carrying not only the new tumblers and wine-glasses, but also a table-cloth and a few knives, forks, spoons and table-napkins.—To whom are you writing this letter?—I am writing to my daughter.—Do you not want some wafers?—No, I do not want any wafers, I always seal my letters with red or black sealing-wax; but light this wax candle, if you please, for me.—There it is, I have lit it.—I thank you then very much, I want nothing more.—Where did the maid-servant go?—She went into the garden for the children, because it is already time for them to take tea.—Go to the garden and bring (привести) the children here, because it thunders and lightens.—But they are not afraid of thunder or lightning.—I know that, but the governess says that in such weather they should be in the room and not out.—Is the storm outside heavy? The storm is not very heavy.—Is the sky clear?—No, there are still thick clouds passing (ходить), so that I think we shall have a thunderstorm.

( 245 )

THIRTY-THIRD LESSON.

Трйдцать трétій Урónъ.

*Of the Infinitive (continued).*

CLASS 3 has the infinitive in оть, preceded by ол, ор, first person in ю:

Колóть, to prick; колю, I prick.

OBS. 1.—There are but five verbs with this ending.

CLASS 4 has the infinitive in вать, preceded by е, о, first person in ю, before which е is changed into ю (же, че, ше are changed into жу, чу, шу), and о into у.

Горе-вáть, to grieve; гор-ю-ю, I grieve.

Же-вáть, to chew; ж-у-ю, I chew.

Совъто-вать, to advise; совът-у-ю, I advise.

I was writing, я писáлъ.

I was ploughing, я пахáлъ.

I was drinking, я пилъ.

I was working, я рабóталъ.

I led, я вёлъ.

I did, я дѣлалъ.

I grieved, я горевáлъ.

I advised, я совѣтовалъ.

I read, я читáлъ.

I rode, я ёхалъ.

OBS. 2.—Russian verbs have one past tense only; thus, “I was working,” “I did work,” “I worked,” etc., are rendered Я рабóталъ.

Where have you been ?

I was at Calais.

Гдѣ вы были?

Я былъ въ Калé.

OBS. 3.—Foreign nouns ending in о, е, у, и are inde-
clinable.

The weather.

How is the weather?

It is fine weather.

It is bad weather.

Погóда.

Кавовá погóда?

Прекрасная погóда.

Дурная погóда.

( 248 )

Much,
Much better.
Much worse.
Much stronger.
Much weaker.

Гораздо.
Гораздо лүчме.
Гораздо хүже.
Гораздо сиљишće.
Гораздо слабće.

### OBS. 10.—'Much,' before a comparative, is translated гораздо.

Do you drink wine ?
Does he not speak ?
Was then the house his ?
Yes, it was his.

† Развѣ вы пьёте випо ?
† Развѣ онъ не говорить ?
† Развѣ домъ былъ его ?
Да, это былъ его домъ.

### OBS. 11.—English interrogative sentences expressing doubt, or in which 'do' is used with a certain emphasis, are rendered by развѣ.

To draw,
To fret,
To fret after,

To draw a picture.
To draw a picture (likeness).
He drew a picture.
He was drawing.

It hails,
It freezes,

To-day the weather is fine, but the day before yesterday we had rain.

It was damp yesterday, but tomorrow it will be dry.

It rains fast.
We shall have rain.

The thunderstorm has ceased.

Storm, бура.
Sleet, гололедина.
Warmth, тепло.

Рисоватъ.
Тосковатъ.
Тосковатъ по (with the prepositional).

Парисоватъ картину.
Парисоватъ портретъ.
Онъ парисоваль картину.
Онъ рисоваль.

Градъ пдётъ.
Морозить (impersonal verb).
Сегдяя прекрásная погода, но трётьёта дня шёлъ дождь.

Вчерá било съиро, но зáвтра бýдеть съхо.
Пдётъ сильный дождь.
Будётъ дождь.
Грозá прошлá.
Frost, морозъ.
Над, градъ.
The cold, холоть.

( 219 )

EXERCISE LXVI.

What are you doing there?—I am drawing.—What are you drawing?—I am drawing a little horse for my sister. Does this officer's sister dance well?—She dances excellently.—With whom did your niece dance at the countess's ball?—She did not dance with anybody, she never dances. Whom is this little girl kissing?—She kisses her kind nurse.—After whom is this unfortunate widow fretting? She is fretting after her son.—Where is her son?—He is abroad.—Who has fewer friends than we?—We have fewer friends than you.—Has the German as much of your money as of his own?—He has less of his own than of ours.—What have you seen in Riga?—I saw there many lofty houses and many broad streets, but few large gardens, and not a single park.—Have I taken your gloves, or my own?—You have taken your own, and my sister took mine.—What kind of weather had you yesterday in the village?—It was very cold there the day before yesterday, but yesterday it was warm.—Which dresses did she bring?—She brought the white and yellow dresses.—*Did not* she bring the red also?—No, she did not bring it.—How is the road?—The road is very bad.—Has their neighbour as many dogs as horses?—He has fewer of the latter than of the former. Has the merchant as many ships as we?—He has fewer ships than we, and we have less corn than he.—Is it hot out?—No, it is raining.—Were the peasants sowing barley yesterday?—No, the whole of yesterday it was snowing and hailing.—It has left off snowing now, and therefore go and tell the peasants that they may sow the corn.—How are your meadows?—They are already green.—Why did you not come to us yesterday?—I did not come to you