UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
BERKELEY 4, CALIFORNIA

May 22, 1958

Dear Henry:

Thanks for your note and the reprint. The latter I had already
read with considerable interest.

We all enjoyed your brief visit very much, although it must
have been tiring on you. The next one, I hope, will be longer & more
leisurely.

I had a run-in with the west-coast Quakers 2 weeks after yours,
on much the same issue, & now can sympathize with your ruffled annoyance.
Penn and Rufus Jones wouldn't be proud of them.

July 17, 1961

Mr. Paul Seabury
Department of Political Science
University of California
Berkeley, California

Dear Paul:

I have been spending the bulk of every week in Washington this summer, and have just found the Columbia University FORUM on my desk upon my return. I appreciate your having it sent to me, and look forward with pleasure to reading "The Histronaut."

I hope all is going well with you--
apart from my insane commuting schedule, every-
thing is fine here.

Kind regards as always.

September 15, 1961

AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC ACTION

Text of statement by the National Executive Committee of Americans for Democratic Action, meeting in Washington, D.C., released by Prof. Paul Seabury, Chairman of the Executive Committee and Professor of Political Science at the University of California (Berkeley):

Mr. Khrushchev's resort to the diplomacy of nuclear terror has created a situation of great danger. He has shown his contempt for the opinion of all nations, whether neutral or aligned with the West, by his resumption of atmospheric tests. He proposes to create a bomb of such colossal proportions that it can serve only as a means of terrorizing public opinion. Privately and publicly he has threatened particular countries with extinction. As a result, the air is again being poisoned by fallout, the arms race has been heightened and the danger of war greatly increased.

What is the purpose of this shift from the policy of coexistence to the policy of nuclear terror? Mr. Khrushchev has said that he wishes to "shock" the Western powers into negotiations over Berlin. This is transparently false. Preparations for the resumed Soviet tests have necessarily been under way for a considerable period of time. Indeed, the new tactic was already evident when early this year the Soviet representatives at Geneva refused to negotiate seriously over a nuclear test ban. The Western powers have repeatedly declared that they are willing to negotiate and have demonstrated their good faith by their concessions at Geneva which have gone so far as to include acceptance in part of the Russian troika proposal.

It is hard to believe that Mr. Khrushchev's purpose is anything less than a major humiliation of the Western countries - a humiliation that would undermine their will, individually and collectively, to resist the expansion of Soviet power. Insofar as Mr. Khrushchev has any grounds for his alleged fear of a rearmed Germany, President Kennedy has already said that the West would be ready to consider this subject in any genuine negotiation. On such questions, Mr. Khrushchev has quite sufficient bargaining power to bring about a negotiated settlement without resort to nuclear blackmail. His recent tactics of intimidation make sense only as an attempt to force the United States and the Western alliance to back down on a major commitment of their foreign policy - namely, their repeated pledge to maintain the independence of West Berlin. By his diplomacy of nuclear terror he is attempting to force the Western governments to capitulate and thereby to demonstrate to these governments, their peoples and the rest of the world that there is no power that can any longer resist the Soviet empire.

Mr. Khrushchev's success in this aim would make nuclear war virtually inevitable. It would, as he no doubt expects, gravely weaken NATO. But it would also profoundly disorganize public opinion in the Western countries and indeed create such a state of hysteria that anything could happen. Moreover, such a Soviet success would embolden Mr. Khrushchev to press forward with his tactics of terror. But at some point, the Western countries would fight back. These are the recognized dangers of nuclear blackmail, a policy that is even more dangerous when it succeeds than when it fails.

If the world is to be saved from nuclear war, the Western powers must prevent the Soviet diplomacy of nuclear terror from winning such a success.

2

They can do this only by making it perfectly clear to Mr. Khrushchev that they will resist capitulation over Berlin by every means, diplomatic, economic and, if ultimately necessary, military. While the Western governments are still united and still possess the confidence of their peoples, they can and must make credible their will to resist. If they do this, we can hope with some confidence that Mr. Khrushchev - who is not a madman, although he sometimes tries to make us think so - will settle for negotiation, rather than capitulation.

We refuse to believe that the narrow issue of Berlin and the broad issue of stability and security in Central Europe cannot be negotiated. We believe that solutions are possible, if there is the will and the patience to achieve them.

What form might a negotiated settlement take?

We urge that the United States and its NATO allies, in return for appropriate concessions contributing to a stable Central European settlement, be prepared to consider acknowledging the permanence and legitimacy of Germany's present de facto frontiers with its Eastern neighbors.

We believe that the United States and its allies should consider offering de facto recognition of East Germany in return for more reliable guarantees of Western access and Western presence in Berlin, underwritten by the Soviet Union and included in its peace treaty with East Germany, or an annex thereto.

We urge that, after the Berlin issue is resolved, both sides give thoughtful consideration to plans for disengagement and the thinning out of conventional arms and the banning of nuclear weapons in Central Europe, taking into account the number of serious proposals advanced along this line, notably those of Anthony Eden, former British Prime Minister, and Adam Rapacki, Foreign Minister of Poland.

We believe that there would be great advantages to a UN presence in Berlin, a supplementary international police contingent drawn from outside the great powers, in addition to Western forces there. To give Berlin a new status and significance, we suggest that it be the headquarters for important international agencies.

For any such negotiated settlement, resistance to nuclear blackmail is a necessary condition. The policy of the West should be based on a readiness to negotiate and a refusal to capitulate. ADA applauds the support that President Kennedy and other Western leaders have given to this policy. But if the governments of the West are to succeed in this policy, they must have the firm backing of public opinion. Mr. Khrushchev must be given no grounds for thinking that he can weaken Western policy by terrorizing public opinion. ADA therefore calls on liberals in the United States and in Europe to make it known that they recognize the brutality and dangers of Mr. Khrushchev's diplomacy of terror, that they will not be intimidated by it, and that, while they support genuine negotiations, they demand that under all conditions the independence of West Berlin be resolutely maintained.

Paul Seabury, Chairman
ADA National Executive Committee

IV5

The whole matter, of course, went to the very heart of a persistent constitutional issue of political thought: if a polity were grounded upon "consent of the governed," if it also were designed to check and inhibit State power from invading sacrosanct realms of human freedom, how then was the polity, as a collectivity, to respect such rights, and consistently practise self-restraint; how was it to elicit popular and legislative "consent", when facing the crises of the international world? What happened when the substantive and procedural niceties of a constitutional system confronted the "realms of world politics" at its worst?

The matter was a fundamental point; being fundamental, it became also one which the language of the American Constitution seemed to conceal, rather than illuminate or resolve. Rights, separation and balancing of powers, might flourish in peacetime, and in periods of international "normalcy." Yet A "constitutional understanding" grew up, in time, to the effect that in times of crisis, rights might be cancelled in order that they might again be restored, or even strengthened; constitutional restraints and limitations on State power during "national emergencies" could be loosened, or even temporarily relinquished, so that the Republic might survive to restore them. In times of crisis, the "open society" might close its doors and windows, that it might better reopen them when the danger was past; so too, the "limited" government might

Memo on Berlin - Seabury

3

orbit. As its political weakness has increased, so also have Soviet compulsions to have it "legitimized" and internationally baptised. Only then, when recognized and accepted by other states, could a certain internal stability be wrought out of popular hopelessness and resignation. As an outpost of communism in the West, it is hard to imagine even the hardiest of Soviet leaders ever permitting a new political order in which domestic protest and expression of popular will could further humiliate the Russians. If its regime were in any way popular; if one could count upon its gradual rise in popular esteem, the recognition matter, and a peace treaty, might not be so urgent. However, nothing has been done--no change of despised leadership, for instance--to change the appearance of this regime to the people of Germany; and for this failure in political judgment and action the Russians should hold themselves accountable. As it is, they have chosen to do nothing about it. Perhaps their options are not large. In any event, it is clear: they are no longer interested in unification, even as a propaganda device.

## III

### Western Intentions and Policies

Any Western (read American) policies in this crisis should commence by recognizing the two levels at which policy must work: the negotiatorial level, with its promise of possible agreements with the Soviet; and the level of unilateral action, to meet Soviet initiatives before serious negotiation commences. On both of these levels, however, certain basic principles ought to be respected;

1. Western Berlin, its territory, population, and government, must continue to be regarded, and respected, as a symbolic component of the Western world. On this matter there could be no compromise--nor is there today among the people of West Berlin, Germany, or Western Europe, any doubt about it. A Berlin settlement which compromised this principle would precipitate a psychological disaster in Western Europe, seriously endangering the entire structure of Western political, cultural, and economic unity. Such a disaster itself would gravely endanger world peace; and it behooves the Soviet leaders to recognize this.

2. An essential element in the maintenance of a free West Berlin is, and should continue to be, the rights of free access to Berlin from the Western world as they now exist; these include the rights of access to Berlin of citizens of the Bundesrepublik, as well as elements of Western military garrisons. Air corridor rights of access apply to such commercial vehicles as now enjoy such rights; and neither Soviet nor DDR authorities may interfere with the passengers or materiel. Existing land corridor links between Berlin and the West also constitute rights. While the Soviet Union may choose to delegate, to DDR authorities, its own control and inspection rights as have existed in "common law" over the past 16 years, it cannot thereby abrogate its own responsibility to see that existing rights and obligations remain observed.

3. In maintaining the symbolic value of Berlin to the Western community, the presence in West Berlin of Allied garrisons (French, British, American) remains essential. Such garrisons, and those of the Soviet Union and the East German regime as are present in Berlin, could well be supplemented by a U.N. "presence," possibly in the form of supplementary sector-boundary police, inspection teams, etc., to assist in the maintenance of tranquillity in the city. A U.N. presence, however, cannot be regarded as a substitute for the existing Western presence.

These positions, though necessary, are not sufficient. For while in negotiation we should seek final, explicit Soviet guarantees of them, we must also seek to broaden the sphere of negotiations; we must put the "little Berlin" problem into the necessary context of a "large Central Europe" one. What elements might enter a Western position here?

Here, we might bear in mind once more the obvious, basic local source of tension and aggravation in Central Europe: the absence of international legitimization of the existing "order of things." This problem transcends in seriousness and complexity the dangers arising from confrontation and proximity of Soviet and Western military forces in Central Europe. Indeed, we might say that, were an international political "settlement" in Central Europe possible, the problem of disposition of existing military forces in the area, while of some importance, would become secondary. Proximity of military forces -- particularly of Soviet and American ones -- in itself cannot be regarded as a principal source of tension in Europe; indeed, such proximity in the past fifteen years has ironically been one element of Central European stability, since it

Memo on Berlin - Seabury

4

has diminished also the implicit dangers coming from leaving the matter of a German settlement to Germans themselves. Both the West and Russia have been conscious of this, as have many thoughtful Germans themselves; no one wants a Korean-type war in Europe; and for this reason we should not idly toy with proposals for some hypothetical and nebulous U.N. police force in Central Europe as substitute for what we now have. The dangers of accidental war from spontaneous revolt, insurrection, and civil war are too great to be left to Germans themselves, and/or to U.N. forces of unknown composition, which could not act decisively (as did Western and Soviet authorities, at the time of the Budapest crisis in 1956). Above all, we must recognize, when speaking of "disengagement," that NATO-Warsaw Pact proximity alone does not constitute danger. In a sense, every spot on the globe is proximate to another. Symmetrical reduction of forces in Central Europe, and the creation of "atom-free zones" can thus only be meaningful in the context of broader, more general reduction of forces, and, conceivably, of "general and universal disarmament."

## IV

What elements of "illegitimacy" in Central Europe might constitute subjects of negotiation? The following come to mind:

(1) **A German frontier settlement.** We should now be prepared to admit the "finality" of the existing de facto Eastern frontiers of Germany. This means, chiefly, the Oder-Neisse line, now separating East Germany from Poland. It means, however, also more than that--for recognition of this would in part allay Soviet and Eastern European concern for a hypothetical German "revanchism," a source of constant worry and political hypochondria in Eastern Europe, which would continue even (or even more) if the Soviet Union were not there at all. Such explicit Western recognition of the Eastern frontiers, by allaying such Eastern fears and suspicions, could conceivably contribute to a further lessening of political tensions in Germany's eastern neighbors (notably Poland), and conceivably also lessen the tight military alliance which now binds together the Eastern satellites and Russia. Finally, it could conceivably also diminish, within Germany, the influence of those political forces among the expellees and others, who continue to vainly preach the recovery of lost provinces.

(2) **A nuclear-free zone in Central Europe.** On this, we should not deceive ourselves: a nuclear-free zone in and of itself can be a chimera in a world where nuclear weapons are speedily diffusing themselves, and where means of delivery of such weapons is lessening the need for local weapons. Still, the creation of such a zone--encompassing large areas, say, of West Germany and East Germany, plus its near neighbors, Poland and Czechoslovakia--has some merits. For one thing, it could mean a lessening of local fears of a Germany armed and equipped with atomic bombs. But this would require, also explicit assurances--if not international agreement--that West Germans and other Central European states themselves would not possess, in their own control and ownership, nuclear weapons of any kind. Realistically, for the time being, we should, however, bear in mind the Western need for German-based NATO forces equipped with nuclear weapons; but this on condition that the ultimate decision to employ them should lie with the United States.

(3) **A United Nations Presence in Central Europe.** Here again, concern for peace should not cause us to misconstrue the effectiveness of the U.N. in a great-power crisis. Proposals to substitute U.N. forces for existing military force of the NATO and Warsaw Pact countries in Central Europe tend to overlook the serious difficulties inherent in the U.N., which greatly mitigate its ability to act in times of crisis. U.N. forces could be, under existing circumstances, little more than national contingents of political states; and the temper of vacillation, neutralism, and fear displayed by many U.N. members today does not bode well for the creation of a military force which could effectively maintain the peace. Realistically, we must also acknowledge that the Russians would reject any U.N. force in East Germany, which could not wholly cooperate in maintaining the fragile tyranny of Grotewohl. It is difficult to imagine the composition of such a force, unless composed of Soviet and Soviet-satellite troops, or the Chinese. Moreover, Soviet proposals to greatly weaken the Secretariat of the U.N. complicate this matter even more. Still, there can be no doubt that a supplementary U.N. presence in Central Europe, in Berlin in particular, could serve an important function--particularly if this function were defined after the fashion of U.N. truce teams employed by the United Nations in the Middle East after the Arab-Israeli war of 1948. Again, it should be borne in mind that what is essential in a Central

Memo on Berlin - Seabury

5

European settlement is not only force and authority to prevent war from being instigated by Americans or Russians, but force and authority to prevent the outbreak of civil disturbances and interzonal conflict.

(4) Recognizing the East German Regime. Are there circumstances where the Western powers could do this? There can be little doubt that, aside from the Hungarian regime, the East German government today is the most hated government in the whole Communist world. Here, in contrast to developments in nearly every other satellite state, remains a regime still associated with the worst, most iniquitous features of Stalinism. So outrageous is this condition that it is known that on occasion the Russians have mildly endeavored to mitigate its excesses and to make possible the escape to the West of its enemies. The Russians have, however, borne a heavy responsibility for its characteristics. The events of the past weeks have shown further evidence of the lengths to which this regime would go to enforce by violence its control. If there were evidence in the past that the Russians would admit a process of liberalization to take place here, which necessarily would involve the removal of Ulbricht and his cadres, we could contemplate some utility in recognizing the regime.

At this juncture, it is worth inquiring whether recognition of Eastern Germany, if linked to certain other specific conditions, would be worth the try. These conditions should be stringent; and among them surely should be the condition that the freedom of Berlin (as stated above) be explicitly guaranteed in treaty; that rights of access into Eastern Berlin, as prevailing before August 13th, be restored as before. Surely other conditions could be attached (notably, perhaps, a Western land corridor), pertaining to a broader German settlement, but we cannot here deal with such particulars. Above all, it should be seen to that an East German government, as a condition of its recognition, undergo some internal transformation; that the Russians evince a willingness to mitigate its most evil features. Recognition in and of itself--it should be stressed--could not enhance the reputation of the DDR in the West; and there is little that could formally be done to guarantee internationally any improvement in its internal conditions.

V

(5) Interim measures. The foregoing proposals should not blind us to the great dangers of war which the world faces in Germany. It should not be idly thought that reasonableness in the West alone can create a climate within which serious negotiations can proceed, or within which the serious misbehavior of the Russians can be tempered. Above all, we ought to bear in mind that no "package" of Western proposals can be publicly assembled, and displayed, in advance of serious negotiations. Still, we ought seriously to consider certain interim attitudes and stances which the United States should display, pending serious negotiations:

First, at this moment of crisis American policy should not reduce all matters of East-West relations, and all matters of its own relations with the unaligned bloc of states, to the Berlin crisis. We should not cripple existing policies by tying them to this crisis. In particular, our own policies with respect to international control of weapons, and disarmament, should not be made hapless subjects of Berlin. Also, and equally important, we should not subject our foreign-aid program to the Berlin crisis. Foreign aid, as it has developed over the past ten years, serves many complex and important purposes; and now, in crisis, to make receipt of aid contingent upon support of American policies in Germany can create deep and serious difficulties for us within the underdeveloped world.

Second, by "unilateral initiatives" elsewhere, we should enlarge the image of our own peaceful intentions in world politics. This can be done without vacillation of purpose on Berlin; and should be done, as index of our hopes and aspirations for a better world. A broad range of American initiatives in a wide variety of fields--the international control of nuclear energy; and enlargement of American economic aid programs; enlargement of American support for existing international agencies for economic development-- might be included in such initiatives. One important type of initiative, of considerable importance in the wake of Soviet test resumptions, would be a Congressional resolution (analogous to the Vandenberg Resolution during World War II) conferring broad powers on the President to conclude fundamental executive agreements on arms control, and endorsing Administration policies concerned with inspection and control. There are many others which could be considered, including proposals for enlargement of Soviet-American cultural contacts. Response in kind to Soviet threats may be sometimes necessary, but should not be a general rule-notably in the field of nuclear weapons.

THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDY

1775 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N.W.
WASHINGTON 6, D. C.

March 15, 1962

Dear Henry:

I hate to trouble you with Other People's
Business, but since you are -- according to your secretary
here -- not scheduled to be in Washington before I
leave for California on the 24th, I thought I would
write you for some advice.

Our department at Berkeley is right now
warming up to making an appointment in the military
strategy-policy field; right now, attention has come
to focus upon Hedley Bull and Glenn Snyder. Evidently,
Snyder is available; but we know next to nothing about
Bull's ambitions, inclinations and plans. Neither of them
has been in Berkeley, and as far as I know no overtures
have been made to either by any of us, so it is all quite
confidential.

I have read Snyder's new book, as well as
Bull's shorter book on arms control and policy. They seem
to be quite different sorts--Bull, quite impressive in his
capacity for generalization, conciseness and clarity, &
awareness of contextual conditions surrounding strategic
policy; Snyder, quite gamey and intelligent. I learned
just today, that Bull briefly spent some time at Harvard
with you a few years ago; and hence wonder if you had, or
now have, any firm impressions of him. I would gather he
has no Ph.D., which complicates matters a trifle. If you also
had any impressions of Snyder, you might throw them in too,
if you had the time.

This has been a most enjoyable stay here at
Brookings; and I only wish I had had a chance to see you
before getting back to California.

March 29, 1962

Mr. Paul Seabury
The Brookings Institution
1775 Massachusetts Avenue NW
Washington 6, D.C.

Dear Paul:

Many thanks for your letter of the 15th.
I have also just written Ernie Haas about Hedley
Bull and Glenn Snyder. While I have never met
Snyder, I have heard good reports about him from
Tom Schelling, and I think well of his writings.

I have met Hedley Bull, and think he is
first-rate. He has a great ability to synthesize,
and would be best at a RAND type of analysis. He
may not be original, but he is very good at pushing
existing theories to rigorous conclusions.

Kind regards.

Henry F. Klaeinger

Sincerely yours,

Kind regards,

existing theories to rigorous conclusions.
may not be original, but he is very good at البهنج
and would be best at a RWD type of analysis. He
first-rate. He has a great aptitude to synthesize,
I have met Hedley Bull, and think he is

Tom Schelling, and I think well of his writings.
Snyder, I have heard good reports about him from
Bull and Glenn Snyder. While I have never met
I have also just written Ernie Hass about Hedley
Many thanks for your letter of the 12th.

Dear Paul:

Washington & D.C.
1112 Massachusetts Avenue NW
The Brookings Institution
Mr. Paul Seapury

March 29, 1965

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

2 February 1963

Professor Henry Kissinger
Department of Government
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Dear Henry:

A triple-thrusted note. First, to express pleasure at your visit out here and admiration for your talk. I hope sometime you could do more than view Berkeley as a kind of Gander, Newfoundland!

Second, to let you know that I have asked the Random House people to get you an advance copy of my book--which should be off the presses the last week of April. I'd very much like your reactions to it.

Third, to remind you of our conversation about our Department's search for a permanent man in the strategy-politics area. It took us ten years to find a successor to Kelsen, and I don't want another ten years to solve this problem--especially, as I said, because strong moves are afoot already among the social sciences to integrate work in the area--the chief impetuses (sp?) coming from social sciences most removed from the public-policy area. This is good, insofar as it shows a high level of interest and available energy; but it is problematical without a strong politically-centered gyroscope. Any word about your Man in Harvard would be extremely useful right now. Larry Finkelstein earlier had mentioned him, and I want to have a go-around with Scalapino, Haas and Blaisdell about this soon.

P.S. A word about Mr. DeGaulle--do you remember the speech he made in Marseilles about 3 years ago when, talking late at night at some political rally, he began enumerating the European powers--France, Russia, Italy, Prussia, Saxony, etc.? At the time it reminded me of Hindenburg late at night on 30 January 1933 on the balcony over the Wilhelmstrasse watching the triumphal parade of Nazis, and turning to his son Oscar and saying, "I didn't know we had captured so many Russians!"

February 7, 1963

Professor Paul Seabury
Department of Political Science
University of California
Berkeley 4, California

Dear Paul:

Thank you for your letter; it was a great joy to
see you. I too wish that I could come for a longer
stay at Berkeley once.

I have talked to Halperin about the possibility
of moving to Berkeley. To my surprise, he feels very
strongly that he does not wish to move from Harvard,
even for a permanent appointment. He believes, prob-
ably correctly, that he has a good chance to get an
appointment here. In any case, he says he likes it
here and he prefers to face the problem of moving af-
ter the decision has been made here in two or three
years. I will give some more thought to your problem,
but as you know it is a pretty barren field.

I look forward to seeing your book. Do let me
know when you come East.

With kind regards.

Henry V. Kissinger

Sincerely yours,

With kind regards.

Know when you come East.

I look forward to seeing your peak. Do let me

put as you know it is a pretty permanent field.
years. I will give some more thought to your problem,
ter the decision has been made here in two or three
days and he broaches to face the problem of moving af-
ward to a permanent appointment. In any case, he says he likes it
apply correctly, that he has a good chance to get an
even for a permanent appointment. He believes, prop-
strongly that he does not wish to move from Harvard,
of moving to Berkeley. To my surprise, he feels very
I have talked to Halperin about the possibility

stay at Berkeley once.

see you. I too wish that I could come for a longer
Thank you for your letter; it was a great joy to

Dear Paul:

Berkeley 4, California
University of California
Department of Political Science
Professor Paul Beepuy

February 7, 1963

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

Henry:

The gentleman from Rome proved the occasion for a very pleasant evening talking Culture (no revolvers were drawn) in California; if one gets a Roman orgy in return, the pleasure is even greater, though what should take me to Rome I don't know.

My present reason for communicating is explained in the accompanying document. I'm putting together a group of people each to edit a small "classic" reading paperback book in international politics; my chief reason being that I see no other way of teaching our basic international politics course here unless such major readings were readily available outside our overstrained library. One of the books (225 pp. long, including a short essay by the individual editor) is on "War". I'm doing one on the Balance of Power; Richard Cox, on the State; Fritz Stern of Columbia History Department, on the Nation; and I'm negotiating now with Daniel Cheever, Larry Finkelstein, and one of our young PhD's named Sewell, who will be at Yale, to do the ones on collective security, the international society, and functionalism, respectively. Bill Kuzmickas Olson and some who are directors of foreign policy research at the Library of Congress will probably do the one on diplomacy, though the papers aren't signed yet.

What I need is a broad-gauged editor of the "War" book; and two questions

[C]

arise: first, would you have time and interest in it? And, if not, would you know of someone else who could? What I am trying to avoid here are the mob of game theorists, gradulaists, anti-gradualists, and Randmen; what I am trying to find is someone who can give such a book a broad theoretical and historical dimension in the best E.M. Earle tradition, and who also was a political scientist. The only other person besides yourself who comes to mind in this country as a natural, is Ken Waltz, and I know he is greatly tied up. The job should, however, not be too time-consuming; altho' each editor would himself contribute one essay to his particular volume, these could be "borrowed" from previous writings.

I do wish you could give some thought to this; even if you can't yourself join in the enterprise, you might find it a potentially useful thing. For me, it is almost a necessity; last fall I had 375 students.

My family and I plan to be East in July-mid August, since I'll be teaching in the Columbia summer session. If you're coming thru NYC, let me know there via the Public Law and Government Department. We've been given a rent-free 7 room apartment, and plan to have salons going immediately.

Best regards,

Paul Seabury

ESSAYS ON WORLD POLITICS

Editor: Paul Seabury, Department of Political Science
University of California, Berkeley

I. The purpose of this series of short paperback volumes is to provide students with sets of readily-available classical and theoretical writings about central concepts and problems in international politics, brought together and edited by specialists in these fields.

Most of us who teach international politics, especially to students in large universities, today confront certain irritations in making students familiar with major writings in this field. On the one hand, most contemporary textbooks in international relations (with one or two exceptions) do not successfully merge the important purpose, of introducing students to contemporary world politics, and the equally-important one of introducing them to fundamental conceptual and theoretical problems in this field. Among those few textbooks which do this successfully, are some which have a viewpoint unduly monistic. On the other hand, we face a library problem which each year becomes more impossible. With more and more students, there is less and less likelihood that any but the most persistent will be able to struggle away from a loan desk with any quarry. We must learn to live without the library, for courses such as these, at the very time that the quality of our students, and the intensity of their intellectual concerns about our subject, are being enhanced every year. One opportunistic solution some of us have tried, is that of supplementing textbooks with "interesting" or illustrative paperback books. Yet even this solution falls short of the mark: the more stimulating such books are, the less balanced the reading fare is.

For these reasons, the editor of this series feels that this proposed set of ancillary readings, carefully edited and distillated for this purpose, could strengthen the main body of required and recommended readings for such a course. Each small volume should be of sufficient quality also to appeal to students and scholars in other fields of the social sciences. Their use in classrooms would be as supplements to, rather than substitutes for, existing texts; and they would be priced at a cost low enough to enable students to buy the set without undue hardship.

II. This set of paperback volumes would contain individual books, each approximately 200-250 pages in length, and each dealing with one basic "problem" or concept. The list below embodies what the editor would regard as a minimal, not an exhaustive, list of these; from time to time, this list might be amplified or changed.

CONCEPTS AND PROBLEMS

1. **The State.** A body of materials, including writings from "classical", "modern", and contemporary political theory, dealing with the nature, form and character of the polis or state in international politics. Such a collection to include basic theoretical writings on the nature and changing meanings of sovereignty; the idea of Staatsraison (raison d'etat); the problems of statecraft and statesmanship in international context; contemporary writings about the 20th Century state and world politics.

2. **Nation and Nationalism.** A body of classic, modern and contemporary writings dealing with the meanings of these concepts; the process of nation-building; the idea of national self-determination; the interrelationship and distinction between Nation and State; the cultural components of nationalism; etc.

3. **The Balance of Power.** (see attached outline for particulars) A body of classic, modern and contemporary writings about the "balance" as an organizing and theoretical concept in international politics; selected materials dealing with the "balance at work", drawn chiefly, though not exclusively, from the 19th and 20th Century European international politics; a final section dealing with the idea of balance in the cold war. This volume will be written by Paul Seabury.

4. **Collective Security.** A collection of writings, essays, and descriptions of the idea of collective security and international politics, drawn chiefly from the League era and the United Nations, but incorporating historical accounts (possibly including classical ones such as the Achaean League). This volume would be carefully synchronized with that of the Balance of Power, to avoid overlapping.

5. **War.** This collection would contain major writings dealing with the chief characteristics of international war: classical writings on the "causes" of war; on the relation between war and politics; the relation and distinction between civil and international war; on the relationship between war and other forms of conflict and force. Such a volume might contain excerpts from Thucydides; Polybius; Augustine; Clausewitz; Lenin; Mao-tse Tung; Freud-Einstein; Raymond Aron.

6. **Diplomacy.** The nature and meaning of diplomacy, as "legislative" agency in world politics and as agency of the state. DeCallieres; Nicolson; etc.? Some attention given to the relationship between traditional diplomacy in the society of nations, and the more modern idea of an "international civil service."

7. **Regionalism, Functionalism and Political Integration.** To embody major (and relatively contemporaneous) writings

on the process of transition to larger political economic entities. Emphasis here might be upon processes of integration in the North Atlantic, Communist bloc countries, as well as Africa; though the volume might also include writings on general theoretical approaches to political integration (functionalism).

8. Governing the International Society. This volume might embody major writings on the nature of processes of "international legislation" and public-policy making. While chief attention might be paid here to the UN, the volume might also include writings about major "summit" meetings the function of peace conferences; and multilateral, conference diplomacy.

III. Responsibility of editor. Each volume would be prepared by an individual editor, who would include in it one major piece--either an introductory essay or a substantive one related to the others--written by himself. For further details, see publisher's instructions.

2. The Delicate Balance of Terror: Weapons Technology and Equilibrium. Wohlstetter? Churchill.

3. Balancing with a "Third Force". R. Aron on European neutralism and the "third force"; Nehru, on Asian neutrals as "third force".

4. "Historical necessity" and the shifting balance of forces. N. Khruschev, on the changing equilibrium between the blocs; the Sino-Soviet debate on the necessity of war. Potiemkine, Vladimir, Histoire de la Diplomatie, a Marxist view of the Balance theory.

Part Four: "Transcending the Balance", "Institutionalizing the Balance".

1. Cordell Hull on the United Nations

2. Restoring Diplomacy

3. Domestic stability and the international balance.

4. "The Idea of the Status Quo." Seabury.

Columbia University in the City of New York

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC LAW
AND GOVERNMENT

Fayerweather Hall

New York 27, N. Y.

11 July 1963

Dear Henry:

Your note was forwarded on to me, arriving by pony express this morning. As you can see, I'm at Columbia, where I'm doing the graduate summer session foreign policy course. A bit absurd sounding, for this time of year, for a Californian, but nostalgia in this instance triumphed over climate. Here I can be reached, until about 18 August or so, when we go back. Also, my home address here is 145 East 35th Street, c/o McCloskey (MU 6 1501). Strangely, we live in the apartment next door to that in which Col. House wrote his PHILIP EMK DRU: ADMINISTRATOR.

Your query about the book of readings can be simply answered: yes, existing writings plus an introductory essay. This latter could be as long or short as you saw fit, but should have some meat in it rather than being a Perle Mesta "hostess" introduction of reader to authors. The arrangement Chandler makes, is 12% of cash received: not especially magnanimous, yet it could mount up if the series takes on, as it should. I do hope I can persuade you to do this--a most pleasant collaboration.

As the publisher does want to know what kind of a "team" we will be

Fayerweather Hall
New York 27, N. Y.

7 August 1963

Dear Henry:

If you share any of my vices,
it may be that August is an especially
poor time for Decision-Making; yet I
wonder if you have had any further
thoughts on the little War book. The
only new news I have about it, is that
the publisher, Chandler, would be amen-
able to a spring 1965 deadline for
manuscript; and that Larry Finkelstein
will join the group, to do the one
which I call "Governing the International
Society."

I expect to stay in New York
through 19 August or so, and after that
will be back in Berkeley.

August 27, 1963

Mr. Paul Seabury
University of California
Department of Political Science
Berkeley, California

Dear Paul:

I was sorry not to have replied to your letter of
August 7th. The main reason was that I tried to see whether
I could find it possible to help out but I think I had better
not take on any more at this stage of the game.

I learned over the weekend that the son of a friend
of mine is a student of yours. His name is Sven Kraemer and
I thought you should know a little about his background.

Perhaps the best way to tell you my views about Sven
Kraemer is to send you some excerpts from a letter of re-
commendation I wrote in 1954 to a preparatory school. "Sven
is the son of a native German with whom I served in the Army.
His father belongs to one of the oldest families who was
forced to leave his wife and child behind him. Despite the
fact that he was in his forties at the time, he served in the
American Army and insisted on a combat assignment. He was not
reunited with his family until 1946. He is one of the most
truly exceptional individuals I have ever met; a conservative
of the most powerful conviction, and of extraordinary integrity.

Nevertheless, I think it of the utmost importance that
his son have the benefit of a private school education, and this
for the following reasons. For all his life, the boy has known
only the unexpected. At the age of seven, he was suddenly moved
to the United States and since then he has lived in an environ-

to the United States and since then he has lived in an environment the unexpected. At the age of seven, he was suddenly moved to the following reasons. For all his life, the boy has known his son gave the benefit of a private school education, and this nevertheless, I think it of the utmost importance that

of the most powerful conviction, and of extraordinarily integrity, truly exceptional individuals. I have ever met; a conservative resulted with his family until 1949. He is one of the most American Army and insisted on a combat assignment. He was not forced to leave his wife and child behind him. Despite the fact that he was in the Army for the first time, he served in the Army from a native German with whom I served in the Army. I wrote in 1944 to a preparatory school. "Sven Kramer is to send you some excursions from a letter of reference the best way to tell you my views about Sven"

I thought you should know a little about my background, of mine is a student of yours. His name is Sven Kramer and I learned over the weekend that the son of a friend

not take on any more at this stage of the game. I could find it possible to help out but I think I had better August 1st. The main reason was that I tried to see whether I was sorry not to have replied to your letter of

Dear Paul:

Berkeley, California
Department of Political Science
University of California
Mr. Paul Seapury

August 27, 1949

Henry A. Kieasinger

Best regards.
Sincerely yours,

would love to see you.
Don't you ever come back? I
want you to know that I am delighted.
book. It is well deserved and I just
the Bancroft brise for your splendid
I just learned that you won

Dear Paul:

Abril 23, 1964

Henry A. Kieinger

Sincerely yours,

With warm regards.

Get tentatively settled by the end of October.

Let me be in touch also about the other matter which I want to carry my name.

Offer advice or assistance to a joint statement even if it doesn't
which will leave no doubt about my views. And I would be glad to
I will make a public statement of my own will before the election
role at the Convention this would be appropriate for me. However,
As for doing a joint statement, I wonder whether given my
performance came to an end?

your benefit. Or maybe you left before the deadline, ber-
your seat was put either I was mistaken or you managed to improve
for you on a number of occasions in the area where I thought
expected a Goldwater subverter to be in your seat. I looked
ticket I left for you. The way the Convention was run, I fully
I am glad you got into the Cow Palace and that you received the
about the only good thing that happened to me during that week.
It was a joy to see you and your wife in San Francisco--

Dear Paul:

Berkeley 4, California
University of California
Department of Political Science
Professor Paul Beepathy

July 30, 1964

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

BERKELEY • DAVIS • IRVINE • LOS ANGELES • RIVERSIDE • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO

SANTA BARBARA • SANTA CRUZ

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 94720

August 13, 1964

Professor Henry Kissinger
Center for International Affairs
Harvard University
Cambridge, Mass.

Dear Henry:

Thank you for your note of the 30th; the
Cow Palace is dim in my memory now, thanks to 3 weeks
in the Sierras.

Yesterday I spoke with Bob Scalapino concerning the matter we discussed during your visit out here -- namely, the prospect of your spending the year at Berkeley during my still hypothetical leave next year; he then suggested another possibility, which I hasten to pass on to you, and which has some rather attractive features. Our Department, as you may know, has a Ford rotating professorship which each year is filled, either by a visitor (such as Wohlstetter last year) or by a deserving member of our department. By means of it we have had Alan Barth of the Washington POST, Bertrand de Jouvenel, and others spend from one to two semesters here with us. For them, it means one seminar, on a topic of their own choosing, each semester they are here, plus ruminating, writing, and anything else they have in mind. The honorarium, or salary, for this is supposed to be an approximation of the prevailing salary otherwise gotten at the home institution. But it could be augmented to the extent of "removal costs". Such an arrangement carries no further departmental duties, although some of the Ford professors have occasionally agreed to one or a couple of campus lectures. It is a rather pleasant thing; I am supposed to ask you whether you would like to do this. It would be a vast pleasure if you could; much much better than Lower California, in any event. I do hope you can give it serious consideration.

I do hope something of this sort can
be worked out.

Henry A. Kieinger

Sincerely yours,

Best regards.

of considerable interest now.
will make a decision sometime in October with an indication
If you could let me know what the next move is, I

where we some Goldwater speeches.

(France, Czechoslovakia and Austria) which should at least
I am leaving next: week for a few weeks in Europe
to leave Cambridge for a year.

There is only a personal matter which makes me hesitate
the year 1962-63 off and I have always liked Berkeley.

What is the next step now? I will definitely take
year open.

a year--though I would like to keep the hospitality of a
It may even turn out that a term is more convenient than
I like the idea of a Ford professorship very much.

Thank you for your letter of August 13th.

Dear Paul:

Berkeley, California
University of California
Department of Political Science
Professor Paul Seabury

August 24, 1964

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

29 October

Dear Henry:

I have my GOLDWATER FOR
HALLOWEEN button an, and my fingers
crossed, that nothing may happen
between now and Tuesday to LBJ.

Bob Scalapino says he hasn't
heard from you yet about whether you
can come out on the Ford program.
Can you? Let us know.

Henry V. Klaasinger

Sincerely yours,

With warm regards.

visit is possible.
I hope to see you very much that some shorter
conclusion with great regret and that
Let me say that I came to this
letter.

today. I am enclosing a copy of the
I have written to Bob Scalapino

Thank you for your nice letter.

Dear Paul:

Berkeley 4, California
University of California
Department of Political Science
Mr. Paul Seapury

November 9, 1964

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

ROBERT R. BOWIE, Director
ALEX INKELES
HENRY A. KISSINGER
EDWARD S. MASON
THOMAS C. SCHELLING
RAYMOND VERNON

6 DIVINITY AVENUE
CAMBRIDGE 38
MASSACHUSETTS

November 9, 1964

Professor Robert A. Scalapino
Chairman
Department of Political Science
University of California, Berkeley
California

Dear Professor Scalapino:

I am terriby sorry not to have replied before this to your
nice letter of September 15th. The reason has been some delay
in making my dispositions for next year and, also some unexpected
personal problems.

I appreciate very much your offer to be a Ford Visiting
Professor at Berkeley. It is something I would very much like
to do. Unhappily, the personal complication to which I referred
makes it difficult for me to get away for as much as a term. Thus
even though I will be on sabbatical next year, I will not be able
to get away for more than four to six weeks at a time.

This leads me to ask you whether there are any provisions for
being a visiting professor at Berkeley for so short a period as
say four to six weeks. I seem to remember that General Gavin was
at Berkeley for some such period. If so, I would welcome the
opportunity and I could come almost any time in the academic year
that fits into your program.

Do let me know.

With kind regards.

27 November 1964

Mr. Geråld Freund
Assistant Director
The Rockefeller Foundation
111 West 50th Street
New York 20, New York

Dear Gerry:

I am writing in regard to your letter
of November 13 about Paul Seabury. I have
read his proposed study outline and think
extremely well of it. It is original and
much needed.

In addition, I would like to say I have
known Paul Seabury for a long time and I
consider him unusually able and thoughtful.

I would support any project that he
wishes to do. But I am particularly happy
to support the one he chooses because it
seems to fill a considerable need.

Henry V. Klaasen

Sincerely yours,

seems to fill a considerable need.
to support the one he chooses because it
wishes to do. But I am particularly happy
I would support any project that he
consider him unnamely able and thoughtful.

Known Paul Seashuy for a long time and I
In addition, I would like to say I have
much needed.

extremely well of it. It is original and
read his proposed study outline and think
of November 13 about Paul Seashuy. I have
I am writing in regard to your letter

Dear Gerry:

New York 20, New York
111 West 20th Street
The Rockefeller Foundation
Assistant Director
Mr. Gerald Freund

27 November 1964

TELEPHONE • MURRAY HILL 7-4470 • AREA CODE 212

CABLE ADDRESS • GUGMEMORA

JOHN SIMON GUGGENHEIM MEMORIAL FOUNDATION

551 FIFTH AVENUE • NEW YORK • N.Y.

December 9, 1964

Mr. Henry Kissinger
Center for International Affairs
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Dear Mr. Kissinger:

Mr. Paul Seabury has made application for a
second Guggenheim Fellowship and has referred us to you.

Will you please write us your judgment of his
abilities and accomplishments, remembering that the standards
for second Fellowships are even higher than those for the first
award.

As always, anything you write will be held in
strictest confidence.

With our thanks for your assistance, I am

SF:aw

II

# The Quest for Purpose in Conflict

## A Research Proposal

Paul Seabury

I have chosen this abstract title for my study proposal, not because of any pretence to engage in theoretical speculation about the nature of war and conflict in general, but rather because the matter I propose to investigate--the character of the Cold War as seen in the West since 1947--does not lend itself to rigorous conceptualization. I propose to study the several definitions of the nature of the struggle which has been called the Cold War, as these were made, elaborated and accepted in Western societies since World War II. In a sense, what I propose involves a kind of intellectual history of Western thought about the struggle--in which I would examine diverse strands of thought and interpretation which have gained prominence in Western societies and this have flowed into the arena of debate about strategy, tactics and subsequently resulted in political action of the West vis a vis the Communist world. Conceived in its most modest scale--this study is intended to be at least an essay in intellectual clarification. As such, I do not intend it to be a "history of the Cold War," but rather a diagram of the struggle as it has been variously perceived throughout the whole period.

Much has been written, both in the West and in the Communist world, about the ideological struggles within and between the Soviet Union, Communist China, their satellites and movements elsewhere, about this same matter of the Cold War. In the Communist world, public ideological debates since the late 1940's, while couched in obscurantist language, nevertheless have been contained within a monolithic schemata of Marxist philosophy which lent a certain architectural simplicity to such themes. Couched in philosophical terms, these arguments

<table><tr><td>PLEASE RETURN TO JOHN SIMON GUGGENHEIM MEMORIAL FOUNDATION</td></tr></table>

Page 2

have taken place on playing grounds where certain basic principles were, at least,
publicly accepted by all parties. Obviously, Marxist ideology has frequently
masked strong undercurrents of official action and purpose which it could not
easily explain or account for; but despite this, even Western observers of
Communist behavior have found their own task of analysis made the simpler because
such doctrinal simplicity provides a useful frame of reference for political analysis.

I make this point because when one commences to examine non-Communist and
Western views about the Cold War, no such philosophic (or ideological) architecture
can be found under which the nature of this conflict can be explained, analysed, or
"justified." The reasons for this contrast between Western "pluralistic"
definitions of purpose and conflict, and Communist momophilosophical ones, are
of course not hard to find. At no time, even at the height of American influence
in the West, did any one orthodoxy come to prevail; so that one might say that
from the inception of the Cold War a considerable doctrinal asymmetry existed
between the Communist world and "ours," about what it is all about.

From the inception of the Cold War, also, it is possible for the observer
to note that competing Western definitions of this conflict did nor principally
arise from unique "national" sources. Those which attained most prominence and
acceptance had their sources within all Western societies, and thus found favor
"universally"--if unevenly--among constituencies within the entire Western bloc.
For this reason if for no other, I do not intend to focus upon competing
"national-interest" definitions of the Cold War in the West, nor to principally
examine the continuing efforts of Western states to obtain consensus--in NATO
or elsewhere--about the nature of the Cold War, and strategic action in it.
Important as they are, these matters are subordinate to my purposes here.

The fact that Western speculation about the Cold War has taken place against
the backdrop of Communist thought and action on the same subject, has meant that

Page - 3

many of the principal Western conflict-definitions have reactively taken on
universalistic qualities reminiscent of our Marxist opponents. The "two camp"
theory of Andrei Zhdanov in 1947 found easy Western acceptance. But if one has
had some certainty about the identity of "their" camp, what has "ours" been?
To put the matter another way, one knew in a general sense who "they" were,
but who were "we"? What "we" have wanted has depended upon an answer to this
question; yet the very nature of Western society has precluded clear answers
from being obtained, or from being "universally" accepted. Instead, what one
got was an uneasy coalition among various Western definitions of the Cold War;
yet since the elements of this coalition have differed about what was at stake,
what was wanted, and what the nature of the "enemy" was, it has remained in all
phases of the Cold War a contingent alliance of intellectual partners whose
stability has depended in large measure upon statesmen's not raising family
matters to loudly or clearly in public, or even in private.

(I am by no means critical of this state of affairs, and do not wish to
be misunderstood. I do not crave any Manichean explanation of the Cold War,
not do I think that the survival of Western society (including America) requires
a "final" resolution of this philosophic dilemma. If Soviet ideologies present
a clear picture of their purpose and link this into a broad conception of history,
there is no especial reason why they should be emulated. "Either-or" politics,
like Carl Schmitt's *Freund-Feind* concept of conflict, are not only uncongenial
but can fatally lead to totalist conceptions.)

II

Which became the "universal we's" of the non-Communist world, to be
juxtaposed to their "they"? Several immediately come to mind: I enumerate
some of them here briefly in order to suggest the intellectual problems which

Page - 4

they posed for Western action in the Cold War.

To various Westerners, the conflict has principally been seen as being one of the following: (a) a conflict between differing forms of economic organization--capitalism vs. communism; capitalism plus welfare-state economics vs. totalitarian state-capitalism; (b) a conflict between "free" and totalitarian" political systems--a concept which found greatest favor among such political intellectuals as the late President Kennedy, Mayor Willy Brandt, and others; (c) a conflict between "West" and "East," with two subvariants "Europe" vs. the East, and an Atlantic Community vs. a Communist bloc; (d) a conflict between two power blocs, in which the "we" principally might be seen as the cluster of power elements, including states, weapons systems and other resources necessary to obtain a strategic equilibrium or, in Dean Acheson's words, a "comfortable surplus of power;" (e) a conflict between America and Russia arising from, and dependent upon, particular interest considerations; (f) a conflict between a heterogeneous non-Communist world, containing many different types of social systems and political orders, and an essentially homogeneous, "drab" system of order in the Communist world.

In indicating these various definitions of conflict and the identity of their non-Communist "we's," I do not wish to suggest a mechanical or taxonomic treatment of this complex subject. Definitions overlap; the proportions in the mixture of effective conflict definitions has varied in the various stages of conflict; and it is not my purpose to suggest any ideal "mix," or to suggest that one definition ride above all others. The list is hardly exhaustive (one might, for instance, join with Bishop Sheen, Cardinal Spellman and the pre-John Roman Curia in adding another category--"Godless materialism vs. Christianity"). My more modest aim is simply to explore the kinds of difficulties and prospects for Western attitudes towards the U. S. S. R. and

Page - 5

the Communist bloc which have arisen or logically could arise, when one cluster
of definitions gains ascendancy over others.

This essay in clarification poses, of course, a most important relational
question: namely, the dynamic relationship between Western conceptions of
Cold-War conflict, and observable or anticipable changes within the Communist
world. The last part of my study will attempt to come to grips with this problem:
what does this particular "we" of the Western world want to see come to pass
in the Communist world? What particular resources might it have at its disposal
to purposefully influence social and political change within the Communist bloc?
How do secular changes within the Communist world affect the Western definitional
equation? Finally, what minimal degree of cohesion among the present bloc of
Western states is necessary through time to maintain their security; what degree
of Soviet-Western collaboration, to reduce chances of general war, can be obtained
without basically dissolving the unity of the West?

without perfectly齊ofing the majority of the West?

of Soviet-Western collaboration, to reduce chances of General War, can be obtained

Western states in necessarily through time to maintain their security; what degree
equality? Naturally, what minimum degree of cooperation among the Western states of

How do we secure fair changes within the Communist world that affect the Western definitive

what goes into particular "we" of the Western world want to see come to pass

world? The fast part of our study will show that we come to agree with this problem:

*Government conflict, and disposable or unutilizable changes within the Communist
*direction: namely, the dynamic relationship between Western concepts of
*this easy in clarification here, of course, a most important relational
*of definitions, gains consistency over others.

the Communist pole which have arisen or logically could arise, when one considers

[L]

Fellowships to Assist Research
and Artistic Creation

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AND CANADA 1965

IN ORDER to improve the quality of education and the practice of the arts and professions in the United States and Canada, to foster research, and to provide for the cause of better international understanding, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, established by the late United States Senator Simon Guggenheim and by Mrs. Guggenheim as a memorial to a son who died April 26, 1922, offers Fellowships to further the development of scholars and artists by assisting them to engage in research in any field of knowledge and artistic creation in any of the fine arts including music, under the freest possible conditions. Grants are also made occasionally to persons who need types of assistance other than those ordinarily comprehended within the term *fellowship* to bring their intellectual and artistic capacities to still higher levels of quality. The Fellowships will be awarded by the Trustees upon nominations made by a Committee of Selection.

THE FOUNDATION also offers Fellowships to assist studies to be carried on in the United States of America to citizens of all the other American Republics, of the Republic of the Philippines, and of the British Caribbean.

THE FELLOWSHIPS are awarded to men and women of high intellectual and personal qualifications who have already demonstrated unusual capacity for productive scholarship or unusual creative ability in the fine arts. Fellowships in music are awarded only to composers of music or to scholars who propose research into the history or theory of music.

THE FELLOWS are usually between thirty and forty-five years of age, but the Committee of Selection also is empowered to nominate persons older than forty-five and younger than thirty. The Fellowships are open to citizens and to permanent residents who are not citizens of the United States or Canada, irrespective of race, color or creed. Canadian applications usually include plans for residence in the United States.

THE COMMITTEE OF SELECTION seeks evidence that candidates are persons of unusual capacity for research, demonstrated ordinarily by the previous publication of contributions to knowledge of high merit, or that they are persons of unusual and proved creative ability in some one of the fine arts. The Foundation will consult with responsible scholars and artists regarding the ability and promise of the applicants in relation to the plans which they propose.

APPOINTMENTS are ordinarily made for one year.

THE AMOUNT of each grant will be adjusted to the needs of the Fellows, considering their other resources and the purpose and scope of their studies. Members of the teaching profession receiving sabbatical leave on full or part salary are eligible for appointment, as are holders of appointments under the Fulbright program, but Guggenheim Fellowships may not be held concurrently with other fellowships.

IN 1964 the Foundation awarded 312 United States and Canadian Fellowships for a total of $1,882,000. There were 1,887 applicants.

THE FOUNDATION may subsidize the publication of important contributions to knowledge produced by holders of Fellowships, but it does not undertake to aid in publishing all works so produced.

APPLICATIONS FOR FELLOWSHIPS must be made in writing on or before October 15, 1964, by the candidates themselves in the form prescribed, addressed to the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, 551 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10017. Final selection of Fellows for 1965-66 will be made in March, 1965. Application forms will be mailed on request.

FELLOWS OF THE FOUNDATION who seek renewals of their Fellowships must apply before December 1, 1964. Suggestions concerning the form of presentation of such applications will be sent on request.

## TRUSTEES OF THE FOUNDATION

MRS. SIMON GUGGENHEIM, *President Emeritus*

DALE E. SHARP, *Chairman of the Board*

MEDLEY G. B. WHELPLEY

CHARLES MERZ

HENRY ALLEN MOE

ELLIOTT V. BELL

FORREST G. HAMRICK

JAMES BROWN FISK

R. MANNING BROWN

CARROLL V. NEWSOM

ERNEST M. LUNDELL, JR.

GORDON N. RAY,

*President.*

JOHN SIMON GUGGENHEIM
MEMORIAL FELLOWS • 1964

DR. ASGER H. AABOE, Associate Professor of Mathematics and History of Science, Yale University: Studies in ancient mathematical astronomy.

MR. ROBERT ADELMAN, Photographer, New York City: Photographic studies in the context of contemporary affluence.

DR. ALAN C. AISENBERG, Assistant Professor of Medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University Medical School: Immunological investigations related to human disease.

DR. JOSEF L. ALTHOLZ, Assistant Professor of History, University of Minnesota: A study of English Christian churches in the nineteenth century, with special emphasis on their relationship to society.

DR. ALAN ROSS ANDERSON, Professor of Philosophy, Yale University: A study of the concept of entailment or logical consequence.

MR. DOMINICK ARGENTO, Composer; Associate Professor of Music, University of Minnesota: Music composition.

DR. JOSÉ ARROM, Professor of Spanish, Yale University: Studies of contemporary Spanish American literature in relation to its cultural environment.

DR. W. ROSS ASHBY, Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of Illinois: The development of a theory of mechanisms that are part determinate and part stochastic, and the application of this theory to systems, especially the cerebral, that have distributed memory.

DR. PIERRE AUBERY, Associate Professor of French, State University of New York, Buffalo: A study of the life of the French writer, Mécislas Golberg (1868-1907).

DR. KENNETH L. BABCOCK, Associate Professor of Soil Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley: A study of the chemical properties of alkali soils in Greece with particular reference to the behavior of the radio-isotope Na-22 in these soils.

MR. ERNST BACON, Composer; Fellow, Center for Advanced Studies, Wesleyan University: Music composition.

DR. STEPHEN F. BARKER, Professor of Philosophy, Ohio State University: Studies in the philosophy of logic, focused on the distinction between induction and deduction.

DR. MARTIN C. BATTESTIN, Associate Professor of English, University of Virginia: Studies towards the editing of Fielding's three major novels: *Joseph Andrews*, *Tom Jones*, and *Amelia*.

DR. A. EARL BELL, Professor of Genetics, Purdue University: Studies towards the extension of population genetic theory to encompass the asymmetrical correlated responses observed in Tribolium selection investigations.

DR. DAVID J. BENNEY, Associate Professor of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: A mathematical investigation of non-linear oscillations in fluid motions.

DR. ALDO S. BERNARDO, Professor of Italian, Harpur College, State University of New York: A study of Petrarch, Laura, and the "Triumphs."

DR. NORMAN JOHN BERRILL, Strathcona Professor of Zoology, McGill University: Studies of quantitative relationships and differentiation in regenerative growth and in the nonsexual development of marine invertebrate animals.

DR. DAVID M. BEVINGTON, Assistant Professor of English, University of Virginia: A study of the divine right of kings and related topics in the early Renaissance theatre.

DR. HENRIK BIRNBAUM, Associate Professor of Slavic Languages, University of California, Los Angeles: A linguistic study of Old Russian documents written in Novgorod or the Novgorod area during its occupation by Swedish troops in 1611-1617.

DR. THOMAS N. BISSON, Assistant Professor of History, Brown University: A study of consent to monetary mutations, or their financial equivalent, in western Europe from the twelfth to the fourteenth century.

DR. DAVID P. BLOCH, Associate Professor of Botany, University of Texas: Studies of the effects of histones in the modification of nuclear function.

DR. MYER BLOOM, Professor of Physics, University of British Columbia: Studies in magnetic resonance.

DR. MORTON W. BLOOMFIELD, Professor of English, Harvard University: Studies in the problems of medieval narrative.

DR. JOSEPH L. BLOTNER, Associate Professor of English, University of Virginia: A life of William Faulkner.

MR. ROBERT BLY, Poet, Madison, Minnesota: Creative writing in poetry.

MR. WILLIAM BOLCOM, Composer, Palo Alto, California:
Music composition.

DR. RALPH BOLGIANO, JR., Associate Professor of Electrical
Engineering, Cornell University: Studies towards a theory
of the highly irregular, often stratified, patterns of tempera-
ture and humidity in the troposphere detectable by optical
and radio techniques, and the testing of this theory by
wind-tunnel experiments.

DR. MARK BOLSTERLI, Associate Professor of Physics, Uni-
versity of Minnesota: Studies in nuclear scattering and re-
action theory.

DR. RUSSELL A. BONHAM, Associate Professor of Chemis-
try, Indiana University: Experimental and theoretical
studies in electron scattering from atoms and molecules.

DR. THOMAS N. BONNER, Professor of History, University
of Cincinnati: Studies of the American home front during
the second World War.

MR. PHILIP BOOTH, Poet; Associate Professor of English,
Syracuse University: Creative writing in poetry.

MR. ROBERT M. BRODERSON, Artist; Associate Professor of
Art, Duke University: Creative painting.

DR. J. RAMSEY BRONK, Associate Professor of Zoology,
Columbia University: Studies of the manner in which en-
ergy is supplied for active transport and protein synthesis
by mucosal cells of the small intestine.

DR. MURRAY BROWN, Economist, Office of Business Eco-
nomics, U.S. Department of Commerce: Studies towards
the construction of a theory of income distribution.

DR. JOHN M. BUCHANAN, Professor of Biochemistry, Mass-
achusetts Institute of Technology: A study of the biochemi-
cal aspects of the action of a nerve growth factor.

DR. DAVID A. BUCHSBAUM, Professor of Mathematics,
Brandeis University: Studies of zeta functions of semi-
simple algebras over number fields.

MR. THOMAS R. BUCKMAN, Director of Libraries, Univer-
sity of Kansas: A study of the booktrade in contemporary
Sweden.

DR. CURT F. BUHLER, Keeper of Printed Books, The
Pierpont Morgan Library: An edition of Stephen Scrope's
*Epistle of Othea*.

[10]

DR. WILLY BURGDORFER, Medical Research Entomologist,  
Rocky Mountain Laboratory, U.S. Public Health Service:  
Studies in the dynamics of viral and rickettsial infection in  
tissues of arthropod vectors by means of cytochemical and  
immunochemical staining procedures and electronmicro-  
roscopy.

DR. KALMAN A. BURNIM, Associate Professor of Drama,  
Tufts University: Studies towards a biographical diction-  
ary of stage performers in London and its immediate en-  
virons between 1660 and 1800.

DR. JOHN G. BURR, Group Leader, Chemical Kinetics  
Group, North American Aviation Science Center, Canoga  
Park, California: Studies in the solid state and quantum  
chemistry of biological systems and of their interaction  
with radiation.

DR. ROBERT R. BUSH, Professor of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania: Studies of testable mathematical theories of identification learning.

DR. NINA BYERS, Associate Professor of Physics, University of California, Los Angeles: Studies in particle physics and macroscopic quantization phenomena.

DR. WILLIAM M. CALDER, III, Assistant Professor of Greek and Latin, Columbia University: A study of the dramatic technique of Sophocles.

MR. EMILE CAPOUYA, Writer; Lecturer, New School for Social Research: A study of book-publishing in the United States.

DR. ANTHONY CAPUTI, Associate Professor of English,  
Cornell University: A study of Italian comedy in the fif-  
teenth and sixteenth centuries.

DR. FREDERICK H. CARPENTER, Professor of Biochemistry,  
University of California, Berkeley: Studies in the synthesis  
of insulin and insulin analogues from desoctapeptide-  
insulin.

DR. GEORGE F. CARRIER, Gordon McKay Professor of Me-
chanical Engineering, Harvard University: Analytical in-
vestigations of questions in fluid dynamics.

DR. THOMAS R. CARVER, Associate Professor of Physics,  
Princeton University: A study of the dynamics of polariza-  
tion and demagnetization of He³ nuclei at low temperatures  
and by optical pumping.

DR. CARLETON B. CHAPMAN, Professor of Medicine, Uni-
versity of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas:
Studies of cardiac failure.

DR. KENNETH K. S. CH'EN, Professor of the History of
Buddhism, Princeton University: A study of the decline of
Buddhism in China during the latter part of the T'ang and
Sung Dynasties.

DR. JOHN M. CHRISTIE, Assistant Professor of Geology,
University of California, Los Angeles: Studies of the de-
formation of minerals and rocks.

MR. JOSÉ F. CIRRE, Associate Professor of Spanish, Wayne
State University: A study of contemporary Spanish poetry.

DR. INIS L. CLAUDE, JR., Professor of Political Science, Uni-
versity of Michigan: Studies in the theoretical problems of
international relations, with particular reference to the role
of legal factors and judicial institutions in the achievement
and maintenance of a stable world order.

DR. ROBERT N. CLAYTON, Associate Professor of Chemis-
try, University of Chicago: A study of metamorphism of
rocks in geothermal areas.

MR. WILLIAM G. COCHRAN, Professor of Statistics, Harvard
University: Preparation of a monograph on the planning
of observational studies for the use of research workers in
the social sciences, medicine, and public health.

DR. MELVIN J. COHEN, Associate Professor of Biology,
University of Oregon: Studies in the central and peripheral
nervous system of Arthropoda using combined electro-
physiological, histological, and behavioral techniques.

DR. BERNARD S. COHN, Associate Professor of Anthropol-
ogy, University of Rochester: A study of the effects of
British legal and administrative institutions in the Banaras
Region as an illustration of the interrelationships between
history and social anthropology in investigating social
change.

MR. MICHAEL COLGRASS, Composer, New York City: Music
composition.

MR. ROBERT CREELEY, Poet; Lecturer in English, Univer-
sity of New Mexico: Creative writing in poetry.

MR. WILLIAM R. CURRENT, Photographer, Taos, New Mex-
ico: Photographic studies of prehistoric dwelling sites
in the American southwest.

MR. JACK P. DALTON, Scholar, New York City: Studies
towards an edition of sixty-six notebooks used by James
Joyce in writing *Finnegans Wake*.

DR. HORTON DAVIES, Henry W. Putnam Professor of Reli-
gion, Princeton University: Studies in the history of the
relation between theology and worship in England from
1535 to the present.

DR. THEODORE DELEVORYAS, Associate Professor of Biology, Yale University: Morphological and evolutionary investigations of the Cycadeoidales.

DR. GEORGE T. DENNIS, Assistant Professor of History and Theology, Loyola University, Los Angeles: A detailed examination of the writings of the Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425) in preparation for a critical edition of his major works, together with a translation and commentary.

DR. VINCENT G. DETHIER, Professor of Zoology and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania: Studies of the possibility that a learning process occurs in sense organs.

DR. WILLIAM R. DICKINSON, Associate Professor of Geology, Stanford University: A study of the petrology and sedimentation of marine volcanic strata in New Zealand and Fiji.

DR. GEORGE E. DIMOCK, JR., Professor of Classical Languages and Literatures, Smith College: A literary study of the *Odyssey*.

DR. DAVID DONALD, Harry C. Black Professor of American History, Johns Hopkins University: A biography of Charles Sumner (1811-1874), the Massachusetts Senator.

DR. RICHARD M. DORSON, Professor of History and Folklore, Indiana University: Studies in the uses of oral tradition to the historian.

DR. JOHN W. DRAKE, Assistant Professor of Microbiology, University of Illinois: Studies in genetic mechanisms at the molecular level, with particular reference to mutation and recombination in viruses.

DR. JOHN A. DUFFIE, Professor of Engineering, University of Wisconsin: Studies in the use of solar energy for cooling.

DR. JACQUES DUFFY, Associate Professor of Engineering, Brown University: A study of the elastic and plastic behavior of solid bodies in contact with one another and of solids under impact.

DR. ROBERT A. DURR, Associate Professor of English, Syracuse University: A study of the mystical poetry of Thomas Traherne.

DR. BERNARD M. DWORK, Professor of Mathematics, Johns Hopkins University: A study of the zeta function of singular hypersurfaces.

DR. ISIDORE DYEN, Professor of Malayopolynesian and Comparative Linguistics, Yale University: Studies on the language limit problem.

DR. PAUL EDWARDS, Associate Professor of Philosophy, New York University: A study of contemporary existentialists.

DR. THOMAS EISNER, Associate Professor of Biology, Cornell University: Studies of the application of new physiological and biochemical techniques to problems of animal behavior.

DR. DANIEL J. ELAZAR, Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Minnesota: A study of federal-state-local relations in the United States before 1913.

DR. JOHN F. ELLIOTT, Professor of Metallurgy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: A study of process dynamics and control as applied to metallurgical systems.

DR. MIGUEL ENGUÍDANOS, Professor of Romance Languages, University of Texas: Studies of the life and works of the Spanish American poet, Rubén Darío.

DR. VICTOR ERLICH, Bensinger Professor of Russian Literature, Yale University: A study of the narrative art of Nikolai Gogol.

DR. WILLIAM R. FARMER, JR., Associate Professor of New Testament, Southern Methodist University: Studies in the origins of the Christian Religion in Palestine and Syria.

DR. GEORGE FISCHER, Professor of Government, Cornell University: A study of patterns of recruitment to the Soviet elite.

DR. GILBERT C. FITE, Research Professor of History, University of Oklahoma: A study of the settlement and development of America's last farming frontier, 1865-1900.

DR. WILLIAM J. FOLTZ, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Yale University: Field studies in West African politics, with particular attention to federation movements and the social basis for political behavior.

DR. FRANK FREIDEL, JR., Professor of History, Harvard University: A biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

DR. ROBERT A. FRIEDEL, Project Coordinator, Spectrometric Research, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh: A study of the infrared spectra of coal-like chars prepared from substances labeled with oxygen-18 with a view to establishing spectroscopic assignments for these substances.

DR. THOMAS FULTON, Associate Professor of Physics,
Johns Hopkins University: A study of tests of the validity
of quantum electrodynamics and of symmetries in the ele-
mentary particle spectrum.

DR. WALTER H. GARDNER, Professor of Soils, Washington
State University: Studies of the soil microenvironment and
its effect upon the growth of roots and root hairs and of
methods of inferring water potential close to root surfaces.

DR. E. PETER GEIDUSCHEK, Associate Professor of Bio-
physics, University of Chicago: Studies of phage genetics.

DR. T. A. GEISSMAN, Professor of Chemistry, University of
California, Los Angeles: A study of a novel class of diter-
penoid bitter principles occurring in the family Simarub-
aceae.

DR. DEMETRIUS J. GEORGACAS, Professor of Classics, Uni-
versity of North Dakota: Studies towards a modern Greek-
English dictionary.

DR. WILLIAM M. GIBSON, Professor of English, New York
University: A critical study of Mark Twain, emphasizing
the "despair group" of his writings.

MR. JACK GILBERT, Poet in Residence, Juniata College:
Creative writing in poetry.

DR. JAMES FREEMAN GILBERT, Professor of Geophysics,
University of California, San Diego: A theoretical study of
the free oscillations of the earth with particular emphasis
on the effect of the earth's density stratification on the
frequencies of gravity and pressure oscillations.

MR. RICHARD GILMAN, Writer, New York City: A study of
the postwar theatre in Europe and the United States.

DR. WILLIAM H. GILMAN, Professor of English, University
of Rochester: Studies towards an edition of the journals of
Ralph Waldo Emerson.

DR. ALFRED GLAUSER, Professor of French, University of
Wisconsin: A study of Rabelais' style.

DR. NORMAN GOLB, Assistant Professor of Medieval Jewish
Studies, University of Chicago: A study of the economic,
social, and religious history of the Jews of Fatimid Egypt.

DR. SULAMITH GOLDHABER, Research Physicist, Lawrence
Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley:
Studies in high energy particle physics.

DR. CHARLES R. GOLDMAN, Associate Professor of Zoology, University of California, Davis: A quantitative study of the role of dissolved organic matter and trace elements in the productivity of Alpine Lakes.

MR. ABRAHAM S. GOLDSTEIN, Professor of Law, Yale University: A study of English methods of police interrogation and of judicial and administrative treatment of mentally ill offenders.

DR. ALFRED M. GOLLIN, Historian, Essex, England: Studies towards a history of the campaign for tariff reform and imperial preference in England, 1903-1910.

MR. HOWARD SCOTT GORDON, Professor of Economics, Carleton University: A study of the economic content of modern political theory, with special reference to nineteenth century and present day liberalism.

DR. OTIS H. GREEN, Professor of Romance Languages, University of Pennsylvania: A study of the Castilian mind in literature from *El Cid* to Calderón.

DR. JACK P. GREENE, Associate Professor of History, Western Reserve University: A study of the English colonies in America between 1713 and 1763.

DR. WILLIAM GREENLEAF, Associate Professor of History, University of New Hampshire: Studies of the impact of the American Civil War on business organization and leadership.

DR. PAUL GRIMINGER, Associate Professor of Poultry Nutrition, Rutgers University: Studies of the interaction of Coumarin-type anticoagulants and vitamin K.

MR. PETER GRIPPE, Artist; Associate Professor of Fine Arts, Brandeis University: Creative sculpture.

DR. LEE GRODZINS, Associate Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: A study of the theory of nuclear reactions, and of experimental techniques for the measurement of the magnetic moments of nuclear excited states.

DR. JOHAN J. GROOT, Professor of Geology, University of Delaware: A study of pollen and spores in deep sea sediments of the Argentine Basin and the adjacent Sub-Antarctic Region for the purpose of interpreting vegetational and climatic changes during Quaternary time.

DR. GREGORY GROSSMAN, Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley: Studies in the structure, organization, operating characteristics, and historical circumstances of command (non-market) economies.

DR. GERALD J. GRUMAN, Assistant Professor of History, Lake Erie College: Studies of the ramifications in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries of what Carl Becker called the "uses of posterity," that is, the search by meliorist thinkers for a secular equivalent to Christian salvation.

DR. GENE GUTCHE, Composer, White Bear Lake, Minnesota: Music composition.

DR. KARL S. GUTHKE, Professor of German, University of California, Berkeley: An investigation of the mythology of nihilism in German literature.

DR. BASIL J. GUY, Associate Professor of French, University of California, Berkeley: A reappraisal of Prince Charles-Joseph de Ligne (1735-1814) and his works.

DR. MARY R. HAAS, Professor of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley: Studies in the genetic relationships among American Indian languages.

DR. TERRELL H. HAMILTON, Assistant Professor of Zoology, University of Texas: Studies in the mechanism whereby estrogen induces synthesis of ribonucleic acids and proteins.

MR. JAN A. S. HARTMAN, Writer, New York City: Creative writing for the theatre.

DR. RICHARD M. HAZELTON, Associate Professor of English, Washington University: A stylistic study of Chaucer's art of parody.

MR. DAVE HEATH, Photographer, New York City: Photographic studies of the human condition in the United States.

DR. EDWARD J. HEHRE, Samuel H. Golding Professor of Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University: Studies in the biological synthesis of complex carbohydrates.

DR. ROBERT B. HEILMAN, Professor of English, University of Washington: A study of tragedy and melodrama.

DR. SIGURDUR HELGASON, Associate Professor of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Studies in the theory of functions on symmetric spaces.

MR. ROBERT HELPS, Composer, Brooklyn, New York: Music composition.

DR. JAMES B. HENDRICKSON, Associate Professor of Chemistry, Brandeis University: Studies of the relation of the structure and biosynthesis of natural products to the phylogeny of the plant families from which they derive.

DR. HOWARD S. HIBBETT, Professor of Japanese Literature, Harvard University: A critical study of the psychological novel in Japan since 1900.

DR. BROOKE HINDLE, Professor of History, New York University: A study of the transit of technology to the United States in the period 1783 to 1812.

DR. NORTON M. HINTZ, Professor of Physics, University of Minnesota: A study of current nucleon models.

DR. ERIC D. HIRSCH, JR., Assistant Professor of English, Yale University: A study of the general theory of textual interpretation.

MR. EDWARD M. HOAGLAND, Novelist, New York City: Creative writing in fiction.

DR. F. DAVID HOENIGER, Professor of English, Victoria College, University of Toronto: A study of Shakespeare and the natural history of his time.

DR. LÉON-FRANÇOIS HOFFMANN, Assistant Professor of French, Princeton University: A study of the treatment of sexuality in Balzac's *Comédie Humaine*.

DR. STANLEY HOFFMANN, Professor of Government, Harvard University: A study of the fall of the French Third Republic and of the Vichy regime (1934-1944), focused on domestic politics and particularly on the French Right.

DR. PAUL L. HOLMER, Professor of Theology, Yale University: A critical reassessment of theological language based on recent logical and analytical techniques.

DR. ARTHUR L. HOOKER, Professor of Plant Pathology, University of Illinois: Genetical studies of plant parasite interactions.

MR. IRVING HOWE, Professor of English, Hunter College: A study of the idea of modernism in European and American literature during the past hundred years.

DR. CHIEH SU HSU, Associate Professor of Applied Mechanics, University of California, Berkeley: Studies of nonlinear oscillations of thin elastic shells.

DR. RENÉE R. HUBERT, Associate Professor of Foreign Languages, San Fernando Valley State College: A study of the functions of visual elements in the French prose-poem, which will relate the evolution of this literary genre to the discoveries of modern painting.

DR. JOHN R. HUIZENGA, Senior Scientist, Argonne National Laboratory: Studies of nuclear fission of elements in the vicinity of gold at moderate excitation energies.

DR. LEO M. HURVICH, Professor of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania: Studies in color vision.

DR. W. TURRENTINE JACKSON, Professor of American History, University of California, Davis: A comparative study of British investment in the world mining frontier, 1895-1905.

DR. BERNARD N. JAROSLOW, Associate Immunologist, Argonne National Laboratory: A study of the quantitative changes in maturation and proliferation of antibody-forming cells with and without exposure to radiation.

DR. ARTHUR R. JENSEN, Associate Professor of Education, University of California, Berkeley: Studies in the psychology of learning.

DR. ROBERT E. JOHNSON, Professor of Physiology, University of Illinois: Studies in the interrelationship of metabolism, physical environment, physical work, and nutritional stress.

DR. WALTER JOHNSON, Professor of Scandinavian, University of Washington: A study of Strindberg's non-historical plays and of his contributions to theatrical and dramatic theory and practice.

MR. HOWARD MUMFORD JONES, Abbott Lawrence Lowell Professor Emeritus of the Humanities, Harvard University: Studies in American thought.

DR. LAWRENCE W. JONES, Professor of Physics, University of Michigan: Experimental studies in the physics of strong nuclear interaction at very high energies.

DR. DAVID JORAVSKY, Associate Professor of History, Brown University: A study of controversies in Soviet biology, concentrating on the Lysenko affair.

MISS PAULINE KAEL, Film Critic, Berkeley, California: A study of the relationship of film to other arts and other popular media.

DR. GEORGE M. KAHRL, Professor of English, Elmira College: A life of David Garrick.

DR. NATHAN O. KAPLAN, Professor of Biochemistry, Brandeis University: Studies in human biochemical genetics and molecular biology.

DR. RALPH JAMES KAUFMANN, Professor of English, Uni-
versity of Rochester: A study of intellectual London be-
tween the first and second World Wars.

MR. ULYSSES KAY, Composer; Consultant for Broadcast Music, Inc., New York City: Music composition.

DR. DONALD H. KEATS, Composer; Associate Professor of Music, Antioch College: Music composition.

DR. MYRA KEEN, Associate Professor of Paleontology, Stan-
ford University: A study of technical methods for the
investigation of living invertebrates in use at the principal
marine stations of Europe and the United States.

DR. GEORGE A. KENNEDY, Associate Professor of Classics, Haverford College: A study of Roman and later Greek rhetorical theory and oratory.

DR. OTTO KIRCHHEIMER, Professor of Government, Co-
lumbia University: Studies of parliament and party in
Western Europe.

DR. HELMUT KOESTER, Professor of New Testament Studies, Harvard Divinity School: A study of the growth and development of the so-called Gospel tradition in the second century A.D.

DR. JOB KUIJT, Assistant Professor of Biology and Botany, University of British Columbia: Studies in parasitic flowering plants.

MR. EZRA LADERMAN, Composer, New York City: Music composition.

MR. CLAY LANCASTER, Writer, Brooklyn, New York: Studies in the development of Kentucky architecture.

DR. JAN LARUE, Professor of Music, New York University: Studies in the background of the classical symphony.

MR. MAURICIO LASANSKY, Artist; Professor of Graphic Arts, State University of Iowa: Creative printmaking.

DR. RICHARD M. LEMMON, Associate Director, Bio-Organic Chemistry Group, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley: A study of the radiation chemistry of deoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) and ribosenucleic acid (RNA).

MR. MARVIN D. LEVY, Composer, New York City: Music composition.

DR. ALVIN M. LIBERMAN, Professor of Psychology, University of Connecticut: Studies in language and perception.

DR. WILBERT LICK, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Harvard University: Studies in the fundamental characteristics of energy transfer by radiation in conjunction with conduction and convection.

MR. HERBERT H. LIEBERMAN, Editor, New York City: Creative writing for the theatre.

DR. WILLIAM LILLER, Robert Wheeler Willson Professor of Applied Astronomy, Harvard University: Telescopic observations of the emission component of an ionized calcium line in cool stars.

DR. BRUNO LINDER, Associate Professor of Chemistry, Florida State University: Studies of the many-body aspects of intermolecular forces, and an attempt to relate thermo-dynamic potentials to dissipative functions.

DR. WILLIAM A. LITTLE, Associate Professor of Physics, Stanford University: Studies of condensation phenomena and superfluids.

DR. ROBERT LOMBARDO, Composer; Teaching Associate, Hartt College of Music, University of Hartford: Music composition.

DR. EDWARD LURIE, Associate Professor of History, Wayne State University: A study of the transformation of American society and ideas in the years 1861-1876.

MR. ROBIE MACAULEY, Editor, *Kenyon Review*, Gambier, Ohio: Creative writing in fiction.

DR. MARY PETER MACK, Lecturer in Contemporary Civilization, Columbia University: A study of British political thought in the twentieth century.

DR. MAYNARD MACK, Professor of English, Yale University: Studies in Alexander Pope.

DR. RAMSAY MACMULLEN, Associate Professor of History, Brandeis University: A study of patterns of unrest in the Roman Empire.

DR. EDITH K. MACRAE, Associate Professor of Anatomy, University of Illinois: A study of photoreceptor systems in Turbellarians in terms of fine structure and possible mechanism.

MR. ROBERT MALLARY, Artist; Instructor in Design, Pratt Institute: Creative sculpture.

DR. MICHAEL MANN, Assistant Professor of German, Uni-
versity of California, Berkeley: A study of Romanticism
in German literature and music during the period 1780-
1840.

MR. ALAN R. MARCUS, Novelist, Carmel, California: Crea-
tive writing in fiction.

DR. PETER R. MARLER, Associate Professor of Zoology,
University of California, Berkeley: A field study of the
behavior of some East African jungle-living monkeys with
special reference to the recording and physical analysis of
their vocalizations and a study of their social function.

DR. LAURO MARTINES, Professor of History and Humani-
ties, Reed College: A study of the political role of the
lawyer in Renaissance Florence.

DR. FRANZ H. MAUTNER, Professor of German, Swarth-
more College: A study of Georg Christoph Lichtenberg
(1742-1799), Professor of Physics at the University of
Göttingen.

DR. GITA MAY, Associate Professor of French, Columbia
University: A study of the intellectual and emotional
temper of the direct heirs of the French Enlightenment
who played a significant role during the French Revolution.

DR. DONALD M. MAYNARD, JR., Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Michigan: An investigation of behavioral mechanisms in octopuses and crustaceans.

MR. MICHAEL B. MAZUR, Artist; Assistant Professor of
Painting, Rhode Island School of Design: Creative print-
making.

DR. JEROME L. MAZZARO, Poet; Assistant Professor of
English, New York State University College, Cortland:
A verse translation of Vergil's *Eclogues*.

DR. A. LEE McALESTER, Assistant Professor of Geology,
Yale University: Studies of early Paleozoic bivalve mol-
luscs.

DR. JAMES E. MCCLELLAN, Professor of Education, Temple
University: A study of the language of educational policy
in contemporary America.

DR. JOHN O. MCCORMICK, Professor of Comparative Lit-
erature, Rutgers University: Studies in the post-Romantic
European novel.

DR. JOHN W. MCCOUBREY, Associate Professor of the His-
tory of Art, University of Pennsylvania: Studies in the
work of J.M.W. Turner and the English landscape painters
of his time.

DR. THOMAS A. MCFARLAND, JR., Associate Professor of English, Western Reserve University: A study of Coleridge and the symbolic imagination.

MR. JAMES MCGARRELL, Artist; Associate Professor of Fine Arts, Indiana University: Creative painting.

MR. LARRY MCMURTRY, Novelist; Lecturer in English, Rice University: Creative writing in fiction.

DR. PAUL MEIJER, Professor of Physics, Catholic University of America: Studies of statistical mechanics of condensation phenomena and related topics.

DR. POWERS S. MESSENGER, Lecturer in Insect Ecology and Associate Entomologist, University of California, Berkeley: A study of the role of climatic factors in the control of insect abundance.

DR. TOWNSEND MILLER, Writer, Carmel, California: A biography of Enrique IV, King of Castile from 1454 to 1474.

DR. WILMER G. MILLER, Assistant Professor of Chemistry, University of Iowa: A study of polymer-solvent interactions using synthetic polypeptides.

DR. SAMUEL I. MINTZ, Assistant Professor of English, City College of New York: A study of the life and times of Thomas Hobbes.

DR. ARTHUR MIZENER, Professor of English, Cornell University: A biographical and critical study of Ford Madox Ford.

DR. EDWIN S. MORBY, Professor of Spanish, University of California, Berkeley: Studies in Lope de Vega's prose.

DR. RICHARD M. MORSE, Professor of History, Yale University: Studies towards a general theory of Latin American urban history, emphasizing its ecological and socio-logical aspects.

DR. WILLIAM G. MOULTON, Professor of Linguistics, Princeton University: A study of the sound systems of the German dialects spoken in Switzerland.

MR. ALWIN T. NIKOLAIS, Choreographer; Associate Director, Henry Street Playhouse, New York City: Choreography.

DR. WALTER T. K. NUGENT, Assistant Professor of History, Indiana University: Studies of urban and agrarian tensions in post-Civil War America, as evidenced by events leading to the Currency Act of 1873 (the "Crime of '73").

DR. BOYD L. O'DELL, Professor of Agricultural Chemistry, University of Missouri: A study of the biogenesis and metabolism of aortic tissue.

DR. BRENDAN P. O'HEHIR, Assistant Professor of English, University of California, Berkeley: A study of the ideal concept of the Prince as a generative poetic principle in English Augustan poetry.

DR. RICHARD M. OHMANN, Associate Professor of English, Wesleyan University: A study of the syntactic foundations of literary style.

DR. PAUL R. OLSON, Associate Professor of Spanish, Johns Hopkins University: A study of the critical standing and influence of Juan Ramón Jiménez in Spanish poetry from 1927 to the present.

DR. GIAN N. G. ORSINI, Professor of Comparative Literature, University of Wisconsin: A study of the intellectual background common to Coleridge and Croce.

MR. ANTHONY PADOVANO, Artist; Instructor in Sculpture, University of Connecticut: Creative sculpture.

DR. HUGH T. PATRICK, Assistant Professor of Economics, Yale University: Studies of the contribution of government fiscal policy to the growth of the postwar Japanese economy.

DR. DANIEL D. PERLMUTTER, Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois: Studies in aspects of reactor behavior.

MR. GABOR PETERDI, Artist; Associate Professor of Art, Yale University: Creative printmaking.

MR. REYNOLDS PRICE, Novelist; Assistant Professor of English, Duke University: Creative writing in fiction.

DR. JULES D. PROWN, Instructor in the History of Art, Yale University: Studies in the life and works of the eighteenth century American artist, John Singleton Copley.

MR. JANKO RASIC, Architect, New York City: Studies towards the design of a contemporary museum of classical sculpture in Aphrodisias, Turkey.

DR. JOHN RAWLS, Professor of Philosophy, Harvard University: An analytical study of the concept of justice.

MR. GILBERT REANEY, Professor of Music, University of California, Los Angeles: A study of early fifteenth century music.

MRS. KIT REED, Novelist, Middletown, Connecticut: Creative writing in fiction.

MR. ROGER REYNOLDS, Composer, Detroit, Michigan: Music composition.

MR. JACK C. RICHARDSON, Writer; Lecturer in Dramatic Arts, Columbia University: Creative writing for the theatre.

DR. PETER N. RIESENBERG, Associate Professor of History, Washington University: A study of the concept and exercise of citizenship in Italy during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

DR. JOHN M. ROBERTS, Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University: A study of the interaction between point defects and moving dislocations in anisotropic metal crystals.

DR. DONALD ROBERTSON, Associate Professor of the History of Art, Newcomb College, Tulane University: A study of Mexican Pre-conquest and early Colonial pictorial manuscripts in European libraries.

DR. ARTHUR H. ROBINSON, Professor of Geography, University of Wisconsin: A study of the development of cartography in the nineteenth century.

DR. DONALD S. RODBELL, Physicist, General Electric Company Research Laboratory, Schenectady, New York: Studies of the consequences of crystalline electric fields in metals.

DR. MARIO RODRÍGUEZ, Professor of History, University of Arizona: A study of Central American liberalism during the first half of the nineteenth century with special attention to the life, activities, and influence of the Guatemalan political leader, José Francisco Barrundia (1787-1854).

DR. LLOYD RODWIN, Professor of City and Regional Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology: A study of national policies for urban and regional planning in developing countries.

DR. HANS ROGGER, Associate Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles: Studies in the history of Russian nationalist and right-wing movements and parties before 1917.

MR. ROBERT H. ROHM, Artist; Instructor in Sculpture, Pratt Institute: Creative sculpture.

MR. JAMES ROSATI, Artist; Assistant Professor of Sculpture, Yale University: Creative sculpture.

DR. M. L. ROSENTHAL, Professor of English, New York University: A study of British poetry and poetic criticism since the second World War.

MR. FRANK ROTH, Artist; Instructor in Painting, The School of Visual Arts, New York City: Creative painting.

DR. BERNARD RUDOFSKY, Guest Director, Department of Circulating Exhibitions, Museum of Modern Art, New York City: A study of non-formal, non-classified architecture with particular reference to communal art.

DR. V. H. RUMSEY, Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley: Studies in the determination of the position of astronomical sources of radio waves from the output of a radio telescope.

MR. FRANCIS RUSSELL, Writer, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts: A life of Warren G. Harding in relation to his time.

MR. FRANKLIN A. RUSSELL, Writer, New York City and Toronto: A study of the natural history of the St. Lawrence maritime region.

DR. ANDREW J. SABOL, Associate Professor of English, Brown University: A study of the music of the English court masque in the early seventeenth century.

DR. NADAV SAFRAN, Assistant Professor of Government, Harvard University: Studies in the role of bureaucracy in advanced and developing countries.

MR. IRVING H. SANDLER, Instructor in Art History, New York University; Art Critic, *New York Post*: A study of American abstract expressionism.

DR. RONALD L. SASS, Associate Professor of Chemistry, Rice University: A study of an electron spin resonance and self-consistent molecular orbital treatment of charge transfer complexes.

MR. JEROME A. SAVAGE, Artist; Instructor in Art, University of Illinois: Creative painting.

DR. JOHN H. SCHAAR, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley: Studies in the style of American politics and political thought.

MR. RICHARD SCHICKEL, Writer, New York City: A study of the American comic novel from 1945 to the present.

DR. WARNER R. SCHILLING, Associate Professor of Government, Columbia University: A study of the considerations leading to President Truman's decision in January 1950 that the United States should make an H-bomb.

DR. PAUL SCHLEYER, Associate Professor of Chemistry, Princeton University: Studies in the conformational analysis and general physical-organic chemistry of bridged ring systems and carbonium ions.

DR. EDWIN L. SCHMIDT, Professor of Microbiology and Soil Science, University of Minnesota: A study of the comparative physiology and biochemistry of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms that form nitrate nitrogen.

DR. GENE M. SCHRAMM, Assistant Professor of Semitic Languages, University of California, Berkeley: Studies in the generative morphophonemic analysis of literary Hebrew with primary emphasis on the verbal system.

DR. ROBERT K. SELANDER, Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Texas: Studies in the adaptive significance and relationships of mating systems and sexual dimorphism in birds.

DR. RICHARD T. SELDEN, Professor of Economics, Cornell University: Studies of monetary problems in the Atlantic community since 1953.

DR. DANIEL SELTZER, Assistant Professor of English, Harvard University: Studies in the development of Shakespeare's ethical view and artistic method.

DR. M. RICHARD SHAULL, Professor of Ecumenics, Princeton Theological Seminary: A study of contemporary Latin American political ideologies.

DR. RAYMOND K. SHELINE, Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Florida State University: Studies in the determination of spins and parities of deformed nuclei.

DR. LEON T. SILVER, Associate Professor of Geology, California Institute of Technology: Field and laboratory studies of Precambrian rocks in southern Norway and Sweden.

DR. ALBERT SIMON, Head, Plasma Physics Division, General Atomic, General Dynamics Corporation: Studies of the stability of plasmas.

DR. ROBERT H. T. SMITH, Assistant Professor of Geophysics, University of Wisconsin: Comparative studies of transportation systems.

DR. THOMAS C. SMITH, Professor of History, Stanford University: A study of trends in Japanese national income and its distribution among social classes during the Tokugawa period.

MR. PAOLO SOLERI, Architect, Scottsdale, Arizona: Studies towards the preparation of graphics for the "Mesa City" project.

MR. HALSEY STEVENS, Composer; Professor of Music, University of Southern California: Music composition.

DR. JACK STILLINGER, Associate Professor of English, University of Illinois: Studies in Keats, Wordsworth, and English Romanticism.

DR. JAMES J. STOKER, Professor of Mathematics, New York University: A study of differential geometry.

DR. BRUCE B. STOWE, Associate Professor of Biology, Yale University: Studies in plant biochemistry, attempting to link metabolic relationships to the structure and function of plant organisms.

DR. GERALD STRAUSS, Associate Professor of History, Indiana University: Studies in the intellectual and social history of sixteenth century Germany.

DR. PETER F. SUGAR, Associate Professor of History, University of Washington: A study of the Balkans under Ottoman rule.

DR. GUY E. SWANSON, Professor of Sociology, University of Michigan: A theoretical study of the growth and structure of social interaction.

MR. ROBERT SWARD, Poet; Instructor in English, Cornell University: Creative writing in poetry.

DR. RICHARD D. TABER, Professor of Forestry, Montana State University: A study of the relations of man to free living animals in West Punjab, Pakistan.

DR. LAMBERT TALL, Research Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Lehigh University: Studies in the behavior and design of welded structures with particular reference to the materials employed.

DR. JORDAN J. N. TANG, Assistant Professor of Research Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma School of Medicine; Assistant Head, Psychosomatic and Neuromuscular Section, Oklahoma Medical Research Institute, Oklahoma City: Studies in the catalytic action of proteolytic enzymes.

DR. JEROME TAYLOR, Associate Professor of English, University of Chicago: A history of literary theory during the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries.

DR. KENT M. TERWILLIGER, Associate Professor of Physics,
University of Michigan: Studies in high energy physics
and high energy particle accelerators.

DR. LEONARD M. THOMPSON, Professor of History, Uni-
versity of California, Los Angeles: A study of the life of
Moshesh, and the founding of the Basuto nation, 1795 to
1870.

DR. ANDREAS TIETZE, Professor of Turkish, University of
California, Los Angeles: A study of the sixteenth century
Ottoman ideal of the gentleman and its reality.

DR. ELEANOR M. TILTON, Professor of English, Barnard
College: Studies towards the editing of over 1,000 letters
of Ralph Waldo Emerson not included in the six-volume
edition of 1939.

DR. HANS TISCHLER, Associate Professor of Music History
and Theory, Roosevelt University: A study of the evolution
of the musical and poetic styles of the early thirteenth
century motet.

DR. HAROLD E. TOLIVER, Assistant Professor of English,
Ohio State University: A study of the pastoral as a literary
genre.

DR. HENRY C. TORREY, Professor of Physics, Rutgers Uni-
versity: Studies of dynamic polarization of nuclear spins
at low temperatures.

DR. DONALD W. TREADGOLD, Professor of Russian History,
University of Washington: A study of western thought in
Russia and China, analyzing the chief stages in the accept-
ance of western philosophical, social, and political ideas
by leading intellectuals in both countries.

MR. LESTER TRIMBLE, Composer; Professor of Composi-
tion, University of Maryland: Music composition.

DR. ANDREW W. TURNBULL, Writer, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts: A life of Thomas Wolfe.

DR. RALPH H. TURNER, Professor of Sociology and Anthro-
pology, University of California, Los Angeles: A study of
the institutional arrangements and ideology for upward
mobility in England.

MR. DAVID E. UNDERDOWN, Associate Professor of History,
University of Virginia: A study of the politics of the
English Puritan Revolution.

DR. JOHN E. UNTERECKER, Associate Professor of English,
Columbia University: A study of Yeats and the Abbey
Theatre.

DR. MAURICE VALENCY, Professor of Comparative Literature, Columbia University: A study of the dramatic works of Chekhov, Pirandello, and Shaw.

DR. J. R. VALLENTYNE, Professor of Zoology, Cornell University: Studies in biogeochemistry.

DR. EUGENE VAN TAMELEN, Professor of Chemistry, Stanford University: Studies in the relation of organic chemistry to other branches of chemistry.

DR. EMILY TOWNSEND VERMEULE, Associate Professor of Classics, Boston University: A study of the aesthetics of late Mycenaean and Minoan art.

DR. CLARENCE L. VER STEEG, Professor of History, Northwestern University: Studies in the changing concepts of liberty in early America.

MR. ROMAS VIESULAS, Artist; Assistant Professor of Graphic Arts, Tyler School of Fine Arts, Temple University: Creative printmaking.

DR. DAVID R. VIGLIERCHIO, Associate Nematologist, University of California, Davis: Studies in the mechanism of nematode inactivation of naturally-occurring plant growth regulators.

DR. HYATT H. WAGGONER, Professor of English, Brown University: Studies towards a critical history of American poetry.

DR. ROBERT H. WASSERMAN, Professor of Radiation Biology, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University: A study of the role of calcium in the unidirectional fluxes of alkali metals across the mammalian intestinal membrane.

MR. DONALD WAXMAN, Composer, South Nyack, New York: Music composition.

DR. GRADY L. WEBSTER, JR., Associate Professor of Biological Sciences, Purdue University: Comparative morphological studies on taxa of the angiosperm family Euphorbiaceae.

DR. CHRISTOF WEGELIN, Professor of English, University of Oregon: Studies towards a history of the American genre of international fiction, that is, of fiction dealing with confrontations between Americans and Europeans.

DR. JULIUS R. WEINBERG, Professor of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin: Studies in the texts of medieval philosophers.

DR. THOMAS T. WHITE, Clinical Associate Professor of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine: A study of biliary-pancreatic secretions in animals and man.

DR. FRANCIS J. WHITFIELD, Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of California, Berkeley: Studies in glossematic theory and its applications in the field of Slavic linguistics.

MR. CHARLES WHITTENBERG, Composer, New York City: Music composition.

MR. GARRY WINOGRAND, Photographer, New York City: Photographic studies of American life.

DR. RAYMOND E. WOLFINGER, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Stanford University: A study of political leadership.

DR. CALVIN WOODARD, Lecturer in History and Research Associate in Law, Yale University: Studies in the history of the welfare state.

DR. JAMES A. WRIGHT, Poet; Lecturer in English, Macalester College: Creative writing in poetry.

DR. THEODORE Y. WU, Professor of Applied Mechanics, California Institute of Technology: Studies in the hydrodynamics of free surface flows.

MR. SAMUEL YELLEN, Poet and Novelist; Professor of English, Indiana University: Creative writing in fiction.

DR. SERGE A. ZENKOVSKY, Professor of History, Stetson University: Studies in the role of the Old Believers in Russian society beginning in the seventeenth century.

DR. GEORGE A. ZENTMYER, Professor of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside: Studies in basic aspects of pathogenesis and sporulation in the genus *Phytophthora*.

DR. THEODORE J. ZIOLKOWSKI, Associate Professor of Germanic Languages, Columbia University: A study of time in the modern German novel.

COMMITTEE OF SELECTION

The Committee of Selection consisted of Dr. Louis Booker Wright, *Chairman*, Dr. George W. Corner, Dr. Willard F. Libby, Dr. Robert K. Merton, Dr. Henri M. Peyre, Dr. Samuel E. Thorne, and Dr. Edwin Bidwell Wilson. The advisory committee for applications from artists consisted of Mr. Lewis Iselin, Mr. Misch Kohn, Mr. Ezio Martinelli, Mr. Arthur Osver, Mr. Franklin Watkins, and Mr. Carl Zigrosser.

New York City
May 7, 1964

GORDON N. RAY
President

CONFIDENTIAL REPORT ON CANDIDATE FOR FELLOWSHIP

Name of Candidate Mr. Paul Seabury

Report Requested of Mr. Henry Kissinger, Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

REPORT:

I have known Paul Seabury for a long time and I consider him unusually able and thoughtful. I have read his proposed study outline and think extremely well of it. It is original and much needed.

(over)

SANTA BARBARA • SANTA CRUZ

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 94720

30 December

Dear Henry:

And a happy New Year's to you!

Your letter about my residential plans for next year was a pleasant one in the circumstances. I may have told you last summer that it was--and I suppose still is--my plan to spend the greater part of the year in or around Berkeley doing reading and writing--but to spend most of the summer in Europe with my family. One controlling element in all this is Educational Continuity: our year in Washington was marvelous for me and Mappie, but didn't work out very well for David and John as far as school was concerned; and I'm inclined to think that they need to be close to home base next year.

You may imagine, of course, that the recent events here have affected my thinking about these plans, though not reversed them. No one on leave in residence this year has been immune to the infection which has made Berkeley a kind of ideological Fort Ord (where, you may have heard, there is a new meningitis culture). God knows how much of one's own work one can get done in circumstances like that; and I fear that all of this nonsense has just begun. Ted Draper, who was up here last night from Palo Alto, says that the parallels of FSM to the early Castro movement are extraordinary--a far-far conclusion which came to me well over two months ago. This is very obnoxious and time-consuming; the only comfort being, that if it can be controlled somewhat here, it may not be able to mount its assault against other institutions from local wreckage. Lipset and I have written a piece for the REPORTER which will shortly be out (ca. 20 January) which may be the first comprehensive narrative-analysis to complement Feuer's New Leader piece. We are all waiting the New Year's, when hostilities recommence.

The point simply is--right now, I would say my plans are as they have been, and for the reasons described. On the other hand, if the climate here remains what it now is, a semester or so in the recuperative spas of Cambridge might be especially pleasant.

Best--