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ist should state that the hillbillies of the Southern states were not also a white people like those of the cities. The "Dahir Berbere" stirred up a near-rebellion among the natives of French Morocco and many were jailed. But the Spanish, under the monarchy, declared that the native leaders should be encouraged to enlighten their people. And the government actually made a grant to help build more mosques! While the French maintained a strict censorship, most of the revolutionary Islamic propaganda from Egypt and elsewhere reached Morocco through Tetuan and Tangier through the Spanish post office.

Under the new Republic the French demanded that this traffic be banned and Moroccans, who formerly travelled freely between French zone and Spanish zone under the monarchy, were now told to get passports. The Republicans, the professors and labor leaders had their chance. But in their desire to please everybody (which might be a Spanish trait) nothing was done to alleviate the miserable lot of the Spanish workers and peasants and the native Moroccans. There was some talk of shipping a lot of them to Cuba to work in the sugar-cane fields! By 1933 Republican flags were disappearing from the balconies of houses and hotels, where formerly they were so bravely displayed. And everywhere on the streets, in cafes, barber shops and other places, one heard the common people complaining that perhaps things were better under the king.

In 1934 the Rightists won the elections by a sweeping majority. The Leftists countered with the assassination of prominent Rightists and the burning of churches in isolated regions. The burning of the churches was particularly stupid, especially as the parochial priests had previously manifested their sympathy with the Left by instructing their parishioners to vote against the king.

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It was said that the arson was the spiteful work of anarchists, which was a small group. But all the same the anarchists were counted with the Left. In 1936 the elections seesawed again in favor of the Leftists and the Popular Front and split Spain in two in a Civil War. Undoubtedly, there were as many of the common folk, inarticulate peasants and workers, on the right side as on the left. It all depends where they were and how they were corraled. If you put a disloyal company up front and a regiment with bayonets fixed behind, the disloyal men will prefer to go over the top.

Franco landed in Spanish Morocco, where he had previously served as an officer of the Foreign Legion and was popular among the soldiers and the natives. Mussolini and Hitler helped the Rightists. But when the duly elected Leftist Government begged to buy arms from Socialist France, Imperial Britain and Democratic United States, the answer was thumbs down.

Spain was never Communist-minded. Among the Republicans there were Socialists and Syndicalists with a little fringe of Anarchists. During the years when the Republicans were in power, Soviet Russia was never recognized. It was not until 1936, when all the western governments refused to help them, the Republicans turned to Russia. And it was rumored at the time that the Soviet government first asked the Imperial British government for permission to help Spain, which was granted. Yet, Mussolini's submarines torpedoed Soviet boats in the Mediterranean. And we know what happened in Spain after Soviet Russia got in. The Popular Front was ripped to ribbons and leftists set against leftists. Perhaps all the Western Governments knew that the Second World War, right round the corner and Spain was doomed to be its guinea pig.

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During the mild dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, the
Indalecio Prieto-Caballero Socialist party made a deal with the
Dictator, which permitted the Socialist party to legitimately
function all during his regime. Spaniards are like that. But it
wasn't like that when foreigners were poured into Spain to influ-
ence and run its government. Now, years later, after a violent,
vicious and unspeakable world war during which Franco established
peace in Spain, as good or better than that which exists among
some of the allies, the victors are denouncing Franco as pro-Fascist
and demanding his overthrow! Ah, this is indeed a strange world,
a funny world

Go to sleep my pretty little nina,
Let's sing another song of Argentina.

Well, our meddling liberals and our ferocious radicals
may yelp like the devil in hell to remove Franco. But I imagine
that if a plebicite were taken among all the people of Spain to
decide whether or not there should be another Civil War, the
answer would be an overwhelming: No. Like our Republicans they
would say: Had enough! During my travels in Europe and Northern
Africa, there was never a country I visited, in which I did not
learn something. I had a thought, too, that any country could
learn something from another. But I never felt that any nation
was fit to govern another. For every nation has its internal prob-
lems, which should first claim its attention.

Spain I loved more than any other country. For the first
time in my life I was touched by an entire people. Spain is Catholic
and not puritan and in spite of its material poverty, it is both

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physically and spiritually the cleanest country in which I have ever
lived. Spain, in my opinion, is the most Catholic of nations. Therefore it will not be easy for Protestant nations to understand her.
Especially the Anglo-Saxon and the American. I must confess to not
understanding myself the Anglo-Saxon or the American mind, although
I know the language and am subject to its culture. I have understood
a little the French logic and intense nationalism, the German bluntness and submissiveness, the Russian mixture of harsh cruelty and
kindness and obsession with theories, the Spanish predilection for
nobleness. But to me the Anglo-Saxon mind is fathomless, too subtle
for probing.

11

I think I did read somewhere in Hitler's *Mein Kampf*
where he said he had formulated his attitude towards the Jews upon
the United States treatment of its Negroes. The Nazi pests, without
colonies, with merely half a million Jews, started to preach what
the Anglo-Saxons have practised upon hundreds of millions of people
for hundreds of years. Of course, the Nazis had turned their terror
upon a white people. But Britain had also terrorized the white Irish
nation for hundreds of years up until after World War I, when it
was stopped by Irish-American politics. I heard an Irish lady who
was married to a Polish count declare at Trafalgar Square in 1920:
Ireland is the only *white* nation in existence, which is treated
like Asiatics and Africans. What really turned the rest of the
Western against the Nazis was that the latter had proved themselves
as alchemists. They were turning gold to dross with their barter
system, succeeding where Soviet Russia had failed for twenty years.
The Nazis had to be destroyed as all alchemists must and all of

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Europe with them. I wonder if William Jennings Bryan really understood what it was all about, when he said in his Cross of Gold speech: Thou shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of Gold.

Jesus Christ chased the money-changers out of the temple. And the Catholic Church in its infinite wisdom outlawed them from its inception. Today we read articles by Protestant theologians who state that the Protestant era is ended. But they do not say why. They must know, but can they say why? Our way of life is threatened, cry the politicians. What way? God's way or Man's way? Jesus Christ was not a theologian, but he did preach a positive way of life.

To me the Catholic Church possesses the secret of that way. A few persons tried to dissuade me from joining the Catholic Church. A non-conformist said: Don't you know that Catholic nations are the most loose and backward in the world? Yes, I said, that may or may not be true, but I prefer them. I was always happier in Catholic than in Protestant countries, except, perhaps, Germany. And I thought that the non-conformist had lost all sense of the meaning and of the teaching of Jesus Christ, who chased away the tormenters of the woman taken in adultery and who also said: Let all grow together until the day of harvest.

After I became a Catholic, a unitarian writing from Missouri reminded me that a few American presidents and some of the most important figures in American life were unitarians. And my correspondent questioned my "appropriation" of the word intellectual. To me intellectual is merely trying to think intelligently and the acquisition of true knowledge. But my correspondent from Missouri evidently is confusing intellectualism with scholarship