Hart, Liddell. *Thoughts on War*. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1944. 327 pp.

Collection of Hart's reflections on war over a 20-year period and grouped in sections: "Elements of WAR: Object, military aim, physical and psychological background;" Conduct of War: Grand strategy, instruments, principles; Conduct of Military Operations: Strategy, tactics, attack and defence.

XXX some very profound observations are made. Period covers 1920-40 roughly. Has not considered the use of modern weapons, but many of his ideas form a necessary background to the development of modern strategy.

Baldwin, Hanson W. *Great Mistakes of the War* New York: Harper and Bros.

1949, 114 pp.

Preston, Richard A., Sydney F. Wise, Herman O. Werner. Men in Arms: A History of Warfare and its Interrelationships with Western Society.
New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1956. pp. 376.

History of warfare from the Greeks to the present. Relationship of military operations to the total social, economic and technological environment.
Last chapter on Cold War. rather summary. Most important problem of our times: be prepared to fight both limited and general war.

Turner, Gordon B. (ed.) *A History of Military Affairs in Western Society Since the 18th Century* 3 vols. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Edwards Bros. 1952.

Book of selected readings illustrating the main developments in the art of war from the 18th century on. Consideration given to the type of warfare, to the evolution of strategy, tactics, weapons etc.

Especially selections are given which present the relationship between scientific and technological developments on one hand and strategic and tactical concepts on the other.

### Selections of interest:

* "Decision to Use the A Bomb" by Stimson. (Originally in Harper's Mag. Feb. 1947) pp. 592-594

* "Influence of Air Power upon History" by Edward Mead Earle (Yale R. Summer 1946) pp. 601-607

* "Air Power and the National Security" A report by the President's Air Policy Commission. January 1948. pp. 844-853

Ekirch, Arthur A. Jr. *The Civilian and the Military*. New York: Oxford University Press, 1956. 340 pp.

An account of militarism and civil supremacy in the United States from the days of the American colonies down to present days. Believes antimilitarist tradition to be a conspicuous part of our history, but due to the technological advances of our weapons system we may well become a militarist nation. (outcome of World War II). Military men moved into top civilian positions. Continuing of military conscription. Post-war rearmament.

Good *exposition* historical account of the forces in the U.S. fighting for civil supremacy against the agents of militarism. Opposed to rise of militarism which he believed occurred after second world war.

Quite erudite. However attacks problem of militarism vs. pacifism as if it were purely a domestic question, does not consider world situation.

Coblentz, Stanton A. *From Arrow to Atom Bomb*. New York: Beechhurst, 1953. 539 pp.

Psychological approach to politics, war and international relations. Seeks the psych. truths which pushed men into war: incentives, deterrents, traditions mass motivation.

Concludes that so far man has had a psychological training for war, this however must be changed in the atomic age if he wants to survive. His solution: mass education in peace and training of political leaders in schools where they become experts in the social sciences, philosophy, etc.

Fairly obvious conclusions and statements. No deep insights.

Carnegie Corporation. Utilization and Control of Atomic Energy. Draft
Convention by Legal Subcommittee. 1946.

George A. Finch, Joseph P. Chamberlain, Percy E. Corbett, Malcolm W. Davis, Clyde Eagleton, Manley O. Hudson, Herbert L. May, James T. Shotwell, and Edgar Turlington were on the legal sub-committee which drew up this draft convention under auspices of U.N.

For terms see notes Unofficial Proposals.

Marks, Herbert S. and George F. Trowbridge. *Framework for Atomic Industry*. Bureau of National Affairs, Inc. Washington, D. C. 1955.

A commentary on the Atomic Energy Act of 1954: Background of the Law (McMahon Act); control of facilities and materials; control of information; patents; power policy; Gov't aid; international activities; functions of the Joint Committee System of licensing and regulation.

Examines the role of law and executive policy on atomic power and how it has affected technology.

Masters, Dexter and Katherine Way (eds.) *One World or None*. New York: Whittle-
say House, 1946. 79 pp.

Eighteen articles about the development and use of atomic energy. Contributors
are mostly scientists.

Newman, James R. and Byron S. Miller. The Control of Atomic Energy:

A Study of Its Social, Economic and Political Implications. New York: Whittlesey, McGraw-Hill Book Company, House. 1948. 434 pp.

Analysis and evaluation of the McMahon-Douglas Atomic Energy Act (July 30, 1946).

The authors helped draft the bill. Shows how the act creates gov't monopoly to satisfy the requirements of security. Discusses civilian vs. military control controversy, the relation of the act to control of information.

Chapters: 
*   Org. and Structure of Commission; Defining the control problem;
*   Fissionalbe material: production and ownership; source material;
*   radio-active by-products; industrial and commercial uses; patents and inventions; research; control of information; military applications of atomic energy; international arrangements.

Discuss "social, economic and political implications" of AE Act.

Appendix: Text of AE act, also British Atomic energy Act of 1946, Bibliog.

Most complete study of the act, not much of a critical analysis though.

Brown, Harrison, *The Challenge to Man's Future*, New York: The Viking Press, 1954.

Tries to look into man's future, especially from an economic and sociological angle. Chapter on energy discusses the future utilization of atomic energy as an important source of power.
Not very useful for our purposes.

Angelopoulos, Angelos.

L'Atome Unira-t-il le Monde? Paris: R. Pichon & R. Durand-Auzias, 1956. pp. 216.

Considers the industrial and economic aspects of atomic energy and its repercussions on the world economy. Based on the Geneva atomic energy conference.

Thesis: atomic energy could serve as link between the capitalist and the socialist system of economy because of the need to nationalize the primary means of production. If properly used atomic energy could greatly increase the living standard of the peoples of the world.

Good study of economic repercussions of atomic energy. Rather weak section on political influences. (summary of other people's books). Believes in nuclear stalemate.

Believes that coexistence in the atomic age is not only possible, but absolutely essential. As seen as the underdeveloped countries develop their economies the Western countries will no longer be able to produce as much and will have to sell to the Eastern countries to maintain some kind of stable economy, especially if a policy of reduction of armaments were adopted. This is essential to avoid economic pressures which might well lead to an economic war.

Wants abolition of nuclear weapons tests, pooling of atomic energy for peaceful purposes only (no bombs to be made) but does not provide for controls.

The exploitation of atomic energy should lead to understandings between all nations on the economic level, from there on the polit. level an d finally world federation.

Tate, Meze. The United States and Armaments. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 1945. 312 p.

A historical survey of the U.S. and armament. The last chapter p. 219-246 deals with the problem of control of atomic energy.

See introduction for problems connected with armament in Germany
& Japan after W.W.I.

[y]

Lapp, Ralph E. **Must We Hide**. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley Press, Inc., 1949. 182 p.

Chapter I - Possible Defenses from Atomic Attack (very cursory).

Chapter II - Description of damages done to the person if exposed to atomic attack.

Chapter III* - Description of air burst atomic bomb (Fall-out)

Chapter IV - Bikini Test

Chapter V - Nuclear Radiation - physical and psychological effect.

Chapter VI - "The Bombing of Germany" effectiveness of bombing in World War II and comparison with both possible strategic and tactical use of nuclear weapons in the future. (Useful for utilization of nuclear weapons)

Chapter IX - Problem of delivery with a discussion of the different planes in use at the moment. Believes that rockets are too far in the future to be discussed.

Chapter 10 - Military Defense for Atomic Attack, problems of interception

Chapter 11 and 12 deal with planning for disaster and the problem of dispersion which might be useful for civil defense.

Chapter 14 - Of the Future; importance of psych war. limited war possible

"Realistic, not hysterical look at the atom bomb" could be the theme of the book.
Written for the layman. Believes that we must maintain pre-eminence in the field
of atomic weapons to avoid disaster. (dated). Somewhat dated also when it comes
to strategy. (only large A bombs then thought possible).

Wolfers, Arnold. "The Atomic Bomb in Soviet-American Relations" in Bernard Brodie, ed., *The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order*. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1946. p. 111-147.

A lot of this is out of date because it is based on the hypothesis of an American monopoly. The rest is rather general speculation on the political consequences of Soviet-U.S. atomic war.

[Y]

Tugwell, Rexford Guy. *A Chronicle of Jeopardy*. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1955. 989 p. A

Presents Tugwell's reflections written on each of the ten anniversaries following the dropping of the first A bomb. "We must act swiftly or else we will not survive" is his comment.

Attacks the "blunderings" of our statesmen who have been completely overwhelmed by the new weapons. Bemoans decrease of democratic participation in decision making because of lack of information.

Critical of our foreign policy. Feels that only co-existence is possible in the world today.

Webster, Sir Charles, and Sir Arthur Salter and Sir Oliver Franks. "The Control of Nuclear Energy and the Development of International Institutions," in *Atomic Energy: Its International Implications*, A Discussion by a Chatham House Study Group. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1948. p.91-101.

Implications for international institutions and analysis of implementation of A. E. C. (U. N.) plans. Discusses the problems of the use of nuclear power as a sanction. Utopian - had to world authority -

Check bibliography.

[Y]

Viner, Jacob. "The Implications of the Atomic Bomb for International Relations," in *Atomic Energy and its Implications*, Symposium, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 90, Number 1, January 29, 1946. (Papers read November 16 and 17, 1945) pp. 53-58

Conclusions based on hypothetical struggle between two nations owning the A-bomb. Probably somewhat out of date, but is an article referred to by other authors. Concludes that there is no conceivable way that the world can be organised so as to prevent at present so that peace can be assured. But this does not mean that there is nothing one can do - and goes on to outline steps. Discusses broken-back war.

Element of surprise attack may be less than generally assumed, because of possibility of immediate retaliation. No effective defense possible.

Rules out world government as a solution (Russia and U. S. too strong).

Believes that atomic weapons, especially if smaller countries possess them would restore a balance of power. Does not think that limited wars will be possible with atomic weapons. Peace depends more than ever on good diplomats and good diplomacy.

Sapin, Burton and Richard C. Snyder. *The Role of the Military in American Foreign Policy*, New York: Doubleday & Co., 1954. 84pp.

Balanced account of the issues involved in maintaining the constitutional requirement of civilian supremacy, showing that "the chief threat from the military is not the possibility of usurpation of power but the inappropriate application of military values, information and interpretations at key points in the decision making process, and the phenomenon of 'creeping militarism' among civilians." (p.76)

Emphasize present interdependence of military and foreign policy.

[N]

Rougeron, Camille. *Les Applications de l'Explosion Thermonucleaire.*

Paris: Editions Berger-Levrault, 1956. 308 pp.

Gives history of the making of the bomb, especially the technical improvements made (smaller bombs, new materials used, less costly facilities needed, etc.)

Effects of a nuclear explosion (cites official American sources) detailed.

Very summary treatment of missiles.

Stresses potential importance of application of nuclear energy to peaceful purposes (likes to cite the more spectacular examples such as raising the winter temperature of whole areas or irrigation of large desert areas).

Fairly technical discussion of how to eliminate the dangers of radiation.

- Discusses military uses of atomic energy by the military, air force and navy.

Tactical use of atomic weapons, their effect, destructiveness.

Limited war possible. Nuclear weapons to the advantage of the defensive.

Believes that distinction between offensive and defensive weapons made clear. pp.235-

242

pp. 265-299 Aerial warfare (read)

Good on the technical side, written in popular style, up-to-date.

Oppenheimer, J. R. "Atomic Weapons," in *Atomic Energy and its Implications*, Symposium Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 90, Number 1, January 29, 1946. (Papers read November 16 and 17, 1945) pp 7-10.

An excellent summary of some of the far-reaching, general problems involved in the advent of atomic weapons. One paragraph in this article which is constantly quoted elsewhere - middle of first column, page 9, "The pattern of the use of atomic weapons..." "They are weapons of aggression, of surprise..." Asks for community responsibility among the *ik* peoples of the world. Stresses interim character of any arrangement that might be made to control atomic energy because of continuing inventions.

Affirms the feasibility of using atomic energy for peaceful purposes in the near future, but warns that this may be used in most cases to make weapons.

Oliphant, Marcus Laurence Elwin and others. The Atomic Age.
London: Allen and Unwin, 1949, 149 p.

Six British teachers and writers consider some of the consequences of
the bomb.

The scientific achievement, by M. L. Oliphant;

Military consequences of atomic energy, by P.M.S. Blackett

The economic consequences of atomic energy, by R. F. Harrod

Values in the atomic age, by B. Russell

The political repercussions of atomic power by L. Curtis
America as Atlas, by D. W. Brogan.

"Nuclear Energy in War," in *Atomic Energy: Its International Implications*, A Discussion by a Chatham House Group Study Group. London; Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1948. p.47-60.

Useful for British viewpoint towards the implications of nuclear weapons.

Early attempt to gauge the influence on, and *str* importance of atomic weapons on strategy. Paper dated in some respects (technological developments since 1948 have been great), but on the whole still a valid discussion of the problem. Especially well thought out program for defense: early warning system; guides missile with homing properties; better identification system of enemy's missiles; immediate readiness of SAC (strategic use of air power); dispersal of cities as far as possible.

Foresees that in atomic war no nation would be victorious, but believes that even in an atomic war there would be survival. Modification in organization and esign of conventional weapons, ships and armies /

Morgenthau, Hans J. and Kenneth W. Thompson. *Principles and Problems of International Politics* New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950. 468 pp.

940.6 M 589

[N]

Miksche, F. O. and E. Combaux. War Between Continents. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1948. 211 p.

Studies the possible causes, strategy and results of a third world war. Has some useful chapters on tactics and military strategy, but is somewhat idealistic when it comes to international politics and diplomacy. Tends to put too much stress on economics causes as the start of all present day struggles.

Names areas where friction likely to develop: Central & Western Europe
Mediterr. area and extensions
into Asia Minor and Central Asia
Far East

Outlines approx. absolute and relative strength of East and West.

Is still uncertain about the role of the atom in a future war. Cites early views on strategy in an atomic war (war over in 45 min. - Gen. Lemay war over in 36 hours - Gen. Arnold)

No fully developed new strategy for war in the atomic age. Does mention tactical nuclear weapons, however.

How to prevent future war: Plans for a united Europe.
Laws of moderation should be followed by statesmen.

[Y]

Kingston-McCloughry, E. J. *The Direction of War: A Critique of the Political Direction and High Command in War*. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1955. 261 pp.

More intimate relationship between military and political leadership than before in war. But so far, in spite of all the technological advances, human fallible human beings still make the decisions in a war.

Primarily a book about British problems. Britain's military power considered marginal.

Britain should maintain the scientific lead over both the Sov. Union and her allies.

Necessary to improve the R & D program.

Seems very good book on topic.

Fox, William T. R. *United States Policy in a Two-Power World*. New Haven: Yale Institute of International Studies. 17 pp. mimeo.

Cousins, Norman. *Modern Man Is Obsolete*. Viking Press, New York, 1946. 59 pp.

Expansion of an editorial which first appeared in the Saturday Review.
A short discussion of man's social and ethidcal shortcomings; the
obsolescence of current political arrangements, and the author's view
of the inevitability of some form of international government.

Corbett, Percy E.; "Effect on International Organisation," in Bernard Brodie, ed., *The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order*. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co. 1946. p. 148-165.

Effect of the atomic bomb on the San Francisco Charter and on the concept of national
sovereignty. History of the formation of the U. N. A. E. C.. Detailed analysis
of charter articles in the charter dealing with national security and national
participation in the maintenance of world order. (Art. 43-47, Charter).
Places great hope in the working of the U.N., but at the same time realizes that
the most essential condition of peace is "underlying acceptance of common values."

~~Very well-documented.~~

Brodie, Bernard. "War in the Atomic Age," in Bernard Brodie, ed., *The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order*. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1946.
p.21-69.

Information about the uses of bomb and its influence on military tactics

References also to early speeches of military leaders and others on the subject.

Points covered in article: A bomb does not rule out war. Destructive power of the bomb (approx.) No adequate defense likely to be found. (historical discussion to show that there have been weapons ag. which man has found no counterweapon). Emphasis on range and types of carriers. Estimation of raw material available to produce bomb and length of time needed for other nations to catch up with U.S. (various opinions cited).

Brodie, Bernard. "The Security Problem in the Light of Atomic Energy" in Wright
Quincy, Ed. *A Foreign Policy for the United States*, Chicago, 1947. The University of
Chicago Press, 1947. pp. 89-96.

Speech given at Harris Institute of U. of Chicago. Exposition of the problems
raised by the A bomb rather than an attempt to offer solutions. Stresses
importance of retaliation through deterrence and of retaliation. Importance of
fast and long-range means of delivery. Sea power on the decline. Believes that
A bomb brought about "the collapse of the threat of war as an instrument of policy."

[Y]

Blackett, P. M. S. "Military Consequences of Atomic Energy" in *The Atomic Age*, Sir Halley Stewart Lectures, 1948. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1949. pp. 32-51.

Brief summary of the effect of bombing in the second World War. Analysis of American military strategy in 1948 as described in an article by General Kenney in *Newsweek* (May 17, 1948) and Spaatz in *Life*. Advocates building up defensive military policy to be followed by negotiation with Russia. (U.S. monopoly of A bomb days).

Does not believe that strategic bombing is all-effective or air force all-important.
A-Bomb alone cannot result in a quick and decisive victory.

Shepley, James R. and Clay Blair, Jr. *The Hydrogen Bomb*. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1954 244 P. (reverse page)

Written by two newspaper reporters in a journalistic style giving the impression that they have the "inside dope" on the people and policies connected with the development of atomic energy and the Atomic Energy Commission. Undocumented and very fast reading.

It is actually a history of the events leading to the decision to manufacture the Hydrogen bomb. Chapter One deals somewhat with the effect of the Russian possession of the bomb on U. S. defense policy and its relation to the beginning of production of the hydrogen bomb. Part III has sections on Project East River, Lincoln, SAC and SUSAC, etc.

Put the blame for delaying the development of thermonuclear weapons on Oppenheimer and a host of other American scientists. Hero of the book is Dr. Edward Teller who is supposed to have produced the H-bomb.

Who cares
about you,
City Dweller?

Not the farmer from Tioga County or the townsmen of Canandaigua. Even though there aren't as many of them as there are of us, they control the State Legislature. As a result, our city gets a raw deal.

We pay more taxes but we don't get our share back in State aid. Some things we don't get back at all, such as our portion of automobile registration fees and gasoline taxes. Upstate counties get State aid for highways but our city which is *five* counties gets nothing for its streets.

Our present Assemblyman won't fight for us. He votes with his fellow-Republicans—they vote for Tioga County and Canandaigua.

This year vote for one who cares about your city. Vote for Mary deGroat Reed on the Democratic or Liberal line.

[lc]

and who cares
where and
how you live?

All of us worry about the ceiling over our heads. For most of us it's a rent ceiling—controls are due to expire next June. As long as rentals tend to the absurd, controls must be continued.

For many others the problem is a real ceiling. Joe Smith's family, for example, has been split up. The building on 71st Street, in which he was born, is coming down. His children are farmed out in Jersey. He and his wife are staying with friends until they can "find something." His parents have gone to the Bronx, far from family, friends and church.

Joe's income is a little too high for public housing, much too low for the 19-story luxury apartment replacing his old home. The Joe Smiths are our "displaced persons"—*there is no middle-income housing for the uprooted of our district.*

Our Republican-controlled Legislature only half-cares. The Democrats asked for $200 million to help house our middle-income families—the Republicans allowed us $100 million. It's only half a loaf but it's better than none. Vote "yes" in November for the Proposition.

And then vote to keep the family together, a fair "ceiling" over your head and our neighborhood a real neighborhood. Vote Row B or C. Vote for *Mary deGroat Reed*.

[LC]

[LC]

# Who cares about your family?

The city has lots of unusual problems which aren't important in rural areas like Oneida or Oswego.

Ellen Moynihan, who lives in the Sixties, is a widow with two small children. She is on relief. She could support her family if someone could take care of her children in working hours. Her only solution is a Day-Care Center. But the nearest one is many blocks away and filled to capacity.

Self-support is wiser, healthier and cheaper than relief rolls. The State helps pay Mrs. Moynihan's relief but your Assemblyman and 87 other Republicans voted against State aid for Day-Care Centers which would have made Mrs. Moynihan and thousands like her self-supporting. Problems like these aren't important to upstate communities and 88 Republican Assemblymen.

Vote for one who knows these problems are important—vote for Mary deGroat Reed.

[ic]

...or your security?

Mary Kennedy has no unemployment insurance, no workmen's compensation, no off-the-job sickness benefits. She is the only employe in a small business firm.

Martha Kranick has none of these rights either. She works for a large non-profit organization.

Joe Novelli and Tom Rogers, who work side by side in a machine shop, *have* all these rights. Tom manages to get along if he is sick or hurt or out of a job—he's a bachelor. Joe suffers badly—he gets the same amount as Tom but *he* has a wife and three children.

These are examples of unfair discrimination in our labor laws. Our lawmakers must recognize that *all* workers need basic security and families need protection. Your Assemblyman and 87 other Republicans voted *against* these improvements. All Democrats voted *for* them. Who do *you* think cares?

[Lc]

...and who cares if your bones creak?

Mr. and Mrs. Wilson are not happy. After a lifetime of work Mr. Wilson was retired at 65. It is nice not to have to go to work but he has nothing to do. Mrs. Wilson isn't in good health. The four flights of stairs make her ache and puff—so she seldom goes out. With illness and idleness, the Wilsons' savings get smaller and smaller. Life has lost its spark.

If they could get a small apartment without steps—if Mr. Wilson could find a light job or learn a quiet skill—if there were a clinic for the complaints of age as there are for those of childhood—if there were a club or center where the Wilsons could “get out of themselves”—any of these would make life bearable.

All of these are Democratic hopes and aims for our elderly citizens—a useful, fruitful, happy life until the end.

For this the Republican-controlled Legislature of 1956 voted a pittance instead of a portion. Vote for a full portion.

Vote for *Mary deGroat Reed*.

[L.C.]

# This is Your Candidate ... Mary deGroat Reed

Choice of the Democratic and Liberal Parties for New York State Assembly from the 8th Assembly District. . . . Mary Reed received A.B. and M.A. degrees from Wells College and had three years of graduate work at the Institute of International Studies, University of Geneva, Switzerland. She is married and the mother of two daughters—Noni, 9, Julia, 7—and, as such, is acutely conscious of the weaknesses and needs of our schools, their plants and administration. She worked in labor, health and social welfare with the State Department, the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs and the International Labor Organ-

ization, where she learned that national and international problems have their counterparts, and often their roots, in the community and that the local neighborhood is the place to start solving them. She put the lesson into practice in 1952 and helped organize the New Democratic Club in the 8th A.D. South. She is now the elected Democratic "Leader Female" of that District and a spirited advocate of reforms in our system of registration and voting which will give you a truer voice in your government. . . . When Mary Reed ran for the Assembly in 1954, the Citizens

Union said: "Few candidacies have so much to offer to the intelligent voter."