THE NEW

■ LIKE THE OPENING of Pandora's box, scientists have set abroad in the world today a frightening and terrifying cosmic fire. It cures. It destroys. It reveals life-saving and labor-saving information. It blinds. It wounds. It kills with slow death ... with long delayed death ... or with instant death.

In the ancient Greek legend, man was punished for accepting fire from heaven by Pandora's opening of the box entrusted to her by the gods, and unleashing terrible and varied evils. It has been suggested that today we are being punished because we have taken the strange cosmic fire called roentgens of radiation, or nuclear energy and turned it to evil purpose.

In the Age of the Fable, one thing remained in Pandora's box after "gout, rheumatism, and colic for his body; and envy, spite and revenge for his mind," were set loose "to plague hapless man." It was hope. The legend never explained in what direction man's hope lay. Our hope today lies in knowledge. If we understand the nature of this new mid-twentieth century death around us, we can protect ourselves and our children. We can turn this new force to our own purposes. With this in mind, we have prepared this PAGEANT report. Read it well. Stay with it to the end. It will shock you

and terrify you. It will never bore you. It deals with what may be the most important subject in the world today ... and for a long time to come.—THE EDITORS

A STRANGE, cold, and invisible fire has grown up with the twentieth century. It was always in the world but, until now, we were taking "background radiation" from cosmic rays in our stride. We were reckoning with the amount nature rationed to us. About the turn of the last century, on the bench of his laboratory, man discovered how to release this new fire.

Today we find ourselves in the terrifying position of having produced so much of this new fire, found so many ways of making it, that we have upset nature's plan. We are endangering not only our own well-being but have probably already damaged our children and our unborn children's children.

The new fire we've been talking about is known variously as "ionizing radiation," as "atomic radiation," as roentgen rays, as X-rays, as death rays, or as just plain radiation.

It was described recently by Edward Spoerl, of the cellular research section of the Army Medical Research Laboratory, as follows:

"Here is an invisible lethal force which attacks from the blue without

INVISIBLE DEATH AROUND US

being felt or sensed in any way and, over a period that may vary from days to years, produces a slow death of the organism."

The discovery of atomic radiation is as big a discovery today as perhaps the discovery of fire was eons of years ago. The difference may be grasped from the remark of the wife of an atomic scientist whose husband was

blinded by cataracts he received while doing research work at a cyclotron. "I was always worried about his (work). You can't smell or feel or see that radiation. You never know what it's up to." An infant learns early to keep its hand out of the fire. The first thing you as an adult must learn about the midtwentieth century's new fire is that...

PAINTINGS FOR PAGEANT
BY FRANKLYN WEBBER

CONTINUED

8

# X-RAY + BACKGROUND + FALLOUT + FLUOROSCOPE ADD UP TO THE PERIL

ROENTGEN (pronounced rent-gan) is a word you're going to hear a great deal in the future, so let's get its meaning clear. It is a unit of the measure of radiation just as a calorie is a unit of measurement of the heat or energy producing qualities of food. The N.A.S. report says, "a roentgen is a measure of the ability of radiation to knock electrons out of air molecules." In other words, to ionize atoms or leave them charged with electricity.

All roentgens are destructive. They shorten life, can give you cancer. Even the roentgens you can count on your two hands, if they reach your gonads, or reproductive organs, should be reckoned with because they can harm your descendants.

* 4.3 roentgens is the total amount of natural radiation we've always received from cosmic rays, minerals in the earth, and from each other.

* 3.0 roentgens from dental X-rays, medical X-rays, fluoroscopes.

* .02 to .5 roentgens is what we get from dust stirred up by testing of A and H bombs. It may or may not increase in the future.

* 3.5 roentgens is what we get by age thirty from man-made sources.

* Ten roentgens is the limit we should receive by age thirty from man-made sources of radiation.

Today man has begun to tamper with nature. Radiation from diverse sources, wrist watches, TV sets, possible industrial radiation, all flow into our bodies, adding up inside us. Thus, we must understand that...

CUMULATIVE IS THE KEY WORD IN UNDERSTANDING THE NEW PERIL.

As you know, the word itself means accumulation: successive addition of something to the whole. Both the British and American reports on the peacetime hazards of radiation stated in no uncertain terms that the evil effects of roentgens on us is cumulative. A little or a large amount, every bit of a roentgen counts against you. It is as if you were depositing, into the savings bank of your body, small and large denominations of the currency of your own destruction.

Had scientists not learned how to unleash neutrons, protons and electrons on the world, we would not have the concern about the amount

of X-ray radiation we receive loom-
ing so large on the roentgen horizon.
The rays which come from X-ray
machines, we know, are the same
kind of rays which come from radio-
active materials. Today, we must
reckon with X-ray-like radiation
from the radioactive dust particles
which fall out of the sky as a result
of A and H bomb tests. Radioactive
isotopes used in hospitals and fac-
tories are a factor. Cyclotrons, atomic

industrial plants, atomic waste, ra-
dioactive substances, are part of
today's atomic civilization.

With the number of roentgens we
are now absorbing, we must take
stock. The problem is not the same
as it would be with fire. When you
heal a burn, it is done with. Not
radiation. As the N.A.S. genetic re-
port says, "The total dose of radia-
tion received by a person over his
reproductive life is what counts."

THIS
SYMBOL
MEANS
DANGER

You will notice scattered through the illustrations in this report, a strange new device. You have probably never seen it before unless you work in a place where there are radioactive substances, isotopes, X-rays, or the like. Know it well. It should mean as much, if not more to you, as the death's head with crossed bones means to you now.

It means radiation is present! Beware! Danger!

The dot symbolizes the atom; the three larger propeller-like spots are the alpha, beta, and gamma rays, the powerful rays that emanate from an agitated atom. This sign has the same meaning to the initiated all over the world. In a sense, we are holding aloft this three-pronged danger symbol to help you find a safe route through the fabulous and fantastic second half of the twentieth century—the age of science.

CONTINUED

11

10

## WHAT IS THE PERIL TO YOU?

PERHAPS it is unreasonable to ask that you heed a warning about something you can't see or taste or smell or hear or feel. Feel is important to a man's survival. You've learned to depend on your senses—especially the ability to feel—to survive in a world full of dangers.

To help you understand the new danger, imagine that you were in an area swept by radiation of two or three hundred roentgens. So far only those near atomic bomb blasts have experienced this amount. At first

you'd feel dusty and dry. Within a few hours, according to the N.A.S. report, you'd vomit intensely and have diarrhea.

In a few days, the cells lining your intestine would fail to replace themselves. The results: loss of fluid and salts, ulcerations, spread of infection, and bleeding.

Then comes atrophy or a wasting away of your body. The growth of one's bones and its connecting cartilage is affected. Your lungs become congested. Secretions increase. An

excess of fibrous connective tissue appears in your body. Your thyroid does not secrete properly. Cataracts may develop on the lenses of your eyes.

Your sex gonads (that is, the testes in the man or the ovaries in the woman) may be affected so as to render you sterile for a period. Your central nervous system would probably be affected so that you would lose co-ordination. Your nerves would be over-stimulated.

Your blood supply becomes deficient. You suffer loss of hair and when and if it grows back it will be white. You can get cancer most anywhere in your body. The most likely type of cancer you can get from repeated heavy doses of roentgens is cancer of the blood (leukemia). In this case, the white corpuscles of your blood increase so rapidly as to cause death.

How does it feel to get 500 roentgens? The first sensation of an exposure of 500 roentgens of gamma rays, according to the report of the British Medical Research Council, would be one "of nausea developing suddenly, soon followed by vomiting and sometimes by diarrhea.

"In some people, these symptoms develop within half an hour of exposure; in others they may not appear for several hours. Usually the symptoms disappear after two or three days. In a small proportion of cases, however, the symptoms persist; vomiting and diarrhea increase in intensity; exhaustion, fever, and perhaps delirium follow; and death may occur a week or so after exposure.

"Those who recover from the phase of sickness and diarrhea may feel fairly well, although examination of

the blood will reveal a fall in the number of white cells. Between the second and fourth weeks, however, a new series of ailments, preceded by gradually increasing malaise, will appear in some of those exposed. The first sign of these developments is likely to be partial or complete loss of hair. Then, from about the third week onwards, small hemorrhages will be noticed in skin and in the mucous membranes of the mouth. At the same time, ulcerations will develop in the mouth and throat, and similar ulcerations occurring in the bowels will cause a renewal of the diarrhea. Soon, the patient will be gravely ill.

"At this stage, the number of red cells in the blood is below normal, and this anaemia will increase progressively until the fourth or fifth week after exposure. The fall in the number of white blood cells, noted in the first two days after exposure, will have progressed during the intervening symptomless period, and will by now be reaching its full extent. The changes in the blood count seriously impair the ability to combat infection. Many of those affected die at this stage and, in those who survive, recovery may be slow and convalescence prolonged; even when recovery appears to be established, death may occur suddenly from an infection which in a healthy person would have trivial results.

Remember that this is the extreme end result of a powerful dosage of roentgens which only those exposed to atomic blasts or laboratory accidents have received. A knowledge of the physical devastation caused by 500 roentgens makes it easier for the layman to comprehend the dangers of smaller dosages.

CONTINUED

13

12

## WHAT IS THE PERIL TO YOUR

Each of us is all the sums he has not counted. . . . The seed of our destruction will blossom in the desert, the alexin of our cure grows by a mountain rock, and our lives are haunted by a Georgia slattern, because a London cutpurse went unhung.

WHEN THOMAS WOLFE wrote this in *Look Homeward Angel*, the time had not come when an H-bomb bursting on the sands of the Nevada desert could cause the birth of a deformed baby girl a hundred years from now in Texas.

You shall see begin in Crete four thousand years ago the love that ended yesterday in Texas.

Today, world-renowned scientists tell us, in effect, that dust stirred up by an explosion in a Nevada desert can make monsters out of our yet unborn children and children's children. For example, we are told by a member of the N.A.S. committee who wrote the U.S. report that 50 to 100 roentgens delivered to a mother carrying an early pregnancy "can give rise to permanent abnormalities to her baby such as the condition of small head or microcephaly, resulting in defective intelligence." The quote is from a scientific paper by Dr. Muller.

Whenever you get a dosage of roentgens, there is damage to cells in your body. The genes in the cells, thus damaged, can result in your

grandchildren or other descendants having cells that produce cancer in the body cells or cancer in the blood cells (leukemia).

A small number of these so-called mutations, caused by roentgen damaged genes, cause offspring to be monstrosities. Sometimes, the damage to our descendants will be, Muller says, "a greater than average tendency to rheumatism or gastric ulcers or high blood pressure . . . or a higher requirement for some vitamin or a slightly lowered I.Q."

"A tragic and tangible part of the (roentgen) damage occurs," says Dr. Warren Weaver, chairman of the N.A.S. committee that drafted the reports section dealing with genetics (heredity), "when children are born with serious handicaps. These may involve cases of subnormal mentality or youngsters born without the proper complement of arms or legs." There can be "a very serious rearrangement of the nervous system which might mean an epileptic child or there may be defects in hearing or sight." A child might be born seemingly normal and later develop some serious defect.

In other words, damage from roentgen exposure is delayed both in its effects on you, on your children, and your children's children. Contrary to some popular belief, we will never get a super race of human beings through mutations the way

14

## DESCENDANTS?

we get fat ears of corn or fowl with lots of breast meat. Working with mutations in grains, a Swedish scientist found that 699 changed or mutant genes out of 700 changed for the worse.

A Yale professor of physics, Franklin Hutchinson, has stated that the effects on our descendants from H-bomb radioactive dust fallout "will be showing up for thousands of years to come." The effects, he said, "might be a heart defect which would cause the death of a child, or perhaps a deformity such as con-

genital deafness, or perhaps only an increased susceptibility to the common cold."

Because dwarf babies, babies with hemophilia (bleeding to death), and babies with phenylketonuria (severe mental deficiency) are caused by a single damaged or mutant gene, their frequency would increase. Mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and manic depressive reaction may increase among our descendants.

In calculating the damage to our future offspring from the roentgens we're getting today, we must remember again that the total cumulative amount in our lifetime (up to the time we stop having children) is what counts. Every fraction of a roentgen we get adds to the danger. Scientists tell us that in order to reduce the peril to our children, and our children's children, we should keep the total radiation we receive *down to the absolute minimum*.

In order not to seriously damage our race, scientists in both England and the United States feel that the largest amount of radiation a person should have received by the time he is thirty is ten roentgens above what he normally receives.

This does not mean one might as well use up his quota. All radiation damages you and your genes; so, in the words of the N.A.S. report, it should be kept to "the lowest practicable level."

CONTINUED

### WHAT IS A GENE?

Genes are tiny thread-like particles in the male or the female chromosomes which in turn make up the eggs in the female's sex gland or the spermatozoa in the male's sex organ. These machines are in our bodies and are known as gonads. The especially startling knowledge we have today about roentgen damage to us relates to the fact that scientists have learned that every bit of a roentgen, from whatever source, damages some of the genes in our bodies. The scientists speak of this as genetic damage. Some of them say that today we are poisoning our future generations. The technical name for the damage is mutation. The more damaged genes, the more mutations. The more mutations, the more the human race is harmed.

15

EVERY TIME
YOU GET
AN X-RAY
YOU'RE ADDING
ROENTGENS
TO YOUR
CUMULATIVE
DOSAGE

OPERATORS of the early X-ray machines sacrificed their lives to the development of this great medical tool. Their fingers would drop off one by one. They became sterile. And, finally, they would die either from a wasting away of their bodies or from cancer of the blood. In time, lead aprons, lead glass windows, and other shields helped protect them.

Even today a man who works with radiation equipment dies at the average age of sixty, five years less than the sixty-five years of life you can expect to enjoy. The proportion

of radiologists who die from cancer of the blood is nine times greater than it is for doctors who do not work with radiation.

The inventor of X-ray was William Konrad Roentgen, a German physicist. Scientists honored him by using his name to describe a standard unit of radiation.

Because of the additional sources of man-made radiation in existence today, because X-ray is so large an item in our roentgen intake, and because all dosages of roentgens are cumulative, we are printing the latest tables giving the amount of roentgen dosages delivered by all types of X-ray. Note: Scientists agree that shoe X-ray, or Xraying an unborn baby are both *unnecessary* and *dangerous*.

CHECK TOTAL ROENTGEN DOSAGE
FROM X-RAY WITH THIS TABLE

According to Dr. Joe W. Howland of the Medical Division of the Rochester Atomic Energy Project and the Department of Radiation Biology of the Rochester School of Medicine, here are the roentgens you receive from a variety of single routine X-ray diagnostic procedures:

<table><tr><td>Chest, 14 by 17</td><td>0.1 r</td></tr><tr><td>Chest, fluoroscopy</td><td>1.0 r</td></tr><tr><td>Pregnancy, lateral</td><td>9.0 r</td></tr><tr><td>Gastrointestinal series</td><td>4 to 50 r</td></tr><tr><td>Dental film</td><td>1 to 4 r</td></tr><tr><td>Fluoroscopy</td><td>10 to 20 r per minute</td></tr><tr><td>Shoe-fitting</td><td>1 to 2 r per five-second exposure</td></tr></table>

The British M.R.C. report has calculated the amount of roentgens which go directly to your sex gonads. Because only a fraction of a body X-ray reaches the gonads, the dosages in the chart are in milli-roentgens (1/1,000 of a roentgen each).

Table of Dosages

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th colspan="3">Dose (mr) received by the gonads</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>Male</th><th>Female</th><th>Foetal</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Head</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.2</td></tr><tr><td>Teeth</td><td>4.75</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.8</td></tr><tr><td>Shoulder</td><td>0.22</td><td>0.03</td><td>0.03</td></tr><tr><td>Arm, hand</td><td>0.26</td><td>0.05</td><td>0.05</td></tr><tr><td>Rib, sternum</td><td>0.48</td><td>0.16</td><td>0.16</td></tr><tr><td>Chest—large film</td><td>0.36</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.07</td></tr><tr><td>Barium swallow, meal</td><td>20</td><td>9</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Abdomen</td><td>69</td><td>200</td><td>580</td></tr><tr><td>Pyelogram</td><td>486</td><td>1,290</td><td>3,210</td></tr><tr><td>Bladder</td><td>279</td><td>690</td><td>2,610</td></tr><tr><td>Pelvis</td><td>1,100</td><td>210</td><td>800</td></tr><tr><td>Hip, femur</td><td>710</td><td>210</td><td>800</td></tr><tr><td>Leg, foot</td><td>3.5</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.6</td></tr><tr><td>Spine—Cervical</td><td>1.74</td><td>0.18</td><td>0.18</td></tr><tr><td>"—thoracic</td><td>22</td><td>15</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>"—lumbar</td><td>129</td><td>713</td><td>713</td></tr><tr><td>Lumbosacral joint</td><td>22</td><td>220</td><td>1,540</td></tr><tr><td>Sacro-iliac joint</td><td>129</td><td>713</td><td>2,700</td></tr><tr><td>Pelvimetry</td><td>—</td><td>1,280</td><td>2,680</td></tr></tbody></table>

CONTINUED

17

# YOU'RE GETTING ROENTGENS

in the air you breathe

SCIENTISTS have compared the planet earth to other planets. They are able to tell us that, of all planets, the earth is the most pleasant place to live in our great interstellar universe. Cosmic or terrestrial radiation rains down on us day and night, but it is filtered by the earth's atmosphere so that it has done us little noticeable harm. There are radioactive substances in the earth that also expose us to roentgens of radiation. But they, too, are not so prevalent or virulent as to do us harm. There are even substances in man's body that give radiation to himself and to his fellows when he stands next to them.

But for the last half century man has been releasing added forces of radiation into the world by using

radioactive paint which glows magically in the dark, by taking X-ray pictures, by using cathode ray tubes for television pictures, by subjecting his body to scores of things that pour roentgens into his body. Slowly and steadily he has gone on adding fractions of roentgens to the total dosage accumulating in his body.

Scientists the world over knew the day after the bomb dropped on Hiroshima that more was involved here than a new powerful explosive capable of wiping out cities instead of just city blocks. Since then the slow and painful realization has been dawning on you and me that even the testing of these new explosives sets evil abroad. The dust and debris kicked up by these explosions spread roentgens of radiation far and wide across the entire face of the earth.

Like bad pennies, radioactive dust particles always turn up somewhere. Like old soldiers, they never seem to

the water you drink, wash in

die. They continue to give off roentgens for centuries. Strontium 90, for example, is one of the elements most frequently spread by bomb testing.

It tends to make deposits in the bones of men and animals. Its virulence is high because it has a comparatively short halflife. As one scientist jokingly described it, "a short life but a merry one." After it "falls out" on the earth it lands on grass in pastures. Cows eat the grass. The strontium turns up in the milk the cows give. Babies drink the milk.

the food you eat

The strontium lodges in their bones. Eventually, it may help give them cancer.

Radioactive dust particles drop into the sea, the rivers, the lakes, the springs. This radioactivity is never dissipated. Sometimes it collects in one place. Already, the British have dumped contaminated water into the Irish Sea. It may collect in fish as it did in the tuna fish caught in the Marshall Islands during the bomb testing.

In general, radioactive dust particles are unpredictable. Following the

Nevada bomb tests in 1955, for example, the amount of radioactive dust particles which fell on Albany and Troy in New York was greater than the amount which fell on some communities within only 200 miles of the actual bomb explosion at the opposite end of the country.

the earth you tread

the television tube you watch

CONTINUED

19

18

HOW SCIENTISTS KNOW
THIS IS A CLEAR
AND PRESENT DANGER

SCIENTISTS have inadvertently been using human beings as guinea pigs in learning how radiation affects the bodies and genes of men. For a half century man-made roentgens have been causing man's flesh, as the poet said, "to rot inwardly, the foul contagion to spread."

The miners of Joachismthal and Schneeberg. For many years men engaged in extracting pitchblend from these German mines were inhaling a strange gas called radon. Most of them died of what was called locally "mountain sickness." Today scientists know that their illness was lung

cancer. Investigations indicate that "up to 1939 nearly one-half of the miners who died had contracted lung-cancer." Radon, it was learned, is a radioactive gas. Its cumulative dose during 17 years equals about 1,000 roentgens.

The luminous watch and clock dial painters. In 1925, men and women employed in New Jersey factories painting dials were getting tumors, cancer of the bone and developing "cystic and necrotic changes in the bones which might cause rheumatic pains or fractures." Investigation showed that they were

getting into their systems traces of radioactive substances used in the paint, by putting their brushes in their mouths to tip them.

Early operators of X-ray machines. Unknowingly, these early radiation martyrs used their own hands to check intensity of X-ray pictures on their fluoroscopes. At first they got "radiation dermatitis," then cancer sores on their hands, forearms, and faces. By 1911, no fewer than 54 cases of radiologists with cancer had been recorded.

Peacetime survivors of bomb testing. As a result of miscalculations during the atom bomb tests in the Marshall Islands in the spring of 1954, some 139 natives and 90 American task force personnel received excessive doses of radiation. Most of them showed such symptoms as vomiting and a rise in white blood corpuscle count. Scientists are checking to see how many develop cancer. Twenty-three Japanese fishermen strayed from their course. They noticed fine dust settling on them. Some vomited, others were noticeably ill. The fishermen had a load of tuna fish aboard which was

sold in the Japanese market before it was learned that it had been "contaminated" by radiation. It precipitated an international incident.

Animals and plants. The A.E.C. has been conducting experiments on the Drosophila fruit fly to determine the effects of radiation on offspring. It is reasonably established that even a minute fraction of a roentgen damages genes which cause mutations. However, it has been noted that giving radiation to mice causes 15 times as many mutations than it does among fruit flies. Figures based on the A.E.C.'s fruit fly experiments may underestimate the extent of the danger to the human race.

Recently, Dr. Warren Weaver, of the N.A.S. and the Rockefeller Foundation, was asked if the knowledge gained from studies of the effects of roentgens on human beings had helped scientists formulate statements in the N.A.S. report. "We think rather," he replied, "that what we learned about the effects of radiation on human beings helped confirm facts and theories we had long been reasonably sure of as a result of our studies with plants and animals."

20

CONTINUED

21

## WHAT YOU AS A CITIZEN CAN DO ABOUT ALL THIS

You, as an American citizen and a member of the human race, can decide whether we control the new radiation fire, whether we use it for good or evil, bad or worse. How? Obviously, your first step is to keep yourself fully informed.

Check your state health department to find out if they are keeping legislatively abreast of the new developments in the field of ionizing radiation.

Write to your representatives in the House and Senate and tell them you are interested in being kept informed as to what they are doing to safeguard you and your descendants from peacetime radiation hazards. Write the Atomic Energy Commission (in Washington or at their branch office in your community) and tell them your views on the handling of bomb testing. Governmental agencies are your servants. They are accountable to you.

In fact, the House Government Information subcommittee recently voiced concern about governmental officials who "have a growing tendency to forget that in a democracy it is up to the people to make final decisions. . . . This psychosis persists to the point where some government officials decide what is good for the public to know . . . an attitude which says that we, the officials,

not you, the people, will determine how much you are to be told about your own government.”

The United Nations is preparing a report on radiation hazards throughout the world.

Keep informed. Only an informed citizen can make wise decisions.

On the opposite page, PAGEANT has prepared a chart that gives a broad picture of the precautions 43 states have taken to control the roentgen radiation hazard. Some of the states already have regulations enforced (symbol E on chart) and have issued a Federal government brochure, describing protective measures in the medical and industrial uses of radiation. (There is state supervision, and periodic checks are made.) Some states have as yet no regulations (see N on chart).

Other states have programs that have not been put into practice yet. These are bills that must be passed by legislation (see chart). The other states give aid only upon request, and only in the form of recommendations (see R on chart) that may or may not be followed. These are seldom supervised.

The fluoroscopic shoe-fitters are carefully handled in almost every state. Warning signs are displayed before the public, and the salesmen who use the machines are cautioned.

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<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">STATE</th><th colspan="3">MEDICAL</th><th colspan="3">INDUSTRIAL</th><th rowspan="2">NOTE</th></tr><tr><th>FLUOROSCOPIC SHOE-FITTERS</th><th>EQUIPMENT SAFETY STANDARDS</th><th>PERSONNEL DOSAGE LIMITS</th><th>EQUIPMENT SAFETY STANDARDS</th><th>PERSONNEL DOSAGE LIMITS</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7"><strong>New buildings only</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Ala.</td><td></td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td></td><td>N</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ariz.</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ark.</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calif.</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Colo.</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Conn.</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Del.</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fla.</td><td></td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ga.</td><td></td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Idaho</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ill.</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ind.</td><td>E</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iowa</td><td></td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kan.</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ky.</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>La.</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Maine</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Md.</td><td></td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mass.</td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mich.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Minn.</td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Miss.</td><td></td><td>R</td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mo.</td><td></td><td>R</td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mont.</td><td>None</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neb.</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nev.</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N. H.</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N. J.</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N. M.</td><td>None in use</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N. Y.</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N. C.</td><td>R</td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>N. D.</td><td></td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ohio</td><td></td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Okla.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ore.</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pa.</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R. I.</td><td>None in use</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>S. C.</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>S. D.</td><td></td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tenn.</td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Texas</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Utah</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vt.</td><td>E</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>N</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Va.</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wash.</td><td></td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>W. Va.</td><td></td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wis.</td><td></td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wyo.</td><td>E</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>R</td><td>E</td><td>E</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

R—Recommendations made, usually upon request

E—Regulations enforced

N—No regulations

CONTINUED
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