March 14, 1956

Mr. Lincoln Gordon
The Business School

Dear Lincoln:

It was very good of you to attend the meeting of the Confluence advisory board. I found the discussions extremely helpful. In two weeks' time I shall send you the minutes of the meeting.

The primary assistance we need right now, in addition to suggestions for increasing circulation which are always welcome, is suggestions for possible topics or proposals of authors. Many of the topics in Confluence have been originated in this office and it is inevitable that we will run dry. I would therefore be very grateful to you if you could suggest topics worthy of exploration in Confluence. It would also be of great help if you could suggest possible authors: people whose writing you have found interesting both in general and on the specific topics we plan.

The next topic we are planning concerns the function of education in the present time. Specifically, it has seemed to us that one very important clue to various systems of value, of tradition and of social purpose can be found in the concepts of the role of education held by different peoples. How do they conceive of the problem of education? What importance is given to the family, the church and the university and other like institutions in this respect? How do non-Europeans conceive the role of the Western type university established in their midst? What changes are occurring in European universities? Are they in some significant way adjusting to the new position of Europe in the world? What does the university prepare the young man for - a profession, political leadership, a position as a technician, or capacity to get on with others of different cultures? What influence do universities and other schools have on modifying the habits of a people, and throwing into question certain traditional cultural beliefs. In short, what is the impact of education on religious belief, political behavior, and cultural values generally?

As usual, we would like to have representatives from various disciplines and from various political points of view to write on this topic. I would be very grateful for your suggestions.

November 15, 1956

Mr. Lincoln Gordon
Morgan 330
Harvard Business School

Dear Lincoln:

We are now beginning to make plans for our next two topics, and I would very much appreciate any advice and comments you may have. It would also be of great help if you could suggest possible authors for both these topics.

It seems to us that our next topic might well deal with problems of foreign policy, particularly with the changed nature of international relations, now that the Soviet threat seems to have taken different forms. Perhaps for the past ten years our pattern of thinking, both in foreign policy and domestically, has been shaped by the existence of the cold war. The question to which we might address ourselves is, what impact the cold war has had on our pattern of thinking, and what modes of action are possible for us now that this threat is no longer so explicit.

Another topic we might consider is the impact and the role of the media of mass communication. Specifically, their effect on our standards of culture, of education, and on our conduct of political life.

Any suggestions you may have with respect to these topics and to possible contributors would be very much appreciated.

Kind regards.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

GEORGE F. BAKER FOUNDATION

LINCOLN GORDON
William Ziegler Professor of
International Economic Relations

SOLDIERS FIELD
BOSTON 63, MASSACHUSETTS

January 18, 1957

Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, Editor
Confluence
Harvard University
10 Weld Hall
Cambridge 38, Massachusetts

Dear Henry:

I have been trying to think of possible contributors to *Confluence* for your quite intriguing proposed topic on impressions of the Soviet bloc and China. You must already have considered Merle Fainsod. Calvin Hoover has written some impressions in the last *Foreign Affairs*, and might produce some additional ones of some interest. Although I have not seen him, I understand that Eric Johnston had an extraordinarily interesting trip in the satellites this last autumn, including a stay in Warsaw at the height of the transfer of power there. I don't know whether anyone was with him, but if he or an associate could be prevailed to write about this trip, it should be most enlightening.

A related suggestion of a slightly different character would be to ask Victor Weisskopf of M.I.T. to give his impressions of the Soviet and satellite scientists he saw at the Geneva Atomic Energy Conference in 1955. Some of these were his former students, and he had insights of unusual interest.

If further thoughts occur to me, I shall pass them on.

LG/wan

September 5, 1957

Dear Line:

I hope my New York office has finally given you formal permission
to reprint your article. Please believe that I was not happy about the
situation.

I am writing to ask your advice regarding possible contributors
on two topics we are now planning for Confluence. The first topic concerns
the general problem of the city. I think it is becoming quite evident
that in all industrialized countries, and probably in the underdeveloped
countries as well, the mushrooming of the cities without a clear plan is
raising a whole host of problems - from aesthetics to juvenile delinquency,
from housing to communal living. I would like to get a series of articles
dealing with one or more of these topics and trying to set the problem of
the city into our general social context. Can you suggest any contributors,
both from here and abroad?

The second topic concerns the problem of organized labor, or
abroad, of the socialist parties. It seems to me that labor movements
all over the world may soon face a major crisis because of their very
successes. In the more industrialized countries there now exists, or
will soon exist, a social climate in which labor will achieve automati-
cally many of the things which seemed utopian a century ago. What then
becomes of the labor movements or socialist parties? What goals can
they set themselves to challenge young people to devote a life-time to
their service? Is it possible, as some of their critics maintain, that
in order to keep up the momentum of their achievement they may be tempted
into measures which must unleash an inflationary spiral? I would not
expect the author to deal with all these sub-topics, but to pick one or
two of these questions and focus on them. Whom would you suggest?

Best regards.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

GEORGE F. BAKER FOUNDATION

January 15, 1958

Dr. Henry A. Kissinger
Center for International Affairs
Littauer 125
Cambridge 38, Massachusetts

Dear Henry:

I am much obliged to you for sending me a copy of the
Rockefeller Brothers military panel report. I have read it care-
fully and with great interest. It seems to me to make a substan-
tial contribution to the attitude-changing process, and to most of
it I would heartily subscribe.

It would hardly be sensible to make detailed comments or
criticisms after publication. It does seem to me that the document
might have had considerably greater impact if sharpened on a number
of critical points. There is a certain omnium gatherum quality
about it, in the sense that it lists so many desirable measures
without giving much guidance on priority or relative cost-effectiveness
ratios. As examples, there are two references to industrial dispersion,
which could be quite costly and of very dubious utility; more immedi-
ately important is the endorsement of SAC dispersion which is certainly
very costly without promising significant improvements in invulnerable
retaliatory capacity.

There are a number of other minor or not so minor points
which I found troublesome, e.g., the straight Teller line on bomb
testing without reference to the fourth country problem, and the
very Delphic comments on the problem of nonovert aggression.

As to the points with most direct bearing on immediate
action, military reorganization and the expenditure level, I believe
that both could have benefited by greater sharpness of presentation.
On the first, the central purpose is obviously sound and the proposal
an ingenious compromise, but it raises all kinds of questions on the
continuing role of the three services and of the JCS. Does it really
make sense to have men selected and trained and materiel provided on
a "means of transportation" basis when that basis is rejected as obso-
lete for both strategic planning and operational command?

Dr. Henry A. Kissinger

On the budget, the press obviously misunderstood the recommen-
dations until Nelson's supplementary exposition the other day. I do
not myself see any ambiguity in the language you used, but it did seem
to me rather fainthearted not to say that this implied an increase of
military expenditures from $38 billion this year to almost $55 billion
five years hence, that this together with reasonable estimates of other
security expenditures would still be in the neighborhood of only 15%
of GNP, that this is a substantially smaller fraction than what the
Russians set aside from a much smaller per capita GNP, that the amounts
left over for consumption and peaceful investment are still munificent
by the standards of any other country at any other time, and that with
proper tax measures this can be taken in stride without authoritarian
controls or other seriously objectionable measures. Perhaps some of
this will be said in Panel IV's report, but the time to have said it
publicly was now.

Please do not misunderstand these comments to imply a gener-
ally unfavorable reaction. On the contrary, I feel that the report is
very good indeed, and it is perhaps unrealistic to suppose that any
collective product could have been even better.

May I at this same time apologize for my failure to answer
various inquiries from you in your capacity as Editor of Confluence.
In each case, I have set them aside hoping for bright ideas which
have not come or have perhaps come too late. If you will let me
know which inquiries are still current, I shall try to be more helpful.

I do indeed hope that you will now be able to be with us more
constantly, and look forward to that development.

LG/wan

February 13, 1958

Mr. Lincoln Gordon
Graduate School of Business Administration
Soldiers Field
Boston 63, Massachusetts

Dear Linc:

In your letter of January 15th you asked which
of the *Confluence* topics are still current. I would like
very much to have your suggestions for the topic on labor
and socialism. The descriptive paragraph on it was: "It
seems to me that labor movements all over the world may
soon face a major crisis because of their very successes.
In the more industrialized countries there now exists,
or will soon exist, a social climate in which labor will
achieve automatically many of the things which seemed
utopian a century ago. What then becomes of the labor
movements or socialist parties? What goals can they set
themselves to challenge young people to devote a life-
time to their service? Is it possible, as some of their
critics maintain, that in order to keep up the momentum
of their achievement they may be tempted into measures
which must unleash an inflationary spiral?"

Whom would you suggest?

I look forward to seeing you.

P.S. I very much appreciated your comments on the military
report. I always have meant to call you and then found myself
starting another merry-go-round. I am going to be away much
of this week but perhaps we could have lunch during the coming
week to talk over the Defense Studies Program. It looks as if
the Ford Foundation will make an interim grant of a year.

COPY FROM THE OFFICE OF
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
HARVARD UNIVERSITY

July 2, 1958

Mr. Stacy May
International Basic Economy Corporation
30 Rockefeller Plaza
New York 20, New York

Dear Stacy:

I have been trying to find time for some weeks to write you concerning the RBF Panel III Report's statistical material, in which I understand you played a leading part.

As you know, I was sufficiently unhappy with the report as a whole, even in its much-improved final draft, to have my name withdrawn from the panel membership. The reasons for this were primarily of substance and procedure, and I will not try to restate them here at any length. Basically, however, I felt that the substance of the analysis and recommendations did not at all match the tone of the introduction and conclusion, with its many references to clarity of vision, urgently needed structural reforms, boldness and imagination. The virtual blanket endorsement of regionalism seemed to me especially unsound. In the Middle East and Asia, I can see more problems being created out of a regional approach than would be solved. In Europe, although regionalism has an important constructive part to play, it makes a great deal of difference whether the "region" is "Big Europe" or "Little Europe," a point on which the report is silent.

In Latin America, I can see a major advantage in one or three common markets in order to permit investment and industrialization on a sensible scale in countries other than Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina; on this point, I agree with the report's reference to seam-bursting on page 65. But the notion of a common market in the Western Hemisphere including the United States seems to me quite infeasible, both because it would retard Latin American development and because we could not discriminate against other regions. The argument that Latin America as a whole could be analogous to Puerto Rico (page 66) seems to me completely unconvincing, and I am sure it

July 8, 1958

Dear Line:

Thank you for sending me a copy of your
letter of July 2nd to Stacy May.

It would be difficult to describe how
painful this whole experience has been for me,
and I do not think it would be possible for me
to go into detail. Suffice it to say that the
procedures to which you object so strongly on
page 2 - and with considerable justification -
were not likely to have been more gentle when
applied to the staff.

Perhaps Milt will tell you some day
some of the things that went on there, and
perhaps you will believe that I have sought to
make my own role constructive.

Now that this experience is behind us,
I hope we can work together again with our
previous cordiality.

With all good wishes.

December 20, 1960

Professor Lincoln Gordon
Morgan Hall
Harvard Business School
Boston, Massachusetts

Dear Linc:

Ernst Van der Beugel, deputy President of KLM and former State Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Royal Netherlands Government, is coming to visit the Center on Friday, January 6th. He will give a seminar at 10:30 a.m. on problems of European integration and this will be followed by a lunch for the Fellows of the Center as well as some faculty members. We would be delighted if you could come to both the seminar and the lunch. Could you let me know?

Kind regards.

SOLDIERS FIELD
BOSTON 63, MASSACHUSETTS
December 28, 1960

Professor Henry A. Kissinger
Harvard University
Center for International
Affairs
6 Divinity Avenue
Cambridge 38, Massachusetts

Dear Henry:

When we met briefly last Friday, and you told
me about the seminar and lunch on Friday, January 6, for
Ernst Van der Beugel, I said that I would certainly like
to come to lunch and hoped if possible to attend the semi-
nar as well. I have now just returned from a Christmas
weekend in New Hampshire, and find that the Ford Founda-
tion has arranged a meeting in New York that day - partly
to take advantage of the fact that I must be in New York
anyway on Wednesday and Thursday of next week. I believe
that this is the third time that Ernst will have been in
Cambridge while I was out of town. Please assure him that
this is fate, and not a deliberate policy on my part.
Also convey him my warmest regards.

With thanks for your kind invitation, and regrets,

LG:1k

Dr. Henry Kissinger

THE FOREIGN SERVICE
OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

American Embassy,
APO 676, c/o Postmaster,
New York, New York,
April 1, 1963.

Dear President Pusey:

Your letter of March 20, concerning the "Sage Project" for
Brazilian University Student Leaders, arrived here in the middle
of last week, simultaneously with my own return from a month in
Washington for the financial discussions with the Brazilian Min-
ister of Finance. (Incidentally, to reach me most promptly cor-
respondence should be addressed at "American Embassy, APO 676,
care of Postmaster, New York, New York.")

Mrs. Sage was quite right to have expected that you would
already have heard from me. At the beginning of my stay in
Washington, I talked with her about the project and undertook to
send you a copy of her report on last year's venture, together
with a letter setting forth my own thinking on Harvard's relation-
ship to it. I began on several occasions to do this, but as you
may have gathered from the press, the last two weeks of my stay
were considerably affected by off-stage political noises, and I
simply could not find time before leaving Washington.

I must confess that I am quite dismayed by what you say in
your letter, and I hope that you may be persuaded to reconsider
the tentative conclusion which you set forth there. I have fol-
lowed the project with close attention and interest since it be-
gan, and my reactions to it are set forth in the letter on page 40
of the enclosed report. This was in no sense a merely formal en-
dorsement; it represents my considered opinion that this program,
because of the care in selection of participants, in arranging the
program itself, and in following up after the group's return, is
the most effective one of its type which I have encountered, either
in Brazil or elsewhere.

In my

President Nathan M. Pusey,
Harvard University,
Cambridge 38, Massachusetts.

- 2 -

In my opinion, if the two-week program at Harvard is properly designed, it does become an educational project in the true sense, and not merely a venture in hospitality and general lecturing. The arrangements last year were not entirely satisfactory, and I agree that they were more akin to a "people-to-people" program than what is contemplated for the coming summer. Learning from this experience, however, the sponsors have developed through consultation with Henry Kissinger and Ben Brown at the Center for International Affairs a much more academic type of program, focused on the study of American political, social, and economic institutions which are of the highest interest to politically active Brazilian university leaders. It is obviously impossible to do in two weeks all that Henry Kissinger's International Seminar has done over the years in six weeks, but the plan as I understand it fits into a very similar academic framework.

There is one other aspect of the intensive experience of this group at Harvard which I consider especially important. This is the opportunity for young Brazilian leaders to learn something of the nature of a truly great modern university. The Brazilian universities are fortunately not in as bad shape as those in Peru or Venezuela, and strenuous efforts are being made to adapt them to the needs of a rapidly modernizing society. Because of the care with which these participants are selected, they are in an especially strong position to help throw the weight of the student movements in Brazil in the direction of the constructive type of university reform which is very badly needed.

While other aspects of the projected tour as a whole do resemble the people-to-people type of experience, therefore, I look upon the two weeks at Harvard as the centerpiece of a true learning process for these young people -- too brief, no doubt, but nonetheless potentially very rewarding.

I feel so strongly about this that I want to register a most earnest plea for a favorable decision even if you continue to entertain doubts as to its full compatibility with the broad purposes of the Harvard Summer School. This is a time of decisive importance in the orientation of young Brazilians and in the political course which this nation will follow for decades to come. I am myself satisfied that the program as now contemplated does fit properly into the broad Harvard framework, but I naturally recognize that on this point your judgment is much better informed than mine. Even if you continue to lean toward the negative on that count, however, I should like to request that the experiment be tried once again this summer, as a matter of national interest. I am

certain

certain

once again this summer, as a matter of national interest. I am
hopeserv. I should like to repeat that the experiment be tried
Even if you continue to learn toward the negative on that count,
on this point your judgment is much better informed than mine.
into the proud Harvard framework, but I naturally recognize that
estimated that the program so now contemplated does fit properly
which this nation will follow for decades to come. I am surest
in the orientation of your Brazilians and in the political course
of the Harvard Summer School. This is a time of decisive importance
together with some of its full compatibility with the proud business
earnest lies for a favorable decision even if you continue to en-
I feel so strongly about this that I want to register a most
fera potentially very rewarding.

process for these young people -- too價t, no doubt, but nonethe-
upon the two weeks at Harvard as the centerpiece of a true learning
ample the people-to-people tube of experience, therefore, I look
While other aspects of the projected tout as a whole do re-
university reform which is very poorly needed.

movements in Brazil in the direction of the constructive tube of
classically strong position to help throw the weight of the sentiment
care with which these participants are selected, they are in an
to the needs of a rapidly modernizing society. Because of the
or Aeneans', and stromnons efforts are being made to adapt them
universities are fortunately not in as bad shape as those in Peru
the nature of a truly great modern university. The Brazilian
the opportunity for young Brazilian leaders to learn something of
Gronb at Harvard which I consider especially important. This is
there is one other aspect of the intensive experience of this

very similar academic framework.
besides in six weeks, but the plan as I understand it fits into a
all that Henry Klaeujer, a International Seminar has done over the
university leaders. It is obviously impressive to go in two weeks
which are of the highest interest to politically active Brazilian
on the study of American political, social, and economic institutions
International Affairs a much more academic tube of program, concerned
conversational with Henry Klaeujer and Ben Brown at the Center for
this experience, however, the abouers have developed through
than what is contemplated for the coming summer. Learning from
agree that they were more skin to a "people-to-people" program
The arrangements last year were not entirely satisfactory, and I
and not merely a venture in hospitality and general lecturing.
designed, it does become an educational project in the true sense,
In my opinion, if the two-week program at Harvard is properly

- 3 -

April 17, 1963

Mr. Lincoln Gordon
United States Ambassador
American Embassy
APO 676, c/o Postmaster
New York, New York

Dear Linc:

Thank you for your letter of April 1st.

I have checked about Mrs. Sage's project
and spoken to Bentinck Smith about it. You
may have learned meanwhile that President
Pusey has decided to give his blessing to
the project.

I look forward to seeing the Brazilian
student leaders up here. As I had already
told Mrs. Sage, I will be happy to do what
I can.

I have been following events in Brazil
with interest and some concern. Don't you
ever need somebody to give lectures down there?
I think of my visit with nostalgia.

Warm regards.

OCT 7 1966

ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE
WASHINGTON

October 4, 1966

Mr. Henry A. Kissinger
Executive Director
Harvard University International Seminar
6 Divinity Avenue
Cambridge 38, Massachusetts

Dear Henry:

I meant to acknowledge some weeks ago your kind note
of August 9 enclosing the letter from Alejandro J. Mejía
written a few days after the revolution in Argentina.

Mejía is quite wrong in supposing that we in the State
Department construed what happened there as a classical
South American military coup, or that we considered Ongania
to be merely another ambitious Latin military dictator. On
the contrary, we were well aware that the inspirers of the
revolution were moved by exactly the kinds of frustrations
and analysis which Mejía set forth. Our doubts concerned
whether remedies for those frustrations would readily be
found merely through the cathartic action of sweeping away
a government and the whole pre-existing constitutional order,
and also whether there were not alternative courses open
within the constitutional system which might have produced a
real forward motion - if not a utopian solution - without
paying the heavy price of another abrupt break in consti-
tutional continuity.

Now that three months have passed, I must say that those
doubts are just as lively as before. It is clear that the
well-intentioned military and civilian leaders of the revol-
ution found it much easier, as is usually the case, to agree
on what they were against than to agree now on what they are
for. The alleged analogy to the Brazilian revolution of 1964

-2-

simply does not hold up, since in that case the pre-existing
regime was deliberately running its own institutions into
the ground. Whatever Illia's failings, he was not acting in
any way like Goulart.

As I said in our brief encounter at Bob Bowie's
swearing-in ceremony, I really do hope that you can give
us some time on your next visit to Washington, either for
lunch or even better, for dinner with us at home, where we
are now more or less properly installed. Please give me
advance notice of your next visit to Washington.

PS. Dictated by Mr. Klaander before his departure for Vietnam.

Henry V. Klaander

Warm regards,

evening, but lunch would be very nice.
know. On my visit to Washington I usually do back to Boston the same
am off to Vietnam, but when I return in about two weeks, I will let you
Thank you for your letter of October 4. As you may know I
Dear Linda:

Washington, D.C.
Department of State
Latin American Affairs
Assistant Secretary of State for
The Honorsble Lincoln Gordon

October 10, 1966

DEPARTMENT OF STATE
WASHINGTON

February 13, 1967

Dr. Henry A. Kissinger
Center for International Affairs
Harvard University
6 Divinity Avenue
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

Dear Dr. Kissinger:

Your note of February 8, 1967 to Mr. Lincoln Gordon was received today. Mr. Gordon is presently on a trip to South America and is not expected back in the office until around the 10th of March. I am writing to let you know that I am holding your note and will call it to his attention upon his return.