have a great potential to spread educational opportunities,
to extend the scope of health services, and to foster
the exchange of ideas. The United States is already
cooperating with other countries to apply this experimental
technology in constructive ways.

In the nearly two decades since the first artificial
satellite, remarkable progress has been made in extending
the reach of law to outer space. The Outer Space
Treaty of 1967 placed outer space beyond national
sovereignty and banned weapons of mass destruction
from earth. The Treaty also established the principle
that the benefits of space exploration and use should be
shared. Supplementary agreements have provided for

- 39 -

the registry of objects placed in space, for liability for
damage caused by their return to earth, and for
international assistance to astronauts in emergencies.

Efforts are underway to develop further international law
governing man's activities on the moon and other celestial
bodies.

and broadcasting
Earth-sensing satellites, and conditions of the use, are a

The United States is prepared to continue to
fresh challenge to international agreement. The United Nations
accelerate these efforts. The United States is working

actively with other members of the UN Committee on
its seized with the issue, and the United States will cooperate actively,
the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, while remaining

We are
committed to the wider exchange of communication

But we must
and ideas, we recognize that there should be the full
consultation among the countries directly concerned.

- 40 -

before broadcasts are undertaken with other countries by
countries with satellite technology, by these few
advanced communication satellites. We believe that
knowledge of the earth gained from space should be
broadly shared among nations and we are prepared to
use our own technology to this end. A whole new
era opens up for the free exchange of ideas and the
fostering of education. The United States stands ready
to engage in a cooperative search for agreed international
rules in all these activities.

Hijacking, Terrorism and War

The modern age has not only given us the benefits
of technology; it has also spawned the new modern
plagues of aircraft hijacking, international terrorism,

NOTE: This is a retyped page 40 which changes the end of the Outer Space section. Last draft could be mis-construed as "threatening" to use our technology, as referring to all knowledge about the earth (including some from non-NASA satellites) and as implying we would accept tight rules when we prefer principles now.

-40-

before international broadcasts are undertaken by advanced communications satellites. While we believe that knowledge of the earth and its environment gained from outer space should be broadly shared, we recognize that this must be accompanied by efforts to ensure that all countries will fully understand the significance of this new knowledge.

The United States stands ready to engage in a cooperative search for agreed international ground rules for these activities.

## Hijacking, Terrorism and War

- 41 -

and new techniques of warfare. The international
affronts to civilization
community cannot ignore these plagues; it must not allow
them to spread their poison; it has a duty to act vigorously to
combat them.

Nations already have legal obligation, recognized
by unanimous resolution of the UN General Assembly,
"to refrain from organizing, instigating, assisting,
participating [or] acquiescing in" terrorist acts.
concluded
Treaties have been made to combat hijacking, sabotage
of aircraft and attacks on diplomats. The majority of
states observe these rules; a minority do not. But events
even in the last few weeks dramatize the present
restraints are inadequate.

- 42 -

The United States is convinced that stronger
international steps must <u>urgently</u> be taken to deny
skyjackers and terrorists a safe haven, to take <u>sanctions</u>
against states which aid them, harbor them or fail to
prosecute or extradite them.

The United States in 1972 proposed to the UN a new
international Convention for the Prevention and Punishment
of Certain Acts of International Terrorism, covering
kidnapping, murder and other brutal acts. This conven-
tion was <u>regrettably</u> not adopted at the cost of innumerable
innocent lives. We urge the United Nations once again
<u>+ adopt</u> to take up this <u>proposal</u> as a matter of the highest priority.

Convention <u>seen and outside the law,</u>
Terrorism, like piracy, must be <u>outlawed and</u>
<u>not</u> similar <u>proposals</u>.

- 43 -

treated ~~as such~~. It discredits any political objective that
it purports to serve and any nations which encourage it.

If all nations deny terrorists a safe haven, terrorist
practices will be ~~discouraged~~ just as the incidence of
skyjacking has declined steeply ~~as a result of multilateral
and bilateral agreements. All nations have a duty to
defend civilized life by supporting such a ~~convention~~ measure.

The struggle to restrain violence by law meets
one of its severest tests in the law of war. Historically
nations have found it possible to observe certain rules
in their conduct of war. This restraint has been extended and
codified especially in the past century. In our time new,
ever more awesome tools of warfare, the bitterness

- 44 -

of ideologies and civil warfare, and weakened bonds of
social cohesion ~~threaten~~ an even more brutal dimension

to human conflict.

Paradoxically, our century has also witnessed a broad
~~universal~~ effort to ameliorate some of these evils

by international agreements, the most recent and

is comprehensive being the four Geneva Conventions of

1949 on the Protection of War Victims.

But the law in action has been less impressive

than the law in the books. ~~The~~ patent deficiencies in

~~can~~ implementation and compliance ~~must~~ no longer be

ignored. Two issues are of paramount concern: First,

greater protection for civilians, and those imprisoned,

- 45 -

missing and wounded in war. And, second, the application
of international standards of humane conduct in civil
wars.

The United States is committed to the principle
that certain fundamental human rights require legal
protection under all circumstances; that some kinds of
individual suffering are intolerable no matter what threat
may face nations in conflict or at war.

An international conference is now underway to
supplement the 1949 Geneva Conventions on the law of
war. We will continue to press for rules which will
prohibit nations from bar a neutral country, or an
international organization such as the International

- 46 -

Committee of the Red Cross, from inspecting its
treatment of prisoners. We strongly support provisions
requiring full accounting for the missing in action.

We will advocate immunity for aircraft evacuating the
wounded. And we will seek agreement on a protocol
which demands the humane conduct during civil war,
and which bans torture, summary execution, and the
other terrible excesses which mar our time.

In an international order based on nation states,
the minimum claim of civilization depends on the general
acceptance that these are issues which transcend
sovereignty or claims of internal security, in conflicts
anywhere or in any country. The American people