February 15, 1962

TO: The Governor

FROM: Roswell B. Perkins

SUBJECT: Civil Rights

Your Niagara Falls speech is, of course, the latest word
on your civil rights position.

Attached, for your information only, and not necessarily
for reading through, is a background paper done last November (when
you were away) on civil rights. This material was useful in checking
out your Niagara speech. On pages 5 - 8 the Kennedy executive actions
are listed.

Sen. Javits' office informs me that he and a bi-partisan
group of strong civil rights proponents are preparing new bills
embodying all those recommendations of the Civil Rights Commission
which were unanimously made. This will be a very impressive package,
and will tend to put the Administration more on the defensive in this
area.

[lc]

November 8, 1961

Barbara Nash

# CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIONS, 1961

## I. SUMMARY

A. President Kennedy has not lived up to his campaign pledge to give priority and support to civil rights legislation this year.

1. After the election, JFK asked Senator Clark and Representative Cellar to draw up civil rights legislation which they subsequently introduced on May 8, 1961.

    ---JFK did not lend his support to these bills.

2. Senator Humphrey introduced 7 bills on March 8, 1961 embodying JFK's campaign proposals.

3. President Kennedy did not back legislation to improve Congressional procedures to safeguard majority rule and to insure passage of civil rights legislation.

4. President Kennedy did request a continuation of the Civil Rights Commission for an indefinite duration of time. (The Commission was due to expire November 9, 1961).

    a. Senator Clark introduced 2 amendments to an appropriations bill to permanently or for 4 years to extend the Commission. Both amendments were tabled.

    b. Senators Mansfield and Dirksen sponsored a two-year extension amendment, which did receive support from the Administration, and was passed and signed into law.

B. The President has avoided conflict with the Southern Democrats in Congress, by not introducing civil rights legislation. Thus, he tried to assure passage of the rest of his legislative program.

    ---JFK defends his actions by saying that present methods of enforcement have not been fully utilized.

2.

C. The President carried out civil rights proposals through Executive Action.

1. JFK has named several Negroes to important Federal posts.

2. JFK established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity on March 6, 1961.

3. Attorney General Robert Kennedy brought action in the fields of school integration, voting, and transportation.

a. Through the efforts of the Attorney General, the ICC on September 22, 1961 banned segregation in buses and at terminals.

b. The Justice Department brought 35 cases against the school segregation.

c. The Justice Department brought 11 cases in voting irregularities.

D. The Civil Rights Commission has issued four volumes of a five volume series on recommendations for action in the fields of voting, education, housing and employment.

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3.

## II. KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION STATEMENTS AND ACTION

### A. Democratic Platform

1. The Democratic Administration will use the full powers provided in the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 to secure for all Americans the right to vote.

2. If these powers, vigorously invoked by a new Attorney General and backed by a Democratic President, prove inadequate, further powers will be sought.

3. We will support whatever action is necessary to eliminate literacy tests and the payment of poll taxes as requirements for voting.

4. A new Democratic Administration will also use its full powers - legal and moral - to ensure the beginning of good-faith compliance with the Constitutional requirement that racial discrimination be ended in public education.

5. We believe that every school district affected by the Supreme Court's school desegregation decision should submit a plan providing for at least first-step compliance by 1963.

6. To facilitate compliance, technical and financial assistance should be given to school districts facing special problems of transition.

7. For this and for the protection of all other Constitutional rights of Americans, the Attorney General should be empowered and directed to file civil injunction suits in Federal courts to prevent the denial of any civil right on grounds of race, color, creed.

8. The new Democratic Administration will support Federal legislation establishing a Fair Employment Practices Commission to secure effectively for everyone the right to equal opportunity for employment.

9. In 1949 the President's Committee on Civil Rights recommended a permanent Commission on Civil Rights. The Democratic Administration will broaden the scope and strength the powers of the present commission and make it permanent.

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10. The Democratic Administration will use its full executive powers to assure equal employment opportunities and to terminate racial segregation throughout Federal services and institutions, and on all Government contracts. The successful desegregation of the armed services took place through such decisive executive action under President Truman.

11. The Democratic Administration will take action to end discrimination in Federal housing programs, including Federally assisted housing.

12. To accomplish these goals will require executive orders, legal actions brought by the Attorney General, legislation, and improved Congressional procedures to safeguard majority rule.

13. We propose a Federal bureau of intergroup relations to help solve problems of discrimination in housing, education, employment, and community opportunities in general. The bureau would assist in the solution of problems arising from the resettlement of immigrants and migrants within our own country, and in resolving religious, social and other tensions where they arise.

14. It will require the leadership of the President of the U.S.

## B. CAMPAIGN SPEECHES

1. In March 1960, just before passage of the 1960 Act, JFK stated his minimum program:

a. the enactment of Part III - eliminated from the civil rights bill of 1957 - giving the Attorney General the power to initiate civil rights suits.

b. full use of the President's power to issue executive orders stating the constitutional objective of equal opportunity and directing all federal agencies accordingly.

c. legislation to make bombings involving racial or religious disputes a federal offense (enacted in the 1960 bill)

d. absolute protection of the right to vote, by referees or by registrars, and the use of voting records, (enacted in 1960, though not as strong a form as most civil rights advocates desire).

2. JFK has endorsed the student sit-in demonstrations for lunch-counter desegregation.

3. JFK pledged that he would give priority to action in the new Congress early next year to civil rights legislation.
(9/2/61)

5.

4. JFK promised to support and work for legislation granting the Attorney General power to initiate civil rights suits.

5. JFK promised to support legislation to provide technical assistance to schools facing special problems while in the process of desegregating. (10/11/61 World Telegram)

6. JFK promised to use the full resources of the Executive agencies - from the Commission on Civil Rights to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare - to explore every means of progress in this field by conference, consultation and technical assistance. (10/11/61 World Telegram)

7. JFK supports the establishment of a Federal fair employment practices commission (10/12/60 World Telegram)

8. JFK would call a series of conferences in the White House and elsewhere to open the way for broad compliance with school desegregation and other civil rights laws.

9. JFK promised to order all Federal agencies to take positive action to eliminate discrimination in housing that received any form of Federal aid. (10/13/60 World Telegram)

### C. Executive Action

1. Named several Negroes to important Federal posts.

2. Vigorous recruitment among Negro colleges for the government service.

3. Cautious comment on the New Orleans school crisis, praising parents, teachers and public officials who were trying to achieve peaceful desegregation. Feb. 25

4. Establishment, on March 6, 1961 of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity.

---Combining the functions of 2 previous committees, it was given much broader enforcement powers.

---The nine largest government contractors have signed detailed agreements to equalize Negro job opportunities.

---Government agencies shown in surveys to have few or no Negro employees are ordered to recruit some, and a general recruiting program is going on at Negro colleges.

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6.

5. Appointment of a Negro, Cecil Poole of San Francisco, as attorney for the district of Northern California.

6. Sent two letters to the National Civil War Commission in behalf of Negro delegates who were being discriminated against by the hotels in Charleston, S.C.

7. Ordered the Justice Department to take all necessary steps to stop the racial strife in Alabama caused by the Freedom Rides.

8. Appointed two members to the Civil Rights Commission on April 19, 1961.

9. Authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to send surplus food to Negroes in Tennessee who have become the victims of economic pressures because they registered to vote.

10. Appointed a special task force on June 22, 1961 to review and advise President on employee-management relations in the Federal Service, with emphasis on JFK's non-discrimination policy.

11. Nominated Merle McGurdy of Cleveland as U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio. McGurdy is the second Negro in history to be named U.S. Attorney.

12. On September 24, 1961 JFK nominated Thurgood Marshall to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

13. On September 28, 1961, the White House announced it was preparing an executive order banning discrimination in federally aided housing.

---Informed officials indicated that JFK would probably issue the order before Congress reconvenes in January.

---The Civil Rights Commission completed a report on discrimination in housing recently, which contained a recommendation for the President to issue an Executive order banning discrimination in housing.

14. A special committee of sub-Cabinet officers was created in the White House to keep up pressure for civil rights and to find new ways of expanding opportunities for Negroes that do not depend on legal sanctions.

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7.

15. The Department of Justice

a. Since January, the Department of Justice has filed 11 cases involving discrimination at the polls.

b. During the summer of 1961, Assistant Attorney General Marshall, head of the Civil Rights Division, and others visited every school district scheduled for desegregation and talked with local officials.

c. The Department made the first Federal move to reopen schools in Prince Edward County, Virginia -- a case not settled to date.

d. The Department played a large role in the precedent-making court order for desegregation of a geographically located school in New Rochelle, New York.

e. Attorney General Robert Kennedy dispatched marshalls to protect the Freedom Riders, and to stop racist agitation and talked to state officials and bus operators.

f. In response to the action of the Freedom Riders, the Attorney General asked the I.C.C. to issue orders against segregation in buses and terminals.

g. In September, a small group from the Department of Justice conferred with operators of the major railroads and airlines serving the South in an effort to convince them to voluntarily agree to desegregate facilities in terminals without court action.

h. On September 23, 1961, Robert Kennedy said that the Department of Justice would cooperate fully in enforcing the new I.C.C. order outlawing segregation in interstate bus travel and terminal buildings. He said the order, issued September 22, 1961, and effective November 1, 1961 was the "most far-reaching administrative action ever taken by the Federal Government in the field of racial discrimination.

i. During the week of October 7, 1961, the Government, as a friend of the court, asked for an injunction against any further prosecutions of Freedom Riders in Mississippi.

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8.

j. The Department of Justice filed a brief in October for the first sit-in cases to reach the Supreme Court from Louisiana and urged the court to reverse the convictions.

16. The State Department

a. The Department is moving to hire more Negroes for the Diplomatic Service (NYT 8/19/61)

b. The Department recommended that the Maryland General Assembly pass a bill banning segregation in all public accommodations throughout the state, in an effort to end racial discrimination against African diplomats along Route 40 in Maryland.

D. Action by Independent Agencies

1. I.C.C.

a. The I.C.C. issued an order, effective November 1, 1961, prohibiting discrimination on interstate buses and in waiting rooms serving these vehicles.

b. Terms of the order were:

(1) Prohibit interstate buses from using terminals whose restaurants, waiting rooms or other facilities are segregated.

(2) Each bus and terminal must display signs saying that bus seats and station facilities are available to travelers without regard to race, creed or national origin.

(3) Under the enforcement procedure, bus operators will be required to report to the commission any interference with their efforts to observe the rules.

(4) If an investigation indicates a need for court action, the case will be referred to the U.S. District Attorney in the area, who may then seek a court order prohibiting a further violation.

(5) Criminal prosecution, which could result in a $100-$500 fine for the first offense and a $200-$500 fine for each later offense, may also be recommended.

9.

## 2. The Civil Rights Commission

a. Has published a series of four reports on voting, education, housing and employment.

(1) The Commission urged unanimously, with two Southern members in the affirmative, that

(a) Congress make every segregated *school district* in the South come forward with a desegregation plan in six months.

(b) Congress cut through the South's subjective literacy tests for voters by declaring 6th grade graduates literate. (Included in the GOP '60 Platform.)

(c) The President issue an Executive Order banning segregation in all Federally-aided housing.

(d) Congress prohibit exclusion or segregation of Negroes by labor unions.

(2) On October 13, 1961 the Commission asked JFK to end segregation in the National Guard, insure equal job opportunities for Negroes on all projects subsidized by Federal grants to states and cities.

b. Agents of the Civil Service Commission across the country are urging Negro high school and college graduates to take examinations for government jobs. To bolster the prospects of qualifying, Negro schools are being asked to add courses in such subjects as bookkeeping and business machine operation.

## E. Administration's Legislative Requests

- President Kennedy asked Congress to make the Civil Rights Commission a permanent Federal Agency on May 29, 1961.

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10.

### III. CONGRESSIONAL ACTION

A. Senator Humphrey introduced seven Civil Rights bills on March 8, 1961 which were co-sponsored by Senators Javits, Keating, Case (N.J.), Scott, Allott and Kuchel. A number of Democrats also co-sponsored the bills.

1. The bills proposed:

a. Barring racial discrimination in carriers and facilities used for interstate travel;

b. Making an attack on a uniformed serviceman a Federal offense;

c. Strengthening criminal civil rights statutes;

d. Making lynching a Federal offense;

e. Extending indefinitely the life of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission;

f. Creation of an "equality of opportunity in employment commission" with broad powers to investigate and prevent discrimination in employment; (This would give statutory authority to the newly established Job Opportunities Committee).

g. Outlawing the poll tax as a voting requirement in elections involving Federal offices (5 states now have poll taxes).

2. No action was taken on the legislation

3. JFK did not support the legislation.

B. On April 19, 1961 Representative Celler introduced a bill to make the Civil Rights Commission a permanent agency - JFK did not support the legislation.

C. Senator Clark and Representative Celler introduced bills on May 8, 1961.

1. JFK requested in January that Senator Clark and Representative Celler draw up civil rights legislation.

- On May 9, 1961 the White House announced it no longer considered civil rights legislation necessary for 1961.

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11.

2. The bills called for:

a. the outlawing of poll taxes and literacy tests. by
   Constitutional amendment;

b. forcing "first step compliance" with school desegregation orders by 1963;

c. authorizing federal civil suits against the denial of
   any civil right;

d. setting up of a Fair Employment Practices Commission
   with broad powers;

e. permanent status to the Civil Rights Commission.

3. No action was taken on the legislation.

4. JFK did not support the legislation.

D. Extension of the Civil Rights Commission. The bill was sponsored by Senators Dirksen and Mansfield.

1. The House passed the bill on June 1, 1961.

2. The Senate passed an amended version on August 31, 1961.

3. House and Senate agreed on September 13, 1961 to the conference report.

*4. The President signed the bill on September 21, 1961.

E. Rule 22 - "Filibuster"

1. The Senate Rules Committee reported out a bill on August 23, 1961, without recommendation, to change Senate rules to make it possible to stop a filibuster with a vote of 3/5 of all Senators voting.

---Present rules require 2/3 of those present and voting to end debate.

2. The Senate voted on September 19 to shut off debate so they could take up the resolution to amend the Senate filibuster rule.

* See Part IV

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13.

V. <u>GOP COMMENTS</u>

A. <u>Senator Javits</u> on January 17, 1961 introduced seven civil rights bills. They were co-sponsored by Senator Humphrey, Senator Keating and others.

- This bill gave broader coverage to the problem than the bills introduced by Senator Humphrey on March 8, 1961 and co-sponsored by Senator Javits and others.

B. <u>Senator Dirksen</u> planned to introduce civil rights legislation in the middle of March, but the legislation was not forthcoming.

C. <u>Senator Keating</u> called upon the President on May 8, 1961 to hold a White House Conference on Civil Rights in the wake of the race riots in Alabama.

- He criticized the Administration for proposing a ban on travel in Alabama and Mississippi.

D. <u>Senator Hugh Scott</u> noted on August 29, 1961, "We know this Administration does not intend to have civil rights legislation acted upon. It feels the Executive Department can handle all these matters. It does not believe in its platform."

E. <u>Senators Javits and Goldwater</u> on ABC's "Issues and Answers" on June 5, 1961 challenged Johnson to visit the South in support of integration. They said this would test his personal allegiance to civil rights. They thought that Johnson's prestige in the South could be employed to "calm some of these violent and strong feelings and make people feel that the law of the land is the law he represents."

F. <u>Senator Javits</u> charged the Kennedy Administration with conducting a campaign of appeasement of the South on Civil Rights legislation in order to gain support for other phases of the President's program.

G. Amendments offered to bill on extension of the Civil Rights Commission:

- <u>Senator Javits</u> introduced an amendment, which was tabled, to authorize the Attorney-General to institute civil suits for injunctive relief on behalf of individuals deprived of any civil rights.

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14.

- Senator Keating offered an amendment, which was tabled, calling for federal financial and technical assistance to states to help them carry out school desegregation.

- Senator Mundt (South Dakota) offered an amendment, which was approved, establishing a maximum salary of $20,500 for any employee of the Civil Rights Commission.

## VI. EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS

The Democratic platform adopted in Los Angeles in July 1960 contained the most far-reaching pledges for legislative and executive civil rights action ever made by a major U.S. political party. Kennedy men at that time hastened to tell newsmen that they were largely responsible for the civil rights planks. During the Presidential campaign, Mr. Kennedy and his aides laid considerable stress on civil rights.

The results of both the Presidential and Congressional elections made it apparent that the pledges would be extremely difficult to implement. Since then, the Administration has been caught between a powerful bloc in Congress that it dare not antagonize by too much civil rights activity and civil rights groups who are anxious to see the platform enacted.

It was apparent that pressure for civil rights legislation might cause losses in other areas the Administration considered important, or more important than civil rights at the present time.

Before the 87th Congress opened, the Administration and its Congressional leaders made one decision: they would not raise civil rights legislation until other "must" bills had been cleared. In the meantime, the emphasis would be on executive action. Subsequent close votes on almost every major JFK request confirmed that there were no votes to spare on the "must" bills. Even a semblance of pressure for civil rights legislation could stiffen the resistance of key Southerners being wooed for other measures, and could cost precious votes.

In the meantime, other civil rights bills were introduced by several Republicans and Democrats in both chambers, and Republicans criticized the Administration for failing to treat civil rights as "priority" legislation.

The President did use his Executive action to carry out civil rights proposals, but he failed to issue an Executive order banning segregation in housing. He reportedly will issue the order before the January 1962 session of Congress.

[L]

15. James Reston supports the Executive Actions carried out by the Department of Justice. On July 19, 1961, he supported the Attorney General's approach to civil rights. Mr. Reston felt that the White House was on the side of Negro rights, after years of Ike's keeping it in the posture of an important arbitration and court enforcement agent.

Many observers feel that the NAACP must now turn to mass social action to win results in the field of civil rights.

## VII. RECOMMEND NAR POSITION

State that the Executive action taken by the Administration has been effective in starting to bring about changes in the field of civil rights.

Criticize the Kennedy Administration for failure to bring about any significant legislation in the field of civil rights.

- JFK did not carry out any of the proposals for legislation made in the Democratic Platform or in campaign speeches.

- JFK did request permanent status for the Civil Rights Commission, but he did not receive support in Congress for this request.

Support the activity of the Civil Rights Commission, which has issued a series of reports on discrimination in voting, housing, employment and education.

- Note that a recommendation made by the Civil Rights Commission in the field of voting was also included in the 1960 GOP Platform.

- It called for the completion of six grades in a state of accredited school as conclusive evidence of literacy for voting purposes.

**Note:** The 6th grade presumption of literacy was an idea introduced into the Platform by then Deputy Atty. Gen. Lawrence E. Walsh. NAR supported this by his support of the Republican Civil Rights plank as a whole. Prior to the Convention, NAR had suggested that the Justice Department should vigorously pursue the remedy provided in the 1960 Act of asking courts to recognize and make findings as to a 'pattern or practice' of depriving any member of a minority of the right to vote -- a step to foster voting registration under new safeguards for those thousands previously denied opportunity to register or vote.

registration under new

per of a minority of the right to vote -- a step to further voting
make findings as to a 'pattern or practice' of depriving any mem-
remedy provided in the 1960 Act of asking courts to recognize and
beated that the Justice Department should vigorously pursue the
Rights blank as a whole. Prior to the Convention, NAR had en-
acted. NAR supported this by his support of the Republican Civil
rights Act. NAR supported this by then Deputy Attorney Gen. Lawrence E.
Note: The 6th grade prescription of literacy was an idea in-
ing purposes.

credited school as conclusive evidence of literacy for not-
ing purposes.

- It called for the completion of six grades in a state of ac-

GOD Platform.

- Note that a recommendation made by the Civil Rights Comma-
  ion in the field of voting was also included in the 1960
- 1960 Platform.

- 1960 Platform, but he did not receive support in Congress for this
  recommendation.

- 1960 Platform, but he did not receive support in Congress for this
  recommendation, but he did not receive support in Congress for the
  Civil Rights Com-
  made in the Democratic Platform or in campaign speeches.
- 1960 Platform, but he did not carry out any of the proposals for legislation
  any significant legislation in the field of civil rights.

criticize the Kennedy Administration for failure to bring about
any significant legislation in the field of civil rights.

ALL RECOMMEND WAR POSITION

and court enforcement agent.

of Ike's keeping it in the posture of an important arbitration
that the White House was on the side of Negro rights, after years
Attorney General's approach to civil rights. Mr. Reason left
the Department of Justice. On July 10, 1961, he supported the
James Reason supports the Executive Action carried out by
12.

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16.

# VIII. SIMILAR PROPOSALS MADE BY THE CIVIL RIGHTS COMMISSION IN 1961 AND INCLUDED IN THE 1960 GOP PLATFORM

## A. Education

### 1. GOP Platform

We will propose legislation to authorize the Attorney General to bring actions for school desegregation in the name of the United States in appropriate cases, as when economic coercion or threat of physical harm is used to deter persons from going to court to establish their rights. (1960 GOP Platform)

**CRC** - Congress should "consider the advisability" of adopting measures to expedite the hearing and final determination of desegregation suits brought in the federal courts. (C.Q. 9/29/61)

### 2. GOP Platform

Our continuing support of the President's proposal, to extend federal aid and technical assistance to schools which in good faith attempted to desegregate. (1960 GOP Platform)

**CRC** - State with all school districts in compliance with the desegregation decision would receive 100% of its entitlements; states where school districts have initiated desegregation would receive 50% plus the same proportion of the remaining 50% as the number of pupils enrolled in desegregated schools to the total number of school children in the state.

- This proposal is similar in principle to the "Powell amendments" offered in the past to cut off aid to segregated districts, but the provision of a 50% base is new.

- Commissioner Rankin dissented from this proposal, saying although it differed from the Powell amendment, he did not "believe that school children should be made to suffer for the errors of their elders." (C.Q. 9/29/61)

17.

3. <u>GOP Platform</u>

We oppose the pretense of fixing a target date 3 years
from now for the mere submission of plans for school de-
segregation. Slow-moving school districts would contrue
it as a three-year moratorium during which progress would
cease, postponing until 1963 the legal process to enforce
compliance. (1960 GOP Platform)

CRC - That Congress enact legislation requiring any local school board which maintains any racially segregated school to file a desegregation plan with a designated federal agency within 6 months, require that the plan call for at least first-step compliance at the beginning of the following school year and complete desegregation as soon as practicable thereafter.
(C.Q. 9/29/61)

B. <u>Employment</u>

1. <u>GOP Platform</u>

Continued support for legislation to establish a Commis-
sion on Equal Job Opportunity to make permanent and to ex-
pand with legislative backing the excellent work being
performed by the President's Committee on Government Con-
tracts. (1960 GOP Platform)

CRC - That Congress grant statutory authority to the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, or establish a similar agency, to encourage and enforce a policy of equal employment opportunity in all Federal employment, both civilian and military, in all employment created or supported by Government contracts and federal grants funds, in all federally assisted training programs, and re-cruitment services, and in labor organizations operating under Government contracts or federal grants-in-aid. (C.Q. 10/13/61)

2. <u>GOP Platform</u>

Appropriate legislation to end the discriminatory member-
ship practices of some labor union locals, unless such
practices are eradicated promptly by the labor unions
themselves. (1960 GOP Platform)

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18.

**CRC** - That Congress amend the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 to include in Title 1 a provision that no labor organization may refuse membership to segregate, or expel any person because of race, color, religion or national origin. (C.Q. 10/13/61)

### 3. **GOP Platform**

Use of the full-scale review of existing state laws, and of prior proposals for federal legislation, to eliminate discrimination in employment now being conducted by the Civil Rights Commission, for guidance in our objective of developing a Federal-State program in the employment area. (1960 GOP Platform)

**CRC** - That either the President or Congress take steps to "reaffirm and strengthen" the policy of the Bureau of Employment Security (under the U.S.E.S.) in its recruitment and placement services, of encouraging merit employment and assisting members of minority groups in obtaining equal employment opportunities. That consideration be given to changing the method of determining federal appropriations to state employment offices from the current criterion of the number of job placements made to criteria that will result in encouraging referral on a nondiscriminatory basis. Also, regulations and policies of state employment offices would be re-examined to insure that they conform to a policy of discouraging employment discrimination and encouraging merit employment. (C.Q. 10/13/61)

### C. **Housing**

**GOP Platform** - Action to prohibit discrimination in housing constructed with the aid of federal subsidies. (1960 GOP Platform)

**CRC** - Proposed the same action, but was more specific in its requests. Also recommended that the President issue an Executive Order banning discrimination in Federally-aided housing. (C.Q. 10/61/61)