Kissinger: No easy answers

Former secretary of state
warns Cornell audience of
Soviet military build-up

By DEBORAH SCHOCH
Journal Staff

The real problem raised by the disarmament issue is "how to avoid war without turning the world over to the most ruthless," Henry A. Kissinger said Saturday at Cornell University.

Speaking as 750,000 people rallied against nuclear war in New York City, the former U.S. secretary of state warned against simplistic solutions to the arms-race threat and said that any arms control negotiations are sure to be complicated.

Only a few picket signs were visible — "Henry Lies, People Die," one read — and heckling was minimal.

The Saturday protesters were probably hearing "very eloquent speeches about the danger of war," Kissinger told more than 2,000 people crammed into Cornell's Bailey Hall.

Yet no one can be for anything other than the necessity of peace, he said. "No one can have any other objective but to avoid nuclear war."

In his hour-long speech, a highlight of Alumni Weekend activities on the Cornell campus, Kissinger discussed East-West relations, Soviet military capacity, the Mideast and the Nixon Administration's policies in Southeast Asia. He offered a bleak vision of a post-Falklands arms race in Latin America, cautioning that the U.S. will face major problems there in the next decade.

Perhaps the best-known American diplomat of the post-war period, Kissinger achieved international fame for his Soviet and Chinese negotiations and his "shuttle diplomacy" in the Mideast. After two decades of teaching at Harvard University, he joined the Nixon Administration and served as secretary of state from 1973 to 1977. His latest volume of memoirs, "Years of Upheaval," generated considerable controversy this spring. He received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize.

His appearance at Cornell was made possible by a grant from the Frank Stanley Beveridge Foundation, under the auspices of the Graduate School of Business and Public Administration.

The Saturday afternoon speech on "The Geopolitical Outlook for the Coming Decade" drew one of the largest audiences in recent memory to the 2,000-seat Bailey auditorium. Some people were turned away; others sat in the aisles or stood six- or eight-deep at the auditorium doors, straining to hear Kissinger's words.

The listeners were largely middle-aged alumni, although some students and local residents attended.

Only a few picket signs were visible. "Henry Lies, People Die," one read — and heckling was minimal.

"Cambodia! Vietnam!" one onlooker screamed from the balcony as Kissinger discussed U.S. policy toward third-world countries. The diplomat paused. "I thought this was one of my Harvard classes," he wisecracked. The audience roared with laughter. At the conclusion of his remarks, he received a standing ovation.

One of his main topics was the Soviet arms build-up since the early 1960s and its effect on East-West relations. The Soviet Union has added four new generations of missiles in that time while the U.S. is just starting its first new land-based missile system, he said. Overall, the Soviets have nearly tripled their military capacity, and America's had stayed relatively still.

Yet Russia's leadership is an aging one, and 65 years of Soviet rule have produced only three changes of leadership, he added. The average age in the Politburo is 75. "And what kind of political system is it that cannot replace its leadership?" Kissinger asked rhetorically. He characterized the Soviet Union as a country that prides itself on great slogans but is run like a feudal court, with stagnation built into the system.

In contrast, the U.S. government is open to change, and the problems it faces are primarily those of

growth, he said. Despite America's shrinking share of the world's gross national product — now 22 percent, down from more than 50 percent in 1952 — we retain the ability to solve our problems, he said. He warned that those protesting the arms race should remember that any scheme for arms reduction "has got to be extraordinarily complex."

"In my view, most of these demonstrations are aimed at the wrong government," Kissinger said. While President Reagan has not always saluted his own foreign-policy track record "with the same admiration that I feel for him," Kissinger said that he believes Reagan, "like all other presidents of the post-war period... is trying to bring the arms race under control."

At a press conference after the speech, Kissinger elaborated on his view that the anti-nuclear demon-

strations may be overly simplistic. "Any time you can get 500,000 people together, that's an important event," he said, referring to the rally proceeding simultaneously in New York City. He added that he wished the protesters were taking a less adversarial role: "The protesters should not repeat the Vietnam experience of going on an ego trip."

Kissinger also urged the U.S. to reassess its Latin American foreign policy in the aftermath of the Falklands crisis. Even if the South Atlantic war ends quickly, it has triggered a process that will lead to an arms race in South and Central erica, he said.

The Latin countries won't necessarily buy their military equipment from the U.S., and thus new alliances will emerge in the Western Hemisphere. Those countries will be "areas of extreme difficulty" for the U.S. in the next five or 10 years, he predicted.

MARK DAMON/Journal Staff

Henry Kissinger listens as a reporter poses a question after his speech at Bailey Hall on Sunday.

8

ITHACA JOURNAL • Monday, June 14, 1982

Opinion

The Ithaca JOURNAL

EDITORIAL

Henry the K

Hundreds of people were turned away from Cornell's Bailey Hall on Saturday. They came to hear Henry Kissinger, that magnetic figure who — like him or hate him — has lost none of his fascination.

Those who elbowed their way inside the hall saw the onetime secretary of state in fine form. He exuded confidence. Touching on East-West relations, the Third World, and the Falklands, and tactfully avoiding the troublesome Middle East, he came up with provocative ideas, polished phrases and ironies. It was a performance that pulled his audience to its feet at the end.

Kissinger nevertheless is a man pursued by his past. Again he was accused, among other sins, of war crimes in Cambodia, the downfall of Allende. Saturday's demonstrators were few. He parried the occasional shouts and the hostile questions easily, with serious answers or with humor.

Taking note of his critics on both left and right, Kissinger remarked with a smile that he made "a great contribution" by uniting the American people.

More significantly for the moment, many in the audience identified him with the arms race. His mention of the massive anti-arms demonstration in New York City the same day brought loud applause — for the demonstrators. "I expect my son is down there," said Kissinger, defusing the reaction. He added that the New York protest was aimed at the wrong government — which brought a contrary burst of applause.

Kissinger's grasp of the issue was, as usual, subtle. He saw the arms protest as simplistic. He said the nuclear arsenals of East and West are nearly equal, although the details need examination. And he said the United States must build its stockpile of conventional weapons, as the Soviet Union has done, for an alternative to nuclear war, although he was aware that many of the demonstrators would not agree.

His listeners were not altogether satisfied. "Not a good speech," said one Cornell alumna at the reunion event. "I liked that last question about the balance of arms."

What seemed clear, from the reactions to Kissinger and the turnout in New York City, is that there is again a rift in national unity. The bitterness over the Vietnam conflict has subsided, although not all the wounds are healed. But the outcry against the arms race looks broader and deeper. It is something with which the present administration in Washington will have to deal.

THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, JUNE 17, 1982

Nixon's
'It'

By John Ehrlichman

SANTA FE, N.M. — Richard Nixon had a lot of trouble answering Diane Sawyer's question the other morning on CBS. The dialogue:

Diane Sawyer: "You said... you had made horrendous mistakes.... What was the worst one, the thing that you're most sorry about?"

Richard Nixon: Well, the — the — well, the — if — if — well, it... perhaps... on reflection, the thing that was the greatest mistake was in failing to concentrate on it the moment that I got the word on it."

I would disagree. It seems to me Nixon's concentration on "it" was the nub of the problem. It was an occasion for forbearance, but he couldn't leave well enough alone.

No one who has worked in the Executive Office Building or the West Wing of the White House can deny that news travels fast in those precincts. When the Nixon White House occasionally moved to San Clemente, the rumor mill was abetted by the thinness of the walls between our offices. When Henry Kissinger lost his notes of all his conversations with the President, I knew it at once. Not only did my aide hear of it in whist-pers from Henry's secretary; I could hear Henry roaring at Al Haig through our wall: "Must I find everything myself? Will no one around here help me? Am I expected to do the filing, even?"

Before long it was common knowledge around the building that General Haig had commanded a company of Marines in an unsuccessful patrol into the Camp Pendleton garbage dump in search of Henry's missing file. (The notes were eventually found in an unused filing cabinet that had been moved to my office.)

Within minutes, Richard Nixon had heard of the missing papers and of Henry's anguish, not once but twice. Around the White House everyone loves a good story, especially at someone else's expense. There's always time for a juicy rumor. And the President hears them all. Nothing can go on

very long in the White House without his knowledge and tacit ratification.

In the Nixon White House, the press secretary, Ron Ziegler, was an important Presidential source. He was surrounded by the most incessant gossips in the nation — the press corps — and Ron also had developed fluent sources at all levels of the President's staff.

When the Secret Service called me at home on June 17, 1972, to report that one of the Watergate burglars had White House connections — he was carrying Howard Hunt's Executive Office Building telephone number — I phoned Ziegler in Key Biscayne to pass that news to the staff people traveling with the President, who was on a private island in the Bahamas.

I'm told that on that weekend, while still in Florida, Nixon agreed with his staff that his Presidency must be insulated from the burglary. "No one in the White House is involved" was to be the slogan. The problem belonged to the 1972 re-election campaign committee, exclusively.

Had Nixon steadfastly refused to permit anyone to enter the White House grounds carrying Watergate bacteria, he might have survived. But he was the one who couldn't leave it alone. Nixon was fond of intrigue, devoted to politics in all its forms — a compulsive minutiae man.

A couple of years after I was fired, I listened to secret tape recordings of Richard Nixon in meetings held soon after he returned from Key Biscayne

that fateful week. In conversations with H. R. Haldeman and separately with Charles Colson, Nixon is to be heard engineering the Watergate cover-up, directing the obstruction of justice, planting the seeds of his own destruction.

Within hours after his return to Washington, he is heard receiving a recommendation via Bob Haldeman from campaign manager John Mitchell, and John Dean, that the C.I.A. be instructed to deflect the F.B.I.'s investigation of the Watergate burglary. Right then, Richard Nixon could have changed the course of history by firmly insisting that he disapproved of the Mitchell-Dean proposal and that henceforth Haldeman, Dean and everyone else on the staff must stay clear of the burglary in all aspects. That injunction would have amounted to an abandonment of Nixon's hope for the largest plurality in history in winning his certain re-election. And it would have appeared to be an abandonment of Mitchell and other old allies. Instead, Nixon chose to keep the lid on until after the 1972 election.

And so, this is in fact the anniversary of a significant event, but it is not that "third-rate" burglary of the Democrats' office. In itself that crime need not have doomed the Administration. But Richard Nixon's compulsive self-involvement (and his staff's unblinking willingness to abet it) began 10 years ago this week, and perhaps that is worth brief recollection.

Presidential candidates, in years to come, will be measured for their intellect, moral courage and charisma. May I suggest that some premium also be allowed the aspirant who is able to leave some things alone? Br'er Rabbit would have had no trouble with the Tar Baby if he hadn't touched it.

John Ehrlichman, author of "Witness to Power," was Richard M. Nixon's chief domestic affairs assistant.

THE SUN, FRIDAY, JUNE 11, 1982

NAMES & FACES

Nancy Kissinger
is acquitted

A Newark (N.J.) judge acquitted Nancy Kissinger of assault yesterday, declaring that the wife of the former secretary of state displayed a "somewhat human reaction to an offensive question" when she scuffed with a woman at an airport.

"I'm very proud of Nancy," said Henry Kissinger, who testified in his wife's behalf at her one-day trial. "Justice has been done."

Mrs. Kissinger was accused of grabbing pro-nuclear activist Ellen Kaplan around the neck at Newark International Airport last February as the Kissingers prepared to fly to Boston, where Kissinger later underwent open heart surgery.

The charge of simple assault carries a maximum penalty of six months in jail and a $1,000 fine.

Ms. Kaplan testified that Mrs. Kissinger "bent down. She stared at me, she sneered, she bared her teeth," then grabbed her by the throat during the February 7 scuffle.

Mrs. Kissinger testified that she "took her by the neck and pinched her" after Ms.

Henry A. Kissinger with his wife, Nancy, after her acquittal.

AP

Kaplan confronted her husband with a question.

The question, according to Mrs. Kissinger, was, "Is it true that you sleep with young boys at the Carlyle Hotel" in New York?

Mrs. Kissinger's actions were "a spontaneous and somewhat human reaction to

an offensive question," said Municipal Court Judge Julio Fuentes. Mr. Kissinger testified Ms. Kaplan did not appear to be injured.

Sophia and Mussolini

Actress Sophia Loren will appear in a

movie along with her niece, Italian television star Alessandra Mussolini, the granddaughter of Italy's World War II dictator.

Miss Mussolini is the daughter of Miss Loren's sister, Maria Scicolone.

Shooting of "The Miracles and Sins of Happiness of Saint Tieta," based on a book by Brazilian writer Jorge Amado, is due to begin in Rome's Cinecitta movie complex later this month.

Miss Loren will play Tieta, the leader of a popular revolt, while Miss Mussolini plays Leonora, her adopted niece.

Last Saturday Miss Loren was freed from a southern Italy jail where she served 17 days for tax evasion.

Justice's son charged

The 33-year-old son of U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens faces a court hearing next month on charges that he sold cocaine to undercover agents.

John Stevens, 33, a motorcycle mechanic, was released Wednesday after posting $10,000 bond during an appearance in Chicago Narcotics Court where he was charged with delivery of a controlled substance, police said.

Mr. Stevens was arrested Tuesday at his South Side home and is scheduled to appear in court again on July 19.

From Wire Services

Kissinger tells
Cornell crowd
of complexities

By ERIK KRISS

ITHACA — Henry A. Kissinger yesterday urged academicians, journalists and protesters to resist simple solutions and slogans in addressing the complex problems of nuclear war and the arms race.

In a lecture at Cornell University, the former secretary of state said policy-makers, who "are responsible for the best that can happen but also the worst," know the dangers of war. The problem is how to avoid war "without turning the world over to the most ruthless," he said in a 45-minute address.

"Anyone can utter a slogan," he told an overflow crowd of 1,500 in Cornell's Bailey Hall, but "any scheme of disarmament or arms control is bound to be extremely complicated."

Referring to yesterday's disarma-
ment rally in New York City, Kiss-
singer said most demonstrations,
such as that one are aimed at the
wrong government.

"It is not the Western democracies, who have been cutting defense budgets in the last 15 years, who pose the greatest threat," Kissinger said. He said President Reagan is trying to bring the arms race under control.

"One has to distinguish which na-
tions are aggressive, and which
speak exuberantly but, in fact, have
behaved in a restrained fashion," he
said.

"To avoid nuclear war, you have to build up conventional weapons — there's no way around it," he said. Although the United States and Soviet Union are close in terms of nuclear capability, there is "a huge imbalance in conventional forces" in the Soviet's favor, he said.

Kissinger, who served as national security adviser to President Nixon from 1969 to 1973 and as secretary of state to Nixon and President Ford from 1973 to 1977, told a questioner the danger of a military escalation in the Falkland Islands crisis is "very small," but that the political consequences in Latin America will be "very serious."

He said the crisis unfolded in part
because neither Britain nor the
United States believed an attack on

the Falklands was possible. "No-
body was prepared," he said.

But as a result, Kissinger pre-
dicted that Cuban political influ-
ence will rise, and he warned that
an arms race will start in Latin
America.

"As (Latin American) nations get weapons from countries other than the U.S., the allegiance of military commanders" will follow, Kissinger said.

He said the United States should
deal on a bilateral level with indi-
vidual states and develop special re-
lationships with key countries.

Addressing the crisis in the Mid-
dle East, Kissinger said the time is
right strategically for the United
States to encourage West Bank ne-
gotiations.

Kissinger assailed the Soviet
Union on several issues during his
talk, which was part of Cornell's an-
nual alumni reunion weekend.

Citing the 1972 nuclear freeze that prohibited the building of new nuclear weapons, he said the Soviets have since claimed that "any weapon they were producing was a modernized version of an existing weapon," while any we built was a new weapon.

Calling the Soviet Union "the
only country in the world to be sur-
rounded by hostile communist na-
tions," Kissinger said that country
is "stagnant and weak," politically
and economically.

"There has never been a legiti-
mate succession" of leaders in the
Soviet Union, he said.

And claiming that the centrally
planned Soviet economy offers. "no
incentive to improve productivity
or to innovate," Kissinger said the
only economic growth there has
been military.

But "with the military buildup,
there may be a temptation to clean
up the external environment" be-
fore solving domestic problems,

Kissinger said.

However, "The pressures of the
world will drive the Soviets" to re-
order their own system to compete
effectively.

"Even today, without western credits, where would the commu-nist nations be?" he asked, noting that they owe $80 billion to western banks.

"The U.S.," Kissinger said, "is the one nation in the world, along with our allies and friends, that can say, the solution of our problems is very largely in our own hands."

Kissinger also encouraged third
world nations to develop productive
private sectors.

He said industrial democracies
cannot expect poor countries to
help carry the burden of free-world
defense, but "they cannot insist on
getting unconditional support and
the right to beat us up in every in-
ternational forum."

Especially when budgets are
being cut, third-world countries
must rely less on government-to-
government aid from developed na-
tions, Kissinger said.

Kissinger's speech was sponsored
by the Frank Stanley Beveridge
foundation.

SYRACUSE HERALD-
AMERICAN

13 June 1982

Nancy Kissinger
free in assault case

NEWARK, N.J. (AP) — Nancy Kissinger was found innocent of simple assault today by a judge who said her reaction to a woman who allegedly heckled her husband was "spontaneous" and "somewhat human."

The wife of the former secretary of state had been charged with grabbing a pro-nuclear activist, Ellen Kaplan, around the neck at Newark International Airport last February.

Kissinger, who testified on his wife's behalf, said after the morning trial that "I'm very proud of Nancy. Justice has been done."

Mrs. Kissinger "bent down. She stared at me, she sneered, she bared her teeth," Ms. Kaplan testified today as Mrs. Kissinger's trial began.

"She grabbed me by the throat and said, 'Do you want to get slugged?'" Ms. Kaplan said at the non-jury trial before Municipal Court Judge Julio Fuentes. "She held me for a couple of seconds and I just froze."

Ms. Kaplan, a volunteer for the pro-nuclear Fusion Energy Foundation, had accused the wife of former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger of grabbing her by the throat Feb. 7. The couple was at the airport that day preparing to board a flight to Boston, where Kissinger later underwent open heart surgery.

Under cross examination by defense attorney Richard McGlynn, Ms. Kaplan acknowledged saying, "You're a chicken and so is your husband," to Mrs. Kissinger after the confrontation.

McGlynn acknowledged today that Mrs. Kissinger did touch Ms. Kaplan after the activist asked Kissinger: "Is it true that you sleep with young boys at the Carlyle Hotel" in New York.

Ms. Kaplan said on the stand she thought the question was fair, adding, "Our organization made these charges years ago."

and Burt, assistant secretary
European affairs. "It's a log-
s made by Mrs. Thatcher,

the press secretary Larry
ing the president, refused to

Please see NATO, A-12

But their forces swiftly leapt
miles up the Mediterranean
Beirut, PLO headquarters, to
the nerve center of the anti-
lestinian movement.

At the same time, the Is
dened the war by flying in
against the tens of thousands

Times Tribune staff photo

Maria and Porfirio Ibarra tried to relax today after being captive for two hours Wednesday night by a gunman invaded their Palo Alto apartment.

## Act of Proposition

the greatest immediate problem
for prosecutors, particularly prose-
cutors in urban areas, said Bob Po-
desta, chief of San Francisco's

counties that have
tion of the more
Podesta said.

The prosecutor