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"A MILLION WOMEN UNITED TO SUPPRESS LYNCHING"

ANTI-LYNCHING
CRUSADERS

OFFICE OF NATIONAL DIRECTOR

521 MICHIGAN AVENUE
BUFFALO, N. Y.

National Organizer

MISS MARY E. JACKSON

351 Willard Avenue

Providence, R. I.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

National Director,

Mrs. Mary B. Talbert

First National Vice-Director,

Mrs. Helen Curtis

Second National Vice-Director,

Mrs. Butler R. Wilson

Secretary,

Mrs. Lillian Alexander

Publicity,

Mrs. Grace Nall Johnson

Mrs. Alice Dunbar-Nelson

Miss Jessie R. Fauset

Program,

Mrs. Etnah Boutté, Mrs. Nina. Du

Bois, Mrs. Genevieve Cannon, Mrs.

Laura Rollock, Mrs. Lillian Ray

Waller

Finance,

Mrs. Butler R. Wilson, Mrs. Helen

Curtis, Mrs. Mary Townsend Sey-

mour, Mrs. Laura Rollock, Mrs.

Etnah Boutté

Campaign Literature,

Mrs. Sadie E. Fitz Allen, Mrs. Grace

Fenderson, Mrs. Lucy Catr Brooks,

Mrs. Lottie Cooper

STATE DIRECTORS

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Dis. of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Mrs. Lynn Ross Carter

Mrs. L. B. O'Bryant

Mrs. Lulu Slaughter

Mrs. Laura Hill

Mrs. Mary T. Seymour

Mrs. Alice Dunbar-Nelson

Mrs. Nannie H. Eurroughs

Mrs. Blanche Beatty

Mrs. George Williams

Mrs. A. L. Anderson

Mrs. Sallie W. Stewart

Mrs. S. Joe Brown

Mrs. Beatrice Childs

Mrs. Lizzie B. Fouse

Mrs. I. Nance Givens

Mrs. M. F. Wigginton

Mrs. Butler R. Wilson

Miss Meta E. Pelham

Mrs. M. M. Donovan

Mrs. Lawrence Jones

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Mrs. M. L. Crosthwaite

Mrs. J. W. Duncan

Mrs. Lulu Rountree

Mrs. Genevieve Cannon

Mrs. Helen Curtis

Mrs. A. L. E. Weeks

Mrs. Johnye E. Barnett

Mrs. Anna H. Cooper

Mrs. E. D. Cannady

Mrs. Daisy E. Lampkin

Mrs. Maggie H. Levy

Mrs. Nettie L. Napier

Mrs. Ethel Ransom

Mrs. Mary C. Johnson

Mrs. Margaret Johnson

Mrs. John E. Mapps

Mrs. Maggie W. Arter

Mrs. Clara C. Montgomery

Mrs. Ollie Redd

THE ANTI-LYNCHING CRUSADERS:

THE LYNCHING OF WOMEN

The Anti-Lynching Crusaders are a band of women organized to stop lynching. Their slogan is: "A Million Women United to Stop Lynching." They are trying to raise at least one dollar from every woman united with them and to finish this work on or before January 1st, 1923. The reason that they believe this work to be of pressing importance is because of the facts as to lynching which confront every American. First of all, how many people realize that since 1889 eighty-three women are known to have been lynched? The record is as follows:

<table><thead><tr><th>State</th><th>Colored</th><th>White</th><th>Total</th><th>State</th><th>Colored</th><th>White</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Mississippi</td><td>14</td><td>1</td><td>15</td><td>10. Oklahoma</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>2. Texas</td><td>8</td><td>2</td><td>10</td><td>11. Florida</td><td>3</td><td></td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>3. Alabama</td><td>9</td><td></td><td>9</td><td>12. Missouri</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>4. Georgia</td><td>8</td><td></td><td>8</td><td>13. North Carolina</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>5. Arkansas</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td>7</td><td>14. Virginia</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>6. South Carolina</td><td>6</td><td></td><td>6</td><td>15. Nebraska</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>7. Louisiana</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>5</td><td>16. W. Virginia</td><td></td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>8. Tennessee</td><td>3</td><td>2</td><td>5</td><td>17. Wyoming</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>9. Kentucky</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>83</td></tr></tbody></table>

Let us consider a few facts.

MARY TURNER

In May, 1918, a white plantation owner in Brooks County, Georgia, got into a quarrel with one of his colored tenants and the tenant killed him. A mob sought to avenge his death but could not find the suspected man. They therefore lynched another colored man named Hayes Turner. His wife, Mary Turner, threatened to have members of the mob arrested. The mob therefore started after her. She fled home and was found there the next morning. She was in the eighth month of pregnancy but the mob of several hundred took her to a small stream, tied her ankles together and hung her on a tree head downwards. Gasoline was thrown on her clothes and she was set on fire. One of the members of the mob took a knife and split her abdomen open so that the unborn child fell from her womb to the ground and the child's head was crushed under the heel of another member of the mob; Mary Turner's body was finally riddled with bullets.

## TULSA

On Greenwood Avenue in the colored section of Tulsa, Oklahoma, two aged colored people, a man and his wife, lived. On the night of the Tulsa riot, May 31, 1921, a mob broke into the home and shot both the woman and her husband from behind. The home was then set on fire.

## MISSISSIPPI

The New York Tribune says, February 8, 1904:

"Luther Holbert, a Doddsville (Mississippi) Negro and his wife were burned at the stake for the murder of James Eastland, a white planter, and John Carr, a Negro. The planter was killed in a quarrel which arose when he came to Carr's cabin, where he found Holbert, and ordered him to leave the plantation. Carr and a Negro, named Winters, were also killed.

"Holbert and his wife fled the plantation but were brought back and burned at the stake in the presence of a thousand people.... There is nothing.... to indicate that Holbert's wife had any part in the crime."

## OKLAHOMA

An Associated Press dispatch in 1911 reads as follows:

"At Okemah, Oklahoma, Laura Nelson, a colored woman accused of murdering a deputy sheriff who had discovered stolen goods in her house, was lynched together with her son, a boy about fifteen. The woman and her son were taken from the jail, dragged about six miles to the Canadian River and hanged from a bridge. The woman was raped by members of the mob before she was hanged."

## OKLAHOMA

An Associated Press dispatch in 1914 reads as follows:

"Marie Scott of Wagoner County, a seventeen year old Negro girl, was lynched by a mob of white men because her brother killed one of the two white men who had assaulted her.... The mob came to kill her brother but as he had escaped, lynched the girl instead."

## MISSISSIPPI

In 1918 Dr. E. L. Johnston, a white plantation owner, was killed and a colored boy was suspected of the deed. He was suspected because two colored girls, sisters, were working for Dr. Johnston and both were pregnant by the doctor. The boy was engaged to be married to the older. A mob took the two girls, the boy and the boy's fifteen-year old brother to a bridge and hanged them.

It is asserted that none of these four knew anything about the killing; that Dr. Johnston had been killed by a white man for seducing a white woman.

## THE CAUSES OF LYNCHING

Most people assume that rape or attempted rape is practically the sole cause of lynching. This is not true. From 1889 up until January 1, 1922, there have been 3,465 known lynchings in the United States. In only 581 of these cases, or 16.6 per cent., were there even an accusation of rape.

In the five year period from 1914 through 1918, 264 Negroes were lynched in the United States, not counting those killed in the East St. Louis riots. Of the 264 cases, rape was the alleged cause in only 28 cases. On the other hand, in the single year of 1917 in New York County, one of the five counties forming the city of Greater New York, 230 persons were indicted for rape, of whom 37 were indicted for rape in the first degree. Thus it may be seen that in one county alone 9 more persons were indicted before courts for rape in the first degree than there were lynchings of Negroes for rape in the whole country during five years. And in the case of the Negroes there was only accusation and no proof. Among the 37 persons mentioned above there was not a single Negro.

From 1889 through January 1, 1922, the following causes of lynching have been alleged by the mob leaders in the news dispatches:

<table><tr><td>Murder</td><td>1291</td></tr><tr><td>Rape</td><td>581</td></tr><tr><td>Crimes against the person other than rape (i. e., "striking white man," "talking back to a white man," "refusing to turn out of road to let white boy pass," etc.)</td><td>368</td></tr><tr><td>Crimes against property</td><td>343</td></tr><tr><td>Miscellaneous and petty offenses</td><td>454</td></tr><tr><td>Other crimes</td><td>264</td></tr><tr><td>No offense</td><td>163</td></tr></table>

In this connection two facts must be remembered. These alleged causes are telegraphed from the places where the lynchings take place and often the news gatherer is in sympathy with the mob. Secondly, if a mob is determined to lynch a man it will more surely gain public sympathy if rape is alleged rather than any other cause. It is fair therefore to assume that in the above list the number of actual cases of rape has been greatly exaggerated.

Two appendices follow. The first is a detailed list of the women lynched in the United States from 1889 to January 1, 1922. Appendix No. 2 gives the general statistics of lynchings in the United States.

TENNESSEE

<table><thead><tr><th>DATE</th><th>NAME</th><th>PLACE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Jan. 19, 1889</td><td>—*</td><td>Tiptonville</td></tr><tr><td>Feb. 3, 1892</td><td>Mrs. Martin</td><td>Summer County</td></tr><tr><td>Mar. 19, 1893</td><td>Jessie Jones</td><td>Jellico</td></tr><tr><td>Mar. 20, 1895</td><td>Harriet Talley</td><td>Petersburg</td></tr><tr><td>Mar. 3, 1897</td><td>Mrs. Wm. Whaley*</td><td>Sevierville</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th>ALLEGED OFFENSE</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Robbery &amp; Murder</td></tr><tr><td>Race Prejudice</td></tr><tr><td>Murder</td></tr><tr><td>Arson</td></tr><tr><td>By Whitecaps</td></tr></tbody></table>

TEXAS

<table><tbody><tr><td>Feb. 10, 1894</td><td>Jessie Dillingham</td><td>Smokeyville</td><td>Train Wrecking</td></tr><tr><td>May 25, 1895</td><td>Mrs. John Crocker*</td><td>Wharton</td><td>Murder</td></tr><tr><td>July 20, “</td><td>Mrs. Abe Phillips</td><td>Mant</td><td>Race Prejudice</td></tr><tr><td>“ 23, “</td><td>Unknown Woman</td><td>Brenham</td><td>“ “</td></tr><tr><td>“ 20, “</td><td>Hannah E. Phillips</td><td>Mant</td><td>“ “</td></tr><tr><td>Aug. 2, “</td><td>Mrs. James Mason</td><td>Daingerfield</td><td>Unknown</td></tr><tr><td>Oct. 14, “</td><td>Floantina Suitta*</td><td>Catula</td><td>Murder</td></tr><tr><td>Feb. 13, 1912</td><td>Mary Jackson</td><td>Marshall</td><td>Complicity in Murder</td></tr><tr><td>June 4, 1918</td><td>Sarah Cabiness</td><td>Huntsville</td><td>Threat to Avenge<br>Killing of Brother</td></tr><tr><td>“ 4, “</td><td>Bessie Cabiness</td><td>Huntsville</td><td>Threat to Avenge<br>Killing of Brother</td></tr></tbody></table>

VIRGINIA

<table><tr><td>Oct. 2, 1897</td><td>Peb Falls*</td><td>Cowans Depot</td><td>Disreputable Character</td></tr></table>

WEST VIRGINIA

<table><tr><td>Dec. 5, 1894</td><td>Mrs. T. Arthur*</td><td>Lincoln County</td><td>By Whitecaps</td></tr></table>

WYOMING

<table><tr><td>July 22, 1889</td><td>Ella Watson*</td><td>Sweetwater</td><td>Cattle Stealing</td></tr></table>

APPENDIX II

NUMBER OF WHITE AND COLORED PERSONS LYNCHED IN THE UNITED STATES—1889-1921

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Total</th><th>White</th><th>Colored</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1889-1918</td><td>3,224</td><td>702</td><td>2,522</td></tr><tr><td>1919</td><td>83</td><td>4</td><td>79</td></tr><tr><td>1920</td><td>65</td><td>6</td><td>59</td></tr><tr><td>1921</td><td>64</td><td>6</td><td>58</td></tr></tbody><tfoot><tr><td></td><td>3,436</td><td>718</td><td>2,718</td></tr></tfoot></table>

(Compiled by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.)

ONE MILLION AMERICAN WOMEN CRUSADE AGAINST LYNCHING

With a faith to overcome all obstacles and with prayer to
a God of compassion and of equal justice to black and white, thou-
sands of colored women are enlisting in a country wide crusade to
rid the United States of its most terrible disgrace, the ghastly
mob lynchings of Negroes, before which the law and the church have
for years stood helpless.

In the typical fashion made familiar during the war through
"drives" for Liberty Loans and Red Cross membership, a "drive" has
been started for "a million members and a million dollars" to fight
and conquer lynching. Beginning with a day of prayer in Negro
churches all over the country, the campaign is spreading rapidly,
with state and city organizations controlled by a central committee
holding public meetings, collecting funds and making house to house
canvasses for membership.

The campaign, though introduced and managed by Negro women,
is securing enthusiastic help from many white women as well as from
men of both races. The idea, which has thus been translated into
action, originated last spring when Representative Dyer of the state
of Missouri and the author of the Anti-Lynching bill, addressing an
audience of Negroes, declared it his belief that if one million persons
in the United States could be roused to the horrors of lynching, the
crime would be put a stop to.

The women among his audience then and there took up this chal-
lenge, pledging themselves to work for the support of the bill which
will make lynching a crime punishable under federal instead of local
law, thus protecting the Negro from the hostility of communities
where the prejudice against the Negro is fed by periodic autbursts
of race hatred. In addition, this measure calls for the trial of
negligent officers and of mob-members in a United States instead of
in a state court, and fines the county in which a lynching occurs,
to the amount of $10,000 recoverable in a Federal court by the family
of the victim.

While the bill was passed during the recent session by a good
majority in the House of Representatives, it must still be approved by
the Senate. In spite of opposition from some of the representatives
of those states where certain classes feel that it is part of their
birth-right to oppose all attempts to put the Negro on an equal foot-
ing with the whites, it is practically certain that the bill will obtain
sufficient support to become law within a short time.

The fact that it does so, however, will be due, not alone to
the efforts of these Negro women, who are thus expressing a sense of
race responsibility which compares well with expressions of "social
conscience" among their white sisters. For a long time lynching has
been condemned by a large number of people in the United States; but
their protests have been isolated, unorganized, and they have felt
comparatively helpless before the argument of indignant southerners
that anyone who knew the conditions in the South would be in favor of
lynching. But, in recent years, it has become more and more palpably
clear that the chief factor in these "conditions" was, not the Negro,
but the hysteria of the small white community surrounded by a much
larger black population. Lynching has not been practised on men alone,
nor always on black men. Women, to the number of eighty-three, have
been the victims of lynch mobs in the United States in the period from
1889 to 1921. (Of these, seventeen were white.) During the same period,
of the 3,436 known lynchings in the United States, only 570, or less
than seventeen per cent were due to accusations of rape. For such
offenses as "talking back to a white man" and "refusing to turn out of
the road to let the white man pass" 368 Negroes have been lynched. But
the great majority of these mob crimes have been committed against the

Prayer

FOR DELIVERANCE OF THE COLORED PEOPLE

Our Father who art in Heaven. Hallowed be Thy Name.

Hear now, we beseech Thee, the prayer and petition of ten million
American citizens of African descent, who this day approach Thy presence
with one heart and voice. We thank Thee that Thou art no respecter of
races, nations or persons; but all who love and serve find equal favor
with Thee.

Thou didst stoop to the lowly estate of our fathers and mothers in the
darker days of their enslavement, and didst hear their cry for deliverance
rising up from the low ground of sorrows. May our faith in Thy power of
deliverance be as simple and sincere and as soul-deep as theirs. Amidst the
distractions and allurements of this worldly day, may we preserve the patri-
mony and faith of our fathers.

We do not palliate misdeeds, nor would we shield the wrongdoer from
the just penalty of crime. Let those who sin under the law perish by
the law. But we pray Thee that accusation, suspicion and allegement of
crime may not suffice for proof when one of our number is the victim.
Let not the sins of the wicked be visited upon the heads of the guiltless.

We are slain all the day long in the land of our nativity, which is
the land of our loyalty and of our love. The vials of race vengeance are
wreaked upon our defenceless heads. The inhuman thirst for human blood
takes little heed of innocence or guilt. Any convenient victim identified with
our race suffices to slake the accursed thirst. We are beaten with many
stripes. Our bodies are bruised, burned and tortured and torn asunder for
the ghoulish mirth of the blood lusty multitude. Whenever such atrocity is
perpetrated upon any one of our number, because of his race, it is done unto
us all. Vengeance and wrath are not invoked for the fit atonement of com-
mitted crime, nor yet for the just punishment of evildoers; but the sinister
aim is to depress our spirit, enslave our souls and to give our name an evil
repute in the eyes of the world.

Put it into the hearts of the people and the ruler of our own land that
the true grandeur of this nation will not consist in political dominion or the
mightiness of power or the magnitude of material things, but in justice, love
and mercy.

We pray Thee to enlighten the understanding and nerve the hearts of our
law-makers with the political wisdom and the moral courage to pass the
Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, now hanging in the balance of doubt and uncer-
tainty.

Have mercy upon any of our legislators who may be so embittered with
the gall of race hatred and fettered by the bonds of political iniquity as to
advocate or apologize for lynching, rapine and murder.

Hear our prayer, relieve our distress, preserve our nation and save the
world.

We ask it all for Jesus' sake. Amen.

The
ANTI-LYNCHING
CRUSADERS

"A Million Women United
to Suppress Lynching"

National Director

MRS. MARY B. TALBERT
521 MICHIGAN AVENUE, BUFFALO, N. Y.

National Organizer

MISS MARY E. JACKSON
351 WILLARD AVENUE, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

State Director for Connecticut

MRS. MARY T. SEYMOUR
420 NEW BRITAIN AVENUE, HARTFORD, CONN.

ANTI-LYNCHING
CRUSADERS

OFFICE OF NATIONAL DIRECTOR

National Organizer

MISS MARY E. JACKSON

351 Willard Avenue

Providence, R. I.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

National Director,
Mrs. Mary B. Talbert

Publicity,
Mrs. Grace Nail Johnson
Mrs. Alice Dunbar-Nelson
Miss Jessie R. Fauset

Program,

Mrs. Etnah Boutté, Mrs. Nina Du Bois,
Mrs. Genevieve Cannon, Mrs. Laura Rol-
lock, Mrs. Lillian Ray Waller

Finance,

Mrs. Butler R. Wilson, Mrs. Helen Curtis,
Mrs. Mary Townsend Seymour, Mrs. Laura
Rollock, Mrs. Etnah Boutté

Campaign Literature,

Mrs. Sadie E. Fitz Allen, Mrs. Grace Fen-
derson, Mrs. Lucy Carr Brooks, Mrs. Lottie
Cooper

STATE DIRECTORS

<table><tr><td>Arizona</td><td>Mrs. Lynn Ross Carter</td></tr><tr><td>Arkansas</td><td>Mrs. L. B. O'Bryant</td></tr><tr><td>California</td><td>Mrs. Lulu Slaughter</td></tr><tr><td>Colorado</td><td>Mrs. Laura Hill</td></tr><tr><td>Connecticut</td><td>Mrs. Mary T. Seymour</td></tr><tr><td>Delaware</td><td>Mrs. Alice Dunbar-Nelson</td></tr><tr><td>Dist. of Columbia</td><td>Miss Nannie H. Burroughs</td></tr><tr><td>Florida</td><td>Mrs. Blanche Beatty</td></tr><tr><td>Georgia</td><td>Mrs. George Williams</td></tr><tr><td>Illinois</td><td>Mrs. A. L. Anderson</td></tr><tr><td>Indiana</td><td>Mrs. Sallie W. Stewart</td></tr><tr><td>Iowa</td><td>Mrs. S. Joe Brown</td></tr><tr><td>Kansas</td><td>Mrs. Beatrice Childs</td></tr><tr><td>Kentucky</td><td>Mrs. Lizzie B. Fouse</td></tr><tr><td>Louisiana</td><td>Mrs. I. Nance Givens</td></tr><tr><td>Maryland</td><td>Mrs. M. F. Wigginton</td></tr><tr><td>Massachusetts</td><td>Mrs. Butler R. Wilson</td></tr><tr><td>Michigan</td><td>Miss Meta E. Pelham</td></tr><tr><td>Minnesota</td><td>Mrs. M. M. Donovan</td></tr><tr><td>Mississippi</td><td>Mrs. Lawrence Jones</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Missouri</td><td>Mrs. M. L. Crosthwaite</td></tr><tr><td>Montana</td><td>Mrs. J. W. Duncan</td></tr><tr><td>Nebraska</td><td>Mrs. Lulu Rountree</td></tr><tr><td>New Jersey</td><td>Mrs. Genevieve Cannon</td></tr><tr><td>New York</td><td>Mrs. Helen Curtis</td></tr><tr><td>North Carolina</td><td>Mrs. A. L. E. Weeks</td></tr><tr><td>Ohio</td><td>Mrs. Johnye E. Barnett</td></tr><tr><td>Oklahoma</td><td>Mrs. Anna H. Cooper</td></tr><tr><td>Oregon</td><td>Mrs. E. D. Cannady</td></tr><tr><td>Pennsylvania</td><td>Mrs. Daisy E. Lampkin</td></tr><tr><td>Rhode Island</td><td>Miss Amey Harry</td></tr><tr><td>South Carolina</td><td>Mrs. Maggie H. Levy</td></tr><tr><td>Tennessee</td><td>Mrs. Nettie L. Napier</td></tr><tr><td>Texas</td><td>Mrs. Ethel Ransom</td></tr><tr><td>Utah</td><td>Mrs. Mary C. Johnson</td></tr><tr><td>Virginia</td><td>Mrs. Margaret Johnson</td></tr><tr><td>Washington</td><td>Mrs. John E. Mapps</td></tr><tr><td>West Virginia</td><td>Mrs. Maggie W. Arter</td></tr><tr><td>Wisconsin</td><td>Mrs. Clara C. Montgomery</td></tr><tr><td>Wyoming</td><td>Mrs. Ollie Redd</td></tr></table>

THE ANTI-LYNCHING CRUSADERS:

THE LYNCHING OF WOMEN

<table><thead><tr><th>State</th><th>Colored White</th><th>Total</th><th>State</th><th>Colored White</th><th>Total</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>1. Mississippi</td><td>14</td><td>15</td><td>10. Oklahoma</td><td>2</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>2. Texas</td><td>8</td><td>10</td><td>11. Florida</td><td>3</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>3. Alabama</td><td>9</td><td>9</td><td>12. Missouri</td><td>1</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><td>4. Georgia</td><td>8</td><td>8</td><td>13. North Carolina</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>5. Arkansas</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>14. Virginia</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>6. South Carolina</td><td>6</td><td>6</td><td>15. Nebraska</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>7. Louisiana</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>16. W. Virginia</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>8. Tennessee</td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td>17. Wyoming</td><td>1</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td>9. Kentucky</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td></td><td></td><td>83</td></tr></tbody></table>

Let us consider a few facts.

MARY TURNER

In May, 1918, a white plantation owner in Brooks County, Georgia, got into a quarrel with one of his colored tenants and the tenant killed him. A mob sought to avenge his death but could not find the suspected man. They therefore lynched another colored man named Hayes Turner. His wife, Mary Turner, threatened to have members of the mob arrested. The mob therefore started after her. She fled home and was found there the next morning. She was in the eighth month of pregnancy, but the mob of several hundred took her to a small stream, tied her ankles together and hung her on a tree head downwards. Gasoline was thrown on her clothes and she was set on fire. One of the members of the mob took a knife and split her abdomen open so that the unborn child fell from her womb to the ground and the child's head was crushed under the heel of another member of the mob; Mary Turner's body was finally riddled with bullets.

## TULSA

## MISSISSIPPI

> "Luther Holbert, a Doddsville (Mississippi) Negro and his wife were burned at the stake for the murder of James Eastland, a white planter, and John Carr, a Negro. The planter was killed in a quarrel which arose when he came to Carr's cabin, where he found Holbert, and ordered him to leave the plantation. Carr and a Negro, named Winters, were also killed.

> "Holbert and his wife fled the plantation but were brought back and burned at the stake in the presence of a thousand people.... There is nothing.... to indicate that Holbert's wife had any part in the crime."

## OKLAHOMA

> "At Okemah, Oklahoma, Laura Nelson, a colored woman accused of murdering a deputy sheriff who had discovered stolen goods in her house, was lynched together with her son, a boy about fifteen. The woman and her son were taken from the jail, dragged about six miles to the Canadian River and hanged from a bridge. The woman was raped by members of the mob before she was hanged."

## OKLAHOMA

> "Marie Scott of Wagoner County, a seventeen year old Negro girl, was lynched by a mob of white men because her brother killed one of the two white men who had assaulted her.... The mob came to kill her brother but as he had escaped, lynched the girl instead."

## MISSISSIPPI

In 1918, Dr. E. L. Johnston, a white plantation owner, was killed and a colored boy was suspected of the deed. He was suspected because two colored girls, sisters, were working for Dr. Johnston and both were pregnant by the doctor. The boy was engaged to be married to the older. A mob took the two girls, the boy and the boy's fifteen-year old brother to a bridge and hanged them.

## THE CAUSES OF LYNCHING