August 24, 1970

MEMORANDUM FOR GENERAL HAIG

FROM: Jeanne W. Davis

SUBJECT: Reply to General Unger's Notification of
his Retirement

General Unger wrote Dr. Kissinger on July 30 telling him
of his retirement and notifying him of his successor as JCS
representative on the Review Group (Tab B). He had tried
unsuccessfully to get an appointment with HAK before he left.

I have drafted a reply (Tab A).

RECOMMENDATION:

That you approve and authorize signature of the reply (Tab A).

HAK:JWD:tjs 8/24/70

KISSINGER, HENRY A.

OCT 28 1970

Dear Finn:

Many thanks for sending me the clipping from
the Louisville Times. I had not seen it and
appreciate your thinking of me.

It was good to hear from you again.

Lieut. General F. T. Unger, USA (Ret.)
P. O. Box 242
Banner Elk, North Carolina
28604

jlp:10/26/70

THE LOUISVILLE TIMES

TUESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 13, 1970

THE
PRESIDENCY / by don bacon

# Kissinger met Jordan crisis with relish

Associated Press

White House adviser Henry A. Kissinger, winner of Mr. Nixon's special praise, starts on mission.

Newhouse News Service

WASHINGTON — Shortly before leaving for Florida Thursday, President Nixon called into his office all White House aides who had contributed to the successful handling of the recent Jordanian sky-jack crisis and civil war.

In a self-praisingly, euphoric mood, the President thanked his helpers individually. He was especially pleased because the administration had come through its most severe foreign-policy emergency not only successfully but also in impressive style.

The White House foreign-policy section had operated for the first time with coordination and confidence, providing the President with sound information and advice.

The result was a classic display of the proper use of power to bring about a desired outcome without American bloodshed.

In private, Mr. Nixon had special praise for Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, his adviser on national-security affairs, who coordinated administrative activities during the September crisis and was the principal link between the President and his far-flung intelligence, military and diplomatic resources.

## Ever-Present Aide

Kissinger seemed always to be at Mr. Nixon's side during those tense days, yet he managed to find time to preside over midnight meetings of the crisis-managing Washington Special Action Group, direct the National Security Council, chart worldwide military movements in the White House "situation room," and brief a steady stream of congressmen, White House reporters and news executives.

As crisis piled on crisis, the irrepresible German-born professor was in his glory. He seemed to relish the pressure. And, as a recognized international-relations expert, he clearly enjoyed testing his academic theories in the real world.

"Until January 1969," he said recently, "I did not make a mistake in foreign policy because I kept my own score card." Now, in language that seems to chide fellow academicians safely holed up in their ivory towers, Kissinger confesses his discovery that much of what he once be-

lieved about international affairs was simply not true.

Kissinger, a man of supreme confidence when he is explaining policy to reporters and, presumably, also when he is advising the President, goes about his work with poise and a sense of humor.

He makes mistakes, and sometimes admits them. He strongly assured the President, for instance, that Yugoslav President Tito would attend the funeral of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. When Tito decided not to attend the funeral, Kissinger shrugged and said: "Well, nobody can be correct 100 per cent of the time."

## Took Job for 2 Years

When Kissinger left Harvard to join Mr. Nixon's staff for two years (the maximum time he could be absent from the university without jeopardizing his tenure), he vowed not to follow the footsteps of his predecessor who served in the Johnson administration, Dr. Walt Rostow.

Rostow, many thought, became an apologist for the administration's Vietnam failures, and his hawkish attitude toward the war may have prevented him from resuming his teaching career at any of the prestigious, anti-war Eastern campuses. Now Kissinger, who must decide soon whether to remain with Mr. Nixon or go back to Harvard, kids about his own inability to find outside work, except maybe at some Southwestern college.

Partly because he does it well and partly because he is the logical man for the task, Kissinger has increasingly filled the role of public spokesman for White House foreign policy.

He briefs reporters before every publicly stated shift in policy—such as Mr. Nixon's new five-point Indochina peace plan—and has been touring the country explaining to newspaper and broadcast executives the administration's over-all policies.

Unlike Mr. Nixon, Kissinger seems to enjoy the give and take of a press briefing. During one exchange with reporters, he turned to another White House aide and remarked dryly: "They get beligerent after a while."

In Belgrade during Mr. Nixon's tour, Kissinger dropped by the press room to give a briefing on Mr. Nixon's meeting that day with Marshal Tito. Kissinger, on his way to a state dinner, was wearing a tuxedo.

"If this tuxedo fails to get for me the proper respect from the press," he remarked, "I will conduct my next briefing in tails." Kissinger, whom Atty. Gen. John N. Mitchell recently called "ego-centric... but brilliant," already has that respect—and knows it.

BOOK

Po
po

If you, too, be- thentic humor the self to "The Overby Charles Kaplan" Writing humor achieving parody while earning its This anthology

Joseph Haas of current papers of daily news services

life and criticism who has ever stru too many academ- ical literary scholarships

There are Jameson of not meeting D. Luis Borges' rev- ard's authorship of Frederick Nims' Skilmer's 'Therese gurgitation' of from Frederick book, "The Pooh an's View of A Balloon-Pit-Gun-Ta and articles by R. Wilson, Wayne B. and many more.

Another pair of become collectors are "Intro No. 3," of writings by Am- versity students (Bantam, $1.25) Literary Anthology, Plimpton and $2.95), the thin-

C
Bes

(Complied by

"Love Story," S

"The Crystal G

"Deliverance,"

"The French Li

Fowles

"Secret Woma

NO

"Everything Yo

Know About

"Inside the Th

"The Sensou

"Zelda," Milfo

"Ball Four," B

# A FOURTH PARTY IN '72?

It would be 'futurist' rather than leftist, contemplators say

## In Today's Times

### Testing the Professor

President Nixon's chief national-security adviser, Henry A. Kissinger, met the pressures of the Jordan crisis with relish. The former professor of international relations is testing his academic theories—and rejecting some of them. Page A9.

### Basketball Already?

American Basketball Association franchises swapped players, cities and divisions in preparing for the start of the league's fourth season tomorrow night. Page B4.

HENRY KISSINGER
Praised by President

### Where to Look

<table><tr><td>Business</td><td>B9</td><td>Nawes in News</td><td>B20</td></tr><tr><td>Calendar</td><td></td><td>News of Record</td><td>A15</td></tr><tr><td>Of Events</td><td>A6</td><td>Obituaries</td><td>A12</td></tr><tr><td>Editorials</td><td>A8</td><td>Sports</td><td>B4</td></tr><tr><td>Lemme Doit</td><td>B1</td><td>TV, Radio</td><td>B2</td></tr><tr><td>Movies, Stage</td><td>A14</td><td>Women's News</td><td>A16</td></tr></table>

Lord Jeff Sweater Shirt
with the new Rugby Collar

The smart new Rugby collar gives the effect of the popular sweater-shirt look. Warm, two-ply lambswool. Knitted waistband and wrists. Colors of light blue, tan, gray, medium green or lime yellow. Sizes S, M, L & XL.

$10

Rodes

Fourth at Walnut • The Mall

KISSINGER, HENRY A.

MSG.SENT/J*

September 25, 1970

Dear Miekje: VAN DER BEUGEL

I was sorry to hear that you were in the hospital, but Ernst tells me that you are home now and your health is much improved. I expect to hear any day that you are completely recovered again.

As you may guess, the affairs of the world are keeping me incredibly busy, so much so that I wasn't able to get to New York to see Ernst on this trip. He tells me though that he will be coming again in December. Please do come with him; it would be wonderful to see you again.

Mrs. E. H. Van der Beugel
Smidwater 1
The Hague, Netherlands

jlp:9/23/70

RECEIVED
OCT 8 1970

CENTRAL FILES

KISSINGER, HENRY A

THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON

MAR 29 1972

Dear Mr. Pena:

As promised, I have now given a detailed report to your Foreign
Minister on your performance in Acapulco. If he fires you as
I have recommended, I hope it will be some consolation to know
that my real motive was to free you to work for me full time.

In all seriousness, I have never had a better vacation and you
deserve the credit for placing me in the perfect house and
seeing to my every need. I cannot thank you enough for the
boat trips, shopping, dinners and all the help you gave us on
a moments notice.

I thoroughly enjoyed the time we spent together and I hope we
will meet on many occasions in the future. Please drop by
when you are in Washington next month.

Please accept my deep gratitude for a truly magnificent
vacation in every respect. Your thoughtfulness, perceptiveness,
and efficiency made it possible.

Mr. Jaime Pena Vera
Subdirector General del Ceremonial
Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores
Nonoalco 1
Tlatelolco, D. F.
Mexico

RECEIVED
MAR 3 1 1972
CENTRAL FILES

NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL

ACTION

March 16, 1970

8288

MEMORANDUM FOR MR. KISSINGER

FROM: Helmut Sonnenfeldt

SUBJECT: Letter to Von Hassel

Attached at Tab A, if you have not already sent one, is a condolence letter to Von Hassel. Telegraphic messages have been sent by the Vice President, the Speaker, Secretary Laird and Martin Hillenbrand. I believe that Bob McNamara has also sent condolences.

RECOMMENDATION

That you sign the letter at Tab A.

KISSINGER, HENRY A./MS9.-SENT/W

Dear Charly:

Just a short note to thank you for your letter
of January 17 and to wish you well in your
new endeavors. I, too, have enjoyed the work
we have done together and am sorry for per-
sonal reasons that Treasury is losing you.

I do hope for all the best for you in your next
job and hope you will stay in touch.

Honorable Charls E. Walker
Deputy Secretary of the Treasury
Washington, D. C. 20220

jlp:1/26/73

RECEIVED

FEB 2 1973

CENTRAL FILES

ORIGINAL FILE
AUG 5 1975
RECEIVED

Paris
The American Ambassador
Arthur K. Watson
The Honorable

Henry A. Klaasen

Warm regards,

your exceptional thoughtfulness and generosity.
terms and I am again indebted to you for
driped your many courtesies in the warmest
Mrs. Klaasinger and the children have des-

Nevertheless I wanted to thank you personally.

apeth and David during their stay in Paris.
which you extended to Mrs. Klaasinger, Eliza-
to you my gratitude for the many kindnesses
I know that Al Haig has already conveyed

Dear Dick:

KISSINGER, HENRY A.

KISSINGER, HENRY A. /MS9.-SENT/W*

Dear Dick:

I want to tell you how enormously grateful I
am for your generosity and hospitality to my
staff and myself during our stay in Paris this
past week. It was a great pleasure to see you
and your family and a treat for all of us to stay
in your magnificent residence. Your gifts of
wine were especially kind.

Our thanks again and my best wishes to you
and the Watson family. I am looking forward
to seeing you again.

Honorable Arthur K. Watson
The American Ambassador
Paris

PWR:jlp:9/29/72

KISSINGER, HENRY A.

JUN 15 1970

Dear Walter:

Thank you for your letter of June 8. I enjoyed seeing the Regents' Professors and am pleased to hear that they found our meeting useful. Let us stay in touch about getting together again in the fall.

Professor Walter H. †Weller
University of Minnesota
Department of Economics
1035 Business Administration Bldg.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

jlp:6/13/70

RECEIVED
JUN 16 1970
CENTRAL FILES

jlb:9/13/70

CENTRAL FARM
JUNY 9 1970
RECEIVED

Minneapolis, Minnesota 55422
1032 Business Administration Bldg.
Department of Economics
University of Minnesota
Professor Walter H. Weiler

Henry V. Kleisiger

Warm regards,

together again in the fall.

ing useful. Let us stay in touch about getting
um pleased to hear that they found our meet-
employed seeing the Regents' Professors and
Thank you for your letter of June 8. I

Dear Walter:

JUN 12 1970

KISSINGER, HENRY V.

UNIVERSITY OF Minnesota

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

1035 BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUILDING • MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55455

June 8, 1970

The Honorable Henry Kissinger
The White House
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, D. C.

Dear Henry:

All of the Regents' Professors enormously appreciated the time, thought, and effort you expended on our behalf last Thursday. To a man, the group came out with a better understanding of what I would call the "inner logic" of the President's Vietnam policy.

As you would expect, we retain our doubts about the "outer logic", which weighs in the cost-benefit calculation the heavy toll in domestic dissension and social priorities. After all, "domestic tranquility" is high on the list of the President's constitutional obligations, and it is vital to strike the proper balance between this obligation and that for national defense.

Once again, we deeply appreciate the opportunity you gave us for an exchange of views on these matters, and we look forward to the further opportunity you offered us to take a new reading on this subject next fall.

Walter W. Heller

WWH/pb

KISSINGER, HENRY A.

JUL 9 1970

Dear Bus:

Thank you for your note and for your kind words to
me. I am touched to receive it and appreciate your
thinking of me.

May I take the occasion of your retirement to
congratulate you on your long and brilliant military
career. You have served the country with the
greatest skill and dignity and your selfless dedication
has been an inspiration to us all.

I look forward to your continuing as a colleague and
friend in pursuing the best interests of the nation.

General Earle G. Wheeler, USA (Ret.)
Office, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Pentagon
Washington, D. C. 20301

HAK:AMH:jlp:feg:7/8/70

JUL 14 1970

CENTRAL FILES

HAK:AMH:jlb:teg:7\8\70

Washington, D. C. 20301
The Pentagon
Office, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
General Earle C. Wheeler, USA (Ret.)

Henry V. Kissinger

Warm regards,

friend in basking the best interests of the nation.
I look forward to your continuing as a college and
use your an inspiration to us all.

greatest skill and dignity and your selfless dedication
career. You have served the country with the
congratulate you on your long and brilliant military
May I take the occasion of your retirement to
thinking of me.

me. I am touched to receive it and appreciate your
Thank you for your note and for your kind words to
thinking of me.

Dear Bus:

JUL 1 a 1970

KIRRINGER, HENRY A.

KISSINGER, HENRY A.

FEB 4 1970

Dear Sam,

It was good to have your letter of January 31. I am sorry
that I do not seem to have received some of your earlier
letters.

I am delighted that so many members of the Harvard
Seminar are making such good reputations for themselves
in Ceylon and elsewhere in South Asia. Last summer when
I was in India with the President, I had an opportunity for
tea with a few of my former colleagues in New Delhi. I
only regret that this occasion could not have included those
of you from Ceylon.

I am delighted also to hear of your nomination of Mylvaganam
for the post of Secretary General of the Asian Productive Asso-
ciation. I am familiar with the work of the Association, but
as you know our relationship with it is not a close one now.

I do send you all of my best wishes and hope that you will
share them with my friends in Colombo.

Samson Sena Wijesinha, Esq.
House of Representatives
Colombo, Ceylon

HHSaunders:rn:2/2/70

HH2sunders:ru:S\S\L0

Colembó, Ceylon
House of Representatives
*~~Gusnon Genu Millelutha, Eac.~~

Henry A. Klaninger

(218ed) Henry

Warm regards,

share them with my friends in Colombo.
I do send you all of my best wishes and hope that you will
as you know our relationship with it is not a close one now.
citation. I am familiar with the work of the Association, but
for the host of Secretary General of the Valan Proactive Vase-
I am delighted also to hear of your nomination of Myllesamam
of you from Ceylon.

only regret that this occasion could not have included those
to with a few of my former colleagues in New Delhi. I
I was in India with the President. I had an opportunity for
in Ceylon and elsewhere in South Asia. Last summer when
Seminar are making such good reputations for themselves
I am delighted that so many members of the Harvard
letters.

that I do not seem to have received some of your earlier
It was good to have your letter of January 31. I am sorry

Dear Sam,

FEB 4 1970

KISSINGER, HENRY A.

MEMORANDUM

THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON

ACTION 6740

February 2, 1970

MEMORANDUM FOR DR. KISSINGER

FROM: Harold H. Saunders
SUBJECT: Letter from S. S. Wijesinha

One of your former colleagues in the Harvard International
Seminar has written you a letter. His main point -- apart
from sending good wishes -- is to point out that another former
member of the Seminar has been nominated to be Secretary
General of the Asian Productive Association (APA).

The Asian Productive Association was started in the early
1950s in Japan by one of the forerunners of AID. Initially it
was intended to spur cottage industry, but it is now almost
totally concerned with more technical fields. Today it is
basically a Japanese-backed regional agency although some
AID money still goes into it.

That is to say we have very little to do with selecting its
next Secretary General. Therefore, I have drafted a polite
response to Mr. Wijesinha congratulating him on the fine
work being done by Ceylonese graduates of your Seminar but
by implication expressing regret that you are not going to be
able to help very much in getting his candidate elected.

Recommendation: That you sign the letter at Tab A.
The incoming letter is at Tab B.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
COLOMBO
CEYLON

31st January 1970

Dear Henry,

At the last Governing Body Meeting of the Asian Productive Organization held in Manila, a decision was taken to accept the resignation of the Secretary-General, who I believe is a Japanese national, with effect from September 1970.

The Asian Productive Association has requested nominations from all Member Governments for the post of Secretary-General calling for a man with both administrative ability as well as experience in the field of productivity and industry.
Mylvaganam, my nominee from Ceylon for the Harvard International Seminar of 1965, has been suggested by Ceylon for this post.

A Special Meeting of the Governing Body has been convened in Bangkok for the 16th and 17th of February 1970 to consider and decide upon the appointment. Mylvaganam is one of the best young men in the Public Service who has had a remarkable impact on the economy of our country. Whatever task was assigned to him he has performed with commendable efficiency and it will not only give the Asian Productive Organization a very necessary shot in the arm but it will also recognize the energy and drive of one of the finest public servants in our part of the world if he is appointed to this post. I do not quite know what "politics" go into these appointments but if you can help in any way I would be most grateful.

Almost all our representatives at the Seminar have done exceptionally well in their respective spheres of work in Ceylon. If Mylvaganam is appointed to this post, it will crown our efforts to select the finest young men for the Seminar. I am sure a word from you to those responsible for these selections should go a long way in a fair selection.

I am taking the precaution of posting this letter to Cambridge as two letters I wrote to Washington apparently do not seem to have reached you. One of them was congratulating you on your present position and how proud we all were that your knowledge and capacity have been recognized in this manner.

The

(Page excerpted from Roster, Harvard International Seminar,
1952-1968, February 1969)

WEERAKOON, Robin Bradman
17 De Fonseka Place
Colombo 5, Ceylon

Year of attendance: 1963

Position at time of attendance: Secretary to the Prime Minister; member
of the Ceylon Civil Service

Present position: Same

"There was a change in government in Ceylon but I continued to hold the same office. Since the summer of 1963, I accompanied the then Prime Minister of Ceylon on a State visit to the U.A.R., Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the U.S.S.R.; participated in the Second Non-Aligned Conference in Cairo in October, 1964; and in March/April, 1966, accompanied the Prime Minister on a State visit to the U.S.A., West Germany, France and Britain."

WIJESINHA, Samson Sena
8, Alfred House Road
Colombo 3, Ceylon

Year of attendance: 1958

Position at time of attendance: Crown Counsel in the Department of the Attorney-General

Positions held since Seminar: Represented Ceylon at International Law Association Conference, New York, 1958; Member, Ceylon Delegation at the United Nations General Assembly, 1959; represented Ceylon at the Harvard International Seminar, Tokyo, Japan, 1960; represented Ceylon at the International Civil Aviation Organization (Legal) Conference, Tokyo, 1963; Clerk-Assistant, House of Representatives, 1963; Clerk to the House of Representatives, 1964; visited the People's Republic of China and the Democratic Republic of Korea, 1964. Attended Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, Canada, 1966. Visited the United States (including Puerto Rico and Alaska), Japan, the Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore, 1966.

Present position: Clerk to the House of Representatives, Ceylon

## REPUBLIC OF CHINA

CHANG, Clement

Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences
Kinghua Street
Taipei, Taiwan
Republic of China

(and)
8, Alley 8, Lane 27
Jen-Ai Road 4th Section
Taipei, Taiwan
Republic of China

Year of attendance: 1965

Position at time of attendance: President, Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences

Present position: President, Tamkang College of Arts and Sciences and Secretary-General of the National Y.M.C.A., China

CHEN, Chi-lui

No. 4, Lane 16 T'ai-shun Street
Taipei, Taiwan
Republic of China

Year of attendance: 1957

15

The
children
of change

"There is a revolution under way . . . It will not require violence to succeed, and it cannot be successfully resisted by violence. It is now spreading with amazing rapidity, and already our laws, institutions, and social structure are changing in consequence . . . "

WHEN Yale law professor Charles A. Reich wrote the words above, he was not referring to a revolution of Molotov cocktails and guerrilla insurrection. His reference was to a revolution of life-style—more specifically a revolution in values and behavior of the young who have been called by one social commentator "the children of change."

Professor Reich's analysis was supported by the recent report of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest. The commission, seeking the causes of disorder on campuses, found the underlying cause of disorder to be the new youth counterculture that is emerging in this country and in many parts of the world. In fact, says the commission, this new youth culture might explain more than college unrest.

WHAT IS the new youth culture? How has it manifested itself throughout the world? What are the origins and meanings of some of the changes occurring in the culture of youth? What are the values underlying the new culture?

These are the questions on which this special issue of *Issues Today* is focused. After these questions have been answered it may be easier to determine if conflict between the new and old is irreconcilable, or if, as the President's Commission has suggested, youth today merely wishes "to recall America to its great traditional goals of true freedom and justice for every man."

ALMOST ANY night from 7 to 10 this fall, the under-30 hipsters of Budapest can be heard wailing across the rolling hills and plains of Hungary. The country's Communist regime can't help it if "the beat goes on" among its young. The music of youth, East or West, is stronger than bureaucrats and propaganda.

Among Hungary's 10 million citizens there are more than 4,000 regularly performing pop music combos, and a recent survey showed that better than 90 percent of Budapest's young people regularly wail-in at their concerts. Communist party officials shake their heads and throw up their hands at such statistics. But an acclaimed recent film entitled *Ecstasy*—7 to 10 p.m. explained that Hungary's youth feels in "the beat" the sense of social identity they can't find in the official party manuals.

Not even the countryside is safe, Red leaders complain. Records and radio carry the beat everywhere. Timid government spokesmen won't shut it off for fear of arousing a strong youth backlash.

## Evidence of Changing Times

Evidence that "the times they are a-changing" ranges from the doody confrontations of Eastern Europe to the endlessly polite inquiries into student opinions of India. A century ago, Indians themselves would have been shocked at the suggestion that there was such a thing as "student power." Today, President Vijay Prabhaker of the Rajasthan Students' Union tells his elders: "The days are gone when students are expected to concentrate on books alone. The more politically mature our students become, and the more aware they are of the world around them, the better it will be for our country."

Awareness itself is a cornerstone of the youth scene today. In Mexico City the yellow submarine of Beatles fame has been taken over from California youth as a symbol of the new approach to religion. Like many young people throughout the world,

Western youth is searching for religious relevance in the Age of Aquarius—itself a sign of revived interest in astrology, the occult, and the mystical insights of the East.

Yellow submarine buttons inscribed with peace symbols, crosses, and Greek letters signifying "the end" have sprouted in "underground churches" with such names as Ecstatic Umbrella and Alice's Restaurant (the latter homage to pop hero Arlo Guthrie).

## Do All Young Want Change?

In such youthfully explosive European nations as France, however, a surprisingly large number of young people still believe the old institutions are relevant. A thousand young French people between the ages of 15 and 23, polled on what they were supposed to want, responded that what they want most is a stable, well ordered society. The *Paris Match* magazine survey also showed that 60 percent opposed lowering the voting age to 18; only 4 percent held Maoist and other Leftist ideas.

On the other hand, a hefty majority favored both liberalized divorce and premarital sex for both boys and girls. In France, as elsewhere, the changes among youth are selective. England's youthful "skinheads" despise the long hair on some of their peers, but for the most part they agree with other British youth.

West German youth has been especially careful to do its own thing. Mindful of the *Hitler Jugend* regimentation of youth during the Nazi era, young West Germans have taken on a hard intellectual attitude often expressed in direct political action. Students, for example, played a big part in the unseating of West Berlin Mayor Heinrich Albertz.

Only in the developing nations—in parts of Africa and in war-torn Vietnam and Israel, to name a few—do young people seem to have kept square because of harsh realities. But, as the following case studies reveal, in most of the world the changes among youth are many and varied, and of a certain urgent pattern.

5

Life of Youth
Behind the
Bamboo Curtain

From American Youth

In a special report to American Youth magazine, Canadian journalist Colin McCullough reports on an 18-month tour of Communist China. Here are some of his firsthand observations of teen-age life in mainland China today:

THE PEKING authorities frown on romance. Not that they are particularly prudish. It's a matter of food. Romance leads to marriage; marriage leads to children; and China already has a population of about 730 million, which is increasing annually by about 15 million. That's like adding to China the total population of Czechoslovakia every year—and supplying an extra 30 million meals every day.

Anyhow, it's very difficult for girls and boys to get together alone in China.... So what do young people do, besides sit in the Altar of the Sun Park and discuss the state of the world?

Well, there are the movies. The prices are cheap—5 cents a ticket. Inside the theater, you can buy candy kisses... popsicles or soda pop... On the screen [you might see] Albanian films, a movie of the Ninth Congress of the

WORLD FORUM

CASES FROM THE PRESENT

Chinese Communist party, and documentaries of Sino-Soviet fighting...

As for taking a drive in a car with your girl friend—forget it. In the first place, you can't own a car. Nobody can. All cars are purchased by the state and belong to the state.... The Chinese consider driving an occupation [like] carpentry or hairdressing. In order to drive, you must finish high school and then apply to enter driving school. If accepted, and relatively few are, you must attend driving school for a year and a half.

By the end of that time, you not only can drive but you can literally take a car apart piece by piece and put it together again. That goes for girls, too. Besides passing driving and mechanical tests, you must be pronounced physically fit after a day-long trip to the hospital where doctors put you through a complete medical examination.... The Chinese boy or girl who graduates from driving school has acquired a lifelong job, but not a car....

The music he's listening to has titles like *Chairman Mao Is the Red Sun in Our Hearts* or *Sailing the Seas Depends on the Helmsman* and *Making Revolution Depends on Mao Tse-tung*....

Skirts disappeared during the Cultural Revolution [1966] and were replaced by baggy cotton trousers. Hair curlers went out the window too, along with nail polish and anything else that smacked of "bourgeois, decadent culture."...

This doesn't mean that the average Chinese girl doesn't care about her appearance or doesn't want to look attractive. The cosmetics counter of the department store is always busy.... The girls are very proud of their long hair, and carefully wash it. They... wear it in two long braids.

Academic training is combined with instruction in the Maoist-Marxist catechism to develop workers who are both well-trained and politically reliable. Students keep in touch with manual labor by serving regular work periods in communes [a group organized on shared work and property principles]. It is not uncommon for one student to read aloud from the *Thoughts of Mao* while others labor...

© 1970 by Ceco Publishing Co. Reprinted by permission

6

## Passé Japanese Proverb: 'The Nail That Sticks Up Will Be Hammered Down'

From Newsweek

UNTIL RECENTLY, the conflict between the old and the new did not present the Japanese with as big a problem as might be imagined. Most Japanese have been content to retain much of their culture and customs, borrowing from abroad only that which they carefully chose—mainly to develop their industrial might. Such traditional Japanese virtues as a compulsive sense of duty and obligation, a high regard for "face," and fear of shame—all these were easily translated into the modern idiom of high employment, company loyalty, shared responsibility, and compromise. Most Japanese still believed in the ancient proverb: *Deru kugi wa utareru.* (The nail that sticks up will be hammered down.)

Yet there are indications that some of the foundations of traditional Japanese society are being seriously undermined....

The most dramatic change... is the perennial student revolt, which in 1969 disrupted classes in more than 124 universities. The youth rebellion is an event so traumatic for most Japanese that it can be compared in the West only to the storming of the Vatican by dissident priests.... There are indications that this generation no longer adheres to some of the Confucian ethics that have guided Japan for centuries.

Among the young, the "old-fashioned" *giri-ninja* (duty and sentiment) ethic has been discarded. Reading preferences tend toward such novelists as the rebellious Kenzabauro Oe and away from traditional writers like Nobel Prize winner Yasunari Kawabata, whose theme of accepting things as they are does not appeal to today's Japanese youth.

A survey by the prime minister [in December 1969] showed that 80 percent of a sampling of 3,000 youths said they would not offer their seats in trains or buses to old people. Sixty percent declared that their aim was to live an affluent and pleasant life, while only 10 percent declared they wanted to work for the good of society. And a startling 30 percent declared they were "against law and order."

The yawning generation gap that these figures reveal holds a lesson for both the ruling Liberal-Democratic party and the opposition Socialist party. Both must seriously give the problems of social discontinuity top priority if they hope to find a new power base among Japan's growing center, the perplexed urban middle class.

"Our mistake," says a longtime observer of the Japanese scene, "is to think that Japan, in abandoning its old ways, will inevitably become Western. It will be modernized but not Westernized. Japan will invent ways of life for the coming world."

© 1970 Newsweek Magazine. Reprinted with permission.

WORLD FORUM CASES FROM THE PRESENT (continued)

Dutch Kabouters
Determined To Change
Traditional Society

Based on reports from various news services
ROARING from their fenced-in com-
pounds like stars of American drive-
in movie features, members of a Neth-
erlands youth organization stir a con-
tinuous storm in stolid Dutch society.

These are the Kabouters, named for
a Dutch word sometimes translated
pixies, sometimes brownies, sometimes
elves. Their fellow citizens often have
other names for them, but the idea is
plain—these are the young of the
Netherlands who are determined to
change traditional society.

Their original inspiration came, Edi-
torial Research Reports says, from the
thousands of long-haired hippies—
mostly from the United States—who
for the last decade or so have made
Amsterdam and other big Dutch cities
their second home. A "hippie boat"
once plied the Amstel River, offering
the young of many nations a chance
to roll out their sleeping bags on
houseboat decks for about 2 guilders
(50 cents).

And although all that is history now,
the young Dutch, or at least many of
them, have taken up the life-style of

their visitors. A sign of their frustra-
tion with the way things are in Holland
came last August, when the Kabouters
battled police in Amsterdam's central
square. For, in the process of change,
the Kabouters have taken on a whole
political life-style as well.

In June the Kabouters entered the municipal elections of Amsterdam and surprised everyone by polling 11 percent of the vote. They campaigned hard against destroying old houses, gaining wide public and even police sympathy against ruthless real estate speculators. With five of the 45 seats on the city council, they had a fine sounding board for their chief anar-chist-spokesman, Roel Van Duyn.

It was Van Duyn's book *Message of a Wise Pixie*—or brownie, or elf—that gave the movement its name. Among Van Duyn's predictions is a vision of Amsterdammers planting potatoes in converted parking lots.

But the Kabouters, United Press In-
ternational reports, have more than
politics in mind. Dedicated to aiding
the downtrodden, they have occupied
a former military barracks outside The
Hague. There they care for children of
homeless couples while planning fu-
ture participation in Dutch politics.
They also provide temporary lodging
for homeless persons, a reception cen-
ter for foreign youth, and a center for
the International Youth Congress.

The Kabouters have renamed the barracks the "Department of Offense"—making no bones about their intentions to take the offensive against what they consider to be society's basic ills.

The Kabouters say their members
represent all shades of political alle-
giance. This is a departure from youth
movements in many other nations,
where Left and Right have become easy
tags for groups of young people. Bas-
ing their activities solely on support
of "the little man," the Kabouters have
gained wide sympathy among the tra-
ditionally antiauthoritarian Dutch. But
their very easiness may defeat them:
they won't campaign seriously.

"That," says Van Duyn, "would be
defeating the entire purpose of the
movement."

8

The Drug Problem
In Australia:
Getting Worse

By cable to *Issues Today* from Australia

Prime Minister John Gorton, open-
ing a training seminar on drugs in Can-
berra, Australia, on Sept. 7, told drug
law enforcement officers:

THE TRUTH is that drug abuse is in-
creasing. The smugglers are more nu-
merous and more cunning. There are
more pushers at work and they are
finding more customers among our
young people. This must be stopped,
and we must marshall all the skills we
have to stop it.

Not many years ago the worst drug
evil we had in Australia was a bit of
opium-smoking and a few opium dens
in the back streets of our big cities,
and this was a problem of quite man-
ageable proportions. But now it's
hashish, marijuana, LSD—harder nar-
cotics—and more and more young
people are “taking trips” and getting
“hooked,” and more and more “pads”
are to be found in areas of our cities.

The doctors, the hospitals, the psy-
chiatrists, and the social workers all
know what the customs and the police
and the courts know—that this illicit

traffic and these dangerous habits are
getting worse....

IT ISN'T EASY to quote actual figures
on the growth of drug abuse, but in
the last 18 months seizures of illegal
drugs have increased by 300 percent;
and in the last three months drugs to
the value of a quarter of a million dol-
lars (U.S. $225,000) have been inter-
cepted. They came from half a dozen
countries in Asia, from the United
States, and from South Africa.

In 1968, 152 young people between
14 and 19 years of age were charged
with drug offenses, and a further 139
between the ages of 20 and 34. Well,
you may say that isn't many, but there
are many who do not get caught, and
there is the unhappy fact that they
are increasing with frightening speed.

For in 1969, not 152 but 284 young-
sters between 14 and 19 were charged,
and not 139 between the ages of 20
and 34 were charged but 424 in that
age group—which is a two and a half-
fold increase in one year....

There has been an alarming increase
in the number of new addicts in the
younger age groups....

(Out of the Canberra conference has
come a number of recommendations,
along with a report entitled "Drugs—
the Queensland Scene." Among the
points made in the report are these:)

IF WE ARE TO LEARN anything from
the mistakes made overseas—and
many mistakes have been made—we
must accept the fact that no single
class of people is immune to this new
menace. In America, for example, too
many parents flatly refused to believe
that their children could ever be in-
volved in drug abuse. Only through
grim experience were many parents
brought to realize that this "disease"
follows no fixed pattern; of those con-
victed on drug charges, some were
wealthy, others were underprivileged,
but most were surprisingly average....

Health authorities are hoping that
education will be their best defense
against the spread of drug abuse.
Young people today are demanding an-
swers and these answers have to be
honest and applicable to youth.

9

The Soviet Union:
No Drug Problem, but...

From *The Christian Science Monitor*

SOVIET LEADERS seem unable to
come to grips with the problems agi-
tating the younger generations.

This is borne out by the recent 16th congress of the Komsomol, the Soviet Union's 27-million-member youth organization. It was a lackluster, conservative meeting that failed to ignite any sparks.

Today's message to Russian youth is to tighten work discipline, immerse itself in Leninist doctrine, and beware of Western ideological influences. It is an oft-repeated, tired message unlikely to fire the imagination of a technology-minded generation that essentially wants a more comfortable life, an opportunity to advance quickly, and greater contacts with the West....

In his report, Komsomol leader Yevgeny M. Tyazhelnikov spoke of manifestations of "skepticism, an apolitical attitude, indifference to work, study, and civic duty, and a fawning on the bourgeois morals and ways." "The Komsomol must not tolerate this," he said. "It must improve the indoctrination of young people."

On the labor front the 43-year-old official, an appointee of party leader Leonid I. Brezhnev, said that some young workers are not fulfilling targets, are violating work discipline, and failing to increase their professional and technical skills.

He indicated that delinquency, too, is a major concern.

The Komsomol, he said, will always combat such phenomena as drunkenness, hooliganism, loafing, and pilfering of state property. He criticized Komsomol organizations in several republics for their lackadaisical attitude toward violators of the law.

Other Komsomol leaders pointed to cases of "political immaturity" and "antisocial acts" among youth.... A few voices hinted at the fact that Soviet youth today is not the youth of 20 and 30 years ago, which grew up against the backdrop of revolution, war, and other upheavals. The Komsomol leader in Lithuania, for instance, noted the need for new propaganda methods to meet young people's interests and needs...

© 1970 The Christian Science Monitor. Reprinted with permission

Not all the criticism of Soviet youth is so generalized. A Moscow correspondent of U.S. News & World Report describes these aspects of the Soviet "gap":

AS IN AMERICA, an "underground press" flourishes among students here —mocking the "establishment" and its ways.

Little is seen of a drug problem among Soviet youngsters. But their elders constantly complain of drinking and "hooliganism" among the young. Russian youths... adopt Western fads such as miniskirts and long hair, and display what older people generally regard as sexual looseness.... Soviet leaders are paying much attention to sex among the young.... The miniskirt, especially, stirs indignation, and the Soviet daily *Leninist Banner* recently attacked Soviet youths who imitate Western dances such as the "shake." The newspaper said: "The boys are shaking their bodies as if their pants are nailed to a fence and they are trying to tear them off.... The lack of modesty in the movements of the 'shake' and 'twist' are creating relations which can cause anxiety.... 'Shakes and twists' are not an innocent amusement, but a means of building ideological bridges."

© 1969 U.S. News & World Report. Reprinted with permission

10

## Youth and Love
In the 15th Century

*From English Social History*

The British historian G. M. Trevelyan did much in his many writings to dispel myths about the social life and customs of past ages. In the following excerpt from his English Social History he describes a little-known aspect of family life in the 15th century, an aspect that indicates the position of children generally in that well-ordered society.

THE EXTREME and formal deference that children were made to show their parents, the hardness of home and school discipline, the constant "be-lashing" of boys and girls and servants will perhaps cause no surprise. But to some readers, vaguely accustomed to think of the Middle Ages as a period of chivalry and love, with knights ever on their knees to ladies, it may come as a shock to realize that, in the knightly and gentle class, the choice of partners for marriage had normally nothing what-ever to do with love; often the bride and bridegroom were small children when they were pledged for life, and even if adults, they were sold by their parents to the highest bidder....

Country families regarded the mar-

## WORLD FORUM
CASES FROM THE PAST

riages of their children as counters in the game of family aggrandizement, useful to buy money and estates, or to secure the support of powerful patrons. If the victim destined for the altar resisted, rebellion was crushed—at least in the case of a daughter or female ward—with physical brutality almost incredible. Elizabeth Paston, when she hesitated to marry a battered and ugly widower of 50, was for nearly three months on end "beaten once in the week or twice, sometimes twice in one day, and her head broken in two or three places." Such were the methods of her mother, Agnes, a highly religious, respectable, and successful controller of the large Paston household.

Many parents seem to have cared very little who married their children, provided they themselves got the money; John Wyndham, one of the Pastons' neighbors, proposed to sell to a London merchant the right to dispose of his young son in marriage.

> That was for the upper classes. The situation was somewhat different among the poor. The daily routine for most poor children, whether in the country or in the city, was regulated by a strict family code that demanded rigid obedience to parents. This, however, was not the same as in the upper classes. The poor had simpler ways:

AMONG THE POOR, it is probable that marriage choice had always been less clogged by mercenary motives. We have but slight evidence on the subject, but we may presume that among the peasantry of the Middle Ages, as in all ages, Nan and Dick walked together in the wood and afterwards to church for reason of love-making. Important, too, was the belief that Nan would make a good mother and housewife, and that Dick was a good workman, or "had a pig up in a stye," besides some strips in the open field.

Marriage to legalize the consequences of incontinence was exceedingly common, especially in the lower ranks of society where maidens could not be so carefully guarded at all hours. But girls of the class of the Pastons' genteel class were under their mothers' strict watch and ward.

11

youthful minds the remembrance of
their transgression, and they did not
again practice cruelty.... It is better to
overcome evil in youth than to let it
overcome us in manhood.

Pull the weeds up while they are
young.

Lest their roots grow stout and
strong.

A WAYWARD and disobedient child
brings not only sorrow on others but
also on himself. A willful lad once wand-
dered where he was told never to go,
and in scrambling to the top of a hedge,
to get some bright red and yellow ber-
ries which had caught his eye, his
clothes were torn by the brambles, and
a dozen sharp thorns broke in his fin-
gers. He gathered some of the berries,
and ate them; but, finding them ill-
tasted, he gathered no more, and well
it was for him that he did not, for the
berries were poison.

He returned home to be punished
for his disobedience, sick at his stom-
ach, his clothes torn, and his bleeding
fingers smarting with pain. A day or
two after, when walking out with his
father, he saw at a little distance an
idle, dirty, miserable-looking boy whom
a farmer was flogging for stealing.

"Father! Father!" said he. "Look,
yonder is a boy who has been gather-
ing poison berries!"

The lad was right, for everyone who
does wrong gathers poison berries, and
the thorns of reproach will not only
stick in his fingers but in his heart.
It has been said that the heaviest bur-
dens are those which we lay upon our-
selves, and the sharpest thorns are
those of our own planting; and it is
equally true that

The young who in wisdom and virtue
engage,

Lay up comfort to manhood, and
peace for old age.

(In its conclusion, The Boy's Week-
Day Book sums up the work it has
done.)

IT HAS POINTED OUT what you have
been, what you are, and what you
ought to be. It has reproved folly and
vice: it has commended wisdom and
virtue. It has endeavored to amuse and
instruct you, and to excite in your heart
a disposition to avoid all that is evil,
and to attain all that is good.

It has laid before you examples to
avoid, and to imitate. It has shown that
the happiness of the man depends on
the good conduct of the boy, and that
the prospect of heaven is cleared or
clouded by actions on earth.

If no error has been repressed, and
no virtuous affection excited or en-
couraged in your heart, The Boy's
Week-Day Book has been written in
vain; but if it has made you ashamed
of what is mean, and unworthy, and
wicked; and given birth to aught that
is generous and noble in desire, and
pure and useful in practice; if it has
disposed you to humility of heart, and

integrity of purpose; if it has taught
you to fear God, and be useful to your
generation . . . then has its object been
attained, and its pages, with all their
feebleness and faults, have been more
highly honored than if they had been
printed in letters of gold . . . .

From *Little Wide-Awake*. Copyright © 1967 by Leonard de Vries
and reprinted by permission of The World Publishing Co.

13

Social Science Forum

Origins and Meaning of the New

WHAT IS a "youth culture"? Is it rock music, hallucinatory drugs, and communal living? Are these the signs of the future-of a new society? Or are these things merely manifestations of the age-old generational gap that

being. In her latest book, *Culture and Commitment*, she presents the thesis that all cultures are divided into three basic types.

The first type, which Miss Mead calls *postfigurative society*, is a culture in which each new generation learns about life from the older people in society.

The second type of culture, *configurative society*, is one in which the people of each generation learn from their elders and from their peers.

Finally, anthropologist Mead describes *prefigurative societies*, in which adults learn not only from their elders and peers but also from their children.

Margaret Mead feels that the restless stirrings of today's youth are the first signs of the evolution of a prefigurative society.

This youth culture, which seems to be evolving all over the world, has many of the basic ingredients—technology, institutions, language, art—that all cultures share.

The technology, or basic equipment for everyday living, of the new youth culture is very rudimentary. The people who adhere to the values of this brave new world seem intent on eking out an existence with only the most basic tools.

In fact, one of the prime tenets of

ALEXANDER
The GREAT

was throughout 33

has afflicted man throughout all of his recorded history?

Back in 1871, E. B. Taylor, one of the first of a new breed of social scientists calling themselves anthropologists, defined culture as "...that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs, and any and all other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."

If this definition of culture is still valid—if culture is the sum total of the ways of life of a group of people—then the rock music, the hallucinatory drugs, and the communal living of the young may indeed be traits of a brand-new youth culture.

Anthropologist Margaret Mead thinks a new culture is coming into

14

Youth Culture

this new culture appears to be a
rejection of the complex technology
of the modern industrial world, a
technology that many young people
feel has contributed greatly to the
world's troubles.

This new culture also has its own
language, a variation on the language
of the straight world, but one that is
fully intelligible only to the younger
members of society.

The art forms of this youth culture
can be seen in its music, its "bike"
pictures, and its colored chalk
drawings on cement sidewalks.

The commune, the love-in, and the
rock festival are all basic features of
this youth culture and have become
institutionalized over the years.

The cultural pattern of this newly
evolving society stresses the traits
of romanticism, antiauthoritarianism,
and antidogmatism. The basic driving
force seems to be a desire
for "freedom."

Keats
was dead at
26 yrs.

The origins of this minority youth
culture are buried deep in the histories
of the predominant cultures of the
world today. No one can say with
certainty what these origins are, but
many social scientists feel that this

Jane Austen
wrote 'Pride and Prejudice'
at twenty-one

new society was born when young
people throughout the world began to
dismiss the values and mores of
existing societies as inadequate for
coping with contemporary problems.

Everywhere the members of this
new society looked, they seemed to
see problems caused by the mistakes
of previous generations—problems
of pollution, war, and poverty—
social ills which, if not remedied,
threatened the very existence of life
itself. And yet the older generation
seemed curiously unaware of the
enormity of these problems, or at the
very least, unable to solve them.
Those in power seemed to persist
in prolonging the ills of society.

Thus, as historian Theodore Roszak
has said, the "Great Rejection" began.
Young people seemed to realize that
they were pioneers in a new world, a
world their fathers had never
experienced and could never
understand. And to cope with this
new world, an entirely new culture
would have to be created—a culture
designed for a future that many young
people feel is already upon them.

EINSTEIN
discovered relativity at

26

15

## SOCIAL SCIENCE FORUM
### LOOKING FOR ANSWERS

## Open Rebellion Against A Ready-Made Culture

From the UNESCO Courier

THE WORLD is getting younger and youth accounts for an ever larger share of the rapid rise in world population. It is estimated that the 15-24 age group will rise from 519 million to 1,128 million in the four decades between 1960 and the year 2000....

IN SEARCH of a common denominator, many people tend to look upon youth as just one of the "age groups" of life. And most "youth programmes" are designed with the 15-24 age group in mind. No one will deny that such a classification has its practical uses, but it can hardly serve as a common denominator to cover the many complex problems and the great diversity of individuals that make up this age group even in one country. It is all the harder to use it as a universal criterion since the laws... governing the age of consent, the age of legal majority, or the age of full social responsibility vary considerably from country to country and from continent to continent....

The social, economic, and psychological fabric of youth is too varied to allow any pat general definitions. Those

who deal with social and human problems of this nature would do well to keep a cautious, open-ended statement. That is why a compromise definition is often a pragmatic one: *young people are those persons society deems young....*

TODAY'S YOUTH are different. Numbers alone do not tell the story. Many social changes also affect youth's life, status, and role in the world.

FIRST THERE ARE changes in family structures. Children split off from their families at earlier and earlier ages. Youth's yearning for independence ... has been observed in every society.

Traditional community structures are also withering. They are poorly adapted to the demands of technical and economic development. Young people are eager for change and need emancipation from the rule of elders....

Meanwhile, institutions, customs, and economic conditions have altered, and most young people of today start working at a later age than their parents did... such a long wait tends to isolate youth in society. It keeps them in a situation where they are denied the rights and responsibilities of adulthood because of the very fact that they are unbound by its main obligations.

BUT THERE is probably nothing that has influenced youth more deeply than the impact of scientific and technological development on society, the crisis of our tentacular cities and the revolution in our modern ways of life and high speed communications....

YOUTH HAVE now achieved the status of a distinct community. This has led to the most basic conflict of all: it stems from youth's determination to win from society the status and esteem they deem to be their right. It is endemic in universities and schools, in factories and villages, and certainly in institutions designed for youth but usually run by adults.

THESE DEMANDS often clash with the adult world's tendency to regard youth as awaiting admission into society. Until

16

the young have crossed the barrier,
adults believe, they have no claim on
all the rights denied them—even though
this does not prevent society from de-
manding youth's contributions when
necessary....

Then there is an intellectual and
moral conflict that widens the gap be-
tween youth and adults....

Modern information media familiarize
youth with different cultures while ig-
noring frontiers. On a world scale, a
sort of international "youth culture"
seems to have sprung up. It clashes
head-on with an adult culture still
fenced in by tradition.

THIS LEADS to conflicts of opinions,
customs, behavior, and ethical principles
that affect the very foundation of mod-
ern society. It raises problems whose
gravity is keenly felt on all sides. These
may be the hardest problems of all to
solve under present circumstances....

EVEN WHEN adults accept children as
personalities they often refuse to admit
that children can exist as a community
by and among themselves. Instead of
aiding the creation of a youthful society,\ aduIts fight it in different ways: disci-
pline, punishments, competition . . .
and other methods that try to force
the child to conform to adult society....

AT TIMES, youth feel they are being
"manipulated" and make no bones
about expressing resentment. This is a
way of reacting against attempts not
only by teachers but also by social and
cultural institutions, political parties, and
businessmen to direct or influence
them....

Young people may react the same
way against the occasional tendency
of authorities or the powers-that-be
to throw cold water on any adolescent
values that run against the current
grain of centralization, and rationali-
zation. Such values are exemplified
by spontaneity, deliberate irresponsibili-
ty, idealism, refusal to take orders, and
wariness of rational solutions as soon as
they are applied to human problems.

CERTAIN YOUNG people even see
"manipulation" in efforts to "cultivate"
them before they are old enough to put

up a fight against the prestige and the
pitfalls of a ready-made culture. They
can also rebel against other efforts to
lead them into "participation" or "diag-
logues" in exchange for reforms they
consider of no importance.

Arbitrary manipulation of youth is
only one aspect. Then there is the use
of the entire myth of youth for political
or business purposes. It is typified by
certain large firms that discovered the
importance of the "youth market" then
began to churn out all sorts of prod-
ucts—magazines, records, clothes,
shows—designed for the young market.
Youth do not find it any easier to
achieve emancipation after being brain-
washed in this manner....

IN MANY countries, youth have moved
into a stage of more or less open rebel-
lion. Young people display their disap-
proval of racial segregation and
linguistic discrimination, they protest
against the paternalism and the living
conditions they must endure, ... they
have denounced the myths of "produ-
tion for production's sake" and "con-
sumption for consumption's sake."

Some very spectacular forms of pro-
test have blossomed out almost over-
night in recent years in industrial so-
cieties and they have slowly moved into
the big cities of the developing world.
They go by different names, they take
different shapes: songs against war and
for love, long hair, weird clothes, pot,
and promiscuity.... All this points to
the alienation, isolation, and escapism
felt by part of modern youth.

NO MATTER how different they may
appear on the surface, these phenomena
share a common trait: they show how
this segment of youth rejects the values
of present-day society....

In other words, a growing propor-
tion of modern youth feels a malaise
whether they are college or secondary
school students, young workers, or
rural youth. They want "freer, franker,
and warmer human relations than what
they get from us." They are afraid that
the "national and international system
into which they are being driven con-
tains grave injustices to which they do
not want to be a party."

From the UNESCO Courier. Reprinted by permission.

17

## SOCIAL SCIENCE FORUM
### TESTING YOUR ANSWERS

#### Richard Flacks:
Major Themes
Of the New Culture

The following are the "main value themes" of the student "movement" as defined by psychologist Richard Flacks in his article "The Liberated Generation: Roots of Student Protest."

**ROMANTICISM:** There is a strong stress... on... self-expression, often articulated in terms of leading a "free" life—i.e., one not bound by conventional restraints on feeling, experience, communication, expression. This is often coupled with aesthetic interests and a strong rejection of scientific and other highly rational pursuits. Students often express the classic romantic aspiration of "knowing" or "experiencing" "everything."

**ANTIAUTHORITARIANISM:** A strong antipathy toward arbitrary rule, centralized decision-making, "manipulation." The antiauthoritarian sentiment is fundamental to the widespread cam-

pus protests during the past few years; in most cases, the protests were precipitated by an administrative act which was interpreted as arbitrary, and received impetus when college administrators continued to act unilaterally, coercively, or secretively. Antiauthoritarianism is manifested further by the styles and internal processes within activist organizations; [which]... have attempted to decentralize their operations quite radically and members are strongly critical of leadership within the organization when it is too assertive.

**EGALITARIANISM, POPULISM:** A belief that all men are capable of political participation, that political power should be widely dispersed, that the locus of value in society lies with the people and not elites. This is a stress on something more than equality of opportunity or equal legal treatment; the students stress instead the notion of "participatory democracy"—direct participation in the making of decisions by those affected by them. Two common slogans—"One man, one vote"; "Let the people decide."

**ANTIDOGMATISM:** A strong reaction against doctrinaire ideological interpretations of events. Many of the students are quite restless when presented with formulated models of the social order and specific programs for social change. This underlies much of their antagonism to the varieties of "old left" politics, and is one meaning of the oft-quoted (if not seriously used) phrase: "You can't trust anyone over thirty."

**MORAL PURITY:** A strong antipathy to self-interested behavior, particularly when overlaid by claims of disinterestedness. A major criticism of the society is that it is "hypocritical." Another meaning of the criticism of the older generation has to do with the perception that (a) the older generation "sold out" the values it espouses; (b) to assume conventional adult roles usually leads to increasing self-interestedness, hence selling-out, or "phoniness." A particularly important criticism students make of the university is that it fails to live up to its professed ideals; there is

18

an expectation that the institution
ought to be moral—that is, not com-
promise its official values for the sake
of institutional survival or aggrandize-
ment.

COMMUNITY: A strong emphasis on a desire for "human" relationships, for a full expression of emotions, for the breaking down of interpersonal barriers and the refusal to accept conventional norms concerning interpersonal contact (e.g., norms respecting sex, status, race, age, etc.). A central positive theme in the campus revolts has been the expression of the desire for a campus "community," for the breaking down of aspects of impersonality on the campus, for more direct contact between students and faculty. There is a frequent counterposing of bureaucratic norms to communal norms; a testing of the former against the latter. Many of the students involved in slum projects have experimented with attempts to achieve a "kibbutz"-like community amongst themselves, entailing communal living and a strong stress on achieving intimacy and resolving tensions within the group.

ANTI-INSTITUTIONALISM: A strong
distrust of involvement with conven-
tional institutional roles. This is most

importantly expressed in the almost
universal desire among the highly in-
volved to avoid institutionalized careers.
Our data suggest that few student ac-
tivists look toward careers in the pro-
fessions, the sciences, industry, or pol-
itics. Many of the most committed ex-
pect to . . . become free-lance writers,
artists, intellectuals . . .

SEVERAL of these themes, it should be
noted, are not unique to student activ-
ists. In particular, the value we have
described as "romanticism"—a quest
for self-expression—has been found
by observers . . . to be a central fea-
ture of the ideology of "alienated" or
"bohemian" students . . . . In fact, it
is our view that the dissatisfaction of
socially advantaged youth with con-
ventional career opportunities is a sig-
nificant social trend, the most impor-
tant . . . indicator of restlessness
among . . . the youth population.

One reason why it seems important
to investigate the student movement in
detail, despite the fact that it represents
a small minority of the student popula-
tion, is that it is a symptom of social
and psychological strains experienced
by a larger segment of the youth—
strains not well understood or antic-
ipated heretofore by social science.

© by The Journal of Social Issues Reprinted by permission.

19

SOCIAL SCIENCE FORUM
SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE

Historian Theodore Roszak:
New Youth Culture May Be
Savior of an Endangered Civilization

From *The Making of a Counter Culture*

THE STRUGGLE of the generations is one of the obvious constants of human affairs. One stands in peril of some presumption, therefore, to suggest that the rivalry between young and adult in Western society during the current decade is uniquely critical. And yet it is necessary to risk such presumption if one is not to lose sight of our most important contemporary source of radical dissent and cultural innovation.

FOR BETTER or worse, most of what is presently happening that is new, provocative, and engaging in politics, education, the arts, social relations (love, family, courtship, community), is the creation either of youth who are profoundly, even fanatically, alienated from the

parental generation, or of those who address themselves primarily to the young.

It is at the level of youth that significant social criticism now looks for a responsive hearing as, more and more, it grows to be the common expectation that the young should be those who act, who make things happen, who take the risks, who generally provide the ginger.

IT WOULD BE of interest in its own right that the age-old process of generational disaffiliation should now be transformed from a peripheral experience in the life of the individual and the family into a major lever of radical social change. But if one believes, as I do, that the alienated young are

20

giving shape to something that looks
like the saving vision our endangered
civilization requires, then there is no
avoiding the need to understand and
to educate them in what they are
about....

THE FACT IS, it is the young who
have in their own amateurish, even
grotesque way, gotten dissent off the
adult drawing board. They have torn
it out of the books and journals an
older generation of radicals authored,
and they have fashioned it into a style
of life. They have turned the hypotheses
of disgruntled elders into experiments,
though often without the willingness to
admit that one may have to concede
failure at the end of any true experiment.

WHEN ALL is said and done, one can-
not help being ambivalent toward this
compensatory dynamism of the young.
For it is, at last, symptomatic of a
thoroughly diseased state of affairs.

It is not ideal, it is probably not
even good that the young should bear
so great a responsibility for inventing
or initiating for their society as a whole.
It is too big a job for them to do
successfully. It is indeed tragic that
in every crisis that demands tact and
wisdom of maturity, everything that
looks most hopeful in our culture should
be building from scratch—as must be
the case when the builders are absolute
beginners....

MOST OBVIOUSLY, the society is get-
ting younger—to the extent that in
America, as in a number of European
countries, a bit more than 50 percent
of the population is under 25 years of
age. Even if one grants that people in
their mid-twenties have no business
claiming, or letting themselves be
claimed for the status of “youth,” there
still remains among the authentically
young in the 13 to 19 bracket a small
nation of 25 million people....

SOME OF THE YOUNG (most of them,
in fact) summon up the proper sense
of responsibility to adjust to the pre-
scribed patterns of adulthood; others,
being incorrigibly childish, do not. They
continue to assert pleasure and freedom
as human rights and begin to ask ag-

gressive questions of those forces that
insist, amid obvious affluence, on the
continued necessity of discipline, no
matter how subliminal.

This is why, for example, university
administrators are forced to play such
a false game with their students, in-
sisting on the one hand that the stu-
dents are "grown-up, responsible men
and women" but on the other hand
knowing full well that they dare not
entrust such erratic children with any
power over their own education. For
what can one rely upon them to do
that will suit the needs of technocratic
regimentation? ...

SUCH DEVELOPMENTS make clear
that the generational revolt is not like-
ly to pass over in a few years time.
The ethos of disaffiliation is still in
the process of broadening down
through the adolescent years, picking
up numbers as time goes on . . . . It
is still a small, if boisterous minority of
the young who now define the gener-
ational conflict. But the conflict will
not vanish when those who are now
20 reach 30; it may only reach its
peak when those who are now 11 and
12 reach their late 20's. (Say, about
1984.) We then may discover what a
mere handful of beatniks pioneered in
Allen Ginsberg's youth will have be-
come the life style of millions of college-
age young . . .

"NOTHING," Goethe observed, "is more
inadequate than a mature judgment
when adopted by an immature mind."
When radical intellectuals have to deal
with a dissenting public that becomes
this young, all kinds of problems accrue.
The adolescentization of dissent poses
dilemmas as perplexing as the prole-
tarianization of dissent that bedeviled
left-wing theorists when it was the
working class that they had to ally
with in their effort to reclaim our culture
for the good, the true, and the beautiful.
Then it was the horny-handed virtues
of the beer hall and the trade union
that had to serve as the medium of
radical thought. Now it is the youthful
exuberance of the rock-club, the love-in,
the teach-in.

*From The Making of a Counter Culture* by Theodore Roszak.
Copyright © 1969 by Theodore Roszak. Published by Doubleday &
Company, Inc.

21

"I think it's really hard for a lot of parents to understand that there is just a different viewpoint altogether, a different life-style coming into being."

"We're the first generation of the affluent society and don't really have to worry about where the next meal's coming from, so that we can be more idealistic than those people were in the past."

"We're looking for something more. Maybe for a spiritual, religious quality that can fill in these gaps that we found."

"We can't live the same life that our parents lived because we're in a totally new world. Something has to be done, people have to be made aware...."

## Old Values Challenged

"'The times, they are a-changing.'" sings Bob Dylan—changing so fast some believe, that the generation born in the 20's and 30's just can't fathom the minds of the generation born after the Second World War—and vice versa.

The speakers quoted above are representatives of that post-World War II generation, and what they are saying seems to many Americans a worrisome, perhaps critical confrontation about the future of the nation's most essential customs and beliefs—the entire system of values on which our social order is based.

Perhaps the French philosopher Albert Camus went to the heart of the conflict when he wrote:

> To be born, to create, to love, to win at games is to be born to live in time of peace. But war teaches us to lose everything and become what we were not. It all becomes a question of style.

Certainly, the old American life-style is being questioned, turned over and around, examined, analyzed, tested with greater zeal and more attention than ever before.

At the dawn of the eighth decade of the 20th century, Americans have

begun to ask themselves hard questions about the future:

* Will the traditional manifestations of religion, patriotism, and good citizenship survive the radical challenges of the 60's?

* Will the youth revolution force permanent changes on society—on marriage, the family, life-styles, the work ethic—or will its influence wane as its prime movers get older?

* Is the moral foundation of American society crumbling—or is it being reinforced by more durable values?

* Are the values of this thing we call the "new youth culture" really so new? Or are they pretty much the old values dusted off, refurbished, and reinstated?

In summary, will any of the social movements of the 60's become the mores—the system of values that binds us together—of the 70's?

## Youth Becomes a Major Force

In less than a decade youth has become a major force in our society—in the political parties and electoral system, in the civil rights movement and the peace movement, in efforts to reform—or remake—American institutions in general.

But many believe that the new youth culture is really nothing new at all—only a carryover from the beatniks of the 50's. Or that it represents no more than traditional, normal youthful idealism and differences between generations.

Still, a wide range of observers, such as sociologist Richard Flacks (see pp. 18-19), sees a growing and persistent divergence in the value themes of today's youth from those of their parents.

There may be disagreement about the implications of the "new youth culture" for the future of the nation, but many Americans are uncomfortable about the prospects.

The new style confronts the old style every day. How important and strong it is may just depend on where you stand and stare.

23

NATIONAL FORUM

CASES FROM THE PRESENT

And we accuse society—and the busi-
ness, governmental, and academic pow-
er structure that guides it—of having
no higher goal than the preservation
of a status quo that falls far short of
the American promise.

Everywhere we turn, we face big-
ness, bigotry, and paradox. The world's
wealthiest nation, America, finds a large
part of its population living in poverty.
A nation founded on the belief that
all men are created equal, it systemati-
cally denies civil rights and economic
opportunity to its black citizens. A na-
tion born of revolution, it is now press-
ing its overwhelming might upon a
popular uprising 8,000 miles away, on
the side of a corrupt oligarchy of its
own creation.

The society we see has perverted
even its noblest traditions. The Constitu-
tion guarantees free speech and as-
sembly, yet all but the most docile dis-
sent is systematically and sometimes
brutally repressed. Our society is sup-
posed to be democratic and representa-
tive, yet the political structure is singu-
larly unresponsive to popular will. Our
society makes a point of cherishing the
individual, yet it has placed him at the
service and mercy of immovable institu-
tions.

We see a society in which our elders
are entangled in red tape and numbed
by boredom. They work in one com-
munity and live in another, without be-
ing a part of either. They fill their emp-
tiness with material goods and forget
human values. They pay lip service to
their ideals and overlook the hypocrisy
all around them. They are afraid of
change. They have lost control over
their lives.

We want to return society to a
human scale, a scale small enough for
us to participate in the decisions that
affect us. We want a society in which
our place is not preordained by birth
and circumstance. We want a society
that tolerates candor and spontaneity.
We want to retain control over our own
lives...

As a group, we do not have a grand
design. There are as many ideas of
what should be done as there are of
us. We do not know the mechanisms of

College Students:
'We Fear We Cannot
Accept Society'

From Fortune

THIS DECLARATION first appeared in Fortune, January 1969. It is a free-form journalistic technique, synthesizing and codifying the views of student critics of U.S. society and its values. It was written by Fortune Associate Editor Gregory H. Wierzynski on the basis of 200 interviews conducted on a score of campuses across the country. Students holding these views were a campus minority, although not campus militants, and in Fortune's view repre sent the principal intellectual thrust of the oncoming generation.

OUR MOST WRENCHING problem is
finding a place for ourselves in society.

By all indexes we should have no
anxiety about our future: We are told
that we are the best-prepared, best-
educated, most talented crop of stu-
dents ever produced in this country.
What we fear is not that society will
reject us; we fear that we cannot ac-
cept society.

We accuse the present society of
a perverted frame of mind—a frame
of mind that tolerates injustice, insen-
sitivity, lack of candor, and inhumanity.

24

the system sufficiently well to prescribe detailed remedies.

And we are so much the products of the system that we do not yet know all the relevant questions to ask.

We have only begun to experiment...

**WHAT DO WE WANT?** Our huge mental institutions bulge with patients. What we want is a society where people don't have to flip out—a society that assists people in expressing themselves—a society in which a large chunk of the population does not have to fight for survival while another chunk fights about what to do with its money.

© 1969 Time, Inc. Reprinted by permission.

## Blue-Collar Youth: No Opposition to Parental Values

From Fortune

The following article is also from Fortune's special issue on American youth. It represents the results of extensive interviews by author Peter M. Swerdloff with young blue-collar workers in Akron, Ohio.

EACH YEAR hundreds of youngsters go directly from high school into white-collar jobs, and even more take blue-collar positions in manufacturing and service industries. Yet there has been amazingly little investigation of their beliefs and values—in sharp contrast to the meticulous research done on

college students...

What are these people like? What are their interests and what are their goals? What amuses them and what frightens? To what degree are they moved by the attitudes that have remade our colleges and set fire to our urban ghettos? To find out, I went to Akron, Ohio...

**COLLEGE**... is not a dividing factor in Akron. The gap does not lie between Akron's young workers and its college students, but between the attitudes and beliefs of the majority of Akron's young people in general and those of college activists in revolt-torn universities in other parts of the country. Nor is there a "generation gap" in Akron: the values of the city's young people, if anything, are those that college activists find unsettling in their own parents. Young workers in Akron—or at least the white majority—answered questions about the hippie movement and the antiwar protesters with attitudes I would have expected from their elders.

While there is some opposition to the war in Vietnam, not more than a tenth of the white workers felt that protests did any good. All agreed that young demonstrators "had the right" to nonviolent actions, but... they were equally certain that such protests led inevitably to violence...

On the hippies... the first comment was that the hippies "had the right to behave as they pleased." The general feeling... was a certain disgust...

This attitude was even clearer on the question of drugs, and, in particular, the use of marijuana...

Very few white production workers... had any notion of what motivated nonconformist groups. Unlike young activists, they saw no groups or powers that significantly restricted their own freedom...

Unmarried workers customarily live with their parents. While there were some complaints that they were still treated like schoolchildren, there was no visible opposition to parental values. The phrase "generation gap" elicited no response...

25

## Youthful Doubts That America Has Lived Up To Its National Ideals

In late September the President's Commission on Campus Unrest presented its report, a report that included a vivid and lengthy description of a "new youth culture" the commissioners see rising in America. Here are excerpts from the report.

THE ADVANCE of American society into the post-industrial era, the increasing affluence of most Americans, and the expansion and intergenerational evolution of liberal idealism...have prompted the formation of a new youth culture that defines itself through a passionate attachment to principle and an opposition to the larger society.

At the center of this culture is a romantic celebration of human life, of the unencumbered individual, of the senses, and of nature. It rejects what it sees to

## NATIONAL FORUM
CASES FROM THE PRESENT

(continued)

be the operational ideals of American society: materialism, competition, rationalism, technology, consumerism, and militarism....

During the past decade, this youth culture developed rapidly. It has become ever more distinct and has acquired an almost religious fervor through a process of advancing personal commitment....

It thus appears to define a broad crisis of values with which the American people must now begin to cope....

Throughout most of American history, the idealism of youth has been formed—and constrained—by the institutions of adult society. But during the 1960's, in response to an accumulation of social changes, the traditional American youth culture developed rapidly in the direction of an oppositional stance toward the institutions and ways of the adult world.

This subculture took its bearings from the notion of the autonomous, self-determining individual whose goal was to live with "authenticity," or in harmony with his inner penchants and instincts. It also found its identity in a rejection of the work ethic, materialism, and conventional social norms and pieties....

Its aim was to liberate human consciousness and to enhance the quality of experience; it sought to replace the materialism, the self-denial, and the striving for achievement that characterized the existing society with a new emphasis on the expressive, the creative, the imaginative. The tools of the workaday institutional world—hierarchy, discipline, rules, self-interest, self-defense, power—it considered mad and tyrannical. It proclaimed instead the liberation of the individual to feel, to experience, to express whatever his unique humanity prompted....

And yet in its commitment to liberty and equality, it was very much in the mainstream of American tradition: what it doubted was that America had managed to live up to its national ideals....

The new culture adherent believes he sees an America that has failed to achieve its social targets; that no longer cares about achieving them; that is

26

thoroughly hypocritical in pretending to
have achieved them and in pretending
to care . . . . He wishes desperately to
recall America to its great traditional
goals of true freedom and justice for
every man. As he sees it, he wants to
remake America in its own image . . . .

TO MOST AMERICANS, the develop-
ment of the new youth culture is an un-
pleasant and often frightening phe-
nomenon.... But the new youth cul-
ture itself is not a "problem" to which
there is a "solution"; it is a mass so-
cial condition, a shift in basic cultural
viewpoint. How long this emerging
youth culture will last, and what course
its future development will take, are
open questions. But it does exist to-
day....

How Will
Changing Values
Affect Our Future?

From *The National Observer*

JUST AS the rise of student militancy
and Black Power bewildered a lot of
social scientists in the last decade, so
will American attitudes and life-styles
surely be altered by vicissitudes in the
next that cannot now be predicted. But
forecasting how people are likely to
behave in their private lives is partic-
ularly risky for another reason:

The area of mores embraces insti-
tutions and values that much of society
still considers above discussion.

To others, though, no institution is
sacrosanct. Speculation about changing
mores—customs and moral attitudes
that, through general observance, de-
velop the force of law—is therefore ir-
resistible. So *The National Observer*
invited more than a score of cultural
analysts—sociologists, social psychol-
ogists, political scientists, philosophers,
historians, demographers, a polltaker,
a sexologist—to indulge this tempta-
tion....

HERE is their composite sketch of the
Average American of 1980:

He will be more intelligent, slightly
more tolerant, and much more flexible in
attitudes and behavior than he now is.

He may be slightly less religious in an
orthodox sense, though perhaps more
apt to seek religious experience in other
ways. He will probably be more suspi-
cious of big government, less respectful
of all authoritarian figures.

He will be less inclined to remain part
of a family out of filial loyalty; more like-
ly to seek fellowship and emotional ties
outside of the family—among peer
groups in apartment buildings or com-
munities designed for singles, young
marrieds, and retired folks: or simply in
more socially integrated neighborhoods.
He will have more leisure time because
he will work fewer hours and have long-
er vacations. He will likely espouse most
of the same patriotic and moral virtues
that he now does, though maybe a bit
less fervently.

None of this, it should be emphasized,
suggests that the "American way of
life" is going to become vastly different
any time soon. On the contrary, people,
and societies, change very slowly. The
forces that affect mores do not sudden-
ly erupt like volcanoes; they alter direc-
tions and forms gradually, as a river
does its banks. As pollster George
Gallup, Jr. points out, even the most
unsettling trends that emerged in the
60's and will continue in the 70's are
"evolutionary rather than revolu-
tionary."...

Psychologist Donald Michael of the
University of Michigan reminds us that
most of the young people who will be in
their 20's and early 30's in the coming
decade had little to do with the "youth
rebellion" of the 60's: The majority
have not gone to college, have never
smoked pot, have not demonstrated
against the war, and probably still stick
to the main principles of the old morality.
Pessimistically, he [Dr. Michael] divines
an exacerbating "multipolarization" of
American society in the 70's.

But a forecast of a new decade
should end on a more hopeful note, and
Chicago psychologist Brewster Smith
offers one: "It might be that we are just
undergoing growing pains, and that we
may pull out of all this with some con-
ception of how to reorganize an in-
dustrial order to be a bit more respectful
of human values."

© 1970 Dow-Jones Co., Inc. Reprinted by permission

27

INQUIRE AND DISCUSS

# Guide to discussing the

## I. Decide Agenda For Discussion

Decide which of the questions below you consider important to discuss and the order in which you will discuss them. You may wish to add others. After deciding which questions you would like to discuss, refer to the exercises on these pages that might help guide your discussion.

A. What evidence is there that a new youth culture is emerging? (see exercises II, III, IV)

B. What do social scientists say about the causes of changes in the ways of youth? (see exercises V and VI)

C. Is there any pattern to be observed in the changes that are occurring in the culture of the young throughout the world? (see exercise II)

D. What are the values underlying the changes occurring in the culture of youth? (see exercises IV and VI)

E. Is there a conflict of values between the young and the old, or is there only a difference in definition and desire to implement specific values? (see exercises III, IV, and VI)

F. What should be the response of society to what appears to be an emerging new youth culture? (see exercise VII)

G. Do the changes that are occurring involve most American youth, or are changes limited to a small minority?

## II. Determine a Pattern Of Development

After considering the cases in the World Forum, what pattern of development do you see emerging throughout the world?

Check off the areas listed below in which you see a worldwide pattern emerging. Are different patterns emerging within the Communist and capitalist blocs?

A. Use of drugs.

B. Appreciation of rock music.

C. Disrespect for all that is old or traditional.

D. Increased involvement in social, political, and economic issues.

E. Resentment of authority, regimen-tation, and depersonalization.

F. Appreciation of life and nature.

G. Rejection of all religion.

H. Rejection of established religions.

I. Rejection of centralized power.

J. A greater emphasis on needs of the individual.

K. A greater emphasis on needs of the group.

L. Criticism of the role of the military.

M. A trend toward long hair and bi-zarre dress habits.

N. A tendency to regard the older generation as hypocritical.

O. Desire for instant gratification of needs and wants.

P. Desire to escape from reality.

Q. A belief in egalitarianism, that all men are capable of participating in the political process.

## III. Analyze Changes in The Culture of the Young

After determining which of the above trends are part of a worldwide pattern, consider the validity of the following statements. Mark V for those you consider valid, and I for those you consider invalid.

A. The changes occurring today represent nothing more than the normal pattern of youth rebelling against their elders.

B. The young consistently fail to recognize the contributions made by the older generation.

C. The young want to accomplish the same goals as their elders but have chosen different methods of accomplishing those goals.

D. The young want to accomplish goals that are completely different from—and sometimes opposed to—the goals of their elders.

E. The young in seeking to combat regimentation and conformity have adopted a regimentation and conformity of their own.

F. Although the young say they appreciate that which is natural, they contradict themselves by doing things such as taking drugs and severely amplifying the sound of their music.

G. Although the young say they appreciate nature, they contradict themselves when they get together for rock festivals and leave behind a sea of garbage.

H. The new generation seems not to know how to create a structure of society that will reflect its values.

I. The changes that have occurred in the culture of the young have done more harm than good.

28

# new youth culture

## IV. Analyze the Conflict in Values

Consider the values listed below. Which do you believe are given higher priority by the young? (mark Y) Which are given higher priority by the old? (mark O) Which do you believe are shared equally by the young and old? (mark S)

— A. Respect for the individual

— B. Equal justice for all

— C. Respect for authority

— D. Respect for tradition

— E. Respect for nature

— F. Enjoyment of life

— G. Appreciation of material things

— H. Need to conform

— I. Peace, love, and tranquillity

— J. Need to sacrifice for others

— K. The need to sacrifice now in order to gain something in the future

— L. Respect for the sensibilities of others

— M. Tolerance of those who are different

— N. Respect for rationality and logic

— O. Free, frank, and warm human relations

— C. The all pervasive mass media has made it possible for novel ideas to be widely publicized.

— D. Despite criticism of the educational system, today's young people are among the best educated and most knowledgeable of any generation in history.

— E. Young people regard as a threat the growth and development of technology with its accompanying depersonalization and defilement of the environment.

— F. The growth in influence and power of the military is seen by the young to be the cause of misdirected national priorities.

## VI. Determine Causes Of the Conflict in Values

Place a check in the left half of the answer blank preceding any factor you consider to be a major obstacle to better communication between the young and old. In the right half of the answer blank indicate if the factor is more prevalent among the young (mark Y), the old (mark O), or equally prevalent among young and old (mark E).

— Fear of the culture of the other generation

— Self-righteousness

— Intolerance of differing views

— Ignorance of what the others' goals and values might be

## V. Determine Causes Of Changes In the Culture of Youth

The following list contains some of the factors that have been cited by social scientists and others as causes of the current changes in the culture of youth. Which do you believe are valid? (mark V)

— A. Many of today's young people were brought up in a very permissive way. As children, for instance, there was great stress on immediate satisfaction of their needs.

— B. Today's young people have grown up in an affluent society and have never had to deny themselves something they desired.

## VII. Decide Attitude Of Society Toward the New Culture

Which of the following courses do you believe is best for society to follow regarding the current changes in the culture of youth:

— A. Ignore them. New fads will take their places.

— B. Regard the changes as a threat to society and make efforts to suppress the changes and reimpose the established ways.

— C. Try to understand the changes and help guide young people through them.

— D. Accept changes as the way of the future and go along with them.

29

KISSINGER, HENRY A.

Dear Mr. Zweifel:

Just a short note to thank you for your
efforts toward the pleasant celebration
of my parentb' 50th Wedding Anniversary
celebration. The arrangements made for
our party were clearly well thought out and
beautifully executed.

I wanted you to know that I especially appreciated your awareness of my particular considerations. Your protection of our comfort and privacy were greatly appreciated and contributed a great deal to the enjoyment of our party.

Police Director Sweifel
c/o Hotel Signina
Laax 7131, Switzerland

jlp:8/31/72

RECEIVED
SEP 6 1972

CENTRAL OFFICES