6.

Nesselrode, Graf von, Lettres et Papiers, edited by A. von Nesselrode.

Pasquier, Duc du, *Memoires du Chancelier Pasquier*, edited by d'Auiffret-Pasquier, 6 vols. Paris, 1893-4.

By the French foreign minister of the time of Leibach and Troppau.
A useful, if onesided, source for this period.

Sbornik of the Imperial Russian Historical Society, St. Petersburg,
1880, 1904, Vols. XXXI, IV, CXII, CXIX, CXXVII. An
comprehensive Russian publication of documents of over 100 volumes.
A useful primary source.

de
Talleyrand, C. M., *Memoires de Talleyrand*, edited by the Duke of
Braghil, 5 vols., Paris, 1891-2.

The memoirs of the great French diplomat, most similar to Metternich
of all his contemporaries. Like Metternich's autobiography, Volume I,
and part of Volume II of Talleyrand's is a fragmentary narrative;
the remainder consists of official correspondence. An invaluable
source particularly for the period of the Congress of Vienna.
Talleyrand's reports to the King must nevertheless be taken with a
grain of salt, since the former Foreign Minister of Napoleon was
eager to demonstrate his indispensability.

Talleyrand, C. M. de, *Correspondence Inédite pendant le Congrès de
Vienna*, edited by G. Palbrin, Paris, 1905.
Rather self-explanatory.

NOTE: Some of the secondary works, such as Webster, Fournier, or
Linkvaldt have Appendices containing much primary material. Indications
will be found with the appropriate listing.

## II. Biographies or Biographical Monographs

### A. On Castlereagh

Alison, Sir Archibald, Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart, 3 vols. London, 1861.

The first attempt to rehabilitate Castlereagh, commissioned by his half-brother, Sir Charles Stewart. Based primarily on the Castlereagh correspondence and contemporary sources, it suffers from inadequate documentation and a fatuous analysis. The insight of the author is revealed by the fact that he treats Castlereagh and Stewart as of equal importance. Superseded by Webster's classic, which uses all of Alison's material with a few minor exceptions.

Hyde, H. M., The Rise of Castlereagh. London, 1933.

A very useful account of Castlereagh's career in Ireland and his part in suppressing the first rebellion. Very sympathetic to Castlereagh.

Leigh, Jane, Castlereagh. London, 1951.

A fairly superficial biography. Useless for diplomatic events. Of moderate use for Castlereagh's personality and of the events leading up to his suicide.

Marriott, Sir J. A. R., Castlereagh, The Political Life of Robert, Second Marquess of Londonderry.

A belated vindication by a historian who in his youth had violently attacked Castlereagh. Scanty on diplomatic history, but an excellent description of Castlereagh's personality and also of his domestic difficulties.

Salisbury, Marquess of, Biographical Essays. London, 1905.

The classic defense of Castlereagh by a later Foreign Secretary
in the Quarterly Review (January 1862). Based on insufficient informa-
tion, the appropriate volume of Wellington's Supplementary dispatches
not having yet appeared, the essay has a certain polemical quality;
but it has the merit of being the first substantial indication of
Castlereagh's European vision.

Webster, Sir Charles, The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh, 2 vols. Volume I, 1812-1815, London, 1931; Volume II, 1815-22, London, 1925.

The standard work on Castlereagh's foreign policy, drawn primarily
from the Foreign Office Archives, supplemented by researches in other
archives. The material is utilized with an almost pedantic objectivity
which eschews analysis to such a degree that the work is more useful
as a primary source of the very full quotations than as an account of
events. The description of Castlereagh is very fair, although perhaps
the British point of view is somewhat overdone. The constant invocation
of Metternich's obtuse timidity as a foil to Castlereagh's superior wisdom
is quite misleading, as is Webster's account of Continental motivations
in general. Excellent appendices contain much otherwise unavailable
primary material.

B. On Metternich

NOTE: Because of the wealth of Metternich literature, much of it
purely textual, only the most representative works have been
listed.

Avernheimer, Raoul, Metternich, Statesman and Lover. New York, 1940.

An adulatory biography. A silly psychological effort which
attempts to relate Metternich's love life to his diplomacy.

9.

Bibl, Victor, Metternich, der Dämon Osterreich's. Leipzig, 1936.

As the title implies, a polemical tract by an eminent historian.
Since his tool is a textual exegesis of individual phrases, and since
he insists on taking Metternich's every maneuver at face value, Bibl
has no difficulty demonstrating that Metternich was a liar, a traitor,
a coward, and a fool to boot. A good illustration of the reaction
of the Tiertachka school of historiography to Metternich.

Bibl, Victor, Metternich in Beleuchtung. Wien, 1928.

Another contribution in Bibl's never-ending war on the
conservative statesman. This time Bibl has unearthed correspondence between
Metternich and the Bavarian minister Wiede from 1831 to 1934, In
Bibl's skillful hands, it demonstrates that Metternich was a a liar,
a traitor, a coward, and a fool.

Cecil, Alger, Metternich. London, 1933.

A short, sympathetic biography. Weak on diplomatic history
and Austria's domestic policy, but an adequate account of Metternich's
motivations.

Du Coudray, Helen, Metternich, New Haven, 1936.

Another biography inspired by Srbik's monumental work.
Somewhat emotional, but sensitive characterization of Metternich.

Malleson, Life of Prince Metternich. London, 188-

The first Metternich biography in English. Typical of the
reaction of the liberal historiography, it describes Metternich as the
intriguer who overthrew the , as the Jesuit who followed
Attila, only to enslave Europe for over a generation.

10.

Mazade, Ch. de, *Un Chancellier d'Ancien Regime. Le Regne Diplomatique de Metternich.* Paris, 1889.

A French attempt to contrast Metternich with Bismarck to the latter's disadvantage. Based on too skimpy material, it is nevertheless particularly good in its analysis of Metternich's 18th century roots.

Paleologue, Maurice, *Romantisen et Diplomatie. Paris, 1924.*

A study of Talleyrand, Metternich, and Chateaubriand.

A particularly rewarding section on Metternich.

Sandemans, G. A. C.

The first relatively sympathetic Metternich biography in English. Written when not too much material was available, it nevertheless remains perhaps the most balanced effort by an English historian.

Sorel, Albert, *Essais d'Histoire et de Critique, Paris, 1885.*

A splendid chapter on Metternich, particularly good in its emphasis on Metternich's diplomatic skill. French historians have in general proved kinder to Metternich than their German counterparts, for in order to exalt Napoleon they had to respect his chief antagonist.

Srbik, Heinrich von, *Metternich der Staatsmann der Deutsch, 2 volumes. Munich, 1925.*

A monumental work exhibiting an extraordinary erudition and power of analysis. In many respects the definitive biography. Unfortunately Srbik slighted Metternich's diplomatic skill by exalting his philosophic insights, so that the picture which emerges is almost exactly Metternich's vision of himself as the 18th century philosopher-king. The work contains also an excellent analysis of Austria's domestic difficulties.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Documentary Sources

A. British Sources

Castlereagh, Viscount, Correspondence, Dispatches and Other Papers.

Edited by his brother, the Marquess of Londonderry, London, 1848-1852. The volumes referred to in footnotes as C.C. The volumes collection is as miscellaneous as the title. Volumes 8-12 deal with Castlereagh; foreign policy. A useful supplement to secondary sources, but it is impossible to reconstruct events from the documents, particularly after 1815.

British and Foreign State Papers, edited by the Librarian of the Foreign Office. Referred to as B.F.S.P. Official documents of the period which had been published by 1841, principally documents. To be used with caution because Castlereagh was something less than frank in his dealings with Parliament. Volumes 1-9 deal with the period in question.

Hansard, Commons Records of Parliamentary debates. Useful primarily to indicate the difficulty Metternich confronted in legitimizing his policy domestically.

Webster, Charles, British Diplomacy, 1813-15, London, 1921. Referred to as B.O. A collection of Foreign Office documents, supplemented by excerpts from Castlereagh's correspondence giving an excellent picture of the period covered.

Wellington, Duke of, Dispatches edited by Kennard, 13 vols., London, 1837.

Willington's dispatches during his eventual career. Since both as a

2.

soldier and diplomat Wellington was intimately associated with the
events of this period. His dispatches provide an invaluable background
material. Volumes 8-13 cover the period in question.

Wellington, Duke of, Supplementary Dispatches, Correspondence and
Memoranda. Edited by his son. London, 1858-76, 15 volumes.

Volumes VI-XIV cover the period in question. A collection of documents concerning events in which the Duke of Wellington participated either directly or indirectly. It contains many dispatches and memoranda by Castlereagh as well as documents from the other courts.

A miscellaneous, but invaluable, source. Referred to as W.S.D.

## B. Austrian Sources

Consalvi and Metternich, Correspondence, 1815-23 aux Cardinal Anselmc
avec le Prince de Metternich, edited by Charles von Disum, Louvain, 1899,
Metternich's correspondence with the Papal Secretary of State. Useful
for Metternich's Italian policy and his sober attitude towards the Church.

Gentz, Friedrich von, Depeches Inédites aux Hospodors de Valadie,
edited by Anton Prokesch-Osten, 3 vols, Paris, 1876-77. Briefe von
Bartholdy, 2 vols.,
Friedrich von Gentz au Pilat, edited by Karl Mendelson, Leipzig, 1868-

*Zit Tagel*, aus dem Nachlass Vainlagen von Ense, 4 vols.,

Leipzig, 1873-74. Documents by one of Metternich's closest associates
including some memoranda by Metternich. Although Gentz tends to
exaggerate his own sole, they give a useful picture of events,
particularly after 1815.

Hanotean, Jean, Lettres du Prince de Metternich à la Comtesse de Lieven.
Paris, 1909.

Metternich's love letters to the wife of the Russian ambassador in London.
Interesting for Metternich's picture of himself and, above all, his

3.

rationalist philosophy.

Klinkowstroem, Alfons, Oesterreich; Theilerame and den Befierungskriegen.
Vienna, 1887.

Gentz's history of Austria participation in the war of 1813. Particularly
useful for an appendix containing an exchange of letters between Metternich
and Schwarzenberg.

Kuebeck, Max, Metternich and Kuebeck, Ein Briefwechsel, Vienna, 1910.
An exchange of letters from 1949-50 between Metternich and the Austrian
diplomat dealing with German problems. Particularly useful for
Metternich's views on the question of German unification.

Metternich, Clemens, Aus Metternich, Nachgelassenen Papieren. Edited by
Alfons v. Klinkowström, Vienna, 1880, 8 volumes. Referred to as N.P.
Documents left by Metternich in lieu of an autobiography. The first
volume contains Metternich's self-satisfied and frequently inaccurate
biographical fragment and his splendid "portraits" of Napoleon and
Alexander. The remainder is a collection of diplomatic documents,
private letters and notes. Some doubts have been cast on the
accuracy of the documents, but the deviations are all trivial and
the documents are considered with Metternich's other writings which
have since come to light. (See Baillieu, III D.) Also available
in French as Memoires, and the first five volumes in English. But
only the above edition brings the documents in their original form,
containing manuscripts in both French and German.

Metternich, Klemens, Briefe des Staatskanglers Fuerest Metternich
Winn an den osterreichischen Minister des Aüsserein Graf
Buol-Schwenstein aus den Jahren, 1852-59, edited by Carl J.
Bureckhardt, Munich, 1954.

4.

Letters by Metternich to his successor as foreign minister, advising him on Austrian policy. An excellent source for an understanding of Metternich's basic foreign policy doctrine.

Metternich, Clemens, Metternich-Hartiz, Ein Briefwechsel, Vienna, 1923.

Correspondence between Metternich and the former Austrian Governor of Lombardy between 1848 and 1851. Interesting for more of Metternich's views of the nature of the statesmanship and administration.

Oncken, Wilhelm, Oesterreich und Preussen un Befreiungskriege, 2 vols.
Berlin, 1880.

A narrative of Austria's and Prussia's policy in the first six months of 1813 with a very full appendix of major diplomatic dispatches and the German translation of others in the text. The narrative is discursive and disorganized, but the documents are invaluable.

Prokesch-Osten, Anton von, Geschichte des Abfalls der Griechen, 5 vols,
Wien, 1867.

A history of the achievement of Greek independence by the Austrian diplomat best acquainted with the Ottoman Empire. Volumes 1 and 2 are a narrative, the remainder documents. The latter are invaluable for the intricate diplomacy of 1921-22.

Prokesch-Osten, Anton von, Aus dem Nachlass Prokesch-Osters, 2 vols.
Vienna, 1881.

Volume 2 contains correspondence between Metternich and the author who was Metternich's expert on the Eastern question. Particularly good for the period after 1848.

5.

### C. Other Sources

Angeberg, Comte d', Le Congrès de Vienne et les Traites de 1815.

2 volumes, Paris, 1863/64.

A basic source for the Congress of Vienna with additional documents on
the Congress of Chatillon and the Congress of Aix-le-Chapelle

Acte du Congress de Vienne, Vienna, 1815. The Final Acts of the
Congress of Vienna. 11 volumes, Paris, 1904.

Caulaincourt, Memoires edited by J. Hanoteau, Paris, 1935.

The memoires of Napoleon's ambassador to Russia and foreign minister
during the collapse of Napoleon's Empire. Not very profound but a
well written, fine account of Napoleon's end.

Klüber, Johann, Acten des Wiener Congresses, 9 vols., 1815.

A very fine but miscellaneous collection of documents beginning with the
Treaty of Chaumont and extensive protocols of the Congress of Vienna.

Martens, O. F., Nouveau Recueil de Traites, 16 vols. Göttingen,
1817-1842.

A practically complete collection of major treaties between 1808 and
1839 in which Russia was a party, supplemented by a miscellaneous col-
lection of other lay documents. Vols. 3-10 cover the period in
question. Referred to as Recueil.

Minster, Ernst, Count von, Political Sketches of the State of Europe,
1814-1867, Edinburgh, 1868.

Dispatches by the envoy of Hannover to the Allied armies and the
Congress of Vienna during 1814-15; written for the then Prince Regent
of Britain in his capacity as King of Hannover. Primarily useful for
German problems.

11.

Srbik, Heinrich von, Meister der Politik, edited by Emil Marks, 3. volume 3. Stuttgart, 1924.

Srbik's long chapter on Metternich in this series is a synopsis of his major work and in every respect admirable.

Woodward, E. L., Three Studies in European Conservatism. London, 1929.

A useful brief description of Metternich's thought observed almost entirely from the "Profession of Faith" in the N.P. Not very profound, but an adequate introduction.

### III. Special Studies and Monographs

NOTE: There exists a vast Napoleon literature describing the Coalition of 1814 from the French point of view, such as the works of Plisis, Bignon, Haussage, Fain, etc. But since this study is based primarily on Allied sources, they will not be stressed in the bibliography.

#### A. The Period 1812-1815

Bryant, Arthur, Years of Victory, London, 1944.

A rather pat account of Britain's war with Napoleon between 1802 and 1812, obviously written under the impact of Britain's experience in World War II.

Buckland, C. S. B., Metternich and the British Government. London, 1932.

An extremely interesting account of Metternich's careful policy vis-a-vis Britain's between 1809 and 1813 and his skillful handling of a succession of British emissaries of more or less unofficial status. An excellent source for Austria's precarious and intricate domestic position in the crucial period leading up to the formation of the Fourth Coalition.

12.

Demelitsch, Fedor von, Metternich und Seine Aus tige Politisch. Stuttgart, 1898.

A splendid analysis of Metternich's foreign policy between 1809 and 1812. Based primarily on the Vienna archives.

Fournier, August, Der Congress von Chatillon. Vienna, 1900.

A pedantic, careful study of Metternich's diplomacy between the Treaty of Teplitz and the fall of Napoleon. Very useful appendices containing Metternich's correspondence with Hudelist; the military deliberations of the Allies; the documents relating to the crisis at Troyes; Hardenberg's diary and reports from Soldin to the Prince Regent.

Luckwaldt, Friedrich, Osterreich und die Anfänge des Befreiungskrieges von 1813. Berlin, 1898.

An extremely well written and acute study of Metternich's subtle policy leading to Austria's entry into the Coalition. Based primarily on documents in the archives at Vienna. A small but useful appendix of diplomatic documents.

Oman, Carola, Napoleon at the Channel, New York, 1942.

Another trivial wartime effort, drawing the obvious comparisons between Britain's premix experience with Hitler and with Napoleon.

Macunn, F. J., The Contemporary English View of Napoleon. London, 1914.

Oncken, Wilhelm, Osterreich und Preussen in den Befreiungskriegen, 2 vols. Berlin, 1880. See I B.

Oncken, Wilhelm, Die Krisis der letzten Friedensverlandlungen mit Napoleon. Raumer's Historisches Taschenbuch VI, 5. Leipzig, 1886.

A useful monograph about the final peace negotiations with

13.

Napoleon. Not nearly as full as Fournier, however.

Oncken, Wilhelm, Aus den letzten Monaten des Jahres, 1813.

Raumer, Historisches Taschenbuch VI, 2. Leipzig, 1883.

An excellent monograph on Metternich's diplomacy in the
last three months of 1813.

Rose, John Holland, Napoleonic Studies. London, 1904.

Essays on several aspects of the Napoleonic period including
a useful chapter on Metternich's policy in 1813.

Rose, John Holland, The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, 1789-1815. Cambridge, 1994.

A useful account of the survey type. Relatively fuller in the
period 1812-15 than in remainder.

Sorel, Albert, L'Europe et la Revolution Francaise. Paris, 1904.

Volume VIII of this eminent work deals with the Fourth Coalition.

It paints a somewhat exaggerated picture of the Machiavellian
Metternich destroying the Hero through deviousness and finesse, but is in
most respects an admirable study. It contains, also, a sympathetic
and generally excellent appraisal of Castlereagh.

## B. The Congress of Vienna

Ferrero, Guglieme, The Reconstruction of Europe. New York, 1941.

A well written account of the Congress of Vienna. It is based
almost entirely on Talleyrand's memoirs which are taken at face value.
The approach is somewhat too moralizing and simplicist and the relation-
ship to the modern period drawn somewhat too patly. Through it all,
Talleyrand appears of almost superhuman quality.

Fournier, August, Die Geheimpolizei auf dem Wiener Kongress.
Vienna, 1913.

An interesting account of the operations of the very efficient
Austrian police during the Congress of Vienna, together with a publica-
tion of confidential documents intercepted by it. Primarily useful as a
demonstration that most secret documents are not worth stealing.

La Garde-Chambonas, Comte A. de, Souvenirs du Congrès de Vienna.
Paris, 1901.

Spirited reminiscences of the social life at Vienna by a member
of the French delegation to Vienna. In the tradition of the literature
of the "dancing" Congress. An amusing description of some of the social
lions, such as the old Prince de Ligne. Also available in English and
German.

Nicolson, Harold, The Congress of Vienna. London, 1945.

A study of the diplomacy of the Fourth Coalition and the Congress.

written, but entirely from the point of view of the professional
diplomat, ascribing to negotiating skill what may have been due to a great
many other factors. Another peaceman of praise for Talleyrand as the most
accessible source.

Webster, Charles, The Congress of Vienna. London, 1934.

Written at the request of the Foreign Office in preparation
for the Versailles conference to draw the lessons from the other
great peace-making effort. A straightforward, pedantic account
which somewhat overemphasizes Castlereagh's role. It is amusing to
note that all so-called "errors" of the Vienna settlement which Webster
urges Britain to avoid, such as permitting the defeated enemy to
negotiate, turned out to be the bane of the Treaty of Versailles.
Useful appendices, particularly regarding the prodigious question.

15.

Weil, Commandant M-H, Les Dessous du Congrès de Vienne, 2 vols.
Paris, 1917.

Another publication of confidential documents intercepted by
the Austrian secret policy. Same general comment applies as to
Fournier's work above.

### C. The Period after the Congress of Vienna to 1822

NOTE: No first-rate study of either the Congress of Vienna or its aftermath exists. By the time the documents became available, historians were engaged in a self-righteous condemnation of the period.

Cresson, W. P., The Holy Alliance. New York, 1922.

A study of the relations of the Holy Alliance with the New World, leading to the promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine. Not very useful for an understanding of the major events in Europe.

Molden, Ernst, Ein Geschichte des Osterreichisch-Russischen Gegensätzes.
Vienna, 1916.

A useful account of Austro-Russian tensions between 1815 and 1818, somewhat affected by the wartime atmosphere of its origin. Based on the Vienna archives.

Muehlenbeck, E., Etude sur les origines de la Sainte Alliance. Paris, 1887.

An interesting study, well told, of Alexander's increasing religious exaltation and his relations with Baroness K

Naef, Wernes, Ein Geschichte der Heiligen Allianz. Bonn, 1928.

An excellent monograph discussing the origin of the Holy Alliance.
A very good analysis of the nature and the import of the textual
changes of Metternich in Alexander's drafts.

16.

Phillips, W. A., The Confederation of Europe. London, 1913.

The first systematic attempt to rehabilitate Castlereagh.

Based on Foreign Office documents, it is not nearly so complete as

the Webster work, but its analysis is perhaps more lucid.

Rieben, Hans, Prinzipiengrundlage und Diplomatie in Metternich's
Europapolitik, 1815-1848. Bonn, 1942.

A very good account of the conceptual basis of Metternich's
policy; an adequate summary of his diplomacy.

Schenk, H. G., The Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. London, 1947.

A new Marxist account of the social struggle following the
Congress of Vienna. A good, if one-sided, Ph.D. thesis. Useless
for diplomatic history.

Schmalz, Hans, Versuche einer Gesentemopärischen Organisation, 1815-
20. Bonn, 1940.

A usefully documented monograph of Metternich's policy of inter-
vention with special emphasis on the Congress of Trieste. Based primarily
on the Vienna archives.

Schwarz, Wilhelm, Die Heilige Allianz. Stuttgart, 1935.

An extremely well written account of the post-Vienna period
which suffers from the fact that it never distinguishes between the
Holy and the Quadruple Alliance and from a tendency to sacrifice
accuracy to journalistic effect.

Ward, Sir A. W., The Period of the Congresses, New York, 1919.

17.

D. Miscellaneous Sources

Brinton, Crane, The Lives of Talleyrand. New York, 1936.

A well written, occasionally brilliant, book, but too thin for serious research.

Baillieu, Paul, Die Memorien Metternich's. Historische Zeitschrift, 1880.

A devastating attack on the autobiographical fragment of Metternich in N.P. on the basis of documents printed in the remainder of the N.P. It demolishes the value of Metternich's autobiography as a historical account but the remainder of the N.P. remains invaluable as a documentary source.

Cooper, Duff, Talleyrand. London, 1932.

a good biography of Talleyrand, although very one-sided and accepting Talleyrand's evaluation of himself at face value.

Crowe, Eyre Evans, History of the Reigns of Louis XVIII and Charles X. 2 vols. London, 1854.

Particularly useful for its account of the two Restorations in Vol. I. Small, but useful appendices.

Hall, John R., The Bourbon Restoration. London, 1909.

A well written, usefully documented account.

Lockharot, J. G., The Peacemakers. London, 1932.

A collection of essays on Talleyrand, Metternich, Alexander, Pitt, Castlereagh, Canning, and Wilberforce. Mediocre and superficial.

Meinecke, Friedrich, Welt tum und Nationalstaat, Munich, 1928.

An extraordinary study by an eminent historian of the 19th century

18.

conflict of its cosmopolitan with its nationalist values.

Mikhailovitch, Le Grand Duc Nicolas, L'Empereur Alexander I, 2 vols.
St. Petersburg, 1912.

The most impressive biography of a strange man. The analysis
rarely goes very deep, but the documents are valuable.

Mikhailovitch, Le Grand Duc Nicolas, Les Rapports Diplomatiques der
Lebzeltun. Petersburg, 1913.

An extremely interesting discussion and compilation of the reports
of Austria's ambassador at St. Petersburg, although its analysis of
Metternich is weak.

Oncken, Wilhelm, Das Zeitalter der Revolution, der Kaiserreichs und
der Befreiungskriege, 2 vols. Berlin, 1886.

An excellent account of the period of revolutionary wars. Volume II
deals with the period between 1800 and 1815. Particularly good in its
analysis of Austria's policy.

Srbik, Heinrich von, Deutsche Einheit, 4 vols. Munich, 1956.

An profound study of the quest for German unity and the struggle
between Austria and Prussia. Volume I deals with the Metternich period.

Temperley, Harold, The Foreign Policy of Canning. London, 1925.

Schiemann, Theador, Geschichte Russlands under Nikolaus I, 4 vols.
Berlin, 1904.

Volume I is a very good biography of Alexander with a useful
appendix of primary sources.

Schmidt-Phiseldek, Die Politik nach den Grundsätzen der Heilgen Allianz.
Kopenhagen, 1822.

A contemporary apologia for the Holy Alliance. Interesting for this reason.

19.

Viereck, Peter, *Conservatism Revisited*.

A polemical treatise on Metternich, Emperor Franz, and various contemporaries, all of whom emerge as representative types of the author's special demonology. An interesting effort, but in the tradition of the French essay, not of serious historical research.

### IV. Basic Reference Works

Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, edited by A. W. Ward, 3 vols.
Cambridge, 1907.

Vol. II is the pertinent part. The chapter on the period 1816-22 was written by W. A. Phillips and formed the basis of his *Confederation of Europe*. A useful bibliography.

Cambridge Modern History, edited by Sir A. W. Ward and C. P. Good, 3 vols.
New York, 1922-23.

Volumes IX and X deal with the period covered by this treatise. In many respects a better source than the C.H.B.F.P., it also a much fuller bibliography.

Schnabel, F., *Deutsche Geschichte im 19th Jahrhundert, 3 vols.* Freiburg.

An excellent survey of German 19th century history. Very skimpy on diplomatic history; but extremely useful for an analysis of domestic institutions and intellectual development.

Springer, Anton, *Geschichte Österreich seit dem Wiener Frieden, 1809, 2 vols.* Leipzig, 1863.

An excellent account, particularly good on Austria's domestic problems. Its analysis of Metternich and the Empire is balanced and sure.

20.

Stählin, Karl, Geschichte Russlands von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, 4 vols. Berlin, 1935.

Volume 3 deals with the period in question.

Stern, Alfred, Geschichte Europas seit den Verteigen von 1815 bis zum Frankfurter Frieden von 1871, 10 volumes. Munich/Berlin, 1913-24.

A major work of the survey type but with an excellent blending of documentary material. Small, but useful appendices contain illustrative documentary material. Vols. 1 and 2 cover the period of this treatise.

Treitschke, Heimatich von, Deutsche Geschichte in Neumehnten Jahrhundert, 5 vols. Leipzig, 1880.

The classic nationalist history of Germany. Needless to say, Metternich's cosmopolitan values were anathema to the author and his description of Metternich's policy is poisonous. Volumes 1 and 2 deal with the period in question.

### V. Other References Consulted

Printon, Crane, Anatomy of Revolution. New York, 1938

Morsenthau, Hans, Politics among Nations. New York, 1950.

Pettee, George, Process of Revolution. New York, 1938.