( 455 )

also used with neuter, reflective, reciprocal and passive
verbs, but in this case it expresses the circumstances of
place, or time, and has the meaning of an adverb, as:

I walked a mile.

He was lazy the whole day.

He washed himself for two whole
hours.

The bridge was in a damaged state
all the year round.

Я прошёл мígлю.

Онъ лѣнъися цѣлый день.

Опъ мѣлся два часá.

Мостъ былъ испōрчепъ крўглый
годъ.

## OF THE INSTRUMENTAL.

The instrumental case without a preposition is used,

a. With passive verbs, to designate the subject of a pro-
position, and answering the question *by whom?*

By whom is this brought?

It is brought by me.

Кѣмъ это принесенó?

Это принесепó мибю.

b. With active, neuter and other verbs, to express the
means or the instrument by which the action was per-
formed, and answering the question, *by whom? or by what?
(with what?)*

I write with a pen.

They are occupied with work.

He played with his gold chain.

Пишú псьмó перóмъ.

Онъ зáняты рабóтой.

Онъ пгрálъ егб золотой цѣпóчкой.

In the form of an adverb in the instrumental case are
put:

a. Nouns denoting the manner in which the action is
performed, and answering the question *how?*

The letter is written in large
characters.

The raspberry grows in bushes.

The army was drawn up in line.

They went by sea.

Псьмó папйсаю крӳппымп бӳк-
вамп.

Малýва растёть кустамп.

Войско постройлось рядамп.

Онъ поѣхали мōремъ.

( 457 )

To spit blood,
Харкать кровью.
Харкнуть, p. of unity.

<table><tr><td>To have the name of—</td><td>Слыть, p. a. прослыть.</td></tr><tr><td>To shrink.</td><td>Пожимать, p. a. пожать.</td></tr><tr><td>To shake.</td><td>Покачивать, p. a. покачать.</td></tr><tr><td>To move.</td><td>Шевелить, p. a. шевелить.</td></tr><tr><td>A manager.</td><td>Управляющий.</td></tr><tr><td>An accident.</td><td>Пропасть.</td></tr><tr><td>Exertion.</td><td>Напряжение.</td></tr><tr><td>Firmness.</td><td>Твердость.</td></tr></table>

EXERCISE CXXI.

What does he ask him for? — He asks him for some money. — What is he afraid of? — He is afraid lest some one should ask him for something. — What she was frightened at? — She was frightened at the storm. — Take a friend's advice, you know he is a friend to you and therefore would not advise you badly. — How many months old is this child? — It is seven months old. — Of what height is your uncle? — He is very tall. — Were there many of you at the princess's ball? — There were seven of us. — What are you waiting for? — I am waiting for orders. — When you go to your merchant, buy for me, if you please, some pens, pencils and paper. — All goods at your neighbour's are much better and cheaper than those of your merchant. — What did this frock-coat cost you? — It cost me five pounds ten shillings. — Does he not like his teacher? — Yes, he does, but he does not obey him. — Have you ordered the fire to be lighted? — Not yet, but I ordered some fire-wood to be brought, and as soon as he brings it, I will order the fire to be lighted. — Do you know why he does not visit me any more? — He is ashamed of his lies, dreads your reproaches, and is too proud to acknowledge his fault and ask your

( 458 )

pardon.—He need not dread my reproaches, as I know that he did not tell a deliberate lie, but only repeated what was said by others.—When did you leave town, and were you riding long?—We left town in the evening, were riding the whole night and came home early in the morning.

### EXERCISE CXXII.

May one believe everything that is said?—On the contrary, not only one may not, but even should not, believe. What do you wish for?—I am wishing to go for a walk. Do you feel dull here, then?—No, but I feel warm here. Does your brother learn diligently?—He is as diligent as ever, but he cannot master the mathematics, although he learns with facility foreign languages.—So he is a man of good memory and slow intellect.—You would vex him much were you to tell him that.—I want to give you this diamond ring.—I should be very glad of the present, but am afraid that, in accepting it, I shall deprive your nephew, for whom it was intended, of the pleasure.—Who has got hold of my knife?—Peter; he is making his pen with it. Well, but tell him not to cut his pencils with it.—What sort of pen are you writing with?—I am not writing with a pen, but with a pencil.—What are you surprised at? We are surprised at your being here earlier than us by a whole hour, although we rode and you walked.—I went out early in the morning and walked through the forest and without stopping once, whilst you rode by the main road and stopped many times.

### EXERCISE CXXIII.

Does Mr. B. still manage that estate of yours, which abounds in game?—Yes, and he has the name of being an

( 459 )

honest and clever manager; but he is now very ill, poor fellow (бѣдніяра).—What is the matter with him?—A few days ago he was riding over the bridge at a trot, his horse stumbled against a stone, and he fell and hurt himself very much. On the following day he began to spit blood, and is now ill with fever.—Does his doctor consider his illness dangerous?—He is silent about it, and only shrugs his shoulders and shakes his head.—I pity his poor wife; she wept bitterly while communicating to me the news of this sad accident.—Now she tends him like a child, as he cannot move his arms or legs.—Is she not afraid of becoming ill also from exertion which deprives her of rest day and night?—She does not seem to pay any attention to it; one is really surprised at her strength, patience and firmness. Where is that son of his now who was last year at the university as a student?—He is now in our town as a doctor.

## SIXTY FIRST LESSON.

### Шестьдесятъ пérвый Урóкъ.

### PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL ADVERBS GOVERNING THE GENITIVE.

Without,

A man without fortune.
We cannot do without money.
Five all but two.
A quarter to two o'clock.
For (for the sake of).
I came here for your sake.
Pens are necessary for writing.
In order to.

Безъ.

Человѣкъ безъ состоянія.
Намъ неизвѣ обоитъсь безъ дѣпетъ.
Пять безъ двухъ.
Два часъ безъ четверти.
Для.
Я пришлось сюда для васъ.
Перья пужны для писанія.
Для того чтобы.

( 461 )

Instead of, for,

He took this book instead of that
one.

Instead of learning his lessons, he
is playing.

Will you go there for me ?

Within,

His house is within the fortification.

Out of, beyond, outside,

The fortifications are outside the
town.

He is out of his wits.

Beside, by, near,

He is sitting beside me.

They live next to us.

His garden is near the village.

I was riding and he was running
alongside of me.

Except, besides,

There was no one except you in our
house.

I eat nothing but bread.

Without joking.

By, past,

He passed by our house.

About, round,

We went round the garden.

He lives somewhere near the forest.

We were waiting for about two
hours.

ВМѣСТО.

Онъ взялъ юту кнійгу вмѣсто той.

Вмѣсто тогорѣ чтобъ учить уроки, онъ
пгрѣетъ.

Хотите пойти туда вмѣсто меня?

Внутрій.

Егдомъ находится внутрій укрѣплѣ-
пий.

Виѣ.

Укрѣплѣнія находятся виѣ города.

Онъ виѣ себя.

ВОЗЛѣ, ПОДМѣ.

Онъ спидѣть возлѣ меня.

Онъ живѣть возлѣ насъ.

Егдадѣ подлѣ деревни.

Я хвалѣ верхомъ. а онъ бѣжалѣ
подлѣ меня.

Крому.

Крому васъ у насъ никого не было.

Я ничегорѣ не тмь крому хлѣба.

Крому шүтөкү.

МЮМО.

Онъ телль мýмо нашего дòма.

ОКОЛО.

Мы обошій ђколо сада.

Онъ живѣть гдѣ-то здѣсь ђколо лѣса.

Мы ожидали ђколо двухъ часовъ.

( 462 )

Around,

There is not a single garden around
the town.

A dense fog hangs round the moun-
tain peak.

From, out of, since,

They went away from us.

From the house to the forest.

He fell ill from trouble.

A remedy against head-ache.

He did not know what he was doing
from joy.

From year to year.

From day to day.

He dismissed him from his service.

Behind, from behind,

He was walking behind me.

He attacked him from behind.

Upon, over,

He put a fur coat over his frock-coat.

We saw him upon the water.

After, afterwards,

He came after me.

After having written, he rose.

Before, formerly,

He came before you.

Against, opposite,

He went against the enemy.

Вкругъ, вокрѣтъ.

Окрестъ (seldom used).

Вокрѣтъ города нѣтъ пи одногорѣ�а

Окрестъ гORSой вершійны вмѣлъ гус-
той туманъ.

Отъ, ото.

Они ушлі отъ насъ.

Отъ дому дѣ лѣ су.

Онъ заботѣ лѣ отъ заботѣ.

Лѣкцрство отъ головной болѣп.

Онъ не зналъ что дѣ лалъ отъ ра-
достп.

Годъ ётъ году.

день ото дня.

Онъ емѣу отказалъ отъ мѣста.

Позаді, сзаді.

Онъ шёлъ позаді меня.

Онъ напалъ на негов сзады.

Поверхъ.

Онъ надѣ лѣ шубу поверхъ сюртукá.

Мы вѣдѣ ли его поверхъ воды.

Послѣ.

Онъ пришёлъ послѣ меня.

Онъ всталъ послѣ тогорѣ какъ напп-
сали.

Прежде (of time).

Онъ пришёлъ прѣждѣ васъ.

Противъ, противу (move-
ment).

Онъ шелъ противъ непріятеля.

( 465 )

He is invited to dinner.

He sought a pretext for a quarrel.

I was going towards the palace.

This becomes her.

On, upon, over,
At, for,

We took a walk in the fields.

He tapped me on the shoulder.

I wandered about in the world.

The soldiers fired at the besiegers.

How much is it a pound?

One shilling a pound.

We were there in the morning.

They selected the apples for their size, and the handkerchiefs for their quality.

He acted in this affair conscientiously.

He is the first in his class for good behaviour.

He is the oldest in years and the highest in rank of all here.

They dress according to the fashion.

He counted on his fingers.

We used to live there for weeks at a time.

I was travelling by land and he by sea.

The post arrives every Tuesday.

He is clad in summer attire.

They are walking two by two.

He serves in the artillery.

According to my opinion.

Онъ приглашонъ къ обѣлу.

Онъ искáлъ преди́ога къ ссóрѣ.

Я шелъ ко дворцү.

Это ей къ лицү.

## По.

Мы гуляли по полю.

Онъ потрепалъ менй по лечү.

Я страпистовали по свѣту.

Солдаты стрѣляли по осаждающимъ

По чёмъ за фунтъ?

По шилянгу за фунтъ.

Мы были тамъ поутрү.

Онъ выбиралъ яблоко по величинѣ, а платки по добротѣ.

Онъ въ этомъ дѣлѣ поступилъ по совѣсти.

Онъ въ классѣ пérвый по поведенію.

Онъ здѣсь старший по лѣтамъ и по чину.

Онъ одѣваются по мódѣ.

Онъ считалъ по пальцамъ.

Мы жили тамъ по недѣлямъ.

Я халъ по сухому путі, а онъ по морю.

Почта приходить по втóрникамъ.

Онъ одѣвается по лѣтнему.

Опй идүтъ по два въ рядъ.

Онъ слýжить по артиллériи.

По моему мнѣнію.

### OBS. 3.—По governs also the accusative and the prepositional cases.

Contrary, against,
In spite of,

He acted against common sense.

## Вопреки.

Онъ поступалъ вoпреки здравому смыслу.

( 466 )

He did it against all sense of
decency.

He married contrary to his father's
wishes.

To receive, to take,

We used to receive him.

He has taken the medicine.

To fortify,

To protect,

Impregnable, неприступный.

Naval, морской, флотский.

A rampart, валъ.

Онъ здѣлалъ это вопреки прилячіямъ.

Онъ желѣлся вопреки желанію своего
отца

Принимать, I. 1.

Принять, I. 6.

Мы принимали его.

Онъ принёлъ лькарство.

Укрѣплять, р. а. укрѣпить.

Защищать, р. а. защитить.

Impassable, непроходимый.

A forester, львовій.

Truthfulness, достоверность.

## EXERCISE CXXIV.

Is it far from here to the frontier?—About fifty miles.
From what do you conclude that he is lazy?—From the
fact that he learns his lesson only by (изъ) compulsion.
For whom are these illuminations being prepared?—For
the new governor of the town.—Does he drink wine?—He
drinks nothing except water.—When did you arrive here?
I came here before spring and will stay here till next
spring.—Has the enemy much of an army?—He has from
ten to twelve thousand men.—Against whom have you
fought?—I fought against the Hungarians in the year 1849.
When going to the war did you pass by our village?—I do
not recollect it now, but as your village lies near the river
along which our regiment went, it is probable that we did
pass it.—The letter sent from my brother to his friend did
not reach him.—What did he get ill from?—He got ill
from trouble.—Take a seat near me, and I will take a pen
and write you a prescription for fever.—Do not, however.

( 467 )

Take this medicine after dinner, and to-morrow during the morning, if you are not better, come to me again.—Is this town well fortified?—On all sides it is defended by impregnable batteries and ramparts, and, besides that, on one side it is protected by lofty mountains impassable for troops. Up to which day of the month will you be in town?—From the second to the tenth.—The bird flew from the cage to the table.—Will your sons return soon?—We expect them every hour.—At what time are you going out?—About nine, or at twenty minutes to two.—Since what o'clock have you been waiting for him?—I have been waiting for him since half-past eight.—He was waiting for you from three to five o'clock.

## EXERCISE CXXV.

To whom did he apply?—He applied to his chief.—Which of these two roads leads to the forester's house?—When you come to the nearest village, turn to the right and go straight up to the river; there, after crossing the bridge, you will see on a hillock the forester's house; so you cannot now lose your way.—While taking a walk in the fields and enjoying the pleasant evening air we came to a little house lying (стотить) at the foot of the hill.—Is it true that the rich banker is going to marry the daughter of a naval officer?—There is such a rumour in town, but I could not answer for its truthfulness.—From which battery did the enemy fire at your troops?—He fired at us from his ships, in spite of their heavy (сильный) rolling from side to side. Did he act according to your orders?—No, he acted contrary to my orders.—How are you going abroad?—From here to town we are going by rail, and thence by sea.—Does he go to church every Sunday?—He goes to church not

( 468 )

only on Sunday, but on week days.—At how much per
foot do you buy this mahogany?—At two shillings and
threepence per foot.—In what order did the soldiers march ?
They marched six in a row.

SIXTY-SECOND LESSON.

Шестьдесятъ второй Уропъ.

PREPOSITIONS GOVERNING THE ACCUSATIVE.

Into, in, to, at,

He went into the garden.
I am going to Vienna.
I came on Monday in the afternoon,
and he came at one in the after-
noon.
We came in time.
His house is a two storied one.
I will write this in one hour.
He tore the handkerchief to pieces.
We believe in God.
To look through spectacles.
He set out on a journey.
To speak through the nose.
To play at cards.
To give a deposit.
To agree thoroughly.
To paint black.
He put his head out of his window.
A seat in the theatre at two roubles.
It is seven times as high.
To sell at a loss.
I translated word for word.
His sister resembles her father.

Въ, во (movement).

Онъ пошолъ въ садъ.
Я Ђду въ Вѣпу.
Я прихалъ въ понедѣльникъ въ пōл-
день, а онъ въ часъ по по-
лудн.
Мы пришли въ пору.
Егд домъ въ два этажа.
Я папашу это въ часъ.
Онъ пзорвалъ платокъ въ кускй.
Мы вбрусимъ въ Бōга.
Смотрѣть въ очкй.
Онъ пустілся въ дорѣгу.
Говорить въ носъ.
Пграть въ карты.
Дать въ задатокъ.
Жить душа въ дѣшу.
Красить въ чёрную краску.
Онъ вЫсупилъ голоду въ скно.
Мѣсто въ театрѣ въ два рубль.
Это въ семь разъ вЫше.
Продать въ убытокъ.
Я червѣлъ слѣво въ слѣво.
Егд сестрѣ въ отцѣ.