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Where did you travel this year?

I travelled abroad.

To return, возвратиться.

My late father, мой покойный отецъ.

His late mother, его покойная мать.

A benefactor, благодаритель.

Где вы путешествовали въ нышнемъ году?

Я путешествовала загрантицею.

A limit, frontier, граница.

Tolerably well, порадочно.

Order, порадокъ.

Disorder, безпорадокъ.

## EXERCISE LV.

Are you not going to the Austrian for the silk handkerchiefs? — I am not going for them to the Austrian, but to the Bavarian or Belgian. — Whom did you see last week at the rich Pole's? — I saw at his house three Frenchmen, two Englishmen and one German. — Did you see there any Asiatics also? — Yes, I saw one Chinaman, one Armenian and two Persians. — May Europeans have as many wives as Asiatics? — No, Europeans may not have as many wives as Asiatics; Europeans have better laws than Asiatics. — With whom are the rich Parisians speaking? — They are speaking with the Swiss, who has such pretty daughters. — From whom did you buy these excellent linens and those iron goods? — I bought the first from Irishmen, and the latter from their rich neighbours, the English. — Is it already time for this Scotchman to go (in a vehicle) to the Dane? — It is already time for him to go. — Is it time for the children to dine? — No, it is not yet time for them to dine, they have only just breakfasted. — What sort of goods have these Turks and Greeks? — The Turks have good furs, and the Greeks have nuts and olive-oil. — In whose coach are these Italians going? — They are going in the coach of their friend, the Spaniard. — What do you think of the Spaniards and their neighbours the Portuguese? — I think (that) they

P

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are very proud.—But I do not think so (this).—Whom do
the Montenegrins and the Bulgarians dislike?—They do
not like the Austrians and the Turks.—Whose horse is the
servant of this Milanese leading?—He leads his master's
horse.—Who takes this little girl to school?—Nobody
takes her to school, she goes there by herself (camá).—Have
you been long abroad?—I was there two months.—Has
your wife been abroad also?—No, she has not been yet,
she is going abroad to-morrow.—Since we saw him we
have received from him three letters.

EXERCISE LVI.

How have you passed your time since I saw you?—I
travelled abroad.—Where did you travel?—I travelled in
France, Russia and Sweden.—When did you return from
thence?—I returned last week.—How do you pass your
time now?—Thank you, tolerably well.—Have the peasants
abroad as good little stone houses as we have?—No, the
peasants abroad have little wooden houses, with warm rooms
and light cellars.—Who is there walking in the street?—It
is our benefactor.—Have you read already the book (which)
I gave you the day before yesterday?—No, I have not read
it yet.—In that case (tamb) read it, it is a very good book.
Where are the children?—They are walking in the garden.
Who took them away?—The old maid-servant took them
away.—Where did he take the horse from?—He led him
away from the well.—Is it time for the children to go to
church?—No, it is not yet time for them, but for the singer
it is already time to go there.—Whose calf is this butcher
leading?—He is leading his own calf.—Where is he lead-
ing it?—He is leading it to the shed.—Where is the olive-

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oil, which you bought of the Greek?—It is now in the
little lamp, which you see there, in the little corner before
the Holy Image.—What have you on your finger?—It is a
ring of my late uncle's.—How many stars and little stars
are there in the sky?—I do not know, I did not count (считать) them and nobody can count (сосчитать) them.—What is this little town by that river.—It is not a town, it is a village.—What is in this bottle?—There is wine in it.

## TWENTY-NINTH LESSON.

### Двадцать девятый Урокъ.

Masculine nouns designating animate beings form their
feminine according to the following rules:

#### I. The termination ица is added to:

##### a. Nouns ending in икъ:

Полкóвникъ, a colonel; полкóвница, a colonel's wife;
Рóдственникъ, a relative; грёшникъ, a sinner.

*Exceptions*.—Старíкъ, ‘an old man,’ and méльникъ, ‘a miller,’ form their feminine irregularly : старýха, ‘an old woman ;’ méльничха, ‘a miller’s wife.’

##### b. Nouns ending in ецъ:

Стáрецъ, a monk; стáрица, a nun;
Вдовецъ, a widower; вдовíца (com. вдовá), a widow;
Самодéржецъ, an autocrat; fem. сомодéржница.

*Exception*.—Швецъ, a sewer; швей, a sempstress.

##### c. Some names of animals:

Левъ, a lion; Львíца, a lioness.

Волкъ, a wolf; волчíца.

Осёлъ, an ass; ослíца.

Орёлъ, an eagle; орлíца.

Голубь, a pigeon; голубíца.

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d. And also the following:

Императоръ, an Emperor; пиператрица.

Царь, the czar; царца.

Мастеръ, a master; мастеръца.

Диаконъ, a deacon; диаконица.

Карликъ, a dwarf; карица.

Пьвецъ, a singer; пьвийца.

### OBS. 1.—Nouns ending in тель, take ища:

Учитель, a schoolmaster; учительница, a schoolmistress.

Приाтель, a friend.

Читатель, a reader.

Правитель, a ruler.

Зритель, a spectator.

## II. The termination ка is added to:

a. Nouns designating natives of towns or countries, and also some other words ending in ецъ, ипъ:

Италійецъ, an Italian; итальянка, an Italian woman.

Европеецъ, an European; европейка.

Китáецъ, a Chinese; китáйка.

Торговецъ, a dealer; торговка.

Знакомецъ, an acquaintance; знакомка.

Самецъ, a male; сámка.

Англичанънъ, an Englishman; angличанка.

Парижанънъ, a Parisian; парижанка.

Хозяйнъ, a master; хозяйка,

Гражданънъ, a citizen; гражданка.

Дворянънъ, a nobleman; дворянка.

b. Nouns of natives of towns or countries, and also some other words, with various endings:

Шведъ, a Swede; шведка.

Арӑпъ, a Negro; арӑпка.

Полякъ, a Pole; полька.

Калмыкъ, a Kalmook; калмычка.

Цыгӑнъ, a Gipsy; цыгӑнка.

Турокъ, a Turk; турчанка.

Черкесъ, a Circassian; черкешенка.

Грекъ, a Greek; гречанка.

Сосѣдъ, a neighbour; сосѣдка.

Зюдъи, a villain; зюдуйка.

Пастухъ, a shepherd; пастушка, a shepherdess.

### OBS. 2.—Monosyllabic nouns have the syllable OB inserted before the termination ка:

Жидъ, a Jew; жидовка, a Jewess.

Мотъ, a spendthrift; мотовка.

Воръ, a thief; воровка.

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*Exceptions*: Котъ, a cat; feminine, кóшка.
Другъ, a friend; feminine, подрúга.

### III. The following take the termination ыпя or ипя:

Князь, a prince; княгия.

Государь, a monarch; государствыня.

Герцогъ, a duke; герцогия.

Рабъ, a slave; рабúпя and рабá.

Гусь, a goose; гусýня and гýска.

Герой, a hero; геройня.

Монáхъ, a monk; монáхня.

Сударь, sir; судáрыня.

Баринъ, a lord; бáрыня.

### IV. The termination ья is added to:

#### a. Nouns in унъ:

Болтýнъ, a chatterer; болтýнья.

Крикýнъ, a bawler; крикýнья.

Лгунъ, a liar; лгýнья.

Пѣвýнъ, a singer; пѣвýнья.

#### б. And the following:

Пгýмень, an abbot; пгýменья, an abbess.

Гость, a guest; гóстья, a female guest.

### V. The termination иха is added to:

#### a. Nouns designating the wife of a professional man, artisan, trader, and such like:

Ткачъ, a weaver; ткачýха.

Купéцъ, a merchant; купчýха.

Поваръ, a cook; поварýха.

Мельникъ, a miller; мельничиха.

Староста, a bailiff; старостиха.

Сапóжникъ, a bootmaker; сапóжничиха.

#### б. The following also take иха:

Трусъ, a coward; трусýха.

Шутъ, a jester; шутýха.

Щёоль, a fop; щеголýха.

Слонъ, an elephant; слонýха.

### OBS. 3.—By means of different terminations the Russian language makes a distinction between the wife of a professional man and a woman who herself exercises a profession, as:

Учýтель, a schoolmaster; учýтельша, a schoolmaster's wife.
Учýтельница, a schoolmistress.

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pronouns and names of animate objects, and the pronoun
cámый with the demonstrative pronouns and names of
inanimate or abstract objects.

<table>
   <tr>
    <td>He himself has told me of it.</td>
    <td>Опъ самъ мнѣ сказálъ объ этомъ.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>She herself has told it to me.</td>
    <td>Она самá сказáла мнѣ это.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>He is satisfied with himself.</td>
    <td>Онъ довольенъ самимъ собою.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>He praises himself.</td>
    <td>Онъ хвалитъ самаго себя.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>It is the very same man, whom we<br/>saw here last year.</td>
    <td>Это тотъ cáмый человѣкъ, котóрого<br/>мы вйдѣшъ здѣсь въ прóшломъ<br/>году.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>Death itself would not frighten him.</td>
    <td>Самая смерть не устрашіла бы его.</td>
   </tr>
  </table>

### OBS. 7.—The determinative pronouns самъ and самый have the same meaning, and are declined in all the genders like adjectives.

### NOTE.—Самъ, and neuter самó, in the instrumental singular, and in all the cases in the plural, take и instead of they, as:

Instrumental, самымъ; plural, cáти; genitive, самихъ, etc.

<table>
   <tr>
    <td>What is his age?</td>
    <td>>+ СКОЛЬКО ЕМУ ЛЬТЪ?</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td>>+ КАКИХЪ ОНЪ ЛЬТЪ?</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>He is five years old.</td>
    <td>>+ ЕМУ ПАТЬ ЛЬТЪ.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td>>+ ОНЪ ПАТИЛЬТЪ.</td>
   </tr>
  </table>

### OBS. 8.—From the above examples it will be seen that the Russian language has two different ways to express such sentences; one with the subject in the dative, and another with the subject in the nominative.

<table>
   <tr>
    <td>He is two years old.</td>
    <td>>+ Ему два гóда.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td>>+ Онъ двухъ лѣтъ.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td>He is ten years of age.</td>
    <td>>+ Ему десять лѣтъ.</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
    <td></td>
    <td>>+ Онъ десятитый лѣтъ.</td>
   </tr>
  </table>

### OBS. 9.—The numeral is in the nominative when the subject is in the dative, and in the genitive when the subject is in the nominative.

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To take care of oneself,
To keep on one's guard against
some one or something,

I keep on my guard, etc., я остерегаюсь, ты остерегаешься, онъ остерегается.

Keep on your guard, against that man.

There is no need for me to keep on
my guard against him.

I take care, etc., я берегу, ты бережешь, онъ бережёть.

I took care, я берёгъ.

She took care, онъ береглѣ.

It took care, онъ береглѣ.

Берёчья, governs the gen.
Остерегаться какого или чего,
governs the genitive.

We keep on our guard, etc., мы остерегаемся, вы остерегаетесь, онъ остерегаются.

Остерегайтесь этого чеговѣка.

† Мы пѣчего его остерегаться.

We take care, etc., мы бережёмъ, вы бережёте, онъ берегуѣть.

We took care, мы берегли.

I will take care, я бѣду беречь.

Take care, берегъ, plural, берегите.

## EXERCISE LVII.

Did you see at the rich princess's ball the wife of colonel N., and her relative Mrs. D.?—No, I saw neither the wife of colonel N. nor her relative Mrs. D.—Who is this girl? It is my sister's faithful friend.—Did your acquaintance Mrs. T. receive a new silk hat from her milliner?—She has not yet received it.—When will she receive it?—She will receive it the day after to-morrow.—With whom is the pale nun speaking?—She is speaking with the proud countess.—To whom did the young princess present the new gold ring?—She presented it to her friend (acquaintance), the captain's pretty wife.—Where is the baker's wife going with her children?—She is going with them to her neighbour, the tailoress.—From whom did you buy these knives and forks?—I bought them from the old market-woman (торговка).—Did not you buy from the shopkeeper (female)

( 219 )

also something else?—I bought of her a pair of sharp scissors,
a pair of gold spectacles, and other goods of iron, steel and
glass.—Where did you see the black she-bear with her two
cubs?—I saw them in the gipsy's shed.—This lioness is as
ferocious as that lion.—Can you tell me where his excellent
dog is?—Yes, I see him there, in the forest, on the grass
under the high pine-tree.—It is an oak, and not a pine.
What is this boy's age?—It is not a boy, it is a dwarf, who
is twenty-seven years old.—How old are these two little
girls?—They are not little girls, but female dwarfs, and one
of them is forty-five and the other fifty-three years of age.
And I thought they were little girls.—No, as you see, they
are already old women.—Where have your nieces been
yesterday.—They were at their schoolmistress's yesterday.
With whom are the young lady pupils going?—They are
going with the daughters of the shoemaker's wife.—To
whom is the mistress of this house going?—She is going
to the clergyman's young wife.—With whom is the ge-
neral's wife going?—She is going (in a vehicle) with the
countess's daughters.—Can you tell me where they are
going?—Yes, they are going to the rich merchant's wife's
ball.

## EXERCISE LVIII.

Where are these rich Englishwomen going with their
French lady friends?—They are going abroad.—Did you
see yesterday at the theatre the pretty Swedish women, of
whom I spoke to you?—Yes, I saw them there with one
German, one Polish and two Italian women.—To whom
does the widow want to write?—To the kind abbess.—Is
it true that this pretty Englishwoman is an excellent
authoress?—There are many who say that she writes well,

( 220 )

but I myself have never read her works.—What does this Frenchman want to describe?—He wants to describe the life of the peasants in Turkey.—Does the handsome Greek woman go often to her neighbour, the talkative female friend?—Yes, very often.—Where has this Frenchwoman been?—She was at the house of the rich American woman, who has just come from abroad.—Has the extravagant old woman still her rings and her new gold watch?—She has them no longer.—Where are these things now?—I think the cunning old Jewess has got them now.—What sort of shoes have the Chinese women?—They have very small shoes.—Where are the peasant women with the shepherdesses going?—The peasant women are going to the forest, and the shepherdesses are going to the field to their flocks. Did the maid-servant give some bread to the children of the female slave?—Yes, but they do not want to eat the bread, they ask for some butter and cheese.—To whom did this burgher's wife give away (отдáть) her grey cat?—She did not give her cat away, but lent her only for a time to her neighbour, the miller's wife.—Who told you that the pretty Circassian woman is very hospitable?—All her acquaintances say so (this).—To whose room is the princess going?—She is going to the empress's room.—Is she going with the queen or with the grand-duchess?—She is going with both, and her friend the countess is also going with them.

## EXERCISE LIX.

Whose funeral is it?—It is the funeral of the rich Jew, the first banker in our town.—Who has bought the rouge? The maid-servant of the celebrated lady singer bought it. Is the gallery of this church high?—Yes, it is very high

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Who has lost this little needle?—The poor sempstress lost it.—For whom did you buy this little saddle?—I bought it for my *little* son's *little* horse.—How old is your little son? He will be eight years old soon.—Have you been long in Russia?—I was there three years, six years.—Do you want to go into the garden?—No, I do not want to go into the garden now, I like to go there after dinner or after tea. Have you received already Mrs. B's. new work?—No, I have not yet.—When will you receive it?—I do not know. Who paid for your dinner?—I paid for it myself.—Have you ever been in Egypt or in Algiers?—No, I have not been yet in Africa, but I have been already in Asia and America. Who has bought of the Persian the handsome Turkish shawl?—The rich merchant's wife bought it from him. Have you already seen your sister-in-law off to Paris? No, I have not yet seen her off, and she is not going to Paris, but to Berlin.—With whom is she going abroad? She is going with her friend, the rich major's wife.—Have they caught the deserter already?—No, they did not catch the deserter, but they caught the female thief.—How is your wife's health?—Thank you, she is quite well.—Whom do you see there in the green meadow?—I see a young shepherdess.—With whom is she there?—There is no one with her there.—Take care of your money.—I do take care of it, but your brother takes very bad care of it.—You are right, he does not take any care of it at all.—Keep on your guard against this gambler.—There is no necessity for me to keep on my guard, I never play at cards.

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THIRTIETH LESSON.—Тридцатый Уропъ.

<table><tr><td>Whose garden is this?</td><td>Чей это садъ?</td></tr><tr><td>It is the grandfather's garden.</td><td>Это дѣдовъ садъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Whose book is this?</td><td>Чья это книга?</td></tr><tr><td>It is the sister's book.</td><td>Это сестрина книга.</td></tr><tr><td>It is the uncle's book.</td><td>Это дѣдина книга.</td></tr></table>

OBS. 1.—The possessive case of nouns in English is rendered by an adjective termination added to the no- minative, as :

John's garden, { Садъ Пвана, or
{ Пвановъ садъ.

These are termed in Russian *Possessive Adjectives*, “при- тяжательныя,” and are divided, according to their termina- tion, into :

I. *Personal* (личныя), formed from proper and common names of persons, and inanimate objects treated as ani- mated beings, ending in овъ, евъ, пнъ, цынъ; (feminine a, neuter o).

a. Possessive adjectives in овъ are formed from names ending in лъ, о :

Пётръ, Peter; Петропъ, Peter's.

Марко, Mark; Марковъ, Mark's.

b. Adjectives in свѣ are formed from nouns in й, Ь, е :

Андреї, Andrew; Андресвъ, Andrew's.

Учитель, a schoolmaster; учительевъ, schoolmaster's.

Царь, the czar; царёвъ, czar's.

Солце, sun; солнцевъ, sun's.

OBS. 2.—Possessive adjectives in Ь, жъ, чѣ, are met with only in the church Slavonic and old Russian, as :

Господь, Lord, God; Господень, Lord's.

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I see the uncle's daughter with the
master's son in the neighbour's
garden.

Have you the sister's gloves ?

I have not the sister's gloves.

Я вйжу дӑдпну дочь съ сыйномъ учй-
телевымъ въ сосѣдовомъ саду.

У васъ ли сёстрины перчӑтки ?

У меня нѣтъ сѣстрпчыхъ перчӑтокъ.

### OBS. 4.—Family names, as also names of towns or places in овъ, евъ, and ппъ (ынъ), are declined in the same way as personal possessive adjectives, except the prepositional case, which takes in the masculine and neuter Ђ instead of омъ.

I was speaking with George Petrov
and Miss Ivanov about Mr.
Orlov.

I have not been in the village of
Maxina, but I have been in
Kiev and Pskov.

Я говорилъ съ Егбромъ Петрѣвымъ
и дѣвѣцей Пвӑновой о Гнѣ. Ор-
лобѣ.

Я не былъ въ деревнѣ Máксиной, но
былъ въ Кіевѣ и Псковѣ.

### OBS. 5.—In official documents, and sometimes in common discourse, the words дочь, 'daughter,' and сыпь, 'son,' are used with the patronymic, as :

Peter son of John Orlov,

Mary daughter of John Romanov,

Пётръ Пвӑновъ сыпь Орлобъ.

Марья Пвӑнова дочь Романова.

But in the language of the present day, in patronymic names, the terminations овъ, евъ, ова, ева are replaced by овичь, евичь (ичь), овна, евна, and the terminations ппъ, ппа, by ичь, иппшна (ишна), as :

Peter son of John Orlov,

Sergius son of Elie Petrov,

Sophia daughter of Elie Petrov,

Пётръ Пвӑновичь Орлобъ.

Марья Пвӑновна Романова

Сергей Пльичъ Петрѣвъ.

Софья Пльиншна Петропва.

### OBS. 6.—Friends and acquaintances are familiarly addressed by their Christian and patronymic instead of by their family names.

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## II. Generic adjectives (родовыя), formed chiefly from names of animals ending in iй, овий, евий.

a. Adjectives in iй are formed from masculine and feminine nouns in ъ, ь, a, and from neuter nouns in до, ята.

Барапъ, a ram; бараний рогъ, ram's horn.

Соболь, a sable; соболий мѣхъ, sable-fur.

Коза, a goat; козий сыръ, goat-cheese.

Телата, calves; телый чий хвостъ, calf's-tail.

### OBS. 7.—In the formation of these adjectives the radical consonants д, т, ц, г, к, х, before iй, change into ж, ч, ш, as:

Медвѣдь, a bear; медвѣжий, bear's.

Овця, a sheep; овчий, sheep's.

Ребята, children; ребячий, child's, etc.

b. The terminations овий and евий are added to monosyllabic nouns in опъ, онъ, олъ, онь, as:

Кюпъ, a bug; кюповий.

Конь, a horse; конёвий.

Слонъ, an elephant; слоновий.

Волъ, an ox; воловий.

### OBS. 8.—Generic adjectives in iй are also formed from some nouns signifying a human being in his physical attributes, different stations of life, sex, age, etc., as:

Человѣкъ, man; человѣчий гласть, man's eye.

Пастухъ, a shepherd; пастуший.

Вдовá, a widow; вдовий.

Баба, a woman; бабий.

Дѣвѣца, a girl; дѣвый, etc.

And also from the following:

Богъ, God; Божий.

Врагъ, enemy; вражий.

### OBS. 9.—English compound words and nouns in apposition are rendered in Russian after the above manner, thus:

A horse-shoe,

Лошадьная подкова,

A tea-tray,

Чаїный подпосъ.

A brick-house,

Кирпичный домъ.

A water-spout,

Дождевой жобобъ.

Q

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From whom did Peter's son buy it?—He bought it from Constantine's brother.—Who was at the uncle's house? The neighbour's daughter, with the sister's maid-servant, were there.—Where are the master's children?—They are in the brother's room.—What are they doing there?—They are learning their lessons.—Do you like bear's flesh?—No, I do not like bear's flesh, but I like veal and mutton. Whom do you see on that stone bridge, and whom under those trees?—I see the husband's sister and the sister's son.—What do you expect to receive from Peter's niece? I expect to receive a letter from her.—Do not rely upon him, because one could not rely upon him.—Where is the wife's friend (fem.) going?—She is going to the brother's room, for the father's hat.—Do you know the Lord's Prayer? Yes, I do, and I hope (that) all Christians know and read the Lord's Prayer.—Have you not the master's ink?—I have not, I have the uncle's red ink.—Are the Sparrow-hills high?—Yes, one could see from the Sparrow-hills all (весь) Moscow.—What are these Chinese eating?—They are eating swallows' nests.—To whom are you going?—I am going to Peter, son of John Souvarov.—Have you read Krylov's fables?—No, I have not read the fables of John, son of Andrew Krylov, but I have read Solovyev's and Karamzin's History of Russia.—Where were you on Sunday morning?—I was at Saint Michael's Church.—Where were John's sons?—They were in Saint Nicholas's Church, and saw there the miracle-working (чудотворный) image of this saint.—With whom is Mary, daughter of Peter, going in a coach?—She is going with her friend the Countess Alexandra, daughter of Nicholas.—Are sheep-skins dear?—Yes, but not so dear as ox-skins.—Were you speaking with Elizabet, daughter of John, and her cousin Andrew, son of

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Nicholas?—I spoke neither with the one nor the other, but with Alexandra, daughter of Nicholas.—What did the uncle's maid-servant give to the cat?—She gave to the cat some fish bones, and the dog a few beef bones.

## EXERCISE LXI.

Whose coach do you see?—I see the brother's coach.—Is this my sister's umbrella?—No, it is not the sister's, but the master's umbrella.—Who is laughing so loudly?—It is we who laugh.—You must not laugh so, it is unbecoming. We are laughing because what you say is very funny.—It is not true, you are laughing because you like to joke (play tricks).—You are mistaken, sir, we never joke.—Where were you last year?—I was in Siberia, where a Siberian gave me a few excellent reindeers' horns.—Upon whom and what do you rely?—I rely upon God and God's help only.—Does Jacob's master teach your children well?—He teaches them well, and my children do not learn badly. What have you in your hands?—It is a bird's nest.—What are these combmakers doing?—They are making combs. What are they making them from?—From ox horns. What did you buy in the market the day before yesterday? I bought two pood of sheep's fat and five poods of cow's fat.—Of what do the knifemakers make knife handles? They make them of reindeers' horns.—Do you prefer roast beef to roast veal?—Yes, I prefer the former to the latter. Which people prefer horse flesh to any (всемкий) other? Calmuks and some other Asiatics.—Have you many male relations?—I have many male, and still more female relatives.—Have you seen in Russian forests lions and lionesses?—One can see these wild beasts in Asia and Africa

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only, but not in Europe; and therefore I have not seen in
Russia either lions or lionesses.—Where did you pass last
winter?—I passed it in a village.—And I thought you were
in Italy.—No, my parents could not give me any money
this year, and therefore I could not go (поѣхать).—What
kind of fur-coat did he buy at the fair?—He bought a coat
lined with beaver, with a sable collar.

THIRTY-FIRST LESSON.—Трýдцать пýрвый Урýкъ.

<table><tr><td>Is the master kind?</td><td>Добръ ли учитель?</td></tr><tr><td>The master is kind.</td><td>Учитель добръ.</td></tr><tr><td>Is the pupil diligent?</td><td>Прилѣженъ ли ученикъ?</td></tr><tr><td>The pupil is diligent.</td><td>Ученикъ прилѣженъ.</td></tr></table>

ОBS. 1.—An adjective when used as a predicate changes its full termination into an apocopated one. The apocope is made by changing the masculine terminations ый, iй, into ъ, ь, and in the feminine and neuter by cutting off the final vowel, as:

Добрый, good; apocopated, добръ, добрá, добрó.
Сунь, blue; apocopated, синь, синя, синё.
Долгий, long; apocopated, долгъ, долгá, долгó.
Горький, bitter; apocopated, горекъ, горька, горько.
Спокойный, tranquil; apocopated, спокóспъ, спокóйпа, спокóйно.

ОBS. 2.—Apocopated adjectives in ъ, preceded by two or more consonants, take the euphonic о or е.

The vowel о is inserted :

a. Before къ, preceded by б, в, п, м, н, л, р, д, т, з, с, г, as :

<table><tr><td>Мовкий, clever; ловокъ.</td><td>Грóмкий, loud; грóмокъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Рóбкий, timid; рóбокъ.</td><td>Тóнкий, thin; тóникъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Кръпкий, strong; кръпокъ.</td><td>Слáдкий, sweet; слáдокъ, etc.</td></tr></table>

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*Exception*.—Adjectives in къ, preceded by ж, take e, instead of o, as:
Тáжкiй, heavy; тáжскъ.

б. And in the following:

<table><tr><td>Рѣзвый, playful; рѣзовъ.</td><td>Полный, full; полонъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Злой, wicked; золъ.</td><td>Долгий, long; дологъ.</td></tr></table>

The vowel e is inserted :

a. In adjectives ending in нъ, preceded by any consonant except л, as:

<table><tr><td>Красный, red; крácенъ.</td><td>Верный, true; вренъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Честный, honest; честенъ.</td><td>Свободный, free; свободъ.</td></tr></table>

б. In those in нъ, which are preceded by л soft (ль), as:

<table><tr><td>Сильный, strong; силёнъ.</td><td>Обильный, abundant; обленъ.</td></tr></table>

с. In the following:

<table><tr><td>Тёлый, warm; тенелъ.</td><td>Острый, sharp; остёръ.</td></tr><tr><td>Светлый, bright; светелъ.</td><td>Хитрый, cunning, хитёръ.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Кислый, sour; киселъ.</td></tr></table>

d. And in those which have Ь or й before the termination, as:

<table><tr><td>Горкий, bitter; горекъ.</td><td>Больный, free; бленъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Бойкий, bold; боякъ.</td><td>Спокойный, quiet; спокенъ.</td></tr></table>

*Exception*.—Достойный, worthy; достопнъ.

ОBS. 3. All other apocopated adjectives, although having two or more consonants before the termination, do not take any euphonic vowel.

<table><tr><td>Толстый, thick; толстъ.</td><td>Добрый, kind; добръ.</td></tr><tr><td>Ветхий, old; вѣтхъ.</td><td>Мёртвый, dead; мёртвъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Гордый, proud; гордъ.</td><td>Твердый, hard; твёрдъ.</td></tr></table>

ОBS. 4.—Apocopated adjectives when joined to a substantive by means of the auxiliary verb быть, ‘to be,’ have

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all the genders and both numbers, but one case only—the
nominative, as :

<table><tr><td>Я добръ, добрá, добрó.</td><td>I am kind.</td></tr><tr><td>Я былъ добръ, добрá, добрó.</td><td>I was kind.</td></tr><tr><td>Я булу добръ, добрá, добрó.</td><td>I will be kind.</td></tr><tr><td>Мы добръ.</td><td>We are kind, etc.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 5.—When, however, an apocopated adjective is used in place of a qualifying adjective, it is declinable, as :

СВѣТЕЛЬ МѣСЯЦЬ, bright moon; genitive, СВѣТЕЛЬ МЕСЯЦА, etc.

БѣЛЫ РУКИ, white hands; genitive, БѣЛЫХ РУКИ, etc.

### OBS. 6.—Qualifying adjectives in apocopated form are used in poetry only, and are distinguished from indeclinable ones by the tonic accent, which in the latter is generally changed, as :

БѣЛЫ РУКИ, white hands.

РУКИ БѣЛЫ, the hands are white.

### OBS. 7.—Compound words formed of two substantives, or of a substantive and an apocopated adjective, although written together, have a distinct declension for each word; as Царыгрáдъ, ‘Constantinople,’ genitive Царыгрáда, dative Царюгрáду, etc.; Новгородъ, ‘Novgorod,’ genitive Новá-города, dative Новýгороду, etc.

<table><tr><td>I am diligent.</td><td>Я прилěжень.</td></tr><tr><td>Are you diligent ?</td><td>Прилěжны ли вы ?</td></tr><tr><td>She is modest.</td><td>Она скромна.</td></tr><tr><td>He is not poor.</td><td>Онъ не бѣдень.</td></tr><tr><td>Is he proud ?</td><td>Гордъ ли онъ ?</td></tr><tr><td>Who is happy ?</td><td>Кто счáстливъ ?</td></tr><tr><td>We are happy.</td><td>Мы счáстливы.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 8.—The present tense of the auxiliary verb быть, ‘to be,’ is always omitted, although understood.

<table><tr><td>Lofty, высокий.</td><td>Exacting, трéбовательный.</td></tr><tr><td>Frank, откровенный.</td><td>Domestic, домашний.</td></tr></table>

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Я пёсъ, неслá, несю, I carried;

Я бýду нестý, I shall carry;

Несý, несýте, carry;

я носíль, носíла, носíло.

я бýду носíть.

носý, носíте.

### OBS. 10.—In the same manner are conjugated the following prepositional verbs formed from пестý and носíть.

To bring, принестý, понестý, приносíть.

To carry away, унестý, уносíть.

To carry out, вýнестп, выпосíть.

To carry from, отнестý, относíть.

### OBS. 11.—The prefix при with verbs of motion generally indicates ‘towards,’ and по, ‘from,’ with reference to the place of the speaker.

I came hither.

I went thither,

I brought,

I took to,

Я пришёлъ сюдá.

Я пошёлъ тудá.

Я принёсъ.

Я попёсъ.

## EXERCISE LXII.

Have your sons a kind master (teacher) ?—The master of my sons is very kind, but he is not strict enough, and therefore my sons are inattentive and lazy.—What animals are useful to man ?—All domestic animals are useful to man.—Do you want to buy that house with the garden ?—No, I do not, because although the house is fine and lofty, yet (по) the rooms in it are small and low.—Is the garden large ?—No, the garden also is not large.—Is it far from here to uncle's fields ?—No, it is near to them from here.—Do you want to ride to the village of the countess B. ?—No, I do not want to ride, because it is too far from here to the countess's village.—How are these wines ?—These wines have a very good flavour (вкүсный) but they are also very expensive.—Is the princess happy ? She is very happy; her husband is kind and amiable, and

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her children are charming and obedient.—Is the school-mistress's friend sincere?—Yes, she is sincere, faithful and kind, and both her daughters are intelligent and amiable. Is the bread new at your old baker's?—His bread is not as new as his neighbour's, and the rye bread he has is too stale and too black.—What kind of sugar has your new merchant?—It is white and cheap, but not sweet enough. What does the teacher say?—He says that learning is bitter, but its fruits are sweet.—Are your rooms warm? One is warm and the other cold, but the air in both is fresh and pure.—Is your brother still ill?—No, he is well, but my sister is very ill.—Does this little girl want to work, to read and to write?—No, she wants only to run, to jump and to dance.—What sort of oats have these peasants? Their oats are large (крупный) and cheap, but their hay is bad and not fresh.—Is your new clerk experienced?—Yes, he is experienced and diligent, but he is very poor.—Whose horse is weak and lazy?—Ours.—Is the winter in Italy warm?—Yes, but this year the winter there was very cold.—Are men immortal?—No, all men are mortal.

## EXERCISE LXIII.

Is this painter clever?—He is very clever and very modest.—Is your coffee sweet?—No, it is bitter.—Is the water in that pot warm?—No, the water of which you speak is not warm; it is still cold.—How is the edge of your penknife?—It is sharp, but the edge of my other knife is blunt.—Is the knife sharp?—Not very.—What sort of a master is your new one?—He is kind and liberal, but my new mistress is wicked and mean.—Art thou faithful to thy new masters?—Yes, but they are too severe and