London 1962

Comment X.13.

# The position of the scientist in the community

A comment on "The scientist's loyalty"

by Kwee Swan Liat

A discussion of "the position of the scientist in the community" cannot bypass the problem of "the scientist's loyalty". Scientists engaged in activities transcending the frontiers of national states constantly run the risk at least that their loyalty is sometimes doubted. Justified or not there are several reasons for this doubt.

The first is derived from the question which kind of "community" we have in view. Obviously we have to distinguish between national state communities on the one hand and an ideal community comprising the whole of mankind on the other hand. Does the thesis that "science is universal" imply that the scientist by his training is inclined to serve the welfare of mankind as a whole rather than the conflicting national interests of sovereign states? To what degree does he "belong" to the community group (nationality, society, culture, kinship) which enables him to live and work, and to what degree does he "transcend" this group in his responsibility and loyalty towards a more universal community as an ideal? Though he "belongs" to a group the scientist cannot identify himself completely with this group. He feels himself entitled, obliged and necessitated to criticise the group, the dominant trend of its actual policy, the self-centered tendency of its national interests, verily so because he is convinced of his loyalty towards a truly human community. When he is aware that the very existence of this human community is at stake, he claims it as his right and his duty to speak and act on behalf of those values which to him are most fundamental of all. Somewhere the "universality of science" is inextricably linked with the decisive loyalty of the scientist towards a universal cause, in which he participates with fellow scientists as scientists, meets them and understands a common language.

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The Scientists' loyalty.

without the necessity to negotiate, and in the possibility
of real agreement on practical methods of co-ordinated action,
because the participants, though not exactly representing
national groups, nevertheless as individuals command sufficient
influence and prestige within these groups.

the

It is reality of a common universal cause which we have to
stress again and again until it stands foremost in our cons-
ciousness and gives us a real perspective on future possibilities.
The way through political negotiations towards a legal basis of
Supernational authority and order is a historical necessity but
not the only one. The legal and formal expression of general
agreement and the solemn pledge to accept some effective
common authority and power can only be the more outcome of some
more fundamental process of real development, materially embodied
in the social-economic growth of global forces, spiritually
manifested in the minds of men and the institutions of culture.
The universality of mankind is already there. We only have to
find the ways to realize it in effective organisations beyond the
borders of nations and states.

In the course of human history "nationalism" is only a
transitory phenomenon. Political organisations based on the idea
of national sovereignty have to be gradually replaced by other
types of organisation. There is a tendency to introduce the idea
of "culturalism" instead of "nationalism". One belongs to a
nation by birth and inheritance. One participates in a culture
not only in this passive way but also actively by one's own
creative contribution. Science is a part of culture. One is not
born as a scientist but has to acquire that status, and to main-
tain it by constant participation. The scientist's loyalty to
science involves his commitment to culture. Cultures are less
clear-cut entities than nations. Cultures interpenetrate mutually.
Intercultural understanding and co-operation can be realized with
less friction and conflict than international understanding and
co-operation.

The problem of the scientist's loyalty is further complicated
still when his position within the national or cultural community
group is contested. This is the case with the so-called
"marginal man". Indeed, the universality of science becomes
apparent also from the frequent occurrence of such marginal men
among scientists.

The marginal man is one who is born and educated in the
margin of a national or cultural tradition. He does not
participate fully in the life of the community group. Yet,
particularly in periods of dynamic transition, he may become

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The scientists' loyalty.

the pre-eminent carrier of new, revolutionary ideas, and by
his specified marginal position, his synoptic world-view, his
ambitions and capacities may succeed in playing an important
role in the course of history. Few historic studies are yet
dedicated to this subject. More studies might prove that
marginal man's contribution to history is qualitatively of
greater importance than the quantitative number of his kind may
suggest.

Three types of "marginal" can be discerned:

1. The geographic margin. Marginal men of this type are born in a geographic borderland (Facedonai in relation to Hellas: Alexander the Great, Corsica in relation to France: Napoleon, disputed areas like Slazas-Lorraine: Albert Schweitzer, border countries like Ireland, Japan, Indonesia) or outside their original home country (e.g., Eamon de Valera as nationalist leader of Ireland, the role of overseas Chinese in the Chinese revolution).

2. The racial or ethnic margin. Marginal men of this type are born from ethnic minorities or from mixed parentage. The history of science, of art, of philosophy, of culture in general, of politics, reveals a long list of names of marginal men who have left their imprint on history. In our present age the number of contributions of such men is increasing.

3. The social margin. Marginal men of this type are product of a social marginalization process, driving them to the social periphery on account of social and political antagonism. The revolutionary margin is in opposition to the dominant center and carries the germs of future development.

Science arose in modern Europe somewhere in this social
periphery, in the borderland of a disintegrating sacral unity.
Marginal minds, discontented with traditional religious values,
explored new secular paths in philosophy and science, explored
the heavens and far away regions of 'the earth to build up a
new science of space, explored nature to describe a new
natural history, explored the wealth of nations to set up a new
industry.

To the marginal man his marginal origin and excentric position
pose a handicap which has to be surmounted. When he succeeds
his insight is deepened, his perspective is broadened, his
experience is seasoned, his personality is matured. The marginal
approach barriers are pulled down, apparent contradictions are
resolved. The paralyzing idea that mankind today is divided

The scientists' loyalty.

into irreconcilable ideological systems and political blocs is
overcome. The blind forces of self-destruction can be counter-
acted by a surging wave of constructive effort towards global
reconstruction.

It might be of interest to investigate how far such
marginal views can promote the central idea of the Pugwash move-
ment and how many among those who have hitherto participated in
this movement are marginal men. The problem of loyalty comes
in quite another light when viewed in such a marginal perspective.

30den, 17th August, 1962
Duyvendakstraat 21, Leiden
Netherlands.

London, 1962.

X Comments 14

Tenth Pugwash Conference on Science
and World Affairs

Comments on paper by Dr. V. Bernard et al.

George E. G. Catlin

1. Despite the high interest of several other papers I should like to confine my comment to the paper on the "Behavioral Sciences and Peace". It is peculiarly satisfying to be brought into a conference in which the social scientists enter into the discussion. Although the physical scientists produce the thermo-nuclear weapons, as Lord Attlee has pointed out, their political judgements are, except as to the technical details of physical consequences, those of ordinary citizens. On the contrary, for political and social scientists these issues of the social structure, its tensions and tendencies to social and international war, are a fundamental part of their professional business, even if still 'unfinished business'. It is peculiarly their job to analyze how these tensions can be overcome - essentially it is a matter not of vast historical problems, but of exact dialectic of social analysis. I trust that, as before, so now our discussions will be maintained on a strictly professional, and not popular or emotional, plane.

II. Before going to a deeper level, there is a series of remarks I should like to make on this constructive and provocative paper as it stands:-

(i) The question of how to transfer workers from armament factories to peaceful employment, without producing mass resentment, or provoking the reaction of vested interests in munitions, is one that merits careful economic analysis and recommendation. This has been a major topic of discussion by the Parliamentarians for World Government who meet again, under Lord Silkin, in Paris this October.

(ii) One possible means of reducing international tensions is by the development of the habit of day-to-day detailed co-operation in aid to under-developed countries. This issue of technical aid was discussed (with a recommendation to use the U.N. and not N.A.T.O.) at the Freiburg University Conference in 1960, in a panel of which I happened to be chairman; and the report may merit study.

London, 1962.

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X Comments 14

(iii) The final suggestion of a Preparatory Committee to discuss agenda for professional conferences in the relevant social field is excellent. But (following the example of the Institute of Behavioral Sciences itself in California) it would be essential to bring social and political scientists into the picture, also the economists, as well as the psychologists, if we want adequate professional discussion. The maximum technical co-operation among existing bodies is desirable, and there are already such research bodies as the Atlantic Institute, the Gandhi Foundation, and the Canadian Institute for Peace Research.

(iv) Many quite excellent suggestions, put forward in the paper, are of a quite long-range quality, involving psychological research into the appropriate mood of a negotiator or diplomat. It must be remembered that negotiators and diplomats have been on their professional job for many centuries and doubtless merit psycho-analytical study; but that, nevertheless, even by professional standards, our present enterprise here and now has a certain measure of political urgency, which must not become lost among academic schemes.

(v) We need, if we are to impinge on practical politics, to preserve a certain sense of proportion and humour. It may well be that Monsieur X, in France, has certain authoritarian traits of temperament and that these can issue in a difficulty of character and instability in international relations. I personally would like every Congressman and M. P. to be medically examined and given a political science diploma before he is allowed to practice. But it is nonsense and a waste of precious time to suppose that we can be rid of Monsieur X because some psychoanalysts may chance to wish to be rid of him or even the whole Quai d'Orsay for that matter. In our present grave affairs we must retain political common sense, and not be just academic.

(vi) It is an excellent judgement that, through public opinion polls, we should ascertain statistically just what the public's view may be on 'sovereignty' etc.; and how far it attaches any importance or even intelligibility to them, instead of our relying upon the unchecked judgements of politicians, rhetoricians and eminent literary historians, such as Sir Arthur Byant. I would suspect that, granted professional questions, the results would be encouraging.

London, 1962.

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X Comments 14

(vii) I incline to the belief that the Soviet Union, in negotiation, has been wise in believing that those primarily brought into the negotiation should be, if not precisely an American-Soviet condominium, at least only the major Powers, with competence to execute their promises, although all should enter into the forum of discussion in the United Nations. For successful negotiation, the best prospect lies in public agreements privately arrived at, without that emotional interference which, not present in 1815, bedevilled the settlements of 1918-19.

III. Despite the highly academic and not very promising caption: "recognition of semantic ambiguities", I hold that this theme merits more profound exploration. Do not let us be put off by semantic obstacles which the profane call jargon. Some international misunderstanding, such as prevents that basic feature for co-operation in a community, Trust, is unintentional misunderstanding; some are intentional but not invincible; and some are deliberate perversities of policy and mere symbols of underlying real antagonism. Men of good will can be well advised to concentrate on the second.

(a) There are, I submit, substantial issues of power between the Communist world, both Soviet and Chinese, and the West - nor am I assured that power tensions, e. g. on Albania, have been entirely removed within the Communist world itself. The formula of 'peaceful change' we found in the Thirties to be easy to announce and very difficult to apply. Having just published my book, *Systematic Politics*, of 400 pages, primarily about the issues of power, I do not propose to recapitulate it here in 5 minutes. Briefly I would yet say that dominant power, as distinct from the co-operation based on trust, must not be an end in itself; that it is a means only to an end; and that we have to scrutinize these ends or ideals or patterns or 'blue prints' to see what, if any, are worth fighting about. Any politician can pup principles like rabbits; but they are not worth fighting about. Personally I favour a division of the world into strategically realistic, agreed spheres of influence; and an American-Soviet condominium, each on the basis of its own pattern, for the next fifty years - after which we can re-think things.

London, 1962

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X Comments 14

(b) National absolute sovereignty, as understood by Hobbes and Austin, is a dissolving concept, not worth fighting about. The only satisfactory absolute sovereignty is that of a world government functioning to maintain peace.

(c) Mr. Richard Nixon, in the final speech of his Presidential campaign, denounced Russian atheism. This is a bogus issue. In gross numbers there are probably as many atheists in high professional positions (e. g. in philosophy departments) in the United States as in the Soviet Union. Whether there should be as many is a very different question, which I don't propose to discuss here. The real issue is that of degree of coercive discrimination, both present and potential. Ardent Marxists have always seemed to me very religious people. Anyhow it is not worth fighting about.

(d) Capitalism today, as President Eisenhower has pointed out, is not what it was in the days of Marx. It is not an abstract, metapolitical, static essence. Here in the U. K., we have, and shall have, a mixed economy. Equally Bolshevik communism is not today what it was before Marx. There is an evolutionary flux in social forms. Personally I am prepared to state a strong general case for the pure Communism of the Kibbutzim of Israel, but not for Stalinist Communism, historically conditioned by its Tsarist background. But some people will feel the reverse. Again this is no matter to fight about. We require an open mind on social forms. Further, it used to be said (as Lord Samuel remarked) that Communism was a system too good in its demands for ordinary human beings but impracticable. Today we are told that, in certain fields, it can 'deliver the goods' faster than capitalism, but is not sufficiently humane. The professional sociologists answer should perhaps be given differently in terms of (a) highly developed and ancient cultures such as the Chinese, Russian and American (since today America is an old country) and (b) newly developing countries below the economic 'take-off' stage.

(e) Marxism as a dogma may be right or wrong; and we may regard it as a philosophy or also as a religion. However, it would be extremely foolish to fight about a philosophy; and retrograde and contrary to its own spirit to fight about a religion. Moreover (a) it was Marx himself who,

London, 1962.

X Comments 14

against the dogmatists, exclaimed "I am not a Marxist"; and
(b) recent work, as by George L'chtheim, would seem to show
that the early Marx was quite an individualist. While deploring
coercive dogmatism, it would (to put it mildly) be absurd to
have a war about a misunderstanding here. Personally I
regard Marx as an eccentric Hegelian; and I used to be a
Hegelian myself.

IV. The conclusion of these comments is (a) the need for
scepticism, encouraged by our political and intellectual
leaders, about any brash statements concerning universal
ends, so certain as to be exclusively and coercively
inculcated as dogma; (b) the need for wise men coolly to
play for time until we have more illumination; (c) in the
realm of power and ends, to work for the present to
maintain the ancient balance of power, until such time as we
are ripe for a world organization to enforce the rule of peace
and law.

If sociologists, political scientists, psychologists and
economists can contribute to this analysis of the tensions in
the social structure, and to constructive professional
proposals along these lines, then our labours will have been
well worthwhile.

London 1962

Comments X 15

# Tenth Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs

## Plan for an Institute to study the better exploitation of the world

Pierre Auger

### General

The most rational utilisation of natural resources, whether they can be exhausted or perpetually available has formed the subject of many works and of many international conferences. Such utilisation constitutes the permanent programme of some international organisations, organisations such as the F.A.O., as well as a number of national institutions in various states.

For two main reasons the matter in hand becomes more and more urgent as the world envolves. In the first place, the constant rise in the standard of living of different peoples of the world leads to a constant growth of requirements for materials, water and power. Moreover, there is also the constant growth of the total population of this globe itself. Consideration of the distant future and even of the near future of humanity both lead to the need for considerable precautions in the utilisation of resources, which latter could become exhausted or at least profoundly depleted in an irremediable manner as a result of uncontrolled exploitation.

While some top-level conferences, such as that the United Nations organised in 1956 (UNSCUOR), have sought to establish a full world view of the most important problems and while some books, such as 'Our Plundered Planet', have presented such world wide studies, there is no permanent structure whose task would be to establish scientifically based plans for the development, use, and rational maintenances of all the resources, both mineral and biological, of our terrestrial riches. Such a body should of necessity include collaboration from the ensemble of the nations of the main parts of the globe since any important exception runs the risk of making any conclusions such a body makes either unacceptable or inoperative.

### Mode of working

No institution, however large, cannot reasonably expect to carry out such a programme in all its branches itself alone. One cannot therefore discuss anything other than an institute of amixed type, having, on the one hand, its own laboratories, with local branches and study groups on the spot and coordinating, on the other hand, a large amount of work carried out by associate institutions, be they national or international. This coordination will include the establishment of unified plans for research and tentative pilot schemes for try outs, and assistance grants of various types - financial, material, personnel - for the carrying out of different types of these unified plans.

Auger

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Comments X 15

One of the most essential and, possibly, one of the most important, which it might be possible to put into action, will consist in the organisation of conferences, symposia and colloquia at various levels, both from the standpoint of their programmes and from the number of those participating. It is true, as we said earlier, that this type of activity already exists, but it is dispersed, confined to non-governmental institutions like the Union for the Conservation of Natural Resources, or to inter-governmental organisation with varied composition and statutes. The result is that the efficacy of these efforts is reduced, the recommendations discussed and voted on have little effect and no-one is charged with following up their application and reporting back on the results, except when this has been planned for and delineated, in those cases where such conferences take place within the framework of inter-governmental organisms which have a clearly defined programme of action. As a result the overall viewpoint is likely to be lacking, which in itself may lead to incoherence.

The functioning of the projected institution is therefore linked to the formation of a network of correspondents, whose different programmes are known so that they can be taken into account in the preparation of co-operative programmes. Such an association can only be voluntary, naturally, but the authority of the projected institution will function in the manner in which the different governments and national and international establishments think it should. It can provide a guide to their efforts, can try to resolve the problems which they put to it and can, finally, prepare and publish large-scale syntheses intended for a wide public.

## Status

It would be difficult not to give such an organisation an inter-governmental status, that is to say, it will have to be based on a regular diplomatic foundation. It will be indispensable that it has a large number of members and will have to include not only the scientific nations which are most highly developed but also those which still require a good deal of assistance in this sphere and this irrespective of any political, economic or linguistic grouping.

A fairly large central budget which would make possible the functioning of laboratories belonging to the organisation should, equally, make possible the granting of various forms of assistance, as listed above. In some cases, the organisation should work by sending temporary missions charged with clarifying local problems, but its true role will always be to provide a synthesis of specific efforts, and to establish a general policy for human use of the planet.

[LJ]

Auger

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Comments X 15

## Programme

During the first years of its work the organisation will have to devote itself mainly to such work of synthesis as bear on results already achieved, after a careful analysis of their validity. Nonetheless, it will be necessary for obvious reasons, to begin as quickly as possible the scientific study of certain urgent problems such as that of water resources, for example, which have already arisen sharply in the most varied parts of the globe. Another question, the importance of which is only likely to grow in future decades is that of balance of nature and its interruption -or replacement- by human intervention: use of insecticides, toxic substances for certain vegetation, introduction or suppression of species naturally absent or present. Such work is in progress already in various parts of the world, but no clear doctrine has as yet emerged. For instance, a synthesis based on appropriate calculations might emerge in the near future.

## Personnel

In addition to the research and administration staffs particular to each of the institutions associated with the organisation, this latter should appeal to scientists or to groups of scientists, inviting them to deal within the organisation itself with certain problems. The matter might be one of representatives of the most varied disciplines, the basic essence of the organisation being to make it interdiscipline in its work. Mathematicians, physicists, chemist, biologists, geologists, all should collaborate closely to resolve the problems posed and to present overall plan. It does not appear to be necessary to maintain a large permanent staff, at least among the scientists, although the maintenance of permanent staff would be in- dispensable in the actual administration and in certain technologies (auto- matic computing for example).

One of the most efficacious methods of work would undoubtedly consist in the grouping of a certain number -sometimes a large number- of specialists round a clearly defined problem, for a period ranging from several months to several years. This method, which would be like that of "task forces" is not applicable unless these groups can find conditions of work on the spot, in particular a computing service and a speedy and well equipped documentation service.

## Ties with member states

The organisation is to be at the service of humanity but can only act through the medium of the member states, since the application of plans, the realisation of projects and the definition of problems can only come from them; their mutual ties will therefore be of crucial importance. May I repeat that there is no question of constituting a supernatural authority and that the application of the solutions proposed by the organisation will remain a voluntary matter. Nonetheless, as often happens the matter in hand is one of concerted actions by several nations, grouped regionally (or on the basis of other criteria), and the specific application of plans

Auger

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Comments X 15

elaborated by the organisation must become the subject of a convention or a treaty between the interested countries, which would then give such plans, once accepted a well defined diplomatic value.

But even without in any way committing themselves to carry out the proposals made by the organisation, the member states must obviously accept at least that they will grant this organisation the collaboration of their scientists to help establish some of the proposals, and to examine, in the best possible spirit, the possibility of implementing such proposals.

## Ties with international organisations

Very considerable difficulties may arise in this sphere also, either because of clashes on the allocation of functions or with regard to differences on results. Such difficulties can be lessened if the organisation confines its activities to the scientific sphere at a high level of synthesis and not at the level of specific and more immediate applications. Frequent contact and organizational ties must also be established as soon as possible.

London, 1962

X Comment 16

# Tenth Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs
## Disarmament and World Security

Report of an Experiment in New Zealand to Test Public
Opinion Regarding Nuclear War

John Read

A group of university graduates in New Zealand, appalled by the steady drift of the great powers towards the ultimate destruction of mankind, made evident by the development and accumulation of nuclear weapons and methods of using them, have set out to test the opinions of their fellow graduates in New Zealand by sending out approximately 3,000 copies of a petition (addressed to the United Nations) to University staff, doctors, lawyers, architects etc. chosen at random throughout the country. Care was taken when drafting the petition to make it as blunt, unequivocal and fundamental as possible so that those who signed had to make up their minds what they believed, and, in signing, affirm these beliefs. A precis of the petition is as follows:-

"Eminent scientists have warned us that unrestrained nuclear war can destroy civilization and perhaps obliterate all higher forms of life throughout the world. We believe that even if this is an exaggeration today sustained research will make it true within the next few years. We have inherited a civilization which has taken thousands of years to build. Although it has obvious defects, equally bad or worse ones have existed in the past, but did not prevent an evolution to our present state. We therefore believe that it is our supreme duty to hand on to the future the living kingdom in general undeteriorated in its genetic quality, together with a social organization which will make continued human life possible. These should not be put in any serious jeopardy by the use of nuclear weapons and such use should be repugnant to the universal conscience of Mankind.

During two World Wars governments have called on their citizens to show courage, devotion to duty, tenacity and self-sacrifice in the pursuit of victory. We believe that the arguments then advanced should apply today with far greater force to the salvation of the world rather than to the triumph of any part. If the

Cambridge, 1962

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X Comment 16

traditional methods by which governments have tried to
secure the wellbeing of their peoples lead to universal des-
struction then the defence of the basic values of civilization
must be left to the tenacity of unorganized individuals.

These beliefs impel us to petition all governments
represented in the U. N. to strive above all else for the abolition
of the means of waging nuclear war, constantly bearing in mind
the supreme importance of the survival of civilization of which
we are the temporary custodians."

It will be observed that the Petition proper is contained
only in the last sentence. The greater part is an affirmation of
faith in principles which should underlie attempts to solve this
problem.

About 500 forms were returned with signatures, but
the original recipients of the forms exerted themselves to collect
the signatures of other graduates not among the original 3,000,
so that in all the forms contained 1,068 signatures, and others
are still being received.

Those who signed the Petition possessed 543 degrees
in the arts, 326 in the sciences, 192 in medicine and dentistry,
43 in law, 28 in commerce and economics, 18 in engineering,
15 in architecture, 8 in divinity and 5 in music. There were 65
Members and Fellows of the British and Australasian Royal Colleges
(medical) and 7 possessed Honours conferred by the Sovereign of
Great Britain.

The majority (766) were graduates of universities in New
Zealand and of the remainder 246 were from universities in the
United Kingdom, 22 in Continental Europe, 20 in U. S. A. and
Canada, 20 in Australia, 3 in Africa and 1 in Asia.

Many gave the dates of their degrees. By taking the
date of the earliest degree for each man it is possible to get an
idea of the age distribution of those who signed. One quarter were
earlier than 1937, a half were earlier than 1949, and three quarters
were earlier than 1955. There were 5 degrees not later than 1910.
Therefore most of the signatories were between 30 and 40 years
old, with a few well into the 70's.

Cambridge, 1932

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X Comment 16.

The Petition forms have been posted to U Thant by surface mail and will arrive about the middle of September. Other communications have been, or will be, posted to arrive simultaneously, as follows:

A blank Petition form and summary of the results to the Permanent Representatives of all the nations represented in the United Nations, to the Prime Minister of New Zealand and to each New Zealand Member of Parliament, to Mr. Macmillan, Mr. Gaitskell, Mr. Grimmond and Mr. Noel-Baker of Britain, to Mr. Kennedy (USA), Mr. Krushchev (USSR), Mr. Diefenbaker and Mr. Lester Pearson (Canada) and Mr. Mccuzies (Australia);

An article in newspaper style giving a precis of the Petition and a summary of the results to all the New Zealand newspapers and a selection of the magazines, to 12 or the leading British newspapers, and to 30 newspapers in U.S.A., Canada, Australia, and France.

(LJ)

X. Comments 17

London 1962

WAYS OF IMPROVING INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION WITH REGARD TO
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION

M.M. Dubinin

Science in our time is one of the most important component parts of a country's productive forces. Rapid technical progress, the growth of industry and agriculture, and improved public health are possible only through previous scientific development. All countries, and the scientists of all countries, are interested in the most effective development of science in the service of the people of the world. The great tasks which face science today will be solved more successfully and rapidly if the scientists of the various countries pool their efforts.

A feature of the contemporary situation in science is the colossal bulk of material already accumulated. Descriptions of the results of both experimental and theoretical research fill hundreds of thousands of volumes of periodical literature, monographs and works of reference, the number of which is growing like an avalanche. Scientific progress is, of course, possible only if the tremendous resources accumulated by science are not just left to gather dust like a dead weight on the shelves of the libraries, but are effectively used by all scientific workers.

The results of scientific research, embodied in books, articles, patents and reports, are an enormous and growing stream of information. The magnitude of this stream is such that already a scientific worker is often not in a position to keep up with it adequately and to use it creatively. The position is becoming particularly difficult with regard to the fact that with the development of science, distinct boundaries between separate scientific disciplines are gradually being whittled away. The ideas and methods of one science permeate and enrich other areas of human knowledge. It is hardly necessary to adduce examples to show that the most important achievements of contemporary science are often made at points where different sciences meet. Every scientist, every worker even in a narrow field of science, therefore has to follow developments in adjoining fields. A large percentage (30-40%) of the time of the research worker is devoted to this, but a good deal of important information escapes the attention of the scientist

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Dubinin 1962

X Comments 17

and it often happens that he discovers anew what has already been described in scientific literature.

Out of what I have said arises the need for the organisation of the flow of scientific information and methods for its processing in more rational forms. A solution to the problem must be sought in two directions. Firstly, we can pre-suppose that in future the organisation of the flow of scientific information, the storing and processing of it should be arranged on entirely new lines from those prevailing hitherto. The development of cybernetics, and the progress of high-speed electronic computers with a colossal storage capacity, indicates that a radical solution to this problem needs to be sought along these lines. A wide development of research in this direction is now necessary. It should not only be directed towards working out principles and designing "information machines", but should also be developed within the sciences themselves, e.g. in physics, chemistry, biology, etc, towards revealing inner correlations and the creation of a formalised "language" of science through which the use of electronic machines would be most effective. This is the most important direction, and it is probable that within a period of time it will be possible on this basis to find the fullest and most rational solution to the problem.

The second direction involved in solving the problem is to be found in a fundamental improvement in the existing scientific information system. This arises above all out of the inevitably lengthy transitional period from the present situation to a fully mechanised flow of information. On the other hand, such an improvement should make more readily, fully and rapidly available for the scientists of all countries information about research carried out in other countries.

The whole flow of scientific information can be divided into two categories: (1) the publication of original research, and (2) the publication of bibliographical material about such research (catalogues, abstracts, surveys, etc.). Whereas in the category of bibliographical publications a great deal is really being done in an effort to bring some order into it, the organisation of original publications remains to a very large extent in a chaotic state. I shall dwell below on the possible ways in which the flow of original publications can be improved.

An important, although extremely modest, step in the improvement of the existing system of periodical literature without completely transforming it could be achieved by splitting up the articles in each number of a journal into smaller divisions covering a given area of science or technology. This would make it possible to publish journals by subscription and for sale both in the form of normal issues, containing all sections (for the libraries) and issues covering only one section (basically for individual readers). The implementation of such a step would make it significantly easier for all readers to look for articles of interest to them, and would lead to a marked increase in subscriptions for the thematic sections of

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Dubinin 1962

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journals published both at home and abroad. We have already had positive experience of publication within thematically narrower fields of journals of abstracts in the U.S.S.R. and with *Biological Abstracts* and *Industrial and Engineering Chemistry* in the United States. The implementation of this step, with a carefully worked-out and agreed nomenclature of the sections of scientific journals would be a basis for a further and more substantial stage in the improvement of the information process.

The basic idea of this next stage is to be found in the transformation of the system of scientific periodical literature by a narrower and clearer division of journals into well-defined departments of science. The publication of all research carried out in a country should be concentrated in a very small number of such national and international journals, each covering a very narrow scientific field. For convenience in searching for information in journals divided up in this way, the division of articles in journals into even narrower sections will be retained, but on a new basis, making it possible either to subscribe to or to obtain single issues of a journal. The implementation of this step will lead to a substantial improvement in the handling of scientific and technical information. It will be possible for scientists to follow scientific developments in their own field of activity through a small number of journals, and also in the narrower field of their direct specialism they will be able to obtain through subscription issues of corresponding sections of journals.

It can be affirmed without any doubt that the reforms outlined do not constitute a radical improvement in the existing system of scientific information, but will lead purely to a temporary, though substantial, improvement in the situation in the periodical publication section of this field. In my report to the 7th Pugwash Conference (Stowe, Vermont, U.S.A., September 1961) I outlined the way to achieve a radical improvement in the existing system. In brief what it amounted to was the following. The kind of scientific journals organised in the previous stage will go over to the publication of only the brief content of the results of research in not more than, say, four printed pages. Such articles will be of greater interest to a wide circle of research workers working in adjacent scientific fields. From these articles specialists will be able to have an idea of how far they need to study one piece of work or another in full.

Each author will present the journal, together with the manuscript of the article of the length indicated, a type-written report of the work - unlimited in size, containing all the details of the experiment, the direct results of experiments in the form of tables and graphs, and their detailed analyses and discussions. In the case of theoretical work, of course, the reports will contain in full the solutions arrived at to the questions examined. As soon as the editorial staff of the journal decide on the publication of a piece of work, the article, the author's abstract and the complete paper are given a definite number or

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code according to an adopted system. The article is published by the journal, the abstract is sent for publication in the journals of abstracts and the report is sent to be stored by the regional information office. Such offices should possess extensive contemporary multi-copying facilities, making it possible to prepare copies of the report extremely rapidly and to despatch them cash on delivery to anyone who sends in an order, in which only the number of the work needs to be quoted. The regional information offices in the various countries, in accordance with signed agreements, will exchange copies of the full reports and of the abstracts.

Under such a periodical publication system, articles in journals would not be overladen with details of interest purely to specialists, who would be able to receive very quickly the full reports of the work they need. This system of scientific information would be a vast improvement on the existing one and would make it possible to carry out an effective and workable exchange of experience among scientists and countries.

In a short contribution I cannot go into all aspects of the problem. I have stuck to the possible ways of solving the most complicated part of it - periodical literature. Much simpler and no less effective would be the pooling of the efforts of different countries in the publication of journals of abstracts of two basic types (bibliographical journals and journals containing abstracts of publications) with exhaustive indexes of authors and subjects, review journals periodically drawing general deductions from the results of research in previously established departments of science over a given period of time, and finally, monographs on specific themes, outlining the scientific results achieved in the themes examined.

Everything I have outlined can be attained if there is good will and close international co-operation. As a result of the pooling of efforts by the different countries, the efficiency of scientific research would be considerably improved, and the difficult work of the scientist would be made substantially lighter, not to mention the big economic effect that such international co-operation would have.

August 13, 1962

London 1962

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## Paper on International Scientific Cooperation

A. A. Blagonravov

Important achievements in science are no longer possible without the concentrated attention on new problems of large groups of scientists. Modern scientific problems are so complex and many-sided that they require the participation of scientists of various specialities. We think that this fact has become an obvious truth. Moreover, the most important scientific problems which attract the attention of humanity have outgrown national boundaries. Scientific experiments require to be considered and carried out by the entire world, thus calling for the organisation in one form or another of international groups of scientists. Let us refer, for instance, to the Cancer Congress held recently in Moscow, which represented, of course, wide international scientific collaboration.

I shall dwell in my paper on the mastery of outer space, which, in my opinion, requires wide international cooperation more than any other problem. One of the peculiarities of outer space research consists in the fact that the technical means for carrying it out directly in outer space require very large expenditure for the construction and launching of space vehicles. Thus only two countries with the most developed economy, the USSR and USA, are able to organise the launching of sputniks and space rockets which possess the second escape velocity, and hence are able to investigate space in the limits of the solar system. Other countries with developed economy and industry had to remain content to investigate the outer space from their own national territory, either by means of geophysical and meteorological rocket sounds, or to seek assistance from the outer space organisations of the aforementioned countries, or else to take part in international cooperation (establishment of European units of international cooperation).

The field of space studies embraces many spheres of knowledge including radiation physics, geophysics, propagation of radio waves, meteorology, biology and other sciences, which include outstanding scientists not only in the advanced countries, but also among small nationalities. The striving of these scientists to participate in this promising work in cosmic research is only natural.

Thus definite prerequisites have been established in the above problem for international unification and cooperation.

Blagonravov 1962

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The second peculiarity of space research consists in the necessity for conducting experiments, observations, and measurements on a world-wide scale, for instance, in such spheres as the study of the effect of solar activity on the atmosphere, meteorology, and geomagnetism, thus also persistently requiring mutual international connections in the organisations of scientific research work. This represents the second just as important prerequisite for international cooperation in the sphere under consideration.

The scientific and technical sub-committee of the UNO committee on the utilisation of outer space has examined in Geneva in June of this year the problem of organising launching sites for rocket research in the equatorial zone, occupied by countries which do not possess the necessary means for setting up such sites. The USA has expressed its willingness to assist in this respect by supplying the required equipment on the basis of agreements with the countries on whose territories such sites will be set up, with the proviso that these sites will operate under the supervision of the UNO. Quite apart from the commercial interest of the firms which will supply the equipment, it is necessary to adopt a positive attitude to such assistance to under-developed countries for the purpose of ensuring the world character of scientific research.

Many efforts have now been exerted for organising a regular exchange of scientific information among scientists of various countries. A positive role in this respect is played by the COSPAR, which organises annual symposia at which outstanding scientists can exchange both information on the results of their investigations, and discuss the techniques of their experiments and the possible plans for their future development. The published works of the COSPAR have become literally handbooks for scientific workers engaged in space research. The tables of the international reference atmosphere issued by the COSPAR are of great importance. A "rocket week" was organised with the help of COSPAR for simultaneous geographical research in different parts of the world. The UNO Committee for utilising space is taking the necessary steps for acquiring scientific and technical information in order to make it available to all the member nations of the UNO.

The arenas for the international association of scientific forces are the specialised institutions of the UN, such as the International Union of Telecommunication, and the World Meteorological Organisation. However, all the measures indicated are far from commensurate with the demands both for international cooperation which would ensure thoroughness and intensity in the exploration of outer space, and the task of organising international cooperation is fraught with difficulties. The basic obstacle is, of course, that the technical means for the exploration of outer space are an integral part of modern armaments.

Błagonravov 1962

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International cooperation in cosmic scientific research naturally rests on a series of unresolved legal issues dealing with, for example, mutual obligations regarding means of assistance in case of an accidental, or chance, landing by cosmonauts and space vehicles, on foreign territory, and their return. In this connection, the legal subcommittee of the U.N. Committee introduced, on behalf of the Soviet Union, a Draft Declaration which was declined by the USA who tried to replace this question by one on the purely material responsibility for the damage which might be caused to the vehicles. Nevertheless, this question will inevitably come up before the U.N. Committee in the new future, and it is my impression that the supporters of a movement will raise their voices regarding the necessity for settling such questions.

It is essential for us to insist too, on the elimination, in the shortest possible time, of contradictions arising in discussing questions of distribution of radio frequencies for means of exploring outer space - in as much as the lack of decision here soon threatens to become a serious mutual obstacle to research. It is essential to find a means of possible compromises to accelerate decisions through the International Union of Telecommunications.

All these measures will only partly contribute to the development of collaboration over a problem, which is hardly a problem on the scientific front, but is attracting the greatest attention of mankind.

Once again, one must repeat that only progress along the road to general and complete disarmament can safeguard general and complete cooperation in the peaceful conquest of outer space.

London, 1962.

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Session 7

Observations on the paper "Organization of Education and its
significance in the Modern World".

Professor V.A. Kargin

It seems to me that one should completely agree with the main thesis of this paper which maintains that participants in the Pugwash Conference should not limit their activities to an exchange of opinions on the elimination of the danger of war, due to the development of modern arms, and to the problem of disarmament. The problem of education is undoubtedly one of the most important among the problems connected with the development of modern science. Neither is there any doubt that certain measures in the sphere of education will help everybody to understand that with the modern state of science and armaments, war means simply the end of the human race and that the striving for peace is not a mere pious wish, but a vital necessity for all countries and peoples.

In the sphere of education there have always existed, to put it more accurately, there have co-existed, two different approaches. On the one hand, any development of modern science and technology, which penetrates to an increasing extent into every sphere of life, is impossible without technical education. There can be no doubt that in future, when society is reconstructed along scientific lines, with the aim of satisfying to a greater extent all the requirements of the people, the standards set for general education will grow constantly. The development of science itself is closely connected with the selection of the most capable people in this sphere, and for any approach to this problem, and for any method of selection, it is always necessary to have a broader and higher initial level of education for the purpose of this selection. The principle of selecting the most capable people should probably be the subject of special studies, but the raising of the level of general education always improves this selection.

There is, however, another side to the problem of education. When
referring to the complete satisfaction of the requirements of man, we do
not mean the provision of food, clothing and shelter alone. The
utilisation and the understanding of the achievements of science, literature

[LW]

London 1962

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Session 7

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and art are only possible at a certain level of general education. Education in the humanities should form an integral part of a general education and it is very important to determine a reasonable relationship between the natural sciences and the humanities in a general system of education.

A very important role of education in the humanities consists of forming normal human beings. There can be no doubt that any system of education will pursue the social aims which are envisaged by the government in question. Side by side with this there also exist general aims which can be agreed upon. These aims must naturally include the contribution which general education should make to the cause of ensuring peace and security. The people who desire war are, possibly, just as dangerous as the weapons of direct annihilation. All of us who are gathered here are united by a common conviction that with the modern state of science and of modern weapons of mass annihilation, war has become a madness which threatens the very existence of humanity. Moreover, the sequential destruction of all types of armaments and means of delivery is our common desire and the foremost method of preventing war. At the same time it is also necessary to develop a sense of social responsibility for peace. Every one of us will probably agree that a stable peace in a disarmed world is only possible if such fundamental principles as the equality of nations, the right of each one of them to determine their internal affairs, rejection of any race discrimination and rejection of war as a means of settling conflicts between nations are generally recognised. Education in the humanities should serve, of course, as a powerful means for a stable establishment of these principles. The authors of this paper justly propose specially to examine education as a means of struggling against law-breakers and also examine the possibility of combining the attention paid in education to national loyalty with the dissemination of opinions which stimulate peace between nations. Probably the discussion of the second question should be taken first. It should be supplemented with possibility of a careful exclusion from the educational system of any type of war propaganda, of race discrimination and fostering of a feeling of hatred between nations and states. We are justly interested in the role education plays in the struggle against criminality, but we should also remember that the fostering of feelings glorifying war is no less criminal with respect to humanity than ordinary crimes.

Everyone will probably agree that education is very important for humanity, but the attention paid to it is, in the majority of cases, insufficient. The condition of education is particularly unsatisfactory in under-developed countries, especially those which have been retarded in their development by colonialism. It is humanity's sacred duty to help

London 1962

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Session 7

them in their development. Even a small portion of the enormous sums spent on armaments could transform completely the situation with respect to education. It is easy to judge how speedily the level of education can be raised from the example of our country, where the general level of education was low before the revolution, and where, due to the persistent efforts of the state, the level of education reached in a relatively short time one of the foremost places in the world. It would perhaps be advisable to raise in the course of disarmament the general level of education throughout the world and in the first place by means of the funds made available by disarmament.

London, 1962.

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## "Report on a pilot experiment in international cooperation"

"International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics", Naples.

Adriano A. Buzzati-Traverso

## 1. Introduction

At the Seventh International Conference on Science and World Affairs (Stowe, Vermont - September 5-9, 1961) a number of suggestions were made for the establishment of one or more international institutes of molecular biology and related subjects.

Thus, in his speech on "The future of international cooperation in Science", William V. Consolazio advocated the need of setting up of "a significant number of international interdisciplinary institutes of basic science". In his words: "I hope that we at least can generate enough enthusiasm to get behind the development of model institutes of basic experimental biology."

In the Report of Working Group 4 on "International Cooperation in the Life Sciences" the recommendation was made that an International Institute of Molecular Biology be established, which could serve as a research and training centre for expediting the development of the subject and as an important continuing channel of communication in the biological field between "East" and "West" countries. This idea was further elaborated upon in the statements of Dr. Martin Kaplan, Dr. Alexander Rich and Dr. William Consolazio.

Finally Professor Linus Pauling submitted a proposal for an international institute for the determination of the structure of globular proteins, nucleic acids and other macromolecules important to life. This proposal was included among the recommendations of Working Group 5, concerned with international cooperation in the physical sciences.

The purpose of the present report is to inform the participants in the Tenth Pugwash Conference on the foundation in Naples, Italy of an "International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics", the aims of which coincide pretty closely with those stated in the mentioned reports. While the present dimensions and budget of the new Laboratory are much more modest than the ones envisaged by the above-mentioned colleagues, it is hoped that it may constitute the

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crystallization centre for a more encompassing venture of truly international character. The advice and criticism of the participants in this meeting will be essential for determining the future policy and development of the Naples Laboratory.

## 2. The Origins

The idea of an international centre for research and training in modern experimental biology developed originally as a result of the experience gained during the years 1957-61 at the Institute of Genetics of the University of Pavia, Italy, where an intensive programme of research and training at the graduate level was carried out taking advantage of the close and sometimes prolonged cooperation of foreign colleagues.

The plans for this laboratory were developed with the hope that something could be organized that could meet present requirements of advanced research and training in biology, that would overcome some of the current drawbacks of the academic structure of most European institutes of higher learning, and would represent an experiment in long range international cooperation in science.

No words are necessary for showing that genetics and related subjects, or molecular biology, represent now the most active area of biological investigation and the most promising one in terms of likely breakthroughs, to occur within a short time in the attack of fundamental questions, pertaining to the hereditary material and other cell constituents using modern physical and chemical methods.

In Europe and in the United States there are at present many laboratories actively engaged in this field, but while one may mention several American advanced training centres in genetics and related subjects (such as the California Institute of Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Universities of Stanford and of Wisconsin, etc.) nothing comparable is to be found in Europe. There are, indeed, well known laboratories and outstanding groups of biologists, such as those at the Unit of Molecular Biology at the University of Cambridge, at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, at the C.N.R.S. in Gif-sur-Yvette, and at the University of Stockholm, but nowhere extensive advanced training programmes have so far been developed. In view of the great importance and the rapid advances occurring in genetics and related subjects, it appeared highly desirable to have in Europe at least one centre where young biologists, after graduation, irrespective

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of their nationality, may find adequate facilities for advanced training, getting the benefit of attending courses given by world authorities who have first-hand experience in the presented subjects and of carrying out individual investigations on a large variety of organisms, having every modern experimental facility available and under the guidance of expert scientists.

It was, therefore, thought that the planned Laboratory should have the following characteristics:

(a) the permanent and temporary staff should be international, since molecular biology requires the convergence of efforts of specialists in a wide number of diversified fields of science, and since probably no one country can claim a thorough coverage of the field within its universities and laboratories;

(b) the staff should be large enough to reach a minimal "critical mass" that would ensure sufficient intellectual stimulation and reward; for this reason the Laboratory should be established not too far from an existing university;

(c) three year advanced courses will be offered, leading to a degree of Ph.D. level which may find official recognition in the interested countries;

(d) in view of the different educational background of students coming from different countries the three year period may be reduced to two for those students who can begin experimental research as soon as they enter the School;

(e) lectures will be given in the English language;

(f) the number of staff members participating in the training programme shall never be lower than one third of the student number;

(g) members of the academic staff will be appointed partly on a permanent and partly on a temporary basis;

(h) the laboratory shall have available ample space and adequate equipment and facilities for research associated, post-doctoral fellows and guest investigations, in order to have at the School at all times a very wide range of research projects, in the frame of which the students may carry out their personal investigations;

(i) since it cannot be expected that research programmes at the Laboratory cover the whole range of biological research, provisions will be available for making it possible for a limited number of students to work for a part of their training period at other laboratories.

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### 3. Procedures

These ideas and plans have been discussed with educators, scientists, and administrators in Italy and elsewhere. On the basis of these contacts the conclusion was reached that the project had some merits and that, therefore, it was worth while to attempt to obtain the financial means necessary for realizing it.

After due consideration of the financial problem it was felt that while the Laboratory at its final stage of operation should rely on international support, this stage could not be reached unless definite commitments could be obtained from national sources, with the clear understanding that the funds made available could be specifically used for an enterprise of international character. For this reason it was felt desirable to have the term "international" included in the official heading of the new laboratory. The preliminary effort was accordingly conducted in the direction of obtaining large enough financial support from Italian sources for the essential core of the enterprise. Fortunately these attempts have been successful.

### 4. Present status of the Laboratory

While the establishment of the I.L.G.B. has not yet been officially announced in international scientific circles, its present status can be outlined as follows:

(a) **Financing:** funds have been made available by the Italian National Research Council (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) and the Italian Atomic Energy Agency (Comitato Nazionale per l'Energia Nucleare) ensuring a minimum yearly budget of 380,000,000 lire (about ~ 600,000).

(b) **Buildings:** a previously existing building of about 8,000 net sq ft has been remodelled for this purpose and is now in use, while two more prefabricated buildings for a total of about 10,000 net sq ft are under construction and will be ready for occupancy before the end of 1962.

(c) **Equipment:** scientific apparatus has been purchased and necessary facilities provided for the planned research activities; investment in equipment presently amounts to about ~ 800,000.

(d) **Fields of Research:** Within 1962 activities will be under way on the following lines: genetics and biophysics of bacteriophage; biochemistry of nucleic acids; biochemistry of haemoglobins, human genetics, genetics of human cells.

(e) **Internationality:** the international character of the operation is presently based on the following: a number of

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foreign co-workers have already been appointed on the staff;
the Laboratory relies on the scientific advice of a body of 20
advisers, not more than 1/4 of them being Italian; the
Laboratory will become one of the members of the pilot
experiments inaugurated by the International Cell Research
Organization, under UNESCO sponsorship, of "federated
laboratories".

5. <u>Plans for the immediate future</u>

The present seat of the Laboratory is considered as
temporary, in as much as it does not allow for adequate expansion. Accordingly a search is now being made in the Naples region for finding and purchasing a lot of land of anywhere between 50 and 100 acres for the final seat of the Laboratory.

It is envisaged that on this land the Laboratory will have
its permanent buildings, which shall include housing facilities
for the staff and the students.

The possibility is also being envisaged of establishing
on the same grounds other associated laboratories, particularly
one for the study of macromolecules and one for cybernetic
research.

It is hoped that this centre may become, *if parva licet
componere magnis*, a sort of Cold Spring Harbor for Europe and
a continuing channel of communication in the biological field
between scientists irrespective of their nationalities.

If this project is considered worth while by the
participants in the Tenth Pugwash Conference, any kind of
criticism, advice and encouragement will be greatly appreciated.

London 1962

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## A Proposal for Breaking the Impasse Between East and West Positions on Inspection.

Jay Orear (based on a new idea of Louis Sohn)

In order to meet the requirements of both the East and the West, an inspection system should pass the following two almost contradictory tests:

1. To meet the requirements of the East, an inspection system should have the feature that no inspection for hidden weapons should take place until after complete disarmament has taken place.

2. To meet the requirements of the West, the possibility of hidden weapons should at no stage endanger the security of the West (more than it is now endangered).

It appears that both of these conditions can be met by using an appropriate system of zonal disarmament as opposed to zonal inspection. Our Soviet colleagues at the ninth conference have objected to the zonal inspection plan outlined in the official U.S. disarmament proposal. Their objections point out the extreme effectiveness of sampling techniques, namely, that one can get a good idea of an entire system by studying carefully only a small part of it. Hence the official U.S. proposal would entail a significant loss of military secrecy before a significant amount of disarmament is achieved. We see that the "trouble" with the zonal inspection is that it does its job too well.

In order to demonstrate that a zonal disarmament plan could meet the requirements of both the East and the West, let us consider a somewhat oversimplified specific example (keeping in mind that the numbers and time scales are quite arbitrary). For the sake of simplicity, only the disarmament of the U.S. and U.S.S.R. is discussed in this example.

### Stage 1:

Duration: 3 years

Complete disarmament of all weapons and armed forces except for 120 missiles on both sides.

The two nations each divide themselves into 6 zones. Each nation chooses its own zone boundaries however it pleases. No declaration of numbers of existing weapons is ever made. (Most other disarmament plans

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require declarations at the beginning of the first stage which in itself involves giving up a significant amount of secrecy before any disarmament has been obtained.)

The Soviet Union chooses the first zone to be disarmed in the United States, and vice versa. At that time inspectors are positioned along the boundaries of this first zone in the U.S. and the corresponding first zone in the U.S.S.R.

These inspectors do not inspect in the normal sense, they only observe to see whether or not weapons are illegally moved out of the chosen zone. Since the zone boundary is a line, it has zero area; hence the stationing of inspectors on this line involves essentially zero inspection and zero observation of defence systems and war plans. Within say three months all weapons and military forces in this zone are to be destroyed (so far without any inspection) with the exception that up to 20 missiles may be retained in this first zone. Up to 40 missiles may be retained in the first two zones that are disarmed, and so on, until the 6th and final zone is disarmed, at which time a total of 120 missiles will be retained on both sides.

All launching sites will be permitted to remain. After this complete disarmament of the first zone (except for the permitted zero to 20 missiles) the inspectors are finally permitted to enter. They have a fixed length of time (say, 3 months) in which to verify that the only remaining weapons are the permitted missiles. Then the inspectors move back to the boundaries, thus permitting the inspected nation to change the location of its quota of missiles within the "disarmed" zone. If there are, for instance, 100 launching sites in the zone, it would be difficult to pinpoint the actual location of the 20 missiles. Perhaps even launching sites themselves could be moved within the zone.

Every six months a new zone is selected and the above cycle is repeated for the newly selected zone, until at the end of three years all 6 zones have been disarmed and all that remains is a total of 120 missiles in the U.S. and 120 in the Soviet Union whose exact locations at any particular time are unknown. Also a small number of missile-carrying submarines (perhaps 5 each) should be permitted to remain until the end of Stage 1.

Toward the end of the 3 years, brief re-inspections of some of the early zones might be necessary to insure that new weapons are not being manufactured illegally. This can be arranged in such a way that the

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locations of no more than 10 per cent of the missiles are known at any one time.

## Stage 2:

Duration:15 months

Forces reduced from 120 missiles to zero

The two sides could again divide themselves up into a certain number of new zones and repeat the abpve process. For examples 15 zones, each containing 8 missiles, to be disarmed at a rate of one zone per month. An alternative for Stage 2 would be to deliver 3 missiles per week to depots for destruction under the eyes of inspectors.

Of course the above example is only meant to deal with the inspection problem and has nothing to say about other basic problems such as how to maintain the peace in a completely disarmed world.

[10]

Supak

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scientific-technical leap is wishful thinking, and primitive manual production is confronted on the world market with automatized industry. Fresh exploitations and dependence unavoidably emerge in this. Nations which have just been liberated or are gradually being liberated become the victims of new colonialism, which is perhaps less aggressive militarily but which is therefore economically more inexorable. Young national communities are exposed to blackmail which often turns into pure intervention. The position of undeveloped countries becomes worse in the economic sense and their defence potential is jeopardized by atomic strategy. All contradictions of the contemporary world have been raised by science to the ominous summit where a final solution cannot be delayed for a long time.

We, the same as our genus, would be safer had our ancestors remained in stone caves and in a jungle candour. The work which has raised us to the conquerors of outer space brought the sword of Damocles in its wake. Even if the return to the Stone Age would seem to many people today a real idyll, the evolution is not proceeding backwards. We must keep going along the brink of the precipice. From where global death has threatened a new hope is concurrently emerging. This is the other, bright aspect of human creativeness, the eagle's wings for a flight to the pinnacle of perpetual peace.

In the last few decades with the development of the science of nature, there emerged a technical revolution which has fundamentally altered many old courses of development. Human work has not only become far more fruitful but new organizational forms were introduced which even in the classic West mark the end of traditional liberalism. Individual businessmen or groups cease being the motive power of development and the initiative is increasingly transferred on scientific research. Laboratory discoveries grow overnight into huge industries, and old economic relationships between capital and labour experience deep changes. Scientific knowledge - the highest range of human work - enters into the old world as a universal progressive element. It is gradually dawning upon old rulers and conquerors that most precious things and most useful labour are concealed in research laboratories. Since that time the interest in cheap, unskilled work, as well as in many raw materials has been gradually receding while the center moves towards highly automatized plants. A successful struggle of colonial nations is in full swing under these new economic relations. Primitive colonial plunder still remains only as the death jerk of obsolete capitalist groups; it is no longer a necessity for the West.

Burak

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According to orthodox theories imperialism would be an unavoidable stage in the agony of capitalism. In the duel of rocket bases this would be the end of the world. But, are the surmises of the orthodox theory still in force? To begin with, in spite of numerous forecasts, the masses of the people in the West are not decaying in misery (even though they are oppressed by fresh sufferings of greatly alienated civilization); and cycles of crises are not raging as they used to (even though recessions are extremely serious). The picture is quite different than the one made by analyses at the end of the last century and at the beginning of this one. This economist "wonder" has not taken place due to some enlightenment of capital. The intervention has come from scientific laboratories. Electro-dynamic, chemical, metallurgical, electronic, biological and other technological processes have greatly increased industrial production and that sudden leap was accompanied by deep qualitative changes. Wealth spread also on the broad masses and a more copious internal market was created. The highly organized industry with an increasing share of the state, imperatively imposed a plan even where former liberal theories had dominated. New control mechanisms, state intervention and scientific initiative fundamentally alter the character of the old economy and thus the catastrophic crisis whose only way out is imperialist war, stops being a necessity. If the coexistence between varied economic systems has today become a condition of general existence, that new factor had come with the scientific-technological revolution at that time.

Aggression is no longer the only way out for any system; on the contrary this may only fatally wound them. And yet, ideological war is still raging. Are these spectres which have remained in human minds? What is again flaring up the fanatical conflict whose final outcome is well known? It is certain that old forces act here which are not adapted to the new reality and its possibilities for development. The secular mistrust and hatred between classes, nations and colours, hoist their flag in the middle of the existing camps. In addition to these traditional antagonisms, the internal struggle for power always again fans the flame of ideological ardour. Intrigues against the enemy from outside are usually the best proof of patriotism. Many political parties have lost a sense of contemporary development and have degenerated into mere electoral machines. Lacking a progressive programme the old ideological phraseology is still the offensive ammunition against the local and foreign opponent. What kind of a conscience have party managers who repeat the same cliches for a thousand times in an electoral campaign? Where deep analyses and

[Lc]

Supek

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X Comments 20

Human will is still lulled in a passive expectation of future events. The system of authority, stubborn bureaucracy and social automatons have united in order to transform the citizen into a blind follower of world history which digs his grave in the end. The loss of the historical subject is compensated by isolated helpless persons with fatalistic or nihilistic philosophics and more frequently with complete neglect of social questions. Some people are impelled by man's "disposition", selfish and aggressive which mercilessly directs one to wars; other people are paralyzed by historical or cosmic "laws" which determine all the events, some people await a leader or a Messiah while to some people all this seems to be a suicidal game of the absurdity of life. In that ideological confusion and dusk the contemporary scientific thought rises like a torch. Many philosophical contemplations start from concepts which modern science has forgone a long time ago. Ideological controversies were flared up in the past and they are still fiercely withstanding critical analyses. All these prejudices should be eradicated in order that we might step along the bright avenues.

Modern science places us into quite a new position towards the future. We are no longer the passive observers of a cosmic order. The world lies in our hands, as in those of Atlas. We may hurl it into perpetual obscurity, we may raise it to the level of the spirit. We have discovered and we are still discovering the possibilities which exist in our reality. What will happen depends upon our action. There are no facts about the future of man. We are free; naturally we are not this in nothingness and emptiness as professed by nihilism or existentialist love of adventure, but we are in a world of created structures and course of development. But even this reality of ours conceals in itself a motherly affection. If we would want, if all of us would sincerely want, that which is possible could be realized.

The idea on human freedom comes at a time when everything seems doomed to death. Even the most powerful statesmen have conceived what the outcome of an atomic war would be. And yet the armament race is going on. That inertia of the suicidal movement is horrible. What is preventing one to throw away arms when aggression and defence are equally absurd? Where are these senseless forces which hurl our planet to hell?

The world such as it is today would break down in the event of disarmament. The existing unstable equilibrium is built on the intricate system of force and outrage, without super-bombs and butts of rifles the "great" would no longer be the "great", the masters would no longer be the masters. That is why declarations on immediate general disarmament seem unrealistic to us, more often a propaganda manouver than a sincere wish. This world must be deeply changed before all arms are laid away. Changes are necessary in relations between nations and peoples and they are equally necessary in our minds. Peace - this is the final aim, but, in order to proceed towards this aim, constant and increasing pressure must be exerted.

Hotel Russell, London. September 3rd - 7th, 1962

"SCIENTISTS AND WORLD AFFAIRS"

Programme of Meetings

Monday, September 3rd

First Session

10 a.m. - 1 p.m.

Chairman: Sir Nevill Mott

Formal opening of Conference by Lord Hailsham.

Messages and addresses of greetings.

Report from the Secretary-General.

Setting up of Standing Committees.

Second Session

2.15 p.m. - 5.45 p.m.

Chairman: Acad. A.V. Topchiev

Report of activities of national groups.

General discussion on the reports of past activities.

Tuesday, September 4th

Third Session

9.15 a.m. - 12.45 p.m. Chairman: Prof. J. Rotblat

"The position of the Scientist in the Community".

(1) Paper by Prof. E. Rabinowitch
"The Role of the Scientist in the Community".

(2) Paper by Prof. W. S. Emelyanov
"The position of the Scientist in the Community".

(3) Paper by Father D. Dubarle
"Scientific Community and Humanity".

Fourth Session

2.15 p.m. - 5.45 p.m.

Chairman: Prof. Harrison Brown

"Scientists and World Security".

(1) Paper by Acad. A. V. Topchiev
"Science and World Security".

(2) Paper by Prof. B.T. Feld
"On the prospects for a Disarmament Agreement".

[10]

Wednesday, September 5th

Fifth Session

9.15 a.m. - 12.45 p.m. Chairman: Prof. Bentley Glass

"International Scientific Collaboration".

(1) Paper by Mr. F.C. Bawden et al.
"International Collaboration in Science".

(2) Paper by Acad. N. N. Bogolubov
"International Scientific Collaboration".

(3) Paper by Profs. H. Bondi and E.H.S. Burhop
"Experiments that affect the Environment of the Planet".

Thursday, September 6th

Sixth Session

9.15 a.m. - 12.45 p.m. Chairman: Acad. L.A. Artsimovitch

"Science in Aid of Developing Nations".

(1) Paper by Prof. M.I. Rubinstein
"Science in Aid of Developing Nations".

(2) Paper by Dr. M. Kaplan
"Health Factors in Developing Countries affecting
International Tensions".

(3) Paper by Prof. A. Salam
"Science and Technology in aid of Developing Countries".

Seventh Session

2.15 p.m. - 5.45 p.m. Chairman: Prof. Eugene Rabinowitch

"Science and Education".

(1) Paper by Sir Julian Huxley et al.
"Education for Humanity in a Developing World".

(2) Paper by Dr. O. Klineberg et al.
"Behavioural Sciences and Peace".

(3) Paper by V.A. Kargin
"Creative Possibilities of Science".

Friday, September 7th

Eighth Session

9.15 a.m. - 12.45 p.m. Chairman: Acad. I.E. Tamm

Report from Standing Committees on future activities.

Report from Standing Committees on organisation.

Discussion of these Reports.

Ninth Session

2.15 p.m. - 4.45 p.m.

Chairman: Prof. C.F. Powell

Report from Committee on the draft of a Statement.

Adoption of the Statement

Election of Continuing Committee

Close of Conference.

London 1962

2/9/62

The following papers are available for participants to date, and should be included in your briefcase:-

(*Papers marked thus have been precirculated. If you have not brought your copy with you, you may collect one from the distribution table in the dining room.)

A. Main Papers

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>3.1</td>
      <td>N.S. Emelyanov</td>
      <td>The Role of the Scientist in the Community</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>*3.2</td>
      <td>E. Rabinowitch</td>
      <td>The Role of the Scientist in the Community</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>3.3</td>
      <td>D. Dubarle</td>
      <td>Scientific Community and Humanity</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>*4.1</td>
      <td>B.T. Feld</td>
      <td>On the Prospects for a Disarmament Agreement</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>4.2</td>
      <td>A.V. Topchiev</td>
      <td>Science and World Security</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>5.1</td>
      <td>F.C. Bawden et al.</td>
      <td>International Collaboration in Science</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>5.4</td>
      <td>H. Bondi and E.H.S. Burhop</td>
      <td>Experiments that Interfere with the Environment</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>6.1</td>
      <td>A. Salam</td>
      <td>Abstract on Science and Technology in Aid of Developing Countries</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>*6.2</td>
      <td>M. Kaplan</td>
      <td>Health Factors in Developing Countries Affecting International Tensions</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>6.3</td>
      <td>M. Rubinstein</td>
      <td>Science in the Aid of Developing Nations</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>*7.1</td>
      <td>J. Huxley et al.</td>
      <td>Education for Humanity in a Developing World</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>7.1a</td>
      <td colspan="2">Paper 7.1 as revised by Sir Julian Huxley</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>*7.2</td>
      <td>O. Klineberg, V. Bernard et al.</td>
      <td>Behavioral Sciences and Peace</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>7.3</td>
      <td>A.V. Kargin</td>
      <td>Social Potential of Science</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

10th Conf. papers

- 2 -

2/9/62

B. Background Papers and Comments

<table>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td>X.1</td>
      <td>A.A. Sabin</td>
      <td>A Travelling Virologist's Reflections on Perplexing World Affairs</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.2</td>
      <td>J.W. Burton</td>
      <td>Non-Alignment and Pre-conditions of Disarmament</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.3</td>
      <td>H.J. Muller</td>
      <td>The Role of Biology in General Education</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.4</td>
      <td>A.W. Buzzard</td>
      <td>The Prospects of Disarmament</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.5</td>
      <td>P.C. Mahalanobis</td>
      <td>The Scientific Base of Economic Development</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.6</td>
      <td>A. Salam and I. Supek</td>
      <td>Possible Extension of the Nuclear Club</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.7</td>
      <td>J. Yannoy-Wilson</td>
      <td>Health Factors in Developing Countries Affecting International Tensions</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.13</td>
      <td>S.W. Kwee</td>
      <td>The Position of the Scientist in the Community</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.14</td>
      <td>G.E.G. Catlin</td>
      <td>Comments on the paper by Klineberg, Bernard et al.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.15</td>
      <td>P. Auger</td>
      <td>Plan for an Institute to Study the Better Exploitation of the World</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.16</td>
      <td>J. Read</td>
      <td>Report on an Experiment in New Zealand to test Public Opinion regarding Nuclear War</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.17</td>
      <td>M. Dubinin</td>
      <td>Ways of Improving International Collaboration and the Problem of Scientific Information</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.18</td>
      <td>A. Blagonravov</td>
      <td>International Scientific Collaboration</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.19</td>
      <td>V.A. Kargin</td>
      <td>Observations on the Proper Organization of Education and its Significance in the Modern World</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.20</td>
      <td>A. Buzzatti-Traverso</td>
      <td>Report on a Pilot Experiment in International Co-operation</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.21</td>
      <td>J. Orear</td>
      <td>A Proposal for Breaking the Impasse between East and West Positions on Inspection</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td>X.22</td>
      <td>I. Supek</td>
      <td>Science and Peace</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

Final edn.

London, 3rd-7th September, 1962

List of participants, observers and guests

A. Participants

Australia

Dr. John W. Burton, Research School of Pacific Studies, Box 4, G.P.O.,
Canberra A.C.T.

Prof. J.D.B. Miller, Department of Politics, The University, Leicester,
U.K.

Sir Mark Oliphant, Research School of Physical Sciences, Australian
National University, Canberra A.C.T.

Austria

Dr. M. Breitenecker, Boltzmanng. 5, Vienna 9.

Prof. F. Mainx, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, Wien IX.

Prof. R. Steinmaurer, Schöpfstr. 41, Physikatische Institut, Innsbruck.

Prof. Hans Thirring, Strudlhofgasse 13, Wien IX.

Brazil

Prof. C.M.C. Lattes, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo.

Bulgaria

Prof. G. Nadjakov, Academy of Sciences, Scfia.

Canada

Dr. N.Z. Alcock, 341 West Bloor Street, Toronto, Ontario.

Dr. Brock Chisholm, RR 2, Victoria B.C.

Prof. J.C. Polanyi, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario.

Czechoslovakia

Prof. V. Husa, Charles University, Na dráckách 10, Praha 6.

Acad. Josef Macek, Kaderakovska 1, Praha 6.

Acad. Ivan Malek, Na Dolinach 18, Praha 4.

Mr. T. Nemec, Parizska 11, Praha 1.

Acad. Vladimir Prochazka, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague.

Acad. F. Sorm, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Koresska 9, Praha 6.

Denmark

Prof. O. Kofoed-Hansen, Physics Department, Riso, Roskilde.

Prof. Ole Maaløe, University Institute of Microbiology, Farimagsade 24, Copenhagen K.

France

Father D. Dubarle, 29 Boulevard de Latour, Maubourg, Paris 7.

Prof. B.P. Gregory, Ecole Polytechnique, 17 Rue Descartes, Paris 5.

(cont.)

[10]

10th Conf.

- 2 -

final

France (continued)

Dr. A. Gros, Société Internationale de Couseillers de Synthèse,
14 Bd. Poissonnière, Paris. 9.

Mr. G. Guéron, Société Internationale de Couseillers de Synthèse,
14 Bd. Poissonnière, Paris 9.

Prof. J. Guéron, Euratom, 51 Rue Belliard, Bruxelles, Belgium.

Prof. André Lwoff, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris 15.

Prof. Michel Magat, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Faculté des
Sciences, Orsay (S et O).

Dr. H. Marcovich, Laboratoire Pasteur-Institut du Radium,
26 rue d'Ulm, Paris 5.

Prof. P. Piganiol, 62 Boulevard Victor-Hugo, Neuilly-sur-Seine
(Seine).

Prof. Pierre Rosenstiehl, 30 Boulevard Flandrin, Paris 16.

Ghana

Prof. J.A.K. Quartey, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra.

Dr. J. Yanney-Wilson, Department of Botany, University of Ghana,
Legon.

Germany

Mr. H. Afheldt, Strandweg 57, Hamburg-Blankenese.

Prof. G. Burkhardt, Tizianstr. 5, Hannover.

Dr. H. Franz, 645 Hanau/Main, Freiheitsplatz 14.

Prof. H. Friedrich-Freksa, Spemannstr. 35, Tubingen.

Prof. Hanfried Lenz, Oldenbourgstr. 17, München-Obermenzing.

Prof. E. Menzel, Institut für Internationales Recht an der
Universität Kiel, Denischestr. 15, Kiel 23.

Prof. K.A. Wolf, Ludolf Krehl Str. 31a, Heidelberg.

Greece

Dr. S. Vatistas, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, London W.12, U.K.

Hungary

Prof. R. Bognar, Doczy F. u. 7, Debrecen 10.

Prof. Lénárd Pál, Eotvos Lorand University, P.O.B. 49, Budapest 114.

Prof. F.B. Straub, Orvostudomanyi Egyetem Orvosi Vegytani Intezete,
Puskin Utca 9, Budapest VIII.

Iceland

Dr. O. Gunnarsson, 42 Drapuhlid, Reykjavik.

India

Prof. P.C. Mahalanobis, c/o Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta
35.

Ireland

Dr. E.J. Conway, Woodbank, Killiney, Co. Dublin.

Israel

Dr. Hugo Boyko, 1 Ruppin Street, Rehovot,

Prof. M. Sela, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot.

10th Conf.

- 3 -

final

Italy

Prof. A.A. Buzzati-Traverso, Laboratorio Internazionale di
Genetica e Biofisica, Via Claudio 1, Naples.

Prof. G. Favilli, Istituto di Patologia Generale, Universita
di Bologna, 14 Via S. Giacomo, Bologna.

Prof. Lucio Mezzetti, University of Padova, Instituto di Fisica
dell'Università, Via Marzolo 8, Padova.

Japan

Prof. S. Kamefuchi, Department of Physics, Imperial College,
Prince Consort Road, S.W.7

Prof. Iwao Ogawa, Department of Physics, Rikkyo University,
Toshima-Ku, Tokyo.

Prof. H. Yukawa, Research Institute for Fundamental Physics,
Kyoto University, Kyoto.

Lebanon

Prof. T. Raven, Department of Geography & Geology, American
University of Beirut.

Malaya

Sir Alexander Oppenheim, University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur,
Pantai Valley, Kuala Lumpur.

Netherlands

Mr. G.H.S. de Bruine, Ridderlaang, The Hague.

Prof. C.J. Gorter, Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences,
Burggravenlaan 3, Leiden.

Dr. S.L. Kwee, Duyvendakstraat 21, Leiden.

Prof. B.R.A. Nijboer, University of Utrecht, Institute for
Theoretical Physics, Maliesingel 23, Utrecht.

Prof. H.A. Tolhoek, Physical Laboratory, Westersingel 34, Groningen.

New Zealand

Dr. J.B. Read, B.E.C.C. Radiation Biology Laboratory, 22 Lachlan
Avenue, Dunedin.

Prof. D. Walker, University of Wellington, P.O. Box 196, Wellington,

Nigeria

Dr. Chike Obi, University College, Dept. Mathematics, Ibadan.

Norway

Dr. T. Forland, N.T.H., Trondheim.

Dr. H. Wergeland, Fysisk Institut, Norges Tekniske Høgskole,
Trondheim.

Pakistan

Prof. Abdus Salam, Department of Physics, Imperial College, Prince
Consort Road, London S.W.7, U.K.

10th Conf.

- 4 -

final

Poland

Prof. M. Danysz, Hoza 69, Warsaw.

Prof. Leopold Infeld, Hoza 69, Warsaw.

Prof. Karol Lapter, Sandomierska 21 m 11, Warsaw.

Rumania

Acad. H. Hulubei, Academy of Sciences, Bucharest.

South Africa

Dr. T.E.W. Schumann, Private Bag 256, Pretoria.

Spain

Prof. J. Catala, Facultad Ciencias, Departamento Fisica, Universidad
Valencia.

Sweden

Dr. G.W. Funke, Statensrod for atomforskning, Wenner-Gren Center,
Sueavagen 166, Stockholm.

Prof. Olov Lindberg, Wenner Gren Institute, Norrtullsgatan 16,
Stockholm.

Dr. L. Revesz, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 60,

Switzerland

Prof. W. Heitler, Institut fur Theoretische Physik der Universitat
Zurich, Schonberggasse 9, Zurich.

Prof. F.G. Houtermans, Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bern,
Sidlerstrasse 5, Bern.

U.A.R.

Dr. S.R. Morcos, National Research Centre, Dukki, Cairo.

United Kingdom

Mr. F.C. Bawden, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts.

Prof. J.D. Bernal, Department of Physics, Birkbeck College, Malet
Street, London W.C.1

Prof. P.M.S. Blackett, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road,
London S.W.7

Prof. W.E. Burcham, Physics Department, Birmingham University,
Edgbaston, Birmingham 15.

Prof. E.H.S. Burhop, Physics Department, University College,
Gower Street, London W.C.2

Prof. R. Calder, The Gables, 74 The Crescent, Belmont, Surrey.

Sir John Cockcroft, Churchill College, Cambridge.

Prof. J. Cohen, Department of Psychology, The University, Manchester
13.

Sir Charles Darwin, Newnham Grange, Cambridge.

Sir Howard Florey, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford.

Prof. O.R. Frisch, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory,
Free School Lane, Cambridge.

Prof. A. Haddow, Chester Beatty Research Institute, Fulham Road,
London S.W.3

10th Conf.

- 5 -

final

United Kingdom (continued)

Prof. Dorothy Hodgkin, 94 Woodstock Road, Oxford.

Sir Julian Huxley, 31 Pond Street, Hampstead, London N.W.3

Dr. Patricia Lindop, St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College,
Charterhouse Square, London E.C.1

Sir Ben Lockspeiser, Birchway, Waverley Road, Farnborough, Hants.

Dame Kathleen Lonsdale, Department of Chemistry, University
College, Gower Street, London W.C.1

Prof. Gordon Manley, Department of Geography, Bedford College,
Inner Circle, Regent's Park, London N.W.1

Dr. D.C. Martin, The Royal Society, Burlington House, London W.1

Sir Nevill Mott, Cavendish Laboratory, Free School Lane,
Cambridge.

Mr. Philip Noel-Baker, 16 South Eaton Place, London S.W.1

Sir Rudolph Peters, 3 Newnham Walk, Cambridge.

Mr. N.W. Pirie, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts.

Prof. C.F. Powell, H.H. Wills Physical Laboratory, Royal Fort,
Bristol 8.

Prof. J. Rotblat, Physics Department, St. Bartholomew's Hospital
Medical College, Charterhouse Square, London E.C.1

Earl Russell, Penrhyndeudraeth, Merioneth, N. Wales.

Prof. M. Stoker, Institute of Virology, Glasgow University,
Glasgow.

Sir George Thomson, Little Howe, Mount Pleasant, Cambridge.

Prof. C.H. Waddington, Institute of Animal Genetics, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh 9, Scotland.

Mr. Wayland Young, 100 Bayswater Road, London W.2

U.S.A.

Dr. P.G. Bergmann, Department of Physics, Syracuse University,
Syracuse 10, N.Y.

Dr. Viola Bernard, 930 Fifth Avenue, New York 21, N.Y.

Prof. K.E. Boulding, Center for Research in Conflict Resolution,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Dr. D.G. Brennan, The Hudson Institute, Quaker Ridge Road,
Harmon-on-Hudson, N.Y.

Prof. Robert B. Brode, Department of Physics, University of
California, Berkeley 4, Calif.

Prof. Harrison Brown, Division of Geological Sciences, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.

Dr. Ralph Burhoe, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 280 Newton
Street, Brookline 46, Mass.

Dr. Barry Commoner, Department of Plant Physiology, Washington
University, St. Louis 30, Mo.

Dr. W.V. Consolazio, National Science Foundation, Washington 25,D.C.

Prof. W.C. Davidon, Department of Physics, Haverford College,
Haverford, Pa.

Prof. F.J. Dyson, Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced
Study, Princeton, N.J.

Dr. J.T. Edsall, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University,
Cambridge 38, Mass.

10th Conf.

- 6 -

final

U.S.A. (continued)

Prof. B.T. Feld, Physics Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass., U.S.A.

Prof. J.D. Frank, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins Medical School, 601 N. Broadway, Baltimore 5, Md.

Prof. Bentley Glass, Mergenthaler Laboratory for Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Md.

Prof. R.M. Herriott, 615-N Wolfe Street, Baltimore 5, Md.

Dr. Hudson Hoagland, Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, 222 Maple Avenue, Shrewsbury, Mass.

Dr. D.R. Inglis, 3840 Ellington Avenue, Western Springs, Illinois.

Dr. Marvin Kalkstein, Geophysics Research Directorate, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Bedford, Mass.

Dr. Martin Kaplan, La Chenaie, La Pallanterie, Vesenaz, Geneva, Switzerland.

Mr. Amrom Katz, Rand Corporation, 1700 Main Street, Santa Monica, Calif.

Dr. Henry Kissinger, Harvard University, 6 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge 38, Mass.

Prof. O. Klineberg, Department of Social Psychology, Columbia University, Room 604-01d Engineering Building, New York 27, N.Y.

Mr. Richard S. Leghorn, 75 Fletcher Road, Belmont, Mass.

Prof. Wassily Leontief, 309 Littauer Center, Harvard University, Cambridge 38, Mass.

Prof. Leon Lipson, Yale Law School, New Haven, Conn. (12 Bloomfield Terrace, London S.W.1 - until 15/1/63)

Dr. Margaret Mead, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York 24, N.Y.

Prof. M. Meselson, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge 38, Mass.

Prof. Jay Orear, Physics Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.

Dr. H. Palevsky, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, N.Y.

Prof. Linus Pauling, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.

Dr. J.B. Phelps, Institute for Defense Analyses, 1666 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington D.C.

Prof. Eugene Rabinowitch, Department of Botany, University of Illinois, Champaign, Ill.

Dr. G. Rathjens, U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Washington D.C.

Prof. Roger Revelle, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

Prof. Alexander Rich, Department of Biophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

Prof. Theodor Rosebury, Bacteriology Department, Washington University, St. Louis 10, Mo.

Prof. A.B. Sabin, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati 29, Ohio.

Prof. E. Shils, Committee on Social Thought, University of Chicago, 1126 East 59th Street, Chicago 37, Ill.

10th Conf.

- 7 -

final

U.S.A. (continued)

Dr. J.S. Toll, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.

Prof. V.F. Weisskopf, CERN, Geneva 23, Switzerland.

Dr. H.C. Wolfe, American Institute of Physics, 335 E. 45th Street, New York 17, N.Y.

U.S.S.R.

Acad. L.A. Artsimovitch, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Dr. N.I. Bazanov, Institute of World Economic and International Relations, Moscow.

Dr. G.P. Besedin, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Acad. A.A. Blagonravov, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Acad. N.N. Bogolubov, Steklof's Mathematical Institute, Moscow.

Acad. M.M. Dubinin, U.S.S.R. Institute of Physical Chemistry, Moscow.

Prof. W.S. Emelyanov, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Prof. N.N. Inozemtsev, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Acad. V.A. Kargin, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Prof. V.M. Khvostov, Institute of History, Moscow.

Dr. S.G.T. Korneev, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Prof. I.J. Kozhevnikov, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Prof. A.M. Kuzin, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Prof. A.I. Leipunski, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Mr. V. Pavlichenko, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Prof. U.V. Riznichenko, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Prof. M.I. Rubinstein, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Prof. N.A. Talensky, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Acad. I.E. Tamm, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Acad. A.V. Topchiev, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Acad. A.N. Tupolev, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Prof. A.M. Vernov, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Yugoslavia

Dr. D. Calic, Novakova 10, Zagreb.

Prof. A. Kuhelj, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Lepi Pot 11, Ljubljana.

Prof. I. Supek, Sveuciliste-Universitas, Institut teorijske fizike, Marulicev trg 19, Zagreb.

[10]

10th Conf.

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final

B. **_Observers_**

**Australia**

Prof. P. Fitzgerald, School of Oriental Studies, Canberra A.C.T.

Dr. R. E. B. Makinson, c/o Prof. E. H. S. Burhop, University College, London W.C.2, U.K.

**Austria**

Dr. Robert Jungk, Bayerngasse 1, Wien 3.

**Canada**

Dr. F. Joubin, 500 Avenue Road, Toronto 7, Ontario.

**Denmark**

Mr. Børge Michelsen, 46 Olufsvej, Copenhagen Ø.

Dr. J. W. Ulrich, Schimmelmannsvej 31, Charlottenlund.

**Netherlands**

Mr. J. Fleyra, Schubertstraat 66, Amsterdam 2.

Mr. L. O. ten Cate, P. O. Box 3, Heerenveen.

**South Africa**

Mr. J. A. King, South African Scientific Liaison Office,
Chichester House, 278 High Holborn, London W.C.1

**UNESCO**

Dr. V. A. Kovda, Department of Natural Science, UNESCO, Paris 16.

Dr. H. Roderick, Department of Natural Science, UNESCO, Paris 16, France.

**United Kingdom**

Dr. T. E. Allibone, Aldermaston Court, Aldermaston, Berks.

Dr. H. R. Allan, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London S.W.7

Mr. Hedley Bull, London School of Economics & Political Science,
Houghton Street, Aldwych, London W.C.2

Sir Anthony Buzzard, Todd House, West Clandon, Surrey.

Mr. Nigel Calder, Branscombe, London Road, Crawley,
Sussex,

Mrs. S. Campbell-Smith, British Association for the Advancement
of Science, 3 Sanctuary Buildings, 20 Gt. Smith Street,
London S.W.1

Prof. G. E. G. Catlin, 4 Whitehall Court, London S.W.1

Mr. A. Clow, 51 Attimore Rd., Welwyn Garden City, Herts.

Dr. R. Fraser, c/o Society of Visiting Scientists, 19 Albemarle St.
London W.1

Mr. Maurice Goldsmith, Science Information Service, 5 Gt. James
St., London W.C.1

Mr. Arthur Haslett, 104 Clifton Hill, London
N.W.8

Prof. G. W. Hutchinson, Physics Department, The University,
Southampton.

10th Conf.

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final

United Kingdom (continued)

Sir Joseph Hutchinson, School of Agriculture, Cambridge.

Dr. Alick Isaacs, 1 Hollycroft Avenue, London N.W.3

Sir Stephen King-Hall, 162 Buckingham Palace Road, London S.W.1

Dr. W. Levitt, 30 Frognal Lane, London N.W.3

Dr. Tom Margerison, 63 Dulwich Village, London S.E.21

Mr. E. Max Nicholson, Nature Conservancy, 19 Belgrave Square, London S.W.1

Dr. Felix Pirani, Department of Mathematics, King's College, Strand, London W.C.2

Dr. Antoinette Pirie, Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Walton Street, Oxford.

Sir Oliver Scott, B.E.C.C. Radiobiology Unit, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middx.

Mr. G. Segal, 38 Dudley Court, Finchley Road, London N.W.11

Miss Esther Simpson, Society for Visiting Scientists, 19 Albemarle Street, London W.1

Dr. A.P. Willmore, Physics Dept., University College, Gower St., London W.C.1

U.S.A.

Mrs. Ruth Adams, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 935 East 60th St., Chicago 37, Illinois.

Prof. Walter Clemens, Jr., Department of Political Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Calif.

Mr. Robert Cowen, Christian Science Monitor, 1 Norway Street, Boston 15, Mass.

Dr. E.R. Platig, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 345 East 46th Street, New York, N.Y.

Dr. F. Reif, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

C. Guests

Mr. A. Bingham, Cramer Bingham & Globerman, 43 Broadway, Norwich, Conn., U.S.A.

Mr. & Mrs. Cyrus Eaton, Chesapeake & Ohio Railway, Terminal Tower, Cleveland 1, Ohio, U.S.A.

Mrs. Eugene Meyer, 1624 Crescent Place N.W., Washington 9, D.C.

Mr. James Wise, Tourrettes Sur Loup, Alpes Maritimes, France.