Western Europe. The Marshall Plan launched the United States into a close cooperation with its European partners, which has been strengthened by time. At first the concern was largely economic. The Korean war added the dimension of defense. In the late Fifties and early Sixties the debate concerned the relative weight of Europe and the United States in an Atlantic partnership. In the process, the fate of Europe and the United States have become inextricably interlinked.

These achievements were possible because on both sides of the Atlantic there existed a group of individuals dedicated to Atlantic partnership and aware of the fact that the future of their societies depended on their ability to give concrete expression to the interdependence which is the basic feature of international affairs. In the United States the idealism which had led to domestic reform in the Thirties was channeled into reconstruction abroad. Add in Europe, the hopes which had sustained wartime suffering were embodied in a group of far-weighted leaders who realized that this might be the last chance to save their countries and their civilization.

At a time when Europe's primary contribution was its resources of leadership, it was fortunate that the United States made the decision to develop the Marshall Plan by encouraging its allies to assume

- 4 -

That nearly two decades of cooperative effort can be described
in terms which are valid on one side of the Atlantic as on the
other, is perhaps the greatest service of Mr. van der Beugel's thoughtful
book. At a time when the nations bordering the Atlantic seem too often
to focus their energies on their disagreements, it is well to be
reminded that their achievement has been due to their unity. The form
and nature of cooperation HAXXEX in the next two decades will, of course,
require considerable discussion. No serious person, least of all Mr.
van der Beugel would maintain that all the old patterns will be
eternally valid. But his book demonstrates, that too much has been
built for it to be hazarded by the kind of disputes which form the
headlines of the day. All the realities of human aspirations and of
a technology of global impact require a close association of the nations
bordering the North Atlantic. But Western history is full of tragedies
in which story
where a basic community of interests has been subordinated by subsidiary
rivalries or insufficient understanding. If the West is to overcome this
perennial problem it will be due to the actions of which Mr. van der
Beugel tells and to the spirit which animates his book.

Henry A. Kissinger

September 17, 1965

PREFACE

by Henry A. Kissinger

The most consistent and constructive American policy since
the end of World War II has been the development of Atlantic relationships.
Europe emerged from the second great war of this century shaken to the core.
Britain had been drained by its heroic war effort. In addition, she was
obliged to adjust to the loss of Empire while overcoming almost chronic
economic difficulties. The Continent was shattered. Every nation had been
defeated at some stage during the war. Each country either had been or was
then occupied by foreign troops. Social structures were weakened. Civil
government was uncertain. It would have seemed unthinkable that within
fifteen years Europe would far exceed its pre-war level of economic activity,
that stable governments would be constituted almost everywhere, that major
advances towards European economic and political integration would be made.
In the aftermath of World War II it would have seemed incredible that within
two decades Atlantic relationships would be strained by the need to find a
role for Europe commensurate with its political and economic resurgence.

That this has come to pass is one of the great success stories of the
post-war period. The difficulties which have resulted from Europe's new-
found vigor should not obscure the vision which on both sides of the Atlantic
inspired the process. In the United States four Administrations have been
committed to the recovery and to political integration of Europe. It was

committed to the recovery and to political integration of Europe. It was
inspired the process. In the United States four Administrations have been
found vigor should not obscure the vision which on both sides of the Atlantic
boat-war period. The difficulties which have resulted from Europe's new-

That this has come to pass is one of the great success stories of the
role for Europe commensurate with its political and economic resurgence.

two decades Atlantic relationship would be strained by the need to find a
In the aftermath of World War II it would have seemed incredible that within
advance towards European economic and political integration would be made.
that stable Governments would be constituted almost everywhere, that major
fifteen years Europe would far exceed its pre-war level of economic activity,
Government was uncertain. It would have seemed unthinkable that within

then occupied by foreign troops. Social structures were weakened. Civil
delighted at some stage during the war. Each country either had peace or was
economic difficulties. The Continent was shattered. Every nation had been
oppressed to adjust to the loss of Empire while overcoming almost chronic
Britain had been drained by its heroic war effort. In addition, she was
Europe emerged from the second Great war of this century spoken to the core.
the end of World War II has been the development of Atlantic relationships.

by Henry V. Kiehlger

BREAKBACK

September 13, 1962

- 2 -

a courageous decision which ended America's isolation and committed the United States to assume its share of responsibility for the future of Western Europe. The Marshall Plan launched the United States into close cooperation with its European allies. This partnership has been strengthened with time. At first the concern was largely economic. The Korean war added the dimension of defense. In the late Fifties and early sixties the debate concerned the relative weight of Europe and the United States in an Atlantic partnership. In the process, the fate of Europe and the United States has become inextricably linked.

These achievements were possible because on both sides of the Atlantic there existed a group of individuals dedicated to Atlantic partnership and aware of the fact that the future of their societies depended on their ability to give concrete expression to the interdependence which is so basic a feature of contemporary international affairs. In the United States the idealism which had led to domestic reform in the thirties was channeled into reconstruction abroad. And in Europe, the hopes which had sustained wartime suffering were embodied in the efforts of far-sighted leaders who realized that this might be the last chance to save their countries and their civilization.

Ernst H. van der Beugel belonged to this group. First, as (Ernst, please fill in your title) later as Deputy Foreign Minister of the Netherlands, he was intimately connected with the operation of the Marshall Plan and with the cooperative Atlantic and European efforts which grew from it. Since leaving government service, he has played a major unofficial role as European secretary

Government service, he has played a major unofficial role as European secretary cooperative Atlantic and European efforts which grew from it. Since leaving was intimately connected with the operation of the Marshall Plan and with the fill in your title) later as Deputy Foreign Minister of the Netherlands, he Ernst H. van der Beugel belonged to this Group. First, as (Ernst, please might be the last chance to save their countries and their civilization. were embodied in the efforts of far-eighted leaders who realised that this tion abroad. And in Europe, the powers which had sustained maritime sundering which had led to domestic reform in the thirties was channelled into reconstruc- of contemporary international affairs. In the United States the idealism to give concrete expression to the interdependence which is so basic a feature aware of the fact that the future of their societies depended on their ability there existed a group of individuals dedicated to Atlantic partnership and These achievements were possible because on both sides of the Atlantic become inextricably linked.

 partnership. In the process, the fate of Europe and the United States has concerned the relative weight of Europe and the United States in an Atlantic the dimension of defense. In the late forties and early sixties the debate with time. At first the concern was largely economic. The Korean war added cooperation with its European allies. This partnership has been strengthened Western Europe. The Marshall Plan launched the United States into close United States to assume its share of responsibility for the future of a courageous decision which ended America's isolation and committed the

- 2 -

- 3 -

of the Bilderberg meetings which bring together eminent Americans and Europeans under the chairmanship of H.R.H. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. In all these positions, he has rendered distinguished service to the vitality of the Western world.

Mr. van der Beugel's book entitled *From Marshall Aid to Atlantic Partnership* is the first comprehensive study of American-European post-war relations written by a European. It is extremely valuable because it shows how a good friend of the United States has viewed and reacted to American policy. It is objective and fair. His occasional criticism is gentle and always constructive. He is free of the parochialism which is the bane of so much of the trans-Atlantic debate. He writes as a citizen of a commonwealth bordering both sides of the Atlantic; he feels no need to strike poses to define his identity and he is therefore free to concentrate on the merits of an issue without regard to where in the Atlantic area it may have originated.

Perhaps the greatest service of Mr. van der Beugel's thoughtful book is the demonstration that nearly two decades of cooperative effort can be described in terms which are as valid on one side of the Atlantic as on the other. At a time when the nations bordering the Atlantic seem too often to focus their energies on their disagreements, it is well to be reminded that their achievement has been due above all to their unity. The form and nature of cooperation in the next two decades will, of course, require considerable discussion. No serious person would maintain that all the old

considerable discussion. No serious person would maintain that all the old
and nature of cooperation in the next two decades will, of course, require
that their achievement has been due above all to their unity. The farm
to focus their energies on their disagreements, it is well to be reminded
other. At a time when the nations bordering the Atlantic seem too often
described in terms which are as valid on one side of the Atlantic as on the
is the demonstration that nearly two decades of cooperative effort can be
performed the greatest service of Mr. van der Begen's thoughtful book
originated.

of an issue without regard to where in the Atlantic area it may have
determine his identity and he is therefore free to concentrate on the merits
pursuing both sides of the Atlantic; he feels no need to strike poses to
so much of the trans-Atlantic debate. He writes as a citizen of a commonwealth
always constructive. He is free of the barochialism which is the sine of
policy. It is objective and fair. His occasional criticism is gentle and
how a good friend of the United States has viewed and reacted to American
relations written by a European. It is extremely valuable because it shows
**partnership** is the first comprehensive study of American-European poet-war
Mr. van der Begen's book entitled *From Marshall Aid to Atlantic
service to the vitality of the Western world*.

Netherlands. In all these hostesses, he has rendered distinguished
Europeans under the chairmanship of H.R.H. Prince Bernard of the
of the Bilderberg meetings which bring together eminent Americans and

- 3 -

- 4 -

patterns will be applicable for all eternity. Mr. van der Beugel would argue, however, that the attitudes of cooperation of nearly two decades must provide the basis of any effort to recast relationships. His book shows how much has been built, too much, in fact, for it to be hazarded by the kind of disputes which form the headlines of the day. All the realities of human aspirations and of a technology of global impact require a close association of the nations bordering the North Atlantic. But Western history is full of tragedies in which a strong community of interests has been submerged by subsidiary rivalries or insufficient understanding. If the West is to overcome its perennial problem it will be due to the actions which Mr. van der Beugel describes and to the spirit which animates his book.

problem it will be due to the actions which Mr. van der Begenel describes
insufficient understanding. If the West is to overcome its perennial
community of interests has been submerged by supradividual rivalries or
Atlantic. But Western history is full of tragedies in which a strong
impact requires a close association of the nations bordering the North
All the realities of human aspirations and of a technology of global
be危及 by the kind of disputes which form the headlines of the day.
His book shows how much has been built, too much, in fact, for it to
decades must provide the basis of any effort to recast relationships.
would argue, however, that the attitudes of cooperation of nearly two
patterns will be applicable for all eternity. Mr. van der Begenel

E. H. VAN DER BEUGEL

DEN HAAG,
SMIDSWATER 1
TEL. 070-113567

September 20, 1965

Dear Joan,

What a pity to miss you in Harvard, but I am happy for you
that you go to the Bermuda's.

I am not going to write to everybody that you will not be there
and that Miss Atwood takes your place, because I presume that she
will know when people call her.

Thank you so much for your reservation in Hotel Continental.

Will you, please, tell Prof. Katz that I will be delighted
to dine with them on the 13th and Mr. Brown that Wednesday is excellent
for me.

Finally I know now that I must leave Harvard on Friday the 15th
in the afternoon and that I will arrive on Tuesday the 12th after dinner,
unless you make appointments at dinner-time.

With all best wishes for a happy holiday in Bermuda,

Miss Joan Blanchard
Center for International Affairs
Harvard University
6, 6 Divinity Avenue
CAMBRIDGE (Mass.)
U.S.A.

U.S.A.
CAMBRIDGE (Maa.)

P.O. Divinity Avenue

Harvard University

Center for International Affairs
Maa Joan Blanchard

in the afternoon and that I will arrive on Tuesday the 15th after dinner.
Finally I know now that I must leave Harvard on Friday the 12th
for me.

to dine with them on the 13th and Mr. Brown that Wednesday is excellent
Will you, please, tell Prof. Katz that I will be delighted
Thank you so much for your reservation in Hotel Continental.
I will know when people call her.

and that Maa Atwood takes your place, because I breathe that air
I am not going to write to everybody that you will not be there
that you go to the Bermuda's.

What a pity to miss you in Harvard, but I am happy for you
Dear Joan,

September 50, 1965

TEF 010-112264

SMIDSWATER 1

DEN HAVG,

E. H. AVAN DER BEUGEF

[L.C]

September 30, 1965

Mr. Ernst van der Beugel
Smidwater 1
The Hague
The Netherlands

Dear Mr. van der Beugel:

This is just a note to let you know what appointments I have made for you. If, for any reason, they are not suitable to you it won't be difficult to change them.

Stephen Graubard would like to see you on Wednesday, October 13th at 11:00 a.m. He will be in New York the previous weekend and wonders if, by any chance, you might be there. If so, could you let him know where you plan to stay as he would like very much to see you.

Mr. Schelling can see you at 10:00 a.m. on Thursday, October 14th. Karl Kaiser would like to have lunch with you on the 14th about 12:00. He is now located at 17 Sumner Road which is very close to the Center. After your arrival here you can decide where to meet.

Mr. Shulman would like to have lunch with you on Friday, October 15th at about 12:15. Again, the place will be determined after your arrival.

For your own use, I am enclosing a list of your appointments. Is there anyone else you would like to see?

Things are a bit frantic here in preparation for Mr. Kissinger's trip. So sorry I won't see you. I do hope you have a good trip.

Joan Blanchard

pope you have a good trip.
Mr. Klaasinger's trip. So sorry I won't see you. I do
Things are a bit frantic here in preparation for
see?

For your own sake, I am encouraging a lot of your
appointments. Is there anyone else you would like to
see?

will be determined after your arrival.
Friday, October 12th at about 12:12. Again, the place
Mr. Shulman would like to have lunch with you on
arrival here you can decide where to meet.

Sumner Road which is very close to the Center. After your
you on the 14th about 12:00. He is now located at 11
October 14th. Karl Kaler would like to have lunch with
Mr. Schelling can see you at 10:00 a.m. on Thursday.

to stay as he would like very much to see you.
be there. It so, could you let him know where you can
breveons weekend and wonder if, by any chance, you might
October 13th at 11:00 a.m. He will be in New York the
Stephen Grunberg would like to see you on Wednesday.

an appointment to you it won't be difficult to change them.
I have made for you. It, for any reason, they are not
This is just a note to let you know what appointments

Dear Mr. van der Benge!:

The Netherlands
The Hague
Swed寨ter I
Mr. Ernst van der Benge!

September 20, 1962

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

[LC]

ROBERT R. BOWIE, Director
HOLLIS B. CHENERY
SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON
ALEX INKELES
HENRY A. KISSINGER
EDWARD S. MASON
THOMAS C. SCHELLING
RAYMOND VERNON

6 DIVINITY AVENUE
CAMBRIDGE
MASSACHUSETTS 02138

To: Henry Kissinger

From: Bob Erwin RE

Date: 9/30/65

Re: FROM MARSHALL AID TO ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP
by Ernst H. van der Beugel

I take it that Mr. van der Beugel's stance as a European speaking to Europeans compensates for his heavy reliance on work well known to American scholars and students--e.g., your own writing, Osgood, Diebold, Beloff, Lichtheim--and for the derivative nature of his scholarship in general--e.g., p. 239, quoting other writers' excerpts from documents themselves. Therefore I am ready to second your vote for Center sponsorship.

If the book is to be published in English and sponsored by the Center, however, I suggest that we urge the author to get his publisher or an American friend to help him in two respects.

First, I believe that Sections A, B, and C in Chapter I distort American history. For example, he says that the United States was attacked for the first time in 1941 and that fear of attack played hardly any part in American foreign policy. A consideration of the War of 1812 and the Civil War invalidates both points. To take another example, he says that nineteenth-century America was essentially a middle-class society. In view of the fact that the majority of Americans lived on small farms during the whole period, that for over half the period the U.S. was a slave-holding society and engaged in warfare with aborigenes, and that millions of immigrants poured into the slums in the last third of the period, this statement cannot stand without qualification.

Second, scores (perhaps hundreds) of slips in English idiom need to be corrected. There is precious little logic in idiom, and I am not referring to style in the literary sense, but the wrong term, the wrong order, or the wrong part of speech occurs frequently. For example:

p. 59: "the economic sections of the State Department [were] under the responsibility of Under Secretary Clayton"

p. 172: "the French also suggested to give [authority] to the new organization"

.../...

p. 344: "the form of European integration . . . raised next to the overwhelming support also some doubts"

p. 407: "an effective defensive force in the continent of Europe"

p. 535: "the nuclear problem . . . should be taken away"

I could write at greater length with more examples to Mr. van der Beugel about such matters later if we decide to go ahead. This note is preparatory to a final talk with you and clearance with Tom before you go to Europe. Give me a call when it's convenient.

A separate set of editorial suggestions about your Preface is enclosed.

Enclosure

[LC]

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

October 5, 1965

To: Messrs. Erwin and Kissinger

From: T.C. Schelling

Subject: Ernst Van Der Beugel

I propose to tell Ernst Van Der Beugel that we shall not sponsor his book or otherwise indicate that it was done under the auspices of the Center. I have three reasons for this, the main one of which is that the book does not constitute a piece of research done under our auspices. I do not think we have a clear rule or precedent about just what does constitute a book under our auspices, but typically by this is meant an understanding at the time the research was undertaken that it was under our auspices, that the author was formally identified with the Center in some capacity (like "Research Associate," "Research Fellow," "Fellow," etc.) usually with a Corporation Appointment), that we had assumed the right to sponsor publication if we liked the book and the obligation to sponsor it if the book met proper academic standards, and in other ways that his association with the Center was enough to identify his book with us. Usually this has meant that we financed his research, or in some other way made it possible for him to do the research and write the book.

I think if we have a rule--and if not, I am proposing a rule--it would be in the above terms and would exclude Van Der Beugel's book.

The second reason is that I think we must avoid seeming eager to put our stamp on a work that we would like to get credit for cheap. We should not be accused of inflating our publication list by making a deal with authors where each of us advertizes the other.

Third, we must avoid using our imprint as a way of saying we like a book. In the present case, in which the book purports to interpret America to an European audience, we should be careful not to give our official approval to a book unless in fact we assume some responsibility for it.

[LC]

Van Der Beugel has indeed been closely, if somewhat informally associated with our Center. I think therefore his is something of a borderline case; that is, we have a good excuse to sponsor publication if we want to, and an equally good excuse not to, and an occasion on which to decide what our rule is or ought to be. What I am trying to do is to decide what rule we want, and to apply it to his book.

The precedent of Urs Schwartz might seem to apply, since Urs was here for but three months, and Ernst spent about that much time in the Center during the time he was writing his book. But except for the speed with which Urs finished a manuscript, one that he hadn't started before he arrived, the two cases seem to me quite different. Urs was here because we took the initiative of inviting him at our expense, made him a Research Associate with a Corporation Appointment, and reached the usual understanding that it was our book to sponsor if we wanted it, his to publish if we didn't.

It would be helpful if Henry could leave a note for Van Der Beugel telling him that for procedural reasons we were not able to sponsor his book. I could then talk to him about it when he gets here, but he would know what to expect.

TCS:ac

E. H. VAN DER BEUGEL

DEN HAAG, november 5, 1965

SMIDSWATER 1
TEL. 070-113567

NOV 8 1965

My dear Henry,

I received your post-card yesterday, for which
many thanks, and I presume that by now you will be
on your way to the good old United States.

I spent a few days in Harvard and it was
definitely not the same place without you. There were
two nice things: dinner with Stephanie and dinner
with the Katzes. The rest of my visit to New-York
and Washington was very nice and I learnt a lot
about the present state of affairs in the United States.
I felt for the first time that perhaps in my speeches
and many discussions, I could contribute a little
bit to the clarification of the situation.

On these points there is so much to discuss
that we cannot do this by correspondence. I hope
therefore that I will see you when the whole family
is in New-York from the 16th till the 20th of december.

I had a nice conversation with Tom Schelling in
which he explained his point of view as to my book
in the way you had already done. He added, however,
that the Center would be very happy to write to
different people and endorse the book. What this exactly
means, I do not know.

Prof. Henry A. Kissinger,
6, Divinity Avenue,
Harvard University,
CAMBRIDGE 38 (Mass.)
U.S.A.

- There -

N.B.A.
CAMBRIDGE 38 (Msae.)
Harvard University,
E., Diaphily Avenue,
Prof. Henry A. Klainger,

- There -

mesna', I do not know.
different people and endorae the pook. What thisa exactly
that the Center would be very happy to write to
in the wsh you had already done. He added, however,
which he explained his point of view sa to my pook
I had a nice conversation with Tom Schelling in
is in New-York from the 16th till the 20th of decemper.
therefore that I will see you when the whole family
that we cannot do thisa dy correapondence. I hope
On these pointa there is so much to diacras
pit to the clarification of the allattion.
and many diacrasiaons, I could contribute a little
I felt for the first time that perhaps in my abeecna
apont the present atate of altaira in the United Atsta.
and Washington was very nice and I lesrnt a lot
with the Katzsa. The rest of my viait to New-York
two nice things: dinner with Stephanie and dinner
definitely not the same place without you. There were
I asent a few dsya in Harvard and it was
on your wsh to the good old United Atsta.
many thanks, and I breame that dy now you will be
I received your boat-csrd heatersdy, for which
My dear Henry,

My dear Henry,

NOV 8 1962

LET 030-113261

2MID2WATER 1

DEN HAVG. NOVEMBER 2, 1962

E. H. A. VANDER BENGEL

to Rnaask.

Mille tøta merc for the advice you will give
compensated in the very near future.

depressed that I was your, but I hope it will be
please let me know how you are; I am attil
I enclose a copy of this letter to Rnaask.

ou your age.

this in order to avoid publications or unnecessarily work
publications which I could very well reach myself;
diagnosis with you, I would send him a list of
and the reviews. I promised him that before his
bibliography, which should be made for the distribution
from your age to introduce the book to people and
middle of november in order to see what can be done
Mr. Rnaask of Elaeven's will contact you in the
to one concrete point I want to mention:

- 5 -

Ers

October 29, 1965

Dear Mr. Russak,

I thought it very useful that we could have
our telephone-conversation a couple of days ago.

As I promised you, I send you in this letter
a list of publications with which I have personal
contacts and which you can bring into your discussions
with professor Kissinger:

1. The New-York Times.

Sydney Gryson is a very close friend of mine
and I will write him a letter which I discussed with
him in New York and I am also close to John Oakes, the
editor of the editorial page of the "New York Times,
to whom I will send a letter with the book.

This however does not imply that the "New York Times"
should not receive copies of the book along the normal
channels.

2. Time, Life, Fortune.

I am a good friend of Medley Donovan, with whom
I discussed my book in New York. I will send it to him
with the personal letter, but as in the question of the
"New York Times", copies should also be sent along the
normal channels.

3. The Atlantic Community Quarterly.

I am very close to the whole board and especially
to the editor Theodore C. Achilles whom I will send the
book with the personal letter.

- Foreign-

Mr. Russak,
c/o Elsevier's Publishing Company,
Jan-van-Odenstraat 335, 52. Vondelpark Avenue
AMSTERDAM
new. Sch. 1/2

4. Foreign Affairs.

I have very close friends in the Council on Foreign
Relations to whom I will send the book, but as professor
Kissinger is since a short time member of the Editorial
Advisory Board, he probably wants to handle this himself.

5. The Washington Post.

I will send the book with a personal letter to my
good friend Mrs. Flora Gruson who writes in the "Washington
Post" under the name Flora Lewis.

If I think of some other connections I will let
you know, but the above-mentioned ones are certainly the
most important.

AMERICAN ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York 17, New York

MUrray Hill 6-5277

Cable Address: AMELSEVIER, NEW YORK

November 19, 1965

Professor Henry Kissinger
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Dear Professor Kissinger:

As you probably know, American Elsevier will be acting as distributor in North America of Mr. E.H. van der Beugel's book, FROM MARSHALL PLAN TO ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP, which is concerned with the impact of the Marshall Plan on Europe and which will be published by our sister company in Amsterdam.

Mr. van der Beugel suggested that you would be kind enough to discuss with me promotion ideas, and to provide suggestions for publicizing this book in the United States.

I should be very glad to telephone you, at your convenience, when you know that you would have a little time to spare for a short telephone conversation. Perhaps you might even care to phone me collect anytime after the Thanksgiving holidays.

Hoping to hear from you, and with very best wishes, I am

BR:ib

October 29, 1965

Dear Mr. Russak,

I thought it very useful that we could have
our telephone-conversation a couple of days ago.
I send you in this letter

1. The New-York Times.

2. Time, Life, Fortune.

I am a good friend of Hedley Donovan, with whom
I discussed my book in New York. I will send it to him
with the personal letter, but as in the question of the
"New York Times", copies should also be sent along the
normal channels.

Mr. Russak,
c/o Elsevier's Publishing Company,
Jan van Goolenstraat 335,

AMSTERDAM

4. Foreign Affairs.

5. The Washington Post.