FIGURE 1-2

Location, Developer, and Governmental Status
Of the 58 New Communities Surveyed

<table><thead><tr><td>Community</td><td>Location</td><td>Original/Successive Developers</td><td>Governmental Status</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Aliso Viejo, California</td><td>50 miles southeast of Los Angeles</td><td>Mission Viejo Co. (subsidiary of Philip Morris)</td><td>Unincorporated; Orange County</td></tr><tr><td>Brandermill, Virginia</td><td>16 miles southwest of Richmond</td><td>Sea Pines Co.; East West Partners of Virginia</td><td>Unincorporated; Chesterfield County</td></tr><tr><td>Briargate, Colorado</td><td>9 miles north of Colorado Springs</td><td>Vintage Development Co./Colrad Development Corp. (subsidiary of Columbia Savings)</td><td>Part of Colorado Springs</td></tr><tr><td>Cheyenne Mountain Ranch, Colorado</td><td>3 miles southwest of Colorado Springs</td><td>Gates Land Co. (subsidiary of Gates Corp.)</td><td>Part of Colorado Springs</td></tr><tr><td>Clear Lake City, Texas</td><td>23 miles southeast of Houston</td><td>Friendswood Development Company (subsidiary of Exxon)</td><td>Part of Houston/ Pasadena/Webster</td></tr><tr><td>Colorado City, Colorado</td><td>20 miles south of Pueblo</td><td>N.K. Mendelson; Colorado City Development Corp.; no master developer</td><td>Unincorporated; Pueblo County</td></tr><tr><td>Columbia, Maryland</td><td>20 miles southwest of Baltimore</td><td>Rouse Co. (Connecticut General/ CIGNA had an ownership interest)</td><td>Unincorporated; Howard County</td></tr><tr><td>Coral Springs, Florida</td><td>20 miles northwest of Ft. Lauderdale</td><td>Coral Ridge Properties (subsidiary of Westinghouse Electric)</td><td>Incorporated in 1963</td></tr><tr><td>Crowfield Plantation, South Carolina</td><td>16 miles north of Charleston</td><td>Westvaco Development Corp. (subsidiary of Westvaco Corp.)</td><td>Part of Goose Creek</td></tr><tr><td>Diamond Bar, California</td><td>30 miles east of Los Angeles</td><td>Transamerica Development Corp.</td><td>Incorporated in 1989</td></tr><tr><td>EastLake, California</td><td>16 miles southeast of San Diego</td><td>EastLake Development Co. (subsidiary of Lane Kuhn Pacific)</td><td>Part of Chula Vista</td></tr><tr><td>El Dorado Hills, California</td><td>25 miles east of Sacramento</td><td>Allan Lindsay & Co.; John Hancock Life Insurance Co.; El Dorado Hills Communities</td><td>Unincorporated; El Dorado County</td></tr><tr><td>First Colony, Texas</td><td>22 miles southwest of Houston</td><td>Ford Foundation; Sugarland Properties (Gerald D. Hines Interests/Royal Dutch Shell Pension Fund)</td><td>Unincorporated; Fort Bend County</td></tr><tr><td>Foster City, California</td><td>20 miles southeast of San Francisco</td><td>T. Jack Foster & Sons; Centex; no master developer</td><td>Incorporated in 1971</td></tr><tr><td>Green Valley, Nevada</td><td>8 miles southeast of Las Vegas</td><td>American Nevada Corp.</td><td>Part of Henderson</td></tr><tr><td>Harbison, South Carolina</td><td>10 miles northwest of Columbia</td><td>Harbison Development Corp.; Harbison Group</td><td>Unincorporated; Richland and Lexington counties</td></tr><tr><td>Highlands Ranch, Colorado</td><td>12 miles south of Denver</td><td>Mission Viejo Co. (subsidiary of Philip Morris)</td><td>Unincorporated; Douglas County</td></tr><tr><td>Homestead, Villages of, Florida</td><td>32 miles south of Miami</td><td>Homestead Properties</td><td>Part of Homestead</td></tr><tr><td>Horizon City, Texas</td><td>19 miles east of El Paso</td><td>Horizon Land Corp.; Knapp Brothers</td><td>Incorporated in 1988</td></tr><tr><td>Irvine, California</td><td>40 miles southeast of Los Angeles</td><td>Irvine Co.</td><td>Incorporated in 1971, plus portions in Newport Beach</td></tr></tbody></table>

Park Forest South

a developing spine of jobs and housing between Chicago and its suburbs.

The second largest (after The Woodlands) Federally-assisted satellite community is Park Forest South, a new town for 110,000 residents now being developed 30 miles south of Chicago. Rapid transit rail lines will link the site to Chicago's Loop while expressways connect it to rapidly growing regional centers like Joliet, Illinois and Gary, Indiana.

The 8,300-acre new town site is adjacent to Park Forest, a pioneer "greenbelt" community built during the late '40s and '50s by Nathan Manilow and Associates. Manilow and his group are now developing Park Forest South with subsidiaries of U. S. Gypsum and Illinois Central Industries, Inc. as co-developers.

The new community will have a three-mile-long linear spine that will culminate in a town center that includes commercial, municipal, recreational and cultural facilities linked by an interidal transit system. Also along this

spine, the developers are planning a 1,500 student, 750-acre college campus. Another interesting feature of the plan will be a community health clinic offering not only 24-hour emergency service but meeting facilities for health-oriented organizations. The industrial base for the new town will be a 700-acre industrial park which, when fully developed, will offer an additional 10,000 jobs within the community. The full residential commitment includes 11,000 single-family and 24,000 multi-family units, including 4,500 units of Federally-backed housing for low- and moderate-income families.

Park Forest South's developers are engaged in a joint planning process with the existing community of about 5,000 people. Educational and cultural facilities, along with 1,700 housing units are already complete. The first village center will be completed next year.

Proposed general plan
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD December 1973

proposed project boundary
major road
railroad spur
interchange and right of way
powerline right of way
residential area of low density
residential area of medium and high density
major educational facilities
major community facilities
new community center and sub-center
industrial development
major open space and recreation

# Audubon

This new satellite in western New York softens the impact on the community of a large new campus.

The New York State Urban Development Corporation is also acting as developer for Audubon, a balanced community planned for 25,000 residents in Amherst, outside Buffalo, New York. The site is just to the north of the State University of New York at Buffalo, a new campus that anticipates an enrollment of 26,000 by 1977. It is to support this campus and mitigate its impact on the inventory of existing housing and community services that Audubon is being developed.

Proposed residential development will consist of about 9,000 varied units which will house students and faculty as well as the usual cross section including units of housing for the elderly. Some 65 acres will be set aside for the development of six small commercial centers. Major commitments of space for recreational and cultural use are also being made. Access to downtown Buffalo is by the Millers port Highway.

Early in the course of development, UDC established a subsidiary corporation to provide guidelines for implementing the general development plan. A majority of the corporation's directors are residents of the Amherst community—a device to ensure that planning is responsive to local needs. When construction is complete, the subsidiary corporation will assume responsibility for managing certain of the community facilities.

UDC is investing its funds for land acquisition and infrastructure development. It will recover its investment costs through the sale of improved land to private developers, and through the sale or lease of completed projects. By 1980, UDC's $50 million investment will be much more than offset by the private investment of about $355 million. UDC's contract with HUD is still under negotiation but the state agency is seeking about $47 million in HUD guarantees.

ARCHITECTURAL RECORD December 1973.

Riverton

This satellite of Rochester is one of
a chain of developing communities
forming a new growth corridor.

For many decades, the landscape south of Rochester, New York has been agricultural—furrowed fields and pastureland, spaced out by fences and tall hedgerows. Now, on a 2,500-acre parcel of this farmland, just east of the Genesee River, and eight miles from downtown Rochester, former Reston developer Robert E. Simon Jr. is developing a new planned community called Riverton which anticipates over a 16-year period a population of 25,000. HUD's guarantee for Riverton is for $12 million.

The site is cut along its northern boundary by the New York Thruway and in the north-south axis by a rail line of the Erie-Lackawanna. A major highway will connect Riverton with Rochester. Basic land uses will include 170 acres for a neighborhood village center, 85 acres for an educational park, 424 acres for open space, 400 acres for industrial use, 1,046 acres for housing. Between 30 and 40 per cent of the anticipated 8,000 homes and rental apartments for Riverton will be for

low- and moderate-income families, including the elderly.

Riverton is of interest not only as a Title VII new community but, in the larger context, as a component in a developing growth corridor that bisects the state in a path parallel to the Thruway, threading New York City, Albany, Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo. All these cities except Albany presently have new communities under development. Rochester, in fact, has two new satellites: Riverton and Gananda. Both are being planned under the auspices of the GeneSEE-Finger Lakes Regional Planning Board—although, at present, no plans for “pairing” in the Jonathan-Cedar Riverside connotation have been announced.

Among Riverton's planning innovations now under study are: prepaid health care and medical insurance for all residents; a two-way cable communication system for each home; the use of an existing Erie-Lackawanna rail spur for commuters to downtown Rochester and/or the Rochester Institute of Technology.

Wahls Photographic Service Inc.

Soul City

The only freestanding new town, and
the only one sponsored by blacks,
Soul City promises new jobs, hope.

Soul City is a unique new town: it is "freestanding" in a completely undeveloped area; it is experimental in its aims, and it is the only new town with a HUD-guaranteed loan which is sponsored by a black-owned development company.

This new town, on which construction starts early in January, is to be located on a 5,180-acre site in Warren County, North Carolina, an agricultural area of economic depression and large-scale emigration. The new town, a project of attorney and one-time civil rights leader Floyd McKissick, is envisioned by him as the means not only of bringing improved living conditions to poor and minority people of all races who come to live there, but as a means of slowing or halting the emigration of young people to northern cities. In fact, these social welfare goals are an important element in the concept of the new town and will make possible direct assessment of the impact of a new town on these goals.

Since it is a freestanding new town, Soul City can expect to draw on no ready-made population for its products and services, but will have to attract people to itself by creating its own economic base. It is fortunate in that its location has excellent access to two interstate freeway routes and to a major railroad line. It is also within an hour's drive of Durham and Raleigh, two of the state's largest cities.

Job opportunities are basic to the success of Soul City, and its sponsors and planners have given industry first priority in development. In the first three-year plan, 185 acres of land will be sold; of these, 120 will be for industrial use; only 45 will be for residential use. As the number of industries grows, the town will expand its residential and commercial areas, eventually (in 30 years) allotting a third of its land for housing, about 18 per cent for industry, five per cent for commercial development, 11 per cent for institutional use, and a sizeable 28 per cent for community parks and recreation and for natural open space.

Soul City's architects and planners, Gantt/Huberman Associates, have phased the implementation of the plan so that industry and job opportunities come first, and the needs they create follow. The plan has two critical points, at three years and at planned completion in 30 years (page 97). Even before it is completed, Soul City is expected to have created its own individual character, with the master plan to guide it. Planning concepts in the residential villages—for example, activity centers designed as outdoor pedestrian malls; low-income housing scattered through neighborhoods and integrated in design and in location—and in the public areas like the town center, are intended to equal in innovation the program for implementing the town's social goals.

Soul City

Thirty Year Land Use Plan

Soul City is a unique new town: it
is "freestanding" in a completely
undeveloped area; it is experi-
mental in its aims, and it is the
only new town with a HUD-
guaranteed loan which is spon-
sored by a black-owned develop-
ment company.

This new town, on which
construction starts early in Jan-
uary, is to be located on a 5,180-
acre site in Warren County, North
Carolina, an agricultural area of
economic depression and large-
scale emigration. The new town, a
project of attorney and one-time
civil rights leader Floyd McKis-
sick, is envisioned by him as the
means not only of bringing im-
proved living conditions to poor
and minority people of all races
who come to live there, but as a
means of slowing or halting the
emigration of young people to.
northern cities. In fact, these so-
cial welfare goals are an important
element in the concept of the new
town and will make possible
direct assessment of the impact of
a new town on these goals.

Since it is a freestanding new
town, Soul City can expect to
draw on no ready-made popula-
tion for its products and services,
but will have to attract people to
itself by creating its own eco-
nomic base. It is fortunate in that
its location has excellent access to
two interstate freeway routes and
to a major railroad line. It is also
within an hour's drive of Durham
and Raleigh, two of the state's
largest cities.

Job opportunities are basic to
the success of Soul City, and its
sponsors and planners have given
industry first priority in develop-
ment. In the first three-year plan,
185 acres of land will be sold; of
these, 120 will be for industrial
use; only 45 will be for residential
use. As the number of industries
grows, the town will expand its
residential and commercial areas,
eventually (in 30 years) allotting a
third of its land for housing, about
18 per cent for industry, five per
cent for commercial develop-
ment, 11 per cent for institutional
use, and a sizeable 28 per cent for
community parks and recreation
and for natural open space.

Soul City's architects and
planners, Gantt/Huberman 'Asso-
ciates, have phased the imple-
mentation of the plan so that in-
dustry and job opportunities come
first, and the needs they create fol-
low. The plan has two critical
points, at three years and at
planned completion in 30 years
(page 97). Even before it is com-
pleted, Soul City is expected to
have created its own individual
character, with the master plan to
guide it. Planning concepts in the
residential villages—for example,
activity centers designed as out-
door pedestrian malls; low-in-
come housing scattered through
neighborhoods and integrated in
design and in location—and in the
public areas like the town center,
are intended to equal in innova-
tion the program for implementing
the town's social goals.

3. Ponds provide recreational opportunities and retain stormwater runoff.

St.Charles

Directions:

From National Airport: Take Route 1 or the George Washington Memorial Parkway south to Interstate 495 (the Capital Beltway) and head toward Baltimore. Proceed on I-495 to Route 5 south, which becomes U.S. 301 south. Follow U.S. 301 south to its intersection with Route 5 south and turn left. Stay on Route 5 south to the third traffic light and turn right onto St. Charles Parkway (which runs through the center of the project).

Driving Time: 45 minutes in non-rush-hour traffic.

From Downtown Washington, D.C.: Take Interstate 295 south to Interstate 495 (the Capital Beltway) and follow above directions.

Publications Division

Frank H. Spink, Jr., Publications Director
John A. Casazza, PRF Editor
Nadine Huff, Editorial Associate
Rosalyn A. Migdal, Artist

Ronald R. Rumbaugh
Executive Vice President

The Project Reference File is published quarterly and is intended as a resource tool for use by the subscribers in improving the quality of future projects. Data contained herein were made available by the development team and constitute a report on, not an endorsement of, the project by ULI—the Urban Land Institute.

Copyright 1981 by ULI—the Urban Land Institute
1090 Vermont Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005

Subscriptions are available at $45 per year for ULI members, $60 per year for nonmembers. Single copies are available at $3.50 each.

Metric Conversions

meters = feet × 0.305

kilometers = miles × 1.609

square meters = sq ft. × 0.093

hectares = acres × 0.405

(1 hectare = 10,000 square meters)

## FOOD, DRINK & SOUNDS

1 GOLDENROD SHOWBOAT 700 L.K. Sullivan Blvd.

2 BLARNEY STONE PUB and RESTAURANT 710 N. First St.

3 TIMBERS 700 N. First Dr.

4 MUDDY WATERS 710 N. First St.

5 SUNDECKER'S BAR and GRILL 900 N. First St.

6 MISSISSIPPI NIGHTS 104 N. First St.

7 HARPO'S ON THE LANDING 329 N. First St.

8 THE VELVET TURTLE 901 N. First St.

9 1904 WORLD'S FARE CAFES 710 N. First St. (Main Street)

ATHENS CAFE

PANTERA'S PIZZA

ALL-AMERICAN SALOON

10 LUCIUS BOOMER 302 Carnaroli Alley

11 OLD SPAGHETTI FACTORY 727 N. First St.

12 BRASS RAIL CAFE & STUDIO 118 Morgan St.

13 TEUTENBERG'S 710 N. Second St.

14 KENNEDY'S 2nd STREET CO. 312 N. Second St.

15 UNCLE SAM'S PLANKHOUSE 710 N. Second St.

16 SWENSON'S of LACLEDE'S LANDING 710 N. Second St.

17 HANNEGAN'S RESTAURANT and PUB 710 N. Second St.

18 SECOND STREET DINER and FISHMARKET SALOON 721 N. Second St.

19 BOGIE'S BAR & FOOD CO. 309 N. Second St.

20 SHOWBOAT SALOON 719 N. Collins

21 JON'S CAFE LOUIE 720 N. Third St.

22 MIKE TALAYNAN 800 N. Third St.

23 DON QULIXOTES 800 N. Third St. (lower level)

## SHOPS, SERVICES & ATTRACTIONS

A ST. LOUIS VISITORS CENTER 702 L.K. Sullivan Blvd.

B EADS BRIDGE FLEA MARKET 720 N. First St.

C GIBBOL'S NOVELTIES and COSTUMES 103 Morgan St.

D ANNEX TWO 800 N. First St.

E FOR SOMEONE SPECIAL 800 N. First St.

F THE KNOTHOLE 804 N. First St.

G EMBASSY SUITES 801 N. First St.

H CORNICOPIA 727 N. First St.

I FRED COLLIFLOWER HAIR DESIGN 727 N. First St.

J FIRST STREET FORUM 711 N. First St.

K 1904 WORLD'S FARE SHOPS 711 N. First St.
ANDEN GALLERY

ASIA

COUNTRY SPICE

CADDLES CORNER

THE EEL EMPORIUM

ART GLEASON — GOLDSMITH

LACLEDE'S GLASSBLOWER

MISSISSIPPI TEES

THE MISSOURI PEDDLERS

SWISS VILLAGE BOOK STORE and

ANTIQUE ANNEX

THIS 'N THAT CONFECTIONARY
WAX 'N WICKS

L BOATMAN'S NATIONAL BANK of ST. LOUIS - LACLEDE'S LANDING 714 N. Second St.

M WAX MUSEUM 726 N. Second St.

N THE GENERAL STORE - LACLEDE'S LANDING 807 N. Collins

O ECONO LODGE - DOWNTOWN 11000 N. Third St.

P GALLEY de FROMAGE 707 N. Second St.

1983

LVIII. Senate Park Commission, Plan of 1901-1902, Model of the Mall, Showing Present Conditions, Looking East

From Charles Moore, ed., *The Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia* (Washington, 1902)

LIX. Senate Park Commission, Plan of 1901-1902, Model of the Mall, Showing Present Conditions, Looking West

From Moore 1902

LX. Senate Park Commission, Plan of 1901-1902, Model of the Mall, Showing Treatment Proposed, Looking East

From Moore 1902

LXI. Senate Park Commission, Plan of 1901-1902, Model of the Mall, Showing Treatment Proposed, Looking West

From Moore 1902

Downtown's New Main Street

Crowding into the west side of the downtown freeway loop along the Harbor freeway (shown in 1953 and 1979), the new monuments to the corporate economy dominate the downtown cityscape, both as a major center of activity and as a visual focus. The sites just east of the Harbor freeway were recommended not only by their easy access to the freeway system, but also by the availability of relatively inexpensive downtown property. Such high-rise construction required zoning changes to permit buildings more than 150 feet tall, robbing City Hall of its distinction as the tallest building in Los Angeles. (Left photo courtesy of CALTRANS; right photo by Mason Dooley.)

**Illustrative site plan** shows rich texture and lively environment created along Flora Street corridor. The streetscape design correlates with new transit and pedestrian networks, including interior street-level circulation, skywalks and future rapid transit.

**Retail concept plan** establishes Flora Street as the focus for the Dallas Arts District. Extending the length of the district, the street features three distinct zones in which retail and food service activities are tied thematically to the prime cultural attractions.

**Museum Crossing**, focused on the Dallas Museum of Art, will be a collection of boutiques, galleries, and art-oriented shops.

**Concert Lights**, centered on the Dallas Concert Hall, offers theater-oriented restaurants, bistros, cafes and clubs.

**Fountain Plaza**, adjacent to the Arts Magnet School, creates a Left Bank artists' quarter ambiance, with gourmet shops, bakeries, produce vendors and cafes.

Museum Crossing

Concert Lights

Fountain Plaza

42ND STREET DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT MAP

EMPIRE STATE DEVELOPMENT

42ND STREET DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, INC.

NEW YORK CITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

THE PLAYERS

Filling in Times Square

Buildings in the Times Square district where office companies and law firms have recently taken space.

**1675 Broadway** Built by Rudin Management; completed in 1989; major tenants Lord Day & Lord Barrett Smith, a law firm, D'Arch Masius Benton & Bowles, an advertising agency, and Time Warner for Entertainment Weekly magazine.

**1585 Broadway** Built by Solomon Equities; completed in 1990; bought by Morgan Stanley in 1993 for own use. Only tenant Proskauer, Rose, Goetz & Mendelsohn, a law firm in the building since 1990.

**750 Seventh Avenue** Built by Solomon Partners; completed in 1990; Morgan Stanley in negotiations to buy for own use through bankruptcy. Current tenants: Mendes & Mount, a law firm, and Ernst & Young, an accounting firm.

**1540 Broadway** Built by Ian Bruce Eichner; completed in 1990. Bought by Bertelsmann A.G. in 1992 for own companies, including Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group and RCA Records.

**1515 Broadway** Built by the Minskoff Corporation; completed in 1972. Major tenants are Viacom Inc., whose companies include MTV, Showtime and Nickelodeon cable channels and Paramount, and Frederick Atkins Inc., a marketing company.

**One Worldwide Plaza** Built by the Zeckendorf Organization; completed in 1988. Major tenants, Cravath Swaine & Moore, a law firm, and Ogilvy & Mather, an advertising agency.

**Table 2**

*Change in Population and*
*Median Family Income in the*
*Central Cities of the 20 Largest*
*Metropolitan Areas*

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Central city</th><th rowspan="2">Population<br>Change<br>1970-80<br>(percent)</th><th colspan="2">Median Family Income<br>(constant 1979 dollars)</th><th rowspan="2">Change<br>1969-79<br>(percent)</th></tr><tr><th>1969</th><th>1979</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>New York</td><td>-10.4</td><td>19,170</td><td>14,628</td><td>-23.7</td></tr><tr><td>Los Angeles</td><td>-5.5</td><td>20,795</td><td>18,742</td><td>-9.9</td></tr><tr><td>Chicago</td><td>-10.8</td><td>20,279</td><td>17,467</td><td>-13.8</td></tr><tr><td>Philadelphia</td><td>-13.4</td><td>20,653</td><td>15,240</td><td>-26.2</td></tr><tr><td>Detroit</td><td>-20.5</td><td>15,729</td><td>17,788</td><td>13.1</td></tr><tr><td>San Francisco</td><td>-5.1</td><td>20,653</td><td>19,469</td><td>-3.5</td></tr><tr><td>Washington, D.C.</td><td>-15.7</td><td>18,974</td><td>18,839</td><td>-0.8</td></tr><tr><td>Boston</td><td>-12.2</td><td>18,083</td><td>14,318</td><td>-20.8</td></tr><tr><td>Pittsburgh</td><td>-18.5</td><td>17,424</td><td>17,277</td><td>-0.8</td></tr><tr><td>St. Louis</td><td>-27.2</td><td>16,200</td><td>14,314</td><td>-11.6</td></tr><tr><td>Baltimore</td><td>-13.1</td><td>17,453</td><td>16,624</td><td>-4.7</td></tr><tr><td>Cleveland</td><td>-23.6</td><td>18,031</td><td>14,999</td><td>-16.8</td></tr><tr><td>Houston</td><td>29.2</td><td>19,552</td><td>20,721</td><td>5.9</td></tr><tr><td>Newark</td><td>-13.8</td><td>15,315</td><td>11,669</td><td>-23.8</td></tr><tr><td>Minneapolis-St. Paul</td><td>-13.5</td><td>19,720</td><td>19,664</td><td>-0.2</td></tr><tr><td>Dallas</td><td>7.1</td><td>21,673</td><td>22,019</td><td>6.3</td></tr><tr><td>Seattle</td><td>-7.0</td><td>21,673</td><td>22,019</td><td>1.6</td></tr><tr><td>Anaheim-Santa Ana</td><td>30.8</td><td>22,294</td><td>24,324</td><td>9.1</td></tr><tr><td>Milwaukee</td><td>-11.3</td><td>20,318</td><td>21,172</td><td>4.2</td></tr><tr><td>Atlanta</td><td>-14.1</td><td>16,630</td><td>9,814</td><td>-40.9</td></tr></tbody></table>

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population, 1970, and Current Population Reports, P-60, No. 129.