U. S. Steamer PINTA (4th rate),

Juneau, Alaska,

May 15th, 1887.

Sir:

In accordance with my orders of date of April 29th, 1887, I have the honor to submit the following report of a visit to the main Chilkoot village of Keo-kwan situated on the Chilkoot River some thirty miles above its junction with the Inlet of the same name.

At 1:00 p.m., April 30th, the party under my charge consisting of Assistant Paymaster M. R. Calvert, U.S. Navy, Mr. A.E. Austin, and Peter Church, interpreter, left the ship and landed at Chilkoot, where Indian packers were hired to transport our baggage overland to the village of Indarstukha, some fivemiles distant, on the Chilkoot River. The trail leading across the narrow neck of land which separates the two Inlets of Chilkoot from Chilkoot and terminates in Seduction Point, is upwards of a mile and a half in extent, and from constant travel is kept in good condition; it passes over comparatively level ground, through an open woods of spruce, hemlock, and black pine, and laterally across a swampy plain covered with a small growth of alder, until the river is reached, where the walking is equally good along shore to the village. At Indarstukha we camped over night. This village of the Chilkoots consists of fourteen houses of the old fashioned type, and is occupied as a fishing village only, during

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us but to return as a visit to a deserted village would be
futile in results, so engaging a canoe which was willingly
placed at our disposal to return in, we retraced our steps
reaching the ship at 4:00 p.m., May 1st, 1887.

Upon the return of the PINTA from the passage of Taiya
Inlet May 2nd, 1887, a canoe came alongside with the son of
the Chilkoot Chief Char-trich, bringing a message from his
father to the effect that he regretted greatly the inhospitable
treatment we had received, and although his people had every-
thing packed and in readiness for a trading trip into the In-
terior, he would delay further movement, and send his canoe
down the river in hopes that we would accept his hospitality
and visit his country.

On the following morning, May 3rd, at 6:45 a.m., the party
as before named left the ship and with the assistance of Indian
packers proceeded over the trail and to a distance of two miles
above Indarstukha where we found a large canoe awaiting us.
Embarking and setting sail, with the assistance of a stiff
Easterly breeze and paddles we were carried up the stream
fully five knots an hour against a current of at least four
knots. The channel-way above Indarstukha for a distance of
eight miles to Vanderbilt Pt. is tortuous and shallow filled
with sand and gravel bars, and reaching back and forth across
the valley, increasing the distance travelled double that indi-
cated on a chart.

Just above Spuked Pt. and again above Vanderbilt Pt. where
the channel winds in close under the overhanging cliffs of the

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Northern shore, defensive stockades existed in the past, but except for the clearing marked by a luxuriant growth of wild grasses, nothing remains to mark the site of these old fortifications.

Above Vanderbilt Point, there is but one main channel which inclines to the Northern shore, although at intervals it divides forming small islands. At this point we disembarked as the current becomes swifter and although throughout the longer reaches advantage is taken of the wind when favorable, yet for the swift flowing shallows tracking is resorted to as most expedient--one taking a bow-line ahead walks along the shore dragging the canoe while another by means of a long pole keeps the bow off shore. Although laborious this method is by no means slow, the canoe making almost as good time as did we ourselves, walking over good ground with no encumbrances. After disembarking from the canoe on the Southern shore, our path led for upwards of twenty miles over a flat sandy plain of some two to three miles in width, enclosed between two parallel mountain ranges from 1500 to 2000 feet in height, and showing every sign of having once been the bed of an extensive glacier, which fact was still further attested to by the eroded mountain sides. Several broad shallow lakes lay to the Southward of the river, whose shores as well as the river banks were thickly wooded with a small growth of willow, poplar, and alder. The largest trees here seen would not exceed two feet in diameter and but few measuring over one foot. The walking was generally firm and as we approached the village, gravel

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took the place of sand. Although the river from its many
bars, shallows and rapids would be impracticable for boat
navigation, yet there would be no difficulty in marching men
and transporting light artillery to the immediate vicinity
of Klokwan. After crossing the river above Indarstukha the
course would be directly up the valley midway between the two
mountain ranges, with no opportunity for ambuscade except
among the clumps of willow, which could be readily shelled upon
approach and would offer no cover to parties therein concealed.
From the uniform inclination of the tree trunks up the valley
we conclude that the prevailing and strongest winds come from
the Eastward. At 6:30 p.m. we passed the village of Kubkwit-
blee, consisting of thirteen houses situated about four miles
below Klo-kwan, on the Northern shore and back from the river
some 400 yards. It was deserted, the inhabitants having gone
into fishing camp below as previously mentioned.

At 7:00 p.m. we arrived at Klo-kwan, the chief village of
the Chilkoot people, and were conducted to the presence of the
Chief, Chartrich or Klo-kutcle, who received us most cordially
and throughout our stay entertained us most hospitably, plac-
ing at our disposal a fine well appointed house, where clean
and comfortable feather beds were spread and attendants appointed
to supply our wants. In conversation he expressed his great
friendship for the whites, which he has now proved by his
pacific actions and the good influence he has exerted to pre-
vent trouble in the past. He desired me to express to you
his disapprobation of the action of traders in Juneau, in sell-
ing to his people unlimited supplies of molasses, whereby they

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are enabled to manufacture Hoochauoo, which they not only drink to their own destruction, but carry in to the interior as an article of trade with other tribes. He also said that he desired to lay before you, some differences existing between his people and the Chilkoots in regard to packing and fishing rights. He is most anxious that a school be established in the village, as they wish their children to be educated in the white man's ways, and at the same time desire to keep them at home. I delivered your present to the Chief together with numerous others which we all made to him and his family, which were all greatly appreciated, and recognized by others in return.

The village of Ko-kwan lies on the Northern bank of the river, which at this point is a swift flowing stream upwards of fifty yards wide and navigable for the largest canoes. To the rear of the village, well wooded hills extend back some miles to the mountains, while the valley in front stretches out into a broad level basin covered here and there with patches of willow and alder. The houses are built of massive timbers hewn from the spruce and put together with wooden dowls. The form is that generally adhered to by the Chilpits--a parallel-ogram, with four massive interior posts which carry heavy, rounded longitudinal beams, which being built up upon give pitch and support the roof. But few houses are fitted with windows. In the interior around the square central fireplace of pebbles, is laid a solid timber flooring reaching to a raised platform, partitioned off on three sides into small apartments serving as sleeping and store rooms. A central hole in the roof sheltered to windward allows exit of smoke, and a plenti-

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ful supply of fresh air. In most of the houses small port
holes for defensive purposes were observed and one old house
was protected by a stockade of heavy logs.

For several miles below the village the banks of the river
were well lined with the remains of last years' run of salmon,
and I was assured by the Chief that with the greatest ease
they filled their canoes to sinking with this their staple of
food.

Bears, wolves, foxes, lynx, mink, and marmot abound in
the valleys and about the foothills, and on the mountains of
the divide reindeer, morn and Net Goat are found. I saw
but few signs of cultivation, though a few potato patches were
visible, but from the light soil and warm dry summers there
is no reason why vegetables should not duly mature. Like the
remainder of the Chilkoots the Chilkoots draw their food sup-
ply from the water: the salmon is speared and gaffed in front
of their doors; for the Eulichon and seal they descend toward
the river's mouth, while their taste and desire for the food
products of civilization increases in direct proportion as they
come more in contact with the white man. Already they consume
large quantities of flour, hard bread, tea and sugar, and our
style of dress has almost entirely superseded that of tanned
skins and furs.

The Chilkoots are today perhaps the richest tribe in S.E.
Alaska, their wealth having been wholly accumulated through
trade. They make two or three trips annually in to the in-
terior, exchanging with the Tlingits or Stick Indians arms, knives,
powder, caps, ball, tobacco, clothing, cotton drilling, needles,

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thread, etc., for furs of the fox, bear, lynx, beaver, martin, and wolf, and these they sell or exchange with the white traders at Chilkoot or Juneau for products of civilization. These trips occupy one month, the trail passes over a very mountainous country and descends to the lower lands abounding in lakes, where is found a large well built village of the *Blixtch(*)* Indians; the passage of this trail takes ten days, and from this village to the Yukon now ten more days are required. There is said to be a good trail from Klo-kwan to Yakutat requiring five days.

Goods for Interior trade are done up in reindeer skin packs estimated to weigh one hundred pounds; they are carried on the broad of the back, by means of two wide reindeer skin straps, one passing over the forehead and the other across the breast over the shoulders, leaving the hands free to receive support from a long climbing staff. They are trained to this particular work from childhood, and it is wonderful with what facility both men and women heavily laden will traverse mountain sides hardly accessible to pedestrians.

In physique and bearing, the Chilkoots are the superior of any of these more northern tribes, which may be accounted for by their habit of inland travel, which tends to give them a proper development of the lower limbs--together with their isolated home and consequent immunity from diseases contracted from the white man. I had no opportunity of estimating the whole population of the village, as many were absent on trading, fishing and hunting expeditions, but at least 350 people were present, and judging from the size and number of the houses

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unoccupied I should judge the entire population might reach
800 souls, not including those who live in the lower village
of Kutkwatler estimated at 100 more.

I saw the Shamans or Medicine Men, only one of whom I would say was a full practitioner, and as they seemed willing in most instances to part with their charms and insignia of office for money, I should say their power was but limited.

Unlike the other Thirnit people who construct their canoes
of spruce and paddles of yellow cedar, the Chilkoots use light
cotton-wood or willow for the canoe, and from the alder shape
their paddles. The larger canoes of red-cedar are purchased
from the Haidees of Quen Charlotte's Islands. Not wishing to
detain the chief and his men who were ready to start immedi-
ately for the interior, we made preparation for our departure,
and bidding our hosts goodbye, left the village at 9:00 a.m. on
the morning of the 5th instant, in a canoe placed at our dis-
posal by the Chief, and with a strong current reached Indars-
tukha in five hours, and from there to Chilkoot on foot.

But few white men have ever visited this village, and no
Naval officers since 1880, and in the meantime many rumors have
gained ground of the defensive stronghold of the Chilkoots
which are entirely without foundation as shown by its position.

The Chief desired me to carry to you his warmest feelings
of friendship and good will, and to say that immediately upon
his return from the Interior he would be glad to accept your
invitation to visit you on board ship.

With many thanks to Paymaster Calvert and Mr. Austin for

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their kindly assistance and cooperation, and an appreciation
of the services of the interpreter, Peter Church, I would
submit this report.

Very respectfully,

G. T. Emmons,

Lieut., U.S. Navy.

Lieut.-Comdr.

J. S. Sewell, U.S.Navy,

Comdg.U.S.Steamer PINTA,
Juneau, Alaska.

PRESERVATION PHOTOCOPY: ORIGINAL MATERIAL RESTRICTED

ZERANOFF'S DUSKY BRIDE.

THE TERRIBLE DEED AND THE TERRIBLE FATE OF A SHAMAN.

Henry Ellsworth Haydon Relates a Thrilling Adventure Among the Strange Natives of Alaska—A Tale of Tragic Interest, Illustrating the Horrors of Superstitions Peculiar to That Vast Country of the Northern Seas—The Mysterious Secret of the Lonely Cabin in the Woods.

I shall never forget Congrazie Zeranoff, and, although he has been dead for a long time, whenever the east wind blows and the boom of the big waves against the breakwater echoes through the quiet of the night I always see him as I saw him last, and I snuggle under the bedclothes and draw them up closely about my throat.

He came to Sitka, Alaska, in the summer of 1887 on board the British bark Dolphin. This vessel had been seized by the United States revenue cutter Rush while engaged in illicit sealing in the Behring sea, and had been convoyed as a prize to the capital of the territory.

She had on board when captured about 3,000 skins and a crew of many nationalities, gathered indiscriminately from among the wharf rats of Victoria and the dock leafors of the sound towns. They were a flinty lot, typical specimens of the lawless rovers of the North Pacific ocean, and although they were engaged in a nefarious calling, and were ragged and dirty, and callous and insolent, they still possessed that nameless charm which pertains to all those who are cradled by the sea and washed by the brine.

Congrazie claimed to be a Black sea Russian, and although he spoke English fluently it was with a foreign accent, but his voice was soft and melodious, and it lent an added allurement to his otherwise striking personality.

He was of medium size, lithe and sinuous, dark skinned, with regular features, a low, broad brow, large, sloe-black eyes, very dark hair threaded with gray, which although cropped close curled in little thick ringlets all over his head.

He may have been 30 years old; he may have been 45. Looking back at him from this distance I can only approximate his age by his story. Physically he was young, mentally he was very old. He had been a sailor evidently for a long time. His ears were pierced for rings. The back of his hands and his strong forearms were tattooed with strange designs, and he walked with the true "foks!" swing. Yes, whatever else he was he had been a sailor, there is no doubt about that. And the skipper of the Dolphin, Capt. Raynor, said that a handier man aboard ship and a braver man in rough weather never climbed a ratline.

An Important Factor.

He adapted himself readily to the quiet ways of the little isolated seaport, and although one by one the companions of his unlucky cruise to the northern seas shipped and sailed away on such vessels as touched at the harbor he still remained, and came to be an important factor, potential in many ways. There was that about him which won the confidence of men and women and little children; he was so frank, so honest and outspoken, that everyone came to trust him, and he was helpful in all ways; and housewives and all the little American colony located there employed him at very many odd jobs.

He was a veritable "jack of all trades," and whatever he did was well done. In addition to his mechanical skill he was some-

end of the white contingent looked upon these doings of Congrazie with favor. Although it was a sailor custom as old as the conquest of the country to do this sort of thing, it was not excusable in this instance, because I believe it stopped the winds of romance from blowing about Congrazie's quarters.

Moved Upon Him.

Anyway we were so importuned by our wives and the zealous and good Presbyterian missionary was so beset likewise by his wife that at last we moved upon Congrazie individually and collectively and told him the error of his ways. I have always taken much credit to myself on this score. Congrazie and I were great friends. He looked upon my official position as the wonderful gift of a benign government, and I was exalted in his estimation accordingly.

I did not talk morality to him. I did not argue from a spiritual standpoint. I simply

burned, until they confess or die—or more often confess and die.

The Horrors of Shamanism.

To become a shaman, or medicine man, the Alaskan boy passes through a horrible probation. He is shut up in a hut and starved, exposed to privations and tortures, and wrought up to frenzies which result in a species of epilepsy. He is then fed on raw dog and human flesh, and at last becomes one of the favored order of shamans, an arbiter to his people, an incarnate demon whom no one dares dispute; a vampire living on the very life blood of the tribe, their terror in health, their master in disease; the disposer of their souls and of their bodies when they are dead. There is a striking similarity between the shamanism of Alaska and the fetichism of Africa.

It was this ingrained superstition, this inherited belief of a warlike and revengeful people, that a little handful of civil officials

women out the temporal advantages he was wasting, and drove home the fact that with his ability and industry and the opportunities he had he could acquire a competency and a home by decent living.

He succumbed at once. He would not give up the girl, but he would marry her with such ceremonies as I might prescribe. This was highly satisfactory, and I arranged with the missionary for the wedding. It was held at the Mission home, and Congrazie and his beautiful dusky bride, loaded down with gifts and congratulations, returned to their abode to live apparently in great happiness, until— But I am getting ahead of my story with its terrible denouement.

I have dilated on Congrazie's personality thus far, in what I hope is not a vain endeavor to convey some idea of what manner of man he was, and yet I feel that the coloring is not strong enough. I never saw a

and United States marines were called upon to immediately suppress by forcible measures. We realized that this was impossible. Any attempt so made would precipitate a fight, and that meant our annihilation and the wiping out, for a time at least, of the supremacy of our flag in Alaska.

Finally it was determined that we had no legal right to interfere unless some case of personal violence done by the shaman or at his dictation was brought to our notice, when we would attempt the arrest and punishment of the offenders.

Those were anxious days and nights. Deaths in the native village did not abate in number and were of daily occurrence. The native population were frantic with excitement born of superstitious fears. Our own physicians were looked upon with such disfavor that it was impossible for them, even when admitted to a native habitation, to make any satisfactory diagnosis of the

who was doing hisirdish work in com-
parative safety.

We were both fatigued, and it was not
long before the crooning voice of the sea
and the rustic and whisper of forest leaves
and meadow grasses sung the lullaby which
soothed us to sleep.

How long we slept I know not. My first
waking sensation came to me standing out-
side the cabin door, with the surgeon's
strong grasp on my arm, and in my ears the
most blood-curdling serams of human fear
and agony I ever heard or expect to hear.
They came from the outer cabin. It was a
woman's voice. Commencing with a tremu-
lous and agonizing vibration, as if the serve
centers were being lightly touched, it swayed
into a diapason of mortallanguish, so shrill,
so piercing in its awful intensity that I
memory of it haunts me like an echo of y-
terday.

It was pitch dark outside, but there was
bright glare from the cabin window as
hurried toward it. We looked within. It
was like a nightmare of Dore's in black and
gold.

Prone on the floor, face downward, a
woman lay, and astride her was a demon
decked in most hideous and fantastic fash-
ion. He was working some instrument be-
tween the poor wretch's shoulder-blades.
Suddenly—so suddenly we had no time for
interference—the outside door was driven in,
and a swart native, armed with a heavy seal-
ing lance, dashed across the little space which
lay between him and the Shaman and his
victim. A sharp whir through the air, a
gleam like the flash of a flying spark, and
the long weapon, driven by tremendous
force, passed through the Shaman's body,
cleaving back and breast bones as if they
were partitions of frail paper. With a long,
convulsive sigh he rolled over transfixed
and quivering.

When we gained the doorway the native,
catching sight of us, had vanished toward
the sea.

The Demon and His Victim Identified.

The woman had struggled to a sitting
posture. Wild and wan, disfigured and mu-
tilated, as she was, we recognized shudder-
ingly—"Con's Klutchman!"

Hastily we undid the Shaman's mask, and
beneath its hideous contour, fixed in death,
but honest-looking and alluring still, we
saw the face of—Congrazie Zeranoff!

The woman saw it too; and, although we
tried to turn her head away, she gazed and
gazed until her eyelids drooped, and then,
without a sound of any kind, she sank
away into eternal sleep.

Subsequent investigation brought out the
fact that Zeranoff was an escaped Siberian
convict, sentenced for life at labor in the
mines there for hideous crimes. Around
both ankles were the callous places worn by
heavy rings attached to the chains he had
dragged about with him at his enforced
labor.

The little ancient house at Sitka was well
stored with blood-gotten gains. He had
commenced his career of murder in Alaska
by poisoning the original Shaman and steal-
ing his masks and costumes. Thereafter it
was easy for him to impose upon the cred-
ulous natives.

Among his effects was found a large bottle
of colorless, limpid liquid put up by a drug-
gist of Naples and labeled "Manna of St.
Nicola of Bari."

The naval surgeon took possession of this,
and by analysis proved it to be a poison com-
pounded of arsenical neutral salts, and
known in Italy as "aqua tofana."

Why he killed his wife no man may know,
unless it was to gratify his innate heliish-
ness.

Do you wonder that where the wind blows
and it is dark and there are sounds in the air
like spirit voices that I think of Congrazie
Zeranoff?

HENRY ELIZWORTH HAYDON.

Report of the Principal

305

meetings and interviewing individuals. The Hampton Committee of Boston has sent out special appeals and has contributed between $4000 and $5000 toward the running expenses of the school. During the summer successful Hampton meetings were held at Bar Harbor under the auspices of the Armstrong Association of New York. The Hampton Clubs of Springfield, Mass., and Orange, N. J., have continued their loyal support of the school. An Armstrong Association was started in Brooklyn during the winter which gives promise of much usefulness.

The following are among our most pressing needs:—

The deficit of $38,000 which includes $10,000 not yet raised for the completion of the barn.

395 scholarships of $70 each.

$12,000 for an addition to the Whittier School.

$10,000 to provide more residences for the school staff.

$2,000 for a new printing press.

$2,000,000 towards an endowment fund.

The question of taxing the school's property has come before the Circuit Court of Elizabeth City County and has been decided in the school's favor. It has been referred to the Supreme Court of the state, where a decision has not yet been reached.

Forty-three acres of land leased to the Soldiers' Home for a number of years have by the action of Hampton's board of trustees been offered to the Home for sale. The needs of the Home and the fact that it has the power to condemn the property have made this action imperative.

The relations of the school to the state and general government have been of the pleasantest. Hampton's Anniversary has been attended by the Governor and other prominent state officials and by leading citizens from all parts of the Commonwealth. Congress has made its annual appropriation towards the support of the Indian pupils.

Respectfully submitted

H. B. FRISSELL

CONDITION AND NEEDS OF THE NATIVES OF
ALASKA

G. T. EMMONS¹

FOR all practical purposes of Governmental aid the native popula-
tion of Alaska may be separated into two classes: viz., those
who are self-sustaining and need only supervision, education, and moral
support; and those who have been deprived of their natural means of
living by the opening up of the country and, in addition to the above,
need material assistance to bridge them over this period of transition
and to teach them to provide for themselves under the new conditions
of life that surround them.

The first class includes the Thlingits, Haidas, and Tsimshans, who occupy the narrow continental shore and adjacent islands, reaching from the international boundary, latitude 54 degrees and 40 minutes north, to the one hundred and forty-first meridian, comprising what is generally known as southeastern Alaska. They number some 6000 souls and live in comparative comfort under very favorable conditions in large, well-built villages along the coast and channel ways. Here the climate is mild and healthful, wood and water are on every hand, fish life is abundant, and game is found more than sufficient for their wants. They are intelligent, honest, and good workers; an accumulative, thrifty people, quick to learn, and anxious to improve their condition.

The second class—those whose needs are more material and who
require supervision and, in certain localities, Government assistance,
includes the Aleute, the Athapascan, and the Eskimo, the bulk of the
native population of Alaska, occupying the vast interior and the
extended coast line of the Pacific Ocean west of the one hundred and
forty-first meridian. These people are wholly different from the south-
eastern Alaskans just considered; they are neither aggressive nor pro-
gressive, but are of a simple, mild character, sometimes indolent, often
improvident. The opportunity to learn the methods of civilization has
been denied them until our life has been thrust upon them in a day,
and of course they cannot understand its complexities. This first
contact has proved very fatal; already thousands have succumbed,
and aside from all considerations of humanity, their relief, supervision,
and education, looking to self-support and independence, is a question
of Territorial importance, which asks, Shall they become a burden on
the white settlers in this new country, or shall they be transformed
into a working force, assisting in the advancement and the develop-
ment of the country?

The Aleutian Islands, together with the population of the conti-

¹ Selections from the official report of Lieutenant G. T. Emmons, U. S. N., submitted to President Roosevelt in 1905

Condition and Needs of the Natives of Alaska

307

nental coast and the adjacent islands, extending eastward to Mount St. Elias, although comprising three native stocks and a strong admixture of Russian blood, may for all practical purposes be considered together, like environment, pursuits, and food having largely tended to reconcile racial differences.

The Aleuts were the first to come under Russian domination a century and a half ago. A mild, peace-loving, harmless race of sea hunters and fishermen, living under a patriarchal system on exposed beaches in a treeless country, they were easily subdued and practically enslaved. The women were appropriated, and the men were carried off and forced to hunt for their captors in distant waters. Whole villages were depopulated and colonies were planted among strange people to keep up the chain of communication with the Alexander Archipelago.

The Eskimos of the peninsular and Kodiak Islands, and the Chugash of Prince William Sound made more strenuous resistance, but in the end they were conquered or decimated, and during the century and a half of Russian rule, through association and continual intermarriage, these people lost their originality, became members of the orthodox Russian Church, adopted the language and customs of their masters, and became Russianized. Such conditions were found upon the transfer of the territory to the United States.

The American Fur Company, which supplanted the Russian Fur Company, continued the paternal system already established, employing the native hunters and fishermen, looking after the general welfare of all and tiding them over bad seasons, and while caring for their physical needs keeping them at the same time thoroughly dependent. Under this administration a living was assured to all, but the people made little progress. Their inherent weakness of character, indifference, and want of initiative were rather increased.

Then, to add to their troubles, this coast line has been cursed with a floating population of irresponsible whites, the off-casts of society, who, fleeing from the restraints of law, have imposed themselves upon these helpless people, degraded and debauched them, and spread disease broadcast among them, which is sadly attested to by the well-filled graveyards which alone remain to mark once populous villages.

The Eskimos, who form the bulk of the native population of Alaska, inhabit a broad belt of coast line bordering on Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean, besides the more southern settlements along the Pacific shores, previously mentioned. They are particularly interesting for their natural intelligence, ingenuity, and their extreme docility. History is replete with their hospitality and kindness to our people. Hardly a season passes but that some whaler is crushed in the ice, abandoned, or stranded, and the crew, escaping to the shore, are suc-cored, fed, and clothed from their scanty stores through the long

308

Southern Workman

Arctic winter—the season of least abundance—when actual living is a problem difficult to solve for themselves.

The several conditions that exist along the thousands of miles of coast are very different, but it is certain that those farther removed from the influences of the fishing and mining communities are much better off.

The requirements of the Eskimos are really more pressing and more immediate than those of most of the other native Alaskans. Their country is so barren, the food conditions are so meager, and the sudden influx of whites has been so disastrous to them that they are very needy in many localities, and their inability to help themselves is more the result of circumstances than their own fault. Schools and hospitals are first necessities. Rigid enforcement of the law against selling liquor should engage the attention of the civil officials; the most liberal game laws should obtain: but more necessary than all else are supervision, instruction, and advice tending to lead them toward self-support, and the giving of material aid in cases of extreme destitution. To-day they hang around the mining camps in abject poverty, a burden to the whites and a misery to themselves, and there is no one who takes any interest in their well-being or who has any authority over them as long as they live within the law. They are a docile people who recognize authority without question and could easily be led to a more useful life.

Alaska, with an approximate area of 60,000 square miles, and an estimated native and creole population of 25,000 acquired from Russia thirty-eight years ago, has to-day only 32 Government schools—supported by a portion of the license moneys levied on the industries of the country—and a corps of 35 poorly paid teachers.

For the first nineteen years of our occupation no slightest thought was given to the civilization or the education of the inhabitants, either white or native; military jurisdiction was exercised over a limited extent of seaboard for the benefit of the few scattered white settlers.

But if the natives were not benefited by this systematic neglect they were at least not disturbed; the natural wealth of the country was theirs and they followed the ways of their forefathers, and were probably happier and better off, both physically and materially, as a race, than they will ever be again, until they shall have successfully passed through the civilizing process and become self-supporting like ourselves.

In 1885 the first feeble attempt at education was inaugurated by the Government in the establishment of a few elementary schools in southeastern Alaska, since which time the annual appropriation for this work has been less than $30,000 for a population of twenty-five to thirty odd thousand people, widely scattered over an immense area of country three-quarters as large as all of the states east of the Mississippi River.

The problem that now confronts the Government in the rapid development of this country, the appropriation of its resources by strangers,

309

and the cutting off of the natural food supply, is, What is to be the future of the natives? Shall they be fed, clothed, and pauperized, like the plains Indians, and made a burden to themselves and the state, or shall they be educated and assisted only so far as may be necessary to place them on a self-supporting basis, to be a working factor in the growth of the Territory? Between these two possibilities there can be no choice, from either an economic or a common-sense standpoint, aside from the question of moral right and government obligation.

These people, intelligent and quick to learn, living under severe climatic conditions, with never more than a slender margin of food at hand, and often suffering from dire want, have learned of necessity to work in their own way, and while civilization will open new fields and require different methods, yet the desire and the will to work make it reasonably certain that with education and training they can become self-sustaining and independent.

Their craving for education is almost pitiable; go where you will, inland or coastwise, and ask them what they need and the answer is the same, "Schools for the children so that they may become smart like the white man." They are a very affectionate people to their children; every benefit is for the child. The older people fully realize the fact that they represent the past; the conservatism of native life is slow to change, but at the same time they are a supple and active race, their readiness to adopt our methods is indicative of forethought and intelligence, and their ambition to have their children educated in our way is a proof of their belief that they can work out their own salvation if but given the opportunity. They have always been producers, and their faith in themselves is half of the struggle that lies before them. To this end they should be provided with day schools in all of the villages of a hundred or more adults, and I believe that in many instances where scattered communities now exist the planting of a school would tend to civilization, and for more reasons than the simple benefit of the school this would be very desirable, for in the building of new villages better sanitary conditions could be carried out, and the teaching of the child would to a degree react on the older members of the family and tend toward an extension of civilization. In some sections, where through scarcity of food the families are distributed over a large area of country, and, in the case of the children of sick or aged parents, unable to provide for their support, and again where orphans may be enslaved by distant relatives, boarding schools or homes are equally necessary. Here the greater benefit would accrue, for if the children were taken when most receptive, and were trained, supervised, and taught, their advantages would be doubled.

The learning of the language is the first necessity and this would be acquired in the elementary day and boarding schools. Then should follow the manual training in industries dependent upon the natural resources of the Territory, looking to future self-support.

310

Southern Workman

Each institution should have, besides the instructors, a resident physician whose service would be a charity to the whole native population of the district, as the few larger settlements where medical advice can be had are hundreds of miles apart with no improved means of travel, and the smaller scattered camps are too limited to have such advantages, so in sickness and wounds nature is alone responsible and life is sacrificed and bodily deformities result from minor causes when treatment would prevent this.

The several Government agricultural stations at widely distant points have demonstrated the feasibility of growing many vegetables and maturing some hardy cereals and grasses, and even beyond the Arctic Circle, on the Koyukuk, flourishing gardens of hardy vegetables are to be found. Instruction in these branches would mean a great deal, for not only would a healthful and much-needed source of food be made available, but the sale of vegetables and fodder to the miners and resident whites, who have neither time nor inclination to engage in such work, would be a means of some profit.

The introduction of domestic reindeer through the initiative and forethought of Dr. Sheldon Jackson has already proved of great benefit to these people. This animal is the life of eastern Siberia, and since the same natural conditions are found in Alaska its permanence may be equally assured. Besides serving as food and clothing, as a means of winter travel and transportation it is much quicker and more convenient in point of food, as it lives on the country, while the usefulness of the only other means of transportation—the dog—is limited to the carriage of its food. The possession of a small herd of deer by the training schools, when available, would familiarize the children with its use and save them many years of instruction that are necessary before individual distribution of the deer can be made.

Sawmills, when possible, in connection with the schools, would not only be a prime necessity of instruction in an industry that the natives take to so readily, but would be an economy in the construction of the necessary school buildings; undoubtedly they could be worked to the advantage of the country about and made self-supporting, and cheap lumber would be an inducement to build more comfortable houses.

Besides the many home industries to be taught, the continuance of native arts with improved tools and appliances would prove very advantageous from an economic standpoint. The Thlingits, Haidas, Tsimpsheans, Aleuts, and Eskimos excel in carving, painting, and the textile arts, and the amount accruing annually from the sale of these objects support many who are disqualified from following the more active pursuits through age, sickness, or family circumstances.

All of these and many more industries would result from the training schools, and the problem of the future of these people would be solved at a comparatively limited expenditure, while the country would be given an educated, intelligent, self-supporting population.

The Rights of Alaska Indians

263

has resulted in a warm friendship for these neglected people. His re-
port should be the better received by Congress because of the very
practical nature of his recommendations, which suggest aiding the
Alaskans to do for themselves rather than pauperizing them with gifts.
He shows how the natives of southeastern Alaska have already ad-
vanced very materially on the road to civilization without Government
aid. They are intelligent, honest, and good workers, thrifty, and
quick to seize opportunities for the improvement of their condition.
Notwithstanding the fact that they have proceeded thus far despite
Government neglect, Lieutenant Emmons does not believe that the
Government should therefore continue its do-nothing policy. He asks
that so far as they are qualified they be given the rights of citizenship.
Educational facilities should be extended to them, and industrial train-
ing schools established at one or two central points. Their greatest
need is of hospitals and dispensaries where free treatment may be
given.

There is nothing suggested which will tend to reduce these people
to the level to which many Indian tribes have been brought by the
reservation system. What is asked is simply education and other
rights which are freely accorded to alien immigrants occupying no
higher plane.

THE STORY OF A SOUTHERN TEACHER

MY father was a Methodist minister and a man of fine intellect and noble character. He has been in the Better Land for many years, but I can see that he is still missed in his community for he was always doing something for the good of the people. My mother is a pious Christian and is still spared to us. She is not what is called a church worker; she attends no clubs, but she has never failed to pay her church dues; has never failed to have a room in her house for her pastor and other ministers and always gives them a hearty welcome, come when they will. She is good to the needy, and never turns away even a tramp. She is in her eighties but her spirit is young and happy, her smile just as sweet and her words as kind as when she was young. She is beloved by her children, grandchildren, great grandchildren, and all who know her.

I was the first of eleven children. Our parents planned to give us a better education and more advantages and privileges than they had had. My paternal grandmother belonged to the old aristocratic class that thought it bad form to work; therefore her children were brought up to be ashamed to be seen doing manual labor. I cannot say that my father was a money maker, his talents did not lie in that direction. My mother was the economical member of our family. She taught this virtue to each child and I have felt the benefit of her training all my life.

When the war closed, the country was run down and torn to pieces. Demoralization was everywhere. No one had enough to last till more could be had. Both families of my grandparents had slaves, money in the bank, and money at interest, but the war destroyed everything. The land was left and that was all. The best horses had been taken for the army and the crops had been sent to the starving soldiers. Many at home were starving. To supply the army both the cradle and the grave had been robbed; in many families there was no one to work. Desolation was everywhere. All were poor. The slaves thought freedom meant idleness, but they must be fed and clothed. They did not know how to provide for themselves, their masters having done this for them. They were led into many vio-lences but often bad white men where at the bottom of it. Really and truly many of the Negroes loved their white people and the white people loved them. We all had our black mammies whom we loved as well as if they had been white. My father kept his head man a number of years, paying him part of the crop, and my grandparents did the same. Father recovered enough of his mother's money to make her comfortable while she lived.

Just think of it, we had no sugar, no coffee, nothing sweet save sorghum and a little honey! I have not been able to eat sorghum since the war. You should have seen us hunting weeds and barks to color our cotton dresses. We even used some kinds of roots. I think you would have been surprised if you could have seen how pretty

**The Rights of Alaska Indians**

The flocking of white men in large numbers to Alaska has resulted there, as elsewhere, in the demoralization of the Indians. The report of Lieutenant G. T. Emmons, U. S. N., retired, on the condition of all the natives of Alaska, some portions of which are printed in the present number of the SOUTHERN WORKMAN, will be of interest to all who sympathize with these people in the distressing conditions to which they are reduced. Upon the merits of this report the Board of Indian Commissioners has appealed to the President for justice to the Alaskans.

Lieutenant Emmons made a study of the Alaskans for a period of some twenty-odd years before being detailed for the special investigation upon which this report is based, and he declares that this study

most of which they really pay, and then share of the large school tax
paid by corporations, to which they are entitled under the Constitu-
tion by every dictate of reason or justice, and it will be apparent that
if any part of the taxes actually paid by the white man ever reaches
the Negro for school purposes the amount is so small that the man
who would begrudge it or complain about it ought to be ashamed of
himself. In the face of these facts any unprejudiced man must see
that we are in no danger of giving the Negroes more than they are
entitled to by every dictate of justice, right, wisdom, humanity, and
Christianity."

After showing that the sort of education that the state is giving
the Negro is quite insufficient and combating the position that education
spoils him, Superintendent Joyner adds, "Too few stop to think what
might have been the result if the new generation of Negroes had been al-
lowed to grow up in absolute ignorance under their changed condi-

CHRISTMAS EVE

IN AN ALASKAN MINING
CAMP.

What strange, strong bearded men are
these

Who wander by the Northern Seas :

By winds of Fate adversely blown

So far from kindred and from home,

Yet holding in their manhood's prime

Sweet memories of youth's golden
time:

With hearts which beat steadfast and
strong

To their own creeds of right and
wrong,

And knowing little, caring less,

For law in Nature's wilderness :

And deeming every deed well done

By stalwart limbs and stout hearts
won,

Yet hiding like the mountains old

In shaggy breasts some precious gold,

Believing that no human vice

Is half so bad as cowardice?

These are the men who blaze the way

To empire where the sea's salt spray

Flies high above the golden gate

From Mexico to Berings Strait;

These are the men whose lives are
spent

In storming every battlement

Which guards the Northern Continent.

They sleep by many a mountain
stream,

In many a lonely wild ravine,

Unmarked by cross, or cairn, or
stone,-

The story of their lives unknown.

But with them is the message blent:

"The future is our monument."

Far up a mighty mountain's side

Where a deep canyon opens wide,

And where with headlong rush be-
tween

Pours thundering down a mountain
stream,-

Like a broad ribbon swiftly twirled

From the great spindle of the world—

There clinging like a mountain goat,

Where cloudslin fleecy pennons float

And the snow and clustering pines

And cushioned moss, and tangled
vines,

Just under the mountain's crystal
crown,

Are the rude log huts of a mining
town.

The night is dark, and in the sky

A single star, like a watching eye,

Looks out from Heaven as if to know

What deeds were done in the camp
below.

From the largest building a stream of
light.

He threw up his hands and raised his
head,

And these were the startling words he
said:

"Pards! You know me. Many a
time

"Have brave men fell by that gun of
mine;

"Many a time have I held my own

"Sometimes with you, sometimes a-
lone;

"And none among you, or anywhere,

"Have heard me plead by act or
prayer

"For any let up when a row began,

"But I've fought it out, man against
man,-

"Thats why they call me 'Fighting
Dan.'"

"Now, Boys! mark the words I say,-

"By Pete's clock yonder it's Christ-
mas Day,

"And somehow, as men will who've
grown old,

"I recall a story my mother told,

"When I was a red-haired freckled
kid,

"Of a man called Christ, and the
things he did

"For the good of galoots like you and I,

"And how at last he was led to die

"To save us all for a Better Land,

"Whose streets are full of paying
sand.

"And so I says, Don't fight to-day,

"Let's give our 'tention to better play;

"Tom, give your fiddle another tone,

"And play, for instance, 'Home Sweet
Home.'"

Then silence fell, and within the Hall

The murmurous voice of the waterfall,

And the plaintive cry of a mountain
bird,

Were the only sounds which those
rude men heard.

But who can tell what echoes woke,

As the waves of memory rose and
broke

On the shifting sands of the shoals of
time

Where the loves of childhood built
their shrine?

Oh! who can tell what pictures there

Hung vision-like in the murky air,

As the wizard Fancy with subtle ways

Recalled the glamour of long dead
days?

God knows alone. One voice sufficed

To break the silence,—"Hurrah for
Christ!"

And upward toward the single star,

Which shone so steady, so clear, so far,

The cheer uprose; and a single bar

Vibrated in tenderest monofone

The opening chords of "Home Sweet
Home."

And the mountains flushed in the
early dawn

Of the blessed day when our Lord was
born

Far up a mighty mountain's side
Where a deep canyon opens wide,
And where with headlong rush between
Pours thundering down a mountain stream,-
Like a broad ribbon swiftly twirled
From the great spindle of the world-
There clinging like a mountain goat,
Where clouds in fleecy pennons float
Amid the snow and clustering pines
And cushioned moss, and tangled vines,
Just under the mountain's crystal crown,
Are the rude log huts of a mining town.

The night is dark, and in the sky
A single star, like a watching eye,
Looks out from Heaven as if to know
What deeds were done in the camp below.
From the largest building a stream of light
Made a silver road on the snow so white,
And a strident fiddle played a tune
For an "Injun dance" at the "Gem" Saloon.

The place was crowded with brawny men
And a girl or two from some native den;
The bar was busy, and all went well
In this baleful anteroom of Hell;
There were rude rough jests, and the coarse shod feet
To the strenuous music kept time and beat,
When suddenly the sound of a brawl
Resounded throughout the reeking Hall;
And the dancers stopped with bated breath
To see men fight one round with Death;
Pistols were drawn, and that ominous click
Of raising hammers so sharp and quick,
Which if heard but once is never forgotten,
No matter the cause, or the time, or spot.

Into the middle of the floor,
Throwing the shooter which he wore,
Jumped a miner called "Fighting Dan,"
The leader of the most reckless clan
That ever crossed the "Rockies" crest
For the distant wilds of this far North West;

"And play, for instance, 'Home Sweet Home!'"

God knows alone. One voice sufficed
To break the silence, —"Hurrah for Christ!"

And upward toward the single star,
Which shone so steady, so clear, so far,
The cheer uprose; and a single bar
Vibrated in tenderest monologue
The opening chords of "Home Sweet Home."

Of the blessed day when our Lord was born.

HENRY E. HAYDON,

Sitka, Alaska, December 18, 1890.

CHRISTMAS EVE.

SITKA, ALASKA, 1888.

The shadows on Alaskan hills
Have lengthened, day by day;
The music of the mountain rills,
Like dreams have passed away;
And lonely silence everywhere
Falls on the mountains, like a prayer.

Far off upon the Western Sea
White hands seem beckoning in the
foam,
And wild waves toss tumultuously
Like helpless souls which long for
home;
The mighty levels of the deep
Are crooning songs for those who sleep.

Beyond Mount Edgecumbe's crested
top
And wind-blown turban of the snow,
The lantern stars have made full stop
As if the Angels searched below
For some poor lost and wandering
sheep,
Adrift and lonely on the deep.

And lo! upon the robe of night,
Which wraps the sun from eyes of men.
There shines a soft and steady light
Like that which shone o'er Bethlehem,
As if somehow the breaking day
Reflected on the Milky Way.

The world may turn a deafened ear
To the sweet tale of long ago:
But good deeds born of Christmas cheer
Ride on Time's sickle to and fro;
And Hope and Faith are leal, as when
The stars sang "Peace, good will to
men!"

And here, beside the Northern Sea,
A lonely land of storm and wraith,
Are those who treasure Gallilee
And keep secure the Christian faith,
Holding supreme the story old
Amid Alaska's hills of gold.

And though the shadows early fall
And dusky twilight comes apace,
They catch above the sombre pall,
The glory of the Savior's face;
And see, beyond each mountain range,
A land which knows not time nor
change.

H.

In safety to the Promised Land.

So lead Thou us!—not us alone—
But all men to Thy wondrous Throne!
Shed on the native's darkened way
The glory of thy heavenly day,
And show their faltering, loitering feet
The pathway to Thy mercy seat!

Here we recall Thy praises sung
In forests, when our land was young,
By far New England's rocky shore
(The green aisles their Cathedral door);
And where her un-named rivers ran
By those we know as Puritan.

Lo! how their slender notes grown
strong
Ring out a grand triumphal song,
Which since that ancient time has
grown
An anthem heard from zone to zone.

Of wealth bereft; in numbers few
They builded better than they knew;
The smoke which from their camp fires
curled
Was freedom's signal to the world;
The threshold of each cabin door;
The rustic thatch; the rough hewn
floor;

The ready fire-arms on the wall;
A clock from Holland quaint and tall;
A sampler worked in Silver Bees
By hands at rest beyond the seas,
Are one and all the things which mark
A people's travail in the dark;—
Mementoes of that stern old stock,
Who from New England's granite
rock
Quarried a statue which has set
Its stride across the Continent.

And we, whose proudest boast it is
To name an ancestry like this,
Shall we because the years have flown
Our priceless heritage disown?
And wheresoe'er our flag holds sway
Forget to keep Thanksgiving Day?
Shall we forget the hands which held
The axe when the first tree was felled
For freedom's temple in a land
As naked as a baby's hand?
Shall we forget how woman's tears,
And faith triumphant over fears,
Nutured a grand heroic race
Of stalwart men with hearts of grace?
Whose nights of prayer, whose days of
toil
Gave them a firm grip of the soil,—
So strong no stress of storm nor stroke
Could rive those roots of English oak?
Ah! no, whatever else betide
In this rude land by ocean side;
Whatever days may come or go,
We of New England proudly know
That while we keep the memory green
Of times,—with centuries between—
That ever from those distant days
Will come the pilgrim's song of praise,
Which like the Muezzin's call to prayer
Shall turn our faces Eastward where
Our kindred sleep by vale and hill,
While songs they loved are living still.

H. E. H.

November, 20th, 1890.

Which none may know again.

O! banner of the Holy Cross,
Set here beside the sea,
Upheld by those who count not loss,
So it be loss for Thee;

When wild waves blow and tempests
toss,
Our shelter must Thou be!

O! Cross of Christ, to which we cling
Among the Heathen band,
The flowers of faith and hope we bring
Make all men understand,

And from Thine own unfailing spring
Water the thirsty land.

H.

Sitka, Alaska, March 15, 1889.

*The word Shaman is of Persian or Hindoo origin. In some Northern Asiatic regions it means a wizard or conjuror. The word Thlinket is a generic name applicable to all the native people of Southeastern Alaska. Among them Shamanism is a superstitious religion consisting in a belief in evil spirits, and in the necessity of averting their malign influence by magic spells and rites. This belief was paramount here before the advent of the Christian Missionary, and undoubtedly obtains at this time in isolated savage settlements.

A Shaman is a Doctor or Medicine-man who occupies a high place among his people. If they are afflicted with disease or trouble of any kind, he is appealed to not only to allay the mischief but to designate its cause. If he says that a man or a woman is the cause, then the devil in them is exorcised by the most fiendish tortures. In his hands is absolute power to inflict death, with or without any apparent reason. Upon dying, his body was not cremated, as was the universal method adopted by the commoner people, but was carefully covered with bark securely tied. A small, stoutly built, and well thatched enclosure was erected at some place designated by him, in which the carefully swathed body was laid, together with the implements of his horrid calling, and such other things as in life he prized most dearly. His canoe was laid beside the enclosure, ready in case of an emergency to sail away with the Shaman, "to the land of the hereafter."

The grave to which these verses allude is still extant. It is situated about one mile from the northern end of the Indian Village, on an abrupt and rocky eminence which rises from the shore line of the Bay. It bears about it evident marks of age. The roof of the enclosure has partially fallen in, and the interior is plainly visible. On my last visit, the shroud of bark enveloping the remains was still intact. Close

# The Alaskan

## THE SHAMAN'S GRAVE.*

On a lone hill, close to the brine,
His war canoe beside,

A Shaman of the earlier time,—
Chief of the Sitka tribe—

Lies sleeping an eternal rest
That moss and vines entwine.

He was a Chieftain in the days
Before the white men came,
And foremost in those awful ways
Which lit the torture flame;

Raising his murderous hands in praise
Of blood and human pain.

Mercy ne'er touched his heart of steel,
Nor woe, nor woman's wail;

Nor plaint of children made him feel
Beneath his hardened mail.

The things which make our senses reel
Were crushed beneath his flail.

He died as he had lived, and they
Who answered to his call,

All reverently his grim form lay
Where shadows, weird and tall,

Fall from the mountains on the Bay
Like grim Death's mighty pall.

The years have passed; the moss has grown
About his resting place;

The Chieftain's glory, too, has flown,
And none recall his face.

And few are left of those who mourn
For his departed race.

And now when Summer days are long,
Or in the twilight dim,

Is heard some sweet and tender song,
Some bright and joyous hymn,

Sung for a victory over wrong,—
Christ's triumph over sin;

It seems as if the rocky hills
Answered the glad refrain

With blithesome melody, which thrills
Across the tossing main;

A requiem for those savage ills
Which none may know again.

H.

by, a large canoe had lain so long e
posed to the storm and sunshine, th
vines and lichens, and ferns and moss
and wild grasses, had taken such coi
plete possession of it, that if its own
should start on his unearthly voyag
he would find himself over-freight
with the things of this world.

THE AUTHOR.

OFFICERS

<table><tr><td>G. LENOX CURTIS, M. D., President</td><td>New York</td></tr><tr><td>HENRY VAN DYKE, D. D. Vice-President</td><td>Princeton</td></tr><tr><td>LIEUT. GEN. NELSON A. MILES, Vice-President</td><td>Washington</td></tr><tr><td>HON. THEODORE ROOSEVELT, Vice-President</td><td>Oyster Bay</td></tr><tr><td>H. T. GALPIN, Ph. D., Secretary</td><td>New York</td></tr><tr><td>C. C. CHATFIELD, Assistant Secretary</td><td>71 Central Park West, New York</td></tr></table>

ADVISORY BOARD

<table><tr><td>ROBERT T. MORRIS, M. D., Chairman</td><td>New York</td></tr><tr><td>MAJOR GENERAL A. W. GREENLY</td><td>Washington</td></tr><tr><td>KEAR ADM'L ROBERT E. PEARY</td><td>Washington</td></tr><tr><td>MAJOR-GENERAL LEONARD WOOD</td><td>New York</td></tr><tr><td>KEAR GREY</td><td>London, Eng.</td></tr><tr><td>KEAR-ADM'L PRINCE LOUIS OF BATTENBERG</td><td>London, Eng.</td></tr><tr><td>J. C. ALLEN, D. D.</td><td>New York</td></tr><tr><td>MR. L. O. ARMSTRONG</td><td>Montreal</td></tr><tr><td>DR. ROBERT BELL</td><td>Ottawa</td></tr><tr><td>MR. G. M. BOSWORTH</td><td>Montreal</td></tr><tr><td>COL. DAVID L. BRAINARD</td><td>Washington</td></tr><tr><td>MR. JOHN BURROUGHS</td><td>West Park, N. Y.</td></tr><tr><td>MR. E. J. CHAMBERLAIN</td><td>Ottawa</td></tr><tr><td>HON. GEORGE J. CLARK</td><td>Fredericton, N. B.</td></tr><tr><td>MR. JAMES A. CRUIKSHANK</td><td>New York</td></tr><tr><td>MR. J. E. DALRYMPLE</td><td>Montreal</td></tr><tr><td>MR. WM. E. S. DYER</td><td>Philadelphia</td></tr><tr><td>MR. HAMLIN GARLAND</td><td>Boston</td></tr><tr><td>DR. GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL</td><td>New York</td></tr><tr><td>MR. CHARLES HALLOCK</td><td>Washington</td></tr><tr><td>HON. CHARLES N. HERREID</td><td>Aberdeen, S. D.</td></tr><tr><td>SIR LOUIS A. JETTÉ</td><td>Quebec</td></tr><tr><td>COL. C. J. JONES</td><td>Las Vegas, N. M.</td></tr><tr><td>HON. MR. JUSTICE F. R. LATCHFORD</td><td>Toronto</td></tr><tr><td>WILLIAM J. LONG, D. D.</td><td>Stamford, Conn.</td></tr><tr><td>HON. MR. JUSTICE J. W. LONGLEY</td><td>Halifax</td></tr><tr><td>MR. CHAS. G. D. ROBERTS</td><td>New York</td></tr><tr><td>MR. HENRY T. SAUNDERS</td><td>Philadelphia</td></tr><tr><td>MR. C. E. E. USSHER</td><td>Montreal</td></tr><tr><td>MR. HENRY W. VAN WAGENEN</td><td>Morristown, N. J.</td></tr><tr><td>MR. F. L. WANKLYN</td><td>Montreal</td></tr></table>

### Invocation of the Divine Benison
THE REV. DR. HAROLD PATTISON

"I set before you this day a blessing."

-Deuteronomy

## MENU

### Submarine Oysters on the Shrapnel Shell

Eskimoleden of Mallard Duck, Alberta

Olives Celery Salted Nuts—no names

### Smoked Lake Winnipeg Gold Eyes, Fort Gary
(Compliments Vice-President Bosworth, C. P. R.)

Hibernian Potatoes persille

(During this course, specimens of Lake Sunapee trout, furnished through the courtesy of Dr. Quackenbos, will be passed to each table for the inspection of guests.)

### Saddle of Ontario OOZLE piqué, Gen. Woodland

Nouilles aux Croutons

Winnebago Beans Forestiere

### Robinsorbet à la fine Powhatan

Martinettas roti au Jus

(Compliments Col. Brainard, U. S. A., brought from South America for the first time to North America)

### Hackett Jelly

Hello Armstrong Salade

Canadian Bombe Unexploded

Pettifores

### Café Blacque

(Compliments of Noble Harvard)

White Rock Waters

### List of Antiques

Curtis' Alligator Tails

Grover's Bear

Prince Henry's Rhino

Admiral Peary's Polar Mice

Buffalo Jones' Catalo and Persian Lamb

Corbin's Wild Boar

Worcester Sea Cucumbers

Allen's Mountain Cat

Lieut. Greely's | Taken from 1881 Cache
  Coffee | at Fort Conger, Arctic

| Circle, by Adm'l Peary

Capt. Kleinschmidt's Polar Bear
and Walrus

Earl Gray's Tiger

Galpin's Copex Smilo Fantasticos

Canadian Mountain Sheep

Whale Meat, Monkey, Boa Constrictor,
Etc., Etc., Etc.

Louis Roederer 1906 Brut

Louis Roederer Grand Vin Sec
à la Carte

## SPEAKERS

PROF. HENRY E. CRAMPTON

New York

Expedition Among the Islands of the South Pacific Ocean.

"Long travelled in the ways of men."

MR. CHRISTIAN LEDEN

Crondhjøen, Norway

Experiences with the Esquimaux in Greenland and North Canada.

"Where Nature is mute in the sight of God."

MR. POWHATAN ROBINSON

New York

Explorations and Hunting in Northwestern British Columbia.

"This pleasant through the loopholes of retreat, to peep at such a world."

MR. G. K. NOBLE

Yonkers, N. Y.

Harvard Peruvian Expedition in Northwestern Peru.

"We read the past by the light of the present."

MR. L. O. ARMSTRONG

Montreal

Wild Animal Life in New Brunswick, and Trout of the Nepigon River.

"And see the rivers, how they run through woods, and mead, and
shade and sun."