logical Engineer of the Expedition, who took charge of this
branch of our work during the latter part of the season.

A few hours' search in and about the city, even
before much of the brushwood had been cleared from the
ruins, made it appear very unlikely that human remains
of scientific value awaited excavation there. This con-
clusion, which ultimately proved correct, rendered it neces-
sary for us to extend the search, beyond the bounds of
the city, onto the almost impassable slopes of the moun-
tain. At this point the Director's useful experience of
the previous year, regarding the wonderful results to be
obtained from liberal offers of prize-money for dis-
coveries, suggested the means of overcoming all obstacles.
An *attractive* schedule of rewards was offered, varying ac-
cording to service rendered, to anyone who could find and
guide us to graves containing valuable material; and every
Indian, employed about our camp, was sent out prospecting.
At evening, crestfallen, cut and bruised, and, if possible,
more ragged than before, all straggled back, with the ex-
ception of three men, who had moved with their families,
a year or two previously, from somewhere down in the val-
ley, to make their homes in a clearing near the ruins.

tainside, these caves having usually been made especially
for that purpose, though a few of them were evidently of nat-
ural origin. Just as no two boulders were of exactly the same
size and shape, so the forms of the burial caves were found to
vary. This will be easily understood by reference to the dia-
grams and photographs that follow.

In only a few instances were the remains actually
inhumed, that is, entirely covered with earth. The large
majority of "burials" were made in caves, where the remains
would be well protected from moisture and sunlight; and when
skeletal material was obtained from such sheltered places,
there were usually indications that the greater part of each
mummy or body had been originally left above ground. I think
the mummies were placed sitting in the contracted position,
whenever there was sufficient headroom; and it is very likely
that shallow pits, not more than a few inches deep, may have
been excavated, in the floors of the caves, in which the mum-
mies could be set up, to keep them from toppling over. A
little earth may often have been banked around the crouch-
ing mummies for the same purpose; and when, after the lapse
of centuries, the mummy wrappings and desiccated human tis-
sues finally disintegrated, permitting the skeletons to fall
apart, the scattered bones would gradually become more or less
covered by slowly accumulating humus. Vegetation played

Cave 7.

This burial place was near the last described. A low wall or sill of rough stones gave practically no protection to the cave which was formed by two irregular boulders, as shown in text figures 9 and 10.

On the floor of the cave lay the skull and lower jaw of a young person, about fifteen years of age and of unknown sex. Although too young to have reached its full development, and too imperfect for accurate measurement, this skull appears to represent the brachycephalic coastal type.

In the ground beneath the skull was apparently the rest of a complete skeleton in the contracted position. Unfortunately these bones were so badly decayed that few of them could be saved, and I am unable to determine the sex. The body may have been partially inhumed, the head alone remaining above ground, or else, the earth of the loosely filled grave may have settled enough to expose the skull. No pottery or other articles, beside the human bones, were found in this cave.

Cave 8.

This was a small artificial cave beneath a boulder on the north slope of the Machu Picchu Mountain, about one-quarter

Cave 32.

Close to the trail leading to our camp from Cave 31 we found a nearly complete adult male skeleton (Ost. Coll. 3182) in the burial place represented diagrammatically in text figure 28. Although some of the bones were so badly decayed that no attempt was made to save them, the only important skeletal parts lacking were the mandible and left femur. As the threshold of the cave was low, the bones may have been disturbed a little by some marauding animal. Judging from the general appearance of the grave it seemed highly improbable that this was the work of a treasure-hunter, who, if he removed any of the bones, would be much more likely to take a good skull than the parts that were missing from this skeleton. One should not ignore the possibility of certain parts being broken off and lost, when old, dry and brittle mummies were taken out during ceremonies, or removed from one repository to another. The older the burial, the less likelihood of any of the mummy-wrappings being preserved; and as only a few frail shreds of the fabrics, used for this purpose, were found during the work of excavation at Machu Picchu, we cannot learn how the bodies were attired for burial. It seems almost a pity that a few of the many interments in the

ancient grave regions of the mountain side did not belong to
a period recent enough to admit of the preservation, down to
our own times, of grave-clothes and mummy-wrappings. The
value of the skeletal material, however, is enhanced by
these indications of antiquity.

Cave 33.

In the part of the lower grave region nearest to
the ruins an open cave, shown in text figure 29, was found
to contain a few parts of a large adult human skeleton.
The male sex is indicated although not proved. An odd cir-
cumstance, that should certainly be recorded, is that neither
the skull nor any of the vertebrae and ribs were present, the
few skeletal parts that remained being well-preserved and
lying on the floor of the cave as indicated in text figure
30. There were also a few small potsherds of little value,
and some broken llama's bones that represented the food
provided for the dead. No attempt has been made to indicate
these in the diagram.

The chief interest in this grave, just as in the
last preceding, lies in the incomplete character of the
human skeletal material. I am disposed to believe that the
mummy, or rather the greater part of it, had been taken from
this grave, leaving only those skeletal parts that would most

easily be detached through rough handling. What became of the
trunk and skull of this individual I could not learn while in
the field; and when the whole of the osteological collection
from Machu Picchu was later carefully examined in the labor-
atory, only one skull was found that the mandible from this
grave would fit -- and that skull clearly belongs to a
practically complete skeleton!

### Cave 34.

This was a small cave among the large angular rocks
on the slope a little below the ruins. Although it appeared
to have been already excavated, we obtained a slightly damaged
adult male skull (Ost. Coll. 3184) and various other poorly
preserved human bones. Some fragments of llama bones were
observed, but no pottery.

### Cave 35.

Nothing was collected from this burial place, as the
skeletal remains were almost entirely consumed by decay; in
fact the only recognizable parts were a fragment of the
cranial wall and the distal end of a humerus. It would
not be wise to attribute this decay solely to length of
inhumation, as the grave was ill protected from moisture,
and conditions were favorable to early destruction of the
bones.

of an apple. It must be understood that the Indians never ate the corn kneaded and made into bread, except at this feast [Raymi] and at another called Situa, and they did not eat this bread during the whole meal, but only two or three mouthfuls of it at the beginning. Their usual food, in place of bread, was maize toasted or boiled in the grain."

Very few of the flat stones for grinding maize were found in the city of Machu Picchu, and only one near a grave. Perhaps they were not in common use; but I do not think that the presence of such an implement at a grave necessarily indicates that the women who owned it filled any position of special honor or was occupied in the service of the temple.

Cave 37.

In the lower grave region, and hardly more than a hundred yards from the ruins, we obtained a splendid lot of material beneath the large rounded boulder shown in text figures 32 and 33. To photograph the entrance to a cave from a distance of 25 feet was an unusual experience. In most places the contour of the mountain side rendered this impossible. Fortunately, in this instance, nearly the whole of the exposed portion of the sheltering boulder

can be shown. In the nearer view of the cave may be seen a
pile of pottery, most of the vessels being badly broken.

The entrance to the inner cave was too small for
me to enter conveniently ~~and~~ with an unpleasant adventure
with a Fer-de-lance snake, a few minutes before, still
fresh in my memory, I consented to let two of my Indian
assistants excavate the pit for me. The first specimens
Richarte passed out in his hat were two scorpions. I had
not considered the possibility of encountering these!

Next came various parts of three human skeletons
(Ost. Coll. 3186, 3187, 3188) including the skulls and
pelves, all three adult females, the first two skulls
being of the oblong type while the last was of the
brachycephalic coastal type. I willingly accepted, and
placed on record, the Indians' statement that these bones
were somewhat scattered in the cave. Several very prettily
decorated pieces of pottery were taken from the pit with
the three women's skeletons; also the following metal
articles:

M. P. Coll. 754. Bronze ear-pendant?

M. P. Coll. 755. Broken bronze pin.

M. P. Coll. 756. Silver (?) pin.

M. P. Coll. 757. Broken bronze toilet tweezers.

Cave 38.

At the south end of the great boulder covering Cave 37, was a small shallow niche. Here we found a decayed and fragmentary adult female skeleton (Ost. Coll. 3189), a bronze knife (M. P. Coll. 758) and three pins (M. P. Coll. 759, 760, 761) of the form used for fastening the women's mantles. Photographs of the knife and pins are reproduced on Plate II. A peculiarity of this cave was that the height under the covering rock was so scant that it could not receive a mummy sitting in the contracted position.

Grave 39.

Elsewhere in this report a stone-lined grave in the Sacred Plaza is mentioned. Unfortunately our party was apparently not the first to search it for booty of one kind or another.

For this reason I was especially pleased when, on clearing away the vegetation beneath the boulder shown in text figure 35, we came upon the covering stones of a bottle-shaped grave that had been neatly lined with four courses of stonework. The general character of the work can be seen in text figure 36.

It is astonishing how skeletal parts will retain

made at different periods in the caves of the Machu Picchu
Mountain. Another vessel, restored from eighty-one sherds,
since the return of the Expedition is a very large dark
brown fire-blackened beaker-shaped olla (M. P. 064. 1077).

Graves 40, 41, 43 and 43.

Under a great overhanging flat boulder of the lower
cave region the remains of several individuals were found in
the locations to which for convenience of reference these
four numbers have been assigned. As will be seen in text
figure 38, these four locations should perhaps be regarded
as one grave. I am besides inclined to think that the
bones of some of the individual skeletons had been slightly
misplaced or mixed by previous visitors.

At location 40 the remains of two adult women
(Ost. Coll. 3191 and 3192) and one infant lay on the sloping
surface of a broad shelf of rock where the mummies had prob-
ably rested in the contracted position until decay of the
softer tissues and the wrappings caused the bones to fall
apart. The first of these individuals was a woman of the
mountain type about twenty-five years of age; the other
woman was older and her skull exhibited the pronounced
fronto-occipital flattening of the coast. In the fore-
ground of text figure 39 a femur and tibia of this in-

dividual may be seen still united by some of the dried tissues
of the knee-joint. A curious incident occurred with regard to
these bones. My Indians Alvarez and Richarte begged a few
shreds of the desiccated muscle-fiber which, as they seriously
informed me, they intended to add to the ordinary contents of
their ollas for "buen fortuna". They even advised me to do the
same. Although ~~tremendously~~ interested in this survival of an
ancient savage superstition, I need hardly add that I abstained
from acquiring the courage and virtues of the aborigines in the
time-honored manner.

The infant, mentioned above, was probably less than
a year old. Very little was left of its skeleton. A plant-
spine pin and a few potsherds were the only artifacts col-
lected at this location.

At location 41 the greater part of two adult skeletons (Ost. Coll. 3194 and 3195) were found together with the facial portion of a young person about fifteen years of age. The skull of the first individual, would easily pass for female had not the pelvis been found. It is a small male skull of the undeformed highland type. The other adult individual appears to have been a woman of the coast.

In the narrow recess marked 43 on the diagram, lay
the fragmentary remains of five individuals. Four of the
skulls (Ost. Coll. 3196, 3197, 3198 and 3199) were fairly

well preserved. The first of these skulls, probably male, is shown on Plate XXII. The other skulls are female, two of them being of the undeformed coastal type, while the third (Ost. Coll. 3199) is such a good example of Aymara deformation that several views of it are shown on Plate XXIII. The fifth skeleton may represent a much older burial. Very little of it was preserved.

At location 43, on the highest shelf of the cave, we found an adult female skeleton (Ost. Coll. 3200). The highly brachycephalic cranial index of this skull is partly due to a slight accidental lateral-occipital flattening, such as frequently resulted from the use of the cradle-board, even when no pressure was intentionally exerted on the forehead. With this skeleton the sherds of an olla (M. P. Coll. 1067) were collected.

Graves 44, 45 and 46.

These locations, about 800 feet north of the ruins, were beneath the very attractive rock-shelter shown in text figure 41. The under surface of the boulder is flat, and about 15 feet long and 10 feet wide. The relative position of the locations is further explained by text figure 43. To my great surprise the cave, designated as grave 44, contained not a single bone or potsherd. At location 45 we

were more successful. Excavating at this point a poorly
preserved skeleton was found, probably female, though the
sex is doubtful. Interment had been made in the contracted
position. The only artifact taken from the grave was a very
broad-edge pair of toilet tweezers (M. P. Coll. 763 ?).

Grave 46 also yielded a badly decayed female skeleton.
The arrangement of these bones in the grave suggested the pos-
sibility that this was not an original burial. No artifacts
were seen in this grave. The purpose for which the low stone
walls were constructed is not clear.

Cave 47.

One of the most remarkable burial places that we
discovered in our search for graves at Machu Picchu was the
unique three-story cave shown in text figures 43 and 44.
This was near Cave 46.

In the first and highest of the three communicating
chambers, at the location marked A in the diagrams, we found
the skeletal remains of a woman (Ost. Coll. 3201) and a child
(Ost. Coll. 3202). The woman of about thirty-five years of
age and was of the highland type. As the child was only six
years of age, the dolichocephal form of its skull has little
racial significance.

In the second chamber (B) lay the bones of a young

preserved. The skull, which is quite free from deformation, appears, however, to be that of a small man of the coastal type.

The other skeleton is that of a young woman hardly more than twenty years of age, the basial suture being not entirely closed. The form of the skull is oblong. No pottery was found in this cave.

Llama meet seems to have been provided for the needs of the two persons buried in this grave; but the provision was not over generous, judging from the indications afforded by the distal end of a humerus and one phalanx, which were all the llama bones that were found. The human bones were scattered about the cave; but it was noticed that the proximal ends of the femora and the distal ends of the tibiae and fibulae were most decayed, showing that the mummies had originally been placed sitting in the contracted position. With regard to the human skeleton, No. 3304, as in other cases coming to our attention, the absence of the mandible may be the result of temporary removal of the mummy from the cave for ceremonial purposes.

The pottery vessels were found in this cave, a beaker-shaped olla (M. P. Coll. 961) and a diota-shaped pot (M. P. Coll. 936).

Cave 49.

This cave was in the upper grave region not far
from the rock-sheltered terrace. It contained the skeleton
of a woman about twenty-five years of age (Ost. Coll. 3206).
The undeformed skull is of the coastal type. From the manner
in which the long bones are affected by decay, it is evident
that burial was in the contracted position.

Cave 50.

This cave was located beneath a large boulder not
far from the huts occupied by my Indian assistants, who
posed at the entrance while the photograph reproduced in
text figure 45 was taken.

The greater portion of three fragmentary human
skeletons lay scattered upon the floor of the cave which
was formed partly by the overhanging boulder and partly by
rough stones of varying sizes that had been rolled in so
as to cut off the view from the sides of the cave.

The first skeleton (Ost. Coll. 3206) was that of
an adult woman of the highland type. Practically all of
the basal portion of the skull was missing, the line of
fracture from the lower parts of the temporal squamae
through the lambda being almost as straight and even as

if the skull had been artificially sectioned.

The second skeleton (Ost. Coll. 3308) was that of a child about twelve years of age. Fragments of the pelvis indicated the female sex.

The third individual (Ost. Coll. 3309) was an adult woman, the pelvis showing unmistakable female characters. The left tibia presents a small localized node on the anterior aspect.

The fractured surfaces of the broken bones of these three skeletons appear as weatherbeaten as the natural surfaces, a circumstance indicating that the injuries of the skeletons are very old -- some of them perhaps the effect of fatal accidents. It is generally impossible, from the examination of the dry bones, to distinguish post-humous injuries from those that were immediately, or soon, followed by death.

No bones of lower animals, representing provisions for the dead, were found here, nor any bronze articles or pieces of pottery, with the exception of one small sherd. Whether to attribute this dearth of grave garniture to indifference on the part of surviving friends, to poverty, to removal of the remains from another place of burial, or to the grave having been previously plundered by treasure-hunters, I do not know. The cave was only about 100 yards

from the hut of Alvarez, one of my Indian assistants; but
until recently it had been hidden from view by a thick
jungle-growth that our party burned; and I am confident
that none of the Indians, living at Machu Picchu in 1913,
knew of the cave until the day of excavation. Alvarez,
moreover, had a strong superstitious dread of incurring
trouble through his sacrilegious labors as my fellow
grave-robber. This trait appeared in various ways, and
was so marked that, on one occasion, when a latent malady
manifested itself in a severe and painful relapse, prob-
ably brought on by a rash excess, _in vino et Venere_, he
insisted that the disease was visited upon him in retalia-
tion by the malevolent spirits whose sepulchres he had
desecrated. Ultimately the lavish rewards, offered for
attractive "finds", brought him back, with lagging foot-
steps, to the unholy but profitable quest.

Cave 51.

This was a natural cave of several chambers formed
by a group of large irregular rocks. It was of ample size for
sheltering many mummies, as may be seen from the accompanying
view and was accessible from the city without the hardship of
a long or difficult climb on the mountainside. It was ac-
cordingly a matter of no little surprise to find that it con-
tained the remains of only one individual -- a child of about
7 years of age (Ost. Coll. 3210). No pottery was found and
no bronzes. In fact the only article that we obtained here,
other than the human bones, was the mandible of a young llama.
Here again in providing for the supposed food-requirements of
the deceased, it seems at first, as if the local conventions
were satisfied by the donation of about as unattractive and
little nourishing a portion of an animal as could have been
selected; but it by no means follows that no other food than
that represented by a llama's jaw was provided. The diffi-
culties of quartering a carcass, and especially of cutting
apart or breaking the bones, before the removal of the flesh,
would be almost deterrent to any one working only with primi-
tive bronze and stone tools. Pieces of llama's flesh, carved
from the bones, would be much easier to provide than severed
and broken bones with flesh adhering; and it is reasonable to
suppose that boneless rations of this sort may often have
been provided, in addition to fruits, maize, potatoes and

Text figure

other vegetables. It is known that medium-sized dogs of the
sheep-dog or wolf-like type, were kept by the ancient Peruvians.
Such dogs are inveterate prowlers, always hard to restrain from
foraging for themselves, even in civilized communities where
fences and doors are familiar objects; and unless a burial
cave or grave was closed or protected, what was to prevent the
domestic dogs, or wild carnivores, from entering and carrying
off any flesh that had been left there? In fact it is difficult
to understand how such animals could have been prevented from
molesting human remains, newly placed in open caves. I think
the explanation lies in the probability that the bodies were
not, at first, thus exposed. If originally placed in caves
they may have been protected from marauding animals by barri-
cading or stoning up the entrances, in the manner observed in
several of the Machu Picchu graves, until the natural process
of dessication or mummifying, was completed. Or the bodies,
in suitable mummy-packs, may have been kept for a time in
certain buildings, many of the niches or false windows of the
walls being of ample size for this purpose.

In the dry altitude of Machu Picchu, it would not
seem necessary to make use of any embalming substance in order
to render the near presence of the dead bodies endurable,
especially if the viscera were removed, for the rapid dessica-
tion of the tissues would prevent any overpowering odor. In
support of this view I would refer to the custom, in this part

3.

of the mountains, of preparing *charqui* or cured meat, by
merely exposing flesh, lightly sprinkled with salt, to the
air, on pergola- like structures, raised above the height
to which a dog can leap. The process of curing is so little
mephitic that, on a cool night, the belated traveller can
sleep beneath the partial shelter of one of these structures,
unhaunted by visions of

" un horrible mélange
D'os et de chairs mutris, et trainés dans la fange,
Des lambeaux pleins de sang, et des membres affreux
Que des chiens dévorants se disputoient entre eux."
And if on the morrow, he breaks his fast upon broth made
from pieces of the strong flavored leathery product, gen-
erously seasoned with native herbs, he will experience no
unpleasant after-effects.

The skull and lower jaw (Ost. Coll. 3210), of a
child of about 7 years of age, from this grave, is chiefly
interesting pathologically, the destructive process of some
inflammatory disease having resulted in two perforations
of the frontal bone. Views of this skull are shown on
Plate XXIII, figures 1 and 2. One lesion is situated low
on the frontal, a little to the left of the mid-line, and
the other on the right near the coronal suture. In both
these lesions the destruction of the inner table has ad-
vanced widely beyond the limits of the perforations, in

fact the two lesions are thus connected endocranially; and
there is to be noted also a similar destruction of the inner
tables of the parietal bones along the anterior part of the
sagittal suture.

Of the rest of the skeleton a few fragments of
decayed long-bones, cervical vertebrae and podials, were all
that could be saved. None of these fragments or the lower
jaw exhibited any signs of disease.

Cave 52.

The cave or place of burial designated by this
number was at the foot of an overhanging crag or boulder,
the projecting portion of which was about 30 feet long and
20 feet high. Low side walls, constructed of large irregular
rocks, were continued around to and along the front, so as
nearly to enclose an area that was roughly floored off with
pieces of rock of various sizes up to about 75 pounds in
weight. On entering the cave no bones, either human or of
lower animals, were visible. A few potsherds of little
value, and a six faced hammer-stone (M. P. Coll. 1887) were
the only articles exposed on the floor of the cave. The
individual graves were beneath the floor, and approximately
at the locations denoted in the accompanying diagram by the
letters A, B, C, D and E. As was usually the case, where
the remains had been actually interred, or buried in the
ground, most of the skeletons were sadly decayed, the

vertebrae and pelvic bones especially being in such poor
state of preservation that but little of them could be saved.
The long-bones of the lower limbs were nearly upright in the
ground, the proximal ends of the femora and the distal ends
of the tibiae and fibulae being, in most instances, disin-
tegrated, while the ends of these same bones, articulating
to form the knee joints, were much better preserved, because
they rested nearer to the surface and in dryer ground. This
seems to have been almost invariably the case where human
remains were buried with knees raised in the "contracted
position". The depth of these graves was such that the skulls,
which were in place with reference to the rest of the skeletons,
were found from 15 to 18 inches below the floor of the cave.

The human skeleton material obtained from this cave
is as follows:

Skull and jaw (Ost. Coll. 3211) female (?) with long-
bones (most of them fragmentary) including the femora, tibiae
and humeri. The skull is not entirely female in its character-
istics being a trifle coarse in type; but the femora that ac-
company it are well within the range of female variation and
could hardly be regarded as male. The same is true of the
humeri.

A few fragments of the pelvis, not serving to deter-
mine the sex, yet very light and suggesting female sex.

Skull (Ost. Coll. 3212) male, showing Aymara deforma-
tion. The skull is however defective; the entire facial portion

with part of the frontal is gone, the fractured edges of the
bone indicating a very old injury, though it is not clear
whether it was posthumous or not.

The long-bones of this skeleton were badly decayed
and were taken out in fragments. The interment was in the
contracted position.

Fragment of a female skull (Ost. Coll. 3213) with
jaw. Shows slight Aymara deformation, and has an incomplete
Inca bone. The rest of the skeleton was almost entirely con-
sumed by decay. A chicha jug, with a grotesque fat man model-
ed in relief on the neck (Plate XIII, figure 4), was found
buried close to the skull. Alvarez, one of my Indians, while
excavating at random, lightly drove the point of a small
combination pick and mattock through the loop of the jug
handle, and so drew the piece forth uninjured. Then the
rascal insisted on going through the whole performance again,
just to show me how skilful and careful he was. He may thank
the Great and small Gods of the Mountains that his *encore* was
successful!

Fragmentary female skull with jaw and poorly pre-
served long-bones. The *form* skull shows considerable posthumous
deformation, due to pressure of rocks covering the grave.

Fragment (posterior part only) of a large and heavy
male skull, with fragmentary skeleton. The very decayed con-
dition of these remains suggests a burial considerably older

than the burial designated as (Ost. Coll. 3211). The skull
was without doubt a large male of the coastal type; and the
long-bones were of suitable proportions. Close to this
skull, and presumably placed with it, was a bronze tool
(Plate II, figure 12) that might have served as a prize-bar
or possible as a stone-worker's "point". The worn condition
of the pointed end of the tool and the battered state of
the striking end suggesting such a use.

Llamas' bones in profusion were found beneath the
floor of the cave, around and above the interments, the
skeletal material of these useful beasts being almost as
plentiful as the human remains. Nearly every skeletal part
of the animals was represented; and it should be noted that,
with the exception of the podials and the patellae, not an
entire llama bone was to be seen. All the long-bones were
broken, as if to extract the marrow, and a few of the frag-
ments were more or less calcined. Most of the material
however, showed no evidence of having been in the fire. The
only lower animal beside the Llama, represented in this cave,
was a Paca, presumably the new species of *Agouti*, described
on page 3 and of this animal only a maxilla was seen. Some
charcoal also was found, mostly in firm pieces not less than
half the size of a hen's egg, and in this respect differing
from the finely broken and evenly distributed charcoal

characteristic of many kitchen middens. I mention this be-
cause the question may naturally arise whether the extremely
fragmentary condition of the llamas' bones does not indicate
that the human interments were made through and beneath the
miscellaneous accumulations on the floor of an ancient rock
shelter. Some of the grottos of the Machu Picchu mountain-
side are undoubtedly natural caves, more or less improved
and enlarged by the Indians; and in the floors of such caves
or shelters, in other parts of the American continent, the
bones of food-animals are often to be found, the long-bones
split open for the marrow, and usually showing little or no
traces of fire. In the present instance, however, although
some relics of the early inhabitation of the cave may have
become mingled with later ceremonial deposits, it would be
very difficult to prove that any of the articles obtained
with the human remains are other than conventional garniture
of the graves.

The long-bones of the llamas may have been split in
order that the marrow could be eaten by the friends of the
deceased. It is known to have been the practice, in some
places, for the persons who had charge of mummies to consume
the offerings of food, made to the dead during the annual
festivals.

Mention has already been made of the occurrence in
Graves 4 and 9 of pointed weaver's tools made from llama's

bones. Another implement of the same kind was obtained from
this burial cave (Plate IV, figure 10). The Indians' customs
are slow to change; and this is an ideal weaver's tool. Even
near Cuzco, the native women today use points or bodkins of
the same style and material. When, during my stay at the
latter city, I expressed my wish to secure one of recent make
for the collection of the Expedition, the Director's orderly,
Morales, who was indebted to me for a few cigarettes and some
small change, forthwith acquired one, by slight of hand, from
his mother-in-law. The new piece (Plate IV, figure 12) differs
in no important way from the antique bodkins that I collected
later, except that it possesses a higher lustre and is redolent
of Guinea-Pig stew and other mysteries appropriate to the
Cusquenian menge, of which sciere nefas. Evidently tools of
this kind have no chronological value.

The complete list of articles found in this cave is
as follows:

M. P. Coll. 499 Nodule of copper.

M. P. Coll. 766 Bronze bar.

M. P. Coll. 767 Pin, probably silver.

M. P. Coll. 815 Plate.

M. P. Coll. 827 Plate olla.

M. P. Coll. 828 Plate.

M. P. Coll. 902 Pélike shaped jug.

M. P. Coll. 903 " " "

M. P. Coll. 943 Pitcher, or chicha jug with fat man design on neck.

M. P. Coll. 968 Broken Saucer.

Ost. Coll. 3385 Llama bone bodkin.

M. P. Coll. 1887 Hammer-stone.

M. P. Coll. 1035 Broken patera.

Ladle

Most of these articles are shown on Plates II, IV and XIII.

Cave 53

109

This is the first of the series of burial places at Machu Picchu, excavated after my departure. The actual work of collecting was performed principally by the Indians Richarte and Alvarez, who had been with me almost daily, during the month that I had spent carrying on the search for osteological material. These men, having acquired considerable skill, both in hunting for graves and in excavating, under the incentive of small money prizes to be won, worked intermittently during the rest of the season, reporting at the close of the field-day, and delivering the booty to Mr. Erdis, the Archaeological Engineer of the Expedition. Mr. Erdis carefully labelled and listed the bones and other articles brought in, and recorded such information as the Indian collectors were able to give, regarding the location and contents of the graves. Although he was generally prevented, by his own special and very important duties, from personally supervising the excavation of these graves, the

work progressed admirably under his direction; the amount of valuable skeletal and mortuary material was approximately doubled, and his ~~painting~~ record of the Indians' daily reports has been extremely helpful to me while studying the collection. It is perhaps just as well, however not to place implicit confidence in the reports of the Indians, for although their fidelity and activity made a very favorable impression, yet I found them, like many better educated assistants, liable to be somewhat carried away by enthusiasm over attractive "finds", and prone to commit the unpardonable (?) sin of mingling specimens from separate locations. Enviable indeed is the career of the collector who can conscientiously cast the first stone in punishment for such offences. All things considered, the Expedition was fortunate in securing the services of two such reliable Indians as Richarte and Alvarez, and the fact that they were able neither to take notes nor to prepare diagrams of burial places calls for no apology.

Mr. Erdis' notes record that this cave, (cave 53) was about 500 yards southerly from camp, and at a slightly higher level. The following articles are listed; 3 human skulls, 1 animal skull (Llama), a pile of sherds, and a finger ring of silver or copper.

The material included also some insignificant parts of one, or possibly of two, human skeletons; and a few broken

limb bones, representing two llamas, one animal large, the other small. The bones of chief interest are as follows: Skull and mandible (Ost. Coll. 3214), adult male (?) The determination of the sex of this skull, without reference to other skeletal parts, is not wholly free from doubt, both male and female characters being exhibited by it, in a disconcerting way. The contour of the forehead, the delicacy of the orbital margins and the almost total lack of development of supraorbital ridges and glabella are female characters that are hardly more than offset by the size and weight of the skull and by the slightly masculine form of the zygomata, by the protuberance and curved lines of the occiput, and by the mastoid processes. There is, however, prima facie evidence that a male interment was made in this cave; some of the longbones, e.g. the humeri, exhibit proportions that I have not observed in female skeletons of this race; and the skull 3214 is the only skull from Cave 53 that can reasonably be assigned to a male skeleton. No pelvic bones were recovered from this cave. They were probably too poorly preserved to save, which is quite in harmony with the fact that the proximal ends of the femora and the distal ends of the tibiae have been entirely destroyed through decay. The other skulls are not nearly so well preserved as that just described, and, when delivered to me, were accompanied by no other skeletal parts.

Skull (Ost. Coll. 3215), adult female.

Skull adult female, imperfect and of small size.

Cave 54.

The location of this cave was about 500 yards south-
easterly from camp, and its yield comprised: Two human skulls
with mandibles, fragmentary vertebrae, ribs, and long-bones.
Some sherds, a small bronze pin, and a small bronze knife with
the handle end finished in the design of a llama's head.

Skull and mandible (Ost. Coll. 3216), a large adult male, with the brow ridges and glabella strongly developed, while the zygomata and the occipital squama, on which the external protuberance and curved lines are barely visible, have a strikingly female appearance. The skull is imperfect and is badly warped out of shape.

The fragmentary long-bones that accompany this skull
call for no special comment, except that burial in the con-
tracted position is indicated by the way in which they have
decayed.

Skull and mandible (Ost. Coll. 3217), adult male (?)
Sexual characters are not sufficiently pronounced to render the
determination certain. The skull is too imperfect to admit of
measurement of cranial capacity, but this may be estimated at
about 1350 c.c.n. by comparison with another skull, similar
in type, and having almost exactly the same diameters of the
vault.

Cave 55.

This cave was about 500 yards from the camp in a
southerly direction and above the level of the Rock-sheltered

Burial Terrace. Its contents were listed by Mr. Erdic as follows:- "Decayed fragments of a skull and jaw, leg-bones and other bones, and pieces of ollas." Nearly all the human bones in this lot appear to belong to the skeleton of a child twelve or thirteen years of age, the male sex being clearly shown by the pelvic bones. Another individual of about the same age, or a little older, is represented by a fragment of a left ilium. The specimen is so imperfect that I cannot determine its sex. These human bones, afford no indication of the burial positions, and call for no further comment. They were accompanied by a miscellaneous assortment of broken llama bones; and by two bones (Ost. Coll. 3386), a left metatarsus or cannon-bone and an imperfect left tibia, that should be referred to *Pudua*, a genus of diminutive deer, one of whose species has been found in Chile and another in Equador, though according to Trouessart's Catalogue of 1904, neither species has been reported from Peru. The length of the metatarsus, or cannon-bone, is only 96 mm., and yet the complete fusion of the distal epiphysis with the shaft shows that the bone is from the skeleton of a full-grown animal. The two recognized species of *Pudua* are of very small size, the height at the withers of *P. pudu*, the species found in the Chilean Andes, being about 13 1-2 inches, (1) while the corresponding height of

(1) Lydekker - Deer of All Lands, 1898, p. 308.

saving every specimen brought to him from the cave, has more
than compensated for the lack of information about the peach
stones. This burial cave is of special interest, for among
the numerous bones, both whole and fractured, that were found
in it, was a fragment from the shaft of a bovine tibia. The
specimen, though small and accompanied by no other skeletal
parts of the animal, admits of positive identification, and
is fraught with chronological significance; for domestic
cattle were unknown in the American continent before the
Conquest. The occurrence of this fragmentary beef-bone fur-
nishes almost indisputable evidence that the Machu Picchu
mountainside was visited in post-Columbian times for burial
purposes, even if it throws no light on the equally important
question whether or not the city was inhabited during the
same comparatively recent period. I must regard this speci-
men as part of the regular garniture of the grave; for by no
stretch of the imagination can I assume that a wandering Indian,
or a treasure-seeker would accidentally leave any part of a
bovine tibia in or near a burial cave in a region so remote and
even though the peaca stores may not have been
difficult to reach, At no period can beef have been a common
article of food on the Machu Picchu Mountain.

Another remarkable specimen is one of the rodent
bones mentioned by Mr. Erdé. It is a large lower incisor of
a Vizcacha, Lagostomus sp. (Ost. Coll. 3317), a rodent that
seems beyond its usual habitat at this altitude in the

Peruvian Andes. No other part of the animal's skeleton was recovered, and it is possible that the large and handsome rodent tooth was a trinket, or an article of Indian "medicine", brought from afar by its owner, or obtained in trade. Mr. Oldfield Thomas of the British Museum (Natural History) has kindly called my attention to his description of a new species, *Lagostomus crassus*, from a skull, found "buried in sand" at Santa Ana, Peru (The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 8, Vol. V, 1910, page 245). This species is larger and stouter than the typical Vizcacha of the Argentine Pampas, *L. maximus*; and the tooth found at Machu Picchu may represent the same species, as it is a trifle larger than the corresponding tooth of an example of *L. maximus* in the Peabody Museum of Yale University (Ost. Coll. 1400). Mr. Thomas' opinion regarding the antiquity of his specimen is interesting in the present connection also: "No Viscachas of this genus are known to live in Peru, and the animal is probably now extinct, but the skull is in no way fossilized, and indicates that these animals lived in Peru at a very recent date."

The human skeletal material taken from this grave is meager in every respect. It comprises a fragmentary adult cranium of doubtful sex, one loose tooth, five cervical vertebrae, including two axes, one dorsal and two lumbar vertebrae, pieces of a humerus and of an ulna of small size, a few phalanges, and a female left pubis. These bones are all badly decayed.

The skull (Ost. Coll. 3218) appears to be naturally of an oblong form, and it exhibits a very slight Aymara deformation. It is therefore to be regarded as pertaining to the mountain type. It has a capacity of about 1400 cm. which is almost too large for a female, and yet the development of the mastoid processes, of the glabella and the supra-orbital ridges, and of the muscular ridges of the occipital squama is far below the average for the male sex. There is not the slightest doubt regarding the female determination of the accompanying pelvic fragment; but the presence of the extra axis shows that two skeletons are represented, and it is therefore impossible to refer with certainty, any of the other bones, except a few cervical vertebrae, to the same individual as the skull.

There is no record of any bronze or stone implements having been found in this cave, with the exception of a stone tool (M. P. Coll. 8051) that Professor Bingham regards as a knife or polisher, but there are two pieces of llama bone that bear the marks of careful work. One of these is the head of a femur (Ost. Coll. 3388) broken or cut from the neck, and having the cleft surface ground until almost flat (Plate IV, figure 5). For what use this hemispherical bit of bone was intended may easily be conjectured, for with a hole drilled through, it would be similar both in shape and material to a spindle-whorl (Plate IV, figure 4) brought to light during

the excavations in the city. A section of the head of a
humerus of a llama (?) also found in the city appears to
have been used for the same purpose (M. P. coll. 52). The
other worked piece is a cannon-bone of the hind-leg (Ost.
Coll. 3387), scored transversely on the anterior and posterior
faces of the shaft just above its distal bifurcation (Plate
IV, figure 8). The scoring may have been done with the sharp
chipped edge of a stone tool. There need be very little
doubt as to the purpose of the workman in this case. The
specimen is presumably one of the familiar llama-bone bodkins
in the first stage of manufacture. A few hours work would
have finished these two pieces, had the maker's life been
spared. The rite of burial must have been very exacting in
its requirements, if it was thought necessary to include
even *unfinished* bone tools among the articles buried in the
grave. It is a question whether we should attribute such
zealous care on the part of the survivors, to their own
superstitious fears or to their desire to amply provide for
the needs of the dead. The occurrence of pieces of unfinished
work in a tomb is mentioned by John H. Blake (Notes on a
Collection from the Ancient Cemetery at the Bay of Chacoto,
Peru. Reports of the Peabody Museum, II, 1878, p. 288).

Cave 57.

This location was 600 yards south of our camp and
above the level of the Rock-sheltered Burial Terrace." Mr.

Erdis' notes show that the Indians brought in fragments of a human skull, some loose teeth, various other bones, some potsherds, a copper pin, and two copper articles that have since been identified as earrings or ear-pendants. One of them is preserved, (M. P. Coll. 533). Among the other articles found here are a piece of a stone knife (M. P. Coll. 1667) and a hammer-stone, (M. P. Coll. 2030).

The osteological specimens are of very little interest. About all that can be said of them is that, in addition to an assortment of llamas' bones, there is just enough human material to show that two adult persons, male and female, were buried at one time, or another, in the cave.

### Cave 58.

From this cave, which was 600 yards south of the camp and above the level of the Rock-sheltered Burial Terrace, parts of human skeleton were obtained, representing, apparently, a medium sized woman of twenty-five years of age. The skull is too fragmentary to permit of its being identified with either the coast or the mountain type.

A bronze earring or pendant was found, similar to those obtained in Cave 57, and also a thin earthenware disk 7 cm. in diameter (M. P. Coll. 1791).

### Cave 59.

This grave was half way down the mountainside, northeast of the city. From it came, according to Mr. Erdis'

Machu Picchu collection must be awaited.

Cave 63.

This cave also was in what may be termed the lower grave region, its location being recorded as half way down the mountainside, northeast of the city. Fragmentary human bones show that two individuals were buried here. Other articles recorded by Mr. Erdis are:

A large bronze pin (M. P. Coll. 557) of the style used by women; a scrap of decayed brown cloth (M. P. Coll. 562); a small ornamental bronze bell, 1 cm. in height, (M. P. Coll. 561); ten pieces of quartz crystal; a broken geode; some seeds, and two bits of paint. This paint has the characteristic yellow-brown color of Limonite, and is supposed to have been part of the "make-up" outfit of the woman whose bones were excavated here. The pigment however, was perhaps not applied to the face, but to the legs, after the manner of the Galibi women of Guiana. Describing a female mummy from the Bay of Chacota, (one of those collected by John H. Blake) Nadaillac* states: "The legs, from the ankle to the knee were painted red, a fashion probably dear to Peruvian coquetry, for care had been taken to place near the dead, little bladders of resinous gum and red powder for her toilet in the new life that had begun for her."

The skull of one individual (Ost. Coll. 3320) is a large undeformed adult male skull, having a calculated

* Prehistoric America, p. 433.

capacity of 1535 cm. Although it is a badly fractured and beyond the possibility of accurate restoration, it may be regarded as an example of the mountain type. While it is the largest skull in the Machu Picchu Collection, it is light, and is far from being the rugose skull of a very muscular man. The inferior border of the left zygoma is as smooth and delicate as that of a 15 year old girl -- a condition not commonly observed in a man of 25 years of age. The condyles and coronoid processes of the mandible are correspondingly weak. The development of the clavicles and the large size of the heads of the humeri are much more in keeping with the sex of the individual. There are no pelvic bones.

Of the second individual buried in this cave, little was preserved except some poor fragments of an adult female skull, and some other skeletal parts, in a poor state of preservation, but all of female size and proportions.

Cave 63.

This cave was half way down the mountainside, north-east from the city, and near the foot of Huayna Picchu. Besides a male human skeleton,* which is the most complete and the best preserved of all that were obtained at Machu Picchu, Mr. Erdis' list includes a number of valuable articles.

These are as follows:

* Dr. Ales Hrdlicka of the U. S. National Museum has kindly examined the pelvis.

knowledge of the life and labor of the inhabitants, both male and female, of the Inca cities is restricted largely to their ceremonial or ritual customs, and that it is accordingly difficult to speak with certainty of their minor daily occupations.
About the significance of the bronze pin (M. P. Coll. 558) relative to the sex of its rightful owner, small room exists for doubt. The pin is 23.4 cm. long, and the width of its semi-circular, or half-moon shaped, head is 5.95 cm. It stands as a good example of a type of pin used, in a modified form, at the present time, by Indian women only, and regarded by various writers on Peruvian Archaeology as an article of exclusively female adornment.

The association of such a pin with the bones of a male individual may well be the cause of surprise. It occurred at Machu Picchu in this instance only; and I am inclined to regard it as due to some error or oversight either on the part of the collectors, or else on the part of the Indians who made the interment. Since I did not excavate the grave, and have for my guidance, merely the statement of the Indian collectors, it would seem futile to discuss, at great length, the various ways in which an article of female adornment might have become associated with a male skeleton. It is well, however, to bear in mind, when considering the Machu Picchu graves and their contents, that some confusion would be likely to occur, among the small articles belonging to

different individuals, when skeletons or mummies were removed
from their original places of burial to other graves, and when
interments were made in very old burial caves whose original
occupants had either crumbled to dust or been removed to make
room for the new comers.

The human skeleton (Ost. Coll. 3231), found in this
grave is that of a man of the mountain type, about forty years
of age. His height, calculated from the leg-bones, was about
1.61 m., which may be regarded as a moderate stature, the mean
height of Quechua and Aymara males given in Chervin's Anthro-
pologie Bolivienne being 1.603 m. A few of the bones still
have shreds of dried softer tissue attached to them, and re-
semble closely, in this respect, some of the bones found in
grave 40; but the mere fact that vestiges of dessicated muscles
and ligaments are to be seen, is not, I think, sufficient
ground for supposing that an interment was made at a very recent
period.

Measurements of the skull (Plate XXIV) and the pelvis
(Plate XXX) from this grave appear elsewhere in this report.
It may be noted that while these important parts furnish satis-
factory evidence of their male sex, they are very far from dis-
playing those evidences of robust development that are commonly
regarded as characteristic of hardy primitive warriors. As
regards strength of bone and muscle, this individual was re-
markably inferior to some male Indians whose fragmentary remains

I had previously collected in a burial cave in the hills over-
looking San Sebastian, in the Cuzco valley. Therefore Mr.
Erdis' undoubtedly correct note, on the long-bones of this
skeleton, to the effect that these were the largest he had
yet seen during the season's field work, speaks but poorly
for the physique of the men whose remains were interred at
Machu Picchu.

A few bones of small mammals were collected from
this grave. They represent _Abrocoma_ sp. and one of the very
small members of the _Didelphydae_. Of the latter, the maxillae
and one mandibular ramus are the only parts preserved; and
while the characters of the genus _Marmosa_ are indicated, the
material is hardly sufficient for identification. From their
color, these bones evidently were found buried beneath the
earth floor of the grave, and must therefore be regarded as
provisions for the dead. As the Indians of Machu Picchu would
be likely to provide for this purpose, only such articles of
food as would be acceptable to the living, it is presumed that
the stewed or roasted flesh of the diminutive Opossums of the
Andes, animals hardly larger than rats, was accorded its place
among the food delicacies of the region.

Caves 64, 65, 66.

Caves 64, 65, and 66 were close together, about one-
third the way down the mountainside, northeast of the city.
They were excavated on the same day by the Indians; and there

seems to be some confusion in the material credited to the
three locations. Because of the fragmentary condition of
the bones, I cannot separate the individuals with certainty.

Cave 64 apparently contained the decayed fragments
of one adult human skeleton, of small size and probably female.
There were also a few recognizable pieces of Llama bone, and
the middle third of the shaft of a small tibia neatly cut off
just above the nutritive foramen (Plate IV, figure 13). This
bone is probably from a small ungulate, either a llama or a
deer. It may represent a whistle in the making. Mr. Erdis
has recorded that some handsome potsherds were found at the
grave.

Cave 65 yielded the fragmentary remains of two in-
dividuals, one a child of about seven years of age (Ost. Coll.
3222) the other an infant of about twelve months. A plant
spine "needle" with a ring of silver wire passed through the
eye may have been the only piece of jewelry the older child
possessed -- a pin to fasten the shawl across the breast. The
wire ring would, of course, preclude its use as a needle.

Cave 66. From this grave Mr. Ellis recorded two
human skulls, three jaws, miscellaneous other bones, some
potsherds, a small bronze pin with head in the form of a
humming bird, or other long-billed bird (M. P. Coll. 571),
a piece of quartz crystal, broken bronze tweezers, and a
small shred of brown cloth.

The first human skull (Ost. Coll. 3233) is that of a young woman, nearly adult, whose affiliation with the brachycephalic people of the coast is, I think, evidenced by a moderate degree of occipital flattening.

The second skull (Ost. Coll. 3234) is adult female, and also of the coast type, as denoted by the cranial index 85.5. It is the smallest adult skull in the collection, having a capacity of only 923 ccm.

A few fragments of a third skull, go with the third mandible. It seems to have been a medium sized skull with small mastoids and slight zygomata; but I should not wish to hazard a guess regarding its sex.

The long-bones from the three caves, Numbers 64, 65 and 66, are all within the female range of size and proportion; but among a number of imperfect pelvic bones there are two iliac fragments with somewhat narrow greater iliac notches. My doubt regarding the sex of the skull 66C is largely based on the male aspect of these two specimens.

Cave 67.

This location was "half-way down the mountainside northeast of the city." One adult skeleton in poor state of preservation, was found, together with some potsherd s and a large bronze pin (M. P. Coll. 768) of the kind used by women. The fragmentary condition of the skull precludes accurate measurement, but it is female, and appears to be of the

undeformed mountain type. It is certainly not of the pro-
nounced coast type, and it shows no traces of occipital
flattening.

Cave 68.

This cave was very near to the last mentioned.
Besides an adult female skeleton (Ost. Coll. 3225) in fair
but not perfect state of preservation, it yielded a woman's
bronze pin (M. P. Coll. 770), having a length of 27.7 cm.,
two small problematic earthenware disks (M. P. Coll. 594,
595).

The skull is large, having a capacity of approxi-
mately 1380 ccm. It has been deformed in the coastal fashion
by the pressure of a flat surface on the occipital squama.
As this deformation was seldom or never practiced in the
highlands, it constitutes almost as good evidence of birth in
a coastal settlement as would a naturally brachycephalic form.
The woman's height as calculated from the long-bones by
Manouvrier's method, was approximately 1.49 m. Fragments
of the pelvis leave no doubt regarding the sex.

Cave 69.

This cave was south of the city, at a higher eleva-
tion, and on the side of the mountain toward Intihuatana, i.e.
the western slope. Skeletons of an adult woman and of a child
about a year and a half old were collected, also a fire-
blackened beaker shaped olla (M. P. Coll. 942) decorated with

a two-headed snake in relief, twenty-seven small stone beads (M. P. Coll. 596), and a handsomely decorated saucer, which does not appear in the M. P. Catalogue.

The woman's skull (Ost. Coll. 3226) is a good example of the undeformed oblong mountain type. Her age did not exceed thirty years. The pelvis was not collected; but the long-bones are in an excellent state of preservation. They are below the average female length, and indicate the low stature of about 1.37 m. While it is reasonable to suppose that the two skeletons are those of mother and child, there is no proof that such is the case.

### Cave 70.

From this cave, half-way down the mountainside, northeast of the city, a few very poor fragments of two skeletons were collected. Both were female, as shown by the pelvis, and while one was adult, the other was hardly more than eighteen years of age. The skulls are too fragmentary to afford any indications regarding their physical type.

### Cave 71.

The location given is two-thirds of the way up the Machu Picchu Mountain, south of the city. The partially decayed skeleton (Ost. Coll. 3227) of a young male Indian of the mountain type was collected with a few pieces of broken pottery. The skull (Plate XXV, figures 1, 2 and 3) displays a moderate Aymara-like deformation, and for an adult male, is light, and

noticeably weak in the development of the zygomata and orbital margins. The other skeletal parts however, are much more stoutly formed, and are fairly rugose, although the man's height, estimated from the length of the femora, was only about 1.57 m., which is a trifle below the mean arithmetic height of 1.602 m. for Quechua and Aymara males. From the fact the skull is bleached by exposure to light and air, while the rest of the skeleton is discoloured, it is probable that the grave was shallow and the remains not entirely covered. The "position" is not indicated.

A few pieces of llama bone show that some provision was made for the supposed requirements of the dead.

Cave 72.

From this burial cave, which was two-thirds of the way down the mountainside east of the city, fragmentary human remains were collected, representing three individuals.

One of these (Ost. Coll. 3228) was a child of about twelve years of age. As no pelvic bones were collected, or any significant small articles, the sex of so young a person cannot be determined. The skull (Plate XXV, figures 4, 5 and 6) is a very interesting specimen, for it exhibits in an extreme degree the fronto-occipital deformation practiced by Peruvians of the coast, in accordance with tribal custom and probably to some extent also with ideals of beauty similar to those entertained by the North American Flatheads. It is very

M. P. Coll. 599, 600, 601 Three earthenware disks between 4 and 5 cm. in diameter.

M. P. Coll. 602 Bronze tweezers.

" " " 597 A small stone pendant.

" " " 598 A small square "counter" of green stone.

Cave 74.

The recorded location is at the north end of Machu Picchu, toward Huayna Picchu. Besides the imperfect skeletons of an Indian woman (Ost. Coll. 3239) and her dog, (Ost. Coll. 2659) a number of articles were found, including:

M. P. Coll. 823, 824 A pair of handsomely decorated saucers.

M. P. Coll. 873 A small aryballus.

" " " 1037 Beaker-shaped Olla.

" " " 1039 Single handled pitcher, broken.

" " " 1057 Deep dish.

" " " 1790 Piece of clay or paint, light ocre color.

" " " 1902 Small stone counter.

" " " 2076, 2077 Small pottery disks.

" " " 2078, 2079 Pieces of wood.

Shreds of closely woven brown cotton cloth; charcoal and seeds.

The human skull from this cave is of the undeformed brachycephalic type characteristic of the Peruvians of the coast, its cranial index being 82.8, and its capacity 1055 ccm. From the indications of age afforded by the sutures, the woman was young, probably but little more than twenty-five years of age, yet the maxillary arch was practically edentulous at the time of death, and the alveoli, with two exceptions, are entirely obliterated. The zygomatic process also of the right maxilla presents a pathologic condition which may possibly have resulted from extensive infection of the alveolar parapet. The lower jaw has gone astray; but according to Mr. Erdis' ~~f~~ *notes*, a portion of it was collected. As he described it as similar to the jaw of an old person, it seems highly probable that loss of the teeth and absorption of the alveolar margin had given the mandible a senile appearance also. Similar conditions were observed in the skull found in Cave 43 (Ost. Coll. 3200). Richarte, the Indian who excavated this grave, stated that the skeleton was in a crouching position, with the hands raised to ears, and that the sticks of wood were at its feet.

The dog's skull and long-bones are very like those that were found in grave 26, and may be referred to the breed described by Dr. Nehring as *Canis Ingae pecuarius*, the Collie-like Inca Dog. Food offerings of llama's and opposum's flesh seem to have been made, the bones of the latter animal being

limited to a mandiblubar ramus and a maxilla. The crowns of
the molar teeth are nearly worn away, and I do not feel com-
petent to decide which of the species of small sized opossums
is represented. It was, however, twice the size of the diminu-
tive animal found in grave 63, and in this respect a more
acceptable article of food.

Referring again to the two pieces of wood from this
grave, these were about an inch in cross section and fifteen
inches long, split from a branch or small tree trunk about
three inches in diameter, as may be seen from the curvature
of the natural outer surface of the wood. I have examined
these pieces carefully in order to ascertain if there is any-
thing about their appearance showing whether they were cut and
split with a bronze or with a steel axe, hoping in this way to
throw light on the age of the interment. Small satisfaction is
to be had. I can only say that the tool was dull of edge, and
that seven or eight laborious blows seem to have been required
in order to cut through a thickness of wood that one stroke of
a modern hatchet would easily sever.

In regard to the wood-cutting ability and inclination
of the pre-Columbian Indians, they cannot in reason be supposed
to have enjoyed this kind of work any more than the modern
vagabond who is compelled to pay for food and shelter by doing
his measured cord of firewood with dull axe and saw. Dried
llama's dung was undoubtedly a convenient fuel of the native

Peruvians then as it is now; yet when it became necessary
to fell and trim small timber, they certainly were able to
accomplish a good deal with their bronze tools, for the
architecture of their stone houses bespeaks the use of long
and stout roof-frames.

The state of preservation of the two pieces of
wood, which are still firm and unaffected by decay, might
be cited in support of their recent character, with better
success than the mere fashion of the work; but the question
would remain filled with uncertainty. That which is true of
animal tissue, is also true of vegetable matter. Only those
persons who have sojourned in the <u>dry altitudes of the Andes</u>
can appreciate to what length of time organic materials may,
under favorable conditions, be there preserved from the
ravages of decay.

Cave 75.

The <u>recorded</u> location of this cave is one-half of
the way up Machu Picchu Mountain on the side towards
Intihuatana. Parts of the skeletons of two individuals were
collected here.

Leaving out of account those parts that cannot be
assigned with certainty to either person, it may be said that
one individual (Ost. Coll. 3230) is represented by a well
preserved skull (Plate XXVI) and some more or less imperfect
long-bones. The skull is adult and free from voluntary

deformation. It is probably male, though I cannot positively
determine its sex. With reference to its physical type, it
seems to pertain to the mountain population, rather than to
the people of the coast, for the mesocephalic index of 78.8
is largely due to the somewhat feminine prominence of the
parietal centers, without which peculiarity the cranial in-
dex would probably have fallen within Broca's sub-dolicho-
cephalic division. The free movement of this Indian's head
was seriously hampered by congenital fusion of the atlas
with the occipital bone.

The long-bones apparently exceed in their dimensions
the averages for Peruvian women, and this is one of the reasons
for regarding the skull as male. No part of the pelvis of this
individual was recovered from the grave.

Very little of the other skull (Ost. Coll. 3231) is
preserved except fragments of the facial portion. These are
accompanied by long-bones and pelvic fragments that can be
referred without hesitation to the male sex. The bones are
stout and rugose, and the man's muscular development must have
been excellent. His height, which seems to have been below
the mean stature of his race, was further reduced by a severe
fracture of the right tibia and fibula, that, when healed,
through the overlapping and fusion of the bones, resulted in
the shortening of the limb by at least a centimeter. One
small potsherd was the only artifact collected from this
grave.

Cave 78.

This cave was very near to the last mentioned. According to the record, three skulls, one of them in good condition and the others badly broken, were found here, together with various other bones, some oddly marked sherds, and a pair of bronze tweezers.

One individual not more than 16 years old, is represented by a well preserved skull (Ost. Coll. 3234) accompanied by other parts of the skeleton. The sex is uncertain; but from the characters of those portions of the pelvis that were saved, and from the large size of the skull, it appears probable that the child was male. This skeleton is of unusual interest because of the alterations produced in the form of the left tibia through syphilitic osteomyelitis. Photographic views of this tibia and also of the right tibia, which appears to be normal are shown in Plate XXXVI with the fibulae, and skiagrams of the tibiae in Plate XXXVII. The change in the curvature of the diseased bone is not effected, as in typical examples of rickets, by a uniform bending, associated with the formation of a buttress of new bone along the concavity of the curve. That the curvature of the posterior surface of the shaft has remained practically unchanged, is evident upon comparison with the right tibia. There is really no bending of the shaft, but the general anterior convexity has been increased by the formation of new bone along the median and

lateral surfaces of the upper two-thirds of the shaft, the
distal third of the bone being essentially normal and similar
to the corresponding portion of the right limb. Another
striking and significant difference between the right and
left tibiae is that the latter (the diseased bone) is 2 cm.
longer than the other, this discrepancy in their measurements
being supposedly due to the excessive formation of bone, at
the proximal end of the diaphysis, following the inflammation
of the intermediary cartilage and the tissues in its immediate
neighborhood. The left tibula was not involved, and its
length remained equal to that of the right fibula; consequent-
ly the left foot must have been everted outward by the tibial
overgrowth.

A wide fistula leading from the medullary cavity to
a point, on the medial surface of the bone, near the insertion
of the semitendinosus, indicates a condition of chronic suppura-
tion; while the uniform effect of the osteoplastic periostitis
is diversified in one place by a raised scale of bone, result-
ing from the partial separation of the periosteal membrane.

I am informed that Osteitis deformans is the only
disease, other than Syphilis, that produces changes even remote-
ly similar to those just described. But Osteitis deformans is
a disease of old age, practically limited to persons actually
or prematurely old; and I have been able to find no record of
its occurrence in subjects as young as the present subject,
whose age did not exceed 16 years.

The sex of the second individual is doubtful, the material being too limited to justify one in expressing an opinion.

The third skeleton is obviously that of a small adult woman of the coastal type.

From the manner in which the leg bones of the two last mentioned individuals are affected by decay, the bodies appear to have been buried in the contracted position. The bones of the youth, on the contrary, either because they were in a dryer part of the cave or because they were placed there more recently than the others, are not so affected by decay, as to afford any indication of the burial position.

Cave 79.

The record states that this cave was about 200 yards east of the foot of the Main Stairway, and that the material taken consisted of a baby's skeleton, which lay in the bottom of a large broken olla; also a few pieces of large bones, and some bits of charcoal.

There is very little to be said of the baby's skeleton, except that the child was very young, perhaps new born. Its occurrence inside the broken olla is, however, a matter de-serving attention; for it is the only instance of urn-burial

observed at Machu Picchu.* The urn (M. P. Coll. 895) is
shown on Plate XIV, figure 5.

Among the many references to this form of burial, in
Joyce's South American Archaeology, the following are of special
interest in this connection: (p. 148) "The custom of urn-burial
is very rare in Peru, and seems to have been practised only in
the case of twins who die young." (p. 228) "Urn-burial of any
sort is rare in the Andean region, and it is interesting to
recall that the Puruba of Equador were accustomed to sacrifice
the first-born and preserve the body in a vase of stone or
metal.

Reiss and Stübel (Necropolis of Ancon) describe
"some graves in which the bodies had been buried beneath large
earthenware vessels or portions of them;" and more recently
Dr. Hrdlicka has related (Anthropological Work in Peru in 1913)
the discovery in several localities in the Nasca Region, of
"burials in large, stout undecorated, earthenware urns, especial-
ly made for that purpose;" while in the valley of the Ica, "The
burials or at least some of them were made in large cylindrical
earthenware jars or urns, about two and a half feet high and
nearly the same in diameter."

* Since this was written, I have been informed that during the excavation of an ancient dwelling at Qquente, a ruin situated on the same side of the Urubamba River as Machu Picchu, and a few miles nearer to Ollantaytambo, the Expedition of 1914-15 found a baby's mummy in the base of a large olla, the vessel having been placed in a niche that was afterwards walled-up.

probably restored, namely, a flat dish of unique form (M. P. Coll. 1071) and a fire-blackened beaker-shaped olla (M. P. Coll. 1073). A little confusion has arisen regarding the source of some of the artifacts from this cave and the next (Cave 81), and accordingly the source of those articles only that are actually mentioned in Mr. Erdis' notes, as having come from one cave or from the other, can be entirely relied upon. Upon examination of the human material it appears that some poorly preserved parts of another skeleton, female and of small size, were taken from the cave.

That the first individual (Ost. Coll. 3235) was a woman of the coastal type is made clear by the female pelvis and by the pronounced brachycephalic form of the natural skull. Although apparently not over 35 years of age, decay and alveolar abscesses have caused serious losses in the superior dental arcade, and have left only the incisors and cuspids in the lower jaw, the alveoli of the cheek teeth being no longer visible.

Were it not for the unmistakable female characters of the pelvis, there might be some doubts regarding the sex of this individual, for not only is the skull large, having a measured capacity of 1310 ccm, but also the long-bones are considerably longer and stouter than those of average size among Peruvian women. Only two female skeletons, from Machu

Picchu (Ost. Coll. 3157 and 3175) have indicated statures
equal to that of this individual.

Cave 81.

This cave was one-third of the way down the moun-
tainside east of the city! Fragmentary remains, found here,
can be referred with certainty to a man, about twenty-five
years of age, whose skull (Ost. Coll. 3236) exhibits a
moderate Aymara deformation, and whose muscular development
was excellent as indicated by the stoutness and rugosity of
the long-bones. The man's physique was probably equal to,
or a little better than that of, the second individual
(Ost. Coll. 3231) described from Cave 75; yet this strong
man from Cave 81, although a trifle taller than the other
was hardly above the mean height for male Peruvians.

Among the artifacts that undoubtedly came from
this grave are the following:

M. P. Coll. 803 Saucer with bird's head handle.
M. P. Coll. 1865 Hammer stone 7.1 cm x 5 cm x 3.7 cm.
M. P. Coll. 2064 Small polishing stone.
M. P. Coll. 2065 Stone knife or scraper.
Large hammer stone 18 cm x 14 cm x 14 cm.
Large hammer stones 27.5 cm x 15 cm x
10. cm.

The last two pieces were not saved, because of their
weight, but Mr. Erdis describes them as being boulders with

rounded sides, and having their two ends badly battered. One
can only estimate very roughly the weight of the larger of
these two stone hammers. It can hardly have weighed less than
fifteen pounds, and must have been an implement that none but
a strong man would wish to use. There is every reason to sup-
pose that the Indian whose grave contained this outfit of
tools was a stone mason.

A few pieces of broken bone are souvenirs of the
llama's flesh placed in the cave.

Cave 82.

This cave was half way down the mountainside east
of the city. Remains of one individual were found there,
with a small fire-blackened olla (M. P. Coll. 851), a spindle
whorl (M. P. Coll. 622), a small stone knife or scraper (M. P.
Coll. 1883) and a small problematic stone object (M. P. Coll.
1884).

The skeleton is that of a rather small woman not
more than thirty years of age, whose metopic skull (Ost.
Coll. 3237) exhibits a slight Aymara deformation. Since
this cranial fashion seems rarely or never to have been
affected by the Peruvians of the coast, this woman may be
regarded as a native of the highlands.

Cave 83.

This cave was very near the city, in fact only 200
feet northwest of the main gateway, and on one of the western

Cave 84.

From this cave, 200 feet west of the main gateway
to the city, the remains of two individuals were collected,
each accompanied by a number of small personal articles that,
in Mr. Erdis' notes, are carefully referred to the individual
owners.

The first skeleton (Ost. Coll. 3238) is that of a
young man about twenty years of age. Although the skull
might almost be mistaken for that of a woman, if other
skeletal parts were lacking, its male sex is made certain
by the pelvis. No ponderous stone implements were found in
this delicate featured young man's grave; but instead some
shreds of rotten brown cloth, and an elaborately incised
and drilled gray talc necklace ornament (M. P. Coll. 624)
shown on Plate IV, figure 7, to which I shall refer again;
a number of bone beads and some pieces of what appears to
be a bead made of fused green glass. This last article
should be carefully considered with reference to the pos-
sibility of showing whether the interment is of pre- or
post-Columbian age.

The second individual (Ost. Coll. 3239), buried
in this cave, is proved by his skeleton to have been a
small man approaching middle age. The skull (Plate XXVII)
is very small, considering its sex, the measured cranial
capacity being only 1218 ccm, but its countours exhibit

characteristic male irregularity and roughness, and the glabella, zygomata, mastoids and occipital protuberances are strongly developed. The pelvis, which is in an excellent state of preservation, is also thoroughly male in its form. Although the long-bones are all fairly well preserved and free from decay, the difference in the discoloration of their proximal and distal ends, is so marked, as to indicate very plainly that this man's mummy was interred in the contracted position. The cave seems to have been well sheltered from the weather for the muscles of the posterior aspect of the left thigh, still adhere to the bone as a mass of desiccated and frayed fibres.

Pieces of cloth and cord (M. P. Coll. 623, 630, 631), made from brown llama wool, had been used in preparing this mummy for the grave; and besides a small black jug, (M. P. Coll. 944) in almost perfect condition, that doubtless once contained the native equivalent of the restorative conventionally carried in small black jugs, two small stone tokens or counters (M. P. Coll. 632, 633), two bone beads (uncatalogued), and two bronze neck ornaments (uncatalogued) were found with the remains. A few fragments of llama bones and a humerus of some large Falconiform (?) bird may represent the food provided for the tenants of this burial cave.

Cave 85.

The location of this cave was half way down to the river on the east side of Machu Picchu mountain. The human remains are of comparatively little value, for they consist of a few badly decayed fragments from the skull and skeleton of a small adult person -- presumably of the female sex. Provisions for the dead are represented by broken llama bones and a few parts of a small opossum's skeleton. The other material found in the grave furnishes a long list, and contains some valuable and interesting articles.

A pin or bodkin (M. P. Coll. 635), shown on Plate IV, figure 6, is the prettiest piece of worked or carved bone in the collection. Nearly 9 cm. in length, and carefully worked down to just proportions, it has an ornamental head neatly executed in the design of two perched birds in the act of "billing". What genus and species of the Columbidae the clever artist intended to represent is beyond my knowledge, though, if there is anything in a name, there would be a semblance of propriety in referring the birds to *Osculatia sp.* The only point that I wish to emphasize is that the circles inscribed on the perch, like eggs in a nest,* and those that represent the birds' eyes appear to

* The excessive number of eggs is attributed solely to artistic license.

57

offers a very plausible explanation of the broken condition
in which a considerable part of the skeletal material and
pottery was found. I have already alluded (page 3) to the
possibility of domestic dogs damaging the contents of open
caves, but I have been unable to furnish proof of it; a
clumsy bear would be even more likely to create havoc.

Cave 86.

This cave was on the east side of the mountain and
one-third of the way down to the river. According to Mr.
Erdis' notes, the contents of the cave comprised a few badly
rotted bones, that "appeared to be mostly llama," a lot of
potsherds and two green stone counters resembling poker
chips. This brief summary of the skeletal material is en-
tirely correct. With the exception of a fragment of a
human maxilla with a well-worn second molar, all the bones
are from the llama; and from this circumstance two possibil-
ities arise in regard to the cave: either that the Indian
collectors did not excavate deeply or widely enough to find
the rest of the human skeleton, or else that the remains of
the rightful tenant of the grave had almost entirely disap-
peared through natural process of decay or through removal.

In the Catalogue of the Machu Picchu Collection
the following articles are referred to this grave:

645 Small stone counter.

646 " " "

647 Small stone counter.

648 " " "

649 " " "

907 Parts of fire-blackened pot.

1055 Pot lid.

1066 Parts of Aryballus.

1913 Hammer stone 13 x 8.3 x 6.1

1914 Stone polisher 7.5 x 7.1 x 1.2

2023 Hammer stone 7.4 x 7.1 x cm.

2062 Rough stone object 6.4 x 4.4 x 2.4 cm.

Cave 87.

From this cave, half way up the mountain above Machu Picchu, came some fragmentary and decayed bones, including the skull (Ost. Coll. 3240) of a young person about 15 years of age. The shape of the undeformed immature skull favors the supposition that this individual was of mountain ancestry. A pelvic fragment with a wide greater sciatic notch, is a good indication of the female sex. Mr. Erdis records that a piece of silver ore (M. P. Coll. 2055) and a few sherds were found with the bones.

Cave 88.

This cave, half way up the Machu Picchu mountain, above the city, yielded a child's skull in pieces (Ost. Coll. 3241), a jaw with the teeth not yet erupted, various small bones, and an earthenware spindle whorl (Plate IV, figure 1).

Now a baby six or eight months old, which is the approximate age of these infantile remains, could have very little practical use for a large spindle whorl, except possibly to assist the process of teething. The difficulty in accounting for the occurrence of such an article in this grave is removed by the presence, among the bones, of some decayed and fragmentary remains of an eight year old child, for at this age most of the modern Quechua girls are adept spinners. Judging from the state of decay, the older child's burial considerably antedated that of the baby.

A few pieces of bone indicate that a little flesh from a guinea pig and some from a llama was placed in the grave.

### Cave 89.

From this cave one-third the way up the mountain above the city, not a single human bone or potsherd was obtained; but the Indian collectors won my lasting gratitude by excavating the nearly complete skeleton of a small rodent, referable to the same new species of *Abrocoma* as the skull found in a small olla in Cave 59. The material is described on page .

### Cave 90.

From this cave, one-third of the way up the mountain above the city, the Indian collectors brought in parts of three human skeletons, a weaver's pointed tool (M. P. Coll.

656) apparently made from a llama's tibia, and some sherds.
The human material represents three individuals, as follows:
a 7-months or 8-months foetus; a full-term child; a child of
about two years of age. The only piece of pottery that has
been restored from the sherds collected here is an aryballus
(M. P. Coll. 1018). As the minimum diameter of the neck is
only 9 cm this vessel could hardly have served as a funeral
urn, even for the youngest inmate of the cave.

Besides some remains of a llama and a guinea pig,
several vertebrae, a scapula and some fragmentary long-bones
of a very small deer (Ost. Coll. 3391) were found, the animal
being of the same size as the small deer whose bones were
found in caves 13 and 55. I have examined this Cervine
material with the utmost care, to make sure that it could
not, by any chance, be referable to the genus Ovis, which
would, of course, indicate that the interments were of post-
Columbian age. While it is sometimes extremely difficult to
distinguish the fragmentary skeletal parts of sheep and deer,
corroborative evidence is to be had, in this case, from the
fact that the articular ends of these nearly adult Cervine
bones are of approximately the same size as those of a new-
born lamb.

Cave 91.

This cave was very near the city, its location
being 100 yards northeast from the foot of the main stairway.

An imperfect skeleton (Ost. Coll. 3234) of a small
woman about 40 years of age was found. The skull is a good
example of the undeformed coast type, having a cranial index
of 87.8.

Besides a few potsherds, some llama's bones and
charcoal, the following articles were collected:

M. P. Coll. 650 Bronze pin or needle, length 7.5 cm.
M. P. Coll. 651 Llucma seed.
M. P. Coll. 652 Stone counter or token.
M. P. Coll. 653 " " " "
M. P. Coll. 654 Stone disk, diam. 5 cm.
M. P. Coll. 655 Stone counter or token.

Cave 92.

The location of this cave was about 150 yards north-
east from the city. Badly decayed fragments of one human
skeleton were collected. The skull is too imperfect for ac-
curate measurement; but it is undoubtedly that of a woman of
the coast. There is no trace of occipital flattening.

A good many broken llama bones were found, and also
some bones of rodents. Among the latter are a humerus and
part of a mandible of *Abrocoma* sp., the latter being a valuable
addition to the collection, as it is the only mandible, refer-
able to the new species described on page 62, that has re-
tained the lower incisors. A species of Dactylomys is repre-
sented by two pieces, a mandible and a maxillary portion, show-
ing the nearly complete dentition (Ost. Coll. 3322). The teeth

satisfy the definition of the dental characters of *Dactylomys*, given by Waterhouse (Nat. Hist. of Mammalia, p. 310) and compare very closely in size and enamel foldings, with Isidore Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire's figures of the dentition of *Dactylomys dactylinus* (Mag. de Zoologie, 1840, Pl. 28, figures 1, 2 and 3). As Dr. J. A. Allen's *D. peruanus* from Juliaca, Peru (a species whose dentition has not, I think, been figured) is supposed to be of very much smaller size than *D. dactylinus*, the fragmentary jaws from Machu Picchu are hardly separable from the latter species.

From the sherds collected in this cave the following pieces of pottery have been restored:

M. P. Coll. 836 Deep dish or olla.

M. P. Coll. 853 Large two handled plate, diam. 25 cm.

M. P. Coll. 891 Large round-bottomed olla, fire-blackened.

M. P. Coll. 1009 Wide mouthed jar.

M. P. Coll. 849 Olla.

Cave 93.

From this cave, about 200 yards northeast from the foot of the main stairway, a skull and various other decayed bones, including pelvic fragments, were collected. This individual (Ost. Coll. 3243) was a small woman, not more than thirty years of age, whose undeformed skull is easily assigned to the coast type, in view of its pronounced brachycephalic cranial index of 93.9.

Cave 94.

This cave was located on the west side of Huayna Picchu. It contained one female skeleton (Ost. Coll. 3244) in poor state of preservation. A pelvic fragment that was saved exhibits a very wide greater sciatic notch -- much wider than any male pelvis in the collection -- so that there can be little doubt regarding the sex of the skeleton, although the measured cranial capacity of 1350 ccm appears rather large for a female. The skull, which is entirely free from deformation, is moderately brachycephalic, and should therefore be regarded as an example of the coastal cranial type. Judging from the obliteration of sutures and the state of wear of the teeth, this individual was at least forty-five years old. It is gratifying to find that the sex of these remains can be determined, in view of the difficulty sometimes met with in deciding upon the sex of fragmentary human remains, where skulls considerably above average female size, are associated with low stature. The occurrence in large osteological collections of a small but disconcerting proportion of adult male crania of effeminate type justifies the pains taken at Machu Picchu to secure all sexually characteristic pelvis fragments, even if so incomplete as not to be available for exhibition purposes.

A good many potsherds were brought from this grave. Most of these have been put together, with the result that the

matron's outfit of pottery is shown to have comprised the
following excellent pieces:

M. P. Coll. 850 Small olla. Buff with design in
dark brown on both sides.

M. P. Coll. 913 3-legged brazier in fine brown
earthenware (Plate XIV, figure 2).

M. P. Coll. 1050 Fire-blackened, beaker shaped olla.
Unusual in having two handles, a
very small flat handle replacing
the customary 2 headed snake, or
other ornament, opposite to the
main handle (Plate XIV, figure 3).

M. P. Coll. 1054 A medium sized aryballus.

The brazier of fire-pot found in this cave
(Plate XIV, figure 2) is an exceedingly interesting
piece. Professor Bingham has stated (American Anthro-
pologist, Vol. 17, No. 2, April-June, 1915) his opinion
that "These braziers were probably used for reheating or
annealing small pieces of metal, presumably by means of a
charcoal fire." Dr. C. H. Mathewson's comment, quoted in
the same article, supports the Director's view. While I
do not wish to dispute their opinion, so far as it relates
to the possibility of annealing small bronze or silver ob-
jects in the vessel, it is advisable to remind my readers
that a brazier, although originally designed for the an-

nealing process, could easily be made to serve some other
practical purpose, such as carrying live coals to rebuild
a fire, that would be more in keeping with the sex of the
individual whose remains occurred in this grave. As there
can be no doubt regarding the female character of the only
human bones obtained with the vessel, the most helpful sug-
gestion I can make, is that, in the nature of things, some
element of uncertainty, small though it be, must affect any
theory based upon the supposed ownership of the brazier by
the individual with whose remains it was found.

Cave 95.

This cave was about 250 yards northeast from the
foot of the main stairway. The human skeletal material was
in a very poor state of preservation. All that can be said
of it is that the individual was a medium sized young woman.
Mr. Endis records that a few sherds were found, together
with two small counters of green schist (M. P. Coll. 664,
665) and two small odd shaped tokens of the same material
(M. P. Coll. 666, 667). Several fragmentary llama's bones
show that the flesh of that animal was provided.

Cave 96.

It is interesting to note that this cave was on
the north side of Huayna Picchu, accessible from the city
only by a long and difficult climb. Mr. Endis records that
the Indians collected only a few badly rotted bones and a

few plain sherds. The interment was that of a small individual,
not quite adult. The potsherd s include some pieces of a fire-
blackened beaker-shaped olla: and among the crumbling bones a
few fragments of llama bones appear. There is also a man-
dibular ramus and a radius of a small opossum, presumably
one of the larger sized animals of the *Didelphys paraguayen-
sis* group.

Cave 97.

The Indians reported that this cave was two-thirds
of the way down to the river, east of Machu Picchu. A few
well worn teeth and some decayed bones, from various parts
of the skeleton show that a small adult person was once
buried here. Llama bones in profusion indicate that the
supposed needs of the dead were amply provided for; and
Mr. Erdis' notes on the material, brought to him from this
grave, mention potsherd s and several small articles. The
pottery includes a small aryballus (M. P. Coll. 894) and
an olla (M. P. Coll. 973) as well as several pieces that
have not been restored. Other articles are listed as fol-
lows:

M. P. Coll. 668 Token, green chlorite schist
4.2 cm x 4.4 cm.

M. P. Coll. 669 Token, green chlorite schist
6.2 cm x 4 cm.

M. P. Coll. 671 Stone counter 2.7 cm x 2.6 cm.

M. P. Coll. 672 " " 3.6 cm x 3.6 cm.

M. P. Coll. 673 Bronze earring (broken).

M. P. Coll. 1794 Bit of yellow paint.

M. P. Coll. 1795 Rough stone object 5.3 cm x 2 cm x
1.1 cm.

M. P. Coll. 1796 Stone knife or scraper 5.3 cm x 5.2 cm
x 1.6 cm.

Although this cave was situated a long distance from
most of the other burial caves of the Machu Picchu mountain-
side, there can be little doubt of its belonging to the same
period as the burial cave No. 93, which was about 200 yards
northeast from the foot of the main stairway. This will at
once appear if the stone tokens, Numbers 658 and 661 from
Cave 93 (Plate III, figures 1 and 2) be compared with the
tokens, Numbers 668 and 669 from this cave (Plate III,
figures 3 and 4). The question of the true significance
of these remarkable stone objects clearly offers a most
interesting problem for ethnological investigation.

Cave 98.

This cave was reported to be one mile southeast
from the city, in a saddle of the Machu Picchu mountain. A
glance at the map of the mountain makes it seem probable that
the location was a little nearer to the city -- perhaps only

about three-quarters of a mile distant, and on the farther
boundary of what may be termed the upper grave region.

A small man (Ost. Coll. 3245) was buried here,
whose skull, if unaccompanied by the pelvis might easily
be mistaken for that of a woman. It is small, probably
having a cranial capacity of but little over 1220 ccm,
though not in condition for accurate measurement; and
those parts of the skull, which by their size and rugosity
usually serve as indications of male sex, are developed
only to a very slight degree. As the sacrum, the right
innominate bone, and the greater part of the left innom-
inate bone have been preserved, the sex of this individual
may be stated positively, notwithstanding the indifferent
sexual development of the skull.

No pottery was recorded from this cave, the only
articles listed being:

M. P. Coll. 675 Part of a small wooden dish.
M. P. Coll. 676 Broken wooden spindle whorl.*
M. P. Coll. 677 Stone counter 3.9 cm x 3.0 cm x 0.8 cm.
M. P. Coll. 678 Small bone implement, possibly a bodkin.
M. P. Coll. 679 Small bone implement, possibly a bodkin.

* Quoted from the Catalogue of the M. P. Collection. I have
not examined the specimen.

Cave 99.

The location recorded for this cave is the same as for the last. Pieces of a human skull and jaw with a few other badly decayed bones were collected; also some llama bones and the lower jaw of a small rodent. A few potsherds and seven implements, described by Mr. Erdis as polishing stones, complete the list.

The small size and female contours of the adult skull are good indications of its sex, especially as a pair of small slight femora appear among the other bones collected.

The occurrence in the cave of the seven "polishing stones," which were not saved "as they were ordinary and heavy," and which should not, perhaps be regarded as a woman's tools, presents no difficulty whatever, since there is also a pair of short but very heavy femora that point to the interment, at some time or other, of a muscular man of low, or moderate stature, in the same cave.

A broken plate or shallow dish (M. P. Coll. 1044) is the only piece of pottery identified among the sherds.

The rodent's lower jaw proves to be an excellent specimen, with nearly complete lower dentition, of a Paca, *Agouti sp.* (Ost. Coll. 3326). It is a welcome addition to the osteological collection, as it presumably belongs to the new species described on page .

of iron is seldom or never forgotten by a race of men, and it
is generally believed that, prior to the Conquest, the Peru-
vians were totally ignorant of the process of smelting iron
ore. One important point must not be overlooked; the inter-
ment is not proved to be of post-Columbian age merely because
a bit of rusty iron was found in the burial cave. Treasure
hunters, scratching about in the floor of a cave, searching
for precious metal might very easily leave just such a
souvenir of their visit; and the present instance accordingly
cannot be regarded as having equal chronological significance
with the occurrence in Cave 56, of the fragment of beef-bone,
which for obvious reasons cannot be attributed to treasure
hunters.

Granting that a reasonable doubt exists in regard
to the age of the interments in this cave (No. 100), the
remaining articles, found at the grave, acquire from this
element of uncertainty a greater problematic interest than
they would otherwise possess. Most of these articles, some
of which are shown on Plate III, figures 5, 6, 7 and 8, are
made from the same green chloritic schist as are the counters
and tokens found in Caves 93 and 97, and, I may add, those
found in Caves 101 and 103 also. Not only are many of these
pieces of the same genre, but some of the excellent sil-
houettes of animals, found in different graves, may even be
the work of the same primitive artist.

It is important to note that all the interments,
with which these small articles were associated, must be
regarded as belonging to the same period, whatever that may
ultimately prove to be. Also that these articles were prob-
ably found in the graves of women only, with one exception,
the exception being the child of unknown sex in Cave 100.
Several of these pieces have already been figured and briefly
described, in the National Geographic Magazine for February
1915; and further authoritative information, regarding their
age and the purpose they served, is awaited with more than a
little interest. It is especially important that, if pos-
sible, the genera of animals represented by these figures
be identified; for carvings or silhouettes of European an-
imals will afford just as reliable evidence of post-Columbian
age as would the actual skeletal remains of animals intro-
duced from the Old World. In regard to this matter of generic
identification, I think that most zoologists would identify as
a Porcupine, or some other rodent indigenous to South America,
the animal form shown in Plate ... figure of the present
report.

Cave 101.

This cave must have been very near Cave 100, for
the Indians reported its location in the same terms. As
the contents of the two caves are also remarkably similar
in character, I have looked carefully for any proofs that
the two recorded localities were really one and the same.
None have been observed in the skeletal material and pot-
tery credited to the two localities; and it may be assumed
that no mistake was made.

Very little human material was collected, and
even that little is in the last stages of decay. One in-
dividual only, an adult, is represented. Of which sex, it
is impossible to state positively; but the female sex is
indicated. Among the smaller fragments of bone, a right
os innominatum of a "Peruvian Hare", *Lagidium sp.* occurs.

An attractive piece of pottery, undecorated, but
of an old design, known from the coastal region, and from
the highlands too, is a flask (M. P. Coll. 860) with nearly
spherical body, surmounted by a tubular handle of semi-
circular form, from the summit of which the true neck of
the vessel rises (Plate XIV, figure 1).

Other articles from this cave are:

M. P. Coll. 690 Small pin, probably bronze, 8.8 cm
in length.

M. P. Coll. 691 Stone token, unique design.

M. P. Coll. 693 Stone token, cross design.

M. P. Coll. 1074 Broken pelvis shaped olla.

The three stone tokens are shown on Plate III, figures 9, 10 and 11. They should be compared with articles of the same class from certain other burial caves.

Cave 102.

This cave might almost be regarded as within the city, its recorded location being "about 250 feet south of the Temple." As far as I can recall the lay of the land, the cave was probably beneath a boulder in a small irregular plot of land, near the brow of the western mountain slope and beyond the westernmost houses.

Skeletal remains of one adult individual (Ost. Coll. 3246) were collected, including a rather small undeformed skull of the coastal type, in fair state of preservation and exhibiting female characters, together with various other bones not nearly so well preserved as the skull. Not enough of the pelvis was saved to render the sexual determination absolutely certain. Very little pottery seems to have been found, the only recognizable piece among the sherds being a small red flat-bottomed

jug. It is neatly fashioned after an old model, but shows no
attempt at decoration beyond a few brush marks on the handle.

Cave 103.

The recorded location of this cave is 200 yards
east of the foot of the main stairway. The Indian exca-
vators were unable to estimate distances accurately; and it
is quite possible that this cave was further down the moun-
tainside than their statement would convey; in reality it
may have been within a few hundred feet of Caves 100 and 101.
The skeletal material is extremely decayed and comprises
fragments of two female skeletons, one individual being ap-
parently in early adult life, the other middle-aged. Sherds
from this cave represent a beaker-shaped olla, two small
flasks, and a medium sized two-handled olla with round or
flat bottom. Other articles are as follows:

M. P. Coll. 694 Silver pin, 8.1 cm in length.

M. P. Coll. 698 Bronken bronze pin.

M. P. Coll. 695 Stone token, bird design.

M. P. Coll. 696 Stone token, design not recognized,
perhaps a sun.

M. P. Coll. 697 Stone counter.

Two of these articles, Numbers 695 and 696, are
shown on Plate III, figures 12 and 13. I have already com-
mented on the obvious fact that they fall in the class with
the stone tokens found in several other graves.

Cave 104.

This cave was on the northeast bank of the Urubamba
River and near the temporary bridge thrown across the stream
by Mr. K. C. Heald. The northeast bank is, at this point,
the bank on the far side of the stream with reference to
Machu Picchu.

A few decayed bones of a medium sized adult per-
son of unknown sex were found, including a small weak man-
dible, but no other parts of the cranium.

The following articles were collected:

M. P. Coll. 840 Small pelike shaped olla.

M. P. Coll. 1020 Olla.

M. P. Coll. 1076 Three-handled olla.

M. P. Coll. 1866 - 1880 Fifteen small river pebbles,
averaging in size about 2.5 x 1.8
x 1.2.

In view of the style of the pottery, this grave
may be considered as belonging to the same period as the
majority of the graves that were excavated on the Machu
Picchu Mountain. Small river pebbles were occasionally
found in graves thousands of feet above the river, and
were regarded by my Indians, Richarti and Alvarez, as
part of the garniture of the graves; though linguistic
limitations prevented a clear understanding of their
ideas about the significance of the pebbles. My impres-

sion is that the modern Indians regarded them as ancient fetishes to be placed in the same general class with quartz crystals that we occasionally found. If river pebbles occurred in graves only at the river bank, there might be nothing remarkable about their presence, but the fact that they were usually found high on the mountain, renders them the subject for Ethnological rather than Geological consideration.

It is difficult to assign a convincing reason for the location of a grave at the river's edge on the side away from Machu Picchu. There is, however, no evidence of the river having been bridged in ancient times, at this point, and accordingly it is possible that, a death having occurred at some place on the far side of the river from Machu Picchu, the desire to inter the body in the historic burial ground of the mountainside was thwarted by the impossibility of crossing the river without making a long detour; and so the remains were buried here, as near as possible to Machu Picchu. Another theory, that I should like to submit to the criticism of persons more deeply versed in ancient Peruvian mortuary customs than myself, is based on the statement of Herrera in his Histora General de los Hechos de los Castellanos, Decada V, Libro VI, with reference to the Temple of the Sun at Pachacamac, "no se permitia enterrar al rededor de el, sino a Sacerdotes,