REPORT OF DEFENSE POLICY SEMINAR

1959--1963

The purposes of the Defense Policy Seminar are as follows:

(1) To reach the ablest students in all of the Harvard Graduate Schools during their formative years and to inspire them to enter into various fields related to national security, either in research or in actual operation.

(2) To encourage faculty participation in the study of national security policy.

(3) To encourage research by the participants in the Defense Studies Program.

## Quality of the Student Body

In the past four years a major reconstruction of the Defense Policy Seminar has taken place. Part of this change becomes apparent from the breakdown of participants which is attached. In 1959, the Seminar included seventeen participants from the Harvard Business School, all but four of whom were professional officers at Harvard for a special course in logistics. Starting in 1960, the Seminar has admitted only military personnel who are of the caliber usually attending one of the war colleges or engaged in especially responsible academic work, such as teaching at the military academies. At the same time, standards for other students have been substantially raised. For example, no Law School student with less than a B average is considered. Despite these increasingly high standards, both applications and enrollment have substantially increased. The number of participants--though not the applications--from the Harvard Business School and the Law School has dropped, and that from the Graduate

Business School and the Law School has dropped, and that from the Graduate
The number of participants--though not the applications--from the Harvard
high standards, both applications and enrollment have substantially increased.
with less than a 8 average is considered. Despite these increasingly
have been substantially raised. For example, no Law School student
the military academies. At the same time, standards for other students
or engaged in specially reasonable academic work, such as teaching at
personnel who are of the caliper usually attending one of the war colleges
course in logistics. Starting in 1960, the Seminar has admitted only military
all but four of whom were professional officers at Harvard for a specialist
the Seminar included seventeen participants from the Harvard Business School,
from the breakdown of participants which is attached. In 1929,
Policy Seminar has taken place. Part of this change becomes subsequent
In the past four years a major reconstruction of the Defense
Quality of the Student Body

Quality of the Student Body

Studies program.

(2) To encourage research by the participants in the Defense
national security policy.

(2) To encourage faculty participation in the study of
research or in actual operation.
enter into various fields related to national security, either in
Graduate Schools during their formative years and to inspire them to

(1) To reach the vast students in all of the Harvard

The purpose of the Defense Policy Seminar are as follows:

REPORT OF DEFENSE POLICY SEMINAR
1929--1932

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School of Public Administration and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
has increased as indicated.

<table><thead><tr><th>School</th><th>1959-60</th><th>1960-61</th><th>1961-62</th><th>1962-63</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Law School</td><td>20</td><td>27</td><td>25</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Business School</td><td>17</td><td>6</td><td>4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GSPA</td><td>9</td><td>6</td><td>16</td><td>16</td></tr><tr><td>GSAS</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>8</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>College</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>8</td><td>3</td></tr></tbody></table>

The academic level of the Seminar has been raised partly by improvement in personnel, partly because of the more general availability of research materials. This has freed the staff from the former need to prepare basic teaching materials and enabled it to concentrate on its own research in this field.

## Program

A number of modifications have taken place in the Seminar in the past four years.

(1) In four years there has been a sharp increase in familiarity with security issues within the academic community and a commensurate multiplication of the basic texts and teaching materials available. Thus the staff is no longer preoccupied with the preparation of special materials, but must concentrate on the screening and selection of the soundest and most influential texts in print.

(2) Each year we are able to register better qualified students who need less preliminary instruction in the field and are more fully prepared for the investigation and discussion of specific policy issues. Our speakers in the full seminar meetings are alerted to expecting a high level of discussion, and our emphasis in the smaller section seminar (see ahead) has been shifting to meet more specialized and advanced needs. The

( ahead) has been shifting to meet more specialised and advanced needs. The
level of discussion, and our emphasis in the smaller section seminar (see
Our speakers in the full seminar meetings are alerted to expecting a high
prepared for the investigation and discussion of specific policy issues.
who need less preliminary instruction in the field and are more fully
(2) Each year we are able to register better qualified students
most influential texts in print.

but must concentrate on the screening and selection of the soundest and
the staff is no longer broomcompied with the preparation of special materials,
multiplication of the plate texts and teaching materials available. Thus
with security issues within the academic community and a commensurate
(1) In four years there has been a sharp increase in familiarity
the past four years.

## Program

own research in this field.

Prepare plate teaching materials and employ it to concentrate on its
of research materials. This has freed the staff from the former need to
improvement in personnel, partly because of the more general availability
The academic level of the Seminar has been raised partly by

| School | 1926-60 | 1960-61 | 1961-63 | 1965-67 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| College | 2 | 2 | 8 | 2 |
| C2A2 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 13 |
| C2BA | 8 | 6 | 16 | 16 |
| Business School | 11 | 9 | 4 | 22 |
| Law School | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 |

has increased as indicated.

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programming of the Spring Term reflects especially our concern with
special issues that are most critical at a given time.

(3) There has been as suggested, a trend toward greater course decentralization, with stress on teaching in smaller groups and a higher number of individual conference hours recorded. We would judge that this has implicated the student more closely--and professionally--in his work and increased the labor load of the assistants.

(4) Applications for admission to the Defense Policy Seminar peaked two years ago (undoubtedly under the stimulus of the Harvard-Washington connection) and have now apparently levelled off to a plateau which we regard as encouraging and yet manageable. In part this has been due to a logical equilibration of interest in the field following abrupt earlier growth. There is also general awareness among the students that Defense Policy is a highly demanding course and that our standards for admission are being constantly pushed up. We regard a class of 50-60 as optimum under present arrangements (regardless of the number of applicants) and we will accept only those students with a proven capacity to pursue the work with distinction. Judgements concerning admission are made by assessment of the quite comprehensive application forms which students must submit.

(5) There has simultaneously been a gradual but significant reapportionment of the students in terms of their graduate or professional field. As previous reports have stated, this shift has been somewhat away from the earlier Law School predominance (by means of more rigorous screening, since the applications tend to remain constant) and especially away from Business School applicants. A much higher proportion of our students are now Ph.D. candidates in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (many of whom will presumably go on to teach defense policy in other institutions) or candidates for the M.P.A. degree in the School of Public

(institutions) or candidates for the M.B.V. degree in the School of Public
LOGY of whom will presumably go on to teach defense policy in other
institutions are now B.D. candidates in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
away from Business School applicants. A much higher proportion of our
screening, since the applications tend to remain constant) and especially
from the earlier Law School predominance (by means of more rigorous
field. As previous reports have stated, this shift has been somewhat away
reapportionment of the students in terms of their graduate or professional
(2) There has simultaneously been a gradual but significant
of the quite comprehensive application forms which students must submit.
distinction. Judgments concerning admission are made by assessment
accept only those students with a proven capacity to handle the work with
present arrangements (regardless of the number of applicants) and we will
being constantly braved by. We regard a class of 20-60 as optimum under
policy is a highly demanding course and that our standards for admission are
growth. There is also general awareness among the students that Defense
a logical elaboration of interest in the field following a short earlier
regard as encouraging and yet manageable. In part this has been due to
connection) and have now abysmally levelled off to a blight which we
two years ago (undoubtedly under the stimulus of the Harvard-Washington

(4) Applications for admission to the Defense Policy Seminar peaked
and increased the labor load of the secretariat.

has implicated the student more closely--and professionally--in his work
number of individual conference hours recorded. We would judge that this
decentralization, with stress on teaching in smaller groups and a higher
(3) There has been as anguished, a trend toward greater coördination
special issues that are most critical at a given time.

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Administration. Gifted undergraduates are occasionally admitted. In terms of intellectual level and of fulfillment of purpose, we regard our present arrangement as a healthy and desirable improvement. We feel that we are now in a position to cultivate our teaching resources to the maximum and anticipate no major alterations in this regard.

Our attached enrollment tables will illustrate these observations. Our meetings are, of course, enriched by the attendance of a variety of regular auditors possessing special competences in the security policy field.

Staff personnel remain unchanged from the past year, except for the significant but temporary loss of Dr. Morton Halperin, who will return to Harvard in 1964-65 after a year's leave of absence.

We repeat below our description of the course which was handed out to the students in the fall of 1963:

The Defense Policy Seminar deals with strategy and policy-making for United States national security. A central theme of the Seminar is the relationship of force and foreign policy in an age of accelerating technology and revolutionary developments in military science and world politics. In the fall term special emphasis is given at the outset to the broader perspectives of the international system, followed by specific detailed examination of the concurrent demands of strategy and organization in the United States defense establishment. The policy process with relation to its history and evolution and the involvement of the various interested agencies is studied. In the spring term, various specific topics of strategic concern are treated, such as: NATO, local war, general war doctrine, and arms control.

About half of the main Seminar meetings are conducted by Professor

Upon part of the sum seminar meetings are conducted by Professor
docility, and some control.

of strategic concern are treated, such as: NATO, local war, general war
agencies is attended. In the spring term, various specific topics
to its history and evolution and the involvement of the various interested
in the United States defense establishment. The policy process with relation
detailed examination of the concurrent demands of strategy and organization
proceeds heretofore of the international arena, followed by specific
in the fall term special emphasis is given at the outset to the
ideology and revolutionarily developments in military science and world politics.
relationship of force and foreign policy in an age of accelerating tech-
United States national security. A central theme of the seminar is the
The Defense Policy Seminar deals with strategy and policy-making for
out to the students in the fall of 1962:

We repeat below our description of the course which was given
Harvard in 1964-65 after a year's leave of absence.

Significant part temporary loss of Dr. Morton Hulbert, who will return to
Staff hereafter remain unchanged from the past year, except for the
regular authorities housekeeping special coherence in the security policy field.
Our meetings are of course, enriched by the attendance of a variety of

Our attached enrollment table will illustrate these operations.

no major stirrings in the faculty.
in a position to cultivate our teaching reasons to the maximum and anticipate
arrangement as a health and desirable improvement. We feel that we are now
of intellectual level and of fulfillment of purpose, we regard our present
Administration. Gifted undergraders are occasionally admitted. In terms

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Kissinger, and the remaining half are under the guidance of distinguished government and academic figures, who speak with candor and particular expertise. Among the Seminar guests scheduled for the fall of 1963 are: Raymond Cline, Deputy Director of CIA, Roswell Gilpatric, Deputy Secretary of Defense, Alain Enthoven, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, and Gerald Ford, member of the House of Representatives.

The weekly Seminars are supplemented by bi-weekly section seminar meetings, each dealing with one aspect of defense policy throughout the year. Each student is required to attend one of these groups, and visitors are welcome to participate. This year the section seminars are as follows:

Section I: Dr. Douglas L. Bailey, Strategic Doctrine:

This section considers the strategy of Western defense, including general and limited war; counterforce; the role of conventional capabilities; a strategy for the NATO alliance; the strategic repercussions of arms control and disarmament proposals; the interplay of diplomatic and military policy; Soviet and Chinese views toward military engagement with the West.

Section II: Mr. Maury D. Feld, Organization and Strategic Choice:

Discussion in this section concentrates on the relationship between the modes of decision-making employed by and the range of choice acceptable to a given armed force. Analysis focuses on the somewhat paradoxical relationship between rational planning for the most probable and the retention of flexibility in the event of the unforeseen.

Section III: Mr. Leslie H. Gelb, Alliances: Their Nature and Purpose:

The first semester of this section deals with the theoretical framework of alliances, using examples from history but concentrating on alliances in the post-World War II period. Through particular examples, it will examine the thesis that alliances are based on mutual threat and mutual interest.

Interest.

examine the theories that alliances are based on mutual threat and mutual
in the post-World War II period. Through particular examples, it will
of alliances, using examples from history put concentrating on alliances

The first semester of this section deals with the theoretical framework
Section III: Mr. Paul H. Gold, Alliances: Their Nature and Purpose
of flexibility in the event of the autocrat.

relationship between national planning for the most probable and the retention
to a given armed force. Analyze focuses on the somewhat paradoxical re-
the modes of decision-making employed by and the range of choice acceptable
Discussion in this section concentrates on the relationship between

Section III: Mr. Harry D. Reid, Organization and Strategic Choices;

Soviet and Chinese views toward military engagement with the West.
and disarmament proposals; the interplay of diplomatic and military policy;
a strategy for the NATO alliance; the strategic references of arms control
General and limited war; counterforce; the role of conventional capabilities;

Section I: Dr. Dongmei R. Belley, Strategic Doctrine;

are welcome to participate. This year the section seminar are as follows:
Year. Each student is required to attend one of these groups, and visitors
meetings, each dealing with one aspect of defense policy throughout the

The weekly Seminars are supplemented by bi-weekly section seminar
and Gerald Ford, member of the House of Representatives.

Secretary of Defense, Vice President, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense,
are: Raymond Cline, Deputy Director of CIV, Howell Gribetz, Deputy
expertise. Among the Seminars Smeets scheduled for the fall of 1962
Government and academic figures, who speak with ease and fluency
Klaasger, and the remaining part are under the guidance of distinguished

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Section IV: Mr. George A. Kelly, <u>Arms Control and the International</u>

System:

Throughout the year this section examines, with special attention to
the political atmosphere of the international system, the mutual evolution of
arms control expedients, strategy, and technology. Among the topics to
receive detailed consideration are: arms control and political settlement
in Europe; arms control as an aspect of conflict limitation; the diffusion
of nuclear power; arms control negotiations; ideological connotations of
arms control proposals.

The sub-groups double the effective course work for each student
as compared to other graduate seminars. Moreover, the students taking the
Seminar are the only ones in the graduate schools of Harvard who are
required to undertake both a major research paper and a final examination.

Research Activities

The Defense Policy Seminar does not sponsor research directly. However, its staff members are naturally drawn by the nature of their activites into research efforts, the results of which are almost invariably presented for discussion either to the full seminar or to its subgroups. During the academic year 1962-63 there were the following publications by members of the Defense Policy Seminar:

Henry A. Kissinger:

"Strains on the Alliance," *Foreign Affairs*, January 1963.

"The Skybolt Affair," *The Reporter*, January 17, 1963.

"NATO's Nuclear Dilemma," *The Reporter*, March 28, 1963.

Morton H. Halperin:

Limited War in the Nuclear Age (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1963).

"Disarming the Disarmers," *The New Leader*, July 9, 1962.

"Disarming the Diamantes," The Newneser, July 9, 1963.

Limited War in the Nuclear Age (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1962).

Horton H. Helberin:

"NAVD's Nuclear Dilemma," The Reporter, March 28, 1963.

"The Skybolt Agora," The Reporter, January 17, 1962.

"Stratagem on the Villain," Foreign Affairs, January 1962.

Henry V. Kieplinger:

the Defense Policy Seminar:

academic year 1965-67 there were the following publications by members of the seminar: either to the full seminar or to its expanded version. During the research efforts, the results of which are almost invariably presented for its staff members are naturally drawn by the nature of their activities into the Defense Policy Seminar does not abandon research directly, however.

## Research Activities

required to undertake both a major research paper and a final examination. Seminar are the only ones in the Graduate Schools of Harvard who are as compared to other Graduate seminars. Moreover, the students taking the The and-Gronberg double the effective course work for each student arms control proposals.

of nuclear power; arms control negotiations; ideological considerations of in Europe; arms control as a subject of conflict limitation; the diffusion receive detailed consideration are: arms control and political settlement arms control expedients, strategy, and technology. Among the topics to the political atmosphere of the international scene, the mutual evaluation of throughout the year this section examines, with special attention to the system:

Section IV: Mr. George V. Kelly, Arms Control and the International

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"The 'No-Cities' Doctrine," *The New Republic*, October 8, 1962.

"The Limiting Process in the Korean War," *Political Science Quarterly*, March 1963.

"A Proposal for a Ban on the First Use of Nuclear Weapons," *Journal of Arms Control*, April 1963.

Maury D. Feld:

"Professionalism and the Military Journal," (prospective) in *Studies in Military Sociology*, Russell Sage Foundation (anticipated, 1964).

George A. Kelly:

"Revolutionary War and Psychological Action," in Franklin Mark Osanka (ed.), *Modern Guerrilla Warfare* (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, Ill., 1962), pp. 425-438.

"The Expert as Historical Actor," *Daedalus*, Summer 1963.

"The Global Civil-Military Dilemma," *The Review of Politics*, July 1963.

"The Taming of the Algerian Revolution," *Orbis*, Summer 1963.

"Politics of Nuclear Control," *Military Review*, August 1963.

A list of all the publications of the Defense Policy Seminar staff since the beginning of the grant in 1960 is attached as Appendix.

Other Results of the Seminar

1) At least ten graduates of the program are in responsible positions in the government, including one who is a Special Assistant to Assistant Secretary of Defense Paul H. Nitze.

2) The programs in defense policy of other universities are staffed by Defense Policy Seminar "alumni." Offshots of the program set up either with the assistance of the Defense Policy staff or using its materials are at UCLA, University of Wisconsin, Ohio State, University of California (Berkeley), Air Force Academy, United States Military Academy.

(Berkeley), Virginius Academy, United States Military Academy.
are at UCF, University of Wisconsin, Ohio State, University of California
either with the assistance of the Defense Policy staff or using its materials
by Defense Policy Seminar "Alumni." Offshore of the broad beam off
1962.

2) The programs in defense policy of other universities are stated
Vasilatant Secretary of Defense Paul H. M. Misse.

Positions in the Government, including one who is a Special Assistant to
1) At least ten graduates of the program are in respective
Other Results of the Seminar

since the beginning of the Grant in 1960 is attached as Appendix.

V list of all the publications of the Defense Policy Seminar staff

"Politics of Nuclear Control," Military Review, August 1962.

"The Turning of the Victorian Revolution," Orbis, Summer 1962.

"The Gropel Civil-Military Dilemma," The Review of Politics, July 1962.
"The Expert on Historical Vector," DeGruyse, Summer 1962.

of Crence, III, 1963), pp. 432-438.

Osanju (ed.), Modern Guerrilla Nature (New York: The Free Press
"Revolutionary War and Psychological Action", in Franklin Mark
George V. Kelly:

in Military Sociology,研究生 safe foundation (anticipated, 1964).
"Professionalism and the Military Journal", (broadview) in Studies
Henry D. Reif:

of Arms Control, April 1962.

"V Proposal for a Plan on the First Use of Nuclear Weapons," Journal
March 1962.

"The Limiting Process in the Korean War," Political Science Quarterly,
"The 'No-Cities' Doctrine," The New Republic, October 8, 1963.

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3) The Supplementary Bibliography of the Seminar, which is attached, is being used as the basis for similar programs at other universities.

4) The library of the Defense Studies Program maintains a clip file on defense issues. This is being used by students, faculty members, and members of defense industries and scientific laboratories located in the area.

area.

members of defense industries and scientific laboratories located in the
on defense issues. This is being used by students, faculty members, and

4) The library of the Defense Studies program maintains a clip file
universities.

2) The Subplementary Bibliography of the Seminar, which is

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APPENDIX
Publications of the Defense Policy Staff
1960 - 1963

Kissinger: "Arms Control, Inspection and Surprise Attack," *Foreign Affairs*, July, 1960.

"Limited War: Nuclear or Conventional? A Reappraisal," *Daedalus*, Fall, 1960.

"The New Cult of Neutralism," *The Reporter*, November 24, 1960.

"The Next Summit Meeting," *Harper's*, December, 1960.

The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, Harper & Bros, January, 1961.

"For an Atlantic Confederacy," *The Reporter*, February 2, 1961.

"Reflections on Cuba," *Reporter*, November, 1962.

"The Unsoved Problems of European Defense," *Foreign Affairs*, July, 1962.

"L'evolution de la doctrine strategique aux Etats-Unis," *Politique Etrangere*, No. 2, 1962.

Ransom: "Secret Mission in an Open Society," *New York Times Magazine*, May 21, 1961.

Halperin: (with Thomas C. Schelling) *Strategy and Arms Control*
(New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1961).

Contributor to Arms Control, Disarmament, and National
Security (New York: George Braziller Inc., 1961)

"The Military Problem: I. Choosing Our Weapons," *The New Republic*, August 7, 1961, pp. 17-20.

"Defense on the New Frontier," *The New Republic*, October 2,
1961, pp. 34-36

1961, pp. 34-36
"Defense on the New Frontier," *The New Republic*, October 5.

*The New Republic*, *Nagat* 5, 1961, pp. 13-30.

"The Military Problem: I. Choosing Our Weapons."

**Security** (New York: George Brasfiller Inc., 1961)
Contributor to *Arms Control*, *Disarmament*, and *Nuclear*

Halperin: (With Thomas C. Schefflin) *Strategy and Arms Control*

Magazine, May 31, 1961.

Kensow: "Secret Mission in an Open Society," New York Times

"NAVA's Nuclear Diemna," *The Reporter*, March 28, 1963.

"The Skoltzport Affair," *The Reporter*, January 17, 1962.

"Stratrate on the VILLIANCE," *Foreign Affairs*, January 1962.

Bolitings Etrangers, No. 3, 1963.

"L'Evolution de la doctrine armative dans l'Europe-Ouest,"

July, 1963.

"The Uninvited Problems of European Defense," *Foreign Affairs*,

"Reflections on Cops," *Reporter*, November, 1963.

"For an Atlantic Confederacy," *The Reporter*, February 3, 1961.

**Foreign Policy**, Harber & Broz, January, 1961.

"The New Cult of Neutralism," *The Reporter*, November 54, 1960.

Deedsins, Fall, 1960.

Foreign Affairs, July, 1960.

Kissinger: "Arms Control, Inflation and Subprime Attack,"

1960 - 1962
**Publications of the Defense Policy Staff**

APBENDIX

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A Proposal for a Ban on the Use of Nuclear Weapons,
Washington, D.C.: Special Studies Group, Institute
for Defense Analyses (Study Memorandum No. 4) October 6,
1961.

"Arms Control: What Is It? What Can It Do?" *Vital Issues XI* (No. 4) (December 1, 1961).

"Meaning of the Arms Control," *The National Defense* (Tokyo) X (February 1962) 12-16 (In Japanese).

"Civil Defense and Fallout Shelters," *The New Republic*
February 26, 1962, pp. 15-15.

Arms Control and Inadvertent General War, Washington D.C.:
Special Studies Group, Institute for Defense Analyses
(Study Memorandum No. 6) 1962.

Limited War: An Essay on the Development of the Theory
and an Annotated Bibliography, Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Harvard Center for International Affairs (Occasional Papers
No. 3) 1962.

Kelly: "The Political Background of the French A-Bomb,"
*Orbis*, Vol. 4, Fall, 1960.

"Revolutionary War and Psychological Action," *Military Review*,
Vol. 40, October 1960; also published in *Revue Militaire*
*Generale*, February, 1961.

"Democratic Morale and National Ideology," *Military Review*, May, 1961.

"Arms Control and the Military Establishment," *Military Review*,
Vol. 41, January, 1961; also published in *Survival*, May-June, 1961.

"Comedy in a Humourless Time," *New Values* (Dacca Pakistan),
Fall 1961, pp. 28-39.

but 1961, pp. 38-39.

"Comedy in a Ramonieese Time," New Vignette (Duccio da Vinci).

Aot. 41, January, 1961; also published in *Ensemble*, May-June, 1961. "Arms Control and the Military Establishment," Military Review.

"Democratic Horizons and National Ideology," Military Review, May, 1961.

Generale, February, 1961.

Aot. 40, October 1960; also published in *Revue Militaire*, "Geopolitically War and Psychological Action," Military Review.

Orbis, Aot. 4, April, 1960.

Kotli: "The Political Background of the French V-Bamp,"

(autumnized, 1964).

Studies in Military Sociology, Maussell State Foundation
Help: "Professionalism and the Military Journal," (broadsheet) in

Journal of Arms Control, April 1962.

"V Brodout for a Gun on the First Use of Nuclear Weapons,"

March 1962.

"The Limiting Process in the Korean War," Political Science Quarterly.

"Disarming the Draftees," The New Leader, July 8, 1963.

No. 2, 1963.

Harvard Center for International Affairs (Occasional Paper
and an Annotated Bibliography), Cambridge, Massachusetts;

(Study Memorandum No. 4) 1963.

Special Studies Group, Institute for Defense Vehicles

Arms Control and Insurgent General War, Washington D.C.:

Kopfcrux 2d, 1965, pp. 12-12.

"Civil Defense and Ballistic Shelters," The New Republic

(Tokyo) X (Kopfcrux 1963) 13-16 (in Japanese).

"Meaning of the Arms Control," The National Defense

Institute XI (No. 4) (December 1st, 1961).

"Arms Control: What Is It? What Can It Do?" Aftai

1961.

for Defense Vehicles (Study Memorandum No. 4) October 6,
Washington, D.C.: Special Studies Group, Institute
V. Brodout for a Gun on the Use of Nuclear Weapons.

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"Whither Bound the Cole War?" (a symposium with three others), in *The National Defense* (Tokyo), January 1962, pp. 30-46.

"Officers, Politics, Ideology," in *Army*, January 1962, pp. 30-33.

"Subverters of France: How the Secret Army Operates," in *The New Republic*, February 19, 1962, pp. 12-16.

"An Interpretation of the Military Role of Japan," *The National Defense* (Tokyo), April 1962, pp. 12-21.

"Five Books on Guerrilla Warfare," review in *Political Science Quarterly*, June 1962.

"Prospects for an Algerian Algeria," in *Orbis*, Summer 1962, pp. 311-324.

"Footnotes on Revolutionary War," in *Military Review*, pp. 31-39.

"Revolutionary War and Psychological Action," in Franklin Mark Osanka (ed.), *Modern Guerrilla Warfare* (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, III., 1962), pp. 425-438.

"Politics of Nuclear Control," *Military Review*, August 1962.

"The Turning of the Venezuelan Revolution," *Orbis*, Summer 1962.

July 1962.

"The Civil Civil-Military-Dilemma," *The Review of Politics*.

"The Expert as Historical Vector," *Dissident*, Summer 1963.

Press of Greece, III, 1963), pp. 432-438.

Oakes (edt.), *Modern Guerrilla War* (New York: The Free

"Revolutionary War and Political Military Action," in Franklin Merk

pp. 21-28.

"Footnotes on Revolutionary War," in *Military Review*.

1963, pp. 311-324.

"Broadsides for an Venezuelan Warplane," in *Orbis*, Summer

Science Quarterly, June 1963.

"Five Books on Guerrilla War," review in *Political*

*The National Defense (Tokyo)*, April 1963, pp. 13-31.

"On Interpretation of the Military Role of Japan."

in *The New Republic*, February 19, 1963, pp. 13-19.
"Supervisors of France: How the Secret Army Operates,"

20-22.

"Officers' Politics, Ideology," in *Vox*, January 1963, pp.

pp. 30-40.

Others*) in *The National Defense (Tokyo)*, January 1963*,
"Whither Bound the Cole War?" (a symposium with three

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9 July 1963

Dear Gertrude:

Mr Kissinger has asked me to send you the
attached for inclusion in the Dean's Report
for the academic year 1962-63.

Mrs. Gertrude Manley
Registrar
Graduate School of Public Administration
Littauer Center

Pittscenter
Graduate School of Public Administration
Registrar
Mrs. Gertrude Manley

Janet Balch.

9 July 1963

DEFENSE POLICY

Professor Kissinger, Director, and Mr. George A. Kelly

The Defense Studies Program continues to conduct its graduate credit seminar, Defense Policy (Government 259, offered by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and the Law School), in addition to sponsoring individual research contributions by the staff.

The Defense Policy Seminar was first organized to stimulate academic thinking about military problems, both from the point of view of strategy and of administration and organization. This concern continues to be paramount; but, inasmuch as the latter years have promoted greater civilian familiarity with the fundamental range of issues, new emphasis in the Seminar has been placed on the more controversial aspects of options and decisions in the defense community. In the fall term, after a brief introduction of the general issues of strategy and foreign policy, the focus was on the organization of the government for national security policy. In the spring, there was an intensive consideration of three problems in terms of the relationship of strategy and foreign policy. These were: NATO, limited war and arms control.

Readings given to the students cover the critical literature in the field and are constantly reviewed and kept up to date. There is a continuing demand for the syllabus from private and government organizations, both here and abroad. The valuable reference materials of the Defense Studies Program are kept at 6 Divinity Avenue.

In addition to the regular Seminar meetings, attended each year by about sixty qualified students from GSPA, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Law School, and elsewhere, the course is divided every other week into smaller groups which pursue a specialized defense issue during the year in conference. Each student submits a long research paper in the spring on a topic of his choice, for which he has the assistance and advice of the Defense Policy staff.

Each year the Defense Policy Seminar invites a number of guest lecturers from among respected academic and government experts to address its meetings.

its meetings.

lecturers from among respected academic and government experts to address
Each year the Defense Policy Seminar invites a number of great

spring on a topic of his choice, for which he has the assistance and support in a long conference. Each student submits a long research paper in the week into smaller groups which burlesque a specialized defense issue during Sciences, the Law School, and elsewhere, the course is divided into other parts, and abroad. The valuable reference materials of the Defense continuing demand for the syllabus from private and government organizations, field and are constantly reviewed and kept up to date. There is a reading given to the students cover the critical literature in the

Studies Program are kept at Divinity Avenue.

The values of reference materials are the Defense
both here and abroad. The valuable reference materials of the Defense
continuing demand for the syllabus from private and government organizations,
field and are constantly reviewed and kept up to date. There is a
readings given to the students cover the critical literature in the

problems in terms of the relationship of strategy and foreign policy.
In the spring, there was an intensive consideration of three
the scope was on the organization of the Government for national security
the problems of the General issue of strategy and foreign policy,
and decisions in the defense community.
In the fall term, after a
in the Seminar has been placed on the more controversial aspects of options
civilian familiarity with the fundamental range of issues, new emphasis
paramount; put, in essence, as the latter years have promoted greater
and of administration and organization. This concern continues to be
thinking about military problems, both from the point of view of strategy
The Defense Policy Seminar was first organized to stimulate academic
research contributions by the staff.

and Sciences and the Law School), in addition to sponsoring individual
seminar, Defense Policy (Government 329, offered by the Faculty of Arts
The Defense Studies Program continues to conduct its graduate credit

Professor Krasinger, Director, and Mr. George V. Kelly

DEFENSE POLITICS

Government 259. Defense Policy and Administration

Full course. W., 4-6. Professor KISSINGER and Dr. HAGMAN. (Offered jointly with the Law School.)

This seminar deals with strategy and policy-making for United
States national security. The central theme is the relationship of force
and foreign policy in an age of accelerating technology and revolu-

Half course (fall term). W., 4-6. Associate Professor HOFFMANN.

This seminar studies problems of law and politics raised by the creation, evolution and activities of the United Nations system and of regional organizations. In 1962-63, the seminar will be concerned mainly with the contributions of the U.N. to multilateral diplomacy, and with the development of Western European integration.

tionary developments in military science and world politics. Attention
is divided between two main categories: (1) Policy-making and
Organization, and (2) Military Strategy and Foreign Policy. Em-
phasis is placed upon both the substance of national security policy
and the governmental process by which this policy is made. Under
“Policy-making and Organization,” the seminar is concerned with
the following topics, among others: governmental institutions for in-
tegrating national policy, Department of Defense organization, the
defense budgetary process, the role of Congress and the public in
defense policy-making, and role of intelligence in national decision
making. Under “Military Strategy and Foreign Policy,” the list of
topics explored includes: strategic doctrine and foreign policy, local
war, NATO policy and arms control. Permission of the instructor is
required to take the course.

[10]

gressional supervision, qualified graduate students in American history
will be welcome.

[Government 256. Government Regulation of Industry, with Particular Emphasis upon the American Transportation System]

Half course (spring term). Tu., 2-4. Professor CHERINGTON.

Government 257a. Public Investment: Techniques for Relating Economic Objectives, Engineering Analysis, and Government Planning

Half course (fall term). M., 2-4. Professors MAASS and H. A. THOMAS, JR.; Mr. HUF SCHMIDT (Research Director, Harvard Water Program), and Mr. S. A. MARGLIN (Society of Fellows).

This course tests new methods and techniques of economic, en-

DEFENSE POLICY

Professor Kissinger and Mr. George A. Kelly

The Defense Policy Seminar was first organized to stimulate academic thinking about military problems, both from the point of view of strategy and of administration and organization. This concern continues to be paramount; but, inasmuch as the latter years have promoted greater civilian familiarity with the fundamental range of issues, new emphasis in the Seminar has been placed on the more controversial aspects of options and decisions in the defense community and on the relationship of defense to foreign policy. In the fall term, after an introduction of the general issues of strategy and foreign policy, the focus was on the organization of the government for national security policy. In the spring, there was an intensive consideration of three problems in terms of the relationship of strategy and foreign policy. These were: NATO, limited war and the CONCO arms control.

In addition to the regular Seminar meetings, attended each year by about fifty qualified students from GSPA, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Law School, and elsewhere, the course is divided every other week into smaller groups which pursue a specialized defense issue during the year in conference. Each student submits a long research paper in the spring on a topic of his choice, for which he has the assistance and advice of the Defense Policy staff.

address its meetings.

recruiters from among respected academic and government experts to

research paper in the spring on a topic of the choice, for which he has
issued during the year in conference. Each student submits a long

every other week into smaller groups which buries a specialized defense
Arts and Sciences, the Law School, and elsewhere, the course is divided
by about fifty qualified students from CUA, the Graduate School of

is a continuing demand for the syllabus from private and Government
in the field and are constantly reviewed and kept up to date. There
Readings given to the students cover the critical literature

arme control.

strategy and foreign policy. These were: NATO, limited war and the Conco
consideration of three problems in terms of the relationship of
national security policy. In the spring, there was an intensive
policy, the focus was on the organization of the Government for
after an introduction of the general issues of strategy and foreign
on the relationship of defense to foreign policy. In the full term,
verbal aspects of optics and decisions in the defense community and
issues, new emphae in the Seminar have been placed on the more contro-
promoted greater civilian familiarity with the fundamental range of
continues to be paramount; put, inasmuch as the latter years have
view of strategy and of administration and organization. This concern
academic thinking about military problems, both from the point of
The Defense Policy Seminar was first organised to stimulate
individual research contributions by the staff.

of Arts and Sciences and the Law School), in addition to sponsoring
credit seminar, Defense Policy (Government 32), offered by the Faculty
The Defense Studies Program continues to conduct its Graduate

Professor Kissinger and Mr. George V. Kelly

DEFENSE POLICY

1959--1964

(3) To encourage research by the participants in the Defense Studies Program,

Quality of the Student Body

In the past five years a major reconstruction of the Defense Policy Seminar has taken place. Part of this change becomes apparent from the breakdown of participants which is attached. In 1951, the Seminar included seventeen participants from the Harvard Business School, all but four of whom were professional officers at Harvard for a special course in logistics. Starting in 1960, the Seminar has admitted only military personnel who are of the caliber usually attending one of the war colleges or engaged in especially responsible academic work, such as teaching at the military academies. At the same time, standards for other students have been substantially raised. For example, no Law School student with less than a B average is considered. Despite these increasingly high standards, both applications and enrollment have substantially increased. The number of participants from the Harvard Business School and the Law School has dropped (though not Law School applications) and that from the Graduate

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<table><thead><tr><th>School</th><th>1959-60</th><th>1960-61</th><th>1961-62</th><th>1962-63</th><th>1963-64</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Law School</td><td>20</td><td>27</td><td>25</td><td>22</td><td>15*</td></tr><tr><td>Business School</td><td>17</td><td>6</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>GSPA</td><td>9</td><td>6</td><td>16</td><td>16</td><td>12</td></tr><tr><td>GSAS</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>8</td><td>12</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><td>College</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>8</td><td>3</td><td>3</td></tr></tbody></table>

* This reflects a limitation by the faculty. Many more students applied.

## Program

A number of modifications have taken place in the Seminar in the past five years.

(1) In five years there has been a sharp increase in familiarity with security issues within the academic community and a commensurate multiplication of books and articles. Thus the staff is no longer preoccupied with the preparation of special materials, but can choose from the soundest and most influential work in print.

(2) Each year we are able to register better qualified students who need less preliminary instruction in the field and are more fully prepared for the investigation and discussion of specific policy or theoretical issues. Our speakers in the full seminar meetings are alerted to expecting a high level of discussion, and our emphasis in the smaller section seminar (see ahead) has been shifting to meet more specialized and advanced needs. The programming of the Spring Term reflects especially our concern with special issues that are most critical at a given time. The Spring Term this year will focus on NATO and Viet-Nam.

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(3) There has been as suggested, a trend toward teaching in smaller groups and a higher number of individual conference hours recorded. We would judge that this has implicated the student more closely--and professionally--in his work and increased the labor load of the assistants.

(4) There has simultaneously been a gradual but significant reapportionment of the students in terms of their graduate or professional field. As previous reports have stated, this shift has been somewhat away from the earlier Law School predominance (by means of more rigorous screening, since the applications tend to remain constant) and especially away from Business School applicants. A much higher proportion of our students are now Ph.D. candidates in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (many of whom will presumably go on to teach defense policy in other institutions) or candidates for the M.P.A. degree in the School of Public Administration. Gifted undergraduates are occasionally admitted. In terms of intellectual level and of fulfillment of purpose, we regard our present arrangement as a healthy and desirable improvement. We feel that we are now in a position to cultivate our teaching resources to the maximum and anticipate no major alterations in this regard.

Staff personnel has undergone several changes from the past year. Dr. Morton Halperin has returned after a year's leave of absence, and George Quester and Donald Shoup have jointed the staff replacing Douglas Bailey, Leslie Gelb and George Kelly.

The description of the course in the Harvard catalogue
is as follows.

- 5 -

About half of the main Seminar meetings are conducted by Professors Kissinger and Halperin, and the remaining half are under the guidance of distinguished government and academic figures, who speak with candor and particular expertise. Among the Seminar guests scheduled for the fall of 1964 are: Raymond Cline, Deputy Director of CIA, Roswell Gilpatric, former Deputy Secretary of Defense, Alain Enthoven, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, and General Andrew Goodpaster, Special Assistant to the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The weekly Seminars are supplemented by bi-weekly section seminar meetings, each dealing with one aspect of defense policy throughout the year. Each student is required to attend one of these groups. This year the section seminars are as follows:

Section I: Mr. Donald Shoup, Strategic Doctrine and National Policy:

A consideration of the theoretical origins and limitations of strategic doctrines, practical problems of application and implementation, and the relationship of various doctrines to national policy. The emphasis in section discussion is toward present problems of doctrine and policy and the effects of a series of time horizons upon them.

Section II: Mr. Maury D. Feld, Decision Making and Strategic Choice:

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## Section III: Mr. George Quester, <u>Current Strategic Alternatives</u>:

This section deals with the interactions of contending states in various modes of general war, limited wars, and arms control, stressing modes of tacit and implicit communication between opponents. Analysis focuses on the present strategic environment, but also draws on analogous examples from the past.

The sub-groups double the effective course work for each student as compared to their graduate seminar. Moreover, the students taking the Seminar are the only ones in the graduate schools of Harvard who are required to undertake both a major research paper and a final examination.

### Research Activities

The Defense Policy Seminar does not sponsor research directly. However, its staff members are naturally drawn by the nature of their activities into research efforts, the results of which are almost invariably presented for discussion either to the full seminar or to its subgroups. During the academic year 1963-64 there were the following publications by members of the Defense Policy Seminar:

#### Henry A. Kissinger:

"Coalition Diplomacy in the Nuclear Age," *Foreign Affairs*, July, 1964.

Reprinted in *Survival, Le Monde, Frankfurter Allgemeine*, and the *Atlantic Community Quarterly*.

"Reflections on Power and Diplomacy," *Dimensions in Diplomacy*, John Hopkins Press, 1964.

"Les Etats-Unis et l'Europe," *Res Publica*, Revue de l'Institut Belge de Science Politique, Volume VI, 1964-I, p. 52-57.

"Classical Diplomacy," *Power & Order: Six Cases in World Politics*, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1964.

Morton H. Halperin

"The Implications of the Test Ban Treaty and the U.S.-Soviet Attempts to Reach a Détente: An American View," The Nuclear Deterrent in the Context of Anglo-American Relations, Ditchley Papers No. 2 (Ditchley Park: The Ditchley Foundation, 1963), pp. 47-49.

"On Limited War," War/Peace Report, IV (March, 1964), 12-13.

"A Way to Stop the Spread of Nuclear Weapons," War/Peace Report, IV (August, 1964), 10-11.

China and The Bomb, Praeger, forthcoming (1965).

Maury D. Feld:

"Professionalism and the Military Journal," (prospective) in Studies in Military Sociology, Russell Sage Foundation (anticipated, 1964).

Other Results of the Seminar

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APPENDIX

1960 - 1964

*The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy*, Harper & Bros., January, 1961.

"The Unsolved Problems of European Defense," *Foreign Affairs*, July, 1962.

"Nato's Nuclear Dilemma," *The Reporter*, March 28, 1963.

Reprinted in *Survival, Le Monde, Frankfurter Allgemeine*, and *The Atlantic Community Quarterly*

"Reflections on Power and Diplomacy," *Dimensions in Diplomacy*, Johns Hopkins Press, 1964.

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Contributor to *Arms Control, Disarmament, and National Security* (New York: George Braziller Inc., 1961)

"The Military Problem: I. Choosing our Weapons," *The New Republic*, August 7, 1961, pp. 17-20.

"Defense on the New Frontier," *The New Republic*, October 2, 1961, pp. 34-36.

"Arms Control: What Is It? What Can It Do?" *Vital Issues XXI* (No. 4) (December 1, 1961).

"Civil Defense and Fallout Shelters," *The New Republic* February 26, 1962, pp. 13-15.

"The Implications of the Test Ban Treaty and the U.S.-Soviet Attempts to Reach a Détente: An American View," *The Nuclear Deterrent in the Context of Anglo-American Relations*, Ditchley Papers No. 2 (Ditchley Park: The Ditchley Foundation, 1963), pp. 47-49.

- 10 -

"On Limited War," *War/Peace Report*, IV (March, 1964), 12-13.

"A Way to Stop the Spread of Nuclear Weapons," *War/Peace Report*, IV (August, 1964), 10-11.

*China and The Bomb*, Praeger, forthcoming (1965).

"Revolutionary War and Psychological Action," *Military Review*, Vol. 40, October 1960; also published in *Revue Militaire Generale*, February, 1961.

"Whether Bound the Cold War?" (a symposium with three others), in *The National Defense* (Tokyo), January 1962, pp. 30-46.

"Revolutionary War and Psychological Action," in Franklin Mark Osanka (ed), *Modern Guerrilla Warfare* (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, Ill., 1962), pp. 425-438.

NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY

Professor Kissinger

The Defense Studies Program continues to conduct its graduate credit seminar, this year renamed National Security Policy (Government 259, offered by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and the Law School), in addition to sponsoring individual research contributions by the staff.

The National Security Policy seminar was first organized to stimulate academic thinking about military problems, both from the point of view of strategy and of administration and organization. This concern continues to be paramount; but, inasmuch as the latter years have promoted greater civilian familiarity with the fundamental range of issues, new emphasis in the Seminar has been placed on the more controversial aspects of options and decisions in the defense community and on the relationship of defense to foreign policy. In the fall term, after an introduction of the general issues of strategy and foreign policy, the focus was on the organization of the government for national security policy. In the spring, there was an intensive consideration of three areas in terms of the relationship of strategy and foreign policy. These were: NATO, Vietnam and The Congo.

In addition to the regular seminar meetings, attended each year by about fifty qualified students from GSPA, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Law School, and elsewhere, the course is divided every other week into smaller groups which pursue a specialized defense issue during the year in conference. Each student submits a long research paper in the spring on a topic of his choice, for which he has the assistance and advice of the National Security Policy staff.

Each year the National Security Policy seminar invites a number of guest lecturers from among respected academic and government experts to address its meetings.

June 10, 1965