The American Academy of Diplomacy

NEWSLETTER

JUL 10 2000

Issue #45

July 2000

AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE

"I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with show, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires and illuminations, from one end of the continent to the other, from this day forward for evermore."

JOHN ADAMS, 1776

Honors to
**Henry Kissinger**

On May 24, the Academy honored one of its own, a charter member, Henry Alfred Kissinger, with a special citation for the depth and breadth of his writings on foreign affairs and diplomacy. Among these are eleven books, from his *Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy* in 1953 through the third volume of his memoirs, *Years of Renewal*, published in 1999. The ceremony was held over lunch in the considerable splendor of the caucus room of the Russell Senate Office building, with 125 guests. These included Senators Moynihan, Hutchison, Hollings, Stevens, McCain and Hagel, a good number of media representatives and the largest turnout of Academy members in recent memory.

Describing the event as "singular in the two decade history of the Academy", Chairman Sisco cited Kissinger for "...trying. more than a number of other Secretaries of State, to educate in his writings and practice, both

the public as well as government officials, the lessons that history teaches about diplomacy and strategy. He continues this educating process today, and his writings are probably the most widely read in the foreign policy field."

Kissinger's response reflected the long period of his service and included *inter alia* the following:

- "...In all the years of service that I have as Secretary of State, and all the years that I have seen how foreign policy is conducted, I learned that the Foreign Service is the keystone and must be the keystone of the conduct of diplomacy. And more than that, of the formulation of foreign policy. This is why all key positions in my term of office as Secretary were held by Foreign Service Officers."

- "...we are a dominant power. And our challenge is not to deny what our role is, but to turn our role into some sort of consensus...It is a challenge to our foreign policy, to translate our

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HONORS TO
HENRY KISSINGER

(cont'd)

power into consensus. That is what
leadership consists of. And this has to
be done at a time when our nation still,
intellectually, is divided by some of the
vestiges of the Vietnam War."

"...One of our challenges will be how we adjust to countries that increasingly play, attempt to affirm their own positions. Is it our view that we will not permit the emergence of any significant country? That is the road to imperialism, no matter what we call it."

"In the 19th century, an ambassador needed some conceptual understanding, because he couldn't be instructed in details. Now he can be instructed in details. But it is important for him to report and to teach the essentials of the situation to a leadership which is driven very much by its domestic concerns. And this, as I look around the world, is more and more true in every country."

"I received a lot of credit for coming up with the formula in the Shanghai Communiqué in which we said of the Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Straits, there is only one China...I want you to know that I plagiarized that from Alex Johnson, who wrote it in a paper in 1954 for Secretary Dulles in preparation for a meeting in which Dulles was considering how to get into a relationship with Communist China. So if first class work is done, it may not succeed in one generation, but it will eventually."

"...One thing about Joe Sisco. Once when we were shuttling, the Xerox machine got loose and it was rolling around the plane. And some of my staff were yelling 'For God's sake, get it

under control before Joe falls into it,
because we can't have two of them on
this plane."

In emotional remarks concluding the luncheon, Senator McCain had this to say about Kissinger: "After the peace signing in 1973, Henry took a trip to Hanoi just before the first release of the prisoners. And the Vietnamese asked him if he would like to take one prisoner back with him - me. And to this day, I have been eternally grateful to Henry for refusing their offer, and thereby making sure that I landed at the appropriate time with my colleagues in the order of our capture."

ANNUAL MEETING
---

At lunch, June 30th, the Academy convened its annual members' meeting at DACOR Bacon House. Our guest was Evelyn Lieberman, Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, who spoke off-the-record on the status of the USIA integration into the Department of State.

Her remarks were followed by a
brief members' business meeting,
noting *inter alia* the following:

-a successful Kissinger luncheon

-a report from the membership
committee (Atherton) on the
Academy's current membership (148
total, of whom 76 are regular members,
13 honorary, 59 senior and 3 inactive),
and plans for a new election this fall.

-upcoming events planned to
further highlight the Academy's *First
Line of Defense* book.

-approaches made to the platform
drafting committees for the Democratic
and Republican nominating
conventions.

-report from the book award
committee (Marks) on nominations
received to date (See Annex).

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ANNUAL MEETING

(cont'd)

- report from the student essay contest committee (Lewis) that plans for a second contest at SAIS are underway for academic year 2002.

- funding proposals being submitted to the Marshall B. Coyne and Starr Foundations.

- report from the Finance Committee (Veliotes) that the Academy's budget at mid-year is essentially on course.

FOREIGN AFFAIRS
FUNDING

With a target date of October 6 for this year's adjournment, the Congress has an even more limited time period than usual to complete the appropriations process. Foreign affairs funding is again less than encouraging.

The Senate floor vote of the foreign operations bill, (which incorporates about 2/3rds of the international affairs budget), was 95-4 for funding at $13.4 billion, which is $1.8 billion less than the President's request. The House bill has not yet reached the floor; committee voting has its figure at $13.3 billion.

The House on June 26 passed its version of the Commerce/Justice/State (CJS) FY2001 appropriations bill, including $6.1 billion for diplomatic activities, embassy security and international organizations. This is up from $5.9 billion in FY 2000 but down from the Administration's $6.5 billion request. Senate mark-up has not yet been completed. The major cuts in the House version were predictably in the international organization and peacekeeping requests.

Of interest, relating to the work of the Overseas Presence Advisory Panel (OPAP), described in our last newsletter, are these excerpts from the Committee Report to the full House:

- "The Committee agrees with the OPAP that right-sizing can result in significant overall budget savings by reducing the size of overstaffed posts."

- "The Committee believes that part of the problem with previous right-sizing efforts has been that the Department does not have the authority to overrule other agencies' decisions regarding overseas presence."

- "It calls on the Department to submit a plan by December 31 providing a "multi-year budget and schedule to achieve a common technology platform at every overseas post, including proposals to equitably share the costs of this interagency effort."

Final FY2001 appropriations obviously will not be clear until well after the July 4th recess—probably not until GOP leaders and the White House renegotiate all of the spending bills in September. One encouraging note: Foreign Operations Subcommittee chair Sonny Callahan is quoted in the press as saying, "I think we need to spend more money on foreign aid, to promote democracy and immunize children," and elsewhere, that Secretary Albright had convinced him funding levels for the foreign operations bill were "grossly inadequate." Stay tuned.

AN ACADEMY
STATEMENT

On June 22 the Academy sent a statement to the platform drafting committees of the Democratic and Republican parties. The former is co-chaired by Sharon Fayles Belton,

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mayor of Minneapolis, and Senator Richard Durbin of Illinois; the latter by Governor Tommy Thompson of Wisconsin.

The Academy's cover letter to these chairs records its regret at the inadequately appreciated role played by diplomacy in furthering American foreign policy and security interests. The statement notes that our diplomacy today is both underfunded and often structurally ill-equipped to meet the challenges and opportunities in a changed, global international arena; that while military strength is essential, "Patient diplomacy, backed by informed intelligence, can help prevent or resolve conflicts before they get to the point when military force becomes relevant."

The statement ends by saying that "What is needed is a new national consensus, led by the President and Congress, that would give funding for international affairs the same importance we attach to the national security budget."

## AAD MEMBER VOICES ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS FUNDING

Two Academy members recently appeared in print expressing concern about the shortfall in resources dedicated to foreign affairs. Tony Quainton's *Whatever Happened to Diplomacy* appeared in "Pundit's Place", a new on-line forum "dedicated to promoting and encouraging discourse on public policy and politics." (See www.incongress.com/pundits). Tony wrote, "The candidates should explicitly recognize that diplomacy is indeed America's first line of defense and forthrightly call for the resources necessary to sustain and enhance it."

In the July/August issue of *Foreign Affairs*, Dick Gardner's article is labeled, "The One Percent Solution; Shirking the Cost of World Leadership." In the article, Dick writes, "A dangerous game is being played in Washington with America's national security. Call it the 'one percent solution'-the fallacy that a successful U.S. foreign policy can be carried out with barely one percent of the federal budget. Unless the next president moves urgently to end this charade, he will find himself in a financial straitjacket that frustrates his ability to promote American interests and values in an increasingly uncertain world."

Dick Gardner is making the full text of his article available to all AAD members. We commend it.

## TRANSITION PLANNING

Among several think tanks and other organizations doing look-ahead studies/recommendations for the next Administration are the following:

* "Transition to Governing Project." Its proposal is to "...facilitate effective progression from campaigning to governing at the national level." This study is run by AEI in conjunction with Brookings and the Hoover Institution and co-directed by Norm Ornstein at AEI and Tom Mann at Brookings.

* "Rand Transition 2001 Project." This study seeks to develop recommendations to be in place for the President-elect. Its members include Frank Carlucci, Bob Hunter, Donald McHenry, Sam Lewis and Bill Harrop-the

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latter having contributed an
issue paper on "The
Infrastructure of American
Diplomacy."

"Report to the President-Elect
2000", by the Center for the Study
of the Presidency, its participants
include AAD members Phyllis &
Bob Oakley, Andy Goodpaster,
Bob Bowie, Dick Solomon, Jim
Schlesinger and Joe Nye.

Meanwhile, *The Washington Post*
reported on June 23 that House Speaker
Hastert and Senate Majority Leader Lott
have announced formation of a national
security panel to advise them on foreign
policy and security—a panel, they said,
that would be "invaluable to the
Congress's Republican leadership."

Its members would include,
among others, James Woolsey, Cap
Weinberger and Dick Cheney, as well as
AAD members Colin Powell, Donald
Rumsfeld, Henry Kissinger and George
Shultz.

A U.S. COMMISSION ON
NATIONAL SECURITY FOR
THE 21ST CENTURY

This advisory commission was
chartered by congress in 1998 to review
the nation's security system and
recommend changes to better meet the
realities and challenges of the 21st
century. The commission is co-chaired
by former senators Gary Hart and
Warren Rudman; its executive director
is Charles Boyd; its membership
includes 15 commissioners. Among
them are Academy members Anne
Armstrong, Lee Hamilton and Jim
Schlesinger. A separate study group of
28 members including Chas Freeman

makes recommendations to the
commission. According to its website,
the commission has already delivered
reports on future security challenges
and the strategies to meet them, and is
currently working on the last phase of
its work - identifying structures and
processes that will be better suited to
the needs of the 21st century than those
created during the late 1940's.

Senator Rudman has promised to
join the Academy for one of its
monthly luncheons, but we have not yet
been able to find a date which fits his
schedule.

AMBASSADORIAL
NOMINATIONS

Among numerous nominations
pending with the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee to be chiefs of
mission are the following:

- Nigeria; Howard F. Jeter

- Kuwait; Lawrence E. Pope

- Bahrain; Ronald E. Neumann

- Ukraine; Carlos Pascual

- Germany; A. Elizabeth Jones

- Geneva (UN Rep.) Patrick F.

Kennedy (being replaced as
Asst. Secretary for
Administration by William
A. Eaton)

- Yemen; Marjorie Ransom

- Norway; Ruth Chandler Duke
(NC)

- Barbados; James A. Daley (NC)

- Haiti; Brian D. Curran

- Belarus; Michael G. Kozak

Now long continuing in an acting
status, pending resolution of issues
before the committee, are John Holum
as Under Secretary for Arms Control
and International Security, and Peter
Romero as Assistant Secretary for

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Western Hemisphere Affairs (WHA). James Dobbins is similarly acting as Assistant Secretary for EUR. The nominations of Peter Burleigh for the Philippines and Carl Spielvogel (NC) for Slovakia remain pending on the full Senate calendar because of the continued hold by Senator Grassley of Iowa.

Former Director General of the Foreign Service Skip Gnehm was sworn in as ambassador to Australia on June 26. His successor is Marc Grossman, former Assistant Secretary for European Affairs. James Walsh (C) has been confirmed for Argentina, the first U.S. ambassador there since 1996.

## FORMER PRESIDENT BUSH ON THE FOREIGN SERVICE

The American Foreign Service Association (AFSA), in connection with last year's 75th anniversary celebration of the Foreign Service, has sent a traveling, eight panel exhibit to each of the Presidential libraries which highlights the role and accomplishments of American diplomacy during that period.

On February 21, during the inauguration of the exhibit at the Bush library, former President George Bush had this, *inter alia*, to say about the Service in 20 minutes of remarks: As ambassador to the UN, "...history will tell whether I did the job well, but if I did it was because of the professionalism, the skill, the background and the dedication of the Foreign Service;" as ambassador in China, "...backed up by an outstanding FSO, John Holdridge...once again I was the recipient of the dedication of the Foreign Service;" at CIA, "Again I relied heavily on the Foreign Service;" as Vice President, "I was sure I'd make

some mistakes (traveling abroad), but it wouldn't be due to not having been given the background information by the FSOs."

And as President, "I saw it even more clearly...What I can't describe is the sacrifice that these men and women make...serving their country for the right reasons, which are honor and belief in our country."

To Texas A&M students in the audience, Bush had this to say: "To you young people here, I can guarantee you, based on considerable career experience, including business here in Texas, that you'll never regret it if you apply and are accepted into the United States Foreign Service."

## POST CLOSINGS

According to records maintained by State, 69 consular posts have been closed since 1970. A few, like Dusseldorf, have been closed and later reopened. New consular facilities were opened at Nogales in Mexico, Nagoya in Japan, Yekaterinberg in Russia, and in Asmara, Leipzig, Chengdu, Dubai, Pusan, Vladivostok, Shenyang, and Alexandria—the latter as a logistics office. Replacement “American Presence Posts” (APPs) have been opened in five French cities: Lyon, Bordeaux, Rennes, Toulouse and Lille—on the initiative of Ambassador Rohatyn in Paris.

Embassies in Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, the Seychelles, Antiqua, Solomon Islands, Comoros and of course Kabul, Tehran, Belgrade and Tripoli have been closed. Embassies were opened in the 15 former Soviet Republics and in Luanda, Asmara, Slovakia, Zagreb, Hanoi, Micronesia and the Solomon Islands.

New embassy "branch offices" were opened in Bonn, Abuja (Nigeria)

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Montenegro, Bonja Luka and Mostar (Bosnia), and in Cameroon.

## NEW FSI LEADERSHIP & MANAGEMENT SCHOOL

On June 14, Ambassador Ruth Davis presided over the formal inauguration of a new "Leadership and Management School" (LMS), at the National Foreign Affairs Training Center (FSI). Other participants included David Gergen, Under Secretaries Pickering and Bonnie Cohen and Bob Gallucci. The school was created on October 1, 1999, "...to respond to the increasing recognition of the need for sustained development of career leaders and managers in the Department and the larger foreign affairs community." According to its mandate, leadership and management content "...is integrated throughout the FSI curriculum." The new school's dean is Aurelia Brazeal, formerly ambassador in Kenya.

## ROLE OF THE AMBASSADOR BOOK

The Academy is continuing efforts to achieve a maximum in publicity and distribution of its book, *First Line of Defense: Ambassadors, Embassies & American Interests Abroad* published in April. Approximately 2300 copies have been distributed to date; to the leadership and all members of the foreign, international relations and appropriations committees in Congress, to the media, key figures in a wide variety of non-profit organizations and academic institutions, World Affairs Councils and others. On July 11, AAD members *Harrop, Motley, Rowell and Laingen* discussed the book

at a Smithsonian Associates event focusing on diplomacy as part of a special titled, "International Washington: An Insider's View". A Washington Post article of May 19 noted that the book "perhaps not surprisingly" concludes that "e-mail diplomacy is no substitute for the real thing."

We hope Academy members will publicize the book in their own public speaking activities. Additional copies can be provided promptly.

## NEWS OF MEMBERS

- *Fritz Mondale* hosted, together with Japanese Prime Minister Hashimoto Mori, a policy conference January 25-26 at CSIS on "The Graying of the Industrial World", conducted under the aegis of a CSIS Global Aging Initiative to discuss ways in which Europe, Japan and the U.S. "must cope with" an explosion of elders among their populations.

- *Craig Johnstone*, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Senior VP, was a member of a group of Chamber officials and business representatives that toured Cuba in May–resulting, *inter alia*, in a Cuban government agreement to let Cuban entrepreneurs come to the U.S. for educational tours beginning this fall.

- *Princeton Lyman* is a member of one of 12 advisory groups of 12-15 members each working on the Gore campaign.

- *Larry Eagleburger* is board chairman of the Cordell Hull Institute, founded in 1997, which focuses on encouraging free trade and open markets. *Brent Scowcroft* is a board member.

- *Colin Powell* is board chairman of the Eisenhower World Affairs Institute. *Andy Goodpaster* is

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NEWS OF MEMBERS

(cont'd)

chairman emeritus of its advisory board; AAD members **Bob Bowie**, **Bill Crowe**, **Mac Mathias**, **William P. Rogers** and **Bill Scranton** are members.

-**Tony Lake** continues his active work as the President's special envoy in helping broker the recent peace agreement signed in Lagos between Ethiopia & Eritrea.

-**Art Hummel** is one of a group of more than 40 scholars and former diplomats who signed a letter to the President June 29 urging delay in a decision on whether to build a national missile defense system, noting that "a precipitous decision to deploy would adversely affect US relations with China."

-**Bill Rogers** chairs an independent task force (of 15 members) of the Council on Foreign Relations on Cuba put in a place about a year ago. It made its first report in January and anticipates a second, following a trip by Bill and others to Cuba in early July.

-**David Newsom** has written a new book, *The Imperial Mantle*, published by Indiana University Press to appear in early 2001. The book, dealing with the post-WWII decolonization process, is David's sixth. A Newsom profile, "The FSO in the Eye of the Storm," appears in the June issue of the *Foreign Service Journal*.

-**Sam Lewis** in a Washington Post OpEd piece of July 2, "A Summit that Can't Wait," wrote on the Israeli Palestine peace process and predicted that "not much more progress will be made until Clinton huddles nonstop with both leaders over many days to hammer out an agreement. as Carter did in 1978."

-**Ted Eliot** will be the tour leader for a three-week study tour this fall by

the World Affairs Council of Northern California to central Asia and Iran. The group leaves September 20, with the tour beginning in Tashkent and traveling down the old silk road through Central Asia and on to Tehran and Isfahan and other stops in Iran.

-**Jim Baker** headed a 40-member delegation put together by the International Republican Institute (IRI) to observe the July 2 Mexican Presidential elections. Other members included **Tony Gillespie** and **Ted Briggs**. A separate delegation of observers was headed by Ken Wallace of the National Democratic Institute (NDI).

-**Nick Veliotes** was recently interviewed by Mike Wallace for the 20th Century channel's series "Disasters at Sea." Nick's segment dealt with the Achille Lauro tragedy of Leon and Marilyn Klinghoffer.

-**Bill Crowe** is new chairman of the US Navy Memorial Foundation, succeeding Admiral Elmo Zumwalt who died in January.

-**Hank Cohen's** book, *Intervening in Africa: Superpower Peacemaking in a Troubled Continent*, published by Macmillan of London and distributed here by St. Martin's Press will be in bookstores shortly.

Meridian International Center, whose president is **Walter Cutler**, this spring hosted a three-week training program at the Center for 16 Bosnian diplomats, including the new Bosnian ambassador to the U.S. As part of the program, they met with **Dick Holbrooke** at the UN. In April, Walt was a member of the U.S. delegation at the funeral of former President Bourguiba in Tunisia.

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## TWO NOTABLE AWARDS TO MEMBERS

Two Academy members are the recent recipients of very special awards. On June 22, at the American Foreign Service Association's annual awards ceremony in the Benjamin Franklin Room at State, *David Newsom* received its Lifetime Achievement Award, an award begun in 1995. Prior recipients include *Alex Johnson*, *Frank Carlucci*, *Larry Eagleburger*, President *George Bush* and Cyrus Vance.

In response, David, *inter alia* said "...I believe the nation is more secure today because of the dedicated, daunting, and often risky work of the many who have shared these decades in the Foreign Service."

Recalling his post-Foreign Service experience in teaching at Georgetown and UVA, he said he tells students "The reward is the satisfaction of participating in history and of being part of the machinery of a great nation as it finds its way in a changing and often disturbing world."

On Foreign Service Day, May 5, at State, *Bill Harrop* was the recipient of the "Foreign Service Cup," awarded annually by DACOR. (At the same ceremony, former AAD member *George Vest* was given the "Director General's Cup"). Harrop was cited for being at the center of efforts for almost 50 years "to further the profession of diplomacy and the Foreign Service when opportunities appeared and to defend them both when necessary."

## AN ACADEMY BIOGRAPHIC REGISTRY

AAD member *Ron Spiers* has recommended that the Academy find funding to compile a complete biographic registry of its members, going beyond its address book (just updated and being reissued) to include biographic resumes and current activities. The Academy has such resumes for many of its members but would welcome updates from each of you, with a particular emphasis on current activities, as well as a separate list of books you have published.

## QUOTABLE QUOTES

"If truthfulness is the first essential in the ideal diplomatist, surely the second is precision."

-Harold Nicholson

"Diplomacy, the most honorable of professions, can bring the most blessed of gifts, the gift of peace."

-Ronald Reagan

"Above all, no zeal!"

-Talleyrand

"Like the historic Episcopalian vexation over what to do with Methodist enthusiasm, professional diplomacy frets over what to do with zeal."

-Tom Hughes

For information or comments please contact
Bruce Laingen, President at (202) 331-3722 or
Maria St. Catherine Sharpe at (202) 331-3721 or
The American Academy of Diplomacy
1800 K Street, Suite 1014
Washington, DC 20006
Fax: (202) 833-4555
E-mail: aadiplmcy@aol.com
Website: http://www.academyofdiplomacy.org

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**American Academy of Diplomacy**
**2000 Book Award Nominations**
(Current as of June 21, 2000)

1. **Allen Dulles: Master of Spies** by Jams Srodes, Regnery Publishing Inc., Washington, DC, 1999

2. **Way out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War**, Frances Fitzgerald, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2000

3. **Negotiating on the Edge: North Korean Negotiating Behavior**, Scott Snyder, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC, 1999

4. **America and the Japanese Miracle: The Cold War Context of Japan's Postwar Economic Revival, 1950-1969**, Aaron Forsberg, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 2000

5. **Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and "Nation Building" in the Kennedy Era**, Michael E. Latham, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2000

6. **Born a Foreigner: A Memoir of The American Presence in Asia**, Charles T. Cross, Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, Boulder, Colorado, 1999 [An ADST/DACOR Book]

7. **Madeleine Albright and the New American Diplomacy**, Thomas W. Lippman, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 2000

8. **Secret Messages: Codebreaking and American Diplomacy 1930-1945**, David Alvarez, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 2000

9. **Safirka: An American Envoy**, Peter Bridges, Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio & London, 2000