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a buckskin dress heavily fringed who also got away with a bunch of mule buckskin mules, at this moment the other men came shouting but we already got away with the horses and they were ours and so they could not do anything with us. I called my brother, Bad Commander, over so he came and helped me. I caught five head, the Oglala Hermaphrodite caught five head, and the other Hermaphrodite was a Cheyenne caught ten head nice looking of mules all buckskin colored. There was a/chestnut sorrell mule in the bunch that these two Hermaphrodite disputed over ownership and almost fought over the animal. I caught and held the mule so the Cheyenne Hermaphrodite rode up to me and cut the rope with his knife, this caused the other to pull out his bow and arrows to shoot him, but I stopped them but they even pushed me out of their way. A Cheyenne Chief Little Coyote, saw this and rushed over and took the bow and arrows away from the man saying that they should not quarrel over the mule and he settled the matter by shooting the mule with an arrow and killed it. These hermaphrodites are very brave.

On one occasion we met some white immigrants so we took after them down a long hill, they saw us and fled leaving their wagons and everything there was in them. I ripped the wagon-cover open and took some bundles including a small keg, about that time the Cheyenne Hermaphrodite rode up and took all that he could make carry. I saw these strange men in three different war paths and I experienced a lot of things. Now about that small keg, Picked With Fingers, said that that was whiskey and advised me to take care of it so I carried that thing in my arms all that night and the next morning when we reached Little Big Horn river we knocked the keg open to find whiskey to drink, but to our surprise it was only water.

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###盟誓人

fresh game, so here again Afraid Of His Horses--Foolish Old Woman, who was riding a bauckskin horse took the lead and reached them first. there as

His horse was too fast for all of us so he got inside first. Just/he

reached the man and his wife, the man pulled out his gun but accidently

the

dropped his gun, so that Afraid Of His Horse struck the man first and

then the woman - thus taking two No. 1 coups in succession.

### The Last Brave Act Of Afraid Of His Horse:

Soon after the famous Winter of the Surrounding Of The Village (Winter Count) of which I had experienced, the Crow Tribe was migrating towards the mountains and when they were ascending a long ridge and/the first (leaders) were going down the ridge we fired into them from the hilltop. There a battle took place with the Crows and where, Afraid Of His Horses, was shot through that famous the thigh and his horse was shot and killed. This horse is inside buckskin horse I mentioned before, a very fast horse. Now it was told that just before this battle took place this buckskin horse began to balk with its owner, Afraid Of His Horse; this horse never did that before, but he refused to go and it seemed that the horse knew what will happen to them but he made him go anyway, and that was the end of the horse and his master was wounded very seriously. From that time on Afraid Of His Horse's bamento was that when we had a wound through his should

never went on the warpath until he died.

### The Activities of Little Big Man:

Little Big Man by his name is an humble man just the same as the rest of us. So at one time he borrowed a horse from a man named, Married To Yanktonai, to go on a horse raid. This man had only three head of horses but he let Big Man use one of them. So now the Oglalas set out on a horse raid against the Crows. When they came near the Crows and when the decoy was being picked out and ready to

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make the charge there was one Payabya man whose name was, Black Buffalo, made the remark: "Boys, I am going to bring out a herd of horses and when I do you could distribute them among yourselves," he said. At that time there were only just a very few mmm mounted men, and the rest of them were on foot. Black Buffalo was mounted. So just at day break we made the charge and it was then that Big Man stampeded a herd of horses away and brought them to safety. We counted thirty eight head for him and out of the thirty/head he gave one to each men who had none and came on foot. Now the Crows pursued us to try and recapture their horses that we took. towards near sunset they caught up with us and we had a big battle with them and it was then that Little Big Man was shot on the shoulder with an arrow. This was the first/experience of Little Big Man. Well, when the excitement was over and the Crows gave up their chase we all had a big laugh at, Black Buffalo, because his smart talk of getting a herd of horses and distributing them to the rest of the boys was all a joke, because he did not even capture one head. This was another big talk among the people at home, because Black Buffalo, was on a horse and he had a better chance than the others to get some horses but he did not on account of being a coward. Little Big Man's second experience of bavery was that when we had a big fight with whitemen where he received a wound through his shoulder with a rifle. A squaw-man name John Reshaw was the man who shot Little Big Man. In spite of his wound he Little Big Man captured and brought four head of horses.home. These men of whom I am telling about haven't got much or not enough brave deeds/but they are either ranked higher or made chiefs of the tribe against the custom-ery of the tribe, that's why I am telling about it so you could see. Little Big Man's third experience was that when another battle took place

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with Crow Indians he had a hand to hand fight with a Crow who wore a long
bear fur cap on. He was very tall but Little Big Man was short and small
but he was very strong so in wrestling with him Big Man stabbed the Crow
with
to death/his knife. A deed like this one is called a direct coup. I
with the whitemen
was there at that same battle/but Waya juju and I raided the oxen and the
wagons with full of goods. About that time some one yelled to me that
me
Little Big Man was wounded and that he was calling for/to help him.

On another occasion we went out on a raid over to the Larami Buttes
south of Casper, Wyo., against the Ute tribe and here again Little Big
Man made a capture of forty five head of sorrell horses. Later, again
while we were peeking over the hill watching a troop of soldiers a man
named, Muskrat, yelled out to us, " Little Big Man is pulling off a daring
act over here," so as we looked over towards indicated we saw Big Man
bringing four head of the soldiers horses. These horses happened to
break loose and were quite aways from the camp so that Big Man captured
them without any trouble. Another time during the Winter Of Surrounding
the
The Village, we had a fight with/Crow tribe where we chased them across
the river and it was then that Big Man found a wounded Crow evidently he
was shot in the pursuit but that he dropped from his horse after they
grossed the river so Big Man took the first coup from this wounded Crow.
The Crows reinforced their men and chased us back across the river and
here again Big Man slacked in the chase so that he was shot through the
shoulder with a rifle. At another fight with the Crows along the Little
Big Horn River the Oglala and the Cheyenne tribe had a back and forth
fight with the Crows. It was then that Big Man and a Cheyenne friend
shot and killed a Crow Hunter who was out hunting and came back with coups
but it was not long after until the almost the whole tribe off the Crows

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head of horses in the bunch. It was told that these four brothers were very quiet and full of shame for acting like that to He Dog. So when they caught up with He Dog he said to them, "Cousin, I am going to pick out five head of the best horses in the bunch and then you men could divide the rest among yourselves." This was a very funny incident to the people at home, because it evidently those four brothers plotted against He Dog but it turned out this way so it made his comrades feel very cheap.

This was quite a common talk among the people for a long time. I was not with them at that time but I saw the horses they brought home and they were all good looking horses. This is the kind of plots and tricks worked among the fellow-men in those days. Again He Dog joined a party to the Laramie Buttes and on their way he met a whiteman who was driving a nice team of horses and two extra horses tied on each side of the team. He fought this man and finally killed him taking first coup and the four horses and brought them home. I was not there at the time but it was told after he got home that he made a good catch. He Dog was with me on another war trip against the Shoshones and at which time he brought seven head of good horses. At another time he took them away to the Laramie Buttes where he made another trip where He Dog met some white men driving team of horses and hauling logs from the timber. He Dog killed one of the teamsters and took the first coup and the team of horses and brought them home. I happened to be back to the civilized place so I did not witness this incident, but as I said before that the people usually tell all that takes place during horse raids and battles. At the time when Seven Loafer Indians were killed in a pursuit, or massacred He Dog while he was standing behind a lodge ready to aim, a soldier mounted on a white horse was coming towards him and when he got close he shot the soldier down and took first

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coup, a direct coup. This all that I could remember for He Dog. Later he joined the band who went to Canada to live there, but there was no news about him since, so all the records he made was when he was with us in this band. Seven times he captured horses, but the rest of the warriors had less counts.

**Hollow Horn - Little Spider**
Little Spider hasn't got much to tell about but I will tell what he did do in the past. He was a very lively man, always visiting from one lodge to another, and while he was not intending to go out with war-parties he all of a sudden volunteered to join the Oglalas and the Arapahos who was then organized to make a raid against the Shoshones tribe. Nearly the whole tribe of the Arapaho was in this war-party. So now we went on the trip. We found the Shoshone camp in the canyon on the head of Wind River. This tribe (Shoshones) was a very large tribe in those days, so anyway we corralled them gave them a surprise attack towards midnight. It was then that Little Spider captured seventeen head of horses and while fighting with the Shoshone one Arapaho shot and killed two Shoshones so Little Spider took the No.2 coups from both of them. Again at another time the Cheyenne and the Sioux tribes organized and went against the Crow Tribe. They met each other and the Crows were compelled to flee into a bank where they were forced to come out into the opening. There was a Crow man who rode a nice looking gray horse and who rode up on top of the hill and dismounted when Wayajuju (Ruins By His Talk) who was laying under a pinetree shot the Crow so that his horse was trotting down the hill dragging a braided hair rope. Little Spider dashed over and captured the horse, and then raced to the Crow with Wayajuju (Ruins By His Talk) but the latter being so big and fat Little Spider got the best of him and struck the Crow and counted the No. 1 coup. Ruins By His Talk, did not like this at all.

41

We could tell it in his face that he did not like this, but anyway it was his own brother who beat him to the enemy and took the first coup so it was alright. I always joke with Ruins By His Talk over this incident. I knew that Little Spider was his brother but even that made it that much funny, he always said:- " In anyway he is my younger brother and he does not have any war record so I did that on purpose for his sake I made believe I could not run fast so that gave him a chance to run pass me and get the first coup:- I wanted him to do that." he would say. Nevertheless, this was a very amusing incident. When people feel heavy they tell this story about fatty, Ruins By His Talk, and laugh and forget about worring.

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## Part Two

### History Of The Oglala Sioux

as told by

Alex Charging Crow.

I am going to tell some things about myself and also various things that I have experienced. Along early in the Spring after the famous winter count, "Winter when all the Oglala Sioux horses perished" we organized and went towards the West. There were about forty of us in the party mostly Arapahos. So what few head of horses that the hard winter spared for us were being in use at this war-path. Some from the Oglala band and some from the Bad People band were in this party. So now we reached the mountains where the Sioux people use to trap mountain-sheep.

So the next day early in the morning Makes Bridge and I were sent out to scout. We went quite aways and when we came to a high hill Makes Bridge suggested that we each go one way and scout from the hills. He said:-- "Cousin, I am going up on that high mountain, so you go to that high one over there, and be sure to spy something," so immediately I rode up to the highest peak and stood there looking around. All of a sudden it seems that I heard a cow-bell somewhere. I looked all around for the noise. Down the hill there was pinetrees and cedar trees scattered along the level slope and in giving a seconds look I saw a large herd of horses grazing and among them this bell was ringing, evidently one of them had a bell about its neck I figured that there must be something like thirty or forty head of horses in the bunch, this is just what it looked like to me. So right away I went over to where Makes Bridge was lying, he said:-- "Cousin, there are two big buffalo lying close by here," and so I told him, "I saw a herd of horses,"

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operations for the matter. They would peak over the hill until finally one of them called out: "The soldiers are coming not very far from here; a high place and camped there for the night. And on the next morning so we peeked out too and here, over across the Powder River on the big we met the same soldiers and Pawnee scouts again and had another fight flat we saw a train of wagons coming, about a mile long. I should judge with them. It was then that a Pawnee Scout who was dressed like a and along side of the train of wagons there were three groups of soldier was shot and killed, and about eighteen soldiers were killed, besides re-capturing most of the Arapaho horses that they took over a few days ago." Woman Dress said, "Let's start main soldiers were coming very close."

After the battle was over we started for home and when we got to the forks of the Powder River there were many campsof Cheyennes and Sioux:- The two tribes made a powerful appearance, but we reached there anyway. When we stopped there we heard the news talk that on or about tomorrow there will be a return attack to be made on that village, so it was said. So the next morning it was rather cloudy as if it will rain, but the two tribes began to move camp and at the same time the warriors all gathered when all the warriors took after them. The soldiers finally reached and went down the river to meet the return attack. The two tribe warriors edge of the river bank they did not fire a single shot but fled to see numbered nearly two hundred. Of course in those days sometimes such news their lives. The soldiers dismounted and ran into the river bank and talks are found to be all lies, that's always the case everywhere, so now here man is what was said:- "Soldiers by the thousands are coming on both sides of the Powder River to make a revenge attack," so everybody was excited over the news. So, Woman Dress, and I started to follow the warriors. As we went along the bottom we reached to a valley and here, soldier where he pulled his blue coat off and threw it in front of him, we discovered that almost the whole valley was covered with Cheyennes and Sioux warriors assembled. Four Sioux warriors headed them off and ordered that no one should go on until they examine and cite out some way to make soldiers dropped. I never could understand why the soldiers didn't

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There was another war-party going to the Laramie Buttes so, One Bear and I joined them. There were many warriors joined this party. We now reached the mountains. Five of us were in the lead and the rest of the warriors were way behind us but they were coming. Suddenly, we spied a horse track. "What, maybe there are some whitemen nearby," they said and when we reached to the hilltop we saw four head of horses straight ahead of us, so One Bear who was leading his top running horse mounted him, we looked back to see if the others were near but they were still far away so we just as well made a charge on the horses, and just as we got a good start a white man rose up from the cliffs and called out, "How good Indians" but I struck him with my bow (a first coup) then I passed on to the horses and cut out two head and brought them back, and One Bear got the other two head. Later we learned that the whiteman from whom I took a coup was the father of (Blela, Bill Garnette) he was a real old man, but I counted a coup on him anyway.

(In our time we were raised amidst hard times and lived through difficulty times. Fire was very hard to make, so anyone having a container like a pail, or bucket to keep fire in with buffalo chips they carry it along when they move camp and when they stop to camp they start the fire with it then all the rest of the families would some to get some of the fire for their own use, sometimes they leave nothing for the fire owner. Guns were valued very highly and were expensive. The man who owns a gun is fortunate because he is more apt to get fresh meat than the rest of the hunters. In those days they use to go out on a chase on foot and bring game in the same way. When horses were known then it was much better especially when anyone having three or four extra pack

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A bif battle took place. At that time there were many white men waaemm
shot and killed. Eeaaammmmmmm Their bodies lay all along the valley.
During the fight there was a soldier, (an Officer who has shoulder-straps)
had two, six-shooters, one in each hand and bravely fired against the Sioux
and shot quite a lot of them and drove the rest into the river banks.
There was a half-breed fellow, Yellow Whiteman, fell from being wounded
so I layed behind this man and hid. There were three Sioux men who shot
one another by accident with arrows. Crooked Eyes, was shot on the thigh
with an arrow and the other two men were from the Cheyenne Sioux Band and
their names I do not recall. The Officer who was chasing the Sioux and who
was very active passed my hiding place and went way beyond shooting the
Indians, now was coming back. Just before he reached to my hiding place
some Indian shot him off his horse before I started to get ready for him.
But any way I took the first coup from him. I also captured three pistols
two long rifles and cahed them away in a safe place, but later when I went
back to get the guns some one had alreddy got away with them. At that
moment I could hear the "Onhey, Onhey" by the Sioux men stricking the saaamm
soldiers and taking coups. Some Indian was hollering "One Bear is shot
off his horse and is laying helpless," I ran over there and found that
he was shot through his right leg on the musche. I brought him to safety.
There were five Indians laying dead nereby. One Bear never got well from
this wound, he must have caught cold in it because he died sometime after
we took him home. I took care of him to the moments of his life. I brought
two horses with saddles on them. Of all the white men that we have been
killing in the past must all have no relatives living, mayebe there were
orphans, because in later years I never heard of any of their relatives
who gave feasts in behalf of them or no memorials made in their honors.

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P'tuste, waglawa and quite a few from the Badger Eaters band were there when the mule had a big pack on him. The five men were all armed with long rifles. They saw us and made a quick getaway. I dashed for the mule as they left those two white men who started to shoot first as they fled down the canyon and ran. I chased the mule for a little ways and finally caught him on and when they got on the other side of the canyon along the sandbars and I cut the cinch so the pack tip over and fell of. I took the mule and Long Face captured the pack. When he opened the pack it was a roll of bedди second coup from them. The other five who fled into the house were also and it had some nice quilts in it. Those five men fled towards the canyon and reached to where/were/houses and got to a safe place. These men evidently were on their way on a deer hunt but we scared them back. We now got ready to make a charge on these houses where the men went to. We right her as a prisoner. I did this because she ran right towards me to be away fired into the houses when a man with a blanket wrapped around his protected and that's why I took her and cared for her. I took her back to waist came out and yelled, "I am a Sioux" so I went over there and found where Little Big Man was standing. "Take care of this prisoner I am that he was a Sioux man named, "Hoarse Woman" I knew him since that time. He said, "I am going to give you some bread so you stand here," He went in the house and brought out a big dish pan full of bread and gave it to me. I brought out and gave them to Little Wolf and I went right back to and when killed him instantly. Here I captured two guns. From there on the house again. While I was going towards the house I saw two white men our hunting was made simpler because this young girl prisoner had those peeked out of the window. There were two houses there one long building and another house not quite so big. I entered both places and in one of them I saw a very pretty young woman and also a yummny boy's well dressed in all around for more goods and one of the bad Face members found a value white man style were in the house. Later I learned that they were the children of a man named, "Puñli" When I entered the long building I found that this was a store so I took quite a few things from the shelves and about that time the other Indians came and started to grab for things. I delivered some more things to Little Wolf and as I was coming back to the house again those white men first started to shoot at us but there must be about forty of us in number, Pretty Weasel, Crazy Horse, Little Big Man,

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P'etuste, Waglawa and quite a few from the Badger Eaters band were there to too. Waglawa got shot and killed at this battle. So now we took after those two white men who started to shoot first as they fled down the canyon and when they got on the other side of the canyon along the sandbars we overtook them and killed them and I took the first and second coup from them. The other five who fled into the house were also shot and killed, of course they gave us a big fight. The whole store was turned over to us as they fled and we sure did grab for many things in the store. It was then that I took that young pretty girl and captured her as a prisoner. I did this because she ran right towards me to be protected and that's why I took her and cared for her. I took her back to where Little Big Man was standing. "Take care of this prisoner I am turning this over to you." He accepted her. Waglawa, Counts His Own, was shot and killed. He had a cow horn filled with black powder about his person so when they shot him they shot square into the horn which exploded and which killed him instantly. Here I captured two guns. From there we our hunting was made simpler because this young girl prisoner had three belts about her person filled with cartridges so by means of those we hunt deer and we sure enjoyed the meats. When everything quiet down we searched all around for more goods and one of the Bad Face members found a valise that one of the white men dropped in getting away. When we examined the contents there were gold coins and silver coins mixed in the valise. And when we were coming on our way home this man offered me the whole valise for the buckskin mule I captured, so I gave it to him in a hurry, because I was familiar with gold and silver coins before and knew its value. When I counted the coins in this valise I counted seven-hundred dollars worth of

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gold, and silver coins. So I got this much money from only one mule.

Two days after we came home I went and stole that young girl prisoner away from Little Big Man and delivered her back to her folks. Little Big Man almost give me trouble over this, that is after he found out what I did to him. Big Man was a bad man he murdered a man before and he has been despised by the tribe and every body seem to be afraid of him, they hate him, but you see I was the only one that took food over to him while he was cast away from the village. Not only fed him while he was punished but I gave him a nice gun which I captured at one time.

Here again there was another party organized and went towards the mountains to search for the Shoshones. A fight took place with them at that time where my brother Painted Horse, was shot in the leg. When we were among about to find the Shoshones a party was sent out to scout and I was the selected ones. So we went on and pretty soon we came to an abandoned camping place, we figured that they just left there yesterday so we came right back and reported it. The Shoshones were found camping on the south side of the mountains. There was a big tribe of the Shoshones. Well our party was not very small either we numbered to a very big force of warriors. Arapaho, Sheyenne and the Sioux were well represented. So now we all got busy making hid-outs figuring that if they should chase us we will find a place to renegade to and fight back. So after we fixed up the hide-outs we all started to peek over the mountains and located the grounds. The first thing we saw was a man out herding horses right close to us. The leaders were selecting warriors who rode on some fast horses. They did not select me but I volunteered and started for the herder, "Hokahe !" they said and

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started with them stampeded them on ahead towards home so by now they were
many miles away from us and that was the reason the Shoshones will never be able
to catch them. All told I received eighteen head of horses from the big
catch besides the black horse I captured the last. While we were bringing
Painted Horse who was wounded it seemed that we had more trouble caring for
him, as it began to snow and finally it turned to a blizzard. We had to
stop and camp at low place out of the wind and built a fire and kept him
warm as we could. The wound pained him very much and but we wanted to
get home as soon as we can so we just had to travel long stretches. Here
he told the men that he was going to make medicine and he called for a
cane so they made one for him. He braced himself and with the help of the
cane he grunted along, hopped along and made the sound like, Iq,
Iq, Iq, he went in a circle and pretty soon his pains were all gone. He
must meant it because from that time on he did not complain any more. We
stopped over night and next day very early we started on home.

FlintArrow Heads, Sioux Claim Insects Or Spiders Make Them:- I am
going to tell about a few little things. One time I found an arrow head
up in the hills and I brought it back to my grandfather, P'alani. He said
that Spiders made those flint arrow heads, but not this insect "spider".
Many years ago there was a tribe of Indians known to be The Spider Tribe
who made those flint arrow heads. But since then this tribe of spider
people probably were all killed of by warfare. My grandfather further
told me that they the Sioux used to copy those arrow heads that they find
up on top of the hills. About that time when white men introduced metal
the Sioux made metal arrow heads copying them from the flint arrow heads.

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at play. The boys too were playing horses at that time and sure enough
the Sioux people that they have experienced and saw some
soon afterwards the hunters discovered some mustangs near a lake. The
like the deer, antelope, buffalo, bears and so forth have been
people went out there to see if they could catch some of them. When they
surrounded them all the mustang ran into the lake and swam to the center
and all at once they disappeared in the water. So this was a mystery to
ever
them because no other mysterious incident/happened to them before. Several
moons afterwards the Cheyenne tribe and the Sioux went out and captured
some of those mustangs and brought them home, broke them and used them
in place of the dog packs. I recall when there was a bunch of men going
to Fat River
out to seek for mustangs I went along with them/and took coup from two of
them. What I mean when I said coup was that that was the term used when
anyone brought a mustang home alive. So this does not mean that I shot
them with guns or arrows but I captured them and brought them home thus
in that way I was entitled to coups. It was termed just the same as
striking an enemy and taking coup.

I have told only a part of the origin of the word Mysterious dog,
but it is like this. Between the Fat River and the Chief River there was
a lake a very large lake. It was at this lake where a herd of mustangs
were grazing and where the Cheyennes and the Sioux people surrounded these
animals intending to catch them but when they inclosed them on all sides
they ran for the lake and swam towards the center. While they were swim-
ing the one in the rear was not a mustang, it was a woman with long hair
and long tail swimming towards the center and all at once they all dived
in the lake and never came out anymore. Thus they said "that dog acted
and done a mysterious thing" a mystery dog, a large dog, and what not
and hence the name holy dog stuck to the horses. It was also believed by

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the Sioux people that they have experienced and saw some of the animals like the deer, antelope, buffalo, bears and so forth have impersonated human beings and that they caused many men and women to be come hysteria and die from the effects of it.

The word buffalo in the Sioux language means "great object". At the time when the Sioux did not know the buffalo a group of scouts were sent out to scout. They came back in a short time and reported that they saw some great object. When they all went over there to see it was a buffalo. Some said "Aragged thing" because they had long hair on their front legs. From that time on they talked about that great object, and they kept shortening the name t'at'anka something great and from that time on the/stuck to (t'at'anka)

As I have said before that some animals impersonate human beings, here is an illustration of a true story. It has often been told by the Sioux people. In the black hills straight west from the bear butte up in the canyon the Sioux people lived there to hunt and pick berries as well as to dig turnips and herbs. Well at this village the Sioux way of courting maidens was that the young men all lined up and each one waited his turn to speak to the maiden. It happened that one young man walked up to the maiden but the maiden screamed as if frightened so all the young men pulled out their arrows and chased this man who runaway and shot several arrows into him. He grunted after he was shot. The next morning they all looked for him and here they found that a long-tail deer lay dead with several arrows stuck into him. They blamed this deer for impersonating and trying to court the girl and probably hynotize her and set her wild.

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live in a spotted lodge. Whether he lived in this kind of a lodge
for his war record or otherwise I do not know, but I see him live in
this kind of teepee <u>anemy</u> at all times.

In those days we see some of the lodges have a horse tail that
hung from the tip of the supporting pole, this was hung over the door
way. A family who lives in a teepee like this usually secure a lodge
similar to that for his son or daughter when they get married and must
see that they start to live in a home of their own. All such insignia
means something about warfare or some important adventure that they have
experienced.

Very often we see some short rawhide thongs tied to the tip of
the lodge poles, sometimes there are five and sometimes less. But those
are <u>there</u> to be used to tie on to the other poles when they move camp
and the poles are equally tied on each side of the horse which makes a
support for the travois. The Cheyenne tribe and the Sioux use this
system of travelling.

There was one lodge among the Oglalas that was decorated and
pictures of deer and elk were painted all around the teepee. Now the
man who lived here with his family was another holy-man. He painted
this lodge according to some mysterious dreams he had from which he be-
came holy. He belong in the Wajaje Band. I do not recall his name but
he was a very holy man and could doctor any kind of wounds or broken
bones and he usually cures his patients.

And now another one. A man named, "Light" (in weight) lived in

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then when he was through he would pierce the child's ears. Some warriors who exaggerated their talk or not telling the truth at a gathering like this one, his piercing ears proved that he was lying in his war-talk, because the child's ears would swell and cause trouble by pains and some times an infection would set in, but where an honest warrior performs this ritual in a proper way his perforation of the ears healed up without any trouble. This was proven many many times so it is true.

Most families would rather give their children this honorarium at the Sundance. When the sundance's pause/for a family to work the piercing of the ears in, a child was brought and the performance takes place. So this ceremony was done at any time. There was no restrictions made for this ritual. The man who pierces the ears does it quickly with a very sharp pointed knife, a special knife made for this occasion. Then a piece of lead was shaped to the size of the punctured hole in the ears and was plugged in and when the aoreness are gone the lead was twisted and turned around a few times and in this way the ears healed very nicely. After the lead was taken out of the ears it leaves a hole, and after that earrings could be worn. A child or person who has pierced ear marks show that/went through an expensive ceremony and everyone knows that he or she is a beloved one of the family with a high rank and they are respected very highly. To one could dare/insult any of those dignified persons.

Any one who person who had not gone through this ceremony but is always having too much to say was rediculed by the tribe. They say to that party, "That person has a pair of oyster-shell ears but has too much to say," meaning that that person has no ear-marks and therefore is not entitled to respect or honor. You may look at the marks on my ears and

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you will see that I have gone through this honored ceremony when I was a
little boy.

So this is all a real fact. In my conclusion I wish to say that
I never did want to tell these stories and customs of my tribe before to
anyone, but you are the first one I have told it to, and I believe it is
soon
told to the last one, because I know that/I will not be living on this
earth, but I want my words to be written down so that even if I am dead
and gone my words will still live among you young people and the genera-
tions to come in the future, and I want them to remember me. Just a little
while ago before you came in my house I began to feel dizzy and I staggered
around here so I layed down and rested a while and now I feel much better
since you came. I might have forgotten somethings I want to tell about
but right now I cannot think about any, but you will come back anyway so
this will be all at this time. That's all.

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