Lehigh University

Peter Likins
President

Alumni Memorial Building
27 Memorial Drive West
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015-3089
telephone (610) 758-3155
fax (610) 758-3154
e-mail: pwl0@lehigh.edu

JUL 28 1997

22 July 1997

TO: Lehigh Campus Community

FROM: Peter Likins

SUBJECT: The University of Arizona

Tonight I accepted a formal invitation to become the president of the University of Arizona, effective 1 October 1997. I'm excited about the challenges and the opportunities that lie ahead for me in Tucson, and at the same time deeply moved by the realization that I will miss many dear friends in the Lehigh campus community.

After fifteen wonderfully absorbing years in the Lehigh presidency, I am prepared to take one more giant step in my professional life. Equally importantly, my life's partner and dear wife Pat is ready for another great adventure. We began a year ago to think about our options, and I was pleased to be considered this spring by the University of Arizona. Only after I received a phone call on June 3rd did I know that I was among the survivors in the preliminary presidential screening process, and only when I visited Tucson on July 14th did my prospects for success seem real to me. Now the decision has been made, and I am deeply honored to be chosen as Arizona's next president. All I have to do now is do the job. That won't be easy, but neither was any other mission I've ever been drawn to, including the Lehigh presidency!

I wish that I could find a way to repay every kindness that my family has received in the Lehigh Valley, and say goodbye personally to every friend who sustained me in a time of need. Strangely, after fifteen years of intense commitment to meeting my professional responsibilities at Lehigh, it is the personal relationships forged here that are uppermost in my mind as I prepare to ride off into the sunset. I will miss my friends among Lehigh's students, faculty, staff, alumni and trustees, and I wish them all every success and happiness in the years that lie ahead.

As for my professional contributions to Lehigh University, I am content to let history be my judge.

Enc. Press Release (edited)

LEHIGH
NEWS

Office of External Relations
Lehigh University
436 Brodhead Ave.
Bethlehem, PA 18015-1690
610-758-3170 / FAX 610-758-5566 or 4708

July 22, 1997

For immediate release

Contact: William Johnson
610-758-3172

Lehigh University President accepts
presidency of University of Arizona

Peter Likins, president of Lehigh University since 1982, has accepted the presidency of the University of Arizona, effective October 1, 1997. The Arizona Board of Regents offered Likins the position today (7/22) after an exhaustive six-month national search. The decision was released at approximately 8 p.m. (EST) following a Board of Regents meeting.

"My tenure as Lehigh's president is coming to a close, but a large piece of my heart will always be on South Mountain," Likins said. "Lehigh is such a special place. I have worked with many wonderful people in serving the university, the community and higher education. It has been a joyful experience. But at this stage in my career, the challenge of leading one of America's premier public universities is one that I welcome."

"Few presidents in higher education today have been as successful as Peter Likins," said Ronald Ulrich, chairman of Lehigh's board of trustees. "He has transformed Lehigh into a nationally known university that truly integrates student learning in the arts, humanities, business, education, engineering and the sciences. As an institution known for developing leaders in business and society, Lehigh for the last 15 years has had the perfect role model in Peter Likins. I join with our trustees, alumni, faculty, staff and students in wishing Peter and his family the very best in their new adventure."

Ulrich said an interim president would be appointed by the board as soon as possible to provide for a smooth transition prior to the installation of a new president. He said that a committee would be formed to search for a new president which will involve the executive committee of the board of trustees and campus constituents.

Likins' tenure at Lehigh includes several remarkable achievements, said Ulrich, especially since he presided over a private university during a turbulent era in which government and public support for higher education waned and concerns about costs escalated.

Page 2

Lehigh's reputation grew significantly under Likins. Since 1990, applications to the university have increased more than 40 percent, and during the same period its ranking among national universities in U.S. News & World Report's "Best Colleges" survey has risen from 51st to 32nd.

Likins recognized early in his tenure the need to diversify Lehigh's academic offerings. Even before enrollment in engineering began its decline in the mid-1980s, he led the way to increasing students in Lehigh's Arts and Sciences and Business and Economics colleges. While interest in engineering is beginning to recover and business enrollment remains strong, the College of Arts and Sciences today enrolls nearly half of Lehigh's students and this year the university opened the $33-million Zoellner Arts Center.

Lehigh's president operated under the motto, "quality kids come first," and he worked hard to control tuition increases and provide access to a Lehigh education for all who qualified academically. Tuition increases under Likins followed a consistently downward trend, and this year's increase of 4.1 percent is the lowest percentage increase in 27 years. When he became president, only one-quarter of Lehigh students received financial aid, compared to more than half today. And the average financial aid package covered roughly half a student's costs 10 years ago, compared to two-thirds of a student's costs today.

Financial aid was a fund-raising priority under Likins, and $150 million of the roughly $550 million raised during his tenure went toward scholarships.

Successful fund-raising also provided funding for substantial facilities growth under Likins. In addition to the arts center, Lehigh added the Mountaintop Campus, which doubled Lehigh's size, the Rauch Business Center, Goodman Stadium, Fairchild-Martindale Library and Computing Center, a campus-wide network, the Ulrich Student Center and renovations of Taylor Gym, Drown Hall and the University Center.

Under Likins, Lehigh's endowment has grown from $71 million to more than a half billion dollars. The university budget grew from $58 million in 1982 to $205 million this year.

He has been an advocate of undergraduates being involved in team projects with students and faculty from other disciplines. His frequent interaction with leaders of corporations and universities led to the conclusion that employers are seeking graduates with this kind of learning experience, so he encouraged it on campus. Today, Lehigh has earned a reputation as one of the few universities in America that are truly integrating learning in this way.

C6 FRIDAY, JULY 18, 1997

S

THE WASHINGTON POST

OBITUARIES

# Iran-Contra Counsel Arthur Liman Dies

By Bart Barnes

Washington Post Staff Writer

Arthur L. Liman, 64, who became a national celebrity as chief counsel to the special Senate committee that investigated the Iran-contra arms scandal 10 years ago, died of cancer yesterday at his home in New York.

Mr. Liman, a partner in the blue chip New York law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, led the televised questioning of Marine Lt. Col. Oliver L. North and Navy Rear Adm. John M. Poindexter during the 1987 joint Senate-House committee hearings on the scandal. As a result, all became household names that summer.

The committee was investigating the diversion to contra forces in Nicaragua of profits from the sale of arms to Iran and the roles in that operation played by North, Poindexter and other national security officials in the Reagan administration.

From May through August of 1987, in a stately marble-columned Senate setting, Mr. Liman held center stage at the hearings, grilling a parade of witnesses whom he would later describe as "characters . . . right out of a James Bond novel." They included arms dealers, spies, military officers, money raisers, business owners and diplomats.

Mr. Liman's verbal skirmishes with North's lawyer, the combative Brendan V. Sullivan, made great theater, and the hearings were followed by indictments and convictions. In turn, much of that was followed by pardons of reversals, in some cases because of immunity granted as a condition for testimony before the Senate committee.

Committee members acknowledged months after the hearings ended that they had failed to get the full story on Iran-contra. "We blew it," a top member of the committee's legal staff told The Washington Post.

Lawrence E. Walsh, the independent counsel who would direct criminal prosecutions arising from the Iran-contra case, strongly criticized Mr. Liman for his handling of the hearings and granting of immunity.

"Confidently, almost arrogantly, [Mr. Liman] predicted that by carefully insulating ourselves, we would be able to prosecute individuals who had received congressional immunity," Walsh wrote in his book, "Firewall." Walsh was skeptical of that claim at the time, he said, and the subsequent reversals of convictions justified his skepticism.

1987 PHOTO

ARTHUR L. LIMAN

Former Maine senators George J. Mitchell (D) and William S. Cohen (R) said in their book, "Men of Zeal," that the committee and its legal staff were outmaneuvered by North and Sullivan on a variety of procedural points.

Ironically, North became one of the prime beneficiaries of the Iran-contra hearings. He emerged as a folk hero to the political right, a radio talk show host and a force in Virginia politics, where he was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Senate.

In his Senate testimony, North disclosed to Mr. Liman that high-ranking U.S. national security officials had planned to use earnings from commercial operations—such as selling weapons to Iran—to create a “stand-alone, self-financing” secret agency capable of conducting worldwide covert operations without reporting them to anyone. North also admitted shredding important secret documents.

North was convicted of obstructing Congress, mutilating government documents and accepting an illegal gratuity, but the convictions later were vacated and the charges dropped.

Convictions against Poindexter on counts of obstruction of Congress and making false statements also were reversed. Two of the case's other major figures, retired Air Force Maj. Gen. Richard V. Secord and national security adviser Robert C. McFarlane were pardoned after pleading guilty to charges arising from the Iran-contra case.

A veteran corporate lawyer and litigator, Mr. Liman signed on as chief counsel to the Senate committee after a 30-year practice in New York at the highest levels of corporate and financial law. During his career, he had represented real estate tycoon John Zaccaro, the husband of Rep. Geraldine Ferraro (D-N.Y.), the 1984 Democratic candidate for vice president; corporate raider Carl Icahn; fugitive corporate embezzler Robert Vesco; junk bond merchant Michael Milken; and CBS founder and chief William S. Paley.

He played a key role for Pennzoil Co. in its battle with Texaco Inc. over the acquisition of Getty Oil Co., which resulted in a $12 billion verdict for Pennzoil. Among his corporate clients were Time Warner Inc., Continental Grain, H.J. Heinz Co., Weyerhaeuser Co. and Christie's auction house.

He was legal counsel to the New York citizens commission that investigated the 1971 Attica prison riot and the storming of the prison by state police that claimed 39 lives. As part of an effort to win over the trust of inmates, Mr. Liman had Christmas Eve dinner with them in the prison cafeteria.

In 1975, he was special counsel to the New York State Bar Association's grievance committee that negotiated the terms under which Richard M. Nixon resigned from the bar. In 1979, New York City hired him to press a damage claim against Pullman Inc. and Rockwell International Corp. for 754 defective subway cars. He won an award of $72 million.

A native of New York City, Mr. Liman grew up on Long Island. He graduated from Harvard and was first in his class at Yale Law School.

After eight months in Washington and completion of a 690-page report on the Iran-contra hearings and investigations, Mr. Liman returned to New York and his law practice.

Survivors include his wife of 38 years, Ellen Fogelson Liman of New York; and three children, Lewis, Douglas and Emily.

Atlantik-Brücke e. V.

DIE GESCHÄFTSFÜHRENDE
STELLVERTRETENDE VORSITZENDE

The Honorable
Dr. Henry A. Kissinger
Kissinger Associates
350 Park Avenue, 26th Floor
New York, NY 10022
U S A

Fax: 001-212-753-7248

ADENAUERALLEE 131 · 53113 BONN
POSTFACH 1147 · 53001 BONN
TELEFON (0228) 21 41 60/21 42 60
TELEFAX (0228) 21 46 59

MAGNUS-HAUS
AM KUPFERGRABEN 7
10117 BERLIN-MITTE
TELEFON (030) 2 01 01 06
TELEFAX (030) 2 01 01 07

MAY 27 1997

Bonn, May 27, 1997

Lln/jd

HAPPY BIRTHDAYI

This special day provides me with an opportunity to thank you for your past
contributions to the Atlantik-Brücke. Always remember that you are a very dear
friend and it is always a particular honor for the Atlantik-Brücke to have you amongst
us and to listen to your fascinating and inspiring thoughts. I hope that this
cooperation may continue for many more years to come.

Best wishes for a happy and successful year, on this day my thoughts are with you in
friendship.

Beate Lindemann

P.S. We have set the date for this year's Youth for Understanding Gala Benefit Dinner: December 8 at the Metropolitan Club in New York. Can we expect to see you and Nancy there?

Bankverbindung: M. M. Warburg Bank, Hamburg, B.I.Z 201 201 (0), Konto Nr. 219 045
Sitz des Vereins: Hamburg
Büro Hamburg: Postfachweg 60, 22393 Hamburg, Telefon (047) 600 70 22

27 MAI '97 10:19 ATLANTIK-BRUECKE BONN

YOUTH FOR UNDERSTANDING STIFTUNG

APR 25 1997

April 18, 1997

Dear Henry,

Seven years of the YOUTH FOR UNDERSTANDING foundation - more than 1,000 East German students in America and, since 1995, over 250 American high school students in Germany. "A dream come true" described one of the first exchange students. The Youth for Understanding foundation continues to work to make these dreams for young people, who have not always been a part of the 'sunnier side of life,' come true.

This year we are celebrating our seventh anniversary - eight years after the fall of the Berlin Wall! We have just decided on the date for this year's Youth for Understanding Gala dinner event at the Metropolitan Club in New York City and would be very happy if you could mark it in your calendar:

Monday, December 8, 6:30 p.m.

This year, as in years past, we are looking forward to another fabulous evening including the patronage of the President of the United States and the Chancellor of Germany, holiday performances by noted musical groups and some uplifting words by people who have done a great deal to encourage understanding between people of different countries, ages and cultures. The evening, in addition to being entertaining for those in attendance, makes it possible for American minority high school students and students from the former East Germany to spend a year learning, experiencing and promoting understanding while studying and staying with host families abroad.

We will be sending out the official invitations this fall and would be most honored if you would attend as our guest.

With best regards,

Walther Leisler Kiep

Beate Lindemann

Vorsitzender des Stiftungsrates: Walther Leisler Kiep Vorstand: Dr. Beate Lindemann, Prof. Dr. Dieter Feddersen
p.A. Atlantik-Brücke e.V., Adenauerallee 131, 53113 Bonn, Tel: 02 28-21 41 60, Fax: 02 28-21 46 59

YOUTH FOR UNDERSTANDING FOUNDATION

Directly following the fall of the Berlin Wall in the winter of 1989, the Atlantik-Brücke (Atlantic Bridge) -- a private, nonpartisan organization founded in 1952 to promote German-American relations -- initiated the Youth for Understanding Foundation with the goal of providing financial support for an extended program emphasizing exchanges between Eastern Germany and the United States. The first 35 high school students were sent to the United States within months.

In 1994, the Foundation enhanced its program by extending the one-year exchange scholarship to American minority high school students to study in Germany.

Today, in close cooperation with the Youth for Understanding International Exchange Inc. in Washington D.C. and the Youth for Understanding Committee in Hamburg, over 1,000 Eastern Germans and 200 American minority high school students have benefited from the unique and valuable experiences of a year abroad. It cannot go without mentioning, that the annual Kluge Fellowships are a vital part of the Foundation's program. The Fellowship supports student exchanges between Saxony and America and was made possible through generous donations from John W. Kluge, an American who came to the United States from Germany as a child.

The exchange program between Western Germany and America has much older beginnings. The Youth for Understanding Inc. began supporting exchanges in 1951 and has seen over eighteen thousand Germans and over eleven thousand Americans travel to the respective foreign countries.

Today, the Youth for Understanding Inc. promotes exchanges with over thirty participating countries. Since 1990, as a result of the fall of communism, the program has been successfully extended to Russia and other former Soviet block countries.

In spite of the strength and numerity of the past German-American exchanges, Americans still know very little about Germany, let alone the new Eastern German states. In addition, there is even less understanding between minority Americans and Germans. The Foundation sets out, therefore, to expand the understanding and lifetime bonds that forty years of exchange has accomplished to include Eastern Germans and minority Americans, who in the past had been excluded from exchange programs.

The Foundation hosts an annual benefit gala dinner which has received the patronage of United States President Bill Clinton and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. In his welcoming message for the gala dinner in 1994, President Bill Clinton expressed strong support for such exchanges:

As a young student of foreign studies, I gained an invaluable perspective on our diverse world....Through the years the Youth for Understanding Foundation has offered that same kind of insight for countless German and American students....Extending the international bridges of friendship that are so important to the future of the world, Youth for Understanding is helping to build a brighter tomorrow for all people.

And Chancellor Helmut Kohl, in his acceptance speech of the Eric M. Warburg Award of the Atlantik-Brücke in Berlin on June 18, 1996, also emphasized the importance of student exchanges:

> The cultural ties between the old and the new world will require even more attention than in the past...The more young Americans and young Germans have an intimate knowledge of each other's countries, the more energetically we combat the provincialism occasionally encountered in Germany today, the greater will be our opportunities in the next century.

One particular aspect of the Youth for Understanding Foundation's unique program is the great amount of dedication which goes into realizing the high school student exchanges. All the money raised by the Foundation is spent exclusively on scholarships. There are no personnel or administrative costs thanks to the dedicated service of its supporters. It is a team effort from all sides, with administration volunteers, generous donations by corporations and host families who so warmly welcome students as their very own without getting any financial support.

The positive impact that high school student exchanges have had on German-American relations cannot be underestimated. Student exchanges play an even more significant role today since the partnership between Germany and the United States must assume a new dimension. It is therefore important to strengthen the existing connection on the human front between the younger German and American generations. The young exchange students will carry the legacy of German-American friendship and cooperation into the next generation.

The words of a seventeen year old participant from Texas are perhaps the most striking on the value of this program: "There would never be another war -- either hot or cold -- if everyone could spend a year of his life in another country."

Youth for Understanding Foundation
Adenauerallee 131, 53113 Bonn, Germany
Tel. (+228) 21 41 60
Fax (+228) 21 46 59

Chairman, Board of Trustees
Walther Leisler Kiep, Frankfurt am Main

Board of Directors
Dr. Beate Lindemann, Bonn
Professor Dr. Dieter Feddersen, Frankfurt am Main

His Excellency
Paavo Lipponen
Prime Minister of the Republic
of Finland
P.O. Box 275
00171 Helsinki
FINLAND

[10]

GERHARD H. LOMPA

ING., REFA-ING.
Industrial Engineering

BIRKENHEG 55
38104 BRAUNSCHWEIG
GERMANY

T 0531.360937

F 360917

C. Bertelsmann Verlag

Neumarkter Strasse 18

81673 München-

Herrn

Dr. Henry A. Kissinger

Kissinger Memoiren

26. 7.
10.5.1997

Sehr geehrter Herr Dr. Kissinger,

gestatten Sie mir bitte zwei Fragen stellen zu dürfen:

* Warum erwähnten Sie in Ihren Memoiren nicht den ehemaligen Außenminister Deutschlands Genscher?

* Die New York Times veröffentlichte am 8. März 1992 ein Penta-gonpapier, in dem es hieß, das erste Ziel der USA müsse es sein >>das Wiedererstehen eines neuen Rivalen zu verhindern. Wir müssen versuchen zu verhindern, daß irgendeine feindliche Macht eine Region dominiert, deren Ressourcen für die Schaffung einer globalen Machtposition ausreichend wären. Bei den in Frage kommenden Regionen handelt es sich um West-europa, Ostasien, das Gebiet der früheren Sowjetunion und Süd-westasien. Unsere Strategie muß erneut darauf hinzielen, das Entstehen eines jedweden künftigen Konkurrenten auf globaler Ebene auszuschließen.<<

Und Sie fügten hinzu, wenn sich auch heute noch keine europäische Macht gegenüber den USA feindlich zeige, so nehme man doch den Beginn eines irgendwie gearteten hegemonialen Verhaltens wahr. Eine diesbezügliche Herausforderung könne sich einerseits aus den osteuropäischen Instabilitäten ergeben und zweitens >>from redefinition of Germany's role<<.

- Welchen Hintergrund haben Sie für diese Gedanken?

- Befinden sich dieselben auf der wirtschaftlichen und/oder militärischen Ebene?

- Wer war Ihr alter Rivale?

- Warum wollen Sie Konkurrenten ausschließen und Monopole haben?

- Wer ist in Westeuropa Ihre feindliche Macht?

- Wie lautet Ihre Definition der deutschen Rolle?

- Wie die Redifinition?

Für Ihre Mühe möchte ich mich vielmals im voraus bedanken. Über Ihre Antwort würde ich mich besonders freuen, weil Sie mir mit derselben ganz entscheidend weiter helfen.

Mit freundlichen Grüßen

LONG ISLAND
UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY CENTER BROOKVILLE, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 11548

AUG 1 1 1997

August 5, 1997

Dear Friend:

Each year, the best tennis players in the world congregate in New York in the late summer for the U.S. Open. This spectacular event provides the tennis devotee as well as the casual fan, with thrills, excitement, tension-filled matches, and, of course, great tennis.

This year, Southampton College of Long Island University is privileged to be a part of this prestigious event. Dr. Harry A. Marmion, the president of the United States Tennis Association, and former president of Southampton College, has generously provided the college with 200 seats in the President's box in the new Arthur Ashe Stadium. On August 28, 100 seats have been made available to us for the day session (beginning at 11am), and 100 for the evening session (beginning at 7:30 p.m.). Tickets are $500 each and include reserved seating in the Arthur Ashe Stadium, access to all other courts, lunch (day session) or dinner (evening session) in the President's Dining Room, open bar, VIP parking pass, and a program. Proceeds from this event will benefit scholarships at Southampton College.

For more information or to obtain tickets, please contact me at 516-299-4090. Tickets must be ordered by August 18, 1997.

Please join us in this worthwhile effort to benefit Southampton College of Long Island University.

Melodee A. Gandia
University Director of Special Events and
Development Projects

Liora Lukitz

P.O. Box 12105
Arlington, Virginia
USA
Tel: 703-5279721
Fax: 703-5279371

P.O. Box 6727
Ramat Hasharon

Israel 47284
Tel/fax: 972-3-6436264

FEB 13 1997

Mr. Henry Kissinger
c/o Mr. Shimon Peres, Israel

20.12.96

Dear Mr. Kissinger

Given the relevance of the subject, I take the opportunity to send you a copy of my book, *Iraq, The Search for National Identity* which was recently published.

The book relates the history of the inception of modern Iraq as viewed by the inhabitants of the Provinces, the Shi'is and the Kurds. The importance of this version, neglected by years of Baghdad-centered historiography, emerged during and after the last Gulf War, and still evokes debate and controversial interpretations. But here it is: the real story, documented and illustrated by episodes of the time.

This book is the first in a trilogy: *The Invention of Modern Iraq* (1914-1930) will be published by Harvard University Press in 1997, and *Overlapping Identities: Iraq, a Case Study*, a project awarded with a H.F. Guggenheim Grant will follow.

The Harvard project will be launched next year together with a beautiful exhibition based on a huge collection of photographs of the time, never viewed previously by researchers of the Middle East, or the general public.

I hope you will find the time to browse through the book, which is based on my PhD thesis written at a time when all the events that are now taking place in Iraq seemed fictional at best.

I am greatly indebted to the late Prof. Kedourie, whose insights proved so valuable, and to Mr. Shimon Peres, an avid and open-minded reader, who kindly agreed to pass this book on to you.

The 1990–1991 crisis in the Middle East and the disturbances that followed in Iraq’s Kurdish and Shi‘i areas have starkly exposed deep-seated divisions in the Iraqi population. Iraq has essentially been dismembered along the lines of the three Ottoman provinces that were arbitrarily assembled into a state by the British after the First World War.

This book examines the complexities stemming from this situation. It focuses on the intertwined and contradictory cultural, political and religious divisions in Iraqi society during the country’s formative years, 1920–1960, offers a new explanation of the social categories and ‘cultural packages’ in conflict since Iraqi’s inception as a modern state, and points out the reasons behind the unity or fragmentation of group connections, loyalties and identities.

By explaining the volatile nature of ‘class’ associations, and then redefining ‘class’ as ‘social groups’, conditioned primarily by communal and religious affiliations, Dr Lukitz establishes improved terms of comparison in a situation where the sheer number of conflicts creates an ambiguity of identity and meaning. *Iraq: The Search for National Identity* shows why the factors that normally express a nation’s statehood, such as its army or national political parties, cannot forge national unity while preserving the supremacy of one section of society over others. The Shi‘i soldiers’ feeble identification with Saddam Hussein’s goals, compared with the loyalty of the Sunni Republican Guards, is a notable example of the lack of national cohesion.

Liora Lukitz holds degrees from the Sorbonne, Paris, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She was awarded a PhD at the London School of Economics in 1988, and has since held research appointments at Harvard and Ben Gurion Universities. She has had articles and reviews published in *Middle Eastern Studies* and the *International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies*, as well as chapters in collective works. Her book, *The Invention of Modern Iraq*, is forthcoming from Harvard University Press. Dr Lukitz, a Harry F. Guggenheim Fellow, is now working on a third book on Iraq.

*Jacket illustration:* A Dulaim tribesman with his tribe’s flag (from Gertrude Bell’s collection, Department of Archaeology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne).

ISBN 0 7146 4128 6

Printed in Great Britain

Contents

<table><tr><td>Abbreviations</td><td>viii</td></tr><tr><td>Preface</td><td>ix</td></tr><tr><td>Introduction</td><td>1</td></tr></table>

PART I

1. Formal Independence and Informal Implications: Treaties, Agreements and State-formation 13
   The Mosul question 17
   The advisers' issue 19
   The 1930 treaty 20

2. The Northern Provinces in the 1920s and 1930s 22
   The Assyrian and other Christian communities: state-formation, trial and error 22
   Kurds and Turkmen: politics and culture 33

3. The Southern Provinces in the 1920s and 1930s 50
   Land tenure and state-formation 50
   State-formation and political/cultural reactions 58

4. Contexts, Textures and Nationalism 72
   The 1936 *coup d'état* and its implications 81
   Nationalism, officers, soldiers 90

PART II

<table><tr><td>5. The Search for a National Identity</td><td>107</td></tr><tr><td>6. The Northern Provinces in the 1940s</td><td>122</td></tr><tr><td>7. The Southern Provinces in the 1940s</td><td>129</td></tr><tr><td>8. Shifting Loyalties, Accomplished Identities? The 1950s</td><td>136</td></tr><tr><td>Conclusion: Alliances, Loyalties and Identities</td><td>148</td></tr><tr><td>Afterword</td><td>156</td></tr><tr><td>Notes</td><td>160</td></tr><tr><td>Glossary</td><td>184</td></tr><tr><td>Bibliography</td><td>191</td></tr><tr><td>Index</td><td>206</td></tr></table>

vii