JOURNAL

OF THE

RESOLUTION'S VOYAGE,

In 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775.
ON

DISCOVERY TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE,
BY WHICH

The NON-EXISTENCE of an undiscovered CONTINENT,
between the Equator and the 50th Degree of Southern
Latitude, is demonstratively proved.

ALSO A
JOURNAL
OF THE
ADVENTURE'S VOYAGE,

In the Years 1772, 1773, and 1774.

With an Account of the SEPARATION of the two SHIPS,
and the most remarkable Incidents that befel each.

INTERSPERSED WITH

HISTORICAL and GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS of
the ISLANDS and COUNTRIES discovered in the Course
of their respective VOYAGES.

ILLUSTRATED WITH A CHART,

In which the TRACKS of both VESSELS are accurately
laid down,

And OTHER CUTS.

LONDON: Printed for F. NEWBERY, at the Corner of
St. Paul's Church-Yard,

1775.

P R E F A C E.

FEW of the readers of the prefent
voyages, it may be prefumed, are
wholly unacquainted with the discoveries
immediately preceding it; discoveries, if
we may credit the relater, “far greater
“than thofe of all the navigators in the
“world collectively, from the expedi-
“tion of Columbus, to the prefent
“time.”*

Without queftioning the truth of this
intimation, which, no doubt, like other
truths conveyed to the ear of majesty, is
founded on the moft authentic evidence,
we may be permitted to remark, that
great as theſe discoveries were, they ſtill
left room for a new expedition, in order
to accomplifh the GRAND DISCOVERY,
with refpect to which all former diſco-
veries appear as a faint light, compared
to the brightneſs of the cleareſt day.

a 2

It

* See Dr. Hawkeſworth’s dedication to the king.

iv PREFACE.

It is now no longer a secret to the pub-
lic, that the king's expectations were far
from being answered by the discoveries
that were so highly blazoned both at home
and abroad; and that his Majesty projected
the present voyage, in which he intended
Mr. Bankes, Dr. Solander, Dr. Lind, and
M. Zoffani, to bear a part, with the sole
view of determining the important quef-
tion that for many ages has engaged the
attention of the learned throughout Eu-
rope, namely, the EXISTENCE OR NON-
EXISTENCE of an undiscovered continent
in the Southern-Hemisphere.

How it came to pass that the four above
named gentlemen, recommended by his
Majesty as associates, were excluded, can
only be conjectured from what is known;
it put indeed a check to the rising expec-
tations of the literati, when the news was
circulated that at the very moment when
these learned and ingenious gentlemen
were ready to embark, nay, when they
had even taken leave of his Majesty for
that purpose, and after the ship, provi-
ded for their reception, had failed from
the

P R E F A C E.

the dock, in which she was fitted up, a
proteet arrived at the Admiralty-Office,
signed by the Pilot, Lieutenant and Maf-
ter, by which she was declared utterly un-
fit for the voyage; equally incapable of
bearing a high fea, and anfswering her
helm, and that the Pilot could not even
engage for her reaching Plymouth, with-
out over-fetting.

The myſterious tendency of this pro-
teſt was rendered ſtill more obſcure, by
the affurance which his Maſeſty had re-
ceived but a few days before, that the
ſhip was compleatly equipped, and per-
fectly adapted to the voyage for which ſhe
had been purcſaed.

His Maſeſty, after this declaration, on
reading the proteſt before mentioned,
could not help expreſſing his aftonifh-
ment, when, to avert his indignation, he
was told, that Mr. Bankes, was too un-
reaſonable in his requisitions; and that
to accommodate that gentleman and his
attendants, it had been found neceſſary to
raife the upper works of the ſhip to ſuch
a height as to render her uſeleſs for any
other purpofe.

Mr. Bankes,

vi PREFACE.

Mr. Bankes, on being made acquaint-
ed with this unfavourable report made to
his Majesty, ordered his stores to be
brought on shore, as did Dr. Solander,
Dr. Lind, Mr. Zoffani, and five draughts-
men that had been engaged by Mr. Bankes,
for the purpose of delineating the cu-
riofities of every kind that might be dif-
covered in the course of the voyage; a
voyage patronized by Parliament, as well
as by Royal Bounty, the Commons hav-
ing voted 4000l. to Dr. Lind, for his af-
fistance in it; and to make it still more
memorable, medals were ordered to be
ftruck for it in brafs, and Mr. Bankes was
at the expence of a few in gold and filver.
Dr. Lind, from a point of delicacy, re-
figned his parliamentary appointment, to
accompany his friend Mr. Bankes in a
private expedition to the northern ifles,
with a view, as it should seem, to examine
the analogy of nature in its productions
in the opposite latitudes of the Southern
and Northern Hemifpheres.

Be that as it may, on the deceſſion of
thoſe gentlemen, the voyage, though in-
terrupted,

P R E F A C E. vii

terrupted, was not laid aside. The Re-
solution not being thought capable of paſ-
fing the flats, was by the Pilot brought
back to Sheerneſs to be cut down, and
the Adventure, the command of which
had been given to Mr. Furneaux, ſecond
Lieutenant of the Dolphin in her ſecond
voyage that was to accompany her, was
ordered round to Plymouth, there to
wait the arrival of the Reſolution, when
reſtored to her former condition. Du-
ring this interval, no other alterations
took place in the appointments of either
ſhip, but that John Reinhold Forſter and
his ſon, were promoted in the room of Dr.
Lind, with the parliamentary encourage-
ment,

Matters being thus far settled, the two
ships were ordered to be got in readineſs
with the utmoſt expedition, and to be vic-
tualled and provided with all manner of
neceſſaries for a three years voyage; theſe
orders were punctually obeyed, and as we
are informed, Captain Cooke was permit-
ted to ſuperintend the execution. The
ships

viii PREFACE.

ships were likewise furnished with innumerable articles of small value, adapted to the commerce of the tropical islands.

It had been urged as a reason for former disappointments, that the Commanders were too straitly confined by their commissions, and that being restricted by the tenor of their instructions within the limits of certain latitudes, they must have been answerable for the loss of the ships with which they were entrusted, had any disaster happened to them beyond the latitudes prescribed. To obviate all pretences of this kind in the present expedition, it is said, that his Majesty recommended to his Board of Admiralty a commission of a more liberal kind, empowering Capt. Cooke, and, in case of death, his successor, to pursue at discretion the object he had in charge.

To this, and to the measures that were taken, however secretly or artfully conducted, to shake off in the beginning the cumbersome train of numerous attendants, it is, that we owe the success of a voyage, which, whether we consider it in a geographical or nautical light, we will

P R E F A C E .

ix

will not heſitate a moment to pronounce
one of the moſt important that ever was
performed in any age, or by any country.

This declaration, we hope, the great
navigator by whom it was conducted,
will pardon from a man, who, though a
ſtranger to his perſon, cannot help ad-
miring his ſkill, his fortitude, his care of
his men, his vigilance in attending to
the minuſt intimations of former
voyagers, his perſeverance amidſt the
dangers and hardſhips of rigorous ſea-
ſons; his prowels in leading his com-
pany juſt ſo far as they were capable
of proceeding: in ſhort, his conduct
throughout, which, while he kept every
man ſingly in ſtrict obedience to his
duty, he conciliated the affections of all,
and ſecured their eſteem: yet with all
theſe powers which entitle him to the
rank of a great Commander, it may be
fairly inferred, that had the firſt inten-
tions taken place,—had the train of gen-
tlemen with their attendants occupied the
chief accommodations of the ſhip, it
would have been out of the power of
the moſt determined officer to have car-

b

ried

x PREFACE.

ried such a princely retinue through the
icey regions, which they were to pafs
without murmur, or perhaps mutiny.
Be this, however, as it may, it now fully
appears, that the very able navigator
made choice of by his Majefty for this
important service, was alone in every
respect equal to the task in which he
was embarked. Superior genius can ne-
ver display itself to the utmost advantage
while under the check even of pruden-
tial controul; but when left at large to
expand its powers, it seldom fails to
perform wonders, and to accomplish the
greatest undertakings.

We have indeed been told, and there
is the greatest reason to believe it true,
that a different course would have been
pursued had Mr. Bankes and his affo-
ociates taken part in the voyage; and that
instead of running to New Zealand,
New Holland would have been their
place of general rendezvous. There, it
is said, they intended to have prolonged
their stay during the winter months of
that hemisphere, in order, as at Ottaheitte
formerly, to have cultivated an acquaint-

ance

P R E F A C E.

xi

ance with the natives, a new race of men, and to have examined the natural productions of the country; to have traced the arts and manners of the inhabitants of the different divisions, and to have delineated their persons, habits, warlike instruments, shipping, &c. with the rarities of every kind, that by their enquiries they could obtain, or by their vigilance discover: and thus having acquired a general knowledge of the natural history of New Holland, as the summer approached they were to have proceeded in the prosecution of the plan of government for geographical purposes, examining the high latitudes during the summer season for the discovery of the new continent, and the low latitudes in the winter for the improvement of science: though by this plan the world would still perhaps have been left in doubt as to the existence of a new continent, yet a vast country would have been laid open, of which at present very little is known.

But this plan proving abortive, it will now most evidently appear, from the per-

b 2

rufal

xii PREFACE.

rufal of the following sheets, that who-
ever was the projector of the present
plan, a more perfect could not have been
devised for deciding the point in quef-
tion; and now, that it has been execut-
ed, we will venture to affirm, that no
proposition was ever more clearly de-
monstrated, than that there is no conti-
nent undiscovered in the southern hemi-
fphere between the equator and the 50th
degree of southern latitude, in which
space all who have contended for its ex-
istence have included, if not the whole,
at least the most considerable part. But
at the same time that we declare our-
selves thus clearly convinced of the non-
existence of a continent within the limits
just mentioned, we cannot help acknow-
ledging our ready belief that the land
our navigators discovered to the south-
eastward of Staten Land, is part of a
continent projecting from the north in
a narrow neck, and expanding to the
southward and westward, in like manner
as the South American continent takes
its rise in the south, and enlarges as it
advances northward, more particularly
towards

P R E F A C E.

xiii

towards the east. In this belief we are
strengthened by the strong representation
of land seen at a distance by our naviga-
tors, in lat. 72 and long. 252, and by
the report of Theodore Gerrards, who
after passing the straits of Magellan, be-
ing driven by tempests into the latitude
of 64 S. in that height came in fight of
a country mountainous and covered with
snow, looking like Norway, and seem-
ingly extending from east to west.
These facts corroborate each other; and
though they do not reduce the question
to an absolute certainty, yet the proba-
bility is greatly in favour of the new dif-
covery.

## ERRATA.

Page 19, line 16, add, This storm began on the 29th of January.

P. 23, l. 9, delete in a bay; ib. 1. 12, for cold r. bold.

P. 36, l. 13, for 193 read 173; l. 2, from the bottom, for numerous read incurious.

P. 38, l. 1, for distance of the 48th, read limits of the 50th.

P. 57, l. 22, after root, add of.

P. 72, l. 23, read, the Resolution shortened fail till they, &c.

P. 77, l. 16, for lat. 24, read 44.

P. 107, l. 9, for casting, r. casting.

P. 108, l. 9, for shipped, r. shifted.

P. 120, l. 20, for 257 r. 237.

P. 136, l. 13, after weather (;) l. 14, after agitated (,).

P. 137, l. 21, for 10 min. r. 30 min.

P. 138, l. 9, for firm r. fine.

P. 151, l. 14, for paying r. peying.

P. 209, l. 13, after profitution add (,).

P. 219, l. 2, from the bottom, for saw r. few.

P. 257, l. 5, from the bottom, for back r. tackt.

P. 258, l. 5, for 176 r. 166.

### Directions to the Binder for placing the Cuts.

The Chart of the Tracks of the Refolution and Adventure, to face the Title-Page.

Plate I. being a View of an Harbour and Plantations in the Inland of Rotterdam, with the Maner of the Inhabitants fitting and standing, to face Page 249.

Plate II. representing the large Fields of Ice by which their Paffage was obftructed, in lat. 67 deg. 10 min. S. to face Page 9.

Plate III. representing the landing of Part of the Adventure's Crew in fearch of their Companions, who were murdered and eaten by the Savages of New-Zealand, to face Page 94.

Plate IV. representing a View of two Burning Mountains, to face Page 253.

Plate V. being a Representation of a remarkable high Mountain, to face Page 321.

VOYAGE

TO THE

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

ALL things being in readineſs, as already related, on the 13th of July they failed from Plymouth, both ſhips in company, and on the 20th of the fame month came in fight of Cape Finifterre, bearing W. S. W. seven or eight leagues.

On the 22d they paffed two Spaniſh men of war, one of which fired two ſhot at the Adven- ture, to oblige her to bring to; but on hailing her, and being told they were king's ſhips, made a proper apology, and very politely took leave, wifhing them a good voyage.

On the 28th about nine at night, they came to, and anchored in Madeira road without the leaſt incident worth relating intervening. Here the captains and commiſſioned officers, and ſuch of the petty officers and private men as had money or marketable commodities, ſur- nifhed themſelves with ſuch ſtocks of wine as B they

2 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

they judged necessary for their future use during the voyage, or could conveniently purchase; and having also filled their empty cafts with water, and stowed them on board, they proceeded on their voyage with a pleasant gale.

On the 1st of August they left fight of Ma-
deira, and on the 4th saw the pleasant island of
Palma, bearing S. S. W. distance about three
or four leagues.

On the 8th they crossed the Tropic of Can-
cer, in lat. 23 deg. 30 min. N. long. 19 deg.
11 min. W. and at nine in the morning came
in fight of the island of Bonavista, bearing
S. W. by W. fix or seven miles.

On the 12th about five in the morning, they
passed the isle of May, and at two in the after-
noon came to, and cast anchor in Port à Priege
bay in the island of St. Jago, where they salut-
ed the Governor with 11 four-pounders. Here
they supplied both ships with plenty of good
water, and here they recruited their live stock,
such as hogs, goats, and poultry, some of which
continued alive during the remainder of the
voyage. This island is perhaps one of the
most plentiful in the whole world, and yet the
inhabitants are miserable poor, owing no doubt
to the tyranny of their Governors.

On the 14th about ten at night both ships
weighed anchor, and continued their voyage to
the Cape of Good Hope, where, on the con-
trary,

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 3

trary, the European inhabitants are almost all
rich; for, certain it is, that though the country
round the Dutch settlement at the Cape is bar-
ren almost to a degree of sterility, yet by the
steady perseverance of that flow people in one
invariable course of cultivation, they have ren-
dered the spot on which they are settled, in
spight of nature, fruitful; and have brought it
to such a fertile state as not only to produce all
the necessaries of life, but even many of its de-
licacies too. Here every thing may be purchased
for money, which at St. Jago the miserable
inhabitants are glad to exchange for rags and
old cloaths; but it is not a little money that
will content a Dutchman for a convenience of
which he knows an Englishman is in want.

Nothing remarkable happened on board either of the ships in this long run, except that the Resolution left the carpenter's mate, who unfortunately fell over-board and was drowned; and the Adventure two very hopeful young officers, Mr. John Limbrich, and Mr. Samuel Kemp, midshipmen, by death. These were feverally committed to the ocean after the manner of the solemnity used at sea, and their cloaths and sea stores sold by auction before the mast, for the benefit of their heirs.

Two men were likewise punished on board
the Adventure; one a private marine for quar-
relling with the quarter-master; the other a

B 2

com-

4 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

common failor for theft: each of them receiv-
ed twelve laſhes, which is no otherwife of im-
portance to mention, except to ſhow what ſtrict
discipline it was neceſsary to preſerve on board
the ſhips, in order to eſtabliſh a regular and
peaceable behaviour in ſuch hazardous voyages,
where men unaccuſtomed to controul are but
too apt to prove mutinous.

On the 30th of August both ſhips in com-
pany came to an anchor in Table-bay, where
in a few days they were joined by a French
ſhip from the Mauritius, and two Dutch ſhips
from Middleburgh; theſe laſt, having been
four months on their paſſage, had loſt no leſ
than 200 men by fevers and other diſeafes.

Here the captains were cordially received
by the old Dutch Governor, faid to be one of
the politeſt, and at the fame time the moſt
friendly men in any part of the known world.
Being told they were upon diſcovery, he gave
them a general invitation to his table during
their ſtay at the Cape, openly and candidly
imparted to them all the information he had
been able to collect concerning the ſouthern
continent, of which ſo much had been ſaid
and written; and before their departure, he
did them the honour to dine on board the
Reſolution, which was an uncommon piece of
civility to gentlemen with whom he was ſo
ſlenderly acquainted.

Here

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.

Here both ships compleated their stock of
provisions for the unknown voyage they were
about to undertake; the articles they chiefly
purchased were pickles of various forts, which
were found of great use on board the Resolution,
in preventing, with other prefervatives of
the like kind, the effects of the scurvy from making
the usual havock among the men. Bread,
which is esteemed the best that can be purchased
for long voyages; beef, which confidering the
warmth of the climate, is cured to admiration;
arrack, brandy, and spirits, than which
there are none better; these articles are all reasonable
at the Cape; and as for the live-stock
which the officers generally recruit, though
they are dear, they are not an object of complaint,
as the amount is inconsiderable in respect
to the other necessaries.

Every thing being now fully prepared, the
ships cleanſed, and ſmoaked, and the crews in
high ſpirits, all but Lieut. Shanks, of the Adventure,
who deſired leave to return home,
on the 22d of November 1773, both ſhips
took their departure from the Cape, but first
the promotion took place in the Adventure,
which the reſignation of Lieut. Shanks, juſt
mentioned, had rendered neceſſary. Accordingly
the 2d Lieutenant Mr. Kemp, was promoted
to be 1st Lieutenant, and Mr. Burney,
midshipman, was made 2d Lieutenant.

Nothing

6 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

Nothing remarkable, except punishing two
men on board the Adventure for neglect of
duty, till the 28th, when in lat. 40 deg. 55.
min. S. long. 12 deg. 6 min. E. it began to
blow a storm, but as the wind stood fair both
ships continued to keep company.

On the 1st of December being in lat. 43 deg. 14 min. S. long. 16 deg. 23 min. E. the ships company of the Adventure, were put to two-thirds allowance of bread. Both ships continued their course to the southward, and being already as far to the south, as any ship had ever yet failed in that quarter, all beyond was as utterly unknown as if they had been the first ships that had ever navigated the South-Seas.

On the 10th they came in fight of two islands of ice, which they took to be land, but when they bore down to them, they were soon convinced of their mistake. Lat. 49 deg. 39 min. long. 21 deg. 20 min. E.

On the 22d they came in fight of so many
islands of ice that it was with the utmost dif-
ficulty that they could avoid them. Here they
first observed flocks of penguins hovering
about the ice-islands. Some of these islands
appeared to be three or four miles in circum-
ference, some more; but by far the greatest
number appeared like the ruins of antient
towns, or the fragments of gothic castles. As
the air was clear and the weather fine, several

of

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.

of the gentlemen in both ships diverted them-
felves with shooting penguins, and the fai-
lors had no lefs pleasure in eating them, than
the gentlemen had in killing them, for the of-
ficers were not yet come to relish such rank food.
Short allowance and falt provisions are certain-
ly the beſt remedies in the world for delicate
ſtomachs : the officers before their return could
eat penguins as well as the men. Lat. 54 deg.
52 min. long. 29 deg. 1 min. E.

On the 26th they were every where furround-
ed with iſlands of ice, inſomuch that it was
with the utmoſt danger that they continued their
courſe. The crews of both ſhips were in per-
fect health, but the fatigue of conſtantly luff-
ing up and bearing away to avoid being daſh-
ed to pieces, was not borne without reluctance.
This, however, was not all, for being entan-
gled among the ice, their water bad, and with-
all beginning to run ſhort, it was judged ne-
ceſſary to gather up the pieces of loofe ice, in
order to melt it to ſupply the place of that
which was taken in at St. Jago, which was now
become ſo diſagreeable that the ſtrongeſt ſto-
machs recoiled at uſing it. Though this pro-
ved an excellent ſuccedaneum, and was in truth
a moſt ſenſible refreshment both to the officers
and ſeamen, yet the gratification was dearly pur-
chafed by the pain of thoſe whoſe lot it was to
procure it; for the pieces of ice being many of
them

8 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

them so large that two men were hardly able to
lift them into the boat, it became absolutely
necessary for them to plunge their arms into
the water in order to get their hands under
them to obtain a purchase, whereby their arms
in a very short space of time put on the ap-
pearance of icicles, and became so numbed as
for the present to be totally incapable of use.
Yet such is the advantage of discipline, that
the men would relieve each other, when com-
manded on this grievous service, with as much
alacrity, as if it had been only to take their
turn at the nightly watch. Lat. 61 deg. 35 min.
long. 33 deg. 26 min. E.

Happily the weather proved moderate, so
that between the 1st and the 12th of January
1773, they had gathered up such a quantity of
ice, as when melted in the coppers, filled all the
empty cafsks with the best water, as your journa-
lifts say, they had tafted since they left England.

On the 14th of January they passed the Ant-
artic circle, lat. 66 deg. 30 min. and in long.
37 deg. E. and now the islands of ice began to
increase in size, but diminish in number, and
the loose ice to be larger in dimensions and
more dangerous to pass. The fun now shewed
himself about 12 at night, and as they advan-
ced the stars disappeared, and the fun conti-
nued to cheer them with his light till their re-
turn again to the fame latitude, but to their great
mortification

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 9

mortification the islands of ice which had hi-
therto afforded them a paflage, were converted
into whole fields; and on the 17th of January,
being in lat. 67 deg. 10 min. S. and in lat. 38
deg. 29 min. E. they found their paflage totally
clofed up, and were obliged to change their courfe
firft to the north-westward and then to the north-
eastward. It is to be remarked, that they were now
within 13 or 14 deg. as far to the southward as
that part of the northern hemisphere, where Com-
modore Phipps was ice bound the following
year, and where his eſcape was very providen-
tial; that gentleman might indeed be juſ-
tified in proceeding as he did, to the utmoſt
extremity of danger, for though he reached confi-
derably farther to the north than our voyagers
durſt adventure to the south, yet his intrepri-
dity was not more confpicuous; he was in
known ſeas, in fight of much frequented if-
lands, in poſſeſſion of every comfort and every
conveniency that could poſſibly contribute to
preferve life in ſuch a ſituation as he might have
been reduced to; and he was in a manner at
home, where, had he ſurvived the ſeverity of
the winter, he had all the chance in the world
to arrive early in the ſummer; whereas our voy-
agers had no ſuch encouragement to proceed
when the obſtruction became viſible, and per-
ſeverance threatened nothing but immediate de-
ftruction. They knew of no land within a thou-
ſand

10 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

and miles of them, they had neither cloathing
nor provisions proper to winter in a remote and
rigorous region; they could have no hope to
support them in such deplorable circumstances
of meeting with any accidental relief from the
appearance of any other ship at sea, where no
ship had ever attempted to navigate before; and
had they or any of them been miraculously pre-
ferved through the winter, it must have been
absolutely impossible for them to reach any
known land; it would therefore not have been
courage, but fool-hardiness to have proceeded
when every appearance was againft them; nei-
ther would it have answered any other purpose
than gratifying idle curiosity, to have discover-
ed a continent beyond the 68th degree of lati-
tude, where no European ever could have set-
tled. All things considered, the reader will
conclude, that though perhaps our voyagers
might possibly have failed a few degrees far-
ther, yet they acted wisely in not risking the lives
of so many brave men to no one useful purpose.

On the 17th of January therefore Captain
Cooke made the signal to his comfort to tack,
and to steer north-westward. In this course many
interruptions happened, hard gales came on,
the seas shortened, the ships by straining be-
came leaky, the rigging by being frozen was
continually snapping in one part or other, and

it

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 11
it was with the utmost difficulty the ships could
keep company.

On the 29th of January, being then in lat. 52 deg. 28 min. S. long. 54 deg. 4 min. E. a storm came on which separated them, as it was thought, for ever. This storm was attended with a prodigious fall of rain, every drop of which of the size of a common pea, the sea rose to a tremendous height, and broke over the ships bows to the height of the yard arms. The Adventure, after endeavouring in vain to recover the Resolution, had no other means of again meeting with her, but by repairing to the first place appointed to rendezvous in Charlotte-Bay, on the island of New-Zealand. In the mean time however she kept beating the seas in the most terrible weather that any ship could possibly endure. In this cruise, they traversed from lat. 48 deg. to 45 deg. S. and from long. 36 deg. to 146 deg. during the whole month of February, and part of March, in which time their water being near exhausted, they were reduced at last to the scanty allowance of a quart per man a day.

On the 1st of March, having made no discovery of land in all this disagreeable traverse, it was determined to steer to Van Dieman's land, there to take in water and repair their shattered rigging.

C 2

On

12 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

On the 9th of March they came in fight of
that island, bearing E. by N. distance about
eight leagues. They were now in lat. 43 deg.
46 min. S. and in long. 146 deg. 36 min. E.
the weather much warmer, and the sea calm.

On the 20th they got within three miles of a
fine bay, which they at first mistook for Henry
Frederick's bay, and under that mistake hoisted
out the large cutter, and sent her in shore to
examine the foundings for anchorage for the
ship, and to endeavour to find a watering-
place, and to bring with them an immediate
supply. About noon the boat returned, and
brought word that they had found both wood
and water, but that the latter was far from
being of the best; that the wood was plenty,
and the anchorage safe; that they had seen
none of the natives, nor signs of any; and that
the country, as far as they could see, was un-
inhabited, or at least uncultivated. The Cap-
tain on this intelligence, making a virtue of
necessity, came to, and moored ship.

On the 12th the boats were all properly
manned, and a guard of marines sent on shore
to protect the different parties that were em-
ployed in cutting wood and filling water.
Here they found trees of an incredible height
and size, the immensity of which could never
have been believed on the single testimony of
the journalist before me, had not the relations

of

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 13

of Tafman, Dampier, and Cooke, put the truth
of the fact beyond dispute. He reports that
here the bodies of the trees were so large that
fix men with their arms stretched at full length
could scarce fathom them; that they were of
a proportionable height; that some of them
rose more than a hundred feet high; that the
common height was from eighty to ninety feet,
all straight, without a limb breaking out; and
that in general they shewed not the least signs
of decay.

On the 13th and 14th the different parties
were employed in compleating their stock of
wood and water; the gentlemen in reconno-
teing the country; and the carpenters, caulk-
ers, filmakers, and riggers, in repairing, as
well as the short time allotted them would
admit, the damages the ship had suffered in
her cruise.

On the 15th at five in the morning, they
unmoored, and about nine took their depart-
ture from the bay, which they now named the
Adventure's Bay, it not appearing that any
European vessel had ever before anchored
there. It lies in lat. 43 deg. 23 min. S. long.
147 deg. 37 min. E.

Though during their stay they had seen
none of the natives, yet as they coached along
shore they observed many fires in the night,
and some cultivated fields in the day.

On

14 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

On the 19th they loft fight of this island,
and stretched to the north easterward for New
Zealand, where they expected to meet the
Resolution.

On the 22d they met with a hard gale, at-
tended with thunder, lightning, and rain,
which continued the greatest part of the day.

On the 23d the storm abated, and fine wea-
ther succeeded, which continued during the
remainder of the month.

On the 28th, the sky being serene, the wea-
ther moderately warm, and the sea calm, they
hoisted out the small cutter, and the gentlemen
went a-shooting. In a few hours they came on
board with four albatrosses, the least of which
measured 10 feet from tip to tip when their
wings were spread to their utmost stretch.

On the 1st of April the weather began to
alter, fresh breezes came on, the rains poured
plentifully down, and so continued, with a few
intervals of fair weather, till they came in fight
of New Zealand.

On the 3d of April at fix in the morning,
the man from the mast head, called out, Land,
which, upon a nearer approach, they knew to
be the land between Rock Point and Cape Fare-
well, so named by Capt. Cooke when on his
return from his last voyage.

On the 4th they continued their course,
Nothing material happened on board, except
that

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 15

that John Cavannah was punished with twelve
lashes for being insolent to the first lieutenant.

On the 7th they came to in 10 fathom
water, and next day moored ship a cable each
way. In the mean time they manned the
large cutter, and with a proper guard sent her
to examine whether any tokens of the Com-
modore's arrival at that harbour were to be
discovered. The boat returned, and brought
word, that there did not appear the least sign
of any ship having been there from the time
of the Endeavour's departure in 1770 to the
present hour: they therefore instantly prepar-
ed to send the tents ashore to be pitched un-
der a proper guard for the accommodation of
the sick; and those who were in health were
very alert in catching fish, which they found
in great plenty near the shore, and which
proved of great service in recovering the sick,
to whom fresh provisions were both food and
phytic.

On the 9th there came alongside the ship
three canoes, with 15 Indians of both sexes, all
of them armed with battle-axes, and with other
offensive weapons made of hard wood in the
form of our officers spontoons, about four feet
in length, but neither bows nor arrows. The
men had besides javelins or spears between 20
and 30 feet long, made of the same hard wood
with which their battle-axes were formed.

They

16 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

They had no cloaths, except a fort of mat
wrapt round their shoulders, and tied about
their middles with a girdle made of grafs.
Both men and women had a moft savage ap-
pearance, and were very unwilling to truft
themselves on board. The Captains and Of-
ficers made them presents, and by signs invi-
ted them to trade; they accepted the presents
and some of them took courage and came
upon deck; at the same time several of the fail-
ors went down into their canoes, in one of
which they discovered the head of a man, which
by its bleeding seemed to be fresh cut off; our
men expressing a desire to be more particularly
satisfied, the Indians that remained in the ca-
noes, with surprising dexterity, instantly con-
veyed it out of fight, and those on board ob-
ferving the discovery, left the ship precipitate-
ly with visible marks of displeasure.

On the 10th, about eight in the morning,
five canoes came along side the ship with about
forty Indians to trade. They brought fish,
which the ships company purchased at a cheap
rate. Having disposed of all their cargoes
about noon, they went away seemingly in great
good humour.

On the 12th, the weather continuing fair,
and the Indians friendly, the Captain and Of-
ficers were preparing to go ashore, when about
nine in the morning no les then ten canoes

came

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 17

came padling down the found. They counted 120 natives of both sexes, all of them armed as before. When they came along side they seemed to express a desire to be admitted on board; but the Captain not liking their countenance, gave orders, that a few only should be admitted at a time; and even these behaved so rudely that the sailors were obliged to turn them out, it having appeared that they came with a design to make themselves masters of the ship. However, when they found the crew was upon their guard, they became more civil, but not before a great gun was fired over their heads, which was the only thing that intimidated them. Being thus reduced to order, the people on board shewed them several trifling articles, such as beads, nails, little clasp knives, sciffars, cloth, paper, and other trifles, which they exchanged with the Indians for their battle axes, spears, weapons of various forts, fish-hooks, and other curiosities, the manufacture of the country. Being visibly disappointed in their design, they soon departed, all gabbling together in a language, a word of which no one on board could understand. Previous to their departure, however, the Captain and officers made presents to those among them who appeared to be chiefs, which they accepted seemingly very well pleased.

D

During

18 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

During the remainder of the month, when the weather was fair, parties of the natives came every day to traffic; the women were permitted to bring their trade on board, and a friendly intercourse seemed to be established on both sides. The gentlemen went every day on shore, some to botonife, some to reconnoitre the country, some to shoot land birds, and each to purfue that diversion with which he was delighted. The sick recovered faft, the men were permitted by turns to go ashore, but the main busines of providing wood and water for continuing the voyage, of repairing the damage the ship had received, and of over-hawling the rigging, airing the powder, shifting the ballaft, smoaking and cleaning the ships hold, and between decks; these were matters of moment that were unremittingly attended to. In the mean time while they continued in harbour, the men were put to 2-3ds allowance of beef, pork, and oil; the two first articles they did not much regret, but of the last they thought it hard to be abridged, when having plenty of fish, they ftood moft in need of fauce.

By this time the reader, it may be presumed is in pain for the Resolution, more than three months having elapsed since the Adventure loft fight of her. On the 18th of May, however, she was seen to the great joy of the spectators,

at

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 19

at Jackson's-Point, working up to the Sound,
and at seven at night she came and moored just
by the Adventure. The pleasure the ships
companies felt at their meeting can only be
conceived by those who have been themselves
in like circumstances; each were eager to learn
the others successes, and each were as eager to
relate as the others were to hear. The reader,
however, is already acquainted with the pro-
gres of the Adventure; what happened to
the Resolution remains to be related.

It may be recollected that the ships parted
company in a hard gale on the 29th of Ja-
nuary in lat. 52 deg. 28 min. S. and in long.
54 deg. 4 min. E.

It should seem that their instructions were
to examine the seas to the southward of Die-
man's-Land and New-Zealand, from W. to E.
as far as they were practicable; and for that
purpose having failed so far to the southward
as to ascertain with certainty the non-existence
of any continent, as far as the 68th degree of
latitude in a southerly direction from the Cape
of Good Hope; they then changed their
course to the north-eastward till they arrived
in the 50th degree of south latitude, when
they again altered their course, steering east-
ward as long as they could keep the sea.

D 2

It

20 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

It has been already obſerved, that it was on
the 17th of January, which anſwers to the
17th of July in our hemisphere, that the ſhips
reached the extreme point of their ſouthing,
and now the ſummer, which is but ſhort in
thoſe high latitudes, waſting apace, and winter
approaching, rendered the utmoſt diligence
neceſſary to complete what they had in view
before the freezing ſeaſon came on. The
Commodore, therefore, with great judgment
and propriety, purſued his courſe to the eaſt-
ward, being thoroughly convinced that if a
southern continent exiſted, it muſt be diſcover-
able in that direction.

These however are only conjectural ſurmiſes,
arifing from the courſes which the journals be-
fore me repreſent. It might therefore be the
leſs neceſſary for the ſhips to keep company,
as both being appriſed of the buſineſs about
which they were employed, wanted no inſtruc-
tions from each other to purſue the main ob-
ject.

It ſhould ſeem however that the Reſolu-
tion took a larger ſcope than the Adven-
ture, keeping rather beyond the 60th degree,
while the Adventure ſeems to have kept
within it.

It were little more than a repetition of the
Adventure's diſtrefſes to particularize the ef-
fects of the boiſterous weather that were felt

by

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 21

by the crew of the Resolution on this traverse;
being sometimes surrounded with islands of ice,
out of which they could only extricate them-
selves by the utmost exertion of their skill in
seamanship; sometimes involved in sheets of
fleet and snow, and in mists so dark that a man
on the forecastle could not be seen from the
quarter-deck; sometimes the sea rolling moun-
tains high, while the running tackle, made
brittle by the severity of the frost, was fre-
quently snapping, and sometimes rendered
immoveable by the accumulation of ice and
snow. Amidst the hardships of such a naviga-
tion, there is nothing so astonishing, as that the
crew continued in perfect health, scarce a man
being so ill as to be incapable of duty. No-
thing can redound more to the honour of the
Commander, than his paying particular atten-
tion to the preservation of health among his
crew. By observing the strictest discipline
from the highest to the lowest, his commands
were duly observed, and punctually executed.
When the service was hard, he tempered the
severity of it by frequently relieving those em-
ployed in the performance, and, having all
hands at command, he was never under the
necessity of continuing the labour of any fet
of men beyond what their strength and their
spirits could bear. Another necessary precau-
tion was, that when the weather was fine, and
the

22 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

the breeze steady, he never suffered any of his
men to be idle, but constantly employed the
armourers, the carpenters, the caulkers, the
failmakers, ropemakers, the other tradesmen
on board, as well as the foremastmen and pro-
fessed navigators, in doing something each in
his own way, which, though not immediately
wanted, he knew there would be a call for be-
fore the voyage was completed. Having by
this means no time for gaming, quarrelling, or
rioting among them, he kept them in action,
and punished drunkennesſs with the utmoſt ſe-
verity: and thus by perſevering in a ſteady
line of conduct, he preferred their health, and
was enabled by that precaution to keep the
ſea till reduced to a very ſcanty portion of wa-
ter; and till deſpairing of finding any new land,
and fully satisfying himself of the non-exiſtence
of any continent in the quarter which he had
traverſed, he found it neceſſary to direct his
course to Charlotte Sound, the place appoint-
ed, as has been obſerved, for the ſhips to ren-
dezvous in caſe of ſeparation, but was not able
to effect his purpose.

On the 22d of March however, having seen
no land from the 22d of November, when he
left the Cape, he came in fight of the southern-
most part of New Zealand, that island being
divided in the middle by a narrow ſound, which
gives

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 23

gives name to the harbour appointed for the
place of rendezvous.

On the 25th they made land; but the wind
proving contrary, they were obliged to stand
off all night. Finding in the morning the im-
possibility of bearing down to Charlotte Sound,
the Captain gave orders to steer to Duskey
Bay, so named in his former voyage, situate
in a bay between the 45th and 46th degrees of
south latitude, in which the whole navy of
England might ride in safety. In this bay they
found a harbour so cold, that they ran clove in
shore, and steadied the ship by dropping an
anchor short, and fastening a large bow-line to
a tree on the land. A party was immediately
sent out to fish, who soon returned, having
caught as many as were enough for a meal for
the whole ship's company.

On the 26th the small cutter was sent out
properly armed, in search of a convenient
place to wood and water: and having discovered
a cove in which there was a fine run
of water, and wood enough to supply a fleet,
they shifted their station, and moored the ship
in that cove so near the shore, that for an easy
communication with the land they erected a
temporary stage, one of the chief supports of
which grew right out from the beach.

On the 27th an Indian canoe came to the
mouth of the cove, but was afraid to enter.

There

24 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

There were four or five Indians in it, who just peep'd in to look at the ship, and haftily departed.

After dinner, Capt. Cooke, accompanied by Mr. Foster, and attended by some of his officers, having ordered out the cutter, followed the course which the Indians seemed to take, and soon discovered the place of their habitation, which however they had deferted. It was a wretched hut made of the bark and boughs of trees, and in it they found a fish ready roasted, and wrapped up in leaves, and a net with which the fish was catched. The Captain left some trifles in the hut, which however the Indians never came to take away.

On the 28th a tent was erected for the coopers to cleanse and repair the water cafts. The large cutter was every day employed in fishing for the ship's company; and a party was sent out to kill water-fowl, of which they found great abundance.

On the 29th a forge was erected on shore for the armourer's use, to make and mend such iron work as the carpenters wanted to repair the ship. All hands, but such as had leave to fish or kill game, were buſied in different taſks about the ship. As yet none of the natives appeared, the Captain every day employed feveral hours in surveying the harbour, and Mr. Foster in ſearching the mountains and plains for

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 25

for ores and plants by land; but the weather
being variable, and rain falling plentifully, re-
tarded the progress of their researches, and
frequently confined them to their cabins, to
their no small mortification.

On the 3d of April as the Captain, attend-
ed only by the boats crew, was taking his fur-
vey as usual among the islands, he perceived
an aged Indian standing upon a point of land
that projected a little way into the sea, and
observing his motions, took notice that he
feemed to wave a bough which he held in his
hand, as an invitation for the boat to approach
the shore. The Captain, who was totally un-
prepared for refistance, was yet under no ap-
prehensions of mischief from the friendly ap-
pearance of the old man; and fearles of dan-
ger, caused the boat's crew to put him on shore
without a companion. As soon as he was landed,
the Indian came forward, and saluted him by
grasping him by the arms, and pressing him
face to face. He was accompanied by a young
woman who held a kind of spear in her hand
full eighteen feet long, and by two elderly wo-
men with three or four children. They seemed
to be one secluded family, and by their beha-
vior, not wholly defitute of humanity. They
were all habited nearly alike. Their hair, which
was of a shining black, was tied in a knot upon
the crowns of their heads. Their apparel was uni-

E


formly

26 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

formly the fame, namely, a piece of cloth or
matting of a peculiar manufacture tied round the
middle as has been already deſcribed; the old
man made ſigns as if he wanted to know from
what country the ſtrangers came, and what
their intent; the captain pointed to the hea-
vens and gave him to understand that they had
failed more than double the ſpace of all that
wide expanſe which he ſaw above him; that
they had travelled with the ſun, and that they
came from that region where the ſun lay hid
o'nights. He gave him to understand likewife
that they came there only to refrefh and to re-
pair their veſſel, and that they had with them
ſome things of the manufacture of their coun-
try, which they would gladly exchange for
what things were in common uſe in his. The
Captain then pointed to the boat, and endea-
voured to perſuade the old man with his fami-
ly to enter, which they one and all ſeemed to
decline; and, in his turn, the old Indian
pointed to the border of a wood, on an emi-
nence at a ſmall diſtance from the ſhore,
which commanded an extenſive profpect of
the main ocean, and taking hold of the Cap-
tain's arm offered to conduct him thither,
which the Captain likewife declined. This
interview, which was very friendly, it was ho-
ped, would have been the means of eſtabliſh-
ing

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.

27

ing an intercourse between the neighbouring
Indians and the ships company; but it does
not appear to have had that effect; for either
their numbers were inconsiderable, or it may
be, that having heard the white men could
make thunder and strike people dead at ever so
great a distance, the Indians of this part of the
country having never seen any of them, and
knowing of them only by report, might be
fearful of appearing in fight left they should
share the fate of their countrymen who had per-
ished by their temerity. Whether this or any
other reason might deter them, very few of
them appeared in fight for many days after the
ship was moored, and those who did appear only
feemed to snatch as it were a fight of the ship,
and to retire into the woods immediately. The
Captain having only a few necklaces in his po-
ket, which he seldom went without, placed one
about each of the women's necks, with which
they were well pleated and departed, offering
in exchange the weapons they held in their
hands, which the Captain very politely refused.
It was not long, however, before they met
again. Mr. Fother being told by the Captain
what had happened, was very defirous of see-
ing and conversing with the old Indian at the
place of his abode, and the Captain to gratify
him, appointed a day for that purpose. In the
mean time great pains were taken to prevail

E 2

with

28 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

with the old man and his family to come on
board the ship, but it was afterwards discover-
ed that some ceremonies were wanting to ratify
the peace. The Indian had brought his green
bough, and presented it to the Captain, but
the Captain had omitted to present a green
bough in return. This being understood,
when the Captain went next to surveying, he
took care to place himself in full view of the In-
dians place of abode, and, as he had supposed, the
old man came again to the sea-side. The Cap-
tain having prepared a bough on purpose, upon
his approach waved it in the boat and immedi-
ately rowed to land. The Indian on his landing
embraced him, and having a bough in his hand,
made a long speech, which though not intel-
ligible, was yet delivered with so much grace
and dignity, as would have done honour to an
European orator. They then exchanged their
boughs, and the old man made great professions
of friendship, which those people have many
ways of expressing unknown to Europeans,
giving the Captain at the same time to un-
derstand that all manner of dispute was now at
an end.

From this time the old man came down to the
ship without fear; and Mr. Foster, and those
who were curious, had frequent opportunities
of visiting and conversing with the family, if
that may be called conversing, when neither
party

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 29
party understand a word of each others lan-
guage.

When the old man came first on board, he
was attended only by one daughter, who was
young and lively. The Captain received him
with great cordiality, and the Indian seemed
highly delighted, inspecting and admiring
every thing that was shown him; both he and
his daughter were invited to eat, but they de-
clined that civility. While the old man was
attentive to the manual arts about which the
men were employed on board, the daughter
was no less pleased with the playwardneſs of
the failors, who endeavoured to make them-
felves agreeable to her by striving who ſhould
make her the moſt acceptable preſents. Of
all the arts the Indian ſaw the people employed
about on board, none ſeemed to ſtrike him ſo
much as the facility with which the ſawyers
cut out their plank from the ſolid tree; he was
ſo pleased with that operation, that he was very
defirous of taking the pitman's place himself;
and being permitted ſo to do, but not ſucceed-
ing to his will in the performance, he ſoon
gave out; but could not be diverted from at-
tending to the ſawyers, preferably to any of the
other handicrafts, the carpenter's excepted,
whose buſineſs, however, being more compli-
cated he could not ſo well comprehend.

Having

30 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

Having spent most part of the day in grati-
fying his curiosity; and the daughter being no
lefs delighted than her father with the atten-
tion that had been paid her, it drawing to-
wards evening, they both took leave and de-
parted.

After some time it was discovered, that this
family was the fame, who at the first coming
of the ship, deferted their habitation on the
shore, and betook themselves to the covert of
the woods. On this part of the island, which
was the most southerly, and consequently the
coldest and most unpromising, the inhabitants
were but few, and lived in continual terror.
The country at a little distance from the shore
being rude, woody and mountainous, was their
chief security against the incursions of their
northern countrymen, who if they can take
them by surprise, carry them off in like
manner as the savage beasts of the forest carry
off their prey when impelled by hunger. This
very naturally accounts for the deferted condi-
tion in which our voyagers found this part of
the country; for though it abounded in fish, it
was defitute of every other necessary of life,
wood and water excepted. There were neither
fowls nor animals, save fowls, of which
left the natives were not dexterous enough to
avail themselves, and they had no other means
of supplying their want of bread, but by
bruising

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 31

bruising the inner rind of a certain tree, and
roasting it to eat with their fish. How they
procured cloathing, for cloathing they had,
we are yet to learn. It is no wonder therefore,
that at the approach of a vessel of such an un-
common magnitude and structure as the Re-
lution, a solitary family of which an old man
was the sole defender, should on its landing ap-
pear to be frighted, probably expecting to be
eaten, as they could not suppose strangers to
have more tenderness and humanity than their
own countrymen.

On Monday the 19th the Captain and Mr.
Foster, took a tour up the country, and in
their way visited the old man and his family at
their new habitation on the skirt of the wood,
and were welcomed by them in a manner they
did not expect. In less time than could well
be imagined, they all appeared clean dressed
in their manner, a fire was made by rubbing
two sticks together, which seems to be the uni-
versal method in use among the natives through-
out the southern hemisphere, and they began
dressing fish in a peculiar manner, intreating
their guests at the same time to stay and eat;
the fish they intended for the strangers was dif-
ferently dressed from that eaten in common by
themselves. Having prepared the fire they
made a kind of bag of a broad-leaved sea-
weed, in which they placed a fish about the
size

32 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

fize of a small cod: this fish thus inclosed, they placed upon a kind of stage made of hard wood in the nature of a grid-iron, and underneath they supplied live-coals as often as those first put under became deadened by the droppings from the sea-weed; this they continued to do till the fish within became brown as if baked in an oven; and then they offered it to the strangers in clean leaves gathered fresh from the trees. Their bread, as has been said, was the inner bark of a tree cleansed and bruised, and made up in a way peculiar to themselves; and their sauce was a sea-weed, which, it was supposed, served them both for salt and vinegar. The gentlemen declined the invitation with regard to eating, but were much pleased with the neatness of their cooking; some of the failors, however, were not so dainty; they not only eat with them a-days, but slept with them a-nights.

On Tuesday the 20th, the gentlemen being at a considerable distance from the ship surveying the different islands in the bay, and in founding the depths, and securing a free passage for the ship as soon as she should be in a condition to fail, they observed a company of Indians, who by their motions seemed to be more courageous than the family we have been just describing. These were armed after the manner of their northern countrymen, and threat-

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 33

threatened hostilities by brandishing their
lances. Their threats, however, had no other
effect than haftening the pinnace to approach
the land. The Captain, with only a sheet of
white paper in his hand, jumped ashore; and,
after narrowly escaping being struck with a
launce which was thrown at him by a young
warrior, continued advancing till he reached a
tree, from whence having broken a bough, he
made towards the natives, who were but few
in number, and who seemed in a great measure
to have vented their rage in the first attack.
They met him with boughs which they dropt
at his feet, and he instantly dropt his upon
theirs. Peace being in this manner concluded,
an exchange of some articles took place, and
the Captain made presents to the women of
such trifles as they were most likely to be
pleased with, and invited them to follow him
to the pinnace. They made signs in return
for him and his followers to go with them;
but observing more of their company peeping
from the woods, he thought it most advisable
to return on board. He was no sooner em-
barked than they all came down to the water's
edge, and being shewn several articles of small
value, they fancied most of them, and were
gratified each with what he liked best.

At another island more Indians were discovered, who by waving a bird's skin, made signs

F

for

34 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

for the pinnace to land; but night coming on,
and the pinnace being at a considerable dif-
tance from the ship, the Captain gave orders
to steer for the cove.

Nothing remarkable happened till the 26th.
The people continued to prepare for failing;
and in the mean time the brewers were fet to
work to brew beer for the ship's use. This, it
feems, had been strongly recommended by Mr.
M'Bride as a prefervative against the furvy,
and there is no doubt but it contributed, with
the other means that were used, to produce
that salutary effect. The crew continued in
perfect health; and while their beer lafted,
preferred it to every other liquor. Mr.
M'Bride, indeed, prescribes the wort as the
most effectual remedy; but the beer while new
may differ very little in its quality.

On the 28th the tents on shore were struck,
the wood that had been cut brought on board,
and the water properly stowed in the hold;
the fails all bent, the ship unmoored, and all
but the Captain, and those who accompanied
him, called to their stations.

On the 29th the ship was towed a-head, and
at four in the afternoon was under sail with a
fine breeze. At five it fell calm, and at seven,
there being no likelihood of advancing, came
to, and anchored in 50 fathom water. At
night saw a fire at a distance.

On

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 35

On the 30th weighed, and came to fail about eleven o'clock; but the wind dying away, the boats continued towing till night came on, when they again cast anchor among the islands in 42 fathom water. The weather continuing fine, the ship's company were plentifully supplied with fish, and were in high spirits, hoping soon to meet their associates in the Adventure at the appointed place of rendezvous.

May 1, they weighed anchor in expectation of taking advantage of a breeze of wind that sprung up about nine in the morning; but that proving contrary, they stretched from shore to shore without making any considerable way, and in the evening turned into a little cove and cast anchor. Here they caught abundance of fish, and killed some water-fowl. The shore was so bold, that in turning into the cove the ensign-staff was entangled among the trees, and had it not been stronger than the branches that encumbered it, the ship's course must infallibly have been stopt. The boughs, however, gave way, and they cast anchor close by the shore.

May the 5th weighed and came to fail, and with difficulty arrived at a convenient birth not above four little miles from the main ocean.

On the 6th at night they had a strong gale, attended with thunder, lightning, and hail.

F 2

On

36 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

On the 9th they hoisted inn the launch, and cleared the decks ready for sea, while the pinace and small cutter were employed in fowling and fishing for the ship's use.

On the 11th they weighed anchor, and got clear of the bay, to which the Captain in his former voyage had given the name of Dusky Bay, because it being hazy when he passed it, he could discover nothing about it. The north point of this bay is rendered remarkable by five high peaked rocks which lie off, and give it the appearance of the four fingers and thumb of a man's hand. The harbour is considerably within land, and lies in lat. 45 deg. 47 min. S. and in long. 193 deg. 17 min. W.

Of the inhabitants of this part of New Zealand little can be said, as the family already described was the only one with which the ships held any intercourse. Other inhabitants there certainly were, but not in considerable numbers. The Captain in circumnavigating the northern and southern divisions of the island, had already remarked the different positions of the inhabitants in the different parts of it. In some he found them fierce and bloody, hostile, and irreconcileable; in other places friendly, and ready to enter into traffic; at a distance from these the people they saw seemed indifferent and numerous, scarce thinking it worth while to suspend their ordinary employ-

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.

37
employments but for a moment to take notice
of the uncommon structure of so rare an ob-
ject as an European ship; and here, though
the inhabitants must know the place where the
strangers lay, scarce any of them for more than
a month came to visit them.

On the 17th, having met with nothing in
their passage worth relating, they came in fight
of the western entrance of Charlotte Sound;
but to their great astonishment found them-
felves surrounded with water-spouts, some of
them not more than three or four hundred yards
from the ship's course, and having but little
wind to clear them, were in the utmost terror,
dreading their effects. It happened, however,
providentially, that none of them broke till
the ship had reached the Sound, where the cast
anchor about seven at night within two miles
distance of her comfort, the Adventure, which
in the morning she found almost in readiness
to fail. Nothing could equal the joy of their
meeting, when they were mutually assured that
no disaster had befallen either.

They had now ranged an unfrequented sea,
from the first degree of eastern longitude (to
which they had returned after directing their
course to the southward from the Cape of
Good Hope) to the 167th degree of the same
longitude, and having kept beyond the 45th
degree of south latitude, and within the dif-

tance

138 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

11. Bore away all fails spread. At fix in the morning they defcied land, bearing W. half S. Distance seven or eight leagues.

12. A dead calm. At fix they were about eleven or twelve miles from shore, the land bearing N. N. W. The calm continuing lay off and on all night.

13. Wind off shore, founded and found ground at 91 fathom red and white firm corally sand. Lat. 27 deg. 6½ min. At four hoisted the cutter out, and sent her on shore to look for good anchorage. At five she returned with news, that at the distance of five miles from the island there was safe anchoring. On board the boat came one of the natives, a man of a middling figure, curiously tataowed from head to foot. His language was different from that of any of the islanders they had yet visited, so that he was no otherwife understood by the Indian, nor by any other man on board, except by signs. The island had no very promising appearance on their approach towards it, they could see indeed at the distance of fix or seven miles up the country a number of houses, but no cocoa-nut or other large trees, no beautiful plantations, such as they saw on the islands of Middleburg, and Amsterdam, but a low level green within land, defended from the sea by craggs and rocks near the shore. The wind

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 139

wind still proving contrary, they cast anchor
where directed.

14. The Captain ordered the pinnace to be hoisted out, and the great and small cutters to be manned; and he, attended by his chief officers, and accompanied by Mr. Foster, went on shore about fix in the morning, and returned on board again about nine. The wind coming fair they weighed, and stood in close to land, and again came to an anchor about two miles from land in 40 fathom water. Several of the natives came on board, the greatest part of whom swam from the shore, and a few came in wretched canoes, old and rotten, and so small that three people could barely fit in them: they were indeed of a pretty construction, but the materials were the worst they had ever seen made use of; nor was it easy to conceive how, or where they procured the materials, as no trees were to be seen on the island even by those who were sent to survey it. Canoes, indeed, seemed less necessary, as hardly any fish was to be seen upon the coast; from whence it is imagined, that the natives live wholly upon fowls and vegetables, no four-footed animal being mentioned in any of the relations.

The people on board made signs that they wanted provisions, and shewed them several articles; such as nails, beads, looking-glasses,

T 2

knives,

140 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

knives, scissars, and the like, which they made
signs they would give in exchange: they also
shewed them some linen, and Otaheite-cloth.
They preferred the linen, because it was white;
and indeed any thing of that colour seemed
to please them best. The chief articles they
brought to sell were fowls, sweet potatoes, a
few plantains, and some bananas; but fruit as
well as other provisions were in no great
plenty among them. The Chiefs on their first
coming on board, brought five or six fowls
ready barbicued as presents to the Captain,
who in return loaded them with trifles of small
value, with which they were exceedingly pleased.
The men were of the middle stature,
strong, and apparently healthy: they were
naked above and below the middle, and had
only a kind of broad net-work girdle to sur-
round the waist. The women were covered
with a garment from head to foot, and were
besides, painted with a variety of colours, such
as orange, red, yellow, and white. They ap-
proach the nearest to the New Zealanders in
habit and appearance of any people they had
yet seen. Those who came on board had no
arms; but the party that was sent out to re-
connoitre the country, found arms amongst
them that were very different in every respect
from the arms of the islanders in the tropical
regions. They remarked likewise a peculiarity

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 141

rity that was very singular: under their hair,
which was in general short and bushy, they
thought they perceived something uncommon
about their ears; and, upon examination, they
found them of an astonishing length, but so
nicely wrapt up, by means of the griftles be-
ing taken out, that they appeared rather like
small flatted chitterlings than ears; yet when
they came to be unfolded, our journalist says
he measured one of them full five inches and
a half long. Their houses, or rather huts,
were very mean, and covered all over, except
a small hole to creep in at, which served them
for door, window, and chimney. They were
the greatest thieves they met with in their
whole voyage; and it was found necessary to
shoot one thief to preserve the lives of many
others. Indeed the people were ready enough to
shoot them, a common tailor no more regarding
the life of one of those poor creatures who had
filched from him a nail, than a countryman
would regard the life of a fox that was rob-
ing his hen-rooft.—When the Resolution ar-
rived at this island she was principally in want
of water; but of water the island was in want
too. They dug a well, but that afforded only
a brackish bad-tasted supply, such as they met
with at the islands of Middleburgh and Am-
sterdam; nor when they had ranged the island
through could they meet with any better; yet
the natives did not seem to regret the want of
water,

142. CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

water, though they were deftitute of cocoa-
nuts, the milk of which the tropical iflanders
drink in its ſtead.

The arms which the waterers obſerved in
their rout were ſpears of a ſubſtance and ſhape
wholly of their own invention, and other wea-
pons they had curiouſly wrought in the forms
of ſiſhes, birds, and men. They had alſo
among them engines for throwing ſtones, ſome
of which they made uſe of in a ſkirmiſh they
had with a party of marines.

In surveying the ifland the gentlemen on
board had the curioſty to viſit thoſe famous
ſtatues, or more properly idols, that gave rife
to the fabulous reports of the firſt discoverers,
who gave out that on this ifland they had ſeen
men from 12 to 20 feet high. Upon exami-
ning theſe idols, it appeared indeed very won-
derful by what powers they had been raiſed, or
by what art fabricated; for whether the mate-
rial of which they are formed be natural or
ſaſtitious, theſe effects are myſterious. If not
ſtone, they are as hard as ſtone; and if ſtone,
they muſt have been hewen from one ſolid
block, for our voyagers could diſcern not the
ſmallest ſeam or joining. The moſt probable
conjeſture is, that they muſt at firſt have been
compoſed of ſeparate materials, put together
by piece-meal, and then plaiſtered over with
a cement, which, when dry, conſolidated into
a hard

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 143

a hard substance, which every way assumed
the colour and confistence of stone, but then
as these people have neither ladders nor scaff-
folds, nor any materials upon the island, by
which such contrivances can be constructed,
the question recurs, how the artift could be
fuspended, or more properly fupported, while
he applied the plaiftering, and afterwards im-
pressed the figure. This is a question that re-
mains to be explained. The short time that
our voyagers continued upon the island, ne-
cefarily obliged them to leave many things un-
observed, which deferved notice among a peo-
ple, who by their situation, on a speck of land
not more than 12 or 15 leagues in circumference,
and at least a thousand miles from any
known land, may well be supposed to be ori-
ginal. We shall therefore endeavour to fup-
ply their omiffions from the accounts of the
only navigators, who are yet known to have
visited the island; namely, Roggewein, the
Dutchman, who first discovered it in 1722, and
Don Gonzalez, the Spaniard, who hearing of
the intended discoveries of his Britannic Ma-
jefty's ships, in the South-Seas, failed from
Callao in 1770, on purpose to look for and take
possession of this and what other lands had al-
ready been discovered in that part of the ocean,
in the name of the king of Spain. The ac-
count given by Gonzalez is most undoubtedly
authentic,

144 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

authentic, and in many particulars the three accounts agree and serve to confirm each other.

Don Felipe Gonzalez arrived on the 16th of November 1770, in the frigate La Rosalia at this island, of which he gives the following description: " That it is situated in the latitude of 27 deg. 6 min. South, and in longitude 268 deg. 19 min. East from Teneriff, answering to 108 deg. 8 min. West from London, nearly in the same latitude and longitude in which our navigators found it. Whether they had ever seen this Spanish account is uncertain, as it could not have been known in Europe before the beginning of the year 1772, and they failed in July 1772: but be that as it may, the Spanish description of its situation and size is remarkably correspondent with that of our journalist. Its size, fays Gonzalez, is about 12 or 14 leagues in circumference, and it is rather low than high. The inhabitants of both fexes are about 3000 in number. They are a people of a docile disposition, but great thieves. The men have thick beards, are tall, and well made, white and red. They keep the fire under ground, and appear to have some superstition in taking it out. This was observed when any of our people wanted to light their tobacco.

They have no other arms but sticks and stones, and have much dread of artillery.

They

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 145

They are very proud of every thing red, and
flight every other colour, except white. The
men go naked, all but a broad girdle curiously
wrought, which they tie about their waists in a
very decent manner. These girdles are wove
like netting, of a material that looks like cot-
ton, of which they make very beautiful cover-
lids.

Their houses are under ground, with a very
narrow entrance; and there are besides some
huts made of reeds in the like form.

The foil is very rocky, and we saw no trees
but a few figs, cotton, and shrubs. Their
food is white pumpkins, plantains, sweet-pota-
toes, yams, and other roots of the like kind.
There are many springs of good water, and
some of bad. We saw no birds, but some fowls
like those of Europe; and when the natives
want to dress them, they put hot stones into
their bellies till they are fit to be eaten. On
the sea coast there are not many fish; there
are only some anchovies and small fish.

They have many statues of a monstrous
size: they are of one piece of stone, and of a
gigantic figure; for they are some of them
more than 20 cubits high, and others not a
fourth part so high, near which are their bu-
rying places.

The island has no port, only a little cove
for a long-boat, or small vessel. The greatest
length

U

146 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

length is about fix leagues. It lies East and West; and it was at the West end that we raised three croffes upon three similar little hills, testifying by these marks that we took possession of it in the name of the King; and, in honour of his Majesty, we named it St. Carlos.

There is no good anchoring place all round the island, the bottom being excessively bad, as we had two cables cut in lef than forty-eight hours. We only remained five days on shore; at the expiration of which we went in quest of other lands, said to be situated in the latitude of 38 deg. S. but could find none.

This island, the Spanish voyager adds, is 600 leagues from Callao, and nearly the same distance from the main land of Chili. He calls it *David's Island*, taking it for *Davis's Land*, as marked in the maps; and, probably, it is the same, as no other land has ever been discovered by any other navigator near the meridian where Davis's Land has obtained a place.

Having thus briefly related what peculiarities, Don Gonzalez observed in his five days stay, we shall in the same concise manner run over Roggewein's account, and then resume the thread of our narrative.

On the Dutch ships [of which there were three] approaching the land, an Indian came on

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.

147

on board the Admiral, who was of a brown complexion, pretty tall, strong, and of a brisk, gay, lively countenance. He was naked, and his body painted in various figures: his ears were extremely long, and hung down to his shoulders. They gave him cloth to cover himself; and they gave him meat to eat, and offered him wine to drink; but he threw it in his eyes. The musicians played him a concert; the failors danced to the music, and he danced with them. They clothed him, and sent him ashore; but they afterwards shot him, as they say, by accident.—They brought fowls, and plenty of roots; and the Indian who first came on board prefented the Admiral with fowls ready dressed, in their manner. There was one among them quite white, [such a one as was seen at Otaheite] and they judged by the solemnity of his air that he was a priest.

Next day they landed 150 men, at the head of whom was the Admiral. The people flock-ed about them by thousands; some running to and fro like frantics, and others protrating themselves before their idols in the attitude of prayer.

As some of them preffed close, and ventur-ed to touch the arms of the strangers, they fired upon them, and the friendly Indian was among those who fell. Their cries and lamen-tations were dreadful; and they befought the

U 2

mur-

148 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

murderers by every attitude of humility to suffer them to carry off their dead. Affected with all these demonstrations of humility, these Christian plunderers vouchafed to do them no harm. Being made to understand that their fury was abated, and that they were dispirited to friendship, the poor creatures brought them fowls and fruits, and whatever their island afforded, in the greatest abundance. They saw no animals on the island, but birds of various kinds. Their huts were from forty to sixty feet in length, and about six or eight in breadth, supported by poles, and covered with leaves. Each family had a house, and each house had an inclosure separated from every other enclosure, and formed by a line. The country appeared to be all cultivated, and when Roggewein was there the fruits of the earth, on which alone the natives appeared to subsist, were all in maturity.

Their women were cloathed with coverlids, and painted with a rouge furpassing the bright-nefs of any thing of the kind known in Europe. They were not in the least coy, but would by their gestures invite to familiarities, to which the common men were not averse. The men of the island had no arms, at least they made use of none: When they were attacked they fled to their idols, of which there are many up and down the coast. They represent the figure

of

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 149
of a man with great ears, the head adorned
with a crown, and the whole executed and pro-
portioned according to the rules of art; around
these idols are circles built of white stones, and
they observed that the idols were more fre-
quently visited by some than by others; and
they observed likewise that those who attended
them most had marks of distinction, by which
they concluded they were priests. These marks
were large bobs hanging at their ears, a bon-
net made of black and white feathers, and their
heads shaven quite bare.

Bougainville has remarked that the priest in
the Straits, when he went to work upon the
Indian boy that had poisoned himself by swallowing some fragments of shining-glafs, put
on a Mercury's cap made of feathers, in order
to drive away the evil spirit that he thought had
poached him. See *Voyages of English Navigators*
*round the World*.

It must not, however, be forgotten, that the
idols of this island are not in this voyage said
to be of such a monstrous height as the Spa-
nish writer has ascribed to them. The height
of three men is the utmost proportion given
to the largest of them; the ordinary deities are
said not to exceed the height of one. Our jour-
nalist says that some of these idols are carved
in the form of men's heads, one over another.

On

150 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

On the 16th of March our voyagers weighed anchor, and came to fail. Wind at N. E., and ship's head north.

17. The fame course continued till half past seven in the morning, when they steered with all fails up to the N. W. Lat. at noon 26 deg, 48 min. The fresh provisions taken in at East-Island were now dealt out by the captain's order, and at the captain's expence, equally among the men, namely, two pound of potatoes a man, and a bunch of bananas to each mefs; and this without reducing their ordinary allowance, an act of generosity which produced its effect; it preferred the crew in health, and encouraged them to undergo chearfully the hardships that must unavoidably happen in the course of so long a voyage.

18. This day the captain was taken ill again. The fail-makers were now all busily employed in making hoes to catch fresh water when it rained, as none was to be expected in the course they were purfuing, for many hundred leagues. Lat. at noon by observation, 26 deg. 4 min. Wind at E. S. E. Course shaped N. N. W.

19. Saw four tropic birds. Wind at E. and E. N. E. Course N. by W. Lat. at noon 24 deg. 50 min. One man punished this day with twelve lashes for an unclean action.

20. Course

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 151

20. Course altered from N. by W. to N. N. W. Aired the hammocks, and cleaned and smoaked the ship, which service was never omitted, when the weather and time would permit. The weather variable, fqually with rain.

21. Pleasant weather, with light showers of rain. Lat. at noon by observation 21 deg. 03 min. Wind E. N. E. Course as before.

22. Weather altered, fqually with rain. Wind E. and E. N. E. Course N. by W. and N. N. W. Lat. at noon 19 deg. 20 min. Course altered from N. N. W. to N. W. Saw several tropic birds.

23. The carpenters employed in paying the boats bottoms with an experimental composition for preserving the timber againft the worms. Lat. at noon by observation 18 deg. 10 min. Wind at E. by S. Course S. W.

24. Pleasant weather, attended with light showers of rain. Wind variable from E. by S. to E. by N. Course W. N. W. Lat. at noon 17 deg. 06 min. Saw several tropic birds.

25. Delightful weather. Wind E. Course as before. Lat. at noon by observation 16 deg. 02 min. The captain much better.

26. A fresh gale from E. S. E. Course N. W. Lat. at noon by observation 14 deg. 46 min.

27. A

152 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

27. A pleasant breeze from E. S. E. Course as before. Lat. at noon by observation 13 deg. 11 min. Wind variable all night from E. S. E. to E. by N.

28. A fresh breeze from E. S. E. Saw several flying fish, one man of war bird, and one egg-bird. Lat. at noon 11 deg. 44 min. Course continued.

29. A fine gale from the N. E. Course continued. Lat. at noon by observation 10 deg. 20 min. and long. 122 deg. W. Altered their course W. N. W. Saw a man of war bird and one gannet, a fureign of land near.

30. Pleasant weather. Saw a great number of flying fish, and one man of war bird. Lat. by observation 9 deg. 22 min. Shaped their course due West. Wind at E. half S.

31. Continued their course with wind at E. by N. Lat. at noon 9 deg. 18 min. Altered their course to W. half S. Wind at E. by S.

April 1. Saw great numbers of flying fish. Lat. at noon 9 deg. 32 min. Wind at E. Course W. half S.

2. Course continued. Breeze at E. Lat. at noon 9 deg. 29 min.

3. Saw several tropic birds and flying fish. Wind at E. Course W. half S. Lat. at noon 9 deg. 33 min. Saw two sharks, four pilot fish, and two dolphins.

4. Course

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 153

4. Course and wind as before. Very hot. Aired hammocks and cleaned ship every day. Lat. as before 9 deg. 33 min. long. 224 deg. E. or 136 deg. W. At three faw a shark and three albacores. At fix faw a fun fish.

5. Course continued. Wind E. by S. Lat. at noon 9 deg. 34 min. Altered their course W. At half past six in the evening shortened fail, and hove too. Ship's head N. E. and N. N. E.

6. Saw several birds and very large flying fish. Lat. at noon 9 deg. 19 min. Course altered W. half S. At five in the afternoon they faw land bearing from them S. W. by S. It appeared like two hummocks or little hills and a large opening between them. Shortened fail, and hauled up to the S. E.

7. Saw the land bearing W. S. W. At five bore away W. At fix steered W. S. W. Perceived several islands, which proved to be the islands known by the name of the Marqueas, discovered by Mendana in 1595. Our journal says they are of a great height, and in general their extent may be from five to twelve leagues; Quiros says from fix to fifteen; Mr. Dalrymple places them between the lat. of 9 and 10 deg. S. and between the 140th and 141st deg. of West longitude; our journal between the 9th and 10th deg. of South latitude, but the longitude uncertain; yet it

X

should

154 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

should seem from his noting the longitude on
the 4th of April, and allowing a degree and
a half a-day for the ship's wefting, that their
situation cannot be much mistaken.

At half past four in the morning the ship
brought to, and cast anchor in 30 fathom
water; fine white sand. Several canoes came
from the shore alongside the ship; but none of
the natives would venture on board. They
brought as a present to the Captain some
bread, fruit, and a hog; and were very ready
to exchange whatever they had about them for
any trifles that were offered them. We know
of no voyagers that have visited these islands
before since their first discovery: their wonder
was therefore the greater, as hardly any tradition
could remain of the former European visitors,
after so many years had elapsed since the Spaniards
had made them feel the fatal effects of
fire-arms. It is not easy to determine whether
they were pleased or terrified at the approach
of the ship, nor whether they intended to receive
their visitors hospitably, or were concerting
means to get them in their power to cut
them off. Thofe, however, who came alongside
made a strange noise as they rowed ashore,
and that noise continued the whole succeeding
night, during which they kept fires burning on
the tops of the hills, probably by way of beacons

cons

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 155

cons to alarm the country of some approach-
ing danger, or uncommon event.

8. The Indians, whatever their private in-
tentions might be, continued to carry a fair ap-
pearance. Early in the morning they brought
bread-fruit, which they exchanged for nails,
bits of broken china-ware, white paper, or, in
short, for any thing that was shewn them.
About fix great numbers of them presented
themselves on the shore, and seemed to ex-
prefs much rejoicing, by shouting, dancing,
leaping, and running; and in a very short time
after, five or fix of them came close to the
ship's side; and signs were made to them to
come on board, which they either did not, or
would not understand; but one of them pre-
fently unshipped the side iron ftantion, and
dived with it into the sea. All poſſible means
were uſed to perſuade him to bring it back,
but in vain; and, when at some diſtance, he
roſe and got into a canoe. They were deter-
mined he ſhould not avail himself of the rob-
bery, left by suffering him to eſcape, others
might be encouraged to attempt the like ex-
ploits: orders were therefore given to fire
while he was yet within reach, and it fortu-
nately happened that he was ſhot dead, with-
out any of his companions being hurt. There
happened to be two men in the canoe; one of
whom, on seeing what had happened, threw

X 2

the

156 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

the flauntion overboard, and then threw himself after it: the other kept baleing the blood and water out of the canoe, while the pinnace which had been launched for carrying the Captain and his company on shore came alongside, to take a view of the man that was killed. The death of this man seemed to strike the whole body of the Indians with fear and conternation. Those who were at sea made rapidly for land; and those who were dancing on the shore fled precipitately to the hills at a distance, where they howled, and made many frantic motions for more than an hour: and in the mean time some of the most daring among them attempted to cut the ropes, and carry off the ship's buoy; which being observed, one of the great guns loaded with grape-shot was fired amongst them, which soon put an end to their enterprize. Being now, to all appearance, convinced of their own inability to refight, they quietly acquiesced in furnishing whatever was demanded of them. They brought hogs, but sparingly, as having perhaps no great stock upon the island; but of such fruit as the island produced, they brought abundance. The Captain and the other gentlemen went ashore in the pinnace, and landed without opposition. But, previously to their embarkation, there came a canoe to the ship in which was a meffenger, who held in his hand a green

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 157

a green bough with a white flag faltened to it,
which he presented to the Captain, with fix
small hogs. These the Captain received, plac-
ing the bough with the flag at the gang-way of
the ship, at the fame time displaying another
white flag so conspicuously at the mast head,
that the inhabitants might see it at a great dif-
tance from the hills on the land. Peace be-
ing in this manner concluded, all farther hof-
tilities ceafed on both sides. The gentlemen
were permitted to range the island without in-
terruption. The waterers found water in great
plenty, and very good; infomuch, that what
remained of the water taken in at Eafter
Island was all bilged, and thrown into the sea.
The island which the Captain made choice of
to caft anchor, appears to be the fame to which
the Spaniards gave the name of Dominica.
Our journalift describes it as lying E. by. N.
and W. by S. and Quiros as lying N. E. and
S. W. a difference not very considerable where
exactneſs was not much regarded on either
fide.

The inhabitants, particularly the men, for
very few of the women made their appearance,
were rather of the largeſt ſize: they were
ſtrong, active, and well ſhaped; and were in
general more elegantly painted than any they
had yet met with, even more ſo than the New-
Zealanders, having their very lips tat towed;
and

158 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

and the figures on their faces and breasts so
curiously traced and delineated, that no pain-
ter in Europe could have sketch'd the outline
of a bird, fish, or animal, with more nicety,
or with greater exactness. It was somewhat
remarkable, that among them there were many
with the lofs of their left eye.

When the pinnace returned the Captain
brought with him fix hogs, a considerable
quantity of bread-fruit, and some plantains.
They saw no cocoa-nut trees growing upon
the island; but cocoa-nut trees there certain-
ly were, as the inhabitants brought some to
fell as soon as the course of trade was placed
in a regular channel. The men were in gene-
ral naked, except a thin covering round the
waist. The women were covered from head
to foot with a sort of white cloth, not unlike
the Otaheite cloth in fabric, but not so fine.
Few of them appeared; and those who did
appear were far from being handsome. Qui-
ros, however, has given a very different ac-
count. He says, that very fine women were
seen there, but acknowledges he did not see
any of them himself, which seems to confirm
what our journalist has observed, that few of
them appear: but persons of rank who did see
them assured Quiros, that they were as beautiful
as those of Lima; and there are (says he) very
beautiful women at Lima. Their countenances

were

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 159

were pleafant, they had delicate hands, genteel
body and waift, exceeding much in perfection
the moft beautiful ladies of Lima; they were
sufficiently white, but not so rofy; they were
clad from the waift downwards with a fort of
tunicks, artfully woven of the fineſt palm.
The only arms our journaliſt ſaw among theſe
inſlanders, were javelins, which they threw with
great dexterity and force, and flings, with
which they fling ſtones to an incredible diſ-
tance; their muſical inſtruments are drums and
conchs.

9. On ſome affront offered by the ſailors to their women, word was brought that the na-tives were all retired to the mountains, tak-ing their women and children along with them. This cauſed great uneaſineſs, as all trade was now at an end, and nothing to be procured but water. Some perſons, however, were de-puted to make up the breach, who carried pre-fents with them of ſuch things as it was thought would be moſt acceptable. The gentlemen, who were appointed to execute this commiſſion, ſo effectually brought about a reconcilia-tion, that they returned loaded with fruit. It was, however, thought adviſeable to be al-ways upon the watch. In conſequence where-of a party of marines was placed as a guard to protecſ the waterers from inſult, while they were employed in filling water. This was a prin-

160 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE
a principal buſineſs, to which the greatest at-
tention was every day paid.

The captain and gentlemen who accompanied him, having sufficiently reconnoitred the country adjoining to the bay where the ship rode at anchor, embraced the opportunity, while the crew were all busy, to visit a bay at some distance to the southward, in order to learn what that part of the country would produce, and to endeavour to extend the trade for hogs, cocoa-nuts and bread-fruit. This excurſion was attended with very good effects; they found the natives very amicably dispoſed, and very ready to bring to market whatever the country produced. Here the captain purched eighteen hogs, a large quantity of bread-fruit, cocoa-nuts, and plantains, and returned again about seven in the evening. In this bay, where the natives were not alarmed by the brutality of the common men, the women were not afraid to be seen; nor was the least diftruſt perceivable on either side. The natives brought down their hogs and fruit to the shore, and the perſon appointed to be purveyor ſhewed the articles he had to exchange, and the natives were left at full liberty to chuse, each what he liked best; the purveyor fixed the value. The articles they seemed most to admire were picture cards, pieces of Chinese paper, any kind of China ware, or any thing made

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 161

made of glafs, nails, and bits of red cloth.
For trifles of this kind they readily exchanged
their hogs and fruit. The news of this honest
dealing having spread over the island, and
reached the adjoining isles, the ship was next
day surrounded with more than fifty canoes,
loaded with provisions of various kinds, among
which was a fruit which seemed peculiar to
these islands: It is thus described by Thevenot,
—it is about the size of an ordinary melon,
and is not unlike some generæ of that fruit in
shape; it grows upon trees, and when grow-
ing is of a deep green, but when ripe is of a
fine delicate polished green, though the out-
fide appears rough and jagged, with crofs rays
not unlike the pine apple. The figure is not
quite round, but somewhat narrower at the
point than at the ftalk, from whence grows a
core that reaches to the middle, and within
this core is a web; it has no ftone or kernel,
nor any thing uselefs except the outfide, and
that is very thin; the reft is all eatable, and
makes but one mafs, which is very delicious,
nourifhing, and wholesome. The people who
brought this fruit were very civil and courte-
ous; they had their hair dressed in a singular
manner, being parted and tied up in two knots
behind not unlike the wigs formerly worn by gen-
tlemen of diffinction, and now only by counsel-
lors at the bar. Their beards too were fhorn in a

Y

peculiar

162 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

peculiar manner, and tied underneath their
chins. This manner of tying the hair did not
however appear to be intended as a mark to
distinguish one class of people from another,
but was only a variety or fashion which every
one might or might not follow as he pleased.
But there was one thing particular, and which
seemed to be universal among the males; and
that was, the prepuce was tied back in such a
manner as to answer all the purposes of circum-
cision, without being circumcised. Among
the tropical islanders, with whose manners and
customs our late discoverers have made us ac-
quainted, the free indulgence of the women is
a leading character; but in these islands the re-
verse of that character seems to be the fact. In
the Society and all the neighbouring isles, the
women make not the least scruple of expos-
ing themselves in the most laucivious manner
to the view of the European strangers; but
here they held indelicacy in the utmost abhor-
rence; and it should seem that a frolicksome
attempt of a sailor had driven the women and
children of a whole district out of the reach of
such another insult; yet where they were in no
danger of affronts of the like kind, they were
in no fear of shewing themselves. Thus we
may remark the different dispositions of man-
kind dispersed all over the world, influenced it
seems by no climate, but directed at first by
some

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 163

some fuperintending power, and afterwards
conducted by the ruling passions, and con-
firmed by habit.

Our journalift saw none of their houſes but
from the ſhip; they appeared to be ſmall and
contemptible little huts, covered with platted
leaves, and ſupported by the trunks of trees.
Indeed the inhabitants ſo near the line require
no large or pompous buildings to defend them
from the weather. Shade and coolneſs, and
a ſlender covering from the dews and little
rain that falls in that delightful climate, are all
that nature requires; and where ſplendour is
not the object, there will be no emulation.
The only ambition diſcoverable among theſe
people was in drefſing their hair, and orna-
menting their heads; ſeveral of them had caps
very curiouſly wrought in ſhapes not inele-
gant, and compoſed of feathers of various
colours interſperſed with ſpangles of mother
of pearl, that looked very gay and were very
becoming. The moſt confpicuous mark of
diſtinction appeared to be tattowing. In this
the difference was very diſcernable. The
chiefs were tattowed from their faces to their
fingers ends, not in volutes or ſpiral lines like
the chiefs in New Zealand; but in figures of
various kinds, ſuited to the different parts of
the body, according to the artiſt's fancy, in
which no ſmall ingenuity was diſplayed.

Y 2

haps

164 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

haps the different qualities of those chiefs
might have been discovered by observing the
characters represented; but time was wanting
for such nice observations.

Quiros, the Spanish voyager, who gave the
first account of these people, says, they are
white and of a gentle disposition, large and
ftout limbed, and so well shaped as greatly to
surpass the Spaniards; that they had beautiful
teeth, eyes, and features, and among them
were some of the handsome boys with flowing
hair he had ever beheld; that all of them
were naked; that their bodies, legs, and
arms, were painted; and that some had their
faces painted; that most of the Spaniards appeared
of low feature compared to the men;
and that among them was one taller and
ftouter than any person in the Spanish fleet;
that being encouraged to come on board, about
forty of them entered the Admiral's ship
at once, and became so troublesome that his
Excellency was obliged to give orders to fire
upon them, by which five or six of them were
shot dead; that on this unexpected salute they
fled to shore, threatening vengeance by brandishing
their lances; that they soon returned,
and began an attack by throwing stones from
flings at an incredible distance; but their chief
being shot through the head by a bullet, and
seven or eight of his followers being likewise

killed

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 165

killed, and many more wounded, the reft
thought fit to make a precipitate retreat, and
presently after retired to the mountains with
their women and children; that then the Ad-
miral with his lady and family landed; that he
ordered mafs to be faid by his chaplain on
shore, at which fome antient Indians who ſtill
remained in their houſes attended, and be-
haved with decency, kneeling when the Spa-
niards kneeled, and bowing when they bowed;
that after ſome time, while the Spaniards were
employed to take in wood and water, the
natives came down in ſtraggling parties, and
ſhewed a defire of being reconciled, bringing
with them preſents of fruit, and ſome fowls:
thefe were kindly received, and by degrees a
friendly intercoursſe was eſtabliſhed, which
continued during the whole time the Admiral
with his retinue remained on ſhore; but he
was ſcarce ſettled on board when the old quar-
rel was revived. The Spaniards were again
attacked with lances and ſtones, and the na-
tives were again driven to the woods and
the mountains.

Their houſes, Quiros obſerves, are built
upon poſts, and the floors are a ſtory higher
than the ſtreets, and many people appeared
to live in the ſame houſe. At a diſtance from
the town which we viſited, ſays he, there
ſtood a temple ſurrounded with palliſades,
with

166 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

with the entrance to the West, and a house
almost in the middle with the door to the
North, in which were some figures of wood,
ill wrought; and there were offerings of eat-
ables, among which was a hog; of this the
soldiers made prize, and were about to carry
off other things, but were prevented by the
natives, who were highly enraged at the vio-
lence which had been done to their holy offer-
ings. He observes, that in the mornings and
evenings all with one voice made a fonorous
and harmonious chanting, and at length
shewed an inclination to do mischief, probably
for the violence offered to their place of wor-
ship. One, however, who appeared to be
more civilized than the rest, seemed to take a
great liking to the chaplain on board, who
was not lefs fond of the Indian than the In-
dian was of him, and took great pleasure in
afking him queftions about the moft obvious
objects in view; particularly by what names
they called the heavens, earth, fun, moon,
stars, and the like. To which he gave anfwers
which left no room to doubt that he perfectly
understood the queftions that were afked
him.

Being invited on board, the first thing
that attracted his notice was the cattle and
other animals that he saw upon deck; at which
he seemed to express his surprize, especially at
the

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 167

the cows and sheep. He also was very curious in viewing the construction of the ship, her mafts, her rigging, her ornaments, and the many conveniences with which she was furnished; and he noted every thing that was shewn him with more than Indian attention. The chaplain offered him sweetmeats and wine, but he would taste of neither; but seeing the ships weighing anchor, he pressed to be set ashore; and when he was landed rejoiced exceedingly. Such is the only account we had of these islanders before Capt. Cooke touched upon their coast, who having supplied the ship with wood and water, and with what other necessaryies the island produced; and having surveyed the bays, while Mr. Fostër and his affiliates were taking a view of the land, on the 11th he gave orders for getting all things in readinefs to fail; and about four the fame afternoon they weighed anchor and came to fea, tacking every hour to clear the straits between the islands, they being situated in respect to each other nearly in a square, which made the navigation both difficult and dangerous.

April 12. The morning pleafant, a mild breeze attended with gentle showers, and the fea open. About ten the ship spread all her canvas, and proceeded at a moderate rate, directing her courfe to the S. S. W. with the wind at E. S. E.

13. The

168 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

13. The weather continuing pleasant, with now and then gentle showers, and some lightening, great attention was paid to airing the ship, and keeping all things clean. At this time not a man was sick on board. Latitude at noon by observation 10 deg. 57½ min. Wind at E. by S. Course as before. At night hove to with the ship's head to the South East.

14. At five in the morning bore away as before. Lat. at noon by observation 12 deg. 24 min. Wind at E. Course altered to S. W. At eight in the evening hove to, ship's head to the S. S. E.

15. A smart dry gale at E. S. E. At five in the morning bore away as before; ship's way 7½ knots. The Indian very healthy, and quite easy and contented, as if at his own home, but learns English very slowly. Lat. at noon by observation 13 deg. 40 min. Fresh breezes and fair weather. At eight in the evening hove to, with the ship's head to the S. E. all night.

16. A fresh breeze at East. At half past five bore away W. half S. At seven faw three dolphins and two birds. Lat. at noon 14 deg. 16 min. Saw a man of war bird. At fix tenedail. At eight hove to with the ship's head to S. S. E.

17. A fresh breeze at East. At five bore away; and at half past seven faw a strange bird and two dolphins, and some sea-weeds.

At

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 169

At ten the man at the mast head called out
Land, bearing about West. This land had
been seen by Commodore Byron, in the Dol-
phin's first Voyage round the World; it is
very extensive, and appears at a great distance,
like an affemblage of many small isles, full of
trees. Mr. Byron called it George's-Island.
Lat. at noon 214 deg. 26½ min. At noon they
were at the N. W. side of it, and about one
in the afternoon hoisted the large cutter out
and sent her in shore to found. At half past
two hoisted the pinnace out; and the large cutter
came on board. The pinnace and cutter went
on shore, well armed, with the first and third
lieutenants, and other gentlemen, to recon-
noitre the coast; the natives came from the
other side of a lagoon that seemed to part the
island, arm'd in large canoes; some of them
brought one cocoa-nut in their hands, but
would scarce trade at all; they wanted every
thing they saw without making a return. They
were in general furnished with long spears and
lances, pointed with fling-ray tail-bones. They
made a hideous noise among themselves, and some
were for feizing the people's musquets, while
others took to the bushes, and arming them-
felves with spears, advanced towards the boats.
The gentlemen, unwilling to proceed to extre-
mities, put off, and brought the captain an
account of their inhospitable behaviour. The

Z

captain

170 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

captain ordered the guns to be loaded with round shot, and to be fired just over the point where they were assembled; two of the shot went through the trees, and they could perceive from the ship one large cocoa-nut tree fall; other two went right through the place where the natives were posted, in a direction parallel with the horizon. They could hear them fcream and make a fearful noise. After being in this manner intimidated, without which nothing can be done with these people, they brought in their boats 27 cocoa-nuts, and 6 dogs; the dogs were in general small and thick, with a large head, not unlike that of our bull dogs. These Indians were in general stout made men, tall, and well proportioned; and the women altogether as ordinary. They had no cloathing, except a piece of white netting about their waists, but they were copiously marked about the breast and arms with fishes and other sea animals. They were the most savage looking fet of people, our journalist says, he had seen throughout the voyage, and were of a colour nearly approaching to black; they had black hair, dyed by some on the back part, and by others on the top of their heads; none of them were painted. Their houses were like dog-kennels, about the length and breadth of a man, and not two feet high, thatched with cocoa-nut leaves; they spoke quite quick, and eat

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 171

eat their words, as the sea-faring phrase is,
like the New Guinea negroes.

Commodore Byron, who first gave name
to this island, found the inhabitants equally
inhospitable, and equally inclined to mischief.
In a skirmish which his people had with a
strong party of them, they killed three, and
wounded several more, on which the whole
body, men, women, and children, fled to the
woods and mountains, and were no more seen.
On the Tamar's boats first approaching the
shore, one of the natives got into her, and
in the twinkling of an eye seized a seaman's
jacket, and jumping over-board with it never
once appeared above water till he was close
in shore, and mingled with the rest of his
companions; another of them got hold of a
midshipman's hat, but not knowing how to
take it off, instead of lifting it up pulled it
down, so that the owner had time to prevent
its being taken away. In the ferocity of the
natives the Commodore's relation agrees with
that of our journalist, and so it does in the
meanness of their hovels, but adds that they
are delightfully situated.

It appears, however, that though Commo-
dore Byron gave name to this island, the Dol-
phin and Tamar were not the first European
ships that had visited it; for it will hardly be
contested, after what has been said by the

Z 2

editor

172 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

editor of the Historical Account of all the
Voyages round the World performed by Eng-
lish Navigators, that it was here the African
galley, one of Tafman's squadron, was ship-
wrecked, and that part of the crew fell vic-
tims to the rage of these barbarians; but it
is by no means clear that the inhabitants,
though ferocious, are man-eaters; on the
contrary, the presumption is rather against
that notion, as the writer of the Commodore's
Voyage seems to think that the cocoa-nut
trees furnish them with food, and almost all
the other necessaries of life. Dogs, however,
it is almost certain, make a part of their luxu-
ries; for our journalist takes notice, after a
number of them had been flain, that dogs
were brought as peace-offerings, to appeafe
the wrath of their murderers, which they
would not have done, had they not thought
them delicacies; he further observes, that
every native had his dog; and when the houfes
were deferted, the dogs remained and made
a moft terrific noife in the night by their howl-
ing. From several circumftances, Commo-
dore Byron was of opinion, that a profitable
pearl-fishery might be eſtablished on this and
the adjacent iſlands of which we are giving an
account; but later discoveries have ſhewn,
that pearls are as rare in them as in Europe;
none of any confiderable ſize or remarkable
beauty

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 173

beauty having been yet found on any of them.
Good water, scurvy grafs, and plenty of co-
coa-nuts were however found here, of which
the honest Englishmen made no scruple to load
their boats, though they had before shot a
number of the natives for carrying away a
jacket.

It has been remarked, and perhaps with
justice, that the vessels for navigation in every
country display the utmost efforts of genius of
which the inhabitants are capable in their
construction; and that by the formation of
them the ingenuity of a people may be efti-
mated. If this observation is admitted, the
people of George's island will not be thought
defitute of invention. Their canoes, says
Commodore Byron, are of very curious con-
struction, and must cost them infinite labour.
They conflict of planks exceedingly well
wrought, and in many places adorned with
carving; these planks are fewed together, and
over every beam there is a strip of tortoise-
shell, very artificially inlaid to keep out the
water. Their bottoms are sharp as a wedge,
and the whole body is very narrow; and
therefore two of them are generally joined
together by a couple of crofs spars, so that a
space from fix to eight feet is left open be-
tween them. Thus united, a mast is hoisted
in each of them, and a sail spread between

the

174 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

the mafts. This fail is made of matting moſt
curiously woven, and their cordage, though
made of the outer bark of the cocoa nut, is
admirable. Such is the nature, and ſuch the
art of the people of this remote iſland.

Our voyagers, having availed themſelves all
they could of the produce of the iſland, and
gratified their curioſity in viſiting their places
of worſhip, and the repoſitories of their dead,
about fix in the evening the pinnace and large
cutter were hoiſted in, and there being no
anchorage the ſhip lay off and on all night.

18. A fresh breeze from the eastward
springing up, at five in the morning bore
away, and made fail to the S. S. W. and came
in fight of another fine pleafant iſland, and
ſteered S. S. W. along ſhore, but did not land;
though here the Dolphin and Tamar found
the inhabitants much more hofpitable than in
the great iſland. Lat. at noon by obſervation
14 deg. 33 min. Saw great numbers of birds
and ſeveral fish. At eight hauled up to the
S. S. E. Wind at Eaſt. At twelve tacked
and ſtood to the N. N. E. it being hazardous
to proceed, the moon being down.

19. A pleafant breeze from the eastward.
At three ſtood to the S. S. E. At five bore
away S. W. by S. Wind at E. S. E. At half
paſt ſeven ſaw land, bearing Weſt, a low iſland,
extending to a confiderable diſtance. At ten
came

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 175

came in fight of another island, bearing S. S. E.
Ship's course S. W. At eleven bore away
W. S. W. At one perceived a reef to run as
far as we could see, confliting of a chain of
small islands, from a quarter of a mile to one
mile and a half from each other: these little
spots abounded with cocoa-nut trees, and the
reefs of rocks which divided them were at
times dry; so that in general they could be
reckoned nothing else but one continued chain
of islands. The failors imagined there were
turtle about them, as they saw the natives busy
on many of those reefs.—About three leagues
to the southward, or S. S. W. of this range of
isles, they could plainly perceive several other
islands that seemed to be larger than these, and
chained together in the same manner. Islands,
and chains of islands, continued to precent
themselves almost hourly, without any other
material occurrence happening till the 21st,
when they made George's Island, bearing
S. S. W. (the south part.) At half past eleven
fleered W. Lat. noon 16 deg. 50 min. At
one fleered W. half S.—At fix shortened sail,
being about three leagues from the land,
hauled up to the northward, and lay off and
on all night.

22. At nine brought to in Mattavey-bay,
and the rest of the day employed in mooring
the ship, furling the sails, and getting the tents
and

176 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

and other requifites on shore. All this day
great numbers of the natives thronged about
the ship, to express their joy on the arrival of
their old friends; among whom the girls were
no small part of the company. It was now
remarked, that the Otaheite girls were no less
artful than the London miftreffes; each was
anxious to know what prefents their lovers had
brought them, where they had been, what
curiosities they had met with, and no favours
were now to be expected till the cheft was
opened, and they complimented with what
they liked best. The freedoms that had been
granted formerly were all forgotten, and new
kindneffes were to be purchased with new va-
luables. Some indeed there were among them
who expressed a real affection for the men they
loved, but these were rare; for moft of them
chose to attach themselves to new admirers, by
whom they expected to be more liberally re-
warded than by their old mates. They were
not now as formerly to be gratified with a nail;
but infiſted upon something equivalent in va-
lue to what would content a London miftrefs,
and no pence, no pater-nofter. It is a fact that
some of the failors squandered all they had,
and all they could get credit for, upon them.
Such are the mercenary tempers of the ladies
of pleasure all over the world.

23. All

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 177

23. All hands were employed in preparations for refitting the ship; and the armourer's forge being put up, some of the men were eager to make use of it for their own private advantage before it was set to work for the repairs of the ship; but being discovered, were severely punished; and, not only he who used it, but he who suffered it to be used, was equally sentenced to receive twelve lashes.

24. The business to be done being settled, that part of the crew who were unemployed had leave to go on shore; and so alternately; and as two-thirds were fully sufficient to be on duty at a time, the other third were allowed to go on shore at a time; so that none had reason to complain but those who transgressed the rules: This day king Portotow with several of his nobles and great men came to pay their compliments to the Captain, and to make the usual presents on his arrival. These presents are always tendered as a free gift; but if a return is not made in the same way of more than the value, the giver considers it as an affront, and generally some inconvenience is observed to follow. The king with his retinue came in double canoes, such as were seen by our voyagers at King George's Islands: but these double canoes, it must be observed, were not the canoes of Ottaheite, but such as it is probable came from some neighbouring island, and

A a

only

178 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

only are seen here when these mighty chiefs vouchssafe to visit each other, or to pay a more than ordinary compliment to strangers. King Portotow brought with him three large hogs, and a considerable quantity of the finest cloth the country afforded, which he presented to the Captain, who received his presents, and entertained his followers, each according to his rank, and being shewn the curiosities brought from Middleburgh and Amsterdam, some beautiful scarlet feathers took place of every other article, and became so high in the estimation of those Chiefs, that for a plume they would give a hog. And now Amsterdam feathers took the lead in all their bargains; and happy the failor who had been provident enough to lay in a stock.

25. This day it thundered, lightened, and rained to that degree that no man on board had ever remembered the like. The claps of thunder were so loud and terrifying, that one could hardly conceive the report of 10,000 cannon fired off at one and the same instant to be more tremendous. The lightning appeared about the mafts and rigging like vortices of blue flame, the violence of which could only be abated by the torrents of rain that accompanied the lightning, and in all probability faved the ship from being fet on fire. This storm lafted for three hours, and

was

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 179

was the most terrifying our journalist ever be-
held. The afternoon was fair, and the natives
came in from all quarters to welcome their
friends; and to bring hogs and fruit to sell for
implaments of iron, which still bore a value
among the multitude. The women now had made
their choice, and when their mates were re-
ftrained from sleeping on shore, they made no
fort of scruple to come on board to sleep with
them.

26. The whole island seemed to be in agi-
tation, and it was imagined that a general
mufter of their whole force had taken place,
preparatory to some grand warlike expedition,
which the natives had in view. Above 600
canoes were ranged in order of battle. In
each of these canoes were placed upright in
fockets, a certain number of lances of various
lengths, most of them headed with the tail
bones of the sting-ray, the wounds with which
generally prove mortal; and they had besides
heaps of stones piled up on stages, in like man-
ner as cannon-balls are piled up in European ar-
fenals. This warlike appearance attracted the
notice of Captain Cooke and his officers, who
ordered the pinnace to be instantly got in rea-
dinefs, and went himself to observe their mo-
tions; but upon his approach, they separated,
and every man retired to his own home. What-
ever was the intent of this mufter, whether it

A a 2

W2S

180 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

was only an occasional review, or whether it
was preparatory to an attack upon any of the
neighbouring islands, or with a view to surprize
the ship, no measure that followed gave suffi-
cient grounds to determine.

27. All things appeared peaceable, the In-
dians came as usual about the ship to trade, and
the gentlemen and others employed themselves
on shore without molestation. It was however
judged necessary to keep a watchful eye over
them, left over-security should invite any mis-
chievous attempt.

From the 27th of April, till the 8th of May
nothing worth relating happened to the ship's
company; but on that day the coopers being at
work in repairing the cafs by the river side,
they miffed one of the number, and could not
conceive by what invifible hand it could have
been conveyed away, as a watch was fet in the
night to prevent any fuch accident, and a guard
in the day kept conftantly at the tents ; thofe of
the ship's crew who happened to be on shore
were all ftrictly examined, as well as the watch
and the guard; and one and all declared they
knew nothing of the theft, nor was it likely
they fhouid, having no means of concealing the
thing Stolen. Complaint was therefore made
to the chiefs, who, in compliment to the gen-
tlemen refided near the tents, that a theft had
been committed, and that none but the sub-
tileft

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 181

tileſt among their people could be the robber.
It was therefore infiſted, that ſtrict ſearch
ſhould be made, and that as the thing loſt was
of ſuch a bulk as not eafily to be ſecreted, it
was urged that it might be recoverd, and the
offender brought to juſtice, if thofe who were
employed in the purſuit were in earneſt to de-
tect him. To this remonſtrance, menaces were
added, and the whole iſland threatened if the
caſk was not produced, and the thief delivered
up. This cauſed great conſternation and con-
fuſion among the chiefs; they preſently affem-
bled a large body of their people together,
which they have a ready way of doing, and
one of the chiefs made a long and very pe-
remptory ſpeech, which he delivered with a
ſevere countenance; and as ſoon as he had
ended, ſeveral perſons were obſerved to pur-
fue different routs, in order as it proved to ap-
prehend the ſelon: It was ſome time before he
was found, but it has been obſerved by former
voyagers, that whenever any capital theft was
meditated, their chiefs had ſome general know-
ledge of the intent before it was carried into exe-
cution, and yet it was not believed that they
were either to be partakers of the booty or
parties in the deſign. Something like this ſe-
cret intelligence was very obſervable in the
cafe we are now relating; for a more artful
robbery never was deviſed.

On

182 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

On the 9th of May the offender was brought
in triumph by one party, and the caſk by ano-
ther.

Upon his examination it appeared, that the
fellow had laid his ſcheme some time before he
executed it; that he had prepared for it by
contriving a cavity in an over-grown buſhy
part of a ſedgy swamp adjoining to the river,
just big enough to contain the caſk; and this
being ready, he went in the dead of the night
to a winding nook at some diſtance from the
watch and ſentry, but within hearing of both
when every thing was ſtill. Here he plunged
himſelf into the water, and kept ſoundering
about till he had attracted the notice of the
guard, and when by peeping over the bank, he
perceived they were making towards the place
where the noife was; he ſwam filently under
water, till he came near the ſpot where the
caſk he had in view was ſtanding on the edge
of the bank. This he softly pulled into the
water, and made off with it, placing it be-
tween his neck and his shoulders, that he might
not alarm the guard upon their return by the
noife of pushing it before him in the water:
they were some confiderable time in ſearching
about in order to diſcover what had occaſion-
ed ſo ſtrange a plunging, during which the
fellow found means to ſecret his prize, which
he had ſo artfully covered, that it might have

lain

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 183

Iain many years without being found, had not
the hider confessed in what manner he had
dispoſed of it. Though the ingenuity of this
fellow might have pleaded his pardon, yet it
was judged neceſsary to puniſh him as a terror
to others: he was therefore tied up and ſe-
verely whipt after the manner of the diſcipline
of the navy for offences of the like nature;
and this was done in prefence of the Chiefs of
the iſland, and a great concourse of the natives
who attended the execution, and who looked
with an evil eye upon thoſe concerned in what
they called a cruel puniſhment.

This, however, cruel as it was thought, did
not deter others from committing the like of-
fences; for it was not long before another of
them was detected on board the ſhip in ſteal-
ing two jackets, and being caught in the fact,
was tied to the geers, and received twelve
laſhes.

Much about this time one of the ſentinels
upon the watch unfortunately falling asleep,
loft his muſket. This was judged to be a theft
of much greater conſequence than either of the
other two; for though it was certain they
could make no bad uſe of one muſket, and
one charge of powder and ball, yet as it had
been the conſtant policy of thoſe who viſited
the iſland before, to keep the natives as igno-
rant as poſſible in the uſe of ſire-arms, the
Captain

184 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

Captain determined to furnish them with no means of enlarging their knowledge from any neglect of his. He therefore began by punishing the sentinel in a most exemplary manner for his breach of duty, that the natives might be eye-witnesses of the severity with which the people belonging to the ship were punished when they committed any offence; and being informed that prince Ottoo was privy to the theft, and that he was removed from Eparre, the royal residence, to a diffant part of the country, the Captain dispatched a meffenger after him. At the same time several other great men, having embarked in their canoes, were making off with all possible secrecy and haſte; but being discovered from the ship, were instantly purfued. The Captain, who himself commanded in the purfuit, made fignals for them to bring to, to which they paid no regard: at length he gave orders to fire; but as none of them were hurt by that order they rowed on. The fire was renewed, and the bullets flying thick about their boats, they at length thought proper to yield. When they were taken on board, they were shewn the sentinel in irons, and were given to understand that he was again to be punished if his musket was not returned, and that he would in the end be killed for not killing the man in attempting to steal and to carry it away. This

was

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 185

was said to move their pity; for they are very
compassionate, and will weep bitterly at the
fight of a person in the agony of pain; but
their tears are like the tears of children, easily
excited, and as easily dried up. They were at
the same time told, that, as by their flight it
was manifested that they were not unacquainted
with the robbery, and that there was reason to
suspect, that if prince Ottoo was not himself
the robber, he had been instrumental in promoting it, if they did not cause it to be returned in a limited time; the Captain declared with a severe tone of voice, that he would let fire to every boat about the island, and would not leave them a single vessel to go out to fish with. This was observed to work a much more powerful effect than the method taken to excite their pity. They desired to be released, and promised to recover the musket, and to send it on board; and in this they kept their word.

The very next morning a party of the natives brought it in a kind of rapture, as if by returning it they had delivered their country from impending ruin; as ruin it would certainly have been, had their boats been burnt. This party assured the Captain, by message from prince Ottoo, that he had left the fellow who had stolen the musket dead in the woods, and desired an interview with him to

B b

con-

186 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

convince him of the fact. The Captain returned for answer, that he would wait upon the prince at the royal palace, to which he might return in safety, and that he wanted no other evidence of the truth of what they had reported than the prince's royal word. He dismissed the messengers with presents; and to fulfil his promise, began to prepare himself for a visit to Eparre, the place appointed for the interview with Ottoo, for till that was obtained, and the affair reconciled, all trade was totally prohibited, and not a single article to be purchased at any price.

Next day some of Ottoo's chief officers came aboard, and acquainted the Captain, that Ottoo was still under great concern, and rather wished to receive him at the place of his present residence than at Eparre; but that if he would condescend to come without a guard, he would meet him at the palace. The Captain having nothing more in view than to reestablish a good understanding with the natives, very readily gave his consent to come untended; and farther assured them, if his highness was still under any dread, he would send one of his officers as a security that no indigibility should be offered to his person, nor any insult to any of his retinue, provided they behaved with becoming respect. This having diffipated his fears, the manner of the visit was settled,

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 187

fettled, and the time fixed for the parties to
meet, which was at nine the next morning.

As the distance from the ship was about
four miles, and no carriage to be had, the
Captain set out pretty early with only Mr.
Foster, and one or two officers to attend him.
When he arrived he found the prince sitting
in a very penfive mood; but when he was told
that the gentlemen who were now before him
were all the retinue the Captain had brought
with him, he reassumed a more chearful and
lively air, and expreſſed his defire to renew the
peace by all the humiliating ways he could in-
vent. The Captain, on the other hand, know-
ing the conſequences of widening the breach,
received his ſubmiffion with the greatest ala-
crity, and entered familiarly into converſation
with the women, who always on theſe occa-
sions make a part of the company, as did the
other gentlemen with thoſe indifferently who
compoſed the circle. Thus matters being
cleared up, and all that had paſt forgiven on
both ſides, the Captain was defirous of taking
his leave, and in return invited the prince and
his nobles to accompany him on board; but
this they all declined, as not being properly
prepared. they, however, gave him to under-
ſtand, that it ſhould not be long before they
accepted of his invitation. Accordingly in
a few days prince Ottoo with many of his

B b 2

chefs

188 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

chiefs and attendants in three canoes were
observed making towards the ship. They had
with them as presents, hogs, fruit, and cloth;
and they inflected that no return should be made
for any thing that they prefented; and, not to
give offence, nothing was offered, but a vari-
ety of curiosities were laid in their way, which
the Captain knew it was almost impossible for
those people to refuse. They looked wistfully
at many things, but touched nothing. They
were prefed to dine, and they did not seem
displeased with the attention paid them: they
were entertained and amused by various ways
till dinner was ready, and particularly with
music and dancing in a grotesque taste, which
gave them infinite pleasure, as among other
humorous performances a hornpipe was intro-
duced, at which they could scarce contain
themselves. When notice was given that din-
ner was upon the table, and chairs were set, it
was no small diversion to see the aukward
figure they made, for they neither knew how
to fit upon a chair, nor how to feed them-
selves with knife and fork. Their Chiefs are
fed like children by their servants; but some
soups being prepared, and spoons put into
their hands, they made shift to help them-
selves with those, and to eat heartily. They
were offered wines of various forts unmixed,
and afterwards mixed with water, but they
would

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 189

would drink nothing but water. Such is the
force of custom, that water by them was pre-
ferred to the most precious liquor the ship af-
forded.

After they had dined they were again di-
verted with music and dancing, to which they
paid the greatest attention; and in the even-
ing, after tea had been served up, they depart-
ed, highly delighted with their day's enter-
tainment.

While these things were transacting on
board, the launch was employed on shore in
getting in wood for the ship's use; but, as it is
usual, when the principal officers are engaged,
and the command entrusted to inferiors, the
failors will take liberties on those occasions,
which at other times they would not dare to
assume, two of those who were ordered to
do duty on board, instead of cutting wood,
strayed up the country in search of new mif-
tresses; and before their return, the launch
had left her station, and was gone on board.
This was a grievous disappointment, and re-
duced the poor fellows to the disagreeable al-
ternative of either hiring a canoe to take them
on board, or returning to the woods to the
company they had just deferted. In either case
they knew they should be punished; but for
lying out much more severely than for imme-
diately following the launch. The latter,
there-

190 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

therefore, they made their choice in hope, as
hope seldom deferts the enterprizing, that the
captain might not yet be made acquainted with
their absence, and that they might find favour
with the officer to forbear complaint. They
accordingly resigned themselves to chance, and
rowed aboard; but unluckily for them, the
report of their crime had out-run their dili-
gence; and the irons in which they were to be
confined were in readinefs to be applied as soon
as they had mounted the ship's side. They then
repented, when it was too late, the exchange
they had made, and wifhed they had been cap-
tives to love, rather than prisoners in irons, as
the evil day might have been protracted, which
now it was no longer in their power to delay;
their punifhment however was milder than
they expected, having been sentenced to re-
ceive only fix lashes each, when the fame of
fence had usually been punished with twelve.

Peace being now restored, plenty succeeded,
and the ship's company were more liberal-
ly supplied with fresh provisions, and at a
cheaper rate than they had been at any time
since their arrival in Matavey-bay.

The chiefs came now more frequently and
familiarly on board than at first; and the gen-
tlemen, particularly Mr. Fosfer, was more af-
fiduously employed on shore than had been hi-
therto remarked: pains were taken too to
keep

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 191

keep the chiefs in good humour, by varying
the diversions that were intended to amuse
them, and fire-works were sometimes played
off from the mast head to increase their afto-
nishment, and sometimes from the tents to
excite their admiration; the great guns, shot-
ted with round and grape, were fired off to
shew their effects; and sometimes the marines
were drawn up in order of battle to display
their evolutions.

In this manner mutual respect and mutual
desires to please were preserved during the re-
mainder of the ship's stay: The little interrup-
tions that sometimes happened between the
common people and the failors, were here as
in all other places, generally made up among
themselves; or, if complaint was made to the
officer or principal chief, justice was impar-
tially dealt to both parties.

On the 12th of May, preparations were
made for leaving their station; but it was not
imagined that the captain intended to fail for
some time to come; a few small caiks of water
were taken on board in the day, and at night
fire-works were renewed, which though none
of the best, filled the spectators with wonder
and astonishment; but just as the fire-works
had ceased, it began to thunder and lighten,
which now terrified the poor Indians more than
the fire-works had pleased them before, ima-
gining

192 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

gining their deities were angry, becaufe the
ftrangers had ufurped their power. Such are
the effects of fuperſtition upon unenlightened
minds.

On the 13th the natives perceived that the
ſtrangers were making preparations to depart;
they therefore flocked to the ſhip's side with
every kind of thing they thought of value, in
order to purchase nails, knives, adzes, hatchets,
ſciffs, or iron of any fort manufactured or
not. Hogs were now ſo plenty they might be
purchased as formerly, for an adze or an hatchet,
of which the armourers being apprized
of their value had made many for trade.

On the 14th the captain, with his officers
and attendants went on shore to take leave of
the great men of the island, who had invited
them to see a play at the palace; these plays
differ in nothing from those described in vol.
III. of the Voyages round the World, except
in their simplicity, those of Huaheiney being
more artificial and complex. They seem to
conflict, like the Venetian comedies, of no-
thing but attitude and grimace, and have
something resembling the tricks of harlequin,
in which one is always in purfuit, while the
other is buſied in contriving to elude his
search.

About two in the afternoon the gentlemen
returned, and with them Prince Ottoo, and
his

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 193

his father, with a multitude of attendants, who
brought their boats loaded with hogs, some
turtle, and a dolphin; delicacies which it was
thought the island did not produce. About
three the captain shewed a dispoſition to de-
part in earneſt, and this being made public,
the girls came crouding about the ship, cry-
ing and lamenting as if parting from their near-
eſt and deareſt relations. It is not to be con-
ceived what an exceſs of grief they expreſſed
on this occaſion, and some of the common
men appeared themselves not to be wholly un-
aſſected when they parted with their miſtreſſes.
We have elsewhere obſerved that these people
have tears at will, whenever they are diſpoſed
to counterfeit ſorrow; but there is very little
reafon to imagine that those tears flow from the
heart; for the men cry here as frequently as
the women.

At parting with the captain, the nobles ap-
peared to be very much affected, and as they
juſt then communicated to him the reaſon of
their muſtering in the manner already descri-
bed, and that in five days they ſhould go to
war with the people of Maurua, or York-Is-
land, he gave them an English pendant, which
he taught them how to diſplay on the day of
battle, and endeavoured to inſpire them with
an enthufſaſtic notion, that while they preferv-
ed that ſtandard, they never ſhould be over-

C c

come.

194 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

come. And as these people look upon the
Europeans presented of gifts superior to them-
selves, it is not to be questioned that the fight
of the standard will add to their courage, and
that the perfusion of there being virtue in it
to ensure victory, will redouble their ardour to
obtain it.

Being now about to take our final leave of
this celebrated island, we shall endeavour to
give the reader a more distinct view of its situ-
ation, general figure, and extent, than has hi-
therto appeared; and to bring together in their
order many things which mark the character of
the inhabitants, and which are only to be met
with in detached parts, without order and with-
out reference. To do this it seems necessary to
reduce the matter of which we intend to treat
into distinct heads, which, for the fake of bre-
vity, we shall forbear to enumerate, but shall
range them in their proper order. And,

1. Of the situation of the island, which is
perhaps the happiest in the world, being ex-
posed to none of those vicissitudes of heat and
cold which are observed to have so flexible an
effect on the health and spirits of those who
live in the remoter regions. Its exact position
is from latitude 17 deg. 28 min. to lat. 17 deg.
53 min. S. and from long. 149 deg. 10 min. to
long. 149 deg. 40 min. W. It lies nearly N. W.
and S. E. and is divided into two distinct prin-
cipalities

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 195

cipalities by an ifthmus, or neck of land not
three miles over. The north-wefterly divifion
is however much larger, more fertile, but by no
means so well cultivated as the south-eafterly
divifion, which ſhews that even the defects of
nature have their uſe in prompting men to in-
duſtry and art to ſupply their wants.

2. The figure of the largeſt peninſula, as it
may be called, is nearly circular, being from
North to South about 20 miles, and from Eaſt
to Weſt nearly the fame. The whole is fur-
rounded with a reef of rocks. The leſſer
peninſula is rather of an oval form, and from
the neck of land on the North Weſt ſide to
the little ifle of Otooareitte on the South Eaſt
is about 12 miles; but from the mouth of the
river Omatea on the South, to that of Owahe
on the North not more than eight. The cir-
cumference of the largeſt peninſula is about
60 miles, the circumference of the ſmallest
about 24; but in failing round both, the line
will be extended to 90 nearly.

3. For a particular account of the produce
of the ifland, we are indebted no doubt to the
indefatigable induſtry of Mr. Banks and Dr.
Solander, from whose materials the following
catalogue is collected; namely, bread-fruit,
cocoa-nuts, bananas of thirteen forts; plan-
tains; a fruit not unlike an apple, which when
ripe is very pleafant; ſweet potatoes, yams,

C c 2

cocoas;

196 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

cocoas; a kind of arum; a fruit called by the
natives jambu, very delicious; sugar-cane; a
root of the faloop kind called pea; a plant
called ethee; a fruit not unlike a kidney-bean
called by the natives ahee, and when roasted
taftes like chefnuts; a tree called wharra,
which produces a fruit not unlike a pine-
apple; a shrub called nono; the morinda,
which also produces fruit; a species of fern;
and a plant called eve, of which the roots
only are eaten; all these which serve the inha-
bitants for food the earth produces spontane-
ously; and there are besides a great variety of
trees, shrubs, and plants, which serve for the
various purposes of building houfes, veffels for
navigation, making tools, utenfils of various
kinds; manufactures, dyes, &c. which it
would only tire the reader to recount.

4. The four-footed animals are but few
which the inland produces, none having been
seen on the first landing of the Europeans but
hogs, dogs, and rats; of the last the inhabitants
are very fond. Poultry did not abound, nor
is their poultry by any means so well flavoured
as those of Europe. Their wild fowl are ducks
only; and the birds that haunt the woods are
chiefly pidgeons and paraquets; but with fish
the coast abounds, of which the varieties are
endles.

5. The

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 197

5. The general appearance of the island is very inviting; it is skirted with a most beautiful plain, and it is watered with a multitude of small rivulets, which in that climate is a blessing denied to many otherwife enchanting ifles. As the eye is extended from the shore the prospect ifes into hills and dales, forests and mountains, enriched with houses and plantations, and ornamented with the richeft clothing of nature, a perpetual verdure. Nothing can exceed the view of their houses, standing upon small pillars among groves of beautiful trees unencumbered with any kind of underwood, and undeformed with brakes or bushes to intercept the eye; it is indeed a paradife where the curfe pronounced in Eden has not yet taken place. No man here is under the necessity of getting his bread by the sweet of his brow.

6. Its inhabitants, particularly the Chiefs, are rather in size above the standard of the largest Europeans. Their food, which is of the simplest kind, is not such as to promote gluttony; nor their drink, which is chiefly water, calculated to provoke intemperance. Their daily intercourse with the ocean accustoms them from their youth to exercise; and the business of fishing, which in northern countries is the most laborious of all employments,

198 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

ments, is by them practised for amuse ment.
Those who have represented them as indolent,
because nature has so bountifully provided for
them as to leave them little to do, have yet
mistaken their character. Their Chiefs are
their principal artists; and their houses, public
edifices, canals and manufactures, their uten-
fils, instruments of war, working tools, their
boats, and fishing-tackle, are proofs of their
industry, which cannot be controverted. Em-
ployments of this kind all tending to promote
exercise, and to banish sloth, conduce to health;
and no person was ever known to languish with
any incurable disease among them, though it
does not appear that the medical art has yet
made any considerable progress.—Much has
been said of the gracefulness of their persons;
but if we may judge of the rest by Autorou
and Omia, who have been imported into Eu-
rope, they have very little to boast of that
perfection. Their Chiefs have undoubtedly a
comparative dignity; but that comparison is to
be confined at home between prince and pea-
fant, and not extended to European countries,
where grace and dignity are leading characters.
Their women differ from each other in per-
sonal charms, as in all other countries; but in
flattery, those of superior rank take especially
care to preserve the family distinction. It is
not uncommon for ladies of the first rank to
single

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 199

fingle out a handsome well proportioned youth
to prevent degeneracy, when the fture of the
family is in danger of being reduced; but they
are otherwife scrupulous in nothing so much
as in mixing with the canaille, and there is
hardly an instance of their cohabiting indiscri-
minately with the lower clafs of people. There
is perhaps no nation where the pride of ancef-
try is carried to a greater height, and yet they
have no means of recording their pedigree but
by oral tradition, nor any rule for continuing
the line but what nature has impreffed upon
the mother. As they have no fchools, no-
thing is to be acquired by education; they
are wholly governed by example; the pattern
fet by the father is followed by the fon, and
what the mother does, that the daughter learns;
but this is not to be underftood to perpetuate
hufbandry and arts as in China, in particular
families; for in Ottaheite hufbandry and arts
are not impofed as taſks, but are rather amufe-
ments to paſs away time. None are compelled
to work, yet all are employed; their ſeveral
ſtations chance ſeems to have allotted; and
here there is no murmuring againſt providence
for not being more bountiful. One precau-
tion obſerved among the great in order to give
vigour to their Chiefs muſt not be omitted,
and that is, they never ſuffer an intercourſe
between the ſexes till both parties arrive at full
maturity.

200 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

maturity. The very reverse of this is practised by the multitude, who are in general of mean feature, and as much below the common standard as their Chiefs exceed it. They are almost all tattooed, women as well as men; in this too there seems to be something myrtle-cal; the priest performs the office, and the poor children are encouraged by example to endure the pain, and surely nothing can be more acute. To have a thousand punctures all at once, with the blood starting at every puncture, is more, one would think, than a child could bear, yet they suffer it with a fortitude of which in Europe there is no example. Their hair is almost universally black, and the men wear it long, waving in ringlets down their shoulders; the women cut it short round their ears; both sexes suffer none to grow under their arms, and are very delicate in keeping every part about them sweet and clean; for this purpose they frequently bathe, seldom suffering a day to pass without going into the water more than once. Indeed they anoint their heads with an oil expressed from the cocoa-nut, which sometimes proving rancid, emits a disagreeable favour that cuftom only has familiarized. They are otherwife in their persons without a taint. A memorable expression of Mr. Banks, That if our sailors quarrelled

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 201

relled with these people, they would not agree with
angels, sufficiently denotes the goodness of their
dispofition.

7. Their cuftoms in eating, are very singular, and they certainly entertain some superstitious notions not easily discoverable by strangers. The women are not permitted to eat with the men; not, as it should seem, to mark their inferiority, but in conformity to a cuftom which habit has established into a law; nor is it usual for any of them to eat in company, except upon certain days of festivity, when great numbers of them assemble together. A meffenger from Captain Wallis, found Oberea, the supposed Queen of the island, entertaining a company, which he supposed could not be less than a thousand; the meffes were all brought to her by the ſervants that prepared them, the meat being put into the ſhells of cocoa-nuts, and the ſhells into wooden trays, and the distributed them with her own hands to the gueſts, who were feated in rows round the table. This done, the fat down herſelf upon a feat somewhat elevated above the reſt, and two women placing themselves, one on each side of her, fed her like a child; when she saw the meſſenger she ordered a meſs for him.

They have two ways of dressing their animal food, broiling and baking; the first is performed over hot stones, without any other

D d

con-

202 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

contrivance than placing the meat upon the clean stones, and when broiled enough on one side, they turn it, and broil the other; but their manner of baking is somewhat singular: they first dig a hole in the ground, in depth and dimensions proportioned to the thing they have to drefs; they then place a layer of wood at bottom, and over that a layer of stones; and so alternately a layer of wood, and a layer of stones, till the hole is full: the fire is then kindled, and the stones made hot; this done, they take out the fire, and placing the stones that are leaf heated, one beside the other, at the bottom of the hole, they cover them with fresh leaves from the tree, and on these they put the meat they have to bake, properly cleaned and seafoned, and then, after laying another layer of green leaves, they fill up the hole with the remaining hot stones, and then close the whole with the mould that was first dug out of the pit. In this situation the meat is suffered to remain for three or four hours; and when taken out is then so favourly, as not to be exceeded by the best European cookery; almost all the flesh and fish eaten by the chiefs in the island is dressed in one or the other of the above two ways; the latter is most in use among the gentry; the former among the commonalty, who sometimes, indeed, eat their fish without dressing.

Tables

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.

203

Tables they have none, and those of the
highest quality dine on the ground under the
shade of a spreading tree; fresh green leaves
serve them for a cloth, and a basket which is
set down by them holds their provision; two
cocoa nuts, one filled with salt-water, the other
with fresh, compleat the whole preparation for
a meal; and when these are brought, and the
leaves set in order, they begin by first washing
their hands and mouth; that done, they proceed
to examine the contents of the basket:
Whatever is brought is ready dressed, and
neatly wrapped up in clean leaves; if fish,
they break the fish with their hands into the
salt water, and with the tips of the fingers and
thumb take it to their mouths with as much
of the salt water as adheres to the fish; if flesh,
they cut it, or rather fever it with a wooden
knife, and dip it in the salt water as they do
the fish; bread-fruit serves them instead of
bread; and thus they proceed till the animal
food, or as much as they like of it, is eaten.
They then wash as before, and begin their vegetables,
which generally consist of a preparation
of bread-fruit, with a quantity of mahie,
(a sort of four-leven) plantains, bananas, cocoa-
nuts and apples. When all is over they wash
their hands and mouth a third time, and then,
if nothing calls them abroad, they usually lay
themselves down to sleep.

D d 2

It

204 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

It was long before any of them could be
perfuaded to eat with the Europeans, and they
certainly, like the Jews, have some superfliti-
tious ceremonies to be obferved in the prepa-
ration of the food they eat, which, if omitted,
renders it unclean, or they would not have
continued scrupulous so long. Even the food
of their women is differently prepared from
that of the men; and if touched by unhallow-
ed hands, is accounted unclean, and confe-
quently unfit for use. Like the Jews, they
were not averfe to the ftrangers eating with
them, though it was with the utmoft reluc-
tance that they eat with the ftrangers. Some of
the gentlemen, when invited to their houſes,
eat out of the fame basket, and drank out of
the fame cup with their hoffs; but it was ob-
ferved that the elder women were always of-
fended with this liberty; and if they happen-
ed to touch thofe antient matrons victuals, or
even the basket that held it, they never failed
to expreſs their diſlike, and to throw it away;
nor would the women of faſhion ever be per-
fuaded to eat with the gentlemen, when dining
in company: but what ſeems moſt ſtrange, and
hardly to be accounted for, they would go,
five or fix in company, into the ſervants apart-
ments, and eat heartily of whatever they could
find; nor did they ſeem in the leaſt diſconcert-
ed, if they were diſcovered in doing it; yet it

was

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 205

was not easy to perLLUade any of them when
alone, in private with a gentleman, to eat with
him, nor would they ever do it but under the
moat solemn promifes of fecrecy. When the
chiefs firft viſited Mr. Banks and his affociates
at the tents, each brought his baſket with
him, and when the gentlemen fat down to din-
ner, they withdrew, fat themselves down upon
the ground at two or three yards diſtance
from each other, and turning their faces dif-
ferent ways, took each man his baſket, and
dined without ſpeaking a word; and they
could not help expreſſing their diſlike, and
even diſguſt, at the gentlemen dining in com-
pany. It was with no leſs difficulty that any
of them were prevailed upon to drink with the
gentlemen; but ſome of them having at
length been over-perſuaded, and having been
made very drunk, were the next day so very
fick, that they never afterwards would touch
any of the liquors that were offered them.

8. Their amusements are various, ſuch as
muſic, dancing, wrestling, ſhooting with the
bow, darting their lances, ſwimming, rowing,
and flinging of ſtones. Their muſic is indeed
very imperfect, confifting only of a ſolute and a
drum, yet, with theſe, companies go about the
country and frequent their feſtivals, being in
equal eſtimation with them as morris-dancers
were formerly with us, and the divarſion they
make

206 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

make is not unfimilar. In shooting the long-
bow, or in throwing the lance, they by no
means excel; neither are they very dexterous
at wrestling; but at throwing stones, and
swimming, they are perhaps equal to any peo-
ple upon earth.

Among their other diversions, they have
their heivas, very nearly corresponding with
our ancient wakes. The young people meet
together to dance and to make merry; and at
these meetings their minstrels and players con-
stantly attend, as formerly persons of the fame
character were wont to do all over England,
and in some counties the vestiges of that an-
cient custom remain to this day. At these
heivas, however, their girls in their dances
have no regard to decency; and though the
fame end was no doubt in view in the institu-
tion of the wake and the heiva, yet what in
England was concerted with the greatest fe-
crecy, is in Ottaheite publickly avowed and
practised.

It should seem that though the instrumental
music of the Ottaheiteans is much confined,
the vocal music is by no means contemptible;
yet in the sweetneſs of the voice conſits all the
melody, for they have no rules to regulate the
tones. Their ſongs are like the ſongs of chil-
dren, accompanied with words of their own
compoſing, which they can vary into long
and

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE, 207

and short verses, fprightly or folemn as occa-
sion prefents; and as the language itſelf is mu-
fical, the ſtranger is no leſs delighted with the
arranteſt nonſenſe, than he would be with the
moſt ſublime compoſition.

The heivas are indiscriminately frequented
by all ranks of people among the Ottaheiteans;
but there is ſtill a more exceptionable meeting
held by ſome of the principal people, to which
thofe only are admitted who are properly ini-
tiated. These people form a diſtinct ſociety,
in which every woman is common to every
man; and at their meetings, which are diſtin-
guſhed by the name of Arreoy, the ſports
they praeſe are beyond imagination wanton :
" There is (ſays the writer of the Endeavour's
Voyage) " a ſcale of ſenſuality which theſe
" people have ascended wholly unknown to
" every other nation whoſe manners have been
" recorded, from the beginning of the world
" to the preſent hour, and which no imagina-
" tion could conceive;" and yet, notwith-
ſtanding this very ſevere cenſure and poſitive
affertion, we may trace ſomething very like it in
the hiftory of the ancient inhabitants of our
own iſland. The following are the words of
Sir William Temple, a writer of no ſmall au-
thority, who in reciting the cuſtom makes
nearly the fame obſervation with the learned
voyage writer.

“ One

208 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

" One custom there was (says Sir William) " among the ancient Britons, which seems " peculiar to themselves, and not found in " the stories of any other nations either civil " or barbarous, which was a society of wives " among certain numbers; and by common " consent every man married a single woman, " who was always after and alone esteemed " his wife; but it was usual for five or six, " ten or twelve, or more, either brothers or " friends, as they could agree, to have all their " wives in common. Encounters happened " among them, as they were invited by desire, " or favoured by opportunity. Every woman's children were attributed to him that " had married her; but all had a share in the " care and defence of the whole society, since " no man knew which were his own. Though " this custom be alledged as a testimony how " savage or barbarous a people the Britons " were, yet (adds Sir William) I know not " why it should appear more extravagant than " the community of women in some other " countries, the deflowering of virgins by the " priests on the first night of marriage, the " unlimited number of wives and concubines, " not to mention the marriage of sisters among " the ancient Egyptians and Athenians, and " the borrowing and lending of wives among " the Romans." Thus it appears that something

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 209

thing very like this ladder of senfuality had been
ascended by our ancestors, probably as early, if
not before, the society we are speaking of had
existence; and I believe if we were to transmit
an impartial record of the manners of the pre-
fent times, something still more similar to all the
aggravated circumstances of this barbarous custom
in Ottaheite (where when a woman happens to
prove with child, the writer says, the poor in-
fant is smothered the moment it is born, that
it may be no incumbrance to the father, nor in-
terrupt the mother in the pleasures of her diabo-
logical prostitution, might be traced in the pur-
lieus of Covent-Garden, and the alleys in
and about Drury-Lane. Perhaps it would be
no exaggeration if we were to add, that in the
city of London there are as many men as the
whole island of Ottaheite contains, who devote
themselves entirely to the pleasures of variety,
and who attach themselves to no one woman,
but enjoy indiscriminately all they may; and
that there are an equal number of women to
be met with, who are at all times ready to gra-
tify their desires; nor have these men or these
women any more regard for their poor infants,
than the members of that diabolical society,
againft which the piety of the writer prompted
him to exclaim. We said aggravated circum-
stances, because as the reasons alligned by the
writer for smothering the poor infants are to

E e

the

210 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

the last degree futile, it may be presumed that
the children of such general commerce may,
like the children of our ancestors, be consid-
ed as the children of the society, since smother-
ing the child as soon as born, would not shorten,
the interruptions necessarily impeding the plea-
fures of the mother, nor encumber a father
that could not be known.

Among people so immersed in senfuality
one would think drefs would be no ornament,
but the contrary; yet among the Ottaheitean
ladies drefs seems to be as much studied as
among the ladies of more civilized nations.
It is not a little remarkable however, that nei-
ther the feet or legs of the first ladies of qua-
lity in Ottaheite have any covering or other
defence from the ground on which they tread,
or from the scorching heat of the sun, which at
some seasons is very intense. But they are very
nice in ornamenting their heads, and in fhad-
ing their faces. Their chief head-drefs, in
which they pride themselves the moft, is
threads of human hair so delicately plaited,
that it is not unusual for them to have gar-
lands of this manufacture wound round their
heads, that were they to be unfolded, would
encircle St. Paul's; the plaits whereof being
befet with flowers have a very pretty effect,
and are exceedingly becoming to young faces.
In their ears they wear ornaments, which be-

fore

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 211

fore the European beads supplanted all others,
confused of any thing red, shining, or shewy.
The other part of their dresſs has nothing par-
ticular, it is very ſimple, and needs neither
taylor nor mantua-maker to make it up. A
piece of cloth about a yard and a half wide,
and between three and four yards long, is plac-
ed upon a table, and a hole cut in the middle
just big enough to let the head pafs eafily
through, and this flows round them, and co-
vers them to a little below the waift; from thence
a large quantity of the fame cloth is gathered in
folds, and tied round them as we tie a cravat
round the neck, which being drawn into a large
knot is again ſpread out, and flows artlesſly
down before nearly as low as the knees, while
the greateſt quantity of cloth falls down be-
hind, in appearance not unlike the dresſs of the
Roman orators. This dresſ is far from being
ungraceful, and there is but little difference
between that of the ſexes, except that the lower
garments of the men are nearly of an equal
length before and behind. Some of the Chiefs
had drefſes made after the English ſaſhion, of
which they were very proud. The cloth they
wear is of very different textures; that which
is worn in dry weather is no other than paper
made of the rind of trees, of which a more
particular deſcription under the head of ma-
nufactures will be given; but that which they

E e 2

put

212 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

put on when it rains is more substantial, and
is properly a kind of matting incomparably
platted. The shape of their clothing, like
that of our own, is nearly the same from the
prince to the peafant; the only distinctions are
the quantity worn, and the colouring; the
lower clafs of people wearing only one single
garment; the better sort as many as were they
made of broad-cloth would burden them to
carry. One thing, however, appears singular;
when they falute one another, they conftantly
unbare themselves from the waist upwards,
throwing off their tunics, as we may call them,
with the fame cafe and for the fame purpose
as we pull off our hats. This falutation is
common to the women as well as the men,
and is the universal practice.

9. Their arts may be reduced to five, namely, architecture, carving, ship-building, navigation, and painting; yet, for any thing that appears to the contrary, they are all directed by the fame clafs of men, who, like the druids of old, are priefts, philosophers, and artifts. Of their architecture, however, there is but one remarkable ſpecimen existing in the greater-island; and not many in the leſſer. This building is the Morai, or ſepulchral monument of Oborea, of whom mention has already been made in the course of this narrative. It is indeed prodigious; it is a pile of ſtone 267 feet long,

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 213

long and 87 wide at the base, raised by
flights of steps to the height of 44 feet; these
steps are each four feet high, narrowing gra-
dually, till they end in a small entablature, on
which near the middle stands the figure of a
bird carved in wood, and at a proper distance
the broken fragments of a fish cut in stone,
This pile makes a considerable part of one side
of a square court, whose area is 360 feet by
354, inclosed within a wall of stone, and paved
with the same materials through its whole ex-
tent. As this square is surrounded with trees,
and has many growing within it of a particu-
lar kind, it forms at a distance the most de-
lightful grove that imagination can paint. At
what time it was erected could not be learnt,
for they have no records of past transactions;
but being constructed of coral stones, many of
them of large dimensions, neatly squared and
polished, and so nicely joined as hardly to dif-
cover a seam, it must fill the mind of a nice
observer with rapture to examine all its parts.
To think how such a mass of materials could
be brought together in an island where no quar-
ries are to be found; how these materials
could be cut with such exactness, as to form a
pile impenetrable by rain, without cement, and
that with tools less hard than the material to
which they were applied; and lastly, how these
enormous blocks of stone could afterwards be

raised

214 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

raised to the height of 44 feet to close and co-
ver in the building, muſt ſurely excite the won-
der of every ordinary beholder; but to mark the
fymmetry of the whole, ſo juſtly proportioned
in every part as to diſplay the moſt consum-
mate judgment, without affiſtance from the
rules of art, muſt afford a ſeaſt to an enligh-
tened mind, of which an ordinary ſeaman can
have no reliſh. This noble ſtructure, though
ſingle, is ſuch a proof of genius as will remain
the admiration of the world, as long perhaps
as the iſland itſelf endures; for being ſolid,
without a cavity, no time that will not equally
affect the iſland will ever deſtroy it.

Of their carving in ſtone there are but few
ſpecimens to be produced, and indeed when
their tools they have to work with are confider-
ed, it is more to be admired that there are any,
than that there are ſo few; but there is reaſon
to hope that now they are made acquainted
with the uſe of iron, and have confiderable
quantities of that metal amongst them, that
their improvements will ſpeedily be propor-
tioned to their advantages. Of their carving
in wood, there is hardly a tool or ordinary uten-
fil of any kind that does not diſcover evident
proofs of their expertneſs in that art. Their
veſſels for navigation are all adorned with it;
and in ſome of their performances of that kind
there is an excellence diſcernible, that with ſuch

tools

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 215

tools as they have to work with no European
carver could exceed.

With regard to their ship-building little can
be said, but that they are upon a footing with
their neighbours. Their vessels are well enough
fitted to the seas they have to navigate; and
there is hardly an instance of any of them being
cast away: they are most of them elevated at
the head and stern, for the purpose of defend-
ing the rowers from the surf, which on these is-
lands breaks upon the shore with uncommon
violence; those of Otaheite are in form not
unlike the punt-boats, with flat bottoms, used
by our fishermen up the river Thames, or ra-
ther like those used for the fame purpose on
the Severn: they are no where wider than three
feet, though some of them are more than 60
feet long; nor are they an inch deeper in the
body, though at the head and stern, they rife
with a curvature more than 12 feet. As it
would be impossible to navigate these vessels, so
long and so narrow, without some contrivance
to keep them upright, they place two of them
as near as can be of the fame dimensions, along
side of each other, at three, four, or five feet
distance, and with strong spars join them toge-
ther; then raising a mast in each, they hoist a
square sail, the yards of which are fastened
above and below to the corresponding masts,
and thus equip, with a cabin erected between
them

216 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

them to stow their provisions, they will keep
the sea for several days. Their ordinary fishing canoes are in nothing different from the
boats that boys make, except in their size, and
that a flat board projects a foot or two before,
narrowing to a point, and the fame again in the
ftern. In rigging their double canoes, they
have a rule for proportioning the height of the
mafts to the length of the keel, and of fitting
the fail to the height of the maft: they likewise
have a contrivance of failing in single canoes,
by means of outriggers, which project on the
lee-side of the vessel, and prevents their over-fetting;
to this outrigger one corner of the fail is
made faft, which fail being wide at bottom, and
rounding to a point a-top, very much resembles
what the boatmen call a shoulder of mutton fail, and which is not unfrequently seen on
the river Thames. To those who have been
told that the mafon can joint stone with so
much nicety as to be impervious to water, it will
not seem strange that their carpenters can do
the fame with respect to timber, yet it certainly
must require much art and incredible labour,
firft to fell the tree, then to cleave it out into
planks, then to hollow it out to the intended
shape; next to smooth and polish it, after that
to joint it, and laft of all to put it together,
and saw it, for they were wholly ignorant of the
art of bolting it with wooden bolts, or jointing

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 217

ing it together by means of mortices, till the
Europeans viſited them. It is no wonder
therefore that they dreaded nothing so much
as the deſtruction of their boats when threat-
ened by the Englifh for any offence, nor that
they are more careful in covering their boat-
houſes from the fun and rain, than they are in
ſecuring their dwellings from the fame injury.

As their whole art of navigation depends
upon their minutely obſerving the motions of
the heavenly bodies, it is aftonifhing with what
exactlyſs their navigators can deſcribe the mo-
tions and changes of thofe luminaries. There
was not a ſtar in their hemisphere fixt or erra-
tic but Toobia could give a name to, tell when
and where it would appear and diſappear; and
what was ſtill more wonderful, could foretell
from the aſpect of the heavens the changes of
the wind, and the alterations of the weather,
feveral days before they happened. By this
intelligence he had been enabled to viſit moſt
of the iſlands for many degrees round that of
which he was a native. By the ſun they ſteer
in the day, and by the ſtars they ſteer in the
night; and by their ſkill in preſaging the
weather, they can without danger lengthen or
ſhorten their voyage as appearances are for or
againſt them. As they have no medium
wherewith to trade, their voyages ſeem wholly
calculated for diſcovery, or to increaſe their

F f

acquaint-

218 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

acquaintance one nation with another. Riches
they do not seem follicitous to acquire, as
riches confer no distinction on the owner; and
yet, without such a motive, it is not easy to
conceive what prompts one to take away what
another has in possession. They certainly in-
terchange their commodities among themselves
as well as with strangers: the fisherman bar-
ters his fish for the planter's bread-fruit, and
so of the rest; yet every man seems to be a
fisherman, and every man a planter: this shows
that we are still strangers to their civil œcono-
my. It had been good policy to have suffered
two or three young fellows who were defirous
of staying behind, to have fettled among them,
especially as there was reason to believe that
the island would again be visited, if for no
other reason but to restore to them the native
who had voluntarily undertaken a voyage to
Europe; but againft this it seems the officers
very carefully guarded.

Their painting appears to be in a rude state,
and chiefly confined to the figures represented
on their bodies, and the ornaments on their
veffels of navigation. The figures represented
on their bodies are generally those of birds and
fishes, sometimes after nature, and sometimes
the creatures of the artift's fancy; but what-
ever is represented, the outline is traced with
aftonifhing exactneſs. This art is solely con-
fined

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 219

fined to the priesthood, and is performed like
baptism as a rite, without which, after a cer-
tain age, none are accounted worthy of society.
From twelve to fourteen is the period allotted
for the performance of this rite, for before that
age the children are thought unable to endure
the smart.

The other sort of painting in use among
these islanders may rather be called daubing,
confifting only in colouring the rude carvings
in their pleasure-boats, &c. sometimes with one
colour, and sometimes with another, but most
commonly with red.

Such is the present state of the arts in this
celebrated island, which, had Toobia lived to
have come to England, and to have returned
again to his own country, would no doubt
have received a rapid improvement, for he
was a man of real genius, a priest of the first
order, and an excellent artist: he was, how-
ever, by no means beloved by the Endeau-
vour's crew, being looked upon as proud and
auftere, extorting homage, which the failors
who thought themselves degraded by bending
to an Indian, were very unwilling to pay,
and preferring complaints against them on the
most trivial occasions. On the contrary, his
boy Toyota was the darling of the ship's com-
pany from the highest to the lowest, being of
a mild and docile disposition, ready to do any

F f 2

kind

220 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

kind office for the meanest in the ship, and
never complaining, but always pleased. His
death at Batavia was much lamented.

10. Their manufactures are of various kinds; but that of cloth is in the highest estimation amongst them: why, indeed, it should be called cloth no other reason can be assigned but that it is worn by the natives as clothing; for, as a manufacture, it has no one proceeds similar to that which we distinguish by the name of cloth. The material of which it is made is neither spun nor woven in a loom, but in every respect is prepared after the first simple manner of making paper before mills were applied to facilitate the labour. The bark is first stript from the tree and laid in the water, as we do flax to foam; it is then dyed of the rind by scraping, till only the fibres of the inside remain. When it is properly cleansed it is then placed upon leaves, one layer by the side of another, till it is of sufficient breadth; and in the same manner it is extended to what length the manufacturer chuses, or the ground will admit: to strengthen it, and increase its breadth, one layer is laid over another till it is of the substance required. This done it is left to drain, and when it is just dry enough to be railed from the ground, it is then placed upon a kind of stage made of smooth boards, and beat with a square beater about

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 221

about a foot long, and two or three inches
broad. On each of the four sides of this beater
parallel lines are cut lengthwise; these lines
differ in fineness, in a proportion from a
small twine to a filken thread. They first be-
gin with the coarsest side of the beater, and
finish with the finest. By the continued appli-
cation of this beater, in which two people are
generally employed, who stand opposite to each
other on each side the stage, and regulate their
strokes like smiths on an anvil, the cloth, if
cloth it must be called, in its rough state thins
apace, and as it thins it increases in breadth.
When it has undergone this process, it is then
spread out to whiten, and when sufficiently
whitened it then becomes the ladies province
carefully to look it over, and to remove all
blemishes. Thus far completed, it is colour-
ed, generally red or yellow; and when that is
done, it is rolled up, and laid by for use. By
this description the reader will readily compre-
hend in what manner the fabric may be varied
into fine or course, according to the materials
of which it is made, and the labour beftowed
upon it. In Ottoheite the bark of three dif-
ferent trees is made use of in this manufacture;
the Chinese-paper-mulberry, the bread-fruit-
tree, and the wild fig-tree. Of the first and
second the finest forts are made; but of the
last, the most durable. The first and second
imbibe

222 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

imbibe water like paper; but the latter will
refift the rain. They have a method of washing
this cloth after being worn; but when it
is washed, it is again beaten; by this last process
it is rendered very soft and pliable.

Another considerable manufacture is that
of matting, made likewise of the rinds of plants
and shrubs, which are manufactured to a degree
of fineness not to be equalled by any thing
of the kind known in Europe. Of this manufacture
they make their fails to their shipping,
the coverings of their beds, and even
their cloathing in rainy weather. They make
this matting with aftonishing dispatch.

Their cordage is another considerable article, which is made of the rind of a plant not unlike a wild nettle. In this manufacture they likewise excel, but we do not learn that any of it was purchased for the ship's use. Their lines made for fishing are much superior to any thing used for the fame purpose in Europe, being stronger and infinitely more durable. Their fishing-nets have the fame advantages; but the cords made of human hair, which the ladies wind round their heads, and which like netting here, is the chief amusement of the ladies there, is incomparably beyond any thing that can be conceived in twifting. Mr. Banks is said to have in his possession a specimen of it, near two thousand yards in length, as fine as he

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 223

the finest silk-thread, and without a knot; neither have they any engine to affift them in the performance, but all is done by hand, and with a quickneſs that almoſt exceeds belief.

They have also a manufacture of basket, or wicker-work, of which every native is a proficient; and as they have a kind of emulation in excelling in this manufacture, it is not to be wondered at, that there ſhould be as many different forms, as there are different makers, ſome of them incomparably neat. But among the curiosities of this kind, that which was moſt admired by the Europeans, was the figure of a man upwards of seven feet high, represented in basket-work. " This wicker-skeleton, (says the writer of the Endeavour's Voyage,) " was compleatly covered with feathers, white " where the ſkin was to appear, and black in " those parts which it is their custom to paint " or ftain, and upon the head, where there " was to be a representation of hair: Upon " the head also were four protuberances, three " in front, and one behind, which the natives " called tate-ete, or little men." This, it seems was a representation of one of their deities.

Other manufactures of leſs account are their weapons of war, which ſeem to be the workmanship of the owners, their fishing-tackle of various ſorts, their working-tools, and their jewelery;

224. CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE
jewelery; in the latter of which they display
no great ingenuity.

II. Come we now to their civil govern-
ment, of which, however, we have no distinct
idea. By what indeed we can gather from the
relations already made public, there seems to
be a remarkable conformity between their ef-
tablishment, and that of the antient Britons,
which confited of several small nations, under
so many petty princes or chiefs, who in cafes
of common danger united under one head.
These chiefs had all of them their respective
families, who multiplying, became a distinct
classes from the common or lower sort of people,
and exercised an unlimited authority over
them. Of these two classes, added to that of
the priefthood, the whole body of the people
confited, so that among them, what one class
found necessary to command, the other was
ready to execute. Hence it was that industry
took place, and arts were invented; and this
seems to be the preſent ſtate of the inſlanders,
of whom we are now ſpeaking. Laws they
had none, but ſuch as naturally arose from the
idea of ſuperiority and ſubmiffion, ſuch as ex-
cite parents to correct the faults of their chil-
dren; neither have the Ottaheiteans any other
at this day. There is no crime among them
that ſubjects a man to death, and when life is
taken away, it is always in the heat of paſſion

or

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 225

or resentment, and not the effect of formal ac-
cufation and deliberate punifhment. The con-
tentions that arofe among the chiefs, like the
quarrels of neighbouring fchools, became the
quarrels of the whole community; and thefe
quarrels neceffarily led the parties to have re-
course to arms, and in proportion as the con-
tentions grew more frequent, the weapons that
were contrived for defence, grew more defpe-
rate. It was not, however, till after civiliza-
tion began to take place, that contentions for
liberty began to fpread devaftation among peo-
ple of the fame community. In their primary
ſtate of ſubjeſion, the people never entertain-
ed a thought that they were in ſlavery; they
obeyed as children do their parents, from a
principle originating in nature, which teaches
the weak to ſubmit to the ſtrong, and thofe
of mean understanding to be governed by thofe
whofe wifdom they tacitly acknowledge. This
appears to be a juſt repreſentation of the ſtate
of civil government in Ottaheite, where none
think themſelves ſlaves, yet few are free.

Concerning their religion, the little infor-
mation we have received is so vague and con-
tradictory, that nothing can with certainty be
faid about it. We are told that they have idols,
and yet are no idolaters; that they have places
of worſhip, but that they never affemble to
pay adoration; that they acknowledge deities

G g

of

226 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

of several orders, but that they have no forms
of addresſing them. They have prieſts like-
wife of ſeveral orders, who have different of-
fices affixed, but few of thofe offices are par-
ticularized, except that they preſide and pray
at funerals, and are the principal attendants at
their Morais, or Temples; though it does not
appear that any ceremonies of devotion are
performed there. The offices that have been
obſerved as appertaining to the prieſthood, are
three, namely, circumcifing, tattowing, and
praying at the funerals of the dead; that of
circumcifing is not performed after the man-
ner of the Jews, but after a peculiar manner
of their own; and has no doubt the purity of
the circumcifed for its object, in bringing every
part about them into contact with the water
with which they conſtantly waſh three times a
day. Tattowing, whatever its object, is never
omitted; and praying for the dead is certain-
ly a proof that they believe in the ſouls exiſting
in a ſeparate ſtate, after it has taken its flight from
the body, which, it ſhould ſeem by their pla-
cing meat and drink in their burying places,
they do not think immediately takes place.

In this cuſtom, however, they are far from
being ſingular; in the infancy of almoſt every
ſtate ſomething of the like kind may be traced.
Among the antient Romans, they placed meat
upon the tombs of their deceaſed friends, that
the

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 227

the ghosts might come out and eat, as they
fancied they would; and when they intended
to expreſs the moſt abject ſtate of human
wretchedneſs, they uſed to ſay, *such a creature
gets his food from the tombs*.

The character of the Tahowa of the Otta-
heiteans very nearly correſponds with that of
Druid, among the Britons. The Tahowa is
the chief prieſt, of which, however, there are
ſeveral orders, as has already been remarked,
whoſe erudition conſiſts in learning the ſeveral
traditional memorials of antient times; in be-
ing made acquainted with the opinion of their
anceſtors, concerning the origin of things;
and in the repetition of many myſterious ſen-
tences, in a language which the vulgar do not
underſtand. This, perhaps, might be thought
a ſiction founded on the Popiſh custom of pray-
ing in an unknown tongue, were it not that
the Brahmins in the Eaſt have their myſtic
language, as have likewife all the followers of
the great Zoroaſter. The prieſts are ſuperior
too to the reſt of the people in the knowledge
of navigation and aſtronomy, and in all the li-
beral arts, of which theſe people have any idea.
Thus far the character of the Tahowa agrees
with that of the Druid, in every particular.
Sir William Temple, whom we have already
quoted, ſays, the Druids were the only per-
ſons of any ſort of learning in theſe nations,

Gg 2

which

228 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

which was derived by long tradition among
them, and confided in the observation of the
heavens, knowledge of the stars and their
courSES, and thereby the prefagers of many
events, &c. that they had the care and direc-
tion of all religious matters, and that their au-
thority was abſolute. And Rapin adds, that
the chief of the Druids was a fort of pontiff,
or high-priest, who had authority over all the
reſt, and whose dignity was elective. It would
be no unpleasing task to trace the conformity
of the cuſtoms and manners of nations remote
from one another in their infant ſtate, were it
not foreign to the buſineſs we have in hand,
which however furniſhes the materials for ſuch
an enquiry, which the writer may one day or
other take the pains to arrange.

In the mean time we shall take our leave of
the Ottaheiteans, by a brief account of their
funeral ceremonies, that being the only ſolem-
nity in which the priest and the people jointly
affiſt. " As soon as a native of Ottaheite is
known to be dead, the houſe, ſays the writer
of the Endeavour's voyage, is filled with rela-
tions, who deplore their loſs, ſome by loud
lamentations, and ſome by leſs clamorous, but
more genuine expressions of grief. Thoſe who
are in the neareſt degree of kindred, and are
really affected by the event, are ſilent; the reſt
are one moment uttering paſſionate exclama-
tions

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 229

tions in a chorus, and the next laughing and
talking, without the least appearance of con-
cern:" and here we cannot help remarking,
that this description is equally applicable to
the wild Irish, as to the people for whom it
was written, for no description can be nearer
the truth. "This solemnity, the writer adds, is
continued only for a day and a night;" but
among the Irish it is continued for several
nights. "On the next morning the body is
shrouded, and conveyed to the sea-fide upon
a bier, which the bearers support upon their
shoulders, attended by the>priest, who having
prayed over the body, repeats his sentences
during the procession. When it arrives at the
water's edge it is let down upon the beach, the
priest renews his prayers, and taking up some
of the water in his hand sprinkles it towards
the body, but not upon it. It is then carried
back 40 or 50 yards, and soon after brought
again to the beach, where the prayers and
sprinkling are repeated. It is thus removed
backwards and forwards several times; and
while these ceremonies have been performing,
a house has been built, and a small piece of
ground railed round, in the centre of which a
stage is erected on which they place the bier,
and the body is there left to putrify, till the
flesh is washed from the bones. As soon as
the body is depoſited the mourning is renew-
ed,

230 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

ed, the women assemblé, and are led to the door
by the neareſt relation, who ſtrikes a ſhark's tooth
several times into the crown of her head; the
blood copiouſly follows, and is carefully receiv-
ed upon pieces of linen, [probably upon pieces
of their unſullied white cloth, for linen they
had none before the Europeans viſited them]
which are thrown under the bier. The reſt of
the women follow this example, and the cere-
mony is repeated at the interval of two or
three days, as long as the zeal and ſotrow of
the parties hold out. The tears alſo which are
ſhed upon theſe occafions are received upon
pieces of cloth, and offered as oblations to the
dead; ſome of the younger people cut off
their hair, and that is thrown under the bier
with the other offerings. " This custom, adds
the writer, " is founded on the notion that the
" foul of the deceaſed is hovering about the
" place where the body is depoſited; that it
" obſerves the actions of the ſurvivors, and is
" gratified by ſuch teſtimonies of their affec-
tion and grief." But whether this is their
belief or the writer's is very problematical;
neither is it certain that the prieſt is an attend-
ant in the proceſſion of the deceaſed to the
water's edge; for in the ſunerals at which Mr.
Banks was a party no mention is made of a
prieſt; and Tuberai Tumaide, who was chief
mourner, is ſaid to have pronounced the fune-

ral

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 231

ral service, whatever that service might be.
The natives are all said to fly before these pro-
ceffions, and the reason affixed is, the chief
mourner carries in his hand a long flat stick,
the edge of which is fet with sharks teeth, and
in a phrensy, which his grief is supposed to
have inspired, he runs at all he sees, and if
any of them happen to be overtaken, he strikes
them most unmercifully with his indented
cudgel, which cannot fail to wound them in a
dangerous manner. But this reason, though
a plausible one, does not seem to come up to
what is said occasionally in the course of the
relation, that while the Corpfe is carrying in
procession the people every where fly and hide
themselves in the woods, and that none but
those immediately concerned in it, if they can
avoid it, come in fight. Were it only for fear
of the cudgel that these people fled, they
needed not run so far as the woods, nor to quit
their houses, (as Mr. Banks observed they did
when the Corpfe of an old woman whose fun-
ral he attended came by in procession) to hide
themselves in holes; it would have been suf-
ficient for them to have kept out of the reach
of the cudgel; but they must be awed by
some secret motive; some superstitious dread
of some misfortune happening to them if they
should meet the Corpfe, either in an unlucky
place, or in an ominous situation; as at this
day

232 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

day many people in the northern parts of Bri-
tain get out of the way of a corpse when carry-
ing to the grave for these or the like reasons.
These people are certainly not intimidated by
the apprehension of being beaten; but they
have a dread upon them of they know not
what; yet it is such a dread as insensibly im-
pells them to keep at a distance; and if by
accident they are surprised, and meet the
corpse at the corner of a street, or the round-
ing of a hill, they never fail to blefs them-
felves, and to turn the way the corpse is carry-
ing, and walk in the same direction for several
paces to avert the bad effects of the unlucky
omen, which they always interpret againſt
themselves.

Parkinson's account of the funeral ceremonies of the islanders in the South-Seas is lefs laboured than the writer's we have above quoted, but is more natural; he was indeed an eyewitneſs of what he wrote, and therefore judged from what he ſaw, not from what was reported to him. He tells us, that the prieſt, accompanied with two boys painted black, attend at the Morai, or place where the corpſe is depoſited to receive the hogs, fish, and other provisions, which on these occaſions are offered to the Ethooa or deity of the place, and to lay them upon an altar; that this prieſt and his attendants are employed in ſtrewing the body of the defunct

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 233

defunct with leaves and flowers of bamboo;
that for two or three days he occasionally
ranges the adjacent fields and woods, from
which every one retires on his approach. The
relations, in the mean time, build a temporary
house near the Morai, where they assemble,
and the females mourn for the deceased by
singing songs of grief, howling, and wounding
their bodies in different places with sharks
teeth; after which they bathe their wounds in
the next river or sea, and again return to howl
and cut themselves, which they continue for
three days. After the body is corrupted, and
the bones are become bare, the skeleton is de-
posited in a fort of stone-pyramid built for that
purpose. He adds, that these Morais are fre-
quented by two birds sacred to their gods,
namely, the gray heron, and a blue and brown
king-fisher; but whether these birds, or the
priest and his attendants eat the offerings that
are made to the prefiding deity, or whether
they are eaten at all, is not declared. It is
agreed, however, that the piety of the natives
is in no instance so strongly expressed as in the
profusion of covering they bestow upon the
remains of their deceased friends, and in the
ornaments with which they decorate their Mo-
rais; but these Morais are not the receptacles
of the ordinary dead, but appropriated solely
to the use of the principal families to which

H h

each

234 CAPT. COOKE's SECOND VOYAGE

each respectively belongs; how it fares with
the bodies of the common herd we are not told,
whether they are suffered to rot upon the
ground, or under it, does not attract the notice
of the voyager, who is only intent upon what
is striking in high life, without regarding the
ordinary occurrences that daily pats among the
multitude.

15. It does not appear that they have either
physicians or surgeons, by profession, among
them, except the>priest, whose relief confits
in prayers and ceremonies, not in drugs or
prescriptions; yet we must not conclude from
hence that they are deficient in the art of heal-
ing. Two or three instances occur in the re-
lations of different voyagers, which are ftri-
king proofs of their knowledge in what is ne-
ceffary to preserve life. Toopia was pierced
through the body with a lance, headed with
the jagged bone of the fting-ray; the weapon
went in at his back and came out just under
his breast, yet he was perfectly cured, and
never complained of any inconvenience from
the bad effects of his wound. A man whose
head was almost crushed, his face beat in, his
nose flatted, and one eye beat out, the hollow
of which would almost admit one's fist; yet this
man was cured, and to appearance felt no re-
maining pain; a third had a stone drove
through his head with a fling in the wars, and
yet,

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.

yet, how improbable soever it may seem, he,
like the others, appeared to enjoy a good state
of health. These are incontestible proofs of
their knowledge of the virtues of balsams, of
which we are either not possessed, or are igno-
rant of their healing qualities.

From this brief account of the island and
people of Otaheite, many will be ready to envy
them their felicity; but it must be remembered,
as a foil to their happiness, that they do
not always sleep in security; they are frequently
surprized by their more warlike neighbours,
and whole districts depopulated; for, if in the
invasions of one another's territories, they happen
to prove successful, they spare neither man,
woman, nor child.—But to return :

On the 14th of May we left the ship under
fail, and that night she cleared the reef.

On the 15th they had an open sea and a fine
breeze in their favour; but just as the ship's
canvas was spreading, one of the officers from
the gun-room ports, observed a person in the
water, making from the ship towards the land;
they immediately hove to, and hoisted out the
large cutter, armed her, and sent her after the
man, who proved to be the gunner's mate, en-
deavouring to escape with a view to be left be-
hind; and pity it was that he happened to be
discovered, as from him a more copious and
accurate account of the religion and civil go-

H h 2

vernment

236 CAPT. COOKE'S SECOND VOYAGE

vernment of these people might have been ex-
pected after a few years stay among them, than
could possibly be collected from a few short vi-
fits, by gentlemen who had the language to
learn, and whose first business was to procure
necessarys, in order to enable them to purfue
more important discoveries. But this attempt
failing, and the man taken up, he was brought
back, and laid in irons to bewail his ill-for-
tune, having flattered himself, as a man of en-
terprize and courage, with being made king
of the country, or at least prime minister. No
impediment now remaining the ship purfued
her course to the N. W. and N. W. by W.
having four of the natives of Ottaheite on board
as passengers to Huaheiney, to which she was
bound, and where she cast anchor the same
night. Here the captain was welcomed by
king Oree, who came on board before the ship
was well moored, bringing with him a hog as
a present.

On the 16th abundance of canoes came
along side the ship to trade, bringing hogs,
fowls, and fruit of various forts, to barter for
such things as were shewn them, of which each
chose what he thought was most valuable, ac-
cording to the price that was set upon it. But
while the greatest part of the people were enga-
ged in traffic, some were employed in an at-
tempt to carry off one of the ship's buoys;
these,

TO THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. 237
these, however, were discovered before they
had accomplished their design, were fired upon,
and for safety obliged to jump into the sea,
leaving their canoe behind them, which by
way of punishment, was taken on board, and
cut up for the use of the cooks. This day the
captain and gentlemen went on shore to pay
their compliments to the king and his nobles,
and Mr. Foster went up the country to exa-
mine its productions. This he continued as a
daily task during the ship's continuance in this
harbour. While he was thus employed, some
of the other gentlemen and officers went up
into the woods a-shooting, and the captain em-
ployed himself in laying in provisions and in-
creasing the ship's stores.

On the 16th the number of inhabitants that
came about the ship was so great, that it was
found necessary to place sentinels in the gang-
ways, to prevent the men from coming on
board, but no opposition was made to the wo-
men, so that the ship was crouded with them.

17. King Oree came and dined on board,
and the captain ordered the guns to be shotted,
and fired by way of salute at his entrance and
departure; he had given the captain to under-
stand that he expected the fame honours to be
paid to him, as had been shewn to the chiefs of
Ottaheite,

18, A