67

## PERSONS INTERVIEWED

### Robert Gates

Born, 1943. Official of the Central Intelligence Agency 1968-1993. National Security Council and White House staff officer, 1974-1979; Acting Director of Central Intelligence, 1986-1987; Deputy Director 1986-9; Assistant to the President and Deputy for National Security Affairs, The White House, 1989-1991; Director, Central Intelligence Agency, 1991-1993. Publications: 'The CIA and American Foreign Policy', *Foreign Affairs* 1987; *From the Shadows: An Eyewitness Account of the Last Half of the Cold War*, 1995.

### George Kennan.

Born, 1904. US foreign service officer, 1927-1950: postings included Hamburg, Tallin, Berlin, Riga, Vienna, Moscow, Prague, Lisbon, Moscow 1945-1946. Policy Planning Staff, Department of State, 1947-1950. 1950 - Fellow, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. US Ambassador, Moscow, 1952-3. BBC Reith Lectures, 'Russia, the Atom and the West, 1957'. US Ambassador, Belgrade, 1961-1963. Publications include: *American Diplomacy, 1900-1950* (reprints the 'Mr X' article), 1951; *Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1941*, 1960; *Memoirs, 1925-1950*, 1967; *Memoirs, 1950-1963*, 1972; *The Nuclear Delusion*, 1982; *Around the Cragged Hill, A Personal and Political Philosophy*, 1993.

### Henry Kissinger

Born 1923, Furth, Germany. Department of Government, Harvard University, 1957-1969. National Security Adviser to President Nixon, 1969-1973; Secretary of State, 1973-1977, Kissinger Associates, 1977-. Publications include: *A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace*, 1957; *Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy*, 1957; *White House Years*, 1979; *Years of Upheaval*, 1982; *Diplomacy*, 1994.

### Robert McNamara

Born, San Francisco 1916. Executive Ford Motor Company 1946-1960, Vice-President then President, 1960-1961; US Secretary of Defense, 1961-1968; President, The World Bank, 1968-1981. Publications: *One Hundred Countries, Two Billion People: The Dimensions of Development* '1973; *Blundering Into Disaster: Surviving the First Century of the Nuclear Age*, 1986; *In Retrospect: the Tragedy and the Lessons of Vietnam*, 1995.

68

Paul Nitze

Born, 1907. New York Investment Banker, 1929-1941; government service, Washington, 1941-1949; Director, Policy Planning Staff, Department of State, 1950-1953; Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1961-1963; Secretary of the Navy, 1963-1967; Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1967-9; member US delegation to Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) 1969-1974; Head of US delegation to Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Negotiations (INF) 1981-1983; Adviser on Arms Control Matters to the President and Secretary of State, 1984-1989. Founder and diplomat-in-resident, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University.
Publications: U.S. Foreign Policy, 1945-1955 1956; From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Centre of Decision - A Memoir, 1989; Tension Between Opposites, Reflections on the Practice and Theory of Politics, 1993.

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FURTHER READING

Callahan, David, *Dangerous Capabilities: Paul Nitze and the Cold War* Harper and Row, New York, 1990

Cox, Michael, 'Requiem for a Cold War Critic: The Rise and Fall of George F. Kennan, 1946-1950', *Irish Slavonic Studies*, vol. 11, 1991

Crockatt, Richard, *The Fifty Years War, the United States and the Soviet Union in World Politics, 1941-1991*, Routledge, London, 1995

Gaddis, John Lewis, *Russia, the Soviet Union and the United States, An Interpretive History*, McGraw-Hill, London, 1990

Gaddis, John Lewis, *The United States and the End of the Cold War: Implications, Reconsiderations, Provocations*, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992

Garthoff, Raymond, *Detente and Confrontation, American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan*, The Brookings Institution, Washington, second edition, 1994

Gelman, Barton, *Contending with Kennan*, Praeger, New York, 1984

Halliday, Fred, *The Making of the Second Cold War*, second edition, Verso, London, 1986

Hersh, Seymour, *The Price of Power, Kissinger in the Nixon White House*, Faber, London, 1983

Hixson, Walter, *George F. Kennan: Cold War Iconoclast*, Columbia University Press, New York, 1989. Isaacson, Walter, *Kissinger, A Biography*, Simon & Schuster, London, 1992

Isaacson, Walter and Thomas, Evan, *The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made* New York, 1986

Kalb, Marvin and Bernard, *Kissinger*, Little Brown, Boston, 1974

LaFeber, Walter, *America, Russia and the Cold War, 1945-1992*, fifth edition, Knopf, New York, 1993

Laqueur, Walter, *World of Secrets: The Uses and Limits of Intelligence*, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1985

Mayers, David, *George Kennan and the Dilemmas of US foreign Policy*, Oxford University Press, New York, 1988

Partos, Gabriel, *The World That Came in from the Cold, Perspectives from East and West on the Cold War*, Royal Institute of International Affairs/BBC World Service, London 1993

Sanders, Jerry, *Peddlers of Crisis, The Committee on the Present Danger*, Pluto Press, London, 1983

Shapley, Deborah, *Promise and Power, The Life and Times of Robert McNamara*, Little, Brown and Company, London, 1993

Stephanson, Anders, *Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy*, Harvard University Press, London, 1989

Talbott, Strobe, *The Master of the Game, Paul Nitze and Nuclear Peace*, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1988

Walker, Martin, *The Cold War, And the Making of the Modern World*, Fourth Estate, London, 1993

[c]

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