The Peruvian Expedition of 1912
Official Circulars
No. 12
Preparation of Food.

1. Food Boxes.

Provisions are supplied in unit cases as follows:
Cases Nos. 1-25 each contain:

2 strips of leather, 1 padlock & staple hasp & screws
for food box hinges, to be put on when box is first
opened. Boxes must be kept locked, 3 cotton cloth
empty bags 10" x 6" for loose food, lunches and spec-
imens, 6 tins Libbys sliced bacon, 2 tins Libby's
Corned Beef, 3 tins Libbys roast beef, 1 tin large
size army bread biscuits, 5 1/2 lbs., 1 bag fine gran.
sugar, 5 lbs., 1 tin Republic Ceylon tea, 1/2 lb.,
1 bag Sunbeam Carolina Style rice, 5 lbs., 5 tins
R & R Boneless chicken, 1 carton Republic macaroni,
1 lb., 1 carton Caribou evap. peaches, 1 lb., 1 carton Caribou prunes, 1 lb., 1 carton Sunbeam raisins,
1 lb., 6 packages Erbswurst each 1/4 lbs., 1 bag
staple salt, 1 lb., 1 tin Quaker oats, 2 lbs., 5 tins
evap. milk St. Charles, 8 packages Bakers Caracas
sweet chocolate, 2 glass jars C & B asstd. jam, 1 tin
Dutch Girl cheese, 1 cake soap Lakewood, 1 yard
towelling.

Nos. 26-50

Same as 1-25 instead of peaches and prunes substi-
tute apricots and figs.

Nos. 51-60

Same as 1-25 instead of peaches substitute apri-
cots, instead of evap. milk substitute 2 tins Bor-
den's condensed milk and 1 jar Pin Money mixed
pickles.

Nos. 61-70

Same as 51-60 instead of prunes substitute figs.

2.

The provisions in each box contain food for two men for approximately one week, breakfast and supper to be hearty, cooked meals, and lunch to be unapPROVED.

Of the provisions which should be cooked, the following quantities will be about right for two men for 1 meal.

Bacon - 1 tin

Chicken - 1 can

Corn beef - 1 tin

macaroni - 1/2 - 1 packet

Roast beef - 1 tin

Erbswurst - 2 sticks

Rice - 1 pint, scant measure

Quaker Oats - 2 pint, loosely packed

The meats except bacon can be eaten cold but they are very much better in every way when heated, except possibly the chicken.

Biscuit, all dried fruit, chocolate, jam and cheese should be used especially for lunches. For a hard day, add chicken to the lunch. Some biscuit may also be used to piece out breakfast or lunch. If only one tin of bacon for two men is used for breakfast or supper, part of the chicken can be used at lunch. If two tins are used, the chicken will be needed for the hearty meals. Milk is planned for use on Quaker oats and also on rice if there is enough, but bacon fat is a good substitute on the latter. In general, use the bacon only with rice, erbswurst or macaroni and not with Quaker oats, so that the fat may be saved. When traveling, the Quaker oats may be used at night and again in the morning, the advantage being that the can of milk will all be used. If opened in the morning, some will be left and it is difficult to carry.

In settled districts, the following can be obtained and used particularly for lunches: Brown sugar (Chancaca) bread (in the Urubamba Valley) fruit, add parched corn (ma-iz), also, coffee. The parched corn is one of the best things obtainable and regulates the bowels.

The following bills of fare are given as suggestions:

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Sunday

Breakfast - Bacon, erbswurst, tea.

Cook the erbswurst, then fry the bacon and turn the fat into the erbswurst which should be boiled and stirred a little longer.

Supper - Roast beef, macaroni, tea.

Monday

Breakfast - Quaker oats, milk, corned beef, tea

Supper - Bacon, rice, tea

Tuesday

Breakfast - Roast beef, erbswurst, tea

Supper - Bacon, rice, tea

Wednesday

Breakfast - Chicken, Quaker oats, tea

Supper - Corned beef, macaroni, tea

Thursday

Breakfast - Bacon, rice, tea

Supper - Chicken, Quaker oats, tea

Friday

Breakfast - Roast beef, Quaker oats, tea

Supper - Bacon, rice, tea

Saturday

Supper - Chicken, rice, tea

Receipts

Bacon Two tins can be cooked in 1 frying pan if necessary, placing it in layers and turning frequently. The crisper the bacon, the less its food value unless the fat is used. The muleteers always appreciate any fat left over.

Chicken, Corned Beef and Roast Beef. Cut up and warm in a frying pan with a little water, or cut up and add to the erbswurst when the latter is nearly cooked.

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**Rice.** Have the largest kettle nearly full of boiling, salted water (1 teaspoonful salt to a quart of water). When boiling hard, add rice slowly so as not to stop the boiling. Boil 25 minutes or longer, depending on the altitude, scraping rice from the bottom several times. Drain thoroughly.

**Macaroni.** Cook like rice but boil longer, perhaps 35 minutes, depending on the altitude. It tends to stick to the kettle badly and must be stirred often.

**Erbswurst.** Add the erbswurst to the boiling (un-salted) water and cook 15 minutes. Just before it is done, add the bacon fat or meat, cut up. Stir often.

**Quaker oats.** To boiling salted water, add the oats and stir till they thicken. Stir frequently while cooking. Boil 20 minutes or longer. Allow about 2 1/4 cups water to 1 cup oats. Lumps may be avoided by care in adding oats slowly and in stirring.

Use up one box before breaking into another.

Buy potatoes, corn, eggs, mutton and bread when convenient and necessary.

Official Circulars of the Peruvian Expedition
of 1912.
No. 13
Collection of Archeological and Osteological Material.

All the members of the expedition are expected to keep on the lookout for archaeological and osteological material. Where it occurs in sufficient quantity to seriously delay the regular work of the party the Director is to be notified as soon as possible. This information should include a careful description of the location of the find, a sketch of the locality and as many details as can be given.

(1) If valuable finds are made within ten days' distance of Cuzco a special collecting party may be equipped and sent out.

Where material does not occur in such quantities as to delay surveying parties for more than a day or two at a time it is expected that they will collect both osteological and archaeological material.

The successful collecting and packing of fragile material presents so many difficulties that the following suggestions are issued to aid in securing uniform work and co-operation in this regard.

Field parties that have no particular equipment for collecting or bringing in fragile material will collect so far as they can according to the following suggestions.

Where to Look.

In travelling afield, collectors on the lookout for osteological and archaeological specimens should examine all exposed gravel banks, and should excavate here and there in so-called "ash deposits," kitchen middens, ancient "camp sites", and rock shelters, as

2.

well as in the neighborhood of prehistoric ruins,
natural points of lookout, waterholes, and ancient
cultivated fields.

## What to Collect.

In general, it will be desirable to bring in not
only remains of man, bones, sherds, artifacts, etc.,
but also the bones of any animals found associated
with him.

## How to Collect.

Do not be in too much of a hurry to get bones or
potsherd out of the ground. Do not allow loose
specimens on the surface to escape you. As far as
possible, entirely uncover skeletons before removing
from the ground; also start notes before removing
material. It is sometimes difficult to enter correct
data later on. If a skull, bone or pot breaks, try
to keep its pieces together. This does not mean that
you must spoil the fine new fracture by trying to
match pieces. If complete human skeletons are found,
it may be possible to keep the bones of each hand and
foot together, in a separate package. The most
valuable parts of a human skeleton are the skull and
jaws. Every effort should be made to get these out
entire. If damp, they should be wrapped in dry ma-
terial of any kind, and dried out slowly. Should the
teeth drop out, save them carefully, and do not allow
them to rattle against each other when packed.

## What to Record.

When skeletons, bones, or artifacts are discovered
in middens or deposits of considerable depth (depth
being an indication of long occupation of a given lo-
cality), notes should record the depth in the deposit
at which specimens were found. Photographs and
sketches should be made, showing the extent of the

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midden. If personal trinkets are found with human remains, note carefully any evidence as to whether they are associated with any given individual, as around the neck or arm or as a medallion on the breast. Trinkets belonging with an individual should be given the same record number.

Notes to be taken describing each find should cover:

(a) Geographic locality.

(b) Geological formation or general nature of the deposit (cemetery, grave, kitchen midden, etc.)

(c) Position and orientation of all human remains, the relative position of different parts, and the degree of completeness of the skeleton. Do not be afraid of making notes ample.

(d) Photographs before, during and after excavating.

## Labelling Specimens.

It is necessary to adopt a system of numbering and labelling specimens and photographs that will enable the collector (or anyone using his notes) to tell, if possible, what bones belong to each animal collected; or, if individuals can not be distinguished when excavating, to tell what specimens belong to each separate find or locality. The series of numbers should correspond to numbers used in note books. A good way to label specimens in the field is to write the number with a black lead pencil on a slip of white paper, this slip to be enclosed with each separate artifact, bone or package of bones or sherds. Make the paper label large enough, so that it will not fall out of the package and be lost; and write the number and your

4.
initials, in clear large characters, on both sides of
the slip.
Packing.

In packing fragile material for transportation,
the main point to bear in mind is to surround such
specimens with well-compressed soft material inside a
rigid box; otherwise continual jarring will cause ir-
reparable injury.

Empty food boxes are available for packing, as well
as small sized tin cans and tin boxes. When opening
tin cans, it is well not to cut the end entirely out,
but to leave it partly attached so that it may be close
down over any small specimens packed in the can. Fra-
gile material packed in this way has journeyed nearly
around the world without injury. Cloth bags such as
are found in the food boxes, cheese-cloth squares,
worn out or extra articles of wearing apparel, and dry
grass may be advantageously utilized for packing.

Official Circulars of the Peruvian Expedition of 1912.
No. 14.
Instructions for numbering photographs.

When films are issued by the quartermaster, serial numbers will be assigned to accompany the films. As soon as films are developed all films, both good and bad, are to be numbered in ink as follows: in the lower right hand corner of the glossy side of the print on the negative, so that it will show when printed, a serial number, lettering to be about 1/4 of an inch in height and as clear and distinct as possible, preferably made with a fine pen; on the margin of the film so that it does not show on the negative when printed are to be put the month, and day, together with the initials of the person taking the picture.

**Example:** Suppose that the quartermaster has issued to you 10 rolls of 10 exposures each, and given you the serial numbers for these 100 exposures, 2401 to 2500. Suppose the first roll was exposed on August 26. In marking, the first picture taken should receive in the lower right hand corner the serial number 2401, and on the margin in the lower left hand corner 8 - 20 (X.Y.Z.) i.e., your initials.

Official Circulars of the Peruvian Expedition of 1912.
No. 15.
Care of Rifles.

Those members of the party who have anything to do with the .22 Caliber Automatic rifles which will be issued to those going into hunting districts, should bear in mind that this style of gun, the Automatic, particularly in .22 Caliber where the bore is limited, can only be depended upon to give good results when it is given the very best of care, and while the chamber retains the almost glass-like finish with which it leaves the factory. If the arms are allowed to rust the cartridges will not eject. I would add that there is one difficulty which is liable to occur with these guns when the chambers become roughened which is really a serious matter, and that is the blowing off of the head (or when the shell is in the firing position the rear end) of the shell. This makes the shell very difficult to extract from the chamber. There goes with these guns a small tool which is intended for use in extracting shells when this difficulty occurs. To use this tool bend to 90° and insert the split end into the chamber through the ejection opening, pushing it forward through the shell until the spring jaws of the tool have passed the mouth of the shell. Hold the gun in an upright position, support the outer end of the tool handle and strike the inner end of the tool handle near the point where it passes into the ejection opening of the gun with a jeck knife, screwdriver or other light instrument; and a few taps will readily remove the shell. The difficulty above mentioned can only occur when the chambers have become roughened through abuse or neglect.

Official Circulars of the Peruvian Expedition of 1912
No. 16.

1. Material collected by any member of the expedi-
tion is the property of the expedition and not of the
individual. This applies not only to archaeological,
geological, and osteological specimens, but to ethnologi-
cal material and articles given to members of the expe-
dition as gifts. Where material is offered for sale,
it is understood that the expedition is to have the op-
tion on it. Where it is not convenient to consult the
Director in purchases of this kind and individuals de-
sire to purchase the articles in case the expedition
does not, they may purchase without consultation, pro-
vided the expedition is later given the opportunity to
purchase the articles at cost.

2. It is expected that members of the expedition will perfect themselves in Spanish as rapidly as possible, and it is recommended that a large part of the time on the journey down be devoted to studying Spanish and that members of the expedition speak Spanish to one another as much as possible.

3. It will be found advisable to own a compact pock-
et dictionary containing both Spanish-English and Eng-
lish-Spanish. Members of other expeditions have found
it convenient to have this dictionary always available
for use in the field.

4. In "Hints to Travellers" vol. 2, as issued by the Royal Geographical Society, there is a considerable amount of valuable material which may be read with profit by members of the expedition. Each party will be provided with one copy of this volume on the journey from New York to Peru.

5. It is recommended that 2 fountain pens be added to the list of equipment already suggested for personal ownership. With these should go the metal travelling ink bottles, adapted for fountain pen uses by the Waterman Company.

Official Circulars of the Peruvian Expedition of 1912.
No. 18

Rules for Hygiene and Sanitation of Camp.

(1) When practicable, camps should be established on
high and well-drained ground not previously occupied.

(2) In camps of permanence where members of the expe-
dition expect to remain more than two weeks the sanitary
trough system adopted for the Army should be used.

Sinks should be dug before a camp is used, or as soon
after as practicable. The surface of fecal matter
should be covered with fresh earth three times a day.
New sinks should be dug and old ones filled when con-
tents of old ones are two feet from surface of ground.

A sanitary sink should as far as possible conform to
the following requirements:

(a) It should be covered, either with canvas or luma
ber, and be ditched.

(b) The pit should be dark to exclude flies. This is effected by boarding up and providing seats with covers.

(c) A separate place for urinating should be provided.

(3) All kitchen refuse should be promptly buried.

(4) Members of the expedition should drink only
boiled water and coffee or tea, except where water can
be obtained which is pronounced to be wholesome by a
physician.

(5) The discharges of patients with typhoid, camp diphtheria, or cholera should always be disinfected at once with a solution of Phenol (5%).

(6) The diseases just mentioned are frequently com-
municated in camp through the agency of flies, which
swarm about fecal matter and filth of all kinds de-
posited upon the ground or in shallow pits and directly

2.

convey infectious material, attached to their feet or
contained in their excreta, to the food which is ex-
posed while being prepared at the kitchen or while be-
ing served in the mess tent. It is for this reason
that strict sanitary precautions are so important. Al-
so because the water supply may be contaminated in the
same way, or by surface drainage. Infection is also
carried on the hands and shoes.

(7) Marches should be avoided as much as possible
in the hottest part of the day.

(8) It is unsafe to eat heartily or drink freely when greatly fatigued or overheated. If alcoholic drinks are used at all, such use should be postponed until after the days' work and preferably in conjunction with the evening meal.

(9) Ripe fruit may be eaten in moderation, but green or over-ripe fruit will give rise to bowel complaints. Food should be thoroughly cooked and free from fermentation or putrefactive changes.

(10) In decidedly malarious localities three grains of quinine may be taken in the early morning as a prophylactic. The best safeguard against malaria is, however, the protection of the body against the bites of infected mosquitos. To this end mosquito nets should be used.

(11) In regions where yellow fever exists mosquito netting should be used. This disease is also spread by the bite of infected mosquitos.

(12) When clothing or bedding becomes damp from exposure to rain or heavy dews, the first opportunity should be taken to dry it in the sun or by fires.

(13) Each member of the expedition will be given a
supply of four different drugs: (a) Quinine Sulphate,

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(b) Compound Cathartic Pills, (c) Bismuth Subnitrate,

(d) Antiseptis Tablets. These are to be used as follows:

(a) In malarial regions three grains of Quinine are to be taken each morning. The pills are to be thoroughly chewed so as to insure absorption of the drug. This measure kills any malarial parasite that may have been introduced into the circulation by the bite of an infected mosquito and thus prevents an attack of the disease.

(b) Every one should see to it that his bowels have moved at least once a day. If the day has passed without a movement, one Compound Cathartic Pill should be taken the next morning a half hour or more before breakfast. If this does not produce the desired effect another pill should be taken one half hour before dinner.

(c) In case of diarrhoea due to indiscretion in diet or sudden change in climate omit all solid food and take only milk, milk toast, gruel, tea, and broth with well cooked rice. If on the second day there is no improvement, take 20 grains of Bismuth Subnitrate 3 times a day, two hours after meals.

(d) Any wounds, even to the slightest cut, should be treated immediately and not left to become septic. The wound should be washed out thoroughly with clean boiled water and soap and an antiseptic dressing applied. It should be kept away from any moisture, except that of the dressing, and kept clean and the dressing renewed as often as necessary. The antiseptic solution is made from the antiseptic tablets and should be a 1 : 1000 solution.

L. T. Nelson

Surgeon.

Approved:

Hiram Bingham,

Director.

No. 19.
Directions for Using Color Chart.

Fasten the two sections of the Golsch Reference Color Chart in notebook and use the colors by number in describing scenery, ruins, artifacts, bones, or other objects. If an exact match cannot be found, describe it in terms of the nearest color as dark or light. By familiarizing yourself with the chart, it will be seen that there are more shades of different colors than would appear at first sight. In keeping record of photographs accurate use of the chart will be of the greatest value in enabling colored prints and lantern slides to be made after the return. Example: foreground, 41; foliage, 17; poncho, stripes alternating 8 and 1; small stripes, 24; men's hat, 36 above, 2 below. While all this takes a great deal of time, if accurately and carefully done the time spent in this manner is not wasted.

Do not use color chart for all photographs, but simply when you think it necessary.

WEATHER OBSERVATIONS.

Observations both instrumental and non-instrumental
are to cover items on the attached sheet which should be
copied in each notebook. Additional observations to be
kept in the journal.

Instrumental Observations.

Each party will be furnished with an aneroid, a dry
bulb thermometer, wet bulb thermometer (the two thermome-
ter combined as a psychrometer). In reading these instru-
ments careful note should be made of the following sug-
gestions:

<u>Aneroid</u>,- The first thing the observer should do on establishing camp is to read his aneroid. A second reading should be taken before going to bed and a third on observing the temperature before breaking camp the following morning. These three readings should be entered into the regular journal, but the reading taken in connection with the temperature observations should be entered in the weather blank. Care should be taken to read the aneroid at some station occupied by the topographer every few days if possible. Without such checking the aneroid observations will be of little value in determining the atmospheric pressure and its variations in time.

<u>Thermometer - dry bulb, -</u> The temperature cannot be read from a thermometer hung on the tent pole or leaned up against a rock. If a wind is blowing the temperature may be obtained by slinging dry bulb thermometer in such a way that the thermometer is held into

(2)

the wind. If there is no wind the thermometer should be slung while the observer is walking about. The dry bulb of the thermometer should be read thrice daily at the same hour each day and always in conjunction with an aneroid reading, - 7 or 8 A.M., at lunch, 8 P.M.

**Thermometer - wet bulb, -** In reading the wet bulb of the psychrometer the same caution concerning exposure to wind, etc., should be noted as were prescribed in the case of the dry bulb readings. Extra cautions pertain to the thorough wetting of the cotton cloth over the bulb and the slinging of the psychrometer until the mercury comes to rest. This requires slinging at least three separate times and may occupy several minutes. The inexperienced observer generally stops before the mercury has come to rest by a degree or more.

## Non-Instrumental Observations.

**State of the Sky, -** The state of the sky requires three entries: the kinds of clouds, direction of movement, and the percentage of sky covered with clouds. The cloud photographs attached will serve to instruct the observers. It is quite desirable that on the way down to Peru every observer should be on the lookout for types and gradations of types. Almost every possible type of cloud may be observed between New York and Peru, since the journey takes one through three wind belts. In determining the percentage of sky covered with clouds (when the percentage is small) the observer should take the scattered clouds in the various quadrants of the sky and think of them as being piled into a single quadrant.

(3)

In that way the percentage expressed in decimal tenths
may be easily determined.

**Wind.**- The observer should carefully note winds,
especially noon and afternoon winds. Direction of wind
is very commonly controlled by the topography and such
a connection or lack of it should always be looked for
and recorded under "notes" and in the daily journal. Ob-
servations on afternoon winds at high stations, such as
passes or hill-tops, are of exceptional importance and
should be taken with the utmost care and entered into
the notebooks as frequently as possible. In determining
the strength of the wind, a scale may be used in which
winds are rated between zero and winds of hurricane
force (which destroy everything) and divided into ten
(10) classes: (1) Moves leaves of trees and is the
lightest zephyr; (2) moves leaves of trees and small
branches; (3) large branches, etc. Generally only zero
to four are required.

**Rainfall,**- Wherever practicable and always at
camps where several days are spent, notes should be made
of beginning, end and duration of showers and rough
measurements of amount with tin cans, etc., should be
recorded.

**Observation en route,**- "In 1907 and again in 1911 I took a series of readings of air and water from Panama to Mollendo and return and it would be of great importance in the interpretation of these data if similar records were kept for the journey of 1912, especially if the full set of weather observations were taken at the same time. The observer must actually see the water drawn over the side of the vessel and must take the

(4)

temperature immediately upon drawing the water, for
the buckets in which the water is drawn are commonly
of wood and having stood in the sun in a very few
moments impart their heat to the water and thus affect
the observations. The seaman will also wish to draw
water from the bathroom faucet and then swear that he
had just drawn it over the side. At the time obser-
vations on the water are taken the latitude and
longitude, i.e., the ship's position, should be ob-
tained from the navigating officer." (Bowman).