"Suit yourself, Herr Hetsner, wait whether the Americans will thank you for your idealism. Only don't come running to me if they fail you."

8

People who watched Lieutenant Hassett in the weeks that followed lost the feeling that there was an individual at work. They did not think of him anymore as a point-of-view made possible by military victory, but in his intensity as the representative of something new, an idea not heard of before, a different value, a principle that did not even condemn its enemy without a hearing. One of those persons interviewed, stated later that watching Lieutenant Hassett at his desk, he had been somehow reminded of one of those sculptured Roman figures that was holding a scale in its hands, usually called Justice.

... The work was finished. Lieutenant Hassett looked at the report containing his recommendations. He noted its neat typed lines and very carefully, very reflectively signed his name. He placed the report in an envelope and addressed it to Major Brown, Military Government Officer, Birkstadt.

- 37 -

- 23 -

Officer, Birkstedt.

report in an envelope and addressed it to Major Brown, Military Government and very carefully, very reflectively signed his name. He placed the report containing his recommendations. He noted its next typed lines . . . The work was finished. Lieutenant Hasseett looked at the name.

nearly called that name.

sculptured Roman figures that was holding a scale in its hands, Hasseett at his desk. He had been somehow reminded of one of those of those persons interviewed, stated later that watching Lieutenant Hasseett that did not even condemn its enemy without a hearing. One something new, an idea not heard of before, a different value, a military victory, but in his intensity as the representative of did not think of him anymore as a point-of-view made possible by followed lost the feeling that there was an individual at work. They People who watched Lieutenant Hasseett in the weeks that

8

tell you."

think you for your ideality. Only don't come running to me if they "Sift yourself, Herr Hensler, wait whether the Americans will

- 21 -

Lieutenant Hassett sat at his desk. "Goodspeed" he murmured to the envelope. . .

When Major Brown read the report he banged his fist on the table and shouted that no young punk was going to ruin his administration for the sake of some abstract 'blab'.

Major Brown wrote a letter to Lieutenant Hassett stating that for reasons of public welfare he could not carry out Lieutenant Hassett's recommendations.

Haslett's recommendations.

for reasons of hydro welfare he could not carry out Lieutenant Major Brown wrote a letter to Lieutenant Haslett stating that administration for the sake of some abstract 'diap.'

the table, and shouted that no young man was going to run his

... When Major Brown read the report he panged his fist on

to the envelope...

Lieutenant Haslett sat at his desk. "Goobyeed! he mumbled

- 39 -

1

Military Government Law No. 8 was promulgated in order to broaden the scope of De-Nazification. It took cognizance of the stalemate between Military Government and the Security Office that had occurred in many areas, by making Military Government solely responsible for De-Nazification.

Law No. 8 was designed to answer a flood of press-criticism about the inadequacy of De-Nazification procedure. It declared every German who had been a member of the Nazi party guilty. These individuals were to be removed from all public office and every supervisory position. This group was to be eligible for manual labor only, unless they could prove to a board composed of their fellow-citizens that they had been merely 'nominal Nazis'. That board became the crucial point of Law No. 8. On the sincerity of its recommendations, on its willingness to carry out the spirit of Law No. 8, depended the future of De-Nazification.

The population of Birkstadt received Law No. 8 with scepticism. They had learned that the words of the conquerors were not always followed by action. They had observed the non-fraternization policy dissolve on a wave of disregard through all ranks of the U.S. Army. Life in Birkstadt continued to be a series of paradoxes. The radio still proclaimed that the German people were collectively guilty, yet under Law No. 8 they were asked to purge themselves. Many citizens of Birkstadt considered Law No. 8 as an admission of failure on the part

- 39 -

- 20 -

Birkastat considered Law No. 8 as an abatement of traffic on the part
of German law No. 8 they were asked to bring themselves. Most citizens of
still proclaimed that the German police were collectivelyANI, yet
like in Birkastat continued to be a series ofEZahoxes. The radio
decals on a wave of緊tang through all news of the U.S. Army.
together with action. They had operated the non-intervention policy
They had learned that the words of the congressmen were not slacks
The hoхition of Birkastat received Law No. 8 with scepticism.

of De-Nazification.

willingness to carry out the spirit of Law No. 8, gebeng the turns
of Law No. 8. On the sincerity of its recommendations, on its
had been merely 'moral media'. That board became the crucial point
they could prove to a board combat of their fellow-citizens that they
belong. This group was to be eligible for manual labor only, unless
were to be removed from all public office and every supervisory
who had been a member of the Nazi Party (Nazi). These individuals
the inquisition of De-Nazification procedure. It declared every German
Law No. 8 was designed to answer a flood of press-criticism about
reasonable for De-Nazification.

had occurred in many areas, by making Military Government solely
statement between Military Government and the Security Office that
proves the scope of De-Nazification. It took compliance of the
Military Government Law No. 8 was brought in order to

f

- 28 -

of the conquerors who seemed unable to carry through one of their
primary missions alone.

The anti-Nazis who had to ascribe some meaning to their twelve
years of suffering, consoled themselves by saying that this was the
democratic way of doing things, that one always gave as much power as
possible to the people, as quickly as feasible. But their manner of
speaking became less certain, for the terrible fear grew up in them
that maybe all their sacrifice had been in vain and would pass
unrecognized, and that the persons with the strongest elbows were
always in front, that might was right. And hadn't Hitler always stated
that?

The majority of the population who saw no major policy of
their conquerors carried to its conclusion, who saw differences between
two major offices of their governors, who were being told of their
collective guilt, saw no reason to change their cynicism. They were
beginning to say that democracy or dictatorship, right or wrong, guilt
or innocence were just a matter of who had the upper hand. To them
Law No. 8 with its all-inclusiveness was merely one more proof that
everybody had to suffer and that individual justice did not exist.

Only now they were beginning to say so loudly since now
their masters no longer looked as strong.

The people of Birkstadt had seen U.S. soldiers riot in front
of their headquarters in order to speed up re-deployment. They had
seen the strength of the U.S. Army dwindle from week to week. The

- 40 -

seen the strength of the U.S. Army dwindle from week to week. The
of their headquarters in order to abate his re-occupation. They had
The people of Berlin had seen U.S. soldiers riot in front
their matters no longer looked as strong.

Only now they were beginning to say so fondly since now
everybody had to submit and that individual justice did not exist.
Law No. 8 with its all-incognizance was merely one more proof that
or innocence were that a matter of who had the upper hand. To them
beginning to say that democracy or dictatorship, right or wrong, suit
collective guilt, saw no reason to change their attitude. They were
two major offices of their Governors, who were being told of their
their competitors carried so far in conclusion, who saw differences between
The majority of the population who saw no major policy of
that?

always in front, that might be right. And hasn'tlier always stated
unrecognized, and that the persons with the strongest eldows were
that maybe all their sacrifice had been in vain and would have
shocking because less certain, for the terrible fear grew up in them
possible to the people, as quickly as feasible. But their manner of
democratic way of doing things, that one always gave as much power as
years of suffering, consoled themselves by saying that this was the
The anti-Germes who had to sacrifice some meaning to their twelve
primary responsibilities alone.

of the competitors who seemed unable to carry through one of their

- 41 -

chance for things changing seemed small.

So, the people began to make bitter little jokes and to look for escape clauses in Law No. 8. One never knew. There might be a way around it. Everything depended on the board.

2

The world looked rosy to Major Brown. Finally all of De-Nazification was back where it belonged: in the hands of Military Government. It merely proved that there was no sense in rushing headlong into problems. Difficulties had a way of resolving themselves automatically. Where would he be now if he had followed Lieutenant Hassett's recommendations? Without a city administration and again at the beginning of De-Nazification. Now one could go at De-Nazification leisurely and be sure to keep it under control. Now one could hope to plan for steady work, without too much interference by people who took themselves too seriously.

One day, Lieutenant Hassett visited Major Brown. In a voice that seemed strained and with manners that were very tired he asked Major Brown to conduct Law No. 8 in such a fashion as to give the population at least the impression of continuity in American policy. Above all he recommended the appointment to the Law No. 8 board of

- 41 -

- 41 -

Above all he recommended the abatement to the law No. 8 point of
bohation at least the investigation of continuity in American society.
Major Brown to combine law No. 8 in such a fashion as to give the
just seemed straited and well measured that were very tired he asked
One day, Lieutenant Haseett visited Major Brown. In a voice
by people who took themselves too seriously.

one could hope to gain for a steady work, without too much interference
Do-Notification fairly and be sure to keep it under control. Now
and again at the beginning of Do-Notification. Now one could go at
Lieutenant Haseett's recommendations? Without a city administration
themselves automatically. Where would he do now it he had followed
reasons into details. Difficulties had a way of resolving
Government. It merely proved that there was no sense in meaning
Do-Notification was back where it belonged: in the hands of Written
The work looked rough to Major Brown. Insist it of

5

around it. Everything depended on the point.
for some cause in law No. 8. One never knew. There might be a way
So, the people began to make better little jokes and to look
cause for trouble changing seemed almost

- 41 -

- 42 -

persons with character strong enough to carry through a policy
uninfluenced by personal considerations and thoughts of expediency.

But Major Brown could not be bothered by fancy talk:

"This is my inning," he said, "and Brown is at bat."

Three days later Joachim Boeck was appointed chairman of
the Law No. 8 board in Birkstadt, with a free hand to select his
associates.

3

And again Fragebogen or questionnaires were distributed to
the population. Once more individuals had to answer the 131 questions
about their past. For the second time discussions began as to the
standards to be applied and the thoroughness of De-Nazification.
Everybody looked to Major Brown for the cue.

Towards the middle of the month, Joachim Boeck was ordered
to Major Brown.

"Mr. Boeck," Major Brown said in his official tone, "this
office wishes to see a speeding up of De-Nazification. At the end
of this month my headquarters wants a full report. By that time I
want to report a thorough house-cleaning. This office does not intend
to disrupt civil life and will not interfere with any measures you

-- 42 --

- 45 -

to disrupt civil life and will not interfere with any measures you
want to report a thorough house-cleaning. This office does not intend
of this month my headquarters wants a full report. By that time I
office wishes to see a checking up of De-Installation. At the end
"Mr. Boeck," Major Brown said in his official tone, "this

To Major Brown was ordered

Towarda the middle of the month, Major Boeck was ordered

Easily Body looked to Major Brown for the one.

standard to be adopted and the thoroughness of De-Installation,
about their beat. For the second time discussions began as to the
the population. Once more individuals had to answer the 111 questions
Wag again trahedogen or questionnaires were distributed to

3

associates.

the law No. 8 board in Birkstadt, with a free hand to select his
Three days later Major Boeck was appointed chairman of
"This is my calling," he said, "Major Brown is at best."

But Major Brown could not be powered by lunch talk:

multinucleated by personal considerations and thoughts of exalted
behalfs with character strong enough to carry through a policy

- 45 -

- 43 -

may deem necessary after the first of the month in order to restore
the equilibrium, such as re-hiring irreplaceable personnel as manual
laborers."

Major Brown winked broadly and smiled. Then he resumed his
official tone:

"You understand?" he asked.

Joachim Boeck bowed.

He understood. So did, by the evening of the next day, the
population of Birkstadt.

Law No. 8 was to be for the record only.

The pattern was set. In the weeks that followed, persons
were discharged from supervisory positions and re-hired for the same
pay, performing the identical job only with the title of 'manual
laborer'. Manufacturers retired from business to hand it over to
their minor sons while they remained only in an 'advisory' capacity.
Nobody could discern the difference between their 'advisory' and
executive functions. Law No. 8 was used not as an instrument of
De-Nazification but as a means of getting rid of unwanted employees.

Law No. 8 had attempted to load the scales against the
defendant by declaring a man guilty unless he could prove himself
innocent. But in Birkstadt this very factor worked to the advantage
of the accused. The defendant was placed in a position where he could
call any member of witness to prove his innocence. A prosecution was

- 43 -

- 43 -

off any member of witness to prove his innocence. A prosecution was of the accused. The defendant was placed in a position where he could be innocent. But in Birchfield this very factor worked to the advantage defendant by declaring a man guilty unless he could prove himself. Law No. 8 did attempt to load the scales against the De-Marcification but as a means of getting rid of unwanted employees, executive functions. Law No. 8 was used not as an instrument of Nopow could disprove the difference between their 'advisory' and their minor one while they remained only in an 'advisory' capacity. Japener. Manufacturers refined from business to fund it over to her. Performing the identical top only with the title of 'manual were dispatched from advisory positions and re-wired for the same. The pattern was set. In the weeks that followed, persons

Dissolution of Birchfield.

He understood. So did, by the evening of the next day, the Josephin Boeck power.

"You understand?" he asked.

Official tone:

Major Brown winked crooked and smiled. Then he resumed his japeera.

The equitiprim, and as re-drawing irrefutable personnel as manual may seem necessarily after the title of the month in order to restore

- 43 -

non-existent. People were reluctant to testify against their fellow-
citizen because, due to the all-inclusiveness of Law No. 8, one never
knew when one might need testimony from one's own neighbor.

Over it all presided Joachim Boeck, a slight smile on his
lips and in his bearing the dignity and importance of a man who wants
others to know that in his hands he holds the key to their future.

At the end of the month, Major Brown wrote a report to his
headquarters: "De-Nazification in Birkstadt is progressing satisfactorily.
400 cases have been examined by the Law No. 8 board, with 60 % mandatory
removals. Reliable Germans have expressed the feeling that the cause
of democracy has been considerably strengthened by allowing the
population to take part in De-Nazification."

4

"Democracy means justice tempered by compassion," said Joachim Boeck. The citizen of Birkstadt liked to hear Joachim Boeck. He was a popular man. People felt that they could talk to him as one of their own. After all, during the Hitler regime he had committed what with varying degrees of ardor most citizen of Birkstadt had done. And now he was conducting himself as most of them behaved and he had reached what the majority wanted to attain.

- 44 -

- 45 -

Joachim Boeck's pronouncements on democracy were simple, homely and understandable. Above all, they evoked no feeling of guilt. They were suspended in space as though the past had never existed and as if the future were crystal-clear. As defined by Joachim Boeck, democracy was a flexible abstraction, adabtable to the needs of the moment, not an idea to be understood, but an expediency to be exploited. Democracy meant that one could forget about the past and that everybody should stick together against the conqueror. Democracy was the covering up of twelve years martial glory, the solace of a dark moment, the necessity of the hour, the forms of which were strange but whose representatives seemed familiar.

The people of Birkstadt liked Joachim Boeck because he was the living proof that one could eat one's cake and have it, too.

5

'Life is a merry-go-round,' Karl Hetzner thought, 'everything repeats itself.' When he walked through the streets of Birkstadt, he was once more shunned. People avoided being seen in public places with him. Individuals who but a few weeks ago had fawned on him, public officials who had daily asked his advice, suddenly became again formal, distant, cold.

All this Karl Hetzner had gone through once before. But conditions

- 45 -

- 42 -

All the Karl Heineuer had done through once before. But conditions
disfavour, cold.

Ottoklafe who had daily asked his advice, suddenly became again formal,
film. Individuals who put a few weeks ago had lawyers on film, public
was once more smug. People avoided being seen in public places with
rebates itself.' When he walked through the streets of Birkelast, he
'Life is a merry-go-round', Karl Heineuer thought, 'everything

2

Living brood that one could eat one's cake and have it, too.
The people of Birkelast liked Toschin Boeck because he was the
representatives seemed familiar.

necessity of the hour, the form of which were strange but whose
of twelve years' martial glory, the science of a dark moment, the
stick together against the conqueror. Democracy was the covering up
ment that one could forget about the past and that everybody should
an idea to be understood, put an exhortment to be exploited. Democracy
was a flexible adaption, adaptable to the needs of the moment, not
it the future were crystal-clear. As defined by Toschin Boeck, democracy
were anguished in a place as though the past had never existed and as
and understandable. Above all, they evoked no feeling of guilt. They
toschin Boeck's pronouncements on democracy were simple, honest

- 43 -

- 46 -

were different then. Then he was convinced of the righteousness of his
ideas and their eventual triumph. There was a strange elation in suffering
then, for one knew that one was keeping the torch of idealism lit. One
was convinced that after some time the night would be over and in the
dawn of the new day people would return to those basic values that were
everything and that one tried to keep alive.

But what was the sense of things now? The new day had come but
it seemed that the torch-bearers of the night were forgotten; even
resented for having been right all along. Victory was won, but for whom?
The terror was over, the new world was here, but the loneliness was
greater and the heart was cold. Should one continue to suffer just for
suffering's sake? Was that all twelve years of longing had left one
fit for? Was there no place, after all this blood, this hope, this
death, for men with ideals?

Karl Hetzner finally asked Lieutenant Hassett the question
that was occupying his every moment.

"Why are you permitting this? Don't you see what is going on?
Don't you know that everybody is laughing about you? Why? Please tell
me: Why?"

The reason is probably that we are faced with a situation that
our background has not prepared us for. Nothing in our education teaches
us to govern conquered people. We are brought up to trust our neighbors
and take them at their face value. How can we be expected to see through
the deceit and double-talk? How can we visualize what twelve years of
hate have done to a nation's soul?

- 46 -

- 46 -

Date have done to a nation's soul?

the desert and double-talk? How can we visualize what twelve years of
and take them at their face value. How can we be expected to see through
us to govern condensed people. We are brought up to trust our neighbors
our background has not prepared us for. Nothing in our education teaches
The reason is properly that we are faced with a situation that
me: Why?

Don't you know that everybody is laughing about you? Why? Please tell
"Why are you permitting this? Don't you see what is going on?
that was occurring prior every moment.

Karl Hetsner finally asked Lieutenant Haseett the question
dead, for men with ideals?

I lit for? Was there no place, after all this blood, this hope, this
snuffling's sake? Was that all twelve years of longing had left one
greater and the heart was cold. Should one continue to snuffer that for
The terror was over, the new world was here, but the loneliness was
resented for having been right all along. Victory was won, put for whom?
it seemed that the torch-p barriers of the night were forgotten; even

But what was the sense of things now? The new day had come but
everything and that one tried to keep alive.

dawn of the new day people would return to those basic values that were
was convinced that after some time the night would be over and in the
then, for one knew that one was keeping the torch of idealism lit. One
these and their eventual triumph. There was a strange elation in snuffing
were different then. Then he was convinced of the righteousness of his

- 46 -

(A)

- 47 -

And then the reason may be more basic than that. We really
all want to go home. There are only a few of us interested in the job
over here.

But I am still a representative of the conqueror and can not
give you either one of these reasons. I must stand here and blandly
say:

"I guess that in a democracy one can not believe that a whole
people is evil. One will always try to give a nation the chance to
purge itself. We may see what is going on, but we want to give even
our enemies every possible break."

But as he said it, Lieutenant Hassett's heart was heavy. For
he remembered the man who a few months before had sat in his office
and with hope and confidence spoken of a new concept: individual
Justice.

6

The first democratic elections in Germany since 1933 were
scheduled for only nine months after the end of the war. Cynics were
quick to point out that it was a lot to ask of a people that had been
declared collectively guilty to have absorbed enough democracy in
nine months to vote intelligently. The highest German officials, who
only stood to gain by an election, since their powers were promised

- 47 -

- 47 -

only a seed to gain by an election, since their powers were promised
nine months to vote intelligently. The highest German officials, who
declared collectively that to have spoken enough democratically in
quick to point out that it was a lot to ask of a people that had been
satisfied for only nine months after the end of the war. Chiusa were
The first democratic elections in Germany since 1873 were

9

tratice.
and with probe and confidence spoken of a new concept: individual
he remembered the man who a few months before had left in his office
But as he said it, it struck me with heavy. For
our enemies every possible break."
"I guess that in a democracy one can not believe that a whole
out:
Give you either one of these reasons. I want to stand here and plainly
But I am still a representative of the conqueror and can not
over here.
I will want to go home. There are only a few of us interested in the job
And then the reason may be more basic than that. We really

(A)

to be increased, nevertheless, in a spurt of selflessness, petitioned
Military Government that the elections be postponed.

Military Government insisted.

The population of Birkstadt understood very little about the
whole problem. They dimly comprehended that they were expected to vote,
so they went to the polls and voted for that party which promised the
most lenient De-Nazification.

Two days later the Office of Military Government, U.S. Zone,
proclaimed that the German people had demonstrated their democratic
inclinations by an election-day turn-out of 87 %.

Now the citizen of Birkstadt understood.

Democracy was to be a matter of percentages.

Now the citizen of Birkebank understood.

Incitations by an election-day fum-out of 81 %.

Proclaimed that the German people had demonstrated their democratic

most tenent De-Militation.

whole problem. They dimly comprehended that they were expected to vote.

The population of Birkebank understood very little about the

Military Government intimated.

to be increased, nevertheless, in a sort of selflessness, petitioned

- 49 -

1

The Law for Liberation from National Socialism and Militarism
came as a corollary to the elections. It transferred De-Nazification
entirely into German hands with Military Government retaining only
supervisory powers. Five categories of Nazi activity were established,
with penalties ranging from ten years in labor camps to monetary fines.
The degree of an individual's guilt was to be ascertained by a tribunal
composed of Germans, by proceedings similar to a court-of-law.

Life in Birkstadt had crystallized in the meantime. The
conquerors no longer represented an unknown quantity. Their major
policies lacked consistency. They had not demonstrated by their conduct
that they were representing an idea that could imbue men with its
importance. The black-market was flourishing, fed by American supplies.
Sometimes it seemed as though the members of the occupation forces were
in Birkstadt not as representatives of their country in order to
accomplish a mission, but merely to advance themselves as individuals.

And the one support from which the original respect for the
conquerors had derived, their strength, was dissipating from week to
week. For everybody could see that re-deployment was taking its toll.
One could not go to an American office to-day and expect to see the
same man, much less receive the same answer in four weeks.

Among the most violent of the conqueror's critics were those

- 49 -

- 50 -

people who had counted the days for their arrival, who had risked
their lives listening to the foreign radio, who had hated the Nazis.
These people felt bitter and disillusioned. They said that the
conquerors were not interested and pointed to the rapid re-deployment.
They stated that the conquerors were lazy and stressed the speedy
turning over of authority into German hands. They felt left out,
superfluous and very cynical. This group retired, sulked and refused
to participate in public life.

And the others? The former Nazis and Nazi sympathisers were
comporting themselves with a strange kind of elation, for they felt
that events were vindicating their previous position. They were
wondering loudly wether Hitler had not been correct when he stated
that only materialism and not ideas, only superior technology and not
superior standards animated the conquerors. They cited the shortage
of food and the stringent rationing. They recounted the influx of
refugees and the confiscation of houses. All the petty trials and
tribulations connected with defeat and occupation were seized upon.
And, not differentiating between cause and effect, they drew
comparisons with the time of Hitler.

So it happened that the Law of Liberation from National-
Socialism and Militarism arrived at a time when there were more
Nazis in Birkstadt than there had ever been before. So it came to
pass that important political leaders were openly criticizing their
conqueror's policies and Birkstadt's political parties began to subtly

- 50 -

- 20 -

conqueror's hoard and Birkett's a political battle began to endow
base that important political ideas were already circulating their
Maze in Birkett that there had ever been before. So it came to
Socialism and Militarism arrived at a time when there were more
So it happened that the law of liberation from National-
conquerors with the time of Hitler.

And, not differentiating between cause and effect, they drew
trials and tribunals connected with defeat and occupation were held upon.
Tribunes and the condemnation of Norma. All the best trials and
of took and the stringent rationing. They recomputed the flux of
inferior numbers animated the conquerors. They cited the shortage
that only materialism and not ideas, only superior technology and not
wondering loudly weather Hitler had not been correct when he stated
that events were vindicating their previous position. They were
conforming themselves with a strange kind of elation, for they felt
And the others? The former Basis and new syndicates were
to participate in public life.

Subtilities and very ethical. This group retired, unskilled and refused
turning over of authority into German hands. They felt left out,
They stated that the conquerors were lazy and stressed the speedy
conquerors were not interested and pointed to the rapid re-occupation.
These people felt bitter and disappointed. They said that the
their lives flatting to the foreign radio, who had dated the Axis.

People who had counted the days for their arrival, who had raked
their lives flatting to the foreign radio, who had dated the Axis.

- 20 -

- 51 -

sabotage U.S. directives.

One political party even went as far as to publicly state that the Americans had obviously proved their lack of ability to govern and their failure to grasp German mentality. There was only one hope for relief, one source to take one's inspiration from: ... the East.

2

The Communist leader of Birkstadt, Herr Zeiss, contacted Karl Hetzner.

"Herr Hetzner, you have worked for the Americans?" he began.

"I have."

"What do you think of them?"

"I think that by defeating Nazism they saved all principles that I hold dear."

"You have not answered my question."

"Have I not?"

"I meant what do you think of American policies?"

"I feel they are too trusting."

"What do you mean?"

"Do I have to tell you, of all people?"

The other stopped. Then a shrewd smile came into his eyes.

- 51 -

- 21 -

The other aforesaid. Then a sudden smile came into his eyes.
"Do I have to tell you, of all people?"

"What do you mean?"

"I feel they are too truant."

"I meant what do you think of Americanфиolies?"

"Have I not?"

that I told dear."

"I think that by defeating Mexico they saved all branchies

"What do you think of them?"

"I have."

"Herr Hetner, you have worked for the Americans?" he began.

Karl Hetner.

The Communist leader of Birmarstedt, Herr Seese, contacted

3

... the East.

one probe for reflection, one source to take one's inspiration from:
Goverm and their failure to break German mentality. There was only
that the American had opically proved their lack of agility to
One political party even went as far as to publicly state
opposition U.S. directives.

- 21 -

(4)

- 52 -

"You agree that they are naive?"

"If believing one's fellow-man's word is being naive, I suppose so."

"Let me put it another way. Do you think that Germany's salvation can come from these people?"

Karl Hetzner was very formal:

"Do we always have to look to others for our salvation? Can't we ever look into ourselves? Do you not believe that one of the reasons that made Hitler possible was a lack of inner sufficiency that prevented us from relying on ourselves?"

Herr Zeiss did not answer. He decided on another approach.

"Herr Hetzner, Germany is too much of an object of the big powers to-day for us to talk of saving ourselves. The lines in Europe are clearly drawn and they meet in Germany. The problem of Germany then is to be on the right side in the coming clash."

Karl Hetzner spoke very slowly:

"Has not enough blood flown these past years to suit you?"

"Maybe I phrased my thoughts a little harshly. Look at it this way. Who will be tough enough, interested enough and psychologically ready enough to do something for Germany? Is it a sign of interest if the Americans pull all their troops out of Europe? Is it not an indication of laziness that all government is turned back to a people that is plainly not ready for self-government? How can the Americans teach us anything while half their army is

- 52 -

- 25 -

How can the Americans teach me anything while they left their own is
turned back to a people that is plainly not ready for new Government?
Europe? Is it not an indication of business that all Government is
afoul of interest if the Americans bill all their troops out of
biopoeiologically ready enough to do something for Germany? Is it a
this way. Who will be forth enough, interested enough and
"Maybe I burned my thoughts a little paradoxically. Look at it
"Has not enough blood flown these but there to suit you?"

Karl Heinzner spoke very slowly:

then is to be on the right side in the coming class."
are clearly drawn and they meet in Germany. The problem of Germany
bowers to-day for me to ask of saving ourselves. The lines in Europe
"Karl Heinzner, Germany is too much of an object of the pig
Herr Zeile did not answer. He decided on another approach.
me from referring on ourselves?"

that made Hitler possible was a lack of inner sufficiency that prevented
we ever look into ourselves? Do you not believe that one of the reasons
"Do we always have to look to offers for our salvation? Can't
Karl Heinzner was very formal:

"Let me but it another way. Do you think that Germany's
abuse so."

"It believing one's fellow-men's word is being naive, I
"You agree that they are naive?"

- 25 -

(A)

- 53 -

engaged in black-market and the other half chasing pretty women? Have
the Americans proved that they understand us? How have they treated you?
Have they appreciated your suffering? Did they punish the real culprits
and have they placed their true friends into public office?

"You may not like the Russians. Yet common-sense should tell you that they are geographically nearest. A visit to their zone should convince you that they are the strongest. The Russians are the only occupying power which seems capable of carrying out its own policies. Whatever you may think of them, they are at least consistent. Only the Soviets will be able to protect their friends. No, even if not for ideological reasons, expediency alone should convince you that Germany must align herself with Russia."

"And then?"

"United from within, imbued with a great ideal, assured of the support of Soviet Russia we can march forward, secure in the knowledge that we can again assume our rightful place in Europe."

How was that joke about the Nazis being like beef-steaks,
Karl Heinzner thought. Because they are brown outside and red inside.
The same speech with similar pomposity might have been delivered by
Hitler.

"Tell me, what do you want from me, Herr Zeiss?"

"How about joining the Party?"

The 'Party', as if there were no other one. The beginning and
the end. How alike they all are.

"Never, Herr Zeiss, and if the Russians should occupy this city."

- 53 -

- 23 -

"Never, Herr Seidel, and if the Russians should occur this city," he said. Now like they all are.

The 'Party,' as it there were no other one. The beginning and
"How about joining the party?"

"Tell me, what do you want from me, Herr Seidel?"

Hoffer.

The same sheet with similar bombshell might have been delivered by
Karl Hetzner thought. Because they are from outside and not inside.

How was that joke about the Nazis being like Jews-attacks, knowledge that we can again assume our rightful place in Europe." the subhead of Soviet News we can march tomorrow, secure in the "United from within, impregnated with a great idea," assured of "And them?"

Germany must again permit with Russia."

for ideological reasons, exhortation alone should convince you that
the Soviets will be able to protect their friends. Not even if not
whatever you may think of them, they are at least consistent. Only
occurring power which seems capable of carrying out its own policies
convince you that they are the strongest. The Russians are the only
you that they are geographically nearest. A visit to their zone should

"You may not like the Russians. Yet common-sense should tell
and have they placed their true friends into public office?

Have they appreciated your anger? Did they banish the real envoys
the Americans proved that they understood me? How have they treated you?
engaged in black-market and the other left cheating brazen women? Have

- 23 -

(A)

- 54 -

"Why?"

Karl Hetzner was tense, his voice low and throbbing.

"You ask me why," he began. "I could tell you that I have not gone through what I have to change my mind now. But that is not it. I will not, because everything within me cries out against the 'success' theory, that holds that the end justifies the means and that success is the only criterion of human relations. You preach to me of expediency and 'only common sense'. But we have had too much expediency in this generation. I believe with all my heart that peace will not come through alignment with any side but only from within ourselves."

"It is not until we recognize greater rights than the advantage of the moment, that the misery of our days will end. We have to again establish an idea of objective right, that will prevent us from carrying out plans, not because they might fail, but because they are just wrong and enable us to go forward, undeterred by failure, just because we are right."

"And these conceptions of Right or Wrong can never be created by preachers of expediency. You can speak of marching forward. Always groups, never the individual. Why do you not give him a chance? Has he not marched enough these past years? Has he not suffered enough? All he wants is a life-time of ordinary, simple life. All he wants is to be Himself. And just because he has not been that for so long, the individual man may follow you. You speak of expediency and materialism. People may for a moment think that materialism can solve the vacancy within them. But they will soon find out differently. They will feel

- 54 -

- 24 -

within them. But they will soon find out differently. They will feel
people may for a moment think that materialism can solve the vacancy
individual man may follow you. You ask of expropriation and materialism
be himself. And just because he has not been that for so long, the
he wants a file-time of ordinary, simple file. All he wants is to
not marred enough these past years? Has he not suffered enough? All
Gronha, never the individual. Why do you not give him a chance? Has he
by breather of expropriation. You can ask of marching forward. Viva
"And these consequences of Right or Wrong can never be created
we are right.

Just wrong and envious we to go forward, unberried by failure, just because
we from carrying out blame not because they might fail, but because they are
have to again establish an idea of objective right, that will prevent
advantage of the moment, that the majority of our days will end. We
It is not until we recognize greater rights than the
come through alignment with any side put only from within ourselves.

in this generation. I believe with all my heart that peace will not
expropriation and 'only common sense.' But we have had too much expropriation
is the only criterion of human relations. You breach to me of
title, that holds that the end justifies the means and that success
will not, because everything within me arises out against the 'success,
gone through what I have to change my mind now. But that is not it. I
"You ask me why?" he began. "I could tell you that I have not
Karl Heineuer was tense, his voice low and throbbing.

"Why?"

- 24 -

(A)

- 55 -

that without higher ethics, without concepts of morality, we will never rebuild men's souls. That is why you will never rebuild them. Sooner or later the people will find that the herd-like chase into nowhere is not the answer, that the solution is so much nearer, so much simpler, if one would only look into oneself and not always to others. That is why I oppose the salesmen of the collective. That is the reason I was not a Nazi, nor ever will be a Communist.

"You asked me why. I could have saved this long speech and given you the answer in one sentence: It is because I believe in the supremacy, the value and the basic greatness of the individual."

Herr Zeiss was silent for several minutes. But immediately he felt what it took him longer to say:

"Suit yourself, Herr Hetzner. But remember, whoever is not our friend is our enemy."

"Get out."

Herr Zeiss was already outside when he turned:

"Think it over, Herr Hetzner, we consider everybody that is not for us as against us."

Karl Hetzner slammed the door. He leaned against it for a moment, his heart beating rapidly.

3

The tribunals to enforce the Law for Liberation from National

- 55 -

- 22 -

The tripartite to enforce the Law for liberation from National

3

Karl Heineuer slammed the door. He leaped against it for a
not for us against us.

"Think it over," Herr Heineuer, we consider everybody that is
Herr Heise was already outside when he turned:

"Get out."

our friend is our enemy."

"Sift yourself," Herr Heineuer. But remember, whoever is not
he left what it took him longer to say:

Herr Heise was silent for several minutes. But immediately
embarrassed, the value and the pseudo greatness of the individual.

Given you the answer in one sentence: It is because I believe in the
"You asked me why. I could have saved this long ayeon and
reason I was not a Nazi, nor ever will be a Communist.

That is why I chose the answer of the collective. That is the
simply, it one would only look into oneself and not always to others.
It not the answer, that the solution is so much nearer, so much
or later the people will find that the herd-like phase into nowhere
repuls men's sons. That is why you will never result them. Sooner
that without higher ethics, without concepts of morality, we will never

- 22 -

(A)

- 56 -

Socialism and Militarism were created at a time when in Birkstadt the conqueror's prestige had reached a new low. No matter how well-meaning the policy, regardless of how self-less the motives, the population found its own interpretations, which invariably impugned American integrity. 40 % of the population's food was supplied by the United States. Yet in Birkstadt it was stated that it was really local food, only packed in bags supplied by the occupying power, in order to make propaganda. - The U.S. Army instituted a youth program designed to demonstrate to the young generation the American way of life. It was a sincere idea, touchingly carried out. Nevertheless many citizen of Birkstadt insisted that it was merely resurrecting the same principle as the Hitler-Youth, only that identical things were not the same, depending upon who carried them out: the Americans or the Germans.

De-Nazification played only a minor part in selecting personnel to staff these tribunals. Ambitious persons were reluctant to serve because they felt that the public wrath they would incur in carrying out De-Nazification would make their future careers too uncertain.

Well-meaning individuals refused to help because in their opinion De-Nazification had degenerated into a farce. The professional element, which should have supplied the lawyers and judges, maintained a hands-off policy since they believed the conquerors might not be able to protect them later on, if they were called traitors by their fellow-citizens. Selecting the De-Nazification tribunals in Birkstadt thus became a political tug-of-war. There was no longer any doubt as to who should be president. Joachim Boeck was unanimously appointed.

- 56 -

- 26 -

to who should be president. Tocqueville took was manually abhorred.
this became a hotly discussed topic. There was no longer any doubt as
to whom the American citizen should be. Selecting the De-Militation tripartite
able to protect them later on, if they were called upon by their
a panacea—offensive policy since they believed the consumers might not be
of element, which should have subordinated the farmers and taxes, maintained
opinion. De-Militation had degenerated into a force. The professional
well-meaning individuals refused to help because in their
out De-Militation would make their future careers too uncertain.

because they felt that the public would think they would incur in carrying
to act these tripartite. Ambitions here were redundant to serve
De-Militation blazed only a minor part in selecting personnel

gebruising how who carried them out: the Americans or the Germans.

as the Hitler–Youth, only that identical thing were not the same,
Birkelast insisted that it was merely reenacting the same principle
a sincere idea, toningly carried out. Nevertheless many citizens of
demonstrate to the young generation the American way of life. It was
broader. — The U.S. Army instituted a youth program designed to
only backed in page and page subordinated by the coouching power, in order to make
states. Yet in Birkelast it was stated that it was really local food,
integrity. 40 % of the population's food was subordinated by the United
states its own interpretations, which invariably implied American
the policy, regardless of how self-less the motives, the population
consumers' breath had reached a new low. No matter how well-meaning
socialism and militarism were created at a time when in Birkelast the

- 26 -

(A)

- 57 -

The most unpopular position was that of prosecutor. No decision
was reached until the chief political parties had a brilliant idea.

Were't the Communists always in opposition? Well, why not give
them a chance to show what they could do and at the same time insure
their continued lack of popular support? So it happened that despite
the fact that the Communists were the smallest party in Birkstadt, Herr
Zeiss was offered the position of prosecutor.

Herr Zeiss accepted, because as public prosecutor he could
with impunity collect as much information about every individual in
the area as he desired.

And because the Communists now had an influence totally out
of proportion to their numbers.

4

Again Fragebogen were distributed to the population of Birkstadt.
Once more the machinery of De-Nazification ground into motion. Only now
there were no longer discussions about its scope or about standards. To
be effective, the Law for Liberation from National Socialism and Militarism
needed the testimony of witnesses. But witnesses were not forthcoming.
People were tired of De-Nazification. It appeared to start anew every
three months. It was senseless to make enemies. Who knew? Three years
from now one might be considered a traitor. The group that felt safest

- 57 -

- 21 -

from now one might be considered a traitor. The group that felt itself
three months. It was nonetheless to make amends. He knew? Three years
people were tired of De-Militation. It abhorred to start anew every
needed the testimony of witnesses. But witnesses were not forthcoming.
be effective, the law for liberation from National Socialism and Militarism
there were no longer witnesses about its scope or about standards. To
Once more the machinery of De-Militation ground into motion. Only now
Again Pragopagen were distributed to the population of Birketsat.

4

of PROBATION to their numbers.

And because the Communists now had an influence totally out
the area as he desired.

with intelligence collect as much information about every individual in
Herr Zeile accepted, because as radio broadcaster he could
Zeile was offered the position of PROBATOR.

the fact that the Communists were the smallest party in Birketsat, Herr
their continued lack of bohemian aura? So it happened that geeks
tend a chance to show what they could do and at the same time income
weren't the Communists always in opposition? Well, why not give
was reached until the chief political battles had a brilliant idea.

The most bohemian position was that of PROBATOR. No decision

- 21 -

were the butchers, bakers or grocers, no matter how intense their Nazi party affiliations. Nobody would dare to testify against them. Not if they wanted their food-supply to continue.

Military Government attempted to revitalize the Law for Liberation from National Socialism and Militarism. A proclamation was published in all newspapers:

"The turning over of De-Nazification into German hands, while attempting to aid the population in learning democratic ways, also imposes an obligation. It is up to the population to demonstrate to Military Government their worthiness for an ever-increasing share in their own affairs by everybody doing his utmost to make the Law for Liberation from National Socialism and Militarism work. Each individual can help by supplying whatever information on the degree of Nazi activity of his fellow-citizen he may possess to the public prosecutors or presidents of the De-Nazification tribunals. To be an active Nazi, one did not necessarily have to be a party member. Only in this manner can the spirit of the 'Liberation Law' be carried out. And De-Nazification is the pre-requisite for eventual self-government."

Wilhelm Habelt read the proclamation. He wistled softly. "This is it," he said.

Wilhelm Habelt wrote a letter to Joachim Boeck.

Joachim Boeck sat in his office and read the mail. He was a big man in Birketadt now. The highest officials consulted him before making any important decision. He was guest-of-honor at every civic

- 58 -

- 28 -

making any important decision. He was great-uncle to every civic
fig man in Brixton now. The highest officials consulted him before
Josephine Boek sat in his office and read the mail. He was a

Wilhelm Hebelt wrote a letter to Josephine Boek.

is it," he said.

Wilhelm Hebelt read the proclamation. He wished early. "This
is the pre-requisite for eventual self-government."

can the spirit of the 'Inparation law' be carried out. And De-Naufratation
one did not necessarily have to be a busy man. Only in this manner
or presidents of the De-Naufratation tripartite. To be an active man,
activity of his fellow-citizens be made to the haptic broCADES
can be had by unblitting whatever information on the degree of heat
inflation from National Socialism and Militarism work. And individuals
to their own suits by everybody going his own way to make the law for
Military Government their workiness for an ever-increasing share in
impose an obligation. It is up to the population to demonstrate to
attacking to aid the population in learning democratic wave, also
"The turning over of De-Naufratation into German bands, while
was fulfilled in all newspapers:

Inflation from National Socialism and Militarism. A proclamation
Military Government attempted to revitalize the law for
departments their workiness for an ever-increasing share in
 Military Government their workiness for an ever-increasing share in
 themselves an obligation. It is up to the population to demonstrate to
attacking to aid the population in learning democratic wave, also
"The turning over of De-Naufratation into German bands, while
was fulfilled in all newspapers:

berty utilizations. Nobody would dare to庶 to庶 against them. Not it
were the butchers, pokers or grocers, no matter how intense their Real

- 29 -

- 59 -

reception.

Nevertheless Joachim Boeck did not feel quite at ease. It was becoming increasingly difficult to remain well-liked by the population and stay acceptable to Military Government. Major Brown had to submit periodic reports and was pressing for results. If he could only try one sensational case to impress Military Government that he meant business, a case that would not at the same time mobilize public opinion against him.

Joachim Boeck read the mail. It was routine and dull. When he came upon Wilhelm Habelt's letter he at first said: "What utter nonsense" and put it aside.

But then he stopped. He read the letter again. He spoke its words as if to assure himself they were real. Joachim Boeck stared at the letter. "This is monstrous," he murmured.

Joachim Boeck shuffled the papers on his desk. He rose and walked over to the window. The leaves were just budding on the trees.

"Why sell me these slogans, Herr Boeck. There is nothing I can do for you."

Joachim Boeck began to pace the room. The telephone rang. He did not answer it.

I am sorry, Herr Boeck. But I will not sell my soul."

- 59 -

- 29 -

my son."

He did not answer it.

Jocobim Boeck began to pace the room. The telephone rang.

noticing I can go to you.

"Why sell me these stocks, Herr Boeck. There is

walked over to the window. The leaves were that pitting on the trees.

Jocobim Boeck snuggled the bedre in his deck. He rose and
at the letter. "This is monotonous," he mused.

works as it to assume himself they were real. Jocobim Boeck started
But then he stopped. He read the letter again. He arose it
nonumber" and but it added.

He came upon Wilhelm Heinle's letter he at that time said: "What after
Jocobim Boeck read the mail. It was routine and dull. When
opinion against him.

Business, a case that would not at the same time modulate budge
one sensational case to imitate Military Government that he meant
barbaric reports and was breathing for results. It he could only try
and stay acceptable to Military Government. Motor Brown had to submit
becoming increasingly difficult to remain well-liked by the crowd
Nevertheless Jocobim Boeck did not sell quite at once. It was
reception.

- 29 -

(M)

- 60 -

Joachim Boeck stopped pacing. He sat down heavily.

"Oh, you won't," he said aloud. And then, after a pause: "We will see about that."

Joachim Boeck picked up the telephone and called the public prosecutor, Herr Zeiss.

Babette Hetzner read the proclamation to her husband.

"Will you supply information to the tribunals?" she asked.

"I do not think so," Karl Hetzner replied. "I am not interested in punishment but in spiritual regeneration. And I do not believe that the make-up of the tribunals represents any new values."

Karl Hetzner was much alone now. He sometimes left early in the morning and took long walks in the woods. He stood on the hill and looked into the valley. It was a beautiful summer. It was as if nature wanted to compensate for the misery and hate that humans inflict on each other. Everything seemed simple on the hill-top and the disappointments of the day were far removed.

One evening at supper Frau Hetzner looked at her husband.

"Are you very sad?"

"Why should I be?"

"Because so many of your hopes have been frustrated."

"Not now . . . I was . . . but not now . . . really, . . . not now."

"I am so glad."

- 60 -

- 00 -

"I am so glad."

not now."

"Because so many of your people have been treated."

"Why should I be?"

"Are you OK, bud?"

One evening at rubber plant Hetsner looked at her husband.
the flashpoints of the day were tax removed.

Inlet on each other. Everything seemed simple on the hill-top and
nature wanted to compensate for the meek and hate that humans
and looked into the eyes. It was a beautiful summer. It was so it
the morning and took long walks in the woods. He asked on the hill
Karl Hetsner was much alone now. He sometimes left early in
evening."

not believe that the make-up of the tripulants represents any new
interested in punishment put in spiritual regeneration. And I do
"I do not think so," Karl Hetsner replied. "I am not
"Will you supply information to the tripulants?" she asked.

Hepette Hetsner read the proclamation to her husband.

broscantor, Herr Zeiss.

together Boeck phoned the telephone and called the huppie
will see about that."

"Of course you won't," he said again. And then, after a pause: "We
together Boeck attached bearing. He sat down heavily.

- 00 -

"You see, Babette, we believed that with the end of Nazism all the cheapness and hate had been removed from men's souls. But we forgot that Nazism was only a manifestation, not a cause. The symptoms have disappeared, yet the disease still remains. Those of us who held our head high for twelve years must be doubly sure not to relax now. Our fight is not over, it has just began."

Karl Hetzner sat at the table, his face bronzed and his shoulders erect.

"Sir: Referring to the Military Government proclamation stating that it is the interest of the 'Liberation Law' to punish those, that while not party members, worked for Nazi ideals, the following information is supplied:

"During the past twelve years the undersigned has had occasion to observe the conduct of Karl Hetzner. While maintaining an outwardly aloof manner, Karl Hetzner, throughout the period of the Third Reich, by words and actions identified himself with its aims. Repeatedly the undersigned witnessed nationalistic tendencies on the part of Karl Hetzner. Typical of his attitude was this statement upon the outbreak of the war: 'This will mean a national catastrophe.'

"Karl Hetzner maintained close ties to the Gestapo. At least once a week he appeared at its offices. The undersigned believes that he was denounced to the Gestapo by Karl Hetzner.

"Karl Hetzner is an oppositionist who is always against the

- 11 -

Karl Heineuer is an oppositionist who is always against the
be was demoted to the Catacomb by Karl Heineuer.

Once a week he appeared at its offices. The underigned believes that
"Karl Heineuer maintained close ties to the Catacomb. At least
of the men: 'This will mean a national catastrophe.'

Heineuer. Typical of his attitude was this statement when the outbreak
underigned witnessed nationalistic tensions on the part of Karl
by words and actions identified himself with its aims. Repeatedly the
sick manner, Karl Heineuer, throughout the period of the Third Reich,
to observe the conduct of Karl Heineuer. While maintaining an outwardly
"During the past twelve years the underigned has had occasion
information is unoffended:

while not harshly memedas, worked for Nazi ideata, the following
that it is the interest of the 'liberation law' to banish those, that

Sir: Referring to the Military Government procedure affecting
apportionment of

apportionment exact.

Karl Heineuer at the table, his face pronounced and his
right is not over, it has just begun."

Head right for twelve years must be commonly known not to reflex now. Our
disappointed, yet the cause is still remaining. Those of us who held our
that Heineuer was only a manifestation, not a cause. The symptoms have
the openness and date had been removed from men's minds. But we forget
"You see, Badette, we believed that with the end of Heineuer all

- 11 -

- 62 -

existing order. His undemocratic tendencies and the fact that he still
keeps his Nazi beliefs is best illustrated by the following remark he
made to me: 'Tell me, what have you been liberated from?' It is felt
that Karl Heinzner represents the worst, because subtle, type of Nazi
activists.

"It is requested that the undersigned's anonymity be guaranteed
since it is felt that Karl Heinzner might cause the undersigned bodily
harm.

Respectfully,

Wilhelm Habelt.

Joachim Boeck handed the letter across his desk to Herr Zeiss.

Herr Zeiss's first reaction was the same as Joachim Boeck's.
"It is unbelievable," he said. Then he was silent.

"I will never be a Communist, even if the Russians
occupy this city."

"You will never rebuild men's souls."

"You ask me why. It is because I believe in the
supremacy, the inherent value and the greatness of the
individual."

"It is unbelievable," Herr Zeiss resumed, "but nevertheless
that man is dangerous."

"Which man?" Joachim Boeck said uncertainly.

- 62 -

- 25 -

"Which man? Teod Carmel has uncer tainly.

that men is dangerous."

"It is unpeop leable," Herr Reine reagrees. "But new peop le

initiated."

unharmful, the inherent value and the greatness of the

"You will never repul sive men's actions."

ocean this city."

"I will never be a Communist, even if the USA

"It is unpeop leable," he said. Then he was silent.

Herr Reine's first reaction was the same as Teod Carmel's.

Teod Carmel hanged the letter across his desk to Herr Reine.

Wilhelm Hecht.

Heavenfully.

Pam.

since it is left that Karl Heineur might cause the uncer tainly to pish

"It is repeated that the uncer tainly be guaranteed

activates.

that Karl Heineur represents the worst, because he is the one that Karl Heineur represents. He is the one that he will make to meet: 'Tell me, what have you been lipe rated from?' It is left keebs his Nazi beliefs in past illustrated by the following remark he exists exoer. His uncer tainly tenet ence and the last that he is still

- 25 -

- 63 -

"Karl Heinzner, of course."

"Do you really think so?"

"Listen, Herr Boeck, where do you think the real danger to our young democracy will come from? From old Nazis who are known by everybody to be that? Or from insidious persons who masquerade under the cloak of anti-Fascism?"

"From the latter, of course."

"There is your answer."

Joachim Boeck began to play with a pencil. Herr Zeiss cleared his throat.

"Democracy means justice completely apart from personal feelings."

Joachim Boeck was not at all sure of himself. And because he felt ill at ease, he spoke more loudly and definitely than was necessary.

"Quite right. I believe we should set an example. We should demonstrate that we are sincere in our efforts."

There was a pause. Herr Zeiss picked up the letter. Joachim Boeck stood near the window, with his back to the room.

"It is requested that the undersigned's anonymity be guaranteed since it is felt that Karl Heinzner might cause the undersigned bodily harm," Herr Zeiss read aloud.

"That man is dangerous," Herr Zeiss continued.

"Do you think so?" Joachim Boeck replied.

- 63 -

- 63 -

"Do you think so?" Teohnm Boock rephrased.

"That man is dangerous," Herr Neta continued.

Pam," Herr Neta read aloud.

since it is left that Karl Hetsner might cause the magotetized properly
"It is renounced that the magotetized's specificity be guaranteed
Boock stood near the window, with his back to the room.

There was a base. Herr Neta picked up the letter. Teohnm
demonstrate that we are sincere in our efforts."

"Quite right. I believe we should set an example. We should
left it all at ease, he spoke more fondly and definitely then was necessary.
Teohnm Boock was not at all sure of himself. And because he
feeling."

"Democracy means justice completely shut from beneath us
the throat."

Josipin Boock began to break with a benefit. Herr Neta opened
"Where is your answer."

"From the latter, of course."

the cask of anti-Hatsom?"
everybody to be that? Or from insinuations because who maugers ago under
our house demonized will come from? From old Neta who are known by
"Hafan," Herr Boock, where do you think the real gangster to
"Do you really think so?"

"Karl Hetsner, of course."

- 63 -

- 64 -

"Definitely."

"What do you suggest?"

"I suggest that he be arrested, pending a trial before a De-Nazification tribunal."

Joachim Boeck wonced.

"Is that really necessary?"

"Listen to me, Herr Boeck. In order to prosecute Karl Hetzner we must publish an advertisement in the newspapers asking people to testify against him. Do you think we can get anybody to testify as long as Karl Hetzner is at large? You know the answer to that better than I do. No, Karl Hetzner must be put away."

Joachim Boeck turned and walked over to his desk. He moved slowly and resignedly, as if burdened down by a heavy weight. He took a slip of paper from one of the drawers. Very deliberately he began to write. His voice was empty when he said:

"Do you think this is right?"

Herr Zeiss adjusted his eyeglasses.

"Remember, Herr Hetzner, whoever is not our friend is our enemy."

"Definitely," replied Herr Zeiss.

Joachim Boeck signed the order, decreeing the immediate arrest of Karl Hetzner.

- 64 -

- 64 -

arrest of Karl Hetzner.

Joseph Boock assigned the order, decreeing the immediate
"Definitely," reissued Herr Seiss.

to our enemy."

Herr Seiss adjusted his eyeglasses.

"Do you think this is right?"

to write. His voice was empty when he said:
a pair of hater from one of the quavers. Very deliberately he began
a few steps and reëstlessly, as if purged down to a heavy weight. He took
Joseph Boock turned and walked over to his desk. He moved
up to me. No, Karl Hetzner must be but away."

long as Karl Hetzner is at large? You know the answer to that better
to you against him. Do you think we can get anybody to testify as
we must huffish an advertisement in the newspapers asking people to
"Listen to me, Herr Boock." In order to broach the matter Karl Hetzner
"I am that really necessary?"

Joseph Boock wins.

De-Metallization tripwire."

"I suggest that he be arrested, bending a tail before a
"What do you suggest?"

"Definitely."

- 64 -

- 65 -

5

"Say that again," Lieutenant Hassett shouted, "say it, damn you."

The secretary was trembling. Lieutenant Hassett shook her by the shoulders.

"I am sorry, sir, but Karl Heinzner has been arrested."

Lieutenant Hassett dropped his hold.

"By whom?"

"The De-Nazification tribunal."

"What are the charges?"

"Suspected Nazi activity and collaboration with the Gestapo."

"Why was he arrested without trial?"

"I don't know."

Lieutenant Hassett was standing in front of his desk, feet apart. His hands were behind him, on top of the desk. He straightened his shoulders.

"Thank you, Miss Flach," he said in a very quiet voice. "I am sorry about the way I acted. You may go now."

Lieutenant Hassett picked up the report he had just been writing.

"Tell me, Mr. Heinzner, why were you an anti-Nazi?"

"Because I am a Christian."

- 65 -

- 62 -

"Because I am a Christian."

"Thank you, Mr. Retner, why were you an anti-War?

writing.

Lieutenant Hasseett broke up the report he had just been sorry about the way I acted. You may go now."

"Thank you, Mr. Retner," he said in a very quiet voice. "I am fine shoulders."

Lieutenant Hasseett was standing in front of his desk, too
sharply. His hands were pinching him, on top of the desk. He straightened
up his shoulders.

"I don't know."

"Unbelonged Nazi activity and collaboration with the Gestapo." "What are the charges?"

"The De-Waitingtion tripwire."

"By whom?"

Lieutenant Hasseett groaned he told.

"I am sorry, sir, but Karl Retner has been arrested."

By the shoulders.

The secretary was breaching. Lieutenant Hasseett shook her
down your."

"By that again," Lieutenant Hasseett announced, "say it,

2

- 62 -

(D)

- 66 -

"Would you care to mention any names?"

"No, vindictiveness is the worst possible way to start."

Lieutenant Hassett crumbled up the paper and threw it on the floor. "Damn it," he said. "Damn you, Major Brown and Joachim Boeck and this whole corrupt, miserable Occupation."

Lieutenant Hassett stood at the window. The sun was shining through the trees and painting little figures on the market place. The fountain sparkled. It was so quiet that Lieutenant Hassett could hear its murmur.

A group of children came running onto the square.

Two boys began to fight.

Women queued up in front of the food store.

Two men were standing in the street of a little Dutch town. It was very dark. Every few minutes the flash of a heavy battery lit up the sky, shook the ground. For a fleeting moment the outlines of ruins blurred into view, like a mirage, like an augury. But then darkness fell again over the village, making the two soldiers feel as if on this whole continent, amidst all the battle and all the dead, they were the only persons alive. And silence reigned again among the broken bodies and shattered hopes. Finally one soldier

- 66 -

said in a very low voice:

"You know, when I stand here I am faced with a terrible terror. I am not afraid that I will die, but that I will be the last man alive in this darkness, in this night."

The ground trembled as the heavy guns fired. The soldier continued, in his resignation not a question, in his hopelessness a plea:

"Do you think it is really worth it?"

Lieutenant Hassett gave a bitter little laugh. The marketplace was empty again. Only a few women talked near the fountain.

What a mockery this normalcy is, Lieutenant Hassett thought. But then again, that is a strange thing. We always expect our unhappiness to be reflected in the physical appearance of objects around us. We always believe that after the last blow the world must come to an end. And yet, the very continuity of life shows us how relative everything is. We think we move worlds, or we feel everything collapses around us. But in the final analysis, in our hour of crisis, we, with all our weaknesses and all our frailties, have to face our battles without notice . . . and very much alone.

Lieutenant Hassett walked slowly back to his desk.

Mechanically, with big letters, he once more began his report:

"The Security situation in Birkstadt remained favorable. No

"The Security situation in Birmingham remained favorable. No
Mechanically, with pig letters, he once more began his reports.

Lieutenant Hasseett walked slowly back to his desk.

Have to face our battles without notice . . . and very much alone.
Now of critics, we, with all our weaknesses and all our troubles,
everything collages around us. But in the final analysis, in our
how relative everything is. We think we move works, or we feel
must come to an end. And yet, the very continuity of life shows us
around us. We always believe that after the last blow the worth
undisguised to be reflected in the physical appearance of objects
but then again, that is a strange thing. We always expect our
What a shockery side normally is, Lieutenant Hasseett thought.
Place was empty again. Only a few women called near the mountain.
Lieutenant Hasseett gave a bitter little laugh. The market-

Die Philemonius a bien:

Soldier continues, in his resignation not a question, in
the ground trampled as the heavy ground trod. The
night.

""

I will be the last man alive in this dimension, in this
terrific terror. I am not able that I will die, but that
You know, when I left here I am faced with a
sad in a very low voice:

- CL -

- 68 -

incidents of sabotage or subversive activity were reported to
this office."

6

"Do you know why I asked you here?" Lieutenant Hassett asked.

"No, I do not," Joachim Boeck replied uncertainly.

Lieutenant Hassett sat up in his chair. He looked straight
at Joachim Boeck.

"You don't?"

Joachim Boeck cleared his throat.

"Is it about De-Nazification?"

"In part."

Joachim Boeck crossed his legs. He took a handkerchief from
his pocket and blew his nose.

"Tell me, Mr. Boeck, why did you arrest Karl Heinzner?

"Because that man is dangerous."

Joachim Boeck's lips were forming words as if he did not know
their meanings. Like a parrot.

"Democracy means justice not effected by personal feelings,"
he added blankly.

"Let us get one thing straight. Don't you ever dare lecture
me about democracy."

"Yes, sir."

- 68 -

- 88 -

"Yes, sir."

me about democracy."

"Let me get one thing straight. Don't you ever give me the idea of being plumply."

"Democracy means justice not beneficence by personal feelings," their meanings, like a barrot.

Jesuit Jim Boeck's life were telling words as if he did not know
"Because that man is dangerous."

"Tell me, Mr. Boeck, why did you extract Karl Heinzner?
Did you put a pin in his nose."

Jesuit Jim Boeck crossed his legs. He took a deep breath and
"In bar."

"Is it about De-Massification?"

Jesuit Jim Boeck cleared his throat.

"You don't?"

at Jesuit Jim Boeck.

Lieutenant Hasseett sat in his chair. He looked straight
"No, I do not," Jesuit Jim Boeck replied uncertainly.

"Do you know why I asked you here?" Lieutenant Hasseett asked.

6

the office."
Incidents of apoplectic or supraverative activity were reported to

- 68 -

- 69 -

Lieutenant Hassett continued:

"You will please answer my questions in regard to Karl Hetzner. I am warning you that I will hold you personally responsible for their veracity.

Joachim Boeck was stalling for time:

"Sir, may I point out that De-Nazification is entirely in German hands?"

Lieutenant Hassett straightened up. Very deliberately he said:

"Mr. Boeck, I take full responsibility for this interview. You will please answer my questions."

Joachim Boeck was regaining confidence:

"It is understood then that I am accounting for the proceedings not on my own free will?"

Lieutenant Hassett played with a pencil. At length he put it down.

"Yes," he replied calmly.

"Very well."

"Why did you arrest Karl Hetzner?"

Joachim Boeck was glib now.

"Why is he dangerous?"

"He is an oppositionist, uncooperative and violent."

"May I ask you how that falls into the province of De-Nazification?"

- 69 -

- 63 -

De-Heisification?

"Why I ask you how that life into the province of
"He is an obsequious, uncooperative and violent."
"Why is he dangerous?"

Joseph Boock was a flip now.

"Why did you arrest Karl Heuser?"

"Very well."

"Yes," he replied shortly.

down.

Lieutenant Hasseett blazed with a benefit. At length he but it
not on my own tree will it?"

"It is underappreciated then that I am accounting for the proceedings
Josephin Boock was receiving confidence:

will please answer my questions."

"Mr. Boock, I take full responsibility for this interview. You
Lieutenant Hasseett straightened up. Very deliberately he said:
German Language?"

"Sir, men I got out that De-Heisification is entirely in
Josephin Boock was staffing for time:

auscitu.

I am warning you that I will hold you summarily responsible for their
"You will please answer my questions in regard to Karl Heuser.
Lieutenant Hasseett continued:

- 63 -

- 70 -

(Y)

"De-Nazification must lay a basis for democracy. I do not think Karl Hetzner is the right man for our new democracy."

"Why?"

"I thought I explained myself. That man is a law all by himself. He is the most unpopular man in Birkstadt."

"Could it not be that he is unpopular because he was proved right and that people resent those of their neighbors who showed themselves superior? Haven't prophets been burned throughout history?"

Joachim Boeck was completely composed:

"It is not for me to look for the motive. I was appointed to carry out the people's will."

"Justice should be above questions of popularity."

"Political justice can not be."

"Why was Karl Hetzner arrested before a trial?"

"Because we were afraid he would escape."

"Now, you know that is not true."

"I am sorry, sir. I think I know that man better than you do."

Lieutenant Hassett rose and slowly walked to the other side of the room. He turned and stopped in front of Joachim Boeck:

"Listen to me, Mr. Boeck. You are a clever man. You know, as well as I do, that Karl Hetzner is no Nazi. What your motives are in trying to make him one I do not know. But let me tell you, we did not fight this war in order to sit idly by while injustices are being committed."

- 70 -

- 10 -

committed."

that this war in order to act fairly by while insinuations are being
fledig to make him one I do not know. But let us tell him, we did not
well as I do, that Karl Heinzner is no traitor. What your motives are in
"Praten to me, Mr. Boeck. You are a clever man. You know, as
the room. He turned and stopped in front of Josephin Boeck:

Lieutenant Hanett rose and slowly walked to the other side of
"I am sorry, sir. I think I know that man better than you do."
"How, you know that is not true."

"Because we were strung he would encase."

"Why was Karl Heinzner arrested before a trial?

"Justice should be above creations of popularity."

carry out the people's will."

"If it is not for me to look for the motive. I was appointed to
Josephin Boeck was completely combed:

themselves superior? Haven't probably been gurned throughout history?"

"Could it not be that he is an unbohemian because he wasPROVED

He is the most unbohemian man in Frankfurt."

"I thought I explained myself. That man is a law all by himself."

"Why?"

Karl Heinzner is the right man for our new democracy."

"De-Nazification must lay a base for democracy. I do not think

(A)

- 10 -

- 71 -

Joachim Boeck sensed that Lieutenant Hassett was on the defensive. The surer he felt, the more deferential he became.

"But, sir, that man is dangerous. I know. I lived here during the Nazi terror."

"I have heard that the terror was not quite so hard to bear for you while the Nazis were still here."

"Negativists say that. Oppositionists who always block every democratic government. I have a clear conscience. Major Brown has full confidence in me."

"Major Brown may be more gullible than I."

"I am doing my duty, sir, as I see it. That is one of the fundamentals of democratic government."

Lieutenant Hassett banged his fist on the table.

"I told you not to lecture me on democracy. Mr. Boeck. I am not going to quibble with you. I believe that arresting individuals without a trial is imitating the Gestapo. I am consequently ordering you to immediately release Karl Heinzner until he had a chance to account for his activities before a tribunal."

Joachim Boeck played with his watch-chain, a contemplative look in his eyes.

"I am sorry, sir, but De-Nazification is a German matter."

"I am ordering you."

"I can not assume the responsibility."

"I assume full responsibility."

"I want to stress that I pointed out your limitations of power. I am merely complying with orders. I decline any responsibility

- 71 -

- 11 -

power. I am merely complying with orders. I decide my reasonableness.
"I want to stress that I pointed out your limitations of

"I assume full reasonableness."

"I can not assume the reasonableness."

"I am organizing you."

"I am sorry, sir, put De-Nazification is a German matter."

Jack in his eyes.

Toodlin Boock blazed with his watch-chain, a contemplative
account for his activities before a triplicate
you to immediately release Karl Heineuer until he had a chance to
without a trial is initiating the Gestapo. I am consequently organizing
not going to dapple with you. I believe that arresting individuals
"I told you not to lecture me on democracy. Mr. Boock. I am
Lientenant Hasseett panged his fist on the table.

Fundamentals of democratic government."

"I am doing my duty, sir, as I see it. That is one of the
"Major Brown may be more multiple than I."

conscience in me."

democratic government. I have a clear conscience. Major Brown has full
"Negotiates say that. Objectionable who always pokes every
for you while the Nazis were still here."

"I have heard that the terror was not quite so hard to bear
the last terror."

"But, sir, that man is dangerous. I know. I lived here during
defensive. The soner he left, the more detrimental he becomes.

Toodlin Boock seemed that Lieutenant Hasseett was on the

- 11 -

Am I correct in that assumption?

Lieutenant Hassett took a deep breath. He looked evenly at Joachim Boeck.

"I repeat my order. I assume full responsibility," he said.

7

Lieutenant Hassett fought for Karl Hetsner. He exerted himself as if by one tremendous effort he could prove that all his aspirations in the war had not been in vain. He worked as if with this one case he might vindicate the whole Occupation.

One day Lieutenant Hassett called on Major Brown.

"Major Brown," he said, "whatever difficulties we have had before, we are both over here presumably as representatives of the same idea. We can not stand for it if it is trampled under foot. We must stick up for our beliefs, even if technically things are not of our province. I have come to you for help."

Major Brown was uncomfortable. He hated long speeches.

"What is the problem?" he replied non-comitally.

"Do you know that Karl Hetsner has been arrested?"

Yes, Major Brown knew that Karl Hetsner had been arrested. If he concerned himself with every internal German controversy, he would have no time left being Military Governor.

- 15 -

It be concerned himself with every internal German controversy, he
see, Major Brown knew that Karl Retsner had been arrested.

"Don you know that Karl Retsner has been arrested?

"What is the problem?" he referred non-officially.

Major Brown was uncomfortable. He dated four aunts.

what attack on our pelotas, even if technically things are not
same idea. We can not stand for it if it is trampled under foot. We
before, we are paid over per brennmasdy as representatives of the

"Major Brown," he said, "whatever dollarizes we have had

One day Lieutenant Hasseett called on Major Brown.

might indicate the whole situation.

in the war had not been in vain. He worked as it with this one case as it fly one tremendous effort he could prove that all his aspirations

Lieutenant Hasseett taught for Karl Retsner. He exerted himself

Tochim Boek.

Lieutenant Hasseett took a deep breath. He looked evenly at

Um I correct in that assumption?

- 15 -

(A)

- 73 -

"So what?" said Major Brown.

"Do you know the charges?"

"I guess it has something to do with De-Nazification."

"Well?"

"Well, what?"

"Don't you see the implications?"

Here we go again. Nothing occurs in Birkstadt behind which
that man does not see a hidden danger. The 'security psychology'.

"Tell me about the implications."

"The point at issue is not primarily the case of Karl Hetzner. It is whether we are going to allow processes, which we have established to aid the population on the road to self-government, to be used as a basis for personal revenge, as a means for political retribution. It is a problem of having that concept of impartial justice, incorruptible and above personalities which must be the very foundation of a regenerated Germany shaken. Don't you see that certain elements by striking at our most exposed policy, De-Nazification, by ridiculing it, are striking at all our concepts, are ridiculing our every principle?"

"What is that to you?"

It was during the breakthrough across Germany. The roads were choked with tanks. Artillery rumbled to the front. It was the might of a nation poured on a secondary road. At a junction the trucks ground to a halt. Another convoy had the

- 78 -

- 42 -

Junction the tracks around to a half. Another carney had the
It was the night of a nation bounded on a secondary road. At a
Tosa were chocked with tanks. Artillery rumbled to the front.
It was during the breakthrough across Germany. The

"What is that to you?"

at all our concepts, are rightening our every principle?"
most exposed below. De-Mobilization, by rightening it, are striking
Germany especially. Don't you see that certain elements by striking at our
and above personalities which must be the very foundation of a reorganized
is a problem of leaving that concept of industrial justice, unnecessary
pales for personal revenge, as a means for political retribution. It
to aid the population on the road to self-government, to be need as a
It is neither we are going to allow processes which we have cataphracted
The point at issue is not primarily the case of Karl Heuser.
"Tell me about the implications."

that man does not see a forbidden danger. The 'security policy'.

Here we go again. Nothing occurs in Birket at night when
"Don't you see the implications?"

"Well, what?"

"Well?"

"I guess it has something to do with De-Mobilization."

"Do you know the charges?"

"So what?" said Major Brown.

- 43 -

(A)

- 74 -

(Y)

right-of-way.

"See what that rifle is doing there," said the Officer
pointing to the side of the road.

The sergeant took a look.

"There is a soldier there," he replied.

The Officer left the jeep. The soldier lay on the grass,
head thrown back, one arm nonchalantly folded across his chest.
The helmet had rolled a little distance away. The grass was
very green. Only near the soldier's back a dark spot was
forming.

"No sense picking him up. He is a stiff," the sergeant
said.

"I believe," said Lieutenant Hassett, "that unless we are over
here for a principle, we had no business fighting a war. Unless we
represent an idea, we have no right to govern. - There is a certain
point at which a man has to draw a line and make a stand. There are
certain things that when threatened are of concern to every man of
principle. Everything we stand for over here has been attacked in
Karl Hetzner."

"Well then, what did you do?"

"I ordered Karl Hetzner released pending trial."

Major Brown gave a start.

- 74 -

- 44 -

Major Brown gave a start.

"I ordered Karl Rehner released bending trial."

"Well then, what did you do?"

Karl Rehner.

"Brutal. Everything we stand for over here has been attacked in certain things that when threatened are of concern to every man of point at which a man has to draw a line and make a stand. There are representatives an ideas, we have no right to govern. - There is a certain here for a principle, we had no principle fighting a war. Unless we I believe," said Lieutenant Haslett, "that unless we are over said."

"No sense picking him up. He is a still" the sergeant forming.

very Green. Only near the soldier's pack a dark shot was

Head thrown pack, one arm nonchalantly folded across face of

The Officer felt the geeb. The soldier lay on the grass.

The sergeant took a look.

Pointing to the side of the road.

"See what that title is doing there," said the Officer right-of-way.

- 44 -

(D)

- 75 -

"You had no right to do that," he said angrily.

"But there are certain issues that can not be settled by questions of competency. They can only be solved by somebody making a stand."

"You had no right to do that," repeated Major Brown.

"Major Brown, let us not get lost in technicalities. If you wish, I will take full responsibility. But we must do something for Karl Hetzner. We have to make it clear to Joachim Boeck that we can see very well through his subtleties. There are times at which it becomes imperative to present a solid front."

You may be a damn fool. But I am not sticking my neck out. Not for Karl Hetzner, nor for any other Kraut here.

"You overstepped your bounds," Major Brown insisted.

8

Joachim Boeck entered Major Brown's office with measured steps. His bearing spoke of weighty responsibilities and great personal dignity.

"I have come, Herr Major," he said, "to tender my resignation."

Major Brown was tense.

"Why?"

"In order to carry out my responsibilities to the democratic

- 75 -

- 12 -

"In order to carry out my reasons for the democratic
"MP."

Major Brown was gone.

Quality.

His bearing showed of weighty reasons, and great personnel

Joseph Brown entered Major Brown's office with measured steps.

8

"You overatebed your pomega," Major Brown laughed.

Not for Karl Hetsner, nor for any other Kant here.

You may be a damn tool. But I am not atacking my neck out.

see very well through his enfrangette. There are times at which it

Karl Hetsner. We have to make it clear to Joseph Brown that we can

when. I will take full responsibility. But we must do something for

"Major Brown," let us not get lost in technicalities. It you

"You had no right to do that," rebated Major Brown.

a stand."

Questions of competency. They can only be solved by somebody making

"You had no right to do that," he said authority.

- 12 -

government we have established, it is necessary that I enjoy the
confidence of the occupying power. Since that confidence is lacking,
the time has come for me to resign."

Major Brown did not understand.

"But you have my full confidence," he insisted.

Joachim Boeck inclined his head and stared at the floor.

"I will be forever grateful to you, Herr Major, for the
confidence you have seen fit to bestow on me. Wherever the opportunity
permitted, I have attempted to show myself worthy of that confidence.
Unfortunately, however, recently my motives in the performance of
wertain acts I considered necessary in the interest of a democratic
De-Nazification were questioned. In order to avoid controversy between
myself and American offices, I have decided to resign."

Major Brown was uneasy: Why did everything always happen at
once?

"But there is no controversy between you and me. You have my
fullest support. . . . Tell me, who criticized you?"

Joachim Boeck sighed:

"Sir, it is painful to me to be insulted by representatives
of a country which I looked to as a friend. . . . But personalities
do not matter in a democracy."

"I am sorry if your feelings are hurt. Would you please tell
me who questioned your motives, so that I can take action?"

Joachim Boeck looked squarely at Major Brown.

- 10 -

Josephine Boeck looked slightly at Major Brown.

"I am sorry if your feelings are hurt. Would you please tell
you not matter in a democracy."

"Sir, it is best to me to be insulted by representatives
of a country which I looked to as a friend. . . But personalities

united abroad. . . . Tell me, who criticized you?"

"But there is no controversy between you and me. You have my
once?

Major Brown was uneasy: Why did everything happen at
myself and American offices, I have decided to resist."

De-Mobilization were questioned. In order to avoid controversy between
s certain sets I considered necessary in the interest of a democratic
unfortunately, however, recently my motives in the performance of
benEFITED. I have attempted to show myself worthy of that confidence.

confidence you have seen fit to bestow on me. Wherever the arbitrarily
I will be forever grateful to you, Herr Major, for the
JOSCHIM Bock inclined his head and stated at the floor.

"But you have my full confidence," he mused.

the time has come for me to resist."

confidence of the combative power. Since that confidence is lacking,
Government we have established, it is necessary that I enjoy the

- 12 -

(A)

- 77 -

"My personality does not matter, but when the relationship between you, Herr Major, and myself, which I will always remember with pleasure, is impugned, no alternative is left me."

Major Brown was alive now.

"Who did that?"

"It is not my intention to sow discord between representatives of U.S. authority."

Now, Major Brown understood. A double-crosser, not satisfied with big words.

"It is unpleasant for me to hear that I am imposing on your gullibility, Herr Major," continued Joachim Boeck.

"Lieutenant Hassett . . ." coughed Major Brown.

Joachim Boeck said nothing. He faced Major Brown as if to wait for orders.

"Am I right?" shouted Major Brown.

"I am sorry, sir. Had I known how this matter affected you I would not have mentioned it."

That big-mouthed bastard. Anything to undermine authority. Always boring. Never satisfied to leave well enough alone. Taking himself and his god-damn abstractions so seriously.

"Mr. Boeck," said Major Brown nervously, "I am the Military Governor here. You have my fullest confidence. I am ordering you to stay on the job."

Joachim Boeck smoothed his mustache.

- 77 -

- 11 -

Joseph Boeck smoothed his mustache.

Stay on the top."

Governor Here. You have my trust and confidence. I am ordering you to "Mr. Boeck," said Major Brown nervously, "I am the Military Person and his God-damned attractions so seriously."

Wait a minute. Never satisfied to leave well enough alone. Taking that pig-mouthedbastard. Anything to undermine authority.

"I am sorry, sir. Had I known how this matter affected you "Am I right?" reported Major Brown.

Wait for orders.

Joseph Boeck said nothing. He faced Major Brown as it to Lieutenant Hasseet . . . "congratulated Major Brown.

Gratuity. Herr Major," continued Joseph Boeck.

"It is unpleasant for me to bear that I am imitating on your part pig morga.

Now, Major Brown understood. A couple-cousers, not satisfied of U.S. authority."

"It is not my intention to sow discord between representatives "Who did that?"

Major Brown was alive now.

With pleasure, I am informed, no alternative is left me."

"My personality does not matter, but when the relationship is

- 11 -

"Thank you, sir. Before I accept your gratifying order, there
is one more subject I must discuss with you."

"Karl Hetzner?"

"Yes, Herr Major."

Major Brown leaned back in his chair. He felt the battle won.
He would attend to Lieutenant Hassett later.

"What's the story, Boeck?" he asked.

"We had to arrest Karl Hetzner."

"Well?"

"We were forced to release him on orders of Lieutenant Hassett."

"I know."

Joachim Boeck sat up in his chair.

"Do we have a right to try him nevertheless?"

"Do you think he deserves a trial?"

"Definitely, that man is dangerous."

Major Brown emphasized his words by tapping a pencil on the
table.

"There is your answer."

Joachim Boeck bowed.

"In that case I accept your order."

Major Brown leaned over his desk.

"Get one thing straight, Boeck. De-Nazification is entirely in
German hands. Don't let anybody, German or American, tell you otherwise.
Is that clear?"

- 78 -

- 10 -

Is that correct?

German gauge. Don't let anybody, German or American, tell you otherwise.

"Get one thinking straight, Rock. Be-humiliation is entirely in Motor Brown's hands over the deck.

Touching Rock power.

"There is your answer."

Fable.

Motor Brown empaneled blue walls and tabbing a benefit on the
"definitely, that man is generous."

"Do you think he generates a trial?"

Touching Rock earln in his cranium.

"I know."

"We were forced to release him on orders of Lieutenant Bennett."

"Well."

"We had to arrest Kurt Heisner."

"What's the story, Heisner?" he asked.

He would attend to Lieutenant Bennett later.

Major Brown joined Rock in his orbit. He left the battle won.

"Yes, Herr Major."

"Kurt Heisner?"

Is one more subject I must dialogue with you."

"Thank you, sir. Before I accept your preceding order, there

- 79 -

Joachim Boeck nodded.

It was perfectly clear.

So, the proceedings against Karl Hetzner continued. Hearings were held. A date for the trial was set.

The case against Karl Hetzner was the climax of De-Nazification in Birkstadt. It was popular because it channelled a disliked policy into a safe direction. It was comforting because by trying Karl Hetzner one could prove that such a thing as idealism, a concept as steadfastness was not possible under the Hitler regime, that it was right to compromise with the powers that were. It demonstrated that individualism was not feasible, to stand against the mass inadvisable, that traditional concepts of morality were relative, that the present phase was only transitory until new factors, and the only factors that counted were power, appeared.

The case of Karl Hetzner thus became both a notice and a symbol; a notice to the conquerors that their basic policies were being conducted in a vacuum, that De-Nazification was senseless because no alternative existed.

And a symbol to the population of Birkstadt of the fallibility of their own conscience.

9

Karl Hetzner closed his eyes and listened to the night.

- 79 -

- 19 -

Karl Heßner closed his eyes and listened to the night.

Q

of their own conscience.

And a symbol of theabolition of Birkett of the Telfiillity
because no alternative existed.

Debunked in a vacuum, that De-Massification was senseless
symbol; a notice to the consumers that their basic policies were
The case of Karl Heßner thus became both a notice and a
command were power, abhorred.

Phase was only transitory until new factors, and the only factors that
that traditional concepts of morality were relative, that the present
individualism was not feasible, to stand against the same indispensable,
right to compromise with the powers that were. It demonstrated that
attitude was not possible under the Hitler regime, that it was
Heßner one could prove that such a thinking as idealism, a concept as
into a safe direction. It was comforting because by trading Karl
in Birkett. It was popular because it annealed a desired halo.

The case against Karl Heßner was the climax of De-Massification
were held. A date for the trial was set.

So, the proceedings against Karl Heßner continued. Hearings

It was perfectly clear.

toouim Boock nöbbet.

- 19 -

(A)

- 80 -

The darkness was all-embracing and impenetrable.

The fountain played unseen outside.

Across the square a light was burning in Wilhelm Habelt's window.

For the first time since the armistice, the trumpeter was again playing sentimental folk-songs from the tower. Karl Hetzner thought of his youth when the world looked mysterious, enchanting, worthwhile.

Karl Hetzner walked over to the window and looked into the night.

To-morrow would be the trial.

"The lost generation of to-day did not give their lives, but paid with their faith," he said.

The night before the trial of Karl Hetzner, Lieutenant Hassett could not sleep.

What would have happened, he thought, if Karl Hetzner had had the bigger elbows and pushed his way to the forefront? What might have been done? But then, I guess, there was never a chance of that. Men of ideals are very rarely men of action.

But that is just it. What is needed to-day are a few men, unrealistic though they may be by conventional standards, who in the hopelessness of the present keep the flame for individual dignity lit. Is not the cynicism of to-day merely a result of inner frustration? Is not the doctrine of materialism on the one side,

- 80 -

- 80 -

transituation? Is not the doctrine of materialism on the one side,
fit. Is not the curriculum of to-day merely a result of inner
the病because of the present keep the flame for individual clarity
unrealistic though they may be by conventional standards, who in
But that is just it. What is needed to-day are a few men,
of that. Men of ideas are very rarely men of action.
might have been done? But then, I guess, there was never a chance
but the bigger problems and pushed his way to the forefront? What
What would have happened, he thought, if Karl Heitner had
Heisert could not sleep.

The night before the trial of Karl Heitner, Lieutenant

but held with their staff." He said.

"The last generation of to-day did not give their lives,
to-morrow would be the trial."

right.

Karl Heitner walked over to the window and looked into the
worthwhile.

thought of his youth when the world looked mysterious, enchanting,
again playing sentimental folk-songs from the tower. Karl Heitner
for the first time since the armistice, the trumpeter was
window.

Across the square a light was burning in Wilhelm Heise's
the town hall played music outside.

- 80 -

(A)

- 01 -

and the idea that economic forces can solve all problems on the other,
just a refuge into nihilism? Don't their proponents see how basically
close to each other they are in fundamentals and how all if it boils
down to negating men's souls and treating the individual like a
mathematical equation? We must keep confidence in ourselves, in our
ideals. Sometime the tired people will ask themselves the question
we put to them on VE-day: "Why?" And then they will find that no
doctrine that does not recognize men's souls will satisfy, that each
man will have to make peace with himself, on precepts that are basic,
on conceptions that are universal.

We must keep faith in the basic values of Man. We must not
succumb to the cynicism that is merely a shell against disappointment.

A few of us must keep alive these principles so that they will
exist when they are most needed, a beacon to follow, an aim to attain . . .

Yet Lieutenant Hassett continued to toss in his bed. For he
remembered the young officer who, seeing a group of soldiers move up
to the front, had said:

"If I did not believe that this war is fought for ideals that
are lasting and for concepts that are good, I would say that there goes
a new lost generation."

The evening before the trial of Karl Hetzner, Joachim Boeck
was very restless. He put down his newspaper.

"Suppose we acquit him?" he asked.

"Acquit whom?" Frau Boeck replied.

- 81 -

- 81 -

"Agree whom?" Erich Bock replied.

"Subsooth we should him?" he asked.

The evening before the trial of Karl Heinzner, Joseph Boeck

a new class generation."

are leasing and for concepts that are good. I would say that there goes
"If I did not believe that this war I fought for ideas that
to the front, had said:

remembers the young officer who, seeing a crowd of soldiers move in
yet silentlement Hasseott continued to lose in his bed. For he
exist when they are most needed, a reason to follow, an aim to attain . . .

A few of us must keep alive these principles so that they will
enough to the citizen that is merely a shell against disabonnement.

on concepts that are universal.

man will have to make peace with himself, on concepts that are base,
doctrine that does not recognize men's souls will act like that each
we but to them on A.E.-day: "Why?" And then they will find that no
ideals. Sometimes the tired people will ask themselves the question
mathematical question? We must keep confidence in ourselves, in our
down to negotiating men's souls and treating the individual like a
close to each other they are in fundamentally and how all it will be
that a refuge into nihilism? Don't their proponents see how basically
and the ideas that economic forces can solve all problems on the other,

- 81 -

(D)

- 62 -

"Karl Hetzner."

"What of it?"

Very slowly, almost dreamily Joachim Boeck said:

"Do you think he could ever forgive me?"

Frau Boeck looked up. In a sudden wave of rebellion she
answered:

"There are certain things one can never be forgiven for."

Joachim Boeck picked up his newspaper.

"Yes," he said resignedly, "I . . . suppose so."

Joachim Boeck began to read.

The evening before the trial of Karl Hetzner, Major Brown
sent the following report to his headquarters:

"Subject: Lieutenant Hassett, First Lieutenant, AUS.

"Attention is drawn to the constant interference into German political life by Subject. On several occasions, Subject has intimidated members of the German De-Nazification tribunals. This culminated in the resignation of the chairman of the De-Nazification tribunal of Birkstadt, Joachim Boeck, whose co-operation as well as political background have been beyond reproach. This officer has been able to re-establish the situation this time.

"It is felt that Subject's activities are a definite hindrance to the establishment of democratic government in Birkstadt as well as to the carrying out of basic Military Government policies.

- 82 -

- 85 -

Government bondies.

Birkmattet an well as to the carrying out of public Ministry
influence to the establishment of commercial Government in.

"It is felt that Subjects' activities are a delimit
been able to re-arrange the situation this way.

Political background has been before rebranded. This officer has
tripled of Birkmattet, Toschinm Boock, whose co-operation as well as
eliminated in the resignation of the chairman of the De-Militiaion
instituted members of the German De-Militiaion tripartite. This
political file by Subject. On several occasions, Subject has
"Attention is drawn to the constant interference into German
Subject: Lieutenant Hacett, First Lieutenant, AUS.

The evening before the trial of Karl Hetner, Major Brown

Toschinm Boock began to read.

"Yes," he said resolutely, "I... suppose so."

Toschinm Boock picked up the newspaper.

"There are certain things one can never be forlornly for."

unanswered:

Trans Boock looked up. In a sudden wave of repulsion he
"Do you think he could ever forgive me?"

Very slowly, almost dreamily Toschinm Boock said:

"What of it?"

Karl Hetner."

- 85 -

"It is recommended that Subject be re-assigned to a position
giving less scope to his individualistic tendencies."

That evening a spokesman for the Office of Military Government,
U.S. Zone, made an announcement to the press:

"De-Nazification has been energetically pushed by the German people. Of 1 163 000 questionnaires submitted, all but 6 1/3 have been examined. Action has been taken on all but 4 1/3 of the examined Fragebogen. The major offenders are being brought to trial.

"The progress of Germany on the road to democracy is
entifying to observe . . ."