KISSINGER, HENRY A. / G *

DEC 2 0 1969

Dear Guido:

Many thanks for the copy of your dissertation.
I am glad to learn that I played some role in
its birth.

I am afraid that I will probably be in California
at the turn of the year, and so will miss you
while you are in Washington. Let's hope for
another time.

I gather that Peter Rodman has been in touch
with you about that most intractable of prob-
lems. Perhaps if the two of you solve it, we
will give you Vietnam.

Mr. Guido Goldman
West European Studies
+ Harvard University
471 Broadway
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138

HAK:TL:lds:12/19/69

RECEIVED

DEC 2 3 1969

CENTRAL FILES

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

WEST EUROPEAN STUDIES

471 BROADWAY
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02138

December 14, 1969

Dr. Henry A. Kissinger
The White House
Washington, D.C.

Dear Henry:

At long, long last I've sent down a copy of my dissertation, which I hope you may enjoy having. As you can see, it's a rather fastidiously detailed job, somewhat more so than I liked, but it seems to have gone down well with the department for whatever that's worth.

I think that you should know - although I doubt that you will believe it - that you really helped me in a very meaningful way to begin to write up my findings. Not only were you an inspiration, a friend and mentor for whom one has such unbounded respect and affection that it helps sustain all the drudgery of the endless hours of compilation and reformulation of a final draft. But you also helped me very concretely in several ways: first in teaching me something about asking the right question and secondly by getting me to confront my own apparent difficulty in completing a task and putting ideas to paper. I doubt that you will remember a talk we had in October, 1968. But it was that talk, and specifically what you said, that spurred me to write the first chapters. And despite all the subsequent tedium of the undertaking, somehow it finally got done. And I hope - despite all its Germanic qualities - that the manuscript may give you a little pleasure!

Otherwise life is hectic and you are very much missed. West European Studies is occasionally confronted by some of the same emotional vituperation that afflicted plans for the continuation of the GRP last spring, but perhaps that is the fate of all complex enterprises in this academic community. But I think we're making headway with a promising program and have our sights on a rather huge house (twenty-two rooms!) for next year (but not yet University Hall)!

The faculty is in much disarray and confusion. Your comments of last spring sound very prescient in retrospect. And I think we may have some very stormy months ahead.

I'm off for Paris middle of the week - and a few days in Germany. Please let me know if there's anything I can do for you. I hope to be back before the end of December and in Washington just around New Year's. It would be very nice to see you.

- 2 -

The flat in New York is almost restored to a livable condition: it's been painted and rewired and, although temporarily lacking a sofa, should be in good shape by the end of the week.

Should I not see you or talk to you before, I hope that the new year brings you much personal satisfaction and happiness and - if this is not asking too much - a solution to that most intractable of problems: how to gain access to your abundant personal papers and belongings which now seem anonymously scattered in various basements and attics along the eastern seaboard!

With fond regards.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
GERMAN RESEARCH PROGRAM

HENRY A. KISSINGER
Director (on leave)

January 8th, 1970

6 DIVINITY AVENUE
CAMBRIDGE
MASSACHUSETTS 02138

Dr. Ernst Coenen
Fritz Thyssen Stiftung
Habsburgerring 9
5 Cologne, Germany

Dear Dr. Coenen:

I hope that you have been very well since last I had the pleasure of talking with you in October.

As I mentioned at that time, the German Research Program has been off to an active start this past fall. Professor Uwe Kitzinger of Oxford University was in residence throughout the semester and conducted a seminar that focused on the study of contemporary West German politics in terms of the issues, significance and conduct of the recent federal election campaign. This seminar was well attended by students and research fellows.

Professor Erwin Scheuch (Cologne) and Rudolf Wildenmann (Mannheim) were also in residence for some weeks and spoke on a number of occasions. Both of their assistants, Hans Klingemann and Max Kaase, spoke at Harvard during visits to the United States. Catherine Kelleher, who has been an assistant professor of politics at Columbia University and now at Chicago, has begun a research fellowship on a part-time basis.

Unfortunately, a second research fellow (Neal Ascherson of London) scheduled for the spring will be unable to come this year. However, we do plan to have occasional seminars with visitors from Germany, among whom we hope to count Dr. Carl Carstens and Dr. Gerhard Stoltenberg. Plans for a series of occasional papers on important German issues have also developed further, and we hope to have the first in print by late spring. In any case, I will let you have a more detailed report, as in past years, by the end of February, in time for the board meeting of the Fritz Thyssen Stiftung.

You will, I am sure, be pleased to learn that the Ford Foundation has earmarked funds for the German Research Program in a recent grant to support West European Studies at Harvard University. Fifteen thousand dollars will be available annually for a three year period for the German Research Program from Ford, beginning in the current academic year. This means that the Program, which was begun through the generous grant of the Fritz Thyssen Stiftung, will be able to operate for at least another two years.

CONDUCTED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT AND THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

Dr. Ernst Coenen

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January 8th, 1970

It also means, especially since Mr. Ascherson will not be able to join us this spring, that we will not be spending the entire $32,500 that remains of the original grant from the Thyssen Stiftung to the German Research Program before the present academic year expires on June 30th. I hope that you will find it acceptable if we underspend somewhat this year and hold over the balance for the next academic year. If so, and on the basis of present projections, I would like to ask you to transfer $20,000 this year and to hold over the remaining $12,500 until the fall. I would be grateful if you could arrange to have a check for $20,000 sent to us by February 1st, if this is convenient for you.

I will be in Germany very briefly at the end of next week and will try to ring you by phone. Unfortunately, my stay will be limited to one or two days. But when I am over again for a longer time, it would be very nice to see you again and to discuss some of the many events that have occurred, both in your country and mine, since last we met.

Please convey my warm regards to Dr. Birrenbach and please accept these somewhat belated best wishes for the New Year.

cc. Dr. Henry A. Kissinger

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
WEST EUROPEAN STUDIES

KISSINGER, HENRY

February 24, 1970

Mr. Henry A. Kissinger
The White House
Washington, D.C.

Dear Henry:

I thought I should let you know that the Volkswagen grant, the application for which you initiated, has indeed come through. They awarded us $125,000 for a three-year period. The grant has been steered to the West European Committee and will be under Stanley's control pending your return. I want to express our gratitude for the effort you took, without which I doubt we would have been able to have the grant.

I thought you might like to have a copy of the little brochure that was put out recently describing West European Studies, which is enclosed.

The German Research Program had Uwe Kitzinger here in the fall semester and has invited Ronald Rogowski, who is an assistant professor at Princeton and who has done some interesting work on political attitudes in the Federal Republic. In the German Kennedy Program we had Rudolf Wildenmann and Erwin Scheuch here in the fall. Karl Carstens and Manfred Rexin will be coming in the spring; also Rix Lowenthal may give two lectures here in April. Finally, we are about to invite Herbert Wehner in the hope that he may be persuaded to pay a visit to Harvard, an idea which I think you at one time suggested. I wonder how he will respond.

RECEIVED

MAR 4 1970

CENTRAL OFFICE

## Purpose

West European Studies is a new program at Harvard this year. Established by a grant from the Ford Foundation, it is an interdisciplinary effort intended to promote the study of modern and contemporary West European affairs at Harvard. The program operates under the auspices and direction of the new Standing Committee on West European Studies in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and coordinates its activities with those in the European area at M.I.T. It is housed in a small, informal building at 471 Broadway, one block from the Harvard Yard. Here, in addition to offices for some visiting European students and professors and Harvard faculty members, are located a library, a student coffee lounge, and a small seminar room, as well as administrative offices. The library receives major West European newspapers and periodicals, several of them by air. Important reference books and a growing collection of basic contemporary historical and social science literature in the area are being acquired. Books that are required reading in some of the courses and seminars on West Europe are available for loan. The library is also sponsoring a survey into existing West European resources at Harvard, which will eventually detail holdings at the various University libraries (and M.I.T.), as well as collect information on West European research collections located elsewhere in the United States and abroad. Students from M.I.T. and other universities in the area are welcome.

## New Courses and Research

The program hopes to expand course offerings in the West European area. It has a special relationship to Government 289a & b, which is taught jointly with a number of distinguished scholars from Europe each year. In addition, Government 289c is a new offering this spring (also listed in the M.I.T. catalogue as 17.243). This seminar will consider and evaluate various

methods and techniques of research in the social sciences as they apply to the study of Europe. The opportunity for continuing research in Europe during the summer under the auspices of this seminar will be available on a limited basis. In addition, some funds will be provided for undergraduate summer research in connection with the preparation of senior honors theses and also for incidental graduate doctoral research costs, such as the acquisition of modest amounts of special materials. Some funds are also available for faculty research. Additional information can be obtained at 471 Broadway.

A number of new courses dealing with West European issues are being offered for the first time this year. Those available this spring, as well as some existing courses and seminars that are being offered during the spring semester, are listed below. Several of these courses (Soc. Sci. 123, Soc. Sci. 138, and Govt. 112b) will be showing films as part of the regular curriculum, some of which are being obtained with the support of West European Studies.

## Visitors

The program also seeks to enlarge, diversify, and coordinate the flow of short-term visitors with West European interests to the University. A West European faculty-student seminar has been organized this year, and a West European lunch group has been meeting regularly, each with special guest speakers, usually from outside the university. Research seminars surveying archival and special research facilities in Europe will meet throughout the spring. If interest develops, a number of non-credit student seminars may be organized for next year.

In addition to single-session visits by scholars in the field, a number of longer stays of West European scholars are being coordinated by the program. Three post-doctoral political scientists from Germany, Peter Lösche (Berlin), Wolf-

Dieter Narr (Konstanz), and Kurt Tudyka (Erlangen) are at Harvard as German Kennedy Memorial Fellows throughout the year. During the fall Professors Uwe Kitzinger (Oxford), Erwin Scheuch (Cologne), and Rudolf Wildenmann (Mannheim) were at Harvard for extended stays. Among visitors scheduled to be at Harvard for a week or more in the spring are Karl Carstens (former State Secretary in the Federal Chancellery in Bonn), Pierre Hassner (Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques in Paris), Federico Mancini (professor of law, University of Bologna), Richard Mayne (author of *The Community of Europe* and *The Institutions of the European Community*), Manfred Rexin (free-lance correspondent, Berlin), and Jean-Jacques Salomon (Director of Science Policy Division, OECD). Additional information about these visits is available at 471 Broadway (Ext. 4303).

Students and faculty who share an interest in the study of West Europe are encouraged to use the facilities of this new program. In addition, we draw your attention to the following courses this spring at Harvard and at M.I.T. (for which Harvard students may cross-register) which deal with the study of West Europe.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

WEST EUROPEAN STUDIES

April 13, 1970

Mr. Henry Kissinger
The White House
Washington, D.C.

Dear Henry:

I want to thank you for arranging for me to attend the White House
reception and the launching at Cape Kennedy. I enjoyed both very
much and also the opportunity to talk with some of the visiting
Germans.

But most of all, it was so good to see you again. The dinner on Saturday I thought was very lovely.

Enclosed is a copy of the *Crimson*, which reports on the disruptions and harassment at the Center last week. Apparently there is going to be more of the same throughout the university now that the weather has gotten better. You are lucky to be away from it all.

I look forward to seeing you soon again and remain, with warm regards,

["VOL. CL, NO. 50", "CAMBRIDGE, MASS., FRIDAY, APR", "NAC Protestors Disrupt\nCFIA Visiting Committee [1]", "By SAMUEL Z. GOLDHABER", "Two hundred students entered the Center for International Affairs (CFIA) shortly after noon yesterday and disrupted a meeting of the CFIA's Visiting Committee.", "The demonstration, organized by the November Action Committee (NAC), caused Visiting Committee members to file out of a second-floor meeting room and make their way through the crowd.", "The demonstrators then followed the Visiting Committee, shouting obscenities and \"Ho Ho Ho Chi Minh, Southeast Asia's going to win.\" Nevertheless, most committee members were able to scatter without further incident.", "For those who did not escape the protests' notice, there were four incidents of harassment. University authorities are investigating the initial disruption and ensuing events, but have not yet decided whether to press for any public prosecutions or internal disciplinary measures.", "Lunching at the CFIA", "By MARION E. McCOLLOM", "\"Great day for a riot, isn't it?\"", "We stood in front of Mem Church, listening to the NAC speakers and feeling the revolutionary sunlight. \"All right, let's move out. We're going to go have lunch at the CFIA,\" the speaker shouted.", "We moved with the crowd through the Yard and, down past the Busch-Reisinger. The crowd started to run and we ran, \"Ho, Ho, Ho Chi Minh\" they chanted and we clapped with the chant. I looked at Flip grinning through his moustache under his felt hat. \"This is my first opportunity to be a non-student outside agitator,\" he said. Win snipped pictures, Howard asked people for cigarette papers.", "I moved to the front of the crowd to play reporter, squeezed up the stairs into the meeting room, and scribbled notes as a grey-haired man read the CRR violation statement.", "\"Bullshit,\" the crowd chanted. Someone standing on a table in the back played Mickey Mouse on a wooden flute.", "The committee retired graciously through the crowd, and everyone milled out the door to follow them.", "\"Excuse me, sir,\" I said to a professor-looking man leaning on a door jamb.", "\"I hope so,\" he said. \"I'm hungry. across the hall. \"Do you know if the lunch is still going to be held?\"", "\"What do you think was the purpose of the demonstration?\" he asked.", "I started to explain that many students resented the presence and influence of government officials on campus, that they felt that CFIA research was used by the government to develop new weapons and new means of suppression. \"Why are these men on the visiting committee? What do they have to do with the CFIA?\"", "\"Mostly, they supply finances,\" he", "NEWS FEATURE", "said. \"They have the money, and we need the backing to do the kind of research we want to do.\"", "By this time, the last \"Ho Ho\" had faded down the corridor. Howard and Win were talking to small groups of faculty, who were gathering for lunch. The rest of the revolution had left with the committee.", "Flip came to my aid. \"You have to admit that the influence of this kind of man at the University is pretty ob-", "(Continued on Page Eight)", "NAC called the rally to protest shit.\" role that the CFIA plays in the committee. American foreign policy the not only does foreign policy res. They and planning, but also is directed at volved in the implementation of lot. ideas it produces,\" NAC claimed. chn J.", "The most serious incident octal, got behind the Harvard Square MB by the land, when Robert R. Bowie, di of the CFIA, and Joseph E. Johnst through vice-chairman of the Visiting Committee and president of the Carnegie in dowment for International Peace, inviced followed by demonstrators and tr. diff. in a taxi cab from 1:05 to 1:20.", "Bowie and Johnson insisted that Cox Cambridge police clear away the d. dreds of students surrounding Bowie, Archibald Cox '34, the University's professor who oversees demonstrates with Bowie and Johns. that he do not leave the cab.", "When they refused, Cox shouted Bob, you're just going to cause a. Speaking for the President, I as. to stop.\" At that point Bowie and son changed their minds and got a. of the cab.", "The Visiting Committee finally assumed its deliberations in mid-noon. At least one committee member was prevented from eating lunch after 2:15 p.m.", "NAC originally stated that Rob McNamara, a member of the Visiting Committee, would be coming to H.", "(Continued on page Five)", "Harvard Dramatic Club\nSpring Presentations", "April 9, 10, 11, 12,\n15, 16, 17, 18", "", "directed by Peter Well", "could have used a bit more \"sickness\" away (the fairytale answer to self-glorification any more). But the answer in self-seriously. But the answer to emphasis on them. Rolfie can emphasize on them. Rolfie can emphasize on them. Rolfie was not great seriousness or a. of Rolf's neuroses, but a. of Rolf's

Guido Goldman

1010 Memorial Drive
Cambridge, Massachusetts

KISSINGER, HENRY A.

April 30, 1971

Dear Henry,

I never did thank you for the very nice dinner
in Washington to which you were kind enough to in-
vite Nelly de Rothschild and myself. It was a very
nice evening, indeed.

I am off for a two-week trip to Europe next Tues-
day and would be delighted if you would want to use the
New York flat while I am gone. New phones have been
installed and I have given the numbers to Julie. So, I
hope there will be no more difficulty on that score. If
you would for any reason want to reach me while I am
gone, my secretary, Eileen Maney, would be able to
advise your office how best to reach me.

I very much look forward to seeing you when I
am back and remain with warm best wishes,

Mr. Henry Kissinger
The White House
Washington, D. C.

RECEIVED
MAY 5 1971
CENTRAL FILES

Guido Goldman

July 16, 1971

WHITING
KISSINGER, HENRY A. /G+

Dear Henry:

I trust you had a good trip!! What a well-kept surprise and brilliant move!

I should have written you earlier to thank you for the lovely party in Washington, which I enjoyed very much and in which you were very kind to include me.

Also, I want to thank you for having nominated me to the Council on Foreign Relations for membership. I was very pleased to learn that I have been elected.

I am planning to come to Washington Thursday afternoon and stay into the weekend. It would be lovely if there were a chance to see you.

For the moment I am with best wishes,

As ever,

RECEIVED

JUL 28 1971

CENTRAL FILES

GENERAL
0053-2
KISSINGER, HENRY A.

THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON

June 7, 1972

Dick:

Please keep this someplace handy for
next week. I understand that Guido will
be calling and may see Mr. Kissinger.
If he does, perhaps HK should have a
second chance to look at his most recent
letter before he comes in (which is this
one). If he doesn't get in, someone
should draft a regret at not being able to
see him and a response to this, I guess
maybe Peter unless you want to do it
yourself.

Julie

AUG 1 0 1972

CENTRAL FILES

5 BRYANT STREET
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02138

June 3rd, 1972

Dr. Henry A. Kissinger
The White House
Washington, D. C.

Dear Henry:

Welcome home and congratulations on your very successful
trip and negotiations in the Soviet Union.

I thought that you might like to have the enclosed memo-
randum on the German Marshall Fund, about which Dr. Alex
Möller spoke to you in November and which Chancellor Brandt
will be announcing at the memorial convocation for the Mar-
shall Plan at Harvard on June 5th.

As you will see, I will be Acting President of the new
Fund for one semester, while on leave from Harvard, and hope
to be based in Washington for several months' beginning in
September. I hope that this may mean that there will be more
opportunity of seeing you. I feel badly that I haven't been
in Washington more often this spring and haven't seen you for
such a long while.

I will be coming down the middle of this week and will
call your office to see whether it might be possible to meet,
although I would expect it to be a very busy week for you.

Let me also take this occasion - very belatedly - to
wish you a very good year and in the hope that you enjoyed
a festive and happy birthday. Next year, perhaps we can
celebrate the day properly on this side of the ocean!

With warm best wishes, I am

3. THE GERMAN MARSHALL FUND OF THE UNITED STATES

A MEMORIAL TO THE MARSHALL PLAN

A. BACKGROUND

The German Marshall Fund has been established on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Marshall Plan as a German memorial in the United States. It commemorates the generous assistance provided for the recovery of Germany and Europe by the Marshall Plan. A number of leading Germans, including Chancellor Willy Brandt, expressed the desire to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Marshall Plan with a magnanimous and constructive act on the part of their country. With this purpose in mind, the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany developed the plan to support the establishment of the German Marshall Fund in the United States. From the beginning, this Fund was conceived as an entirely American organization except for the provision of capital, which is to be German.

During the summer of 1971, the German cabinet designated Dr. Alex Möller, the former Finance Minister, to be its official representative in negotiating for the establishment of such a Fund. An American Planning Group of seven members was created to discuss and develop the details of this enterprise. It was chaired by Guido Goldman and included Harvey Brooks, Richard N. Cooper, Robert Ellsworth, Max Frankel, Thomas L. Hughes, and Howard Swearer. In addition to this Planning Group, an Honorary Committee of distinguished Americans, several of whom had participated in the shaping of postwar policy towards Europe, was established under the chairmanship of Douglas Dillon. Its members include James B. Conant, Gabriel Hauge, Milton Katz, John J. McCloy, James A. Perkins, and David Rockefeller, who were available to give advice to the Planning Group.

During the past winter, Dr. Möller paid two visits to the United States to inform leading American government officials of the developing plans and to discuss with the Planning Group and the Honorary Committee more concrete aspects of these plans as they emerged. In addition, Chancellor Brandt advised President Nixon of the German intentions during their meetings in Florida in December, 1971.

While planning continued on the American side, the German Bundestag passed legislation by unanimous vote of all three parliamentary parties to provide the capital of the Fund in the amount of 150 million marks in fifteen equal instalments to begin in June, 1972, on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the announcement of the Marshall Plan.

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The Planning Group asked David Ginsburg to serve as its legal adviser and counsel. Articles of Incorporation were filed in the District of Columbia and an exemption declaration as an independent, private foundation was requested from the Director of Internal Revenue. The full official name, "The German Marshall Fund of the United States - A Memorial to the Marshall Plan," was adopted as the title of the new foundation. A statement of purpose was drafted and adopted by the Planning Group. A summary of this document is attached. Basically, it defines three major areas of interest for the Fund:

(1) the comparative consideration of problems of advanced industrial societies in Europe, the United States and elsewhere.

(2) the study of problems of international relations that pertain to the common interests of Europe and the United States.

(3) support for the field of European studies.

Because the definition of the areas of interest is relatively broad, during the fifteen month period beginning in June, 1972, maximum effort will be directed to the preparation of an inventory of work in progress, to surveys of present capabilities and plans of existing research institutions and other foundations, both in Europe and the United States, and to the commissioning of a series of reports which will be helpful in selecting areas of priority for support. During this period the Fund will not consider unsolicited applications, but it may take the initiative in inviting applications for certain defined research projects.

Once the purposes had been defined and a structure developed which met with the full agreement of the German Government, the Planning Group saw its responsibilities as substantially complete. With the incorporation of the Fund, the Planning Group became the initial Board of Directors. At its first meeting, the Board elected four officers to serve at least until the next annual meeting, which is scheduled in March, 1973. The officers are Harvey Brooks (Chairman), Guido Goldman (Acting President), Robert Ellsworth (Treasurer), and Thomas L. Hughes (Secretary). Dr. Goldman will serve only until a full-time President, available on a more long-term basis, has been elected by the Board. In the interim, he will serve as Acting President and be available on a full-time basis while on leave from Harvard University.

The Board of Directors then set about expanding its membership. Five additional members have been elected to the Board. They are Judge Arlin Adams, Carl Kaysen, Donald M. Kendall, Elizabeth Midgley, and William M. Roth.

-6-

James A. Perkins: President of the International Council for Educational Development; former Vice President of the Carnegie Corporation (1950-63), President of Cornell University (1963-69), and Chairman of the Presidential General Advisory Committee on Foreign Assistance Programs (1965-68).

David Rockefeller: Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of the Chase Manhattan Bank; Chairman of the Board of the Council on Foreign Relations; Chairman of the Board of Rockefeller University; and Chairman of the Board of Trustees, the Museum of Modern Art, New York.

## C. SUMMARY OF THE STATEMENT OF PURPOSE

The German Marshall Fund of the United States is a foundation established on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Marshall Plan to commemorate its achievements and to develop new programs for future European-American cooperation. The Marshall Plan was a generous and far-sighted effort to support the recovery of Europe by providing American material resources and technical skills. In war-ravaged Europe of 1947 economic reconstruction and growth were the necessary prerequisites for all other political and social objectives and so these economic goals became the major focus for cooperation in the early post-war period.

Today the nations of Europe stand stable and prosperous, secure and dynamic. Their economic dependence on the United States has long since been replaced by economic relationships of equality, exchange and competition in trade, production and technology. At the same time that Europe recovered economic independence and initiative, however, new patterns of mutual interdependence were forged between Europe and the United States. The very success of the economic cooperation and the resulting economic progress inaugurated under the Marshall Plan raised new issues. Some of the pressing problems of today - monetary policy, trade liberalization, and the protection of the environment, for example - arose as products of this progress and can only be well managed through cooperative endeavor. It is appropriate, therefore, that a primary purpose of the German Marshall Fund should be to foster research, study, and exchanges of experts on the issues that will confront Europe and America and require such cooperative efforts in the next quarter century.

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## II.

The advanced industrial states of Europe and the United States face problems that are increasingly similar. As the concept of the standard of living sought by advanced industrial states broadens to include the quality of life as well as the sum and distribution of wealth, economic growth must be reconciled with other pressing social objectives. Technologies developed for industrial, scientific, and military purposes will be turned to use in other sectors of society. In striving for these new social goals, the question before advanced industrial states is not whether public power should be engaged but how it can best be used. It is clear that the most pressing problems of advanced industrial states - education, environmental protection, transportation and urban planning, or the delivery of social services - cannot be resolved by the increase of economic resources alone. They depend also for solution on the imagination and wisdom with which governments choose among alternative strategies for the direction of public and private resources.

Here European and American nations have much to learn from each other. For this learning to take place, the experience of different states in attempting to solve comparable problems must be widely disseminated and understood so that the range of alternatives considered by policymakers in any one country can be widened beyond national experience. By supporting research on common problems, by fostering contacts among individuals having parallel responsibilities or interests, and by encouraging efforts to better define spheres of common concern, the German Marshall Fund seeks to help Europeans and Americans to learn from each other in shaping the evolution of their societies.

The urgency of the domestic problems these societies face, is, however, only one of the reasons for renewing the bases of European-American cooperation. An equally compelling factor is the increasing interdependence among states on both sides of the Atlantic. Today a growing number of decisions a nation makes about affairs within its own boundaries may have a major impact on its neighbors and allies. The mass movement of workers across national frontiers in Europe, the deepening complexities of the international monetary and trade systems, and the transnational consequences of national policies on pollution and environmental protection are all characteristic of the interdependence of the nations of Europe and America. Many of these processes are barely beginning to be understood.

## III.

While giving priority to the study of common problems of European and American societies, the German Marshall Fund will also recognize the need to continue and increase the level of support for the field of European studies and for the study of problems of international relations that pertain to the common interests of Europe and America or which will affect the nature of East-West

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relations in the future. Subsumed under European studies would be language training, consideration of cultural policies, and social science research dealing with issues of recent and contemporary development in Europe. To understand Europe, it is essential not only to relate study to what is common to the American experience, but also to give attention to those distinctive factors which have been, and which will remain, decisive in shaping the course of events within Europe. It is precisely in this period of the growing similarity of the societies on both sides of the Atlantic that the problems which are peculiarly European and that account for the development of its nations in the present and recent past must be understood. We cannot learn from each other effectively unless we appreciate our differences as well as our similarities.

For many international issues of mutual concern, including those in the field of international relations, the perception as well as the reality is undergoing a rapid shift. Certainly the movement towards European integration, changes in East-West relations, the role of international organizations, and the efforts to find improved economic and security arrangements will be of continuing importance in the years ahead and must receive continuing scholarly attention.

In defining these fields of study, the Fund may also support research on topics and issues which relate developments in Europe and the United States to those in other areas of the globe. While the emphasis remains on Europe and the United States, the study of comparable problems elsewhere in the industrial world, such as Japan or Canada, is included within the scope of the Fund.

Not the least of the common concerns of the advanced industrial societies is their changing relationship to the lower income countries. The search of the wealthier nations for a right relationship to the less developed countries is a subject which goes considerably beyond the more traditional subject of "development economics" or the social scientific studies of societies in the less-developed world.