January 31, 1955

Mr. Milton Katz
The Ford Foundation

Dear Mr. Katz:

When Mr. Robert Blum of the Asia Foundation was recently in
Cambridge, he suggested that you might be interested in knowing something
about the activities of the International Seminar which has been held here
each summer since 1951. I am therefore taking the liberty of writing to tell
you something about its inception and the program we conduct.

The Seminar originated in the belief that existing exchange programs
failed to provide an opportunity to a group on the verge of reaching positions
of leadership in their countries. We thought particularly of the generation
which matured during the war and witnessed the despair and destruction of its
aftermath. Too old for existing student exchange programs, too active to
leave their countries for extended periods, these men and women have felt
isolated and, too often, have sought refuge in a narrow nationalism or hope-
less pessimism. It was our belief that a meeting of the most promising
representatives of this group in an atmosphere of tolerance, created by a
privately sponsored program would go far to promote a better appreciation of
common problems and of America's deeper values.

We therefore invited each year forty individuals equally divided between
Europe and Asia, together with a few outstanding young Americans. They have
included a number of editors, legislators, government officials and labor
leaders, as well as representatives from literary, academic and artistic circles.
We have made no effort to "sell" America to our participants and this may have
been the major cause for our success. Instead, we have exhibited the United
States in all its plurality, inviting representative speakers from all walks of
life, including Eleanor Roosevelt, Harold Stassen, Thornton Wilder, Robert
Moses, Joshua Logan, James Burnham and McGeorge Bundy. I will not say that
our participants arrived disliking the United States and left as enthusiastic
supporters. The change has been more subtle. Even those who left with some
misgivings nevertheless were convinced that the stereotypes of their nationalist
press were false. Since they have the media of communication of their countries
at their disposal, their impact has been considerable. One Japanese broadcaster
delivered a series of fifteen-minute talks about the United States, a German
poet has written several articles, a Pakistan philosopher is writing a book
attacking the myth of a "materialist" United States, an Indonesian editor
devoted two numbers of his journal to a discussion of the optimistic American
approach to common problems. At the same time, all the participants have acquired
a greater awareness of the problems of other countries, and one of the most

Mr. Milton Katz

2.

January 31, 1955

useful results of our Seminar has been the cultural exchange which has been started among the participating countries, for the participants are now writing for journals in the other countries, keeping each other informed about academic, political and cultural events.

Our 1954 session was, I believe, well up to the levels of previous years. One of the most significant results has been the formation of the Harvard International Seminar Association between former Seminar participants. Through this Association they will attempt to keep in touch with each other, to help each other during visits to foreign countries, and to assist us both in selecting and, to a limited amount, in raising money to transport Seminar participants to this country. At the same time, our Asian participants are attempting to organize a congress of former Asian Seminar members to be held in Bombay next fall. I am enclosing some copies of letters from former participants which I think will indicate the warm feeling that persists through the years, and the enthusiasm with which the formation of the Association has been received. I thought you might also be interested in seeing the enclosed lists of participants for the last three years.

At present we are busy with plans for the 1955 Seminar, and we hope to have participants of as high a caliber as in previous years. We have already received several very promising applications from all parts of the world.

With kind regards.

HAK:jm

Enclosures

Encyclopaedia
HAK:Jm

Henry V. Kraefter

Sincerely yours,

With kind regards.

received several very broadening specifications from all bars of the world.
to have barterbants of as high a clipper as in brevetons bars. We have already
At present we are play with brine for the 1822 Seminr, and we hope

for the last three bars.

thought you might see be interested in seeing the encyclopedias of barterbants
entirely with which the formation of the Association has been received. I
think will indicate the warm feeling that barterbants through the bars, and the
talk. I am enclosing some copies of letters from former barterbants which I
organize a congress of former Vatav Seminar members to be held in Bompas next
for this country. At the same time, our Vatav barterbants are attempting to
ing and, to a limited amount, in raising money to transport Seminar barterbants
across other countries giving letters to take them countries, and to seat them both in select-
ate Association schools will attempt to keep in touch with each other, to help
International Seminar Association between former Seminar barterbants. Through
bars. One of the most significant results has been the formation of the Harman
Our 1824 session was, I believe, well to the results of previous
results, barter and entire eventa.

writing for Jomvra in the other countries, keeping each other informed about
started among the barterbating countries, for the barterbants are now
needed results of our Seminar has been the entire exchange which has been

Mr. Milton Kats

S.

January 31, 1822

Law School of Harvard University

Cambridge 38, Mass.

DIRECTOR
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STUDIES

February 3, 1955

Mr. Henry A. Kissinger
Harvard University International Seminar
10 Weld Hall

Dear Henry:

Thank you very much for your letter of January 31st. I have read it with interest and pleasure, and I will circulate it to several of my colleagues. We've all been aware of this admirable work in a general way, and it is helpful to have more specific information about it.

We have been trying to get Bob Blum to set up at one or two points in Asia something equivalent to the Salzburg Seminar. Tentatively, he expressed interest and hazarded the guess that your Summer School and alumni might perhaps provide the nucleus around which such an Asian institution could be organized.

MK/mmm

477 MADISON AVENUE
NEW YORK 22, NEW YORK

May 13, 1959

Dr. Henry Kissinger
Harvard University
Center for International Affairs
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Dear Henry:

I enjoyed breakfast with you this morning but, as usual, there simply was not enough time.

Dr. Emory Ross informs me that the Christian Academy in South Africa was formed by the Dutch Reformed Churches to study social and other problems, and that it consists basically of business and professional people interested in religion.

I called Phil Talbot of American Universities Field Service, who informs me that Ned Munger will be leaving the Union about the end of June, and may or may not be available upon your arrival in Capetown. In case you want to correspond with him directly his address is as follows:

Mr. Edwin S. Munger
Box 3076
Capetown,
Union of South Africa

Ned is a geographer from the University of Chicago who has spent a great deal of time in the Union of South Africa, and is particularly well versed on the political situation in the Union. I suspect that he understands the Afrikaner and Dutch Reformed Church points of view as well as any American.

In view of your limited time, I will restrict myself to two other contacts: Mrs. Ellen (Hellman) Koch, who can be reached via the Institute of Race Relations in Johannesburg; and the other is Donald McGregor of the Lewis Construction Company in Capetown. I will try to provide further information about them as well as letters of introduction before the end of the week. With best wishes.

THE FORD FOUNDATION

477 MADISON AVENUE
NEW YORK 22, N. Y.

May 15, 1959

Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, Associate Director
Harvard University
Center for International Affairs
6 Divinity Avenue
Cambridge 38, Massachusetts

Dear Henry:

After writing my letter of the 13th, I learned that Ned Munger is departing for the Rhodesias on or about 1 June. It's too bad you won't be able to see him.

Enclosed are letters to Mrs. Ellen Hellman Koch and Mr. Donald McGregor which I am sending to you as requested in your letter of the 4th.

I will be most interested in learning of your reactions to
the Union.

Enclosures - 2

THE FORD FOUNDATION

477 MADISON AVENUE
NEW YORK 22, N.Y.

May 15, 1959

Mrs. Ellen Helms Koch
c/o The South African Institute of Race Relations
P.O. Box 97
Johannesburg
Union of South Africa

Dear Ellen:

This letter will serve to introduce my good friend, Dr. Henry A. Kissinger, Associate Director of the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, who has done outstanding work in the field of international affairs. Among other things, he is the author of an important book, "Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy", and was staff director for a series of studies of public policy issues which was undertaken by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.

During recent years Henry and I have frequently talked about Africa, and I have been delighted to learn recently that he has now been invited to deliver several lectures in the Union of South Africa at the request of the Christian Academy in South Africa.

I have urged him to call upon you if his schedule permits, and if convenient to you. I know it would be very helpful to him if you could discuss with him the racial situation in the Union, the work of the Institute of Race Relations, and perhaps introduce him to Quintin Whyte, Fred Van Wyk and others who work on this front.

I am most anxious of Henry and wish I were going along with him. It seems such a long time since I last visited with you in Bronxville and a much longer time since I was last in Africa.

Anne and I have been busily involved in African affairs in New York and elsewhere, and there is much to write about. I hope that I will be able to write at greater length during the next few weeks when we will be on vacation in Washington and in Indiana.

With my very best wishes to you and your husband.

August 31, 1959

Mr. Melvin J. Fox, Program Associate
International Training and Research Program
The Ford Foundation
477 Madison Avenue
New York 22, New York

Dear Mr. Fox:

Thank you for your letter of August 24 with respect to the application of the Christian Academy. I attended two of their conferences, one at Winterton in Natal, the other in Cape Town. As I understand it the Christian Academy seeks to bring together the English and Dutch communities and to contribute to a somewhat more enlightened approach to the problems of South Africa. Obviously, this is a major task and not always fully successful. For example, at one conference at Winterton several of the Dutch people left because the evening prayer was said in English. To me this would seem to indicate the difficulty of the task rather than any inadequacy of its performance. The two conferences I attended tried very hard to discuss foreign policy in an intelligent manner and considering the isolation which is endemic in South Africa, I think that it did a good job. They managed to attract very high level people: In Winterton may industrialists from Johannesburg and some academicians, in Cape Town governmental leaders, industrialists, and academicians. In both cases, the participants commented to me that this was a unique opportunity to meet people from different fields.

The organization is in the hands of Dr. Bofinger who is originally a German, but then perhaps it takes an outsider to bring the two communities together.

All together it struck me as a worthwhile enterprise.

All good wishes.

WESTBOURNE
BRONXVILLE 8, NEW YORK

October 1, 1959

Dear Henry:

First of all, let me tell you how pleased I am that, at long last, your research efforts are to be supported by Ford Foundation. I hope this result will help to explain my restraint when talking with you in Cambridge.

It appears almost certain that I will not be able to bring you and Fred Arkhurst of Ghana together for lunch before I depart for Asia. However, I hope that the two of you will meet before Fred returns to Ghana at the end of this session of the general assembly.

Fred now hopes to complete an assignment at home and to return here, if possible, about a year from now. I remain convinced that he would be an outstanding candidate for your center.

Time and problems arising in connection with my forthcoming travel to Asia have prevented me from completing a paper on Africa for N.R. I regret this exceedingly and I see no way of finishing such a document before my departure on October 13. Perhaps I can call you about this next week.

Anne and I greatly enjoyed being with you and your family last month. Our best wishes to all of you.

October 9, 1959

Mr. J. Wayne Fredericks
Westbourne
Bronxville 8, New York

Dear Wayne:

Thank you for your letter of
October 1st, which reached here while
I was in Europe for a week. Actually,
it will be much easier to bring Arkhurst
here from Ghana, and I will do anything
possible for next year.

I am sorry you could not do
the piece before leaving, but I hope
you will call me as soon as you return,
so that we might at least discuss where
we stand.

All good wishes.

SHIELDS & COMPANY

MEMBERS OF NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE
44 Wall Street, New York 5, N. Y. - Whitchall 3-5300

INVESTMENT
RESEARCH
DEPARTMENT

Weekly Market Letter

December 29, 1959

I'M ON THE FENCE ABOUT 1960

They say that Nixon is the favorite candidate of the Republican professionals - as things stand now, the Republicans are now Nixon's favorite professionals. He is the only candidate they have - and they will have to follow his lead - this shouldn't be hard because Nixon is a real Republican professional but it is, after all, a fact because it's Nixon who has a chance to be President, not they and therefore since he is now in supreme command of the party's hopes, he can and probably will deviate from Republican orthodoxy if it gets votes.

The effect of the clear field that he now has as a Republican leader should be felt soon in the steel wage negotiations. Steel management thought it had Ike's support when the strike started because of the remarks that Ike had made about stopping inflation. Ike's feelings about inflation and the role that periodic increases of wages play in creating it probably were formed by his old friend George Humphrey. These views, certainly were shared by Chairman Blough of U.S. Steel and his fellow officers and if you look at old copies of past U. S. Steel annual reports you will get the impression that 71 Broadway is the fountainhead of a national managerial movement to stop wage increases which management believes exceed productivity increases. At the beginning of the strike steel management in particular and management in general had every reason to feel that it had strong Administration backing.

As time went on it probably began to feel less sure and now I should think it has no assurance at all. The reason it had reason to feel less sure is that Ike is not temperamentally a rigid person. The concept that wage increases must be stopped in order to stop inflation was not his original concept - it couldn't be since he is not by training or experience an economist or businessman. It sounded good to him coming from men he respected but as the strike wore on Ike probably began to wish that the issue could be compromised. Now this wish probably is going to be re-enforced by the practicalities of politics. As the Republican presidential hopeful Nixon doesn't have any votes to throw away and if the leaders of the party want him to win - and they are to a large extent also the leaders of big business, they will have to go along with a retreat from the exposed position which the rigid position of steel management has got them in.

This will be a bitter blow to steel management and especially to Chairman Blough who has led the best organized and longest lasting fight against the large unions that management has waged so far. The homogeneity of management has been remarkable, not only in the steel industry but out of it, but continued homogeneity of management won't win the 1960 elections for Nixon - he's going to need a few labor votes. Since Blough, in my estimate, is not a compromising person, having trained for the ministry as a young man he has, it seems to me, a considerably greater feeling of the satisfactions of martyrdom than Nixon. I don't think it's certain that U. S. Steel will be willing to compromise. It seems likely to me though that the united front of management will be broken. One reason it will be broken is that some of the other steel companies have no real concern with some of the issues developed during the strike - noticeably the issue of work rules. Having modern plants they don't have any current work rule problems. If U. S. Steel no longer has political support, it seems to me that these companies will break away from the Blough-Humphrey leadership. From the point of view of winning a battle against the unions this might be the best strategy. If U. S. and perhaps one or two allies stuck it out they could create a situation where there would be no national emergency in respect to steel but tremendous pressure could be exerted against a major portion of the union leadership. Thus both the conservatives who decided to really stand battle and the politicians who don't want a fight but who are basically allied to the conservatives might get their ends.

The steel situation will become clarified in a few weeks, in the meantime I would expect a draggy market - there is no sign as this is written of the sort of pulse that

This memorandum does not constitute an offer to buy any security. The material herein has been obtained from various sources and is not guaranteed to be correct. It is the policy of the company or companies on the issue to be the first to state any official position with further details. Portion of one of the four Shelds & Company

["-2-", "brings a strong rally early in the New Year. Of course it's early to tell. The accountants are still horrifying their clients with estimates of their tax liabilities and tax selling can be done the rest of the week. Still I don't get the feeling that the year start really is going to amount to much. On the other hand I don't see any collapse. I think if you pick up some stocks on softness this week you can make some money next week. I have several favorites which haven't done well this year - like Anaconda (63 5/8), Air Products (o-t-c) (45 - 46) and I should think they should do well next week. Anaconda will have a very nice fourth quarter report - while it has lost production in America it has more than made this up from its foreign mines - at these prices copper production is very, very profitable. They were mum when I talked to them about keeping up the new $1 quarterly dividend - they can do it easily if copper stays at around 30¢ but then they may start another major expansion program - my guess would be that it will be done in aluminum, not copper, and they may want to save their money - still expansion in aluminum could mean more to the market than maintaining the new $1 a quarter dividend so the stock looks good at this level, certainly for a one week's play after tax selling pressure is off.", "This time last year I said the market could get to 700 on the Dow in 1959 and it got to 678, so it's a guess I should talk about. My predictions on some individual issues weren't so hot - I said \"If Anaconda doesn't reach 80, if A.C.F. doesn't get to 64, if Erie doesn't pass 15 then there's going to be a lot wrong with what I've been thinking about 1959.\" So there was a lot wrong. On the other hand I liked Ford at 49 and Motorola at 59. That's a stock I wish I'd bought. As Fortune said, my record is spotty, those customers who land on the right spot think I'm terrific - one of those who didn't expressed himself recently at a dinner party of which I got a report. I told Golda - \"you should always tell me the unpleasant things people say, I know they are sincere.\"", "So what about 1960? I don't have a strong feeling about 1960. Last year the Dow was just under 600, now it's just under 700 - last year Ford was 50, now it's 90 - naturally there are going to be great opportunities in 1960 as there were in 1959 but we also have to recognize that since a great many opportunities were exploited in 1959 we have to check carefully as to what those of 1960 are.", "There is no reason not to agree with all those who say that 1960 will be a great year for business but business and the market are never entirely the same thing. One of the characteristics of the market in recent months has been extreme concentration of interest in stocks where very optimistic estimates of future progress seem possible. Speculators are no longer interested in companies with 10% or even 15% growth trends. The stocks which have attracted interest are those where spectacular forecasts seemed justified. What happens when a forecast of this type is chilled is illustrated by Ampex which fell about 20% in the last week. Since its high of 137 the market value of Ampex has gone down $84 million and it's tempting to think that it is now cheap, but at 100 the stock is still valued at over $240 million and is still selling for 55 times the annualized rate of earnings of the most recently reported quarter. A week ago a lot of people thought this was cheap because they were figuring that Ampex had it made when it came to video tape, to making feed in and take out mechanisms for fast computers and in research in a new field of recording called thermoplastic recording. But it appears that General Electric is at least as advanced as Ampex in thermoplastic recording. No one in Wall Street knows whether thermoplastic recording will prove practical in a big way, or how soon or whether G.E. really is ahead of Ampex, and they also don't know who else may get into the act of what is doing in the numerous research laboratories of Eurasia. They didn't know last week either, but they thought they did - this week they know they don't and so the difference of thinking they know when they don't and knowing they don't is $50 million at this time.", "Maybe they'll regain confidence, maybe they'll lose still more - the point is they never did know. There is no way that they could. We people in Wall Street cannot possibly keep up with all that's going on in research. There are one or two security analysts who are technically trained to understand and keep up with a lot that is going on but most of us wouldn't know the wiring of a diode from the prong of a fork unless we were told and even those who know and those who don't but make a well organized try can't keep up with all that is going on.", "This means that when stocks sell at very high ratios to their current sales they are extremely vulnerable to the sudden realization by investors that they really don't know what they are investing in. These high ratios - not only in Ampex but in Fairchild Camera (132), General Time (111 7/8), Air Products (o-t-c) (45 - 46), High Voltage Engineering (o-t-c) (60 1/2 - 62 1/2), Polaroid (179 1/2), Perkin-Elmer Corp. (o-t-c) (29 - 30), Farrington Manufacturing Co. (o-t-c) (70 - 72) to take as examples some I have recommended and some I have not can only be justified by continuous progress of a most unusual order of magnitude. Some companies can do it, perhaps those I like.", "This memorandum does not constitute an offer to sell, or the solicitation of an offer to buy, any security. The material herein has been obtained from various sources and is not guaranteed by us to be accurate or authenticity. It does not purport to include all the information available on the matter, nor does it purport to state or indicate any opinion of ours with respect to the business, financial condition or prospects of the company or companies of the issuer. The statements and opinions contained herein are based upon information available to us at the time of this memorandum. There can be no assurance, express or implied, that the information contained herein will not be changed. We disclaim any responsibility for accuracy or completeness of the information contained herein. We disclaim any responsibility for accuracy or completeness of the

-3-

perhaps those chosen by someone more astute, but can as many do it as have done it so far? My answer is no. I think a large part of the market especially of the stocks which have really been carrying the market in recent months is vulnerable to a sudden realization by investors that the spectacular progress they have been so enthusiastic about may be much briefer than they thought - that the competition in the area of research is extremely keen and that only a most unusual company can hope to maintain a very high profit margin and a very rapid rate of gain over a long enough period of years to justify selling for 30 or 50 or in some cases near 100 times current earnings. This boom in science stocks will end as all booms have ended not because the companies don't do well but because investors take a normal rather than an abnormal attitude toward what they are buying. They will recognize that they have to allow some margin of safety for the dangers of business - they allow this in other stocks - they allow plenty for the railroads and rail equipments, they are allowing plenty for the oils, non-body is predicting that Ford will go to 200 even though it does earn $10 a share in 1960 because everyone knows that in 1961 it may earn less - when investors take the same sort of sensible point of view toward electronics, computers, etc., that they do toward chemicals, utilities, etc., a great many of the presently booming issues will sell lower. I wouldn't expect the electronics to be appraised in a lowly way like the rails - that would be a rather stupid point of view - but something nearer the present appraisal of first class chemical stocks seems a reasonable possibility. In figuring price-earnings ratios the true figure is not the price versus the net after all charges but the price versus the net after taxes but before depreciation. Thus Dow's earnings before depreciation but after taxes will be about $6.50 this fiscal year which means that at 100 it was selling for 15.5 times earnings. I.B.M. should have earnings on this basis of about $23 and is selling for 19 times this cash flow - Ampex which has relatively little invested in plant also has a rather small depreciation charge - this amounts to only 20% a share. Assuming that Ampex earns $2.00 a share a year, it is now selling for 42 times earnings and at its high was selling for 4 times earnings. I have no grudge against Ampex, it seemed too high last week compared to Telephone - it's much better priced this week but I wouldn't call it cheap. Another stock which has very little cash flow income from depreciation is Polaroid - it amounts to less than 50¢ a share. The importance of taking total income including depreciation into account is the clue this gives you as to whether a company can finance a very rapid growth without selling a good deal more stock. At any rate the real income a management has to work with is its total cash flow, not just its reported earnings. On this basis I must admit that I.B.M. comes out better than I had thought - it would be very hard to prove that it was higher priced than Dow selling at roughly 15 times cash flow or Union Carbide which is selling at 16 times. To find a company that is selling much cheaper on a cash flow basis you have to look at the income account. I think like Anacorda which is selling for about 6 times its income before depreciation but after taxes. Let's agree that a company operating in a difficult industry like copper should, through it is capable managed and has a division operating in a growth industry like aluminum, sell at a much lower ratio to its earnings than a brilliantly original company like Ampex, I.B.M. or Polaroid - the question of how much must at some point become significant. It must become even more significant when a company like Anacorda is compared to numerous flimsy, untested new companies, making products which are not really unique or proprietary but which in some cases are selling at something like infinity times earnings.

My reason for being on the fence about the 1960 market is that there is a big gap between the investor interest in well run, well known companies which operate in basic but not rapidly growing business which however make a lot of money and companies operating in new industries. This gap is understandable but it may be too much - too much money may have been siphoned off from well thought out investments or from the bank and put into stocks representing business efforts which the investors really don't understand. When they do understand them they may not think as much of them as they do now. This type of careless buying is bound to be liquidated sometime and if it gets to be done on a big enough scale it can bring quite a serious reaction in the market. I don't know whether the scale is really dangerous - I am told that French brokers are advertising in the Paris Herald that they will carry American securities on a 50% margin. There is no law against an American opening an account with a French broker - or some other European broker - and there is nothing the Federal Reserve can do to stop the foreign broker from lending the American more money than he can borrow here.

The speculative point of view has crept into everyone's mind to some extent - we are all buying in order to sell to someone else rather than to keep for really long term development and the present level of stocks reflects this point of view; it reflects the speculative money borrowed in foreign sources and in other ways that circumvent the desire of the Federal Reserve Board to cut down speculation in stocks, therefore in making a prediction for 1960 one has to consider that while business probably will

This memorandum does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any security. The material here's has been obtained from various sources and is not guaranteed by us to be accuracy or otherwise. It does not purport to include all the information available on the mentioned company. We are not responsible for the regular publication of this or any official prospectus. The views expressed in this memorandum are those of the writer and may have a position in the securities mentioned above.

be as good as is generally predicted, the market could follow a confused course. I don't see a crash coming but I do see the possibility of a substantial correction developing - if the market is going to show real upside strength for the early part of the year it should show it in January - if the steel strike isn't settled in January I would expect the market to be mildly weak. The farthest I want to go with a 1960 forecast is for next week when I expect stocks to be higher than they are now.

SHIELDS & COMPANY
PER: WALTER K. GUTMAN

WKG:js1

This memorandum does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any security. The material herein has been obtained from various sources and is not guaranteed by us to its accuracy or authenticity. It does not purport to include all the information available on the matter, company or companies, as the case may be. The reader is referred to the regular statistical services, company reports and any official prospectus for further details. Partners of and to the Firm of Shields & Company in the normal course of business may have a position to the securities disclosed above.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

6 DIVINITY AVENUE
CAMBRIDGE 38, MASSACHUSETTS

March 10, 1960

Mr. J. Wayne Fredericks
The Ford Foundation
477 Madison Avenue
New York, New York

Dear Wayne:

Just a note to thank you for forwarding Louis Wiznitzer's application to the proper people. I appreciate it very much.

The book is coming along a little slower than I thought it would, but I am hopeful that I will be able to finish the first draft within about six weeks. I'm now working on Arms Control and then want to rework my Reporter article "The Policymaker and the Intellectual."

All the best.

December 1, 1961

Mr. Shepard Stone
The Ford Foundation
477 Madison Avenue
New York, New York

Dear Shep:

I understand that the application for a joint
Soviet-American study group on disarmament is being considered
by the officers of the Ford Foundation. In case there is any
doubt, I would like to reiterate my support, already expressed
in the formal submission to the Foundation.

I realize that the political climate over the last
months has not been too propitious. But it has always seemed
to me that efforts of this kind should not be made dependent
on the political climate, for their real function is to
elaborate an intellectual framework should an opportunity for
a real settlement arise. Another way of putting it is to make
certain that we do not miss an occasion for a settlement because
we have not done our homework.

Needless to say, I would be willing to continue serving
on the steering committee for this group.

Kind regards.

Henry V. Kiesinger

Sincerely yours,

Kind regards.

Needless to say, I would be willing to continue serving
we have not done our homework.

certain that we do not miss an occasion for a settlement because
a real settlement area. Another way of hitting it is to make
elaborate an intellectual framework should an opportunity for
on the political climate, for their real function is to
to me that efforts of this kind should not be made dependent
months has not been too briefsions. But it has always seemed
I realize that the political climate over the last
in the formal submission to the foundation.

don't. I would like to reiterate my submission, already expressed
by the officers of the Ford Foundation. In case there is any
Soviet-American study group on disarmament is being considered
I understand that the application for a joint

Dear Sue:

New York, New York
421 Madison Avenue
The Ford Foundation
Mr. Sperard Stone

December 1, 1961

THE FORD FOUNDATION

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS PROGRAM

Please reply to:

Eric Stevenson
1666 Connecticut Avenue
Washington 9, D. C.

Telephone: 234-9350

May 22, 1963

Professor Henry A. Kissinger
Center for International Affairs
Harvard University
Cambridge 38, Massachusetts

Dear Professor Kissinger:

The International Affairs Program of The Ford Foundation is bringing up to date its 1960 inventory of public and private research in arms control, disarmament, and related subjects. It is attempting to study the respective roles of, and cooperation between, government and private research efforts.

I am serving as a consultant for this study. We are, of course, familiar with your work on arms control in *Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy* and *The Necessity for Choice* and a number of published magazine articles. Would you, however, be kind enough to write me in Washington to let me know if you have done any research in the past two years in this field which has not been published? Are you now engaged in research involving arms control and disarmament? If so, please describe it. We would also appreciate knowing how this research was or is sponsored and, if appropriate, the nature and amount of financial support involved.

It would be very helpful to have your views on research gaps that you believe to exist in the field of arms control, disarmament or closely related subjects. Your thoughts and comments on the proper role for public and private research would be greatly appreciated.

Thank you very much for your cooperation.

January 13, 1964

Professor Robert R. Bowie
Director
Center for International Affairs
Harvard University

Dear Bob:

When we first received the Ford grant for defense
studies in 1959, we agreed on one basic principle. That
was that we would not launch "projects" that had to be
organized, staffed, and supervised in accordance with some
overall program. We preferred instead to find individual
scholars, or government officials who could become scholars,
who had a pretty good idea of the research they wanted to
do and who appeared capable of doing it substantially on
their own. We wanted to provide them salaries and facilities
to do their own independent research, but not to organize
them into a program. This was not because we thought "pro-
jects" were a poor way to get research done in general, but
simply because we preferred our center -- in contrast to
some other institutes -- to become a center for individual
scholarly research and a place in which the people were
individually exciting.

That was unquestionably the right thing to do. We have not
only had an extraordinary record of successful research and
writing, but we have brought people who benefited the entire
academic community. The list of people we have brought to
the Center, and of the work they have completed, is an
impressive one. These individuals account for the largest
part of our expenditure of funds from the defense-studies
grant. In approximate chronological order, we have supported
the following people:

1. Henry S. Rowen came on leave from the RAND Corporation to do a monograph on defense economics. His year was interrupted by a call to the New Frontier in the position

R. Bowie

1/13/64

2

of Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for
International Security Affairs. He did not
complete the monograph but he contributed
enormously to the initiation of the Harvard-MIT
Arms Control Seminar here at the Center, and to
others who were doing their research. Given
the importance of his Washington assignment, we
think we can be happy we gave him half a year
in this environment and cannot begrudge his
departure.

2. Morton H. Halperin completed a book, *Limited War in the Nuclear Age*, which was published by John Wyley and Sons last year. He also published a number of articles and, by his published work and participation in conferences, became known both here and abroad as a major contributor to defense studies.

3. Robert A. Levine was brought here from the RAND Corporation for a year during which he started and finished a book, *The Arms Debate*, published last summer by Harvard University Press. This book, like Halperin's, has received a good deal of attention; during the same year, Levine published articles in several journals.

4. Lawrence S. Finkelstein, Vice-President of the Carnegie Endowment, was brought here for a year during which he completed several articles, one of which was journal length and became a complete issue of *International Organization*.

5. David Galula, retired Colonel of the French Army with experience in Indo-China, Greece, and Algeria, as well as intelligence experience in Hong Kong, was brought here for a little over a year and completed a book, *Counterinsurgency Warfare*, to be published by Frederick A. Praeger, within the next few months. We are convinced that this is a unique contribution.

6. James L. Richardson, an Australian Fellow at Nuffield College, was brought here for two years. His manuscript on Germany and West European Defense is now complete and will undoubtedly go into publication shortly.

R. Bowie

1/13/64

Richardson has been made A Fellow at
Balliol College, the first fellowship in
defense studies, we believe, to be estab-
lished at Oxford. In addition to financing
a fine book and enjoying Richardson's con-
tribution to our center and the Harvard
community, we have undoubtedly helped to
equip Oxford University in the field of
defense studies.

7. Fred C. Ikle, who had published a number of articles on arms control and conducted a number of studies of arms-control negotiations, was brought here to do a book on international negotiations, a book that would utilize much of his experience in the study of arms control. His excellent book is now finished except for one chapter and will be published by Harper and Brothers, who will receive the manuscript within a month or two.

8. Johan J. Holst was originally brought here with other funds for a very brief period. He is a young Norwegian scholar interested in defense and disarmament. During that brief initial period, we decided that his stay should be extended, and this was done with our Ford grant. We then made him Executive Secretary of the conference on European defense strategy, and he stayed an additional six months. He not only was indispensable to the success of that conference -- we shall discuss the conference below -- but completed a good deal of research on arms control negotiations and will probably publish the results soon. He also has gone back to Norway to help constitute a nucleus of scholars in this field.

9. Ciro E. Zoppo is with us now doing a study of political and administrative aspects of arms control -- with particular reference to the test ban -- and will probably complete his book by the end of next summer.

10. Kenneth M. Waltz, Professor of Political Science at Swarthmore and author of Man, The State and War, is spending a year with us financed by the Ford grant. He is completing a work on the conduct of foreign policy and will initiate something new; whether or not he will complete it before his year is up remains to be seen.

R. Bowie

1/13/64

4

11. Vladimir Dedijer, well known for his personal experiences among the Yugoslav Partisans during the Second World War, and peculiarly knowledgeable about Yugoslav political developments during and since the war, has been brought here to do a book on the European resistance movement: 1939-45.

With the exception of Rowen, who took a senior position in government, everyone listed above accomplished at least as much as we hoped, and in every case the work finished was of a quality that the Center and Ford Foundation can be proud of. We should emphasize, though, that each of the people mentioned above participated actively in a number of seminars, met visitors from outside, and represented the Center at various conferences. Their presence helped to make the Center a leading institution in the field of defense studies; scholars from abroad, for example, have regularly found it profitable to visit our Center for a day, or a week, or a month. Thus the contribution of the people listed above to defense studies is not limited to the work they actually published as a result of being here. Furthermore, many of us who are regularly at Harvard, including those of us regularly associated with the Center, profited from the presence here of the scholars that were brought with the Ford grant.

Two other people have been here as a result of the Ford grant, though they did not in the end have to be financed from that grant. Nils Ørvik was brought here in a dual capacity, as a scholar in the defense field and as a "Fellow" in the Center's program of government Fellows. Ørvik completed a monograph on Europe's Northern Cap and the Soviet Union, which was published in pamphlet form as an "Occasional Paper" of the Center. Ørvik has gone back to Norway to assume the first professorship in defense studies at a Norwegian university, and to help set up an institute there. It turned out that Ørvik did not draw funds from the grant, but the availability of the grant permitted us to secure him. Alternate financing eventually proved to be available.

The same was true of Risto Hyvarinen, who is here this year as a Fellow from the Finnish government. We succeeded in getting the Finnish Defense Ministry to finance Hyvarinen's year; but, as in the case of Ørvik, the availability of funds permitted us some needed flexibility in a potentially sensitive negotiation. We were able to invite him without attaching the condition that his government provide salary and expenses, and then to arrange at leisure for his coming at his own government's expense.

R. Bowie

1/13/64

International Conference on Defense and Strategy

An important event to which our Ford grant made a critical
contribution was the conference we organized last June on
European military strategy. That conference was largely
a response to the urging of many Europeans that we help to
stimulate defense studies abroad by bringing together, for
a sustained confrontation, American experts and Europeans
interested in pursuing the subject. The conference was
held at Endicott House over a period of eight and one-half
consecutive days. Slightly over 30 Europeans attended the
entire conference; a total of about 20 Americans attended
for at least some part of the period; several senior officials
of government attended as visiting speakers. Everyone is
agreed that the conference was a success and a valuable
experience. For sustained hard work, it exceeded any other
conference that we know of on this subject, and we think
its success was due to the intensity and duration of the
conference as well as to the high quality of the partici-
pation.

Most of the participants financed their travel from their
own sources, or from special grants for the purpose. We
used the Ford grant mainly for local expenses and for
travel in particular cases. It should be emphasized,
however, that the availability of funds from the Ford grant
made it possible for us to embark on the enterprise with
confidence. We were able to assume certain commitments that,
in the end, we did not have to meet. We were able to be
much more selective about the people who attended because of
our ability finance their attendance if necessary. Thus the
Ford grant was more important to the conference than the
actual expenditures would suggest. We were able to launch
the project with enthusiasm, in the knowledge that funds
were available if necessary.

Arms Control Seminar

In 1960 our center, jointly with the MIT Center for Interna-
tional Studies, set up a faculty seminar on arms control.
This seminar, with the participation of about 25 or 30 people
at any given time, drawn from the faculties of the two insti-
tutions and from other institutions in the Boston area, has
met approximately every second Monday night during the academic
term. The seminar has been both a discussion group and a
testing ground for ideas and research being done by members of
the seminar. It has, quite naturally, become a seminar in
military policy as well as arms control, and has served as an
excellent means of communication among people in the Boston area
concerned with military strategy and arms control.

R. Bowie

1/13/64

The seminar has served as a model for seminars that have since been set up at a number of institutions. We regularly have guests from Washington agencies, and a number of European visitors have been invited to the seminar. Because this seminar serves the important purpose of keeping communication alive among 25 or 30 people interested in the same general subject, we have continued to feel that it serves a purpose and expect it to continue indefinitely. There are certain routine expenditures in connection with the seminar; specifically, a junior member of our center receives a part-time salary for serving as secretary of the seminar. And we pay the expenses of guest speakers. Research expenses could be incurred, but on the whole, we have found it best to handle these within the Center under the general heading of "defense studies" rather than to treat them as a separate activity of that seminar.

## Travel Expenses

We have encouraged our foreign scholars, like Richard F. Grøvik, Holst, to attend conferences away from Cambridge. We have occasionally brought foreigners to the Center for a week or two, particularly when they had a manuscript that could benefit from discussion and criticism. Some of us have used the Ford grant to attend conferences abroad, such as the annual conferences of the Institute for Strategic Studies, when it was clearly within the spirit of the grant.

## Future of the Program

In planning how to continue this program, we think the first consideration should be to maintain the momentum we now have and to continue in the same spirit. We have a few commitments for next year. We expect Mr. Urs Schwarz, Foreign Editor of the *Neue Zürcher Zeitung*, to come to this country to do a study of American strategic thinking and to compare it with European developments over the last ten or fifteen years. We also hope to have Uwe Nerlich from the German Foreign Policy Institute at Bonn. We are presently considering a number of Americans who may be invited for next year or the following years.

Without any special effort to program the interests of our research associates, we have had a good mix of subjects during these first five years -- military policy, arms control policy, bargaining and negotiation, the arms debate, insurgency warfare, and pure theory. Our inclination is to continue to seek promising individuals rather than to program subjects. Our experience is that we can find two or three people per year who can be relied on to make first-rate individual

R. Bowie

1/13/64

contributions to research in this field. We can keep
higher standards if we remain somewhat opportunistic,
inviting individuals who are known to be doing good work
or who show promise of creative scholarship. There are
many signs that younger people will be available in this
field in greater numbers in the future. There may well
be some exceptional opportunities to bring people for a
year or two of reflection and writing after serving in
senior positions in the government.

If we had been funded for, say, ten or fifteen years instead
of five, we would feel under no compulsion to reorient this
program at the present time. We see no reason, therefore,
to invent a new focus for the program during the coming year.
Interests are naturally evolving and changing; the subject
of arms control, for example, is different from what it was
when the grant started (partly in consequence of the grant
itself). There is always a certain amount of luck and
accident in the direction that an individual's interests
will take. We propose, therefore, to continue seeking
people of outstanding quality rather than to design a research
program that needs to be staffed.

We also expect to hold a conference something like last
June's conference from time to time, possibly every second
year. Our present thought is that we may sponsor the next
one again in the Boston area or possibly in Europe, and
perhaps to orient it toward the problems of the smaller NATO
countries and the countries on the periphery of the NATO area.
Our plans are not yet fixed.

As to the amount of money that we can use within the limita-
tions we set ourselves, we think we can maintain our present
momentum, which is above the average rate under the present
grant. With incomes rising, particularly in Europe, some
increase is needed just to keep up with the high cost of
scholarship. Our experience over the past two years, including
the conference of last June, indicates that we could use fifty
percent more, on an annual rate, than the grant during these
first five years. We are doubtful whether we should take on
obligation to use funds in excess of that. If we were to
receive another grant for five years, something on the order
of $330,000 (fifty percent more than the original grant) is
a figure well justified by our current experience.

We can be quite satisfied with what we have done during these
first five years. We think you should present this record
to the Ford Foundation with pride and enthusiasm. We doubt
whether many grants of comparable size to academic institutions
have been as productive. The field of defense studies has

ROBERT R. BOWIE

*Ideology and Foreign Affairs* (co-author), a report prepared for the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, published by the Committee on January 17, 1960.

"Formulation of American Foreign Policy," *The Annals*, July, 1960.

"The Role of the Secretary of State in the Development and Coordination of Policy within the Executive Branch," in *The Secretary of State*, ed. Don K. Price, Jr., for the American Assembly, Columbia University, Prentice-Hall, 1960.

"Basic Requirements of Arms Control," *Daedalus*, special issue on arms control, Fall, 1960.

"Arms Control and United States Foreign Policy," in *Arms Control: Issues for the Public*, ed. Louis Henkin, for the American Assembly, Columbia University, Prentice-Hall, 1961.

"Strategy and the Atlantic Community," *International Organization*, Vol. XVII, No. 3--special volume: *The Atlantic Community: Progress and Prospects*, ed. Francis O. Wilcox, H. Field Haviland, Jr., Summer, 1953.

*Present and Future in Foreign Policy*, The William Radner Lectures at Columbia University, April, 1963, to be published by Columbia University Press, early 1964.

VLADIMIR DEDIJER

A Study of the European resistance movement: 1939-45, to be completed this year.

LAWRENCE S. FINKELSTEIN

"The United Nations and Organizations for the Control of Armaments," *International Organization*, No. 1, 1962.

"Testing in the Atmosphere," *The New Leader*, February 19, 1962.

"Defence, Disarmament and World Order," *Behind the Headlines*, The Canadian Institute of International Affairs, September, 1962.

1.

2.

"Arms Inspection," *International Conciliation*, November, 1962.

"The Uses of Reciprocal Inspection," *Daedalus*, special issue, December, 1962.

DAVID GALULA

Counterinsurgency Warfare, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964.

MORTON H. HALPERIN

"Is the Senate's Foreign Relations Research Worthwhile?" *The American Behavioral Scientist*, September, 1960.

"Analysis of the 13 Senate Reports," in *Strategy for the '60's*. Washington: Foreign Policy Clearing House, 1960. Republished by Praeger, 1961.

"Arms Control and the Cold War," with Thomas C. Schelling, *The New Leader*, April 17, 1961.

"The Gaither Committee and the Policy Process," *World Politics*, April, 1961.

"Limited War and Arms Control," *Advance*, April, 1961.

"The Future of NATO," *The New Republic*, May 22, 1961.

"Problems of NATO," *The New Republic*, May, 1961.

"Policy Considerations of a Weapon Test Ban," with Donald G. Brennan, *Arms Control, Disarmament, and National Security*, ed. D. G. Brennan, New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1961.

"Nuclear Weapons and Limited War," *The Journal of Conflict Resolution*, June 1961.

"Defense on the New Frontier," *The New Republic*, August 7, 1961.

"The Military Problem: I. Choosing Our Weapons," *The New Republic*, October 2, 1961.

A Proposal for a Ban on the Use of Nuclear Weapons,
Washington, D.C.: Special Studies Group, Institute for Defense
Analyses (Study Memorandum No. 4), October 6, 1961.

"Arms Control: What Is It? What Can It Do?" *Vital Issues*,
Vol. XI, No. 4, December 1, 1961.

*Strategy and Arms Control*, with Thomas C. Schelling,
New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1961.

"Meaning of the Arms Control," *The National Defense*
(Tokyo), X, February, 1962 (in Japanese).

"Civil Defense and Fallout Shelters," *The New Republic*,
February 26, 1962.

*Arms Control and Inadvertent General War*, Washington, D.C.:
Special Studies Group, Institute for Defense Analyses (Study
Memorandum No. 6), 1962.

"On Resuming Nuclear Tests: Lessons the Moratorium Should
Have Taught Us," *The New Republic*, CXLVI (April 30, 1962).

"Disarming the Disarmers," *The New Leader* book review,
XLV (July 9, 1962).

"Three Roads to Unilateralism," *The New Leader*, XLV
(August 20, 1962).

"The 'No-Cities' Doctrine," *The New Republic*, CXLVII
(October 8, 1962).

"The Limiting Process in the Korean War," *Political
Science Quarterly*, LXXVIII (March, 1963).

"A Proposal for a Ban on the First Use of Nuclear Weapons,"
*Journal of Arms Control* 1-2, April 1963.

JOHAN J. HOLST

"Nuclear Weapons and Arms Control," *International Politics*,
No. 4, 1961.

" Military Power and Foreign Policy," *International*
*Politics*, No. 2, 1962.

4.

FRED C. IKLE

Alternative Approaches to the International Organization of Disarmament, The RAND Corporation, R-391-ARPA, February 1962.

"Political Negotiation as a Process of Modifying
Utilites," (with Nathan Leites), *The Journal of Conflict
Resolution*, March, 1962.

"Arms Control and Disarmament" *World Politics*, July 1962.

"Portrait of the Russian as a Diplomat," *New York Times Magazine*, December 9, 1962.

GEORGE A. KELLY

"The Political Background of the French A-Bomb," *Orbis*, Fall, 1960.

"Revolutionary War and Psychological Action," *Military Review*, October, 1960. Reprinted as "Guerre Revolutionnaire et Action Psychologique," in *Revue Militaire Generale*, February, 1961.

"Arms Control and the Military Establishment," *Military Review*, January 1961. Reprinted in *Survival*, May-June, 1961.

"Democratic Morale and National Ideology," *Military Review*, May 1961.

"The French Army Re-enters Politics, 1940-1955," *Political Science Quarterly*, Fall, 1961.

"Revolutionary Warfare and Psychological Action," in Franklin Mark Osanka (ed.), *Guerrilla Warfare*, Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1962.

"Officers, Politics, Ideology," *Army*, January 1962.

"Whether Bound the Cold War?" a symposium with three others, *The National Defense* (Tokyo), January 1962.

"Subconverters of France: How the Secret Army Operates," *The New Republic*, February 19, 1962.

5.

"The Expert as Historical Actor," *Daedalus*, Summer, 1963.

GLENN A. KENT

*On the Interaction of Opposing Forces under Possible Arms Agreements, Occasional Papers in International Affairs,* Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Affairs, 1962.

HENRY A. KISSINGER

"Nuclear Testing and the Problem of Peace," *Foreign Affairs*, October, 1958.

"The Policymaker and the Intellectual," *The Reporter*, March 5, 1959.

"As Urgent as the Moscow Threat," *New York Times Magazine*, March 8, 1959.

"The Search for Stability," *Foreign Affairs*, July, 1959.

"The Khrushchev Visit--Dangers and Hopes," *New York Times Magazine*, September 6, 1959.

"Arms Control, Inspection and Surprise Attack," *Foreign Affairs*, July, 1960.

"Limited War: Nuclear or Conventional? A Reappraisal," *Daedalus*, Fall, 1960.

"The New Cult of Neutralism," *The Reporter*, November 24, 1960.

"The Next Summit Meeting," *Harper's Magazine*, December, 1960.

*The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy*, Harper & Bros., 1961.

"For an Atlantic Confederacy," *The Reporter*, February 2, 1961.

"L'evolution de la doctrine strategique aux Etats-Unis," *Politique Etrangere*, No. 2, 1962.

6.

"The Unsolved Problems of European Defense," *Foreign Affairs*, July, 1962.

"Reflections on Cuba," *The Reporter*, November 22, 1962.

"Strains on the Alliance," *Foreign Affairs*, January, 1963.

"The Skybolt Affair," *The Reporter*, January 17, 1963.

"NATO's Nuclear Dilemma," *The Reporter*, March 28, 1963.

ROBERT A. LEVINE

"Facts and Morals in the 'Arms Debate,'" *World Politics*,
January, 1962.

"Breaking the Arms Stalemate," *Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists*, June, 1962.

"Arms Agreement: A Model of Stalemate," *Journal of Conflict Resolution*, December, 1962.

*The Arms Debate*, Harvard University Press, 1962.

NILS ORVIK

*Europe's Northern Cap and the Soviet Union*, Occasional Paper in International Affairs, Cambridge: Center for International Affairs, 1962.

JAMES L. RICHARDSON

A study of Germany and West European defense to be published soon.

7.

THOMAS C. SCHELLING

*The Strategy of Conflict*, Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, Mass., 1960. Paperback, Oxford University Press,
New York, 1963.

"Economic Reasoning and Military Science," in *The American Economist*, Vol. IV, No. 1, May, 1960.

"Reciprocal Measures for Arms Stabilization," *Daedalus*, Fall, 1960. (Special issue on Arms Control)

"Meteors, Mischief and War," *Bulletin for the Atomic Scientists*, September 1960.

"Arms Control: Proposal for a Special Surveillance Force," *World Politics*, October, 1960

*Strategy and Arms Control*, with Morton H. Halperin, New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1961.

"Experimental Games and Bargaining Theory," *World Politics*, October, 1961.

"Arms Control Will not Cut Defense Costs," *Harvard Business Review*, March/April 1961.

"The Future of Arms Control," *Operations Research*, October, 1961.

"Dispersal, Deterrence, and Damage," *Operations Research*, Vol. IX, No. 3, May/June 1961.

"The Military Use of Outer Space, in *Outer Space in World Politics* (Joseph M. Goldsen, ed.), Praeger, New York, 1963.

"Comment," concluding chapter in Klaus Knorr and Thornton Read (eds.), *Limited Strategic War*, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., New York, 1962.

"Nuclear Strategy in Europe," *World Politics*, April, 1962.

"The Role of Deterrence in Total Disarmament," *Foreign Affairs*, April, 1962.

"Managing the Arms Race," *National Security: Political, Military, and Economic Strategies in the Decade Ahead*, David M. Abshire and Richard V. Allen, eds., Praeger, New York, 1963.

News from the Ford Foundation

477 Madison Avenue, New York 22, N.Y.
Office of Reports PLaza 1-2900

FOR RELEASE MONDAY, A. M., FEBRUARY 17, 1964

For further information: Richard Magat or Walter Ashley
Home phones: Magat, MMount Vernon 4-7078; Ashley, PEekskill 7-7280

NEW YORK, Feb. 17 -- A series of grants designed to help foreign students derive greater benefit from their education in the United States was announced today by the Ford Foundation. The funds will provide special orientation for foreign law students, intensive English-language training, and seminars in American government.

Three other grants were addressed to a related problem -- that of assuring selection of the best foreign candidates for admission to universities here or in their own countries. (Details on page 3)

Programs announced to assist foreign students in the United States were:

-- Summer sessions in American legal procedure for about half of the 250 law graduates who come to study in this country annually, under a $500,000 grant to the Association of American Law Schools. (Details on page 2)

-- An orientation center, in which some thirty Eastern colleges and universities will cooperate, for English-language drill and general study, under a $90,000 grant. (Details on page 2)

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Ford Foundation/2

-- Seminars on American government, including lectures by governmental leaders, under a $50,000 grant to the Foreign Student Service Council of Greater Washington. (Details on page 3)

1. The grant to the Association of American Law Schools will finance a ten-week session each year for three years, to be attended by about 140 foreign students -- over half the estimated 250 who now enter each year. The sessions, to be held with the cooperation of most of the major law schools, are especially intended for students from countries which have no common-law tradition. The courses will include training in American legal methods, an introduction to American civil and criminal procedure, and classes in public law. They will also provide students with a greater understanding of the governmental and economic institutions which shape American law and legal institutions. Instruction will be by ten American law professors specializing in the various fields to be covered. The students will also receive English-language instruction under a six-weeks course for all participants and an additional four weeks for those needing it.

2. The foreign-student orientation center will be established with a grant to the Regional Council for International Education, which consists of some thirty colleges and universities in four Eastern states. The center's program -- initially located at the University of Pittsburgh -- will be divided into two parts: in one, about sixty students will receive intensive English-language training for four weeks, and general orientation for two weeks; in the other, about forty students, primarily graduates, will study academic and cultural subjects for two-and-a-half weeks.

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Ford Foundation/3

3. The seminars on American government, begun in 1956, will be supported for five years by a grant to the Foreign Student Service Council of Greater Washington. To date, some 120 advanced foreign students have been enabled to hear lectures on the structure and policies of the U. S. Government from authorities in Washington -- Supreme Court Justices, Senators, Congressmen, and other government leaders.

"These grants," said John B. Howard, director of the Foundation's program in International Training and Research, "are part of a continuing effort to help foreign students gain a deeper understanding of American institutions, and assist them in their adjustment to life in the United States. The Foundation is also concerned that universities, to which more and more students are seeking admission, should have the means and criteria to select the best candidates, purely on their merits. American universities, in particular, have a responsibility to assess constantly the educational standards of institutions overseas, so that they can accept students most likely to benefit from their stay in this country."

To improve admission standards at universities in the United States and overseas, the Foundation made three grants:

One, for $50,000, will enable the University of California (Los Angeles) to prepare a manual for university admission officers on educational systems in Africa. A group of university officials will assess what data on African institutions are needed by admission officers in this country, and how it can best be obtained. A manual will be prepared and constantly revised.

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Ford Foundation/4

A grant of $25,000 will support five regional workshops on foreign-
student admissions, conducted by the Institute of International Education
and the College Entrance Examination Board. Four workshops, at Georgetown
and Stanford Universities and the Universities of Pittsburgh and Texas,
will be on the problems of undergraduates, and one on graduate admissions.
About sixty people will attend each of the workshops, which will be concerned
with admission criteria for foreign students, procedures needed both
overseas and in the United States to meet those criteria, and ways of pooling
information on the subject.

The third grant, also for $25,000, was made to the Educational Testing
Service, in Princeton, New Jersey, to continue its testing workshops for
scholars from Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa. The workshops,
lasting six weeks, are designed to help participants improve admission
tests when they return to their universities.

Following is a complete list of actions announced today by the
Foundation:

INTERNATIONAL TRAINING AND RESEARCH

<u>American Association of Law Libraries</u> -- $45,500 grant, to continue support for the Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals. The Index, published in three quarterly and one annual edition, now reports some 300 foreign legal periodicals.

<u>Association of American Law Schools</u> -- $500,000 grant, to support summer
sessions for foreign graduate students.

<u>University of California (Los Angeles)</u> -- $50,000 grant, for preparation of a manual for university admission officers on educational systems in Africa.

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Ford Foundation/5

**Foreign Student Service Council of Greater Washington** -- $50,000 grant, for a series of seminars on American government for visiting foreign students.

**University of Hawaii** -- $300,000 grant, to support the research program of the university's Social Science Research Institute. The Institute will concentrate its studies upon social movements in Asia and the Pacific, including those related to revolution in modern China and the large-scale migrations of Chinese, Japanese, Javanese, and Indians in the Pacific.

**Institute of International Education** -- $25,000 grant, to support five regional workshops on university admission of foreign students, in cooperation with the College Entrance Examination Board.

**International House of Japan** -- $4,200 grant, to enable Prof. Kunio Odaka of the University of Tokyo to complete preparation of a symposium on *Recent Trends in Japanese Society* for publication in English.

**Latin American studies** -- Grants in a program to strengthen Latin American studies through graduate training: (Note: The $1.5 million appropriation out of which the following grants come was announced on August 1, 1963. However, the particular recipients and grants are announced here for the first time).

**University of Chicago** -- $150,000 grant, to support a group of Chicago-area universities led by the University of Chicago and initially including Iowa State University and the University of Illinois; **Columbia University** -- $125,000 grant, to support a group of universities in the New York area led by Columbia and including New York University, City College of New York, and Princeton and Rutgers Universities; **University of Texas** -- $575,000 grant, to help expand the research and training program of the Institute of Latin American Studies, and to enable the university's Library School to inaugurate a special librarian-curator course to supply trained staff for collections on Latin American studies across the country.

In addition, the Foundation granted $250,000 to the *Library of Congress*, to enable the Hispanic Foundation of the Library to compile a guide to Latin American historical and ethno-historical literature; to index and reissue lapsed numbers of the Handbook of Latin American Studies; and to prepare a bibliography of other related research materials.

Also, the Foundation will provide $400,000 for ten to fifteen **postdoctoral fellowships** yearly, to be awarded to candidates nominated by their universities, with the aim of increasing the number of able junior scholars specializing in Latin America in the social sciences and such fields as law and the environmental sciences.

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Ford Foundation/6

**Pennsylvania State University** -- $500,000 grant, to enable approximately 120 returning veterans of the Peace Corps and comparable programs to undertake graduate studies in development fields. The grant will continue through 1967 a program, initiated last year, under which a total of up to sixty fellowships a year will be awarded for study at universities across the country. The program is under the direction of the Inter-University Committee on Study Fellowships for International Development.

**Regional Council for International Education** -- $90,000 grant, to establish a summer orientation center for foreign students from some thirty member institutions located in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, and New York.

**Social Science Research Council** -- $400,000 grant, to enable the Foreign Area Fellowship Program, jointly sponsored by the S S.R.C. and the American Council of Learned Societies, to award fellowships for studies of West Europe in the academic years 1964-65 and 1965-66.

**Stanford University** -- $300,000 grant, for an advanced language-training program in Tokyo for American students, conducted by the Inter-University Committee for the Center for Japanese Studies. Under the program, students who have completed at least two years of Japanese study at their own institutions will receive advanced instruction at the Tokyo center, which is located at the International Christian University.

OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT

**University of Edinburgh** -- $18,600 grant, for continuation of a program in the teaching of English as a second language.

**Educational Testing Service** -- $25,000 grant, for continued support of testing workshops for foreign educators from the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America.

**Society for International Development** -- $15,000 grant, to support attendance by Asian, African, and Latin American representatives at the Society's 1964 conference in Washington, in March.

**University College London** -- $18,200 grant, for continuation of a program in the teaching of English as a second language.

AFRICA

**Massachusetts Institute of Technology** -- $330,000 grant, for continuation of its program of overseas service fellowships in industrial development in

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Africa. Under the program, previously supported by $1,152,000 in Foundation grants since 1960, ten fellows have been appointed yearly -- mainly graduates in business, law, and industrial management -- for service in African government or other development posts.

### Congo

Center for Socio-Political Research and Information -- $45,000 grant, for continued assistance in the development of the National Institute of Political Studies for the training of Congolese leaders.

### Ethiopia

Haile Selassie I University -- $139,685 grant, to provide the services of an academic vice president (Edward DeLos Myers, educator and presently co-attache with the American embassy in London) and consultants to the university.

### Nigeria

Government of Nigeria (Ministry of Finance) -- $190,320 grant, to provide consultants and other assistance to the Manpower Development Program of the National Manpower Board. The grant will provide for an international seminar on manpower problems in economic development, a library on manpower, and research.

University of Nigeria -- $286,000 grant, for assistance to the university's Economic Development Institute. Funds will be granted for library assistance, fellowships, visiting scholars, research, housing, seminars, and for administrative liaison in the United States.

Southern Illinois University -- $286,000 grant, to provide language laboratories and specialists for the development of English-language teaching programs at three Civil Service training institutions in Kaduna, Northern Nigeria; Enugu, Eastern Nigeria; and Ibadan, Western Nigeria.

### Senegal

University of Dakar -- $9,500 grant, to enable scholars from African countries, Europe, and the United States to attend a conference on educational research at the university.

## LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN AREA

Institute of International Education -- $225,000 grant, for continued support of the Council on Higher Education in the American Republics.

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## Argentina

**Bariloche Foundation** -- $240,000 grant, to assist the organization of a private science university in Bariloche.

**Institute of International Education** -- $175,000 grant, to provide visiting professors to the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires.

**Torcuato Di Tella Institute** -- $26,000 grant, for a conference on problems of economic and social development in Latin America, to be held in Buenos Aires in August.

## Chile

**University of Chile** -- $13,000 grant, for a month-long workshop on educational test construction, held in Santiago.

## Colombia

**Harvard University** -- $351,275 grant, for training assistance in economic planning in Colombia. The grant will enable the Harvard Development Advisory Service to provide on-the-job training for the specialists responsible for preparing Colombia's economic development programs; help train planning staffs in government ministries; and help the Advanced School of Public Administration set up a new institute to train college graduates for government posts.

**University of the Valley** -- $486,400 grant, to assist in the reorganization of the Faculty of Engineering over a three-year period. The grant will provide visiting professors, fellowships for advanced training, visits by senior staff to engineering schools in the United States, and equipment.

Also $112,000 grant, for development of the university's Faculty of Education. The grant will provide a consultant to the dean of studies, fellowships, audio-visual equipment, and a scholarship fund. The funds will help the university carry out a reform in teacher-training, involving a minimum two-year basic-studies program for trainees and courses for high-school teachers in the area.

## Mexico

**National Autonomous University of Mexico** -- $42,440 grant, for partial support of installation of a language laboratory in the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters.

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Peru

Peruvian Institute of Educational Development -- $12,600 grant, to support a summer science institute for secondary-school teachers in biology, to be held in February and March in Lima.

MIDDLE EAST

Iraq

Iraq-American Educational Association -- $46,700 grant, for English-language teacher-training seminars run by Baghdad College on behalf of the Ministry of Education. The college is a private institution founded and operated by American Jesuit Fathers.

Syria

Government of Syria (Ministry of Education) -- $75,565 grant, to support English-language instruction for students in the Faculties of Agriculture and Engineering at the University of Aleppo and the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Damascus.

Government of Syria (Ministry of Planning) -- $18,000 grant, to provide short-term consultants on economic development and planning to the government.

Turkey

Robert College (Istanbul) -- $30,000 grant, for the teacher recruitment program at Robert College and the American College for Girls.

SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA

Indonesia

National Lutheran Council -- $114,000 grant, to strengthen the Faculty of Economics at Nommensen University, Sumatra.

Research Foundation of State University of New York -- $170,000 grant, for continued assistance to the graduate English-language project and teacher-training projects at Indonesian Faculties of Education.

University of Wisconsin -- $100,000 grant, for continued support of Gadjah Mada University Faculty of Economics.

Also $155,000 grant, for a cooperative program with the University of California (Berkeley) and Harvard University to provide limited,

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transitional assistance to Faculties of Economics at the University of
Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University, and Nommensen University, following con-
clusion of the general program of support.

Malaysia
---

University of Singapore -- $300,000 grant, to strengthen the university's
library resources for the development of graduate research programs.

Pakistan
---

Equipment for American schools -- Grants were made as follows: Dacca American Society School, $10,000; Karachi American Society, $50,000; and Lahore American Society, $25,000.

Government of Pakistan (Economic Affairs Division) -- $43,000 grant, for
continued architectural supervision by Doxiadis Associates (Athens) of Founda-
tion-assisted projects in Comilla, Dacca, Lahore, Peshawar, and Rawalpindi.

Government of West Pakistan (Department of Education) -- $260,000 grant, to assist the establishment of an educational equipment technical assistance center at Lahore,

Philippines
---

University of the Philippines -- $95,000 grant, to help strengthen the graduate program of the College of Business Administration.

CONSULTANTS AND PROJECTS

In addition to the grants listed above, $3,779,440 was provided for con-
sultants and Foundation-administered projects, as follows:

Latin America
---

Consultants in public administration in Argentina.

Middle East
---

Consultants in agriculture and farm management and in English-language
training in Lebanon; consultants in public administration in Saudi Arabia;
housing, transport, and other local expenditure for Foundation staff and
consultants in Turkey and Tunisia.

South and Southeast Asia
---

Consultants in economic planning in Malaysia; housing, transport, and
other local expenditures for Foundation staff and consultants in India,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and the Philippines.

#

(64-15)

[LQ]

ff

News from the Ford Foundation

477 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022

FOR RELEASE

SUNDAY, AUGUST 9, 1964

For further information:

Terrance Keenan or Walter Ashley

Home phones:

Keenan: (609) WAlnut 1-6808

Ashley: (914) PEekskill 7-7280

NEW YORK, August 9 -- Two major programs for the exchange of scholars and specialists between Western countries and Eastern Europe will be carried forward by actions totaling nearly $2.3 million announced today by the Ford Foundation.

The Inter-University Committee on Travel Grants received $1.5 million for further exchange over the next five years between American and Soviet institutions of higher education. The chief aim of the committee's program is to help advance American knowledge of the Soviet Union.

(Details on page 2)

Under a separate program launched by the Foundation in 1957 to enable East European scholars to study in the United States and Western Europe, the Foundation announced support totaling $675,000 to finance visits by Yugoslav and Hungarian teachers and experts. Also, $100,000 was granted to the American Council of Learned Societies (A.C.L.S.) to

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continue for two years an exchange with the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
The Foundation's East European program, now in its eighth year, has
also included scholars from Poland. (Details on page 4)

"The objectives of both exchange efforts with Eastern Europe being aided by the Foundation are primarily scholarly and educational," said Henry T. Heald, president of the Foundation. "The opportunity for American scholars to spend extended periods in the Soviet Union is adding new vigor and depth to Russian studies in the United States. Reciprocally, the residence of East European and Soviet scholars and specialists in Western universities has broadened their intellectual horizons. Finally, the establishment of sustained contact among highly educated persons from both areas has yielded important dividends in the continuing task of improving international understanding."

The program conducted by the Inter-University Committee on Travel Grants is a main component of the United States-U.S.S.R. cultural agreement signed in 1958 and renewed last February. Representing forty colleges and universities in twenty-three states, the committee's exchange is also financed by the U.S. Department of State and the participating institutions.
Previous Ford Foundation grants total $1.2 million.

Under the program, 208 American graduate students and young faculty
members have spent from six months to two years at Moscow State and
Leningrad State Universities and other Soviet institutions. Nine-tenths
have done their work in the humanities and social sciences, including,
for example, Slavic language and literature, art history, music, economics,
history, law, and political science.

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Ford Foundation/3

Soviet participants number 244 and have attended about twenty American universities. Nearly seven-tenths have worked in such fields as chemistry, physics, and mechanical and electrical engineering.

The Inter-University Committee negotiates the program annually with the Soviet Ministry of Higher and Specialized Secondary Education. Each side pays the international travel costs of its own participants and the maintenance and other local costs of the foreign participants.

Recently, the exchange has been broadened to include summer study at Moscow State for American secondary-school and college teachers of Russian, and a similar program at Cornell for Russian teachers of English. Two other new aspects are short-term lecture and research visits by professors from both sides, and a U.S. exchange of young scholars with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.

Over the five years of today's grant, the Inter-University Committee program with the U.S.S.R. will arrange exchanges from each side for about 245 graduate students and young scholars, 177 language teachers, and twenty researchers and fifty lecturers. In addition, fifty Americans will be exchanged with sixty Bulgarians, Czechs, and Hungarians.

The American participants are selected by a committee of six senior scholars from six universities. Headquarters of the Inter-University Committee are at Indiana University, which -- as fiscal agent for the program -- received the Foundation's grant. Its chairman is Robert F. Byrnes, head of Indiana's history department.

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The actions announced today for the exchanges with Yugoslavia and Hungary and the A.C.L.S.-Soviet Academy of Sciences program brought to approximately $4 million the amount the Foundation has provided since 1957 to enable East European scholars, experts, and leaders to travel and study in the United States and Western Europe. The funds cover study programs for some 615 persons, including visits to Eastern Europe by eighty Americans. The participants represent such fields as education, economics, law, political science, sociology, psychology, the fine arts, literature, journalism, and also the physical sciences.

Today's funds include a $325,000 grant to the Institute of International Education, New York, to continue an exchange effort with Yugoslavia, initiated by the Foundation in 1959. Thus far 130 Yugoslav scholars and experts have been selected for visits to the United States. In addition, the Foundation financed trips to American and Western European universities by two teams of specialists engaged in planning the redevelopment of the University of Skopje, destroyed in last year's earthquake.

Hungary is participating in the program for the first time. A $350,000 appropriation will enable about thirty Hungarian scholars to spend an academic year in the United States and Western Europe, and will finance about a dozen short-term exchanges of American and Hungarian cultural leaders.

From 1957 to 1961, the Foundation financed study in the United States and Western Europe for 330 Poles. Also, about thirty American scholars

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were enabled to visit Poland. The exchange of Polish scholars has been inactive since 1961 because of differences regarding selection procedures.

Selection of East Europeans in the Foundation's program is made with the aid of interviews in the countries concerned by teams of American academic and other experts appointed by the Foundation. Administration of the East European scholars' visits to the United States is conducted by the Institute of International Education; and in Western Europe, by the British Council and similar organizations on the Continent. The Foundation's program also provides funds for books and educational equipment to universities in Poland, Yugoslavia, and Hungary.

Today's grant to the American Council of Learned Societies ($100,000) follows a similar grant in 1960, under which thirty-six American and Soviet cultural and scholarly leaders were exchanged. The new grant will help continue the program on about the same level as before -- eighteen four-month exchangees from each side, plus seven one-month lecturers.

Another aspect of the Foundation's activities concerning East Europe are non-governmental discussions among American and Soviet intellectual leaders. Thus far four such sessions have been held under Foundation sponsorship -- two in the United States and two in Russia. The most recent meeting was held in Leningrad this July. The discussions have dealt with key questions of peace, science and world affairs, cultural exchange, and economic problems of the less-developed countries.

Last year, the Foundation made a grant to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences to organize a discussion program on problems of arms control and disarmament. A first session was held at Cambridge, Massachusetts, this June. A second is expected to be held in Moscow.

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