page 1

vito = 1 centaro

medio (real) = 6 cent.

real = 12 1/2

1171

morning - Domingo June 29, 1941

Walked west - Avenida Insurgentes. people walking - not many - morning's provisions, such as milk can brought home by a girl, knocked at gate.

Then walked north - church (white and gold) - casa de Benito Juarez. Barracks.

Saints day in one church and fireworks being shot from roof. front of church decorated with stacks of green bamboo and paper pink flags. Jardin de Socrates.

Walking east again saw women west carrying baskets - evidently day's provisions of food - purchases various. Mercado de Sanches Pascuas up there. Question - why should those housewomen go to the main market to buy when Sanches Pascuas so much closer?

closer? Because of better kind or variety of supply in main market or better price? think that we should do some simultaneous price investigation. Prices at 9.00 on one morning investigated at Sanches Pascuas and main market.

Sanches Pascuas = Carmen

page 2

pey Dr. for lunch 80¢

cerveza 30¢

lavedero

church de Mercede and other out west.

page 3

Sabado (June 28)

night - walked through market with Doctor and Carlos - Calle de San Juan - quite empty - much rubbish - people - kinds running around, few sleepers, eating stalls open. Calle de Mezcal - drink shops open. Long conversation with 3 women selling cooked meat in Calle San Juan. (Interrupted by mysterious man) Women somewhat expressive. Were questioned as to how much they made. said $2.

Domingo morning - another walk through market with Dr. Flowers were expanded.

Sellers around fountain had almost exhausted supply. But more flower sellers - San Antonino (noted for vegetables and flowers - Donde San Antonino?) under roof.

Met Don Samuel Havier. in old market who sells pottery and old women at corner who sells pancakes. Mercierias - good display but evidently not much business.

Rapid walk soon ended.

page 5

Tlacolula - examined north market. Rope sellers. Sarapes. food. chili. salt. wind blew off roofs of sheds.

Followed one woman. She negociated for chili - was very undecided as to amount.

Thought first of a small quantity, then larger, then took very small amount.

She and daughter walked south to street along church wall. Daughter was given money and went over to ice counter. Other people being served (ice scraped off block put into a glass and then juices from bottles pored into ice.) Daughter waited, hesitated and after about four minutes returned to mother walking on street without having made purchase. Two proceeded, turned left at churchyard entrance. Woman bought candles - started to buy two (slimnest variety) then four, for a while considered six, conversation over price all time, and woman handling candles. (figuring is more than an abstract process, for all while that she was talking about price and considering price she was handling the candles - 2, 4, 6, then hesitation - she put

page 5 cont'd.

some back. Two - settlement. Woman and daughter continued into churchyard end into church. (end)

page 8x 6

main market in Tlacatlula was on north. People did not like the new sheds and market moved to south.

* Salt sellers always in same place. Positions depend upon functional pattern. Would not sell meat in church. Candles at entrance. Sale would not be able to get room among candle sellers.

N.B. Pannella puestos stuck together in moving of Oaxaca Saturday markets.

page 7

after lunch to market south of churchyard. In morning observed much travelling through yard. Mostly from south to north, when north market was already almost dead. *What relation between south and north market?* afternoon south market on decline. eating stalls. but pottery being packed up. meat.

further SE to Mitla. Ruins. Catholic church built on top of one. Guide - Sr. Florentina - church active. Then fiesta of San Pedro in village - Tepache - Mezcal-Drunks, not unlike New Haven. Band cock on rope - to be caught by horsemen.

page 8

In Oaxaca on a market night you might say that electric light makes a division of centuries. Hardware stores between Zocalo and market - windows glare with light upon modern trinkets, tools, etc. Mezcal shops ablaze and harsh victrolas. But in Calle San Juan little fires of pine kindling chips and great darkness. Iglesia of San Juan and so on out into the suburbs. ..... Can use this figure of electric light versus darkness to convey the mixture in Oax life between 20th century elements and the living colonial or pre-Columbian. N.B. the glow of brazier at a dark corner where women sells tortillas or tamates. One woman regularly appeard on corner across from Fiallo #2 each evening at dusk.

page 9

Oaxaca - Domingo noche

Band playing in kioske de Zocalo - people seated - others promenading - kids running around chasing. Band leader in straw hat, brown suit, and smoking while conducting with great conscientiousness. People on Zocalo in relaxation - mostly well-off urban folk. not poorer Indians. Saw one woman in Aztec costume on Zocalo - news and candy-stand on East side open, medium busy. beer hall with tables on pavement a definitely dull business. only one customer - 2 women, a civilian and an officer. In this was of spending where no one else was spending they were very conspicuous. and don't doubt self conscious, at least officer who was sitting very correctly on edge of chair, displaying himself.

Calle de Mezcal - groups, sleeping, walking, eating. liquor shops open. San Juan dead and dark. Mercado all dark but east side. south part filled with tables - continuous - about 50 people seating eating. North part - tables being put away.

1172

page 17 cont'd.

12.35 crowd around barsta completely disappeared.

page 18

what is quel uso - copal

page 19

12.50 24 tortilla sellers - S. end E. corridor also 1 jugo vendor

Met Donna Francisca Olvera who sells medicinal herbs and animal organs. Her
niece Hortensia. West end S. corridor

Man at right in gate to old market this morning was selling medicinal herbs.
Doctor said that Domingo manana that spot was occupied by cooking herbs. Question
was it same man with two lines of goods, or another man. First hypothesis
unlikely. (I never found this out. Regularly a herb puesto was there. I am
not sure of medicinal and cooking herbs alternating.)

2.50 p.m. corridor del este north end food
S. End rope, leather
Church of San Juan open.

page 20

Where do the food vendors of corridor de este y de oeste come from when time to
prepare food? Do they specialize in cooking food or is food a subsidiary
activity? Could easily be because food selling comes at very slack hour.
Believe Fuente is meant to have made notes on market comidas.

page 21 and 23

Samuel, his wife, Cecilie, Linde, Little Eva. His mama in puesto on right and
also some other females don't know what relation to Samuel.

They ate lunch at about 4.00. I have to ask particularly what is bought in
days market and what held over, what brought from home, Ate - carne, avocate,
tortilla, mushed frijoles, mango, and a kind of gress with strong fragrance like
that of lime. (name )

Samuel has a bottle of mezcal in his shack. He also had another large nip while
we were walking around.

In two hours he made only one sale of a Atzompa-were lion at 5¢ Paid CoBRador.
(how much? was he owner of the shack or tax collector for space while shack
belongs to Samuel.)

Samuel bought a pair of huareches for himself on Sunday but they were too small.
He tried to resell them to me last night but my feet too big. Met him 8.15.
Family was all going home. (Samuel finally resold the huareches to his brother-
in-law). Samuel and I went into Templo of San Juan de Dios where an evening service
was going full blast. Then we walked to a huarecheria about 8 blocks west of the
market. Et Moestro and Samuel discussed problem. But no sale. Apprentice boy
restained the soles so that they appeared unworn. I don't know whether huareches
were bought there and Samuel was trying to return them or whether they were bought
in market and Samuel was trying to resell them.

Then he walked back to hotel with me. I could not figure out why. It was out of
courtesy. He has taken on a responsibility for me. At same time I am a great

1174

page 23 cont'd.

1175

source of entertainment for whole part of market.

Maize seller at corner is Juan. understood that he remained open until 12.30 p.m. in order to sell maize for tomorros's tortillas. N. gate of old market is locked at 10.00 p.m. understood that there is another gate - 2nd? which remains open much later. But Juan was having no business at 8.00 p.m.

page 22

non -catholic - embal (heathen?)
(unbeliever.)

cantina de mezcal.
tienda (groceries)
? arrabata
baston

page 25

food selling for cana was going on at 8.00 in S. end of east corridor - comida had been served at 3 in west corridor at N. end but not at 8.00. All gates closed except E. center and N.E. corner. Calle de mezcal was fairly well occupied but business not intense.

Tuesday - July 1st
9.00 a.m. Martes

Atzompa in morning got stuck. Coyotepec - Caza de Raimando
mujer - ? Maria
hija - ? Cudalia

School teacher
maestro who was repairing church at cost of 1000 pesos. 5 pesos contributed by each pater familias - 340 invillage.

Raimondo - veteran of the Revolution. Has had a pension of 1.75 a day since then from the government.

were helpers of Maestro his sons or apprentices.

page 30

don't know whether kilns were owned co-operatively between K & Q or not. Only one kiln was being filled so perhaps owned separately.

I think this proximity of lose manufacturer and regaton is more incidental than important. At least in Samuel's case. He goes out to Ephren Gonzales at Panteon or Ephren comes to Puesto.

At night Samuel, Ana, and Eva sleep on floor on petates, machine made blanket for covering. I saw house later at night on Samuels saint's day. He did not go to Puesto, that day. Dressed in new blue serge pants and starched shirt. Mother, mother-in-law, few cousins from Cuilapam dropped in. Tepache, chocolate, pan dulce. Had as a table the board on which saint from San Juan had been carried in some fiesta. I was there at the aftermath. No drunkenness, and a meager affair compared to a Country celebration. (Don't think tho that birthdays are important) Samuel

had been given cheap lithographed greeting cards by relatives.

1177

page 34

como se dice "shrewd" = astorto

page 35

big jar in Atzompa sells for 3 pesos (inf. Manuel) here in Zim $5.
large - 6 inch mouth pot 30¢ for chipped one
300 d for 12 jars

This woman is from Oaxaca.

Porfelia Hermandea in market of San Juan de Dios.
she buys from proprios of Atzompa
comes to Zim by train.

charge for carriage of pots = .90
self
.90 round trip
40¢ cargador
about 2¢ more than Oaxaca

She eats in fonda in Alemana
spends night in Zim but does not pay anything

small dish - palm of hand size - 8¢ offered and sold not for 6¢
leaves what does not sell here with her brother until next week.
This woman actually pays $2.5 for large jars in Atzompa

Woman from Ocotlan doing very poor business
sells rings - small

Porfelia $1 profit on each large jars
buys at 12¢ asks 18¢

page 36

Sr. Henrico - Oaxaca accountant. native of Coyotepec.
Name of seed buyer?

Sr. Frederico - seller of maize
Don Philiberto - padre of Zaachila

page 37

Another pottery woman buying eggs - not bartering - buys
Porfelia makes much more money here than in Oaxaca
Calculated that her net profit is $1.50
this is not an average - her best hours

18 eggs At $1.00
sold 3 doz. at $2.00

heaven & hell in church
of Zimatlan

San Paolo Huixtepec(?) 4 kilometers from Zim.

1 muestra?

Sr. Alphonso Arnaud - produces Alfalfa seed part of year from which he gets $100,000? Also has cane crushers and boiling vats for production of crude molasses sugar. This brown sugar can be seen in N. center of Oaxaca market.

(A sigarro salesman was out in San Pablo.)

page 38

1178

Is this resonous pine used for the "carbon" or some kind of hard wood?

wondered who makes holy statues. Is it a profession. Where located.

White veil - band around brow -
pale blue satin dress. (did not
see feet). It was regular kitchen
table. did not see coffin nearby.
Do not remember anything such as cuaolras
behind child on wall. gord paper crown on
head

several
drunk women

page 39

Between San Pablo and Zimatlan the road was full of people returning from the market. Counted approximately 50 adults in 1/2 hr. of driving at 3/30 p.m.

When we passed through Zimatlan on way back from San P. - 5.00 - market had
subsidized a lot. but was not as empty as I expected. The main nuclei of the
market still remained and were in the same relative position. Meize group
Frijoli group. pottery group in Zocalo. Mountain indians selling peaches -
firewood, etc. (We did not go into formal market place.) (did not stop)

very rich each

Cienega "the marshes" produce cain. town of C. lies to life of line to Zimatlan.
"miracle" testimony hanging in church. dated 1937. stone fell on child from
campanaria. Was saved.

Funeral party at house in Cienega. Immediate family and friends drunk, borracho - watched by large audience at gate and in street. Band, dancing. Mezcal. child "angel" laid out on table.

page 40

1st plowing - srar - plow

2nd " - "des herbar".

Frenchman who works in Oaxaca hardware store is son of Cienega haciendero - according
to Finney

page 41

Method of planting and cultivating corn.

1st plowing.

Man walks along - drops two seeds in front of him then steps on seeds.

But corn three feet high grows

so there is a second plowing at least which serves as cultivation - to change
valley (sureco) into mound (lomo). Have seen planted fields being replowed.

Many old Haciendos in Cienega - all in ruins

Zoachila - Don Philiberto - padre. Old capitol of Zapotec Kingdom. Many huge

page 50

1180

Also amigo Juan

maize seller in Old market.

Peter tells me of women cooking tortillas in village of San Augustin and bringing them to Oaxaca market. Do they buy their maize in Oaxaca - or do supply selue at home.

page 51

Still Samuel's food is consumed in the market. Other food taken to Oaxaca homes. In case of Sam. market serves itself. When food consumed outside we have a pure purchaser.

Food. 1. immediate consumption

2. delayed consumption without preparation

1. in market

2. outside market

3. delayed consumption with preparation

1. --

2. --

This food situation leads to problem of quantity of purchases in relation to time period of consumption.

Samuel has food saved over from one day to another meal.

Immediately the food marketis related to other products. Pottery seller eats, etc. And he eats in some kind of relation to cash profit from his own sales.

Now what would the business cycle of Oaxaca be? Quite obviously the miscellaneous food sellers - because Sarapas etc. have regular stalls are there deily and they cannot make a good market. They are operating on bad days.

page 53

Samuel files - limar - his pitchers de Oaxaca & redecoraton with paint. Maize
Juan

Samuel buys from potterer near his casa
Also went to Atzompa on Wednesday

page 55

Jueves noche

Reading of manuscript

describe physical aspect of main market.

San Antonino specializes in onions and flowers

Tlacochayana - garlic,tomatoes

find out where Tlacochayoya people are situation in Oaxaca

where do her sellers come from

rosa de castile for drinks from Cuilapan

Botanist in Oaxaca - Dr.

Casa fuerte N. side of main market

valises on N. corridor? check

page 57

Friday - 4th of July

Viernes manano 10.00 a.m.

10.00 barata men are back again

10 N.W. fonda slowing down

page 58

1181

de guines son dos puestos?

at 11.00 a.m. X is "redecordar" ing a frog pot.
bacentes - nada

Friday morning - Canas likes still in puesto and also Samuel's dried yellow flower

page 61

San Agustin 4.00 p.m.

town empty - market begins at 4.30 - 6.00

carranas sell in S. A. to Oaxaca revendators - then Cerranos go into Oax. to comprer.

groups into S A 1. man

1. family

9 burros panella a Natividad - mina

1 burri moon

7.15 p.m.

N E 12 bread dulce

3 food tables

1 at end

3 cheese

11 on street corridor

11 on market corridor

5 tortillera at gate

2 pan dulce

Calle de mezcal active -
food sellers and nucellan reg -
etc. on st.

Calle de San Juan empty except
pina

page 63

South gate locked and east entrance of S. corridor gates closed S. W. corner
mats let down on west side of market

NW fondas empty of customers but owners pottering around.

W. gate closed

NW gate closed.

2.20 billiards in casafuerte open

Casa fuerte empty - only 1 burro in yard.

N. meat stalls - 4 out of 7 open NW end

3 out of 7 NE end

E corridor N end west side only 1 bread stall open

5 pan dulce

page 65

1 fruit stand open S E corner E cent. pav.

Donna Francisco open and puesto

Friday night walked to market with Dr. & Mrs. M. & Carlos. We saw feeding, also a man stabbed - taken to jefature de Policia en a stretcher wrapped in his sarape. Also sawanother wounded next morning.

page 67

1182

Saturday - July 5

Sebado mañana - 7.30 a.m.

In calle mezcal: 1 toy puesto
3 bottles
fruit stalls

Women - ear rings

enter east gate

center crowded around fountain - unpacked bundles on west side.

There is a large supply of things, but not all put out yet.

market hot yet in full swing.

S. End west center pavilion not unpacked except dried chili.

Row of onions between W pavilion and W corridor.

buyers now appear to be mostly housewives buying in a 1 day supply quantity

One well dressed woman - Spanish - has Indian carrying a basket and she buys large amt. of onions. then string beans.

In west st.

13 pasto of pottery mostly Atzompa - Little Oaxaca

stops of tomatoes around west gate.

1 seller of sacks

1 of glass ware

8.00 still much preparation

Barata men open in E corner north St.

1 herb seller with pictures of stomach organs.

page 68

creo - believe

pieusar - think

decideo - decide

page 69

a whole 1/2 block row of tortillas in S end calle mezcal.

Further down Mezcal there is all sorts of preparation for market.

Carbon being unloaded at tienda on right.

1 bringing basket of nuts

man carrying a table.

man goes by on stretcher - drunk or wounded - no police
flowers chickens pass

center of merc. de San Juan full of caneston carinese

W door of San Juan open and statue just inside. can pray from street.

Straw hats in E corridor - solid row - felt hats good supply - SE fonds empty

page 70

This week - Spanish metric system

Then will go over technical inf. such as measures
          tax allow
          ownership

Al menudeo = retail - or detailed selling

page 77 cont'd.

Since Bishop is dead who does confirmation? Do Serranos bring in children? Children
I have seen have been rich enough to have white dresses.

La Serpente Humana Vipora Hermosa - in a tent at NW corner of Zocalo. Had a huge
crowd at evening hours on Sat. and Sunday. - Also photographers at SW corner during
day - 3 - with wooden horse - not good business

page 79

## Monday - July 7th

manana What kind of accident gets so many legs

Man with baby's coffin under arm - covered with white satin - chats on street corner with woman.

10.30 The vipora esta cerrada.
two photographers at SW corner of Zocalo

page 81

Calle de San Juan
coste end - 3 stops of pottery

1 man with melons

at gate of mercado - 3 women with lime

1 man with canary telling fortune

street almost empty but some rapid traffic.

notice big piece of masonry on left hand of puerta San J.

suggests that block was covered by more imposing structure - como Fuerte

page 88

Neither cloves (France) nor cinnamon (Spain) grown
in Suffron from Spain

page 90

two candles puestas at gate of church

1 of scapularies

2 puestos at door inside church

1 scap

1 candles

In s. end of market 5 puestos from Abazolo 1 has peaches.

Resells peaches 5¢ for three large 5¢ for 5 small he pays $2.50 for 500

1/8 of almud

mil tomate bought from

1185

page 92

Lots of games - fiesta more drunk 3.00

page 94

## Danz de la Pluma

how are new members taken into the company of dancers. Do we move up in our positions or do they remain same and only empty position.

page 95

## Tuesday, July 8

Went to Samuel en la manana. Eva was quite sick. We went to su casa para la veer. Looked at urnos again and les casas des alfareros. Maestro not there - large number of sauteers drying in the yard. Saw apprentices painting pots with glaze.

Then went with Sam and Aufa taking Eva to see an old woman for advice. Could not catch meaning of conversation, but seemed that she was prescribing treatment.

On way we saw a hatter who makes paper masks and paper effigies. He had made one of the new governor of Oaxaca which he was going to take to His Excellency hoping that if he was pleased he would buy it. He had used a photograph from the newspaper for the likeness which was very close.

I had taken mi Bible to show Samuel to continue our religious discussion of day before. Samuel explained to me that it was not true. That there is only church - una, una, una.

Later we went to see the padre of San Juan de Dios. Don Ramon Remirez (de Alvarados?) Sam brought a quarts mortar and pestle to bargain. I think for Eva's baptism. Priest said that inside of mortar was too rough and also that pestle was not long enough. With priest had a long conversation about Catholicism and Protestantism. Don Ramon went to school in Italy, speaks French badly.

page 97

## Thursday, July 10

### Land tenure

#### Colonial system

variously expropriated and given to peasants

Abazolo a typical because no common land - ejido. People here proud of free hold system. Say that they would not accept stolen goods. We do not know why they do not. Abazolo muy catholica - perhaps land withheld because

### Land tenure

measured

defined by natives to natives

what definition is on paper

disputes in Abazolo rare. how settled.

boundaries between villages - here we are at margin of 4 or 5 villages to south. much fighting. San Juan (meteates) was where heart eating episode occurred.

Must try to connect land tenure with the production that we see in market.

page 93

manuel #ejido does not work for falta de dinero

1186

page 102

1188

pressure of all neighbors can be used to keep an offender down.

page 103

mothers house not in use because of trouble with sister in Oaxaca

Fields have boundary stones - measure of property is preserved in family documents. Sometimes stone is moved - then settlement by checking with other documentary measurement - and by pragmatic compromise.

In use of land exact boundary may not be observed. carizo at edge of cornfield. Boundary stone should never be moved or "looked for" without pressure of both parties.

How measure land?

M says by metres & hectaria - wrong answer he refers to how land ought to be measured. Owner usually does not know metric measurement - knows how many almuds of seed is sown "1 almud = 1 hectaria" says M.

page 105

Well in field only about 6' down - shows that water line is very high

crops - maiz
alfalfa
tomatoes
ajo- paco
chili
frijol gruenso always planted with maiz in same row so as to make plowing
passible.

Plowing from media of surco to media 60 cm.
field 30 x 300 or 9,000 sq. m. (Nectare 1,000 m) or 9 hectares = 5 almudes

page 107 and 109

When purchase made stones are put at corners to mark boundaries of trerra. New ones are put out - either on top of or beside the old ones.

Old custom of sale of land told to Manuel by his wife Isadora and remembered by her as practiced in the time of her father, vendor and buyer have to advise the alcalde (the head of the municipality) who gathers the whole ayunlamicuts as well as the neighbors of the land to be sold. They all foregather in municip and with a long reed measuring 5 Spanish Varres proceed to lot to be sold. Vendor places new lindero (boundary stone) beside the old after which a camera is exploded. The length of the side is measured till next lindero where a new one is put with another camera. After the 4 linderos are put anew the vendor has to hand over a double handful of earth which buyer receives and puts on his newly acquired land. This act makes sale effective. The vendor pays ayuntamiento in money. Buyer has to feed them with pig, turkey, chocolate, segueza (a kind of mole) and mezcal.

Manuel quotes case where Pedro Cruz (Isadora's father) purchased a plot from a woman from Oaxaca and had to wait for months until she condescended to come and perform the transferring ceremony.

page 108

"Pot de vin" = bribe

page 111

1189

Friday July 11, 1941

Ocotlan

In these (mercerias) ropes hecha across from ayuntamiento work women who have
house manufacture of ropes. .40 offered - 60 asked for 100 manzanas. Manzanas,
Here man from Sierra de Peras - he has manzanas and duraano - also turnips onions
large cabbage, mango and cooked corn which he has secured in barter.

Serrano asked $1 a 100 duraño
Buyer offered 50¢ sale might succeed 75.
(duraño 2 at 5¢ in Oaxaca
1 at 1¢ in Ocotlan
(as in this sale)

Regatones in Ocotlan would gain some 25¢
Lana de S. Pedro Martin $1 a kilo
$25 a carga of lana

large sappos from S. Cecelin make 12 per day - but also have to get wood from Montana.
26¢ yagalan
madrona
sauvignon [sauv]

page 112

Antonio Sumano (A.S.)
$225 for a junta

1. in front row ropes hecha
   domestic atelier
   buy material in gross
   woman cuts cloth & gives to other women to make
   pays them $1 a doren
   If a woman works say from 4.00 a.m. - 11.00 p.m.

2. problem of wood
   forests belong to the village. no cost for growing trees. Production consists
   only in the effort of cutting it.

Problem consists in finding the basis upon which wood sellers figure their costs
in determining the price.

Price must be enough for wood cutters necessary amount of cash. It must also
be cheap enough so that the buyers in their budget of consumption can afford
to burn wood. (But here back to a circle - Consumer of wood would figure that
cost in the price of whatever he produces. i.e., fonds, or blacksmith who burn
carbon.

page 113

proprio of maiz sells at 55¢ while regatones are selling for 56¢
maiz con chaff - 28¢ an almud

Owner of tree brings it to craftsman who works arrangement, halves with remainder of wood
going to owner of tree. Or more recently craftsman receives $2 for jugo de caretta
and 150 for jugo de arado

page 117 cont'd.

of the valley as well as the Southern provinces as far as the Isthmus, the Mixleca and S. Juarez. Teotitlan acts as middleman for the Sierra ans mixes. S. Francisco, pueblo, novo, plie, trade with the hixteca.

1191

## Quarries & property

Number of quarries not ascertained. Each quarry is private property exploited by owner. Holes drilled, powder used in exploding. Work done mostly in the morning by owner and assistance. The pay would be effected by giving 1 or 2 blocks to each helper. The blacks are worked out by means of barrets (crow bar, point at both ends) often but not always at the mine so as to carry lighter weight. (Probably only those who work metate would find it to interest to help in exploding quarry (No division of labor).

## Borreta

Material hemmered iron made by smiths in Oaxaca. Local smiths in S. J. would rehammer points when blunted. length 1 meter section octagonal 3,2 cm light

page 119

Material of stone.

There are several classes vaguely connected with color. The best material is generally found in purple and greenish tints lighter tints considered inferior.

After block already worked, transported to house, further elaboration by means of pico. It is about 13 to 15 cms long. Some 3 to 5 cms at diameter at its rounded portion. It comes to a point at round end and splays out into a wide blade at other. Even in the rough work done by means of barrets the cardinal points of a metate are marked on the stone by means of green leaves.

The metate consists of a thick curved table resting on 3 legs. 1 leg supports raised part of metate and is called foot, piej. The two shorter supports are called ears, oreja. The curved upper surface is square. In the first working the points of 3 legs are marked by green the block with a green leaf, and the outline of the upper surface. The leaf is usually worn by worker over the ear.

The part between the 3 legs is then excavated roughly and the first covature given to the surface.

page 120

arrobe 11 1/2 kilo.

metate bought by Isadora at her home from man from S. J. He had brought a wedding in to the village which pleased I who ordered a plain m. The man made and brought to her door. He asked 10 p. transact at 8 p. 5 offered

Material one of the best stones.

Reynolda - uses constantly the word arenuda, i.e. sandy, in other words when little particles of stone easily detach in the grinding the stone is no good. Manuel "El total co de no fijarse en el color, sino en la clase de piedra." He remembers the resistance of the men in S. Juan who rejected several samples because the piedra was "olluda" with little holes, porous. To sum up: the material must be non-porous, fairly soft, but not too soft, not "sandy".

Dimensions of Isadora's new metate
- length 47 cm.
- width 35 1/2 cm. at ft. & 3.4 at ears
- drop of curvature 2 1/2 cm
- height at ears - 27 1/2 &
  " " foot - 31

mano with this 49 1/2 c.m. long
with 6 cm & 4 at ends.

page 121

1192

At home lines are drawn carefully by means of a metal or wooden ruler marked with the point of the pico. Then taking the pico into the right hand the men cuts the stone rapidly. We observed that the "smoothing" (really cutting) of one of the sides of the m. took only about 5 minutes.

After the sides feet and bottom are smoothed the surface is prepared. This is done by taking the piece firmly in right hand with broad blade down. The instru-
ment is brought down with rapid light strokes, producing a series of parallel
lines - at about 3 mm distance from each other, diagonally across the face of
them. Thus pealing off as it were a series of layers from the top. It is then
picked with the sharp end and leaves the surface with small dents but even.

page 122

Isidora, asked how she appreciates the quality of a met stone, says she takes
a pico and chips it. The sound should be metalic not dull, when the stone is
boffo (soft) or maja da (when is wet) (These expressions obviously metaphorical)
the sound will reveal the softness of the material.

Problems - Quarries (valued at 30 pesos)

don't know time and labor in excavation and number of blocks

Do they ever sell.

Find out how many owners of qu. there are and how many get stones by
other means.

Don't know system by which they are exported out of the valley and other
regions of production in Mexico.

Get assessment of value of stone by people themselves. Also get samples
of stone of different qualities.

page 123

Length of time

1st stage - blasting of stone

The work is done by several men, working during the morning or evening.

One blasting may produce 12 to 20 blocks. The drilling blasting and
clearage of the wreckage might take 3 or 4 mornings.

2nd stage - the rough shaping with barreta was estimated by several informants as taking one day done at quarry or in immediate vicinity under a tree, occasionally in house. Blocks transported on donkey. The smoothing with pico was estimated at 1 or 2 days, thus between 2 and 3 days on a metate, depending on size of object and skill of worker might be a F A estimate.

Decorated metates considerably dearer take another day for the raising of
bas relief and painting. Prices vary considerably. We have encountered small
and poor stone metates from $1.50 while the decorated ones go as high as
$30. A man actually at work, Manuel Martinez, told us that his met. was
ordered and the price agreed $15 decorated. The same obj. without decoration
he estimated at $4 or $4.50. He also told us that he had to pay for his
block $1.75. Such transactions however are probably rare.

page 124

1193

Value of land

2 determinants

a. market value of stone

which we cannot use because of circle.

b. sometimes material bought there as between 1 man and another. Unusual $1.75 a block

/ exaggerated

People in S & W Sierra mixles are extremely poor
Northern Sierra people sometimes quite rich.

page 125

There are about 50 people at N end of village who work stone. The majority of the village do not work. stone nor own mines.

Manuel says that he thinks there is stone near Tlacolula which would be good for metates but it is not worked.

Same metate as I's. would cost more in Tlacolula than here in Abesolo; less in S.S. or S.J. than here.

page 126

Agrarian laws all properly above

100 hectares of 1st rate land
or 2nd rate & 3rd rate up to 300 is liable

Also liable when not used for 1 yr.

La Ley salario mino - $1.50 a day.

This law does not apply.

page 127

Property discussion with Manuel

Church property belongs to Federal Government in theory.

A little irrigation from a spring which flows when reins. 25¢ a day rent paid for the diversion of the whole stream.

Abasolo has a little bit of communal land in sierra from which people take wood.
brooms of otate - pasture pare animales. Is very small -- only rarely do
neighboring villages pay rent to use for pastorage.

Legal documents available to peasants.

A. catastral books (Libros catastrates)

registration $3 or 4 pesos usually more for mordidas etc.

many peasants do not have their land registered.

B. Documents of sale.

C. Testimony evidence

Real documents of ownership the boundary stones of the general knowledge and practice of possession. Many people have no other evidence but their use and marks.

page 128

1st, 2nd, 3rd class

made in category of water (but more)

page 129

ciento gince surcos ocho cieutos mastodavia

Manuel

150 surcos - of 1st class would sell for $800 at least p obably mcre $1000.
Price depends upon whether person is very much in need of selling.

Railway, when it was built through this region in 1909 in time of Porfirio Diaz,
decided what land it needed, then greased the palms of pueblo chiefs, judges, etc.
The people were all called to Tlacolula and given small sum which they were told to
take or leave.

(So we cannot get valuation of land from this or from
Pan An highway which works without regard to market value
of land.

People try not to sell their land but mortgage it. Mortgage is registered in the municipio. For this they don't pay interest but give half of the harvest from the land from which a small percentage is discounted.

page 130

When mortgaged- Is it taken by municipio or by individual

page 131

Annually. Usually about 5% from total sum of mortgage debt. As many years as is
contracted for. Not necessarily paid in money.

Classification - 1st class - fine - without stones or sand - rich - negras
2nd class - negras rena (sand)
3rd class - with gravel

Mitle - 2nd and 3rd class
Tlacolula 1, 2, & 3
Ocotlan 1st

Also classification - a) by richness
b) by moisture

water - a) irrigation - land which can be irrigated

b) terranovs de humeda (water too)

page 135

1195

Sunday, July 13

## Traditionalism of S. Juan

Flowers and praise songs at funerals, and in mourning people kneeling before
corpse. White daisies distributed to people.

Fields cultivated same as elsewhere

After flowers put on and
forehead of body.

each cadaver a man's member kisses hand, mouth,

Praise songs to God to help the soul of departed, not praise of the dead.

page 136

mine of Panunio Caranza examined.

page 137

no big haciendas in this neighborhood.

Approach to San Juan. up slope into the beginning of foot slopes of Sierras. Fields
2nd class (rocky but water - then 3rd rocky without water. wagon track road.
On right, further up slope large bushes of cactus and piles of light colored broken
rock - the quarries - Between these a few small patches of milph and few short rows
of the grey green maguey.

The quarry is 10 to 15 feet deep
35 feet in diameter
one side sloping out.

Drilling 80 cm with 30 cm of hard mud packing. Ordinary gun powder used. Drilling
done by hand, pounding and turning, makes a very smooth cut

page 139

Market at S. Juan at 2.00 p.m.

(dureaznos)

#1 (pears)

(manzana)

(has 3 losses of atzompa - full glaze 20% asked)

2 potato roots from sierra

3 tomatoes (red) lime, alfalfa, mangoes.

4. manzana, green chili, tomatoes
jabon, 2 atzomp pots, box of white thread. 3 paguelas of Faros
paguelas of phosores

5 carne (5 puestos)

6 tomato, chili, onion, dried onions

7 tomatoes

8 4 of mixed - dried red chili
* manzallas
* mangoes
* dried lime beans
* little bit of amarillo maize

1196

page 140

page 140

By 3.30 p.m. market has dissolved
ownership of a mine worth $25 $30 but sales very unusual
Don Raphael said he had 1 he could not use and would accept $25 $30
this tallies with information acquired by Dr. and Carlos on expedition
to S. J. a week ago

page 141

Conversation on metates.
With 1 charge 2 doz. m. blocks. It is, however, a matter of luck.
If a bad layer beats, then they go further
Material for metate price $1 $1.50 a block

measurements ( ancho = 34 cm
given by sacristan ( largo = 50 cm
( alto = 30 c.m orejas
35 c.m. pie

Mano = 7 1/2 c.m (length 50)

Number of mnes about 100. Only about 50 in use, however.

Madeline - other side of Ocotlan. muy bofa verde

1 sample no good because of small hard flecks. must not rub smooth too soon.

Metates sent to Tehuantepec all valley & Mixteca via Oaxaca. But not over
Sierra Juarez

If a man has helped considerably in cutting big pieces get about 2 out of
12. People who only help in clearing away the slag get small stones for
los manos.

page 142

berena = diff. from bareta
"span" - thumb to little finger stretched. tertia

1 span and 8 fingers wide

1 hour to cut 3 metates

2 cuts in block

2 thumb to little finger stretched & 8 fingers - long

don't work on Sunday

during agricultural season don't work so much in mines

page 143

price of large one - 5 - 6 dollars in S. J. maximum

Time - 2 1/2 to 3 days a m.

1/2 day for bringing block as far as the house

2 days en piquando

don't work at night

In cemetery of San Juan small chambers, nichos, sobre the grave mound. Mound and
chamber made out of cement. Some painted. 1 blue color. face of nicho may be
decorated. It may also face either outward or toward the feet of dead body. This
nich is used to place food, oranges, mangos, chocolate, pen, im on All Saints day.

1197

page 143 continued and page 145

Sequence of work on metates. (Dictation by Dr. in discussion with Manuel.)

On a certain day the owner of the mine drills a hole and explodes. The drilling is done by a long bar of iron. Some 2 c.m. wide about 1 meter long, round with chisel point. It has a chisel end and after each blow it is given a quarter turn. The dust is scooped out with a "spoon" and put in a heap. After a hole from 80 c.m. to 1 meter and more than half filled with ordinary powder. A fuse is put in and the hole plugged with a paste made out of drilling dust and water. After the explosion a bank of rock which differs in size according to stratum falls off. The workers are fully aware that an explosion can give a larger or smaller block depending upon configuration of rock. But they have to remove poorer stratum in order to get to better one. An explosion may give as few as 4 blocks or as many as 20, average 12.

The owner marks off, measuring by hand span and fingers the outlines of the blocks using green leaf for marking. He and a helper then cut through dividing lines by means of barreta. The blows are carefully delivered and produce a clean cut, block of the desired size. A number of additional assistants will help in clearing debris and help in throwing it over rim of quarry. Payment of main helper 2 blocks in 12, (probably when very poor yield owner will cut out the blocks himself. Other assistants receive small pieces good enough for manos grinding handles.

page 144

barenname of drilling chisel.

page 147

In one day a large block would be partitioned and debris cleared up. No food or drink is distributed - no money payment given for help.

There is a clear idea of the value of unworked blocks from $1 to $1.50 a piece. and we were told that blocks sometimes are purchased at this price. A preliminary work may be done at the mine or in the shade of some tree nearby, then transported to the house where worked out. In preliminary trimming by means of barreta markings made with leaf in rough approximation. In final working with the pico a rule is used to give the square outlines of the face. Other measurements done by hand-span and fingers in which considerable accuracy obtains.

## Sale & Export

The M of S.J. & S.S. are used in the valley in the Sierra, Isthmus, and Western maritime districts of Oaxaca which the old sacristan Raphael Gonzales describes as *Huatecas*. Preferences - In Isthmus like the "blue" Azul, the Sierra and Huatecas prefer purple.

page 148

Why would not regatons buy directly in San Juan.
Product produced slowly "Pace of production" same as in Atzompa

1198

page 149

At times but probably seldom buyers come to the village to purchase. More frequently the villages carry the objects to the main surrounding market places. There the itinerant merchants who export to surrounding villages would purchase.

Caxaca is the place from which the M's would be sent further north, region of Mixtecas and the north of the valley.

## Approx. Prices

A fair sized m - dimensions such as I's would probably sell at $6 in San Juan. The transaction between the maker and a regaton who would then sell in market. At Tlacolula or Abasolo this sells at 8P. In Isthmus such a piece sells at 14 or 15 P. Thus the gain of a trip would be about 6 or 7 P a piece or 12 P a carga. In the Sierra the price of the same piece might be 10 or 12 P.

We obtained the measurements of an outsize met. bigger than that we were told would not be produced it would weigh (continued on page 151)

page 150

1 metate is good for 25 to 30 years of use.

Assessment of size of mine - 15 meters in diameter - 5 - 6 meters deep.

page 151

some 4 to 5 arrobas and would not be transported to more distant regions.

Old man demonstrates on large block. With complete certainly measures of span and fingers from edge. draws line with green leaf. proceeds to next line. All done with confidence, security and dexterity.

The deepest mine we were told is 15-16 meters deep.

Only the northern part of village works on stones, some 100-120 men knowing the craft. About 80 of them are also mine owners. There are 700 homes in the village (about 3750 inhabitants in estimate of parish priest) Hence 1/12 of the householders work met, the others are engaged in woodcutting and charcoal burning. All of them also work in the fields; the village being rich in lands. During the field work months (March - October) stone working is slack, because of lack of time and lots of water in the mines. The strongest producing months are January and Feb. We were told that even the price of a met drops in those winter months and rises in the (cont'd on page 153)

page 152

movement of metate grinding is with almost rigid arms, and forward and backward movement of waist. This movement raises and lowers shoulders, so that as the triangle of hips shoulder and hand is flattened. There is a downward rubbing stroke on the surface of the metate which slants away from the woman. In this rubbing motion there is a slight turn (fig 2.) of the wrist. Heel of palm is pushed down with downward stroke. Thus both turning and rubbing motion at the same time. When beginning, when grains of maiz are not broken there is more rolling which crushes.

1199

page 153

rainy season. Isadora confirms this information.

Met have to be purchased on the occasion of a wedding by the god-father (padrino) of the bride, who then will dance with it at the ceremonial moment.

## Monday July 14, 1941 Maiz

expiga - top flower

elote - female flower

women do not work in fields

1 man might sow 10 almudes which would be between 2 and 3 hectares. 10 months of work on milpa. $1.25 for 8 hours

food for junta - $1 a day.

200 contribuenter (taxpayers to municipal) - which would make about 800 inhabitants Pay $20 a ano.

1. Municipio - an independent elective autonomous unit.

2. Agencies - governed by one man from orders of a municipio.

3. Barrios - Secciones

Abasolo has 3 sections.

page 155

to cult. land of 10-20 almudes

dueno & 1 junta necessary and 1 mozo

permanent/

temporary

Begins to prepare ground in December, the dueno works alone. Needs assistants for some parts of work.

## find out

from Dec. to March dueno works alone. Then he needs an assistant (mozo)

Manuel now pays an assistant to do his work in the field while he is with us.

2 meals and 1 almud of maiz a dia.

But duenos work is more than a moso so we cannot calculate 1 days work of dueno equals 1 days work of moso equals $1.25.

page 156

$2 - a almud of frijoles

school books supplied by government

children must buy pencils and paper

page 157

## Cost of living

50 tortillas (large) = 1 almud

1 man eats about 18 tortillas a day when he is eating only tortillas - a little chili and a little salt.

Manuel eats 1 cup of coffee (Son aqua sin leche) desayuno at 6 or 7 a.m.

1 tortilla o 1 pan.

Muoso - atole & frijoles & tortillas

at 11 a.m.

frijoles - 1 almud at 2 or 3 days

comida at 3-4 p.m.

carne

cena at 8 p.m.

page 7

2¢ for large

1203

6 personas

<table><tr><td>desay</td><td>tortilla</td><td>50¢</td><td>bought in market from tortilleras</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>pan</td><td>25¢</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>panella</td><td>10¢</td><td></td></tr></table>

5¢ cafe

eggs 15 at $1 p.
manteca 1/4 kolo. 25¢
salsa 10¢ ---(5¢ tomato
(5¢ chili

<table><tr><td>comida</td><td>carne</td><td>60¢</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>papas</td><td>5¢</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>$1.50 general cost for comida of all 6 persons</td></tr></table>

$2.50 diaria conuda and desaymero

carbon

$3 carga - lasts for 15 days
1 kilo de $7 sal. 15 or 20 days
1/2 kilo cafe 55¢ 8 day

grind coffee in casa

page 8

comales = cannot be touched by water. Thus they are bought in the dry season and this accounts for the large store of them in S's house.

page 9

July 15

Visit to San Antonio de la Cal. by Dr. Dictation

Situation on W end of ridge separating valleys of Tlacolula and Zezdua. Village faces due West beautiful view of Oaxaca town, Monte Alban, and the valley towards Zezchila. Appearance from distance - on lower slope of hill clumps of stunted trees adobe houses and hacales at north end white (pale blue) church. On arrival streets between organe and cariso hedges many of which with large gaps - Solares empty and ill kept: hardly any plants except a few stunted trees. Cattle tied up in front of casas. Every second solar has a kiln visible because surrounded with a white rim. Tortilla industry: visited tortilla kitchen - e metates, large size, two in use, price given for them 12 p - obviously wrong. Says almud of maiz-bolita costs 60¢ which is fairly correct. Produces 100 tortillas from 1 almud (tortillas small). Isidora said last year that she made 60 from almud - (Difference in size between them). Isidora yesterday gave same figure of 100 or more to tortilleras - Sells at 2¢ a tortilla. (double of price last year)

page 10

General question: Why are tortilleras a specialized industry and why are not more of them prepared at home.

1204

page 11

Today they were making at 6.00 p.m. tortillas which would be carried to the market at 4.00 a.m. tomorrow morning. A woman can produce 5 almudes in her tenate she said. (she had a bent wire ring on the cornal to prevent the tortillas from burning.) She was making clayudas.

N.B. calculations -

If almud costs 60¢ produces 100 tort at 2¢ net gain $1.40 in almud -
hence even in 5 almudes they would make 7 pesas which cannot be correct.
Where did she lie.

Additional costs = wood - $1 cargo
how many cargas for 100 tortillas

? There is one molina of nixtarnal charges 10¢ an almud for grinding. They do not regrind.

N.B. Isadora doesn't make her own tortillas since her sickness. She discobs her own grain and gives grain to moctezuma's wife who makes the torittas for her, keeping a certain number.

Don't know whether goes to motina first and only gives massa
to his wife - or whether gives grain.

page 12

chalk used to get husk off nixtaural

page 13

Woman in San Juan Teytepac gave Dr. 3 tortillas boasting that they had been entirely ground on the metate. Is there no molino in San Juan? Seems improbable even though woman said not.

Chalk at San Ant. -

Cal industry - (quick lime)

The limestone is obtained in hillside above village in quarries - scars visible.
Communal ownership - no payment for quarrying - dynamited - lime brought to village
on burros - Two classes of stone - brownish highly crystalline yields finer quicklime
for nixtaural, sold at higher price. Coarser whiter limestone yields quicklime for
whitewashing and masonry.

Burning in kilns about 3 in. deep 2 in. in diameter. Inferior on bottom and better
stone on top (check) Burning takes about 20 hours. Wood slacked through aperture
at bottom of kian. Slag unused . oven belonged to man's grandfather - used for
generations.

page 15

cost of burning - 2 1/2 - 3 loads (carretas) of wood at $5. a carreta

produce same amount of carretas of quicklime sold at about $12 - 15 a carreta

page 18

at 8.20 the W end is very empty - could walk through it freely and briskly
this market much cleaner than B.J.

1206

page 27

Donna Erlinda

<table><tr><td>Maiz <u>polvo</u> - inferior maiz - para las fortillas</td><td>)</td><td>something wrong with the maiz market this afternoon - Seemed like shortage?</td></tr><tr><td>12¢ a kilo</td><td>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>narayit = 18¢ kilo</td><td>)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>65¢ a almud</td><td>)</td><td></td></tr></table>

Discussed cargadores with Donna Erlinda she deplored their inebried. Said that cargadors con numero - members of the sindicativo were more responsible. Yes, the charged more. but they were better. Which did she use con or sin numero - oh, sin numero por los otras mas caros.

In Carmen talk with woman at F she told me that the prices of Carmen are the same as big market. She also told me that the prices of her vegetables in the afternoon when the market is terribly empty is the same as in the morning. I repeated this question referring to some soaked beans specifically and she explained that she was saving that until tomorrow morning.

Talk with Done Jose (Ruiterra?) and wife (Donna Maria) Maria good talker (he bad) She told me that she had sold carbon in another mercado for 20 years and then it had been sold. Jose has his own kiln in the Sierra. This is a <u>propio</u>. Two can eston of carbon arrived. Transp. 75¢ per caneston per camion. 28 kilometers. Made a sale at 1 kilo 300 gram at 10¢

The four fondas of Carmen open but not doing much business.

page 29

Thursday, July 17th

Notes on Barter from Parsons -

note p. 54. morgages at exorbitant interest rates -

"Twelve centavos on a peso a month, i.e., 144 per cent. In 1915 there was a money famine, and the paper money depreciated. Rich people hoarded their corn. In Mitta people resorted to barter; but they also morgaged their lands.

p. 64. - Economic life

"The picture is 18th century, but it is also Indian. The people were traders long before they traded in factory-made goods; they used the modern coinage, but the provision they make for the dead is, as we shall see, in the ancient currency, and into their birth-practices and their ceremonial contact enters the system of barter, people work for wages, but all the town work is done by unpaid labor ......etc.

p. 422. "The farmer tells her he took his beans and pumpkin seeds to Tlacolula, but did not sell, prices are too low. Eggs are at two centavos. "A good time to pay back quelagueza," I suggest; but Vicenta explains that quelagueza have nothing to do with market prices. If somebody brings you ten eggs at your mayordomia, you must take them ten eggs at theirs. (Barter pure and simple, carried over from a time when the price system did not exist! A neat case of cultural lag, Professors Ogburn, Tozzer, and Lowie!)

479-80 "Part of the economic life of Mitta is Indian: the thatched house, and in general the use of house and kitchen, cookery, the use of pottery vessels, river wells, the use of maquay for liquor and fiber, most of the food crops, methods of planting, of cultivating, and of harvesting, carrying on the back by tumpline, weaving, the <u>huipil</u>, fiber and woven belts, the blongun, barter on ceremonial occasions or payment of goods in kind, including the

1207

page 29 continued

habit of carrying home the food left over from a feast ............ On the
other hand there are a large number of Spanish introductions - the tiled roof....
etc.

page 30

Metate -

Parson - 98-99

"The godparents of baptism always give the trunk which, as furnishing, is
next in importance to the alter. The godmother of confirmation gives the
grinding stone.

page 31

Parsons on barter -

lists quelaquesa as ritual *barter* P. 78

p. 192 Mayordomia

"As at a wedding, relatives, compadres, and acquaintances contribute to the quelaqueza or supplies, and a careful record is kept, for the recipient is expected to make an equivalent return to the donor when the donor in his turn is conducting a mayordomia (or a wedding). The ledgers of this barter banking system are kept meticulously (App. C) down to a cup of chocolate or one or two pieces of bread; everything is counted or weighed and the obligations incurred are felt to be very onerous.

p. 525

As part of their institutionalized contacts, interchanges of presents or of
food and drink are a prominent feature - at quelnado & or wedding, at birth
or baptism or confirmation, at the wake, at mayordomias. Here again is an
ancient habit, the habit of reciprocity, carried over into new settings.
Carrying away with you the food you do not consume on the food you do
not consume on the spot is actually an Indian practice, and so no doubt is
the requirement of a precise return in value on a later occasion. The under-
lying economic system of Mitta with its elements of barter and of social
prestige is pretty close to the "giving away" practices of both Aztec rulers
and the Indians of the Plains, or to the potlatch of the Northwest Coast,
even if the Zapotec system appears to have a much larger element of fixed
reciprocity.

p. 532.

But there are other factors in economic conservatism. The ceremonial system
of barter precludes the accumulation of capital and goods. And so does the
system of communal service. Guelaqueza and tequio, belong to a scheme of
life incompatible with the accumulation of capital, or of wealth. Moreover,
in the old life there was little psychological inducement to accumulating
wealth.....

page 51 cont'd.

1214

Price of maiz was high because (1) of a shortage of imported maiz due to the miscalculation of importers. It takes 3 weeks to order, import and put this maiz on the market. New local crop will be on the market by the second week in August. Secondly there was a shortage of sellers (propio) of local maiz on this market. (Friday) - Thirdly local people from surrounding region had brought other produce than maiz such as Manuel's chili which further affected the low price of these goods and contributed to lack of cash in market.

Sumeno and his friends from chilateca predicted that the next day (Sat.) the price of maiz would fall since the news of price would encourage propios of surrounding region to bring maiz.

page 52

man with glasses N.

has them set up in rows and is selling 3 hoops at 1¢ for throwing at them glasses are placed so close together that it is impossible for hoop to fit down around one. But a poor old man is trying his skill.

Nada

Begins to rain at 1.05

4.45 A. mercerias being packed up

1. membrillos.

E.F.G. gone

2. table with two braziers set up here

rain at 5.15

there puestos remain

III H. packing up

3 fonda under tent

IV C, D, K, L, & 2 bottles

p.53 market chart.

page 54

shower at 1.05

at 4.40 court of membrillos down to 16 as same number of puestos. )

) side I

from 16 down - 3 membrillos 2 frijoles )

Side II 1. membrillos

1. flashlight

7. membrillos & durazno

1. small smt. of mangoes

1. basket of new shoes

1. small petates

1. large site of durazno

p. 55 market chart.

page 57

1.15 calle de S. Juan packed - traffic slow - on market side 2 rows of sellers

4.35 bananas being unloaded from a truck at #46 Avenida Hidelgo

Front of Iglesia de Compañia 4 photographers 3 women selling new shoes in baskets.

At corner Fuerte & Mezcal 6 cargadors waiting in St. - chart

page 65

1217

July 20, 1941

asas

temano

picheles

narrower necks than the jurros?

otlas 'relucados

Is Atzompa Mizleco or Aztec

In territory find old moldes

pulidores

good clay

old pottery with characteristics

10 types of barro

page 67

## July 21st Monday

### Puesto de Losa

I. Situation - San Juan de Dios.

a. History of San Juan. Part of Church. When became market. when first Losa puesto (Lina). what sold there before?

b. Market - taxation
night watch
electricity
water
when gates close

II. Structure - a. dimensions - length, width, height at eaves, ridge pole.

b. How constructed shingles
beams
poles

c. Cost of construction?
repair?

d. Cobreador tax.

e. Value of site with reference to position in row.

III. Mercancías inventaria

a. price at which item bought. investment

b. " " " " offered for sale expected gross gain

c. time article in stock )

d. how many pieza of each type originally bought) turnover

e. variations in sale price )

page 68

### Puesto de Losa

IV Sales - daily of week

season differences

How they figure account.

Do you ever lose money

Ever spend more than gain.

Differences in sale price

any reduction on old goods.

1218

page 68 cont'd.

How much latitude in bargaining?

If you have no cash what do you do?

Number of buyers, actual and prospective
which go through lose row in 1 day.

V. **Costs**
   (cobrador)
   (construction of puesto)
   (labor. but this impossible to figure. no standard by which to measure value of time.)
   Breakage
   repairs
   List of family
   food - clothing - house; rent.
   church & other costs.
   Members otherwise occupied. gains.

VI. Balance sheet of puesto

page 69

VII Position of puesto in the distribution of pottery

1. To whom sold - other regatones
   Do they go to other markets.
   tourists, housewives, Indians.

2. Purchase of stock - alfereros propio. Atz. Oax. Coyot regatones
   buying agents

3. Other methods of purchase & sale
   Export

MIII Picture of production - Atz. Cayot. Oax.

IX Position in relation to other sellers - Amigo Y.
Porfelia Hernandez

page 71

Monday July 21, Oaxaca

12.45am Mezcal empty N & S.

East gallery S only 4 hat puestos
4 tortilleras in c. cross passage
24 hours at S entrance

San Juan E empty
at gate woman & girl picking over rubbish swept out of market for chilis.

4 chellos sellers

1 fortune teller canary

2 puesto of Atzompa - Porfelia Hernandez

Atzompa - empty - trucks autos at gas station

SW completely empty except 1 milagro
A & B carne open
C fonda
D closed

page 76 cont'd.

also page 78

1221

Out of these measurements we will first check once again in the fact that sizes are approximately standardized. Secondly from these measurements we will find a standard with which the student can identify any jarro in any market, which is necessary for the notation of prices. And thus thirdly we will be able to compare with exactitude the variation of prices.

So far we have assumed only the existence of price differences between towns - (Oax, Tlacolula, Ocotl., Zimatlau, etc.) - while regatones have also informed us of the seasonal price difference between now (July) and Octubre when losa will be higher due to the festivities in that season, -

However, we may find even more variation once we can assess the article exactly and quickly. It may turn up, for instance, between the price of the article bought in a permanent puesto de losa in the market of Sn. Juan de Dios on a weekday and the price for the exactly equivalent article sold from a temporary puesto in the calle de Atzompa on a Saturday. We already know that also there is one price to regaton and another, al menudeo, in Oaxaca. We might even find price differences between different regatones operating under exactly the same circumstances, which might then be a symptom of some other factor in the economic behavior of the market. Prices in this respect are the external, immediately observable evidences of larger happenings. Such differences between regatones, for instance, might only show that Donna Porfelia Hernandez was a better bargainer than Don Jose Gonxales, but on the other hand, it might reveal some more important fact, such as different techniques of transporting or storing merchandise or from such price differences we might find the relation between the price of losa and that of maiz, as we found between chili and maiz in Ocotlan, (this however is improbable as regatones of losa could afford not to sell in anticipation of market changes.) At any rate, such complete information would prepare the student of the market to notice any events in the market and to appreciate their importance immediately.

*It should be noted that weight of pulso of barro is not equal to weight of finished jarro. Scraping with cuchara reduces amt of clay. Glaze increases it.

Bill's Figures:

Calculation of annual costs -

<table><tr><td>Barro</td><td>10.00</td><td>11.50</td></tr><tr><td>transp.</td><td>40.00</td><td>48.00</td></tr><tr><td>lena</td><td>50.00</td><td>50.00</td></tr><tr><td>Greta</td><td>75.00</td><td>75.00</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$175.00</td><td>$184.50</td></tr></table>

page 77

Atzompa Losa Production

Luiz Aquilar

<table><tr><td>make jarros by sizes of capacity.</td><td>Not correct. See # [p. 76]</td></tr><tr><td>jarros 1/2 litro</td><td>- 5 ¤ )</td></tr><tr><td>1 litro</td><td>-10 ¤ )</td></tr><tr><td>2 litro o mas.</td><td>-25 ¤ )</td></tr></table>

page 77 cont'd.

1222

## Prices of material calculated

Barro
* 15¢ a carga - from S. Lorenzo (1 lequa (4 kilom. away)
* 20¢ " " " S. Felipe Tejalapa (1 lequa)
45¢ for 2 cargas a week

*these are charges paid to pueblos owning clay - exd usive of excavation or transportation costs.

(Transport al 2 burros per annum
x ( $70-80 capital value
( $6 a month for pasto

Luis has 18 surcos of land - 1 almud de siembra
alquila ($1.50 a day) for yunta.
("alquilar" - to rent)

($10 a year por burro.
x ($80 de gustos de los 2 burros.
($40 a burro a year

x- have abandoned cost per year - this information too generalized.

page 79

Lena = $2 a week
$1 per carga a su puerta

Greta = 4 Kg. (a hornada) = $2.60 ---(or 0.65

Cobre .40¢/ como 200 gms (8 onzas)
(se compra en dispachos de negocio)

Greta y cobre por 1 hornada (each 15 days)
$3 per hornada
or $75 a year

Por Hornada =
3. Greta
2. Ona
.45 barro
1.50 transporte
$6.95 or $7.00 per hornada (jarros - what kind how many)

Valor de mercancía 12.00
7.00
gana net $ 5.00

Work - 1 hombre 12 horas - excavation y transporte.
3 hours - diaria (aquilar) } superficial

1223

page 81

Atzompa - market day

Tuesday, July 22

3. women from Culapaa - regatones
   who have bought mangos and camote ozul. and amarillo.
   in Zuachila.

1 woman from Atz. 3 jarros
2 half ollas
1 small casula
& 7 little dishes

2 men
1. San Nazareno Etta.
2.

1 oman ices nicne

Woman from Sn Jacinto ( 2 tortillas
for 1 camote (potato)
buys mangos.

Woman from Atzompa cambia 3 jarros for 2 pan dulce
Boiled broad beans come from San Paolo Etta
Fried pork - chicharrones from Oaxaca

2 types of dulce - (Man from Sn Naz. buys pan dulce and sells losa at what price, in casa casa in pueblos around.
measurement of losa) gams on the bread - given 20¢ a peso on bread
on earthenware gains about 2¢ om small pieces on large pieces 5¢
man's wife has been around to houses with pan dulce.
brings back 1 casuela
1 half olla

Man takes olla = 4 pans.
asked 18 off 12 = sale 15
given 4 pan & 5¢ in money
olla 3 litres - said 'ill sell it at 18¢

page 82

6 burros went through market loaded with barro.
carried in petates sawed at each end - canoe shape &

at 12.30 market appears this way

Women of Ata. get up with wares and go to one of sellers down the line

1224

page 82 cont'd.

The observation of these market transactions - *cambiando* - are worthless *without measurement of the article of lossa*.

page 83

12.15 woman comes with 3 apaxtles.

Another woman ith queso de Etta - and havas casidas, of which she sells 2 "tortilla - portions" for 2¢. The buyer brought her own tortillas.

12.20 Another oman ith havas cosida arrives

mangos

3 manzanas at 7¢

jarro is assessed by bargaining at a value of 7¢ and trade then is made in exchange for five mangoes.

Assessment of olla - offer 20¢
demand 30¢
offer 25¢
?

jarro - ask 20¢

offered 15¢

ask 18¢

sale at 15¢.

Exchange made for 15 tortillas.

small apaxtle = ask 15¢

offer 12¢

8 - 10 inches tall

i.e. 20-25 cm.

page 84

How many houses

how many hornados in A.

Annual production per horno.

This market does not appear to me to be an adequate instrument of distribution.

We have here very little being offered

which are important types of mercanica.

No maiz

only 1 kilo of red chili in market

only 4 - 5 almides of frijoles

25¢ a almud asked.

B. M. says that in the autumn - important season of lossa consumption there is maizz frijoles, etc. Probably we saw a very slack market on July 22.

page 85

Ollas - measured by capacity
1 almud
3/4 "

Price of tortillas 5 at 6¢

by quartas see later.

Incorrect, but quarta may have a proportion in terms of almud.

page 85 cont'd.

1225

This is not a market but a meal. Atzompenos are eating
also regatones from outside.

They are eating fruit = mang.

cheese

tortillas

pan dulce

pan frances

havos - cosidas

hieve

cooked squash

much is being eaten here on the spot. some
carried away to houses.

Sales are sometimes (1/2 dinero

(1/2 cambia

Apaxtle 20¢

10¢ of price paid in slices of cheese and a large helping
of havas cosidas; other 10¢ given in coin.

Woman from Sn Nazarene brings back another olla 20¢ size = 3/4 almu
pottery goes to food almost entirely.

small apaxtle 10¢ - sale; (5¢ coin

slightly cracked (5¢ of queso

page 86

at 3.20 P.M. woman has 15 Oaxaca bowls left selling 23

man from Sn. Naz. has sold all and is packing
up 4 canasta of losa

market now is almost over about 10 puestos left.

page 87

Woman from Sn. N. comes back with 6 casuelas (what size how many breads)

2 sellers of fried pork fat have joined.

Woman with basket full of onions & radishes )also

and 38 bowls of Oaxaca ware mint ) a

also about 2 dozen wooden combs. ) chicken

2¢ - 6 radishes

1¢ - 3 rad.

Oaxaca bowls sale of 1 at 6¢

and 1 big onion at 1¢

great hesitation by this little girl tried to get 3 onions
for 1¢ but 2¢ demanded - then thought of 3 rads. at 1¢
then saw this big onion 1¢ and took it.

Woman 3 rads. 1¢

asks about Oax. bowl no sale.

Seller gives 3 rads. for 4 mangoes.

Beggar in this small market given small amounts of food -
has then a purchasable amt. such as 1/2 a mango.

page 89

1227

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th colspan="2">Val. a doz.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>casuela 1</td><td>at 1.00</td><td>4 doz.</td><td>$4.00</td><td>4.80</td></tr><tr><td>casuela 2</td><td>at .75</td><td>2 doz.</td><td>1.50</td><td>1.22</td></tr><tr><td>casuela 3</td><td>at .30</td><td>2 doz.</td><td>.60</td><td>.48</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>$6.10</td><td>6.50</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">cost of 1 hornada</td><td></td><td>5.13</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">net gain</td><td></td><td>$1.00</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

page 91

<table><tr><td rowspan="4">casuela 2</td><td>75¢</td><td>doz.</td></tr><tr><td>8¢</td><td>Oaxaca</td></tr><tr><td>10¢</td><td>Tlacolula, Etta, Zaachila</td></tr><tr><td>15¢</td><td>Cotlan Zimathun</td></tr></table>

casuela 3

distribution (Says can sell whole orna in one Saturday in Oaxaca and what he doesn't sell by pieza he gets rid of to a regaton.

<table><tr><td>could put 10 doz. of cas.</td><td>1</td><td>in 1 horno.</td></tr><tr><td>12 "</td><td>2</td><td>" "</td></tr><tr><td>36 "</td><td>3</td><td>" "</td></tr></table>

(man with bread from Sn. Maz. not only was trading cambia distribution (in one transaction he paid 15¢ for an olla.

Horno of Aquilar (mas grande) 1 m. 60 cm. depth above areas 45 cm deep inside diameter 1 meter

page 92

Problems - Comparison of Atz. Coyot, and Oax. ware

Cucharas of Atzompa
barrio specialization

hire another ass at 50¢ and hire a mosa for pay and food
cost of a carga 75 - $1 and price at $1.00

Casuela - Tamano
1 peso dot = 23 wide

ghigh
17 1/2 bottom inside

Tamano
(apaxtle - 55 cm wide at top ) price
33 deep

Atzompa

Wednesday, July 23

page 93

1228

Carga from Sn. Felyse $1.00 Solar de Don Samuel Hernandez

Sn. Felipe 3 lequas away 3 hr. in time

Man moso de la casa came with 1 of his o'n burros and one belonging
to this house. Man was not paid said this was his Comida.

Woman took 4 1/2 minutes for a casuela

another at 4 1/2 25 cm diam. top )

6 cm de alto. ) $1.00 per doz.

bottom about 18 cm)

Piedra blanca = crystalline quartz is being crushed to a powder
on a stone trough - pounded with a stone held in one hand. Pounded on

Julian Ruiz, makes apaxtles

1. base
   to which are added rings of clay, building up the sides to
   desired height. "Molde" is turned with the left as the
   sausage of clay is kneaded on to the side.

2. Scraping of side to get thinness desired with a tin or gourd cuchara.

3. At same time as scrapping the sides which were completely vertical are shaped outward to desired curve.

4. also badana, piece of sheepskin is used for smoothing as molde is turned. (naturally the side may be further shaped simultaneously)

page 94

Ruiz has yoke of oxen

Mrs. M's notes - smoothing work of second day takes just as long as to form apaxtle. 2 hours work then?

1 p per carga of Atzompa barro for apaxtles

casuela )

22 top )

8 side )

18 bottom )

An apaxtle mm Molde
47 cm in diameter

another molde
75 cm in diam.

another 51 1/2

another 68

Woman is from Oaxaca - 18 years since she learned to make Apaxtles, since she married to Don Juliano Ruiz. Was she an alferara in Oaxaca?

page 95

1229

## An Apaxtle

begins at 6.42 p.m. ended at 7.47

hunk of barro on molde

is pounded out to edge of molde with fist.

Extra barro added to strength edge.

Bottom is smoothed - patted with palm with forefingers then kneading on the rolls to the sides begins.

Man begins at 6.50 p.m.

he begins by putting a lot of small lumps on molde. Then lumps mashed together - pounded 0- patted smooth.

at 2 minutes of 7 woman finishes side and begins to scrape.

Rim is smoothed with badana

Inside scraped

Now outside scraped a little again and side is beginning to be shaped outward.

page 96

a plexa 15¢ here ) 30 in Orizaba ) information from Sobrino. 35 in Mexico )

page 97

Senoras nephew lives in Vera Cruz and sells Atzompa losa - at about double the price.

Apaxtle - $1.00 colorado ) approx. relation in $a.00 verde ) price

She said wanted $1.25. When questioned about this she said it was $1.00. For verte $2.00, hoping to get more.

Here sobrino brings ropa and she sells it. People buy it on credit, paying weekly payment either in money or in losa.

From the nephew from Orizaba, who was then at the house, a woman comes and buys 4 meters of material for a child's dress. She takes the material goes away without having paid anything 2 minutes later returns and asks once again whether the price is $2.60 (not bargaining but to confirm her memory.) 4 m. at $2.60.

Sobrina tells us that a piece of losa priced 15¢ in Oaxaca will be 30¢ in Orizaba and 35¢ in Mexico City.

page 98

Noted absence of metates. Must ask how many omen have their corn ground at molina.

page 99

1230

Man - Sr. Angel Hernandez - came here 4 years ago to start a molina de Niytamal. Women here are so specialized that they do not have time to make o'n tortillas and women come every afternoon at about 3 from the surrounding pueblos.

to sell tortillas in street of Atzompa.

Sr. H. probably came here since it was one of the few villages not yet having a machine. Pays $14.50 per annum to the State and 6.50 to the municipio. Charges 6 or 7¢ per (dry) almud. But he complains that he is not doing well. At beginning only took in $3. to $4 a day and now it is more like $6, 7, or 8. Thus apparently grinding about 100 almudes (dry) a day. Number of tortilleras coming to Atzompa is about 12 - 20 a day.

Question - have any tortilleras started in business here in the pueblo.

distri- { Road to Oaxaca -
bution { No permanent road from A to Oaxaca yet. When river high they
{ must go by way of bridge. Problem - how much of the year do
{ they have to go this long way round. Also how long it takes by
{ river and by painte.

page 101

Sources of clay -
Check on clay
Observed in Samue

page 106

So far among people

Sunday Tlacolula. Jose Gonzalez said that he paid 25¢ for burro transportation from market to station in Oaxaca.

Page 107

1. Barro - types - costs.
methods of procuring it. costs. mosos. transportation.

2. Technology (a) time and quantity of production -- cost of labor
(b) regulation of sizes and relation to prizes.

3. Distribution

Barro negro esta de Sn Felipe.

Accident yesterday at Ruiz Hernandez - due to bad burro (too much sand)

Remedy to mix with some Sn. Felipe.

burro rent 40 or 50¢ for journey to mines of Sn F.
25¢ here for journey to mines of Atz.

Et barro rojo - comes from the mountain lands of Sn. Felipe Aqua - slope of Sierra

1233

page 114 cont'd.

measure of serv 16 1/2 cm height
24 1/2 cm width

chico 10 cm high

page 115

Sister makes servicios.

1 smaller than chico at D

She makes a gran servicio

begins at 1.33 1/2 p.m

She uses a stick after she has put longanas on to measure height of
vertical side. Says that most people judge by the pulso.

3 longanas sobre MEXICAN meruela with tipped up s des

finishes at 40 1/2 - taking 8 minutes

however rim must still be put on bottom and handle to side -
which would make about 4 more minutes - a total of 12.

El chico takes less time 5 minutes.

large one takes 15 hours for 6 doz.

small 9 1/2 hrs. " "

trempo de golpea 1 hr.

amazar 1/2 hr. "kneading"

time of cooking 1 1/2 gruesa - 4 hours (including both burnings.)

In the burning they lose about 5 pieces.

page 116

badana

jicara

6 families

3 burros

Mexcla - 3 Atz. 1 of Sn F.

page 117

casuelas jarros

apaxtles macetas

ollas anafres - una sola senora - Carubien Lace macetas.

comales braseros - el mismo - no diferencia

Ollas Grandes

* Woman works on kind of losa of husbands family. This senora born to jarros after marrying makes ollas grandes.

6 houses in Atzompa that make ollas grandes.

* Molde is much different.

One in comale shape which rests directly on the dirt floor

In scraping stage not much turning - Turning is not continuous but big turn at one time. Women are on knees.

*Olla is made one day and scraped the following.

*

page 117 cont'd.

1234

* Asked about the torno they said it could be used for smaller things but not for la olla grande

page 118
de Juarez

Donna Florencia Sarate - old lady

Donna Ignatia Garcia de Juarez

Don Luiz mama jarros
wife born to jarros chicos

page 119

* the work more in the winter because it is drier - In summer air humidity retards drying (Crear) and thus some ollas get spoiled also great danger when the rain comes during burning since whole lot may be spoiled.

* these people burn every 15 days
24 in one orns.

8 cargas of lena

6 cargas of basura

* these are taken to the plaza
man takes them. Women do not go.

* the senor polishes them with piedra de lumbre after they are dry

* all ollas are vidriada nerde - none rojo solamente

ollas trandes apaxtles casuelas corriente, etc.
macetas, servicios -- Atzompa, con Sn Felipe
flores

casuela mus fina barro de Sn Lorenxo

jarros

apaxtles chicos

floreors fuas

juquetes solamente Sn Felipe puro

*use green leaves with badana, put on inside of badana

page 120

I judge the old lady best orker because she achieves more with one tool. When she uses the cuchara de jicara her strokes are smoother and she then has already done part of the work of the badana.

mediana 3 qt. 37 cm top rim
29 cm inside rim
54 depth
50-47 from rim to edge of molde

page 121.

1235

* roughens edge of mouth with a corn cob and then puts on longana for the rim.

6 ollas medianas per dos cargas

1 of Sn F & 2 of Atz.

thus 3 ollas from one carga of mezcla

mediana 3 quartos

grando olla verticel 3 quartos - 3 hand stretches. = 7 almudes.

mas grande 4 quarta = 14 almudes

2 quarta = 4 almudes

The measurement by quartas is done while the sides are still verticle and before any outward shaping has been done -- measurement made from the molde to rim.

3 to 5 in every hornado

3 quarto olla - $2.00 in Oaxaca almenudeo

- 5.00 in Ototlan "

*they sell to regatones

last price 4 quartas 3.00 ) 3.00) in Oaxaca

" " 2 " .75 )

Jose Gonzales sells 3 qt. olla at $2.50 in Tlacolula bought it from sore eyes at $1.50 regaton's price in Oaxaca

page 122

what name of water jars
from Coyotepec

Sat. morning, July 26, washing at the well I saw three men come to get water with ollas de Coyotepec.

1 with two gasoline tins.

Men carrying Coyotepec ollas on shoulder with a little pad of felt as cushion, balanced by wrist through rope loop may be seen passing through the plaza any morning.

page 123

an jarro de Coyotepec on yard of olla house

Second olla house uses same horno as first

Another solar

ollas chicas

jarros mediano and grande

cajetes

casetas

page 123 cont'd.

1236

5 houses in this solar

juquetes use barro de Sn F. puro

"Slow rhythmic thumps of the golpeade sound through the evening of the village" BM'S impressionism

page 124

comales

Problem - So far have not got costs of barro from Sn Lorenzo so clearly outlined.

page 125

## Summary of clay

There are 3 types of clay

amarillo - 1 Atzompa - taken from the grounds of the village taken from the slopes to S. W. Yellow clay, somewhat sandy.

amarillo - 2 Barro de Sn Lorenzo Cacastepec. In that village used for finer ware always mixed with three

negro - 3 Barro de Sn Felipe Tejalapa - Very compact and plastic, pegadoso. Combined with either 1 or 2 in various proportions depending upon article to be made.

For finest work (juquetes) only 3 used. For less fine work, jarros, casuelas; small ollas and small apaxtles or cajetes, a mixture of 2 & 3 50% would be used. For coarser articles (macetas, floreos, services, 75% Atzompa 25 St. Felipe. Large ollas 2 A to 1 of F. For big apaxtles pure Atz. is used.

This classification of clays is superceded by later information - see page 149.

page 127

Atzompa

Friday July 25th

Casa of olla grande begins 11.15

old woman takes lumps off a great hunk of semi-damp clay. She kneads these lumps in a great roll. mashing itth palm. gouging with fingers, rolling on a rock slab in the floor. She sprinkles dry clay powder on the slab to keep roll from sticking. Having two large kneaded lumps one she flattens out into a thick circular slab (approx 2 inch thick) which is placed in the concave molde that has already been sprinkled with clay powder.

1237

page 127

From the edge of the boloque the series of longanas are built up. The old lady is sitting on her knees. The molde is turned clock-wise. left hand is flat on the outside surface of the rising side. On the inside at the same place where the left hand supports the outside surface the longana, sausage, is smeared on with right hand. The right hand holds the longana. Thumb controls its position, and fingers, principally the index, smears the longana onto the inside a little below the rim. (Longanas are not placed one on top of another thus but are placed slightly inside and cemented to inside of last one. With the index and fingers there is a slight upward movement to achieve this.

page 128

There are two movements - putting on longana ) and turning the molde) in alternation )

Longana 18 cm 7 inch long)
5 cm 2 inch wide)

At 11.50 side is
width 40 cm
height 57 cm from ground
" 50 from molde

Molde 45 cm in diam.
rim 12 cm high

page 129

Molde is moved in almost quarter turns. Longanas are about 16 inches long and rolled between the palms to a thickness of about 2 inches in diameter. The Longanas are squeezed on at first, then later she goes over the same surface with palm supporting index finger as a scraping smoothing surface.

Now the sides almost verticle. It is about 2 feet high. From the beginning she has been controlling the shape and thickness. Several times she has gone back and smeared a longana on further down on inside. And at other times she has scraped some other previous part with the index edge of her palm.

Second woman starts at 11.55.
A spot is chosen for longana to turn on. Sprinkled with water and with dry clay powder. bottom piece is put on. pounded with fist.

page 130

old lady's olla 65 from ground

page 131

1238

at 12.00 p.m. side of old lady's olla is desired height of 3 quartas (hand span from little finger to thumb stretched) on verticle side. Now she begins the smoothing motion with the cuchara de jicara inside with the right hand. left supporting outside with gentle - and the sides are slowly taking their curved shape. The opposite side from which she works wobbles gently. For this work, reaching down inside the rim, she has to stand on her feet.

Old woman finishes smoothing the inside and begins to work the rim of mouth. Finishes at 12.15 exactly 1 hour time.

Tomorrow will come scraping with jicara to thin side scraping of outside with a corn cob and smoothing with the jicara. Then rim put on and smoothed.

page 133

\#Emetelio Uberto "papa de Juarez"

Man makes Juarezes - from molde in three 4 pieces - front, back and left side.

Makes cenisero con idolo by molde

tazas with aztec molding on side and leaf plates

Vana ceniseros molde

chico jarros. which are placed in a clay

hornillo in bottom

of which (15 nails) is placed

nails have been driven

jarrito

upside down - one on each nail. Wholes in the side of the hornillo to let heat in.

Casetas con and sin orejas.

Some with strait rim and others with a bent out rim

/ sketch

Various animales chico for toothpicks

palilleros.

page 134

cajete

round bottom

casuela flat bottom

page 135

man begins to fill horno - jarritos are inside
small ollas to be baked while the olla is baked too. Also a olla
full of liones. This is for the burning without glaze. When
glazed, baked in hornillos.

This man makes the rubbish and his mother-in-law makes the cajetes.

Samuel suggested the idea of Juaroz to this man.

Has two ninos

1239

page 135 cont'd.

Mama de Don Luiz Aquilar . Father-in-law has yunta and a horse - works ejido lands.

Woman is making jarro bodies without putting on any longanas. 1 lump punch in the middle so that thick sides appear. Then with turning of molde the side is thinned to verticle of desired height. With cuchara the inside is smoothed and bulged to desired curve.

page 136

1 carga of basura 37¢

carga of barro is measured by the *altijo*

page 137

### Gastos from father-in-law

Carga de Sn Felipe $1.00 they buy all their barro there are specialistar of excavating and transporting barro. Says mines are dangerous; Sn F mas peligrosa 5 meters deep

Carga de Sn Lorenzo $1.00
barro de Golpear Sn L.
" " remojar Sn F.

we weighed a basket full of barro de Sn Lorenzo at 20 kilos.

5 baskets, attijo, to the carga. which would be 100 kilos per
carga at $1.00

Their mezcla 2 cargas of Sn Lorenzo (golpear) to 1 of Sn Felipe (remojar)

We watched several hornos being filled. Potts piled in on top of the arches and then the heaped up jarros are covered by a layer of potsherds of various sizes - rather large pieces.

Burning without glaze takes about 1 hour. Then with a wooden pala and stick with a wire hook on end the pieces of sherd are lifted off and the jarros out. Sometimes only the wire hook is necessary at others piece simultaneously supported by the pala.

page 138

Man from Naedula here to buy from Luis Aquilar

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1240

After pieces have been lifted out of the horno and have cooled, Luis wipes them with a cloth. Blows inside for dust and particles and piles them in a heap on their sides - also scrapes off any sticking lumps of barro.

In this horno of jarros (with a few very small ollas 5 and about 4 small casetas 4) there are no two exactly alike. They are of approximate sizes but there is variation in handle or in scallop of rim or in design on side.

Design is made partly by a dug out line - Eagles and leaves. They have stampmade of baked clay, and 1 to 1/2 cms in diameter, about 3 cms long. These stamps (also one of leaf) are used in combination with the dug lines names dug on some - Rosita Petronita, etc.

drawings

Then on the jarros there are bands of different kinds. Sometimes the sides are dented. Greatest variety is in the treatment of the rim of neck pinched - with tip scabboped pinch, small scalloped cuts.

Each house has some variety in way of designing. But Luiz wife shares stamps with workers in Luiz mothers house.

page 140

Jose Gonzales came to Luiz Aquilar's house on Friday. We did not find out how this transaction took place. However he had Aquilar jarros at Tlacolula on Sunday.

page 141

Now we have the glazing. Glaze in a large cajete or apaxtle with a jicara some of the Water-consistency glaze is poured into the inside of the jarro. Jarro is shaken circularly and then turned upside down so that all the inside is covered evenly. Luiz wife does the inside. Each time she takes a false dip to stir up the greta. Placed beside her they dry very quickly.

Luiz does the outside, holding it upside down with two fingers of left hand at the base of the handle, and pouring a jicara full of greta over the outside. Then putting right hand fingers in the neck he pours over the handle. This outside greta is much thicker mixture than what went inside.

page 142

claro - lodo es mas caro caramba cuanto es obviously

She calls the lump she begins with a "tortilla"

large comal (measure by quartas) $1.50 dozena 3 qt. 56 1/2diam light 59 measure along concave surface 8 cm deep

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Grandmother in house near Luiz Aquilar suckles her two grandchildren, still having milk. One of these grandchildren was 4 years-old.

Friday, the day of burning.

Noises - roosters, dogs, burros braying especially at night when all the burros of casa return to the solar. The blows of the golpeado.

Fieldwork - let the people talk freely.

Questions should be reserved for certain parts. Topic leads.

Example: description of barro as negra and Amarillo by fuente when potters never use these terms.

Luiz said that in October and November and later made other staples are sold here in Atzompa market.

page 147

On return to Atzompa

1. Costing of jarros from Luiz step-father.

2. Costing of ollas - we can figure this from amt. of allas from 1 mezclas. We know that 3 ollas mediana from 1 carga of mezcla. Find out for ollas grande and chica.

3. merchandising - man in tienda who used to go to Mexico. Some of this we will find out in Oaxaca on Saturday and Tlacolula on Sunday.

4. Measuring and appreciation of olla sherds to find out regularity of thickness. Also other sherd.

5. Read over Doctor's notes of visit to Atzompa, last year.

6. See the juquetes.

7. Get samples of all five classes of clay.

8. Is there "lodo liso" in Atzompa?

9. See preparation of barro - photograph - golpea, sifting and mixing best place in Jucintos.

10. Inauire how barro (a) is prepared when used exclusively and barro (b) is prepared for thick apaxtles.

11. Do comales crack when wet.

12. Do daily tortilleras aver barter for losa.

13. How is molde turned clockwise or anti.

14. See Luze Pequero

15. See Innocent Sarate, ollas may grade Lino Franco smallerollas; Apothnar Garcia makes Apaxtles grandes.

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16. Prices in Atz. to Atz. penox.

17. Prices of articles in Atz. market

18. Check costs of burro
25¢ Atz. to Oaxaca J. Conzales
Atz. barro 50¢ (p. 113)
Luiz Ruiz

19. Juan Ruiz - losa recommended by Dr. Porfelia

20. Don Lucio Lopez - amigo de Jose.

21. Make clear casting of barro de Sn Lorenzo

22. Make sure that measurements are taken in the same way.

23. Purchase of unbacked articles by the dozen at what prices. (Marcelino bought a few unfired ollas paying 50¢ a dozen.)
What arrangement for firing.

How much water?

why dried?

photograph this stage

Yet to be seen.

page 149

There are four classes of clay used as material for the body of pottery.

1. Sn Felipe Tejalapa

2. Sn Lorenzo Cacaotepec primera

3. S L C sequnda

4. Atzompa

In reality there are two functional types (a) barro or lodo liso, or deremojar, (b) lodo de golpear or depolvo. 1 & 2 constitute (a) 3 & 4 - (b). A. is thick greasy clay, clear of stones and sand, constituting the binding element. b. seems to contain sand, is dry and dusty before miring, and may provide the necessary silica.

Hypothetically: the binding element in moulding comes from (a); at the burning the sandy particles of B, if silica melt and provide strength.

Lodo liso, deremojar - comes from the mines in a damp condition. It has to be dried in the sun. After thoroughly dried put again into water for some 12 hours.

B. lodo de golpear has to be dried, then beaten* on an era, then sifted) till it becomes a fine dry somewhat sandy powder (polvo)

The two are mixed in different proportions. This is done by pouring the powder into the apaxtle (?) and kneading it. (man's work.)

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pays propios later

Alfredo Lopez
Calle cotapec

Luiz 58 jarros $1.50 price from Alfredo brings more 1. Octubre $2.00 selling price?

Ignatio Regis $2.50
another canesta 20 reales a doz. 4 doz. 1 1/2 litro jarros.

Manuel ----!

casuelos 1 gruesa de casuelas $5.00 a gruesa .42 a doz.

has 43 of them here; rest in his casa

2 dozena of other casuelas $2.00 a doz.

1 apaxtitas edorados $1.00 a dozena (only 4 here)

ollas - he tells me that these are from Ignata Regia also

page 152

todos dias en calle.
only on Sat. in calle de Atz. other days cerca de San Juan

page 153

1 doz. jarros grande (2 lit.?) $2.25 18¢ ult. p. starts at 20¢ offer 15 - no sale

medio verde - entonces precio menus
que esos de Ignatio que son mas chico

4 doz. jarros medio vidriado $1.00 a doz.

There are many here some a little smaller some bigger
8 ¢ ult. p. pieza

6 ollas de asa - chico - 6 reales
6 at 6 real = 12¢ cada

25¢ ult. p. a. men.
Discrep. between 12¢ & 25¢ is lousy

3 casuelas grande - 4 doz. in casa (37 cm across
(16 deep
6.00 doz. (50¢ piece)

60¢ piez. ult. p. ($7.20 a doz.)
this is more nearly right

ollas can ora 3 pieza $2.50 a doz?
aui son todo.

3 cajetes 2 doz. $5.00 37 cm across top
round bottom
45 ult. p. pieza

olla medin 37 cm deep inside 60¢ ($7.20) no more
(verdi) 24 cm mouth $5.50 doz. (.46¢)