HARVARD UNIVERSITY

CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

ROBERT R. BOWIE, Director
HENRY A. KISSINGER, Associate Director

6 DIVINITY AVENUE
CAMBRIDGE 38
MASSACHUSETTS

April 10, 1959

Mr. Oscar Ruebhausen
Debevoise, Plimpton and McLean
20 Exchange Place
New York, New York

Dear Oscar:

I have finally come to a decision with respect to Special Studies. It has been one of the most painful and difficult decisions I have ever had to make. Weighing all the factors, I have come to the reluctant conclusion that I must not return to Special Studies at this time.

I hope you accept my statement that I am deeply committed to Nelson. He is the only man in public life to overcome the somber situation we face and to make our society live up to its values. I have therefore tried very hard to arrange my life to make the project possible. I cancelled a trip to Japan planned for September. I resigned from a Study Group at the Council on Foreign Relations where I acted as Study Director. I have not taken on any new speaking engagements. Nevertheless, it has become increasingly clear that to return to Special Studies would be disastrous for me without being helpful to Nelson, in fact that the possibility of being of service in the future depends on refusing your offer.

Let me summarize my reasons:

(a) **My position at Harvard.** No man is better than his base, particularly when he considers it part of his duty to be prepared to stand up to prevailing attitudes. But in my case this base is not at all firm. There is the obvious jealousy produced by the fact that I have been so much in the public limelight at such an early age. There is the very real problem that I have not been giving sufficient time to academic life at any stage over the past few years. In 1956 I accepted a position at Chicago without ever appearing there. In 1957 I accepted a position at Harvard but spent most of my time in New York. In 1958 I did devote myself to Harvard but this was also the year in which my promotion was being considered. If I again engage in a major outside activity now, I will be accused of having exploited Harvard to obtain a permanent position while my real focus of interest remained elsewhere.

Mr. Oscar Ruebhausen

- 2 -

April 10, 1959

After you had told me that I exaggerated my problem at Harvard, I talked the matter over with several people here, including some who have sat on committees dealing with my promotion. It was their unanimous feeling that to undertake a major and continuing responsibility for Special Studies this year would make the worst kind of impression. To be sure, I consider it likely that the time will come when the pressures to enter public service will become irresistible, particularly if there were a chance to work with Nelson. But this will be impossible or at least extremely difficult if I let my preferences sway my judgment this year.

(b) **My physical condition.** Over the past four years I have held several full-time jobs simultaneously, and I am afraid that I am now paying the price. For the first time in my life, I am worried about my physical condition, so much so that I have scheduled a major check-up. Another year of this would be suicidal. My absolute duty is to get an interim of recuperation as a prelude to the kind of effort which our situation makes imperative.

(c) **The Psychological problem.** Our society is prodigal not only in its consumption of material but in its consumption of people. For four years now I have been spending my time almost incessantly in creative efforts without any time to recharge my batteries. It would be preposterous to pretend that I can continue to do this indefinitely. I am not more intelligent than other people, but I have been willing to work with more intensity and greater concentration. And I have profited in my association with Nelson from previous years of obscure reflection. Nelson's plan is important and my deepest desires are to be helpful. But I also think of Bill Elliott, Adolf Berle, Anna Rosenberg and Frank Nash, people of superior intelligence and of equal dedication who were not strong enough to resist the pressures on them and who have paid by never fulfilling their promise. From this point of view a year of relative peace would be essential not only for me but in the long term also for Nelson.

I have seriously considered (your suggestion) that my refusal now might jeopardize the opportunity to be of service later. If this should happen I would be deeply regretful. At the same time I cannot arrange my life in order to establish a claim on some future opportunity. All I can do is to make myself worthy of whatever tasks may come to me. And it is my conviction that if I return to Special Studies now I will be so drained that I will be useless in the future. In this sense I hope you will look at my refusal as an act of conservation and not of withdrawal. To the degree that I can grow intellectually, I can be of greater help later on. But of course, you may disagree and I must accept the consequences of my refusal.

I hope you will not consider it mere formal politeness if I tell you of the real void that will exist should this mean the end

May 26, 1959

MEMORANDUM FOR THE TRUSTEES
Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Inc.

From: Laurance S. Rockefeller, President

Subject: The Special Studies Project

At the annual meeting of the Board on May twenty-eighth, there will be a discussion concerning the continuation of the Special Studies Project. Therefore, I thought you might be interested in reading the attached excerpts from letters I have received from Overall Panel members and also a status report on the distribution of the published reports.

Also, I would like to mention that if the Trustees determine to complete the Project, we shall be able to start immediately on the preparation of the international objectives report (Panel I). Dean Rusk has agreed to continue as Chairman of the panel. Adolf Berle and Henry Kissinger have agreed to work with him as members of an informal steering group in the preparation of the report.

We are very fortunate in that we will be able to secure the services of August Heckscher, Director of The Twentieth Century Fund and a director of the New York Herald Tribune, to do the actual drafting of the report under the direction of the steering group. Mr. Heckscher has served as a member of Panel VI and is generally familiar with the material in the international field. He was editor of the Auburn, New York, Citizen Advertiser from 1946-48 and chief editorial writer of the New York Herald Tribune from 1952 until he became Director of The Twentieth Century Fund. He is author of *A Pattern of Politics* (1947), *The Politics of Woodrow Wilson* (1956), and *Diversity of Worlds* (with Raymond Aron, 1957).

A tentative drafting schedule would indicate that we could have a draft for presentation to the panel by the first of September. This would mean that a document could possibly be ready for publication by the second week in October.

We have also made preliminary inquiries concerning the preparation of the Democratic Process report (Panel VI).

would mean that a document could possibly be ready for publication
a draft for presentation to the panel by the first of September. This

1983).

of Woodrow Wilson (1926), and Diversity of Wells (with Raymond Aron, Century Fund). He is editor of *A Pattern of Politics* (1944), *The Politics Herald Tribune* from 1945 until he became Director of The Twentieth Citizen Advertiser from 1948-49 and chief editorial writer of the New York Times served as a member of Panel VI and is generally familiar with the of the report under the direction of the steering group. Mr. Heckseber and a director of the New York Herald Tribune, to do the actual drafting vices of August Heckseber, Director of The Twentieth Century Fund

We are very fortunate in that we will be able to secure the asset

Henry Krainger have agreed to work with him as members of an informal group agreed to continue as Chairman of the panel. Adolf Berle and

basation of the international objectives report (Panel I). Dean Rusk complete the *Protect*, we shall be able to start immediately on the pre-

and also a status report on the distribution of the published reports.
tested excerpts from letters I have received from Overall Panel members
Project. Therefore, I thought you might be interested in reading the at-
will be a discussion concerning the continuation of the Special Studies
At the annual meeting of the Board on May twenty-eighth, there

Subject: The Special Studies Protect

From: Lausanne 2. Rockettler, President

MEMORANDUM FOR THE TRUSTEES

May 20, 1983

"I took great pleasure in hearing from you further."

To give the time and interest to this assignment which it im-
poses here at the National Urban Reserve, but I would hope
does forward. We expect to be very proud in the next several
time to serve as a member of the overall panel if the project
that I am striking my head way by saying that I will con-
deem convinced that it is important that this top be finished
sition and completion of the Special Studies Project. I am so
"Thank you for your letter of March 30th concerning continue-

CRANMER, Lester B.

March 27, 1929

privilege."

"I will probably participate within the limits of time available -
I will probably be continued."

"It's a good news to know that the Rocketlelter Studies Group
will probably be continued."

DART, J. Martin.

March 27, 1929

can be a member of the overall panel." "
continued. "For my own part, I shall be glad to do what I
deliberately think that the Special Studies Project should be
"I find it very easy to reply to your letter of March 20. I

BURNS, Alvin P.

March 28, 1929

March 30, 1929:

Extends from letter to letter of June 8. Rocketlelter in response to the letter of

ROCKETLEITER BROOKING AND FUND, INC.
SPECIAL STUDIES PROJECT

April 10, 1929

Excerpts from Letters

- 2 -

HASKINS, Caryl P.

March 24, 1959

"Thank you very much indeed for your letter of the twentieth, with its welcome news that the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund are in favor of continuing and completing the work of the Special Studies Project. It seems to me most important that these studies be completed, especially in view of the great and distinguished impact which the first four have already made, and the large amount of thought and material already put into the remaining ones.

"I do indeed feel with you that the Studies should go forward, and I shall count it a great privilege to serve once again as a member of the overall panel.

"Thank you too for the memorandum on the distribution of the published reports, which I have read with the greatest interest. The records on Panel II and Panel V particularly are quite extraordinary. All of them, I am deeply certain, represent a major contribution to the American scene, and their superb timing objected them just at the time that they were most needed."

The Reverend Theodore M. HESBURGH

March 25, 1959

"I was delighted to hear that the Trustees of the Fund favor continuing and completing the special study. Personally, I found the meetings extremely instructive, and do believe that the reports were helpful to the cause of rational solutions for our great and continuing national problems. I am sure that the publishing of the other reports would be equally helpful.

"If there is anything I can do to help continue and complete the project, I know you will feel free to call on me, as I would be honored to assist in any way possible."

KATZ, Milton

March 23, 1959

"I am very glad to learn that the trustees of the Fund favor continuing and completing the Special Studies Project. It would give me pleasure to go forward with you and to continue as a member of the Overall Panel.

"May I also thank you for the copy of the outline for the use of study and discussion groups, and for the memorandum on the distribution of the published reports."

Distribution of the published reports.

study and discussion articles, and for the memorandum on the
"May I also thank you for the copy of the outline for the use of
member of the Overall Panel.

give me pleasure to go forward with you and to continue so a
strong and complete the Special Studies Report. It would
"I am very glad to hear that the trustees of the Fund favor con-
member of the Overall Panel.

KATI, Milton

March 23, 1928

Honored to assist in any way possible.

"If there is anything I can do to help continue and complete the
project, I know you will test free so call on me, as I would be
"

"If there is anything I can do to help continue and complete the
of the other reports would be most helpful,
and continuing national progress. I am sure that the publishing
portions were helpful to the cause of national solutions for our rest
the meetings extremely instructive, and to believe that the re-
finding and completing the annual study. Personally, I found
"I was delighted to hear that the trustees of the Fund favor con-

The Reverend Theodore M. MASTERS

March 23, 1928

decided from that at the time that they were most needed.

contribution to the American scene, and their earlier funding in-
ordinary. All of them, I am deeply certain, represent a major
The records on Panel II and Panel A nationally are quite extra-
published reports, which I have read with the greatest interest.

"Thank you too for the memorandum on the distribution of the
member of the overall panel.

remaining once.

the large amount of thought and material already put into the
influenced impact which the first form have already made, and
studies be completed, especially in view of the great and dis-
special studies Protect. If we are to meet the important tasks these
fund are in favor of continuing and completing the work of the
its welcome news that the trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation
"Thank you very much indeed for your letter of the twentieth, with
March 24, 1928

MARKING, Carl J.

Enclosures from Letters

- 3 -

Excerpts from Letters

- 3 -

McCABE, Thomas B.

March 25, 1959

"I am strongly in favor of continuing and completing the
Rockefeller Special Studies Projects.

"I think reports that have been issued have had a profound
effect in shaping public opinion on national security, foreign
policy, education, and our social economic progress.

"I have specifically referred to the reports in addresses which I have made over the past several months and in my talks with many individuals. As an example, I am enclosing a copy of a speech I made in Chicago last week, in which I mentioned the economic report and paid tribute to your brother, Nelson.

"I will be very happy to assist you, and your brothers, by
continuing to serve as a member of the overall panel."

McCORMACK, General James

March 27, 1959

"I will be pleased to continue with the Panel in getting out
the remaining Sub-Panel reports.

"The statistics on the distribution of the first four reports are indeed interesting. Being a novice at the authoring business, I find myself somewhat bemused by the thought of any words of mine being read by so many hundreds of thousands of people."

McKEON, Mrs. Richard

April 3, 1959

"Your letter to my husband and the accompanying material was forwarded to us from Chicago. My husband was injured a week ago, while spending the night in Lebanon, Pa. on the way back to Chicago. He suffered injuries to his head and leg, but is progressing well and the prognosis is now of complete recovery. I mentioned your project to him today and he indicated, as I knew he would, considerable interest. We should be back in Chicago within the next week and I know that he will dictate an answer to you as soon as he is able."

since he is able.

"As for the week and I know that he will decline an answer to your request. We should be back in Chicago within the next couple of days and he indicated, as I know he would, considerable concern of complete recovery. I mentioned your project to him head and led, but it progressing well and the diagnosis is not on the way back to Chicago. He preferred inquiries to find out a week ago, while abstanding the night in Lebanon, was forwarded to us from Chicago. My husband was in town for a couple of days and the accompanying material

MCKEOWN, Mlle. Richland

April 3, 1929

concerns of people.

"The statistics on the distribution of the first four reports of the remaining Sub-Panel reports."

"I will be pleased to continue with the Panel in getting out the remaining Sub-Panel reports."

MCCORMICK, General James

March 27, 1929

"I will be very happy to assist you, and your problems, by

economic report and paid tribute to your brother, father,
since I made in Chicago last week, in which I mentioned the
many individuals. As an example, I am enclosing a copy of a
I have made over the past several months and in my life with
"I have absolutely referred to the reports in these cases which

belong, questions, and our social economic problems.

Effect in earning public opinion on national economic, financial
"I think reports that have been issued have had a

Rockefeller, Rockefeller, Rockefeller, Rockefeller.
"I am greatly in favor of continuing and completing the

MCCAGE, Thomas B.

March 23, 1929

Excerpts from letters

- 3 -

Excerpts from Letters

- 4 -

PERCY, Charles H.

March 30, 1959

"I am delighted to know that the trustees of the Fund are in favor of continuing and completing the work of the Special Studies Project. I concur in this feeling and believe that the project should be finished.

"Unfortunately, my time from now through September is completely full. The job I have taken on as Chairman of the Republican Committee on Program and Progress has meant that I have to devote every week end and every spare minute I can find during this period to the completion of this task. Until I have completed this assignment, I will not be able to lend my assistance toward the completion of the Special Studies Project, but will certainly be glad to do my part again after the September date."

SARNOFF, David

March 21, 1959

"I have your letter of March 20 asking my advice concerning the continuation of the Special Studies Project of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.

"I feel it desirable to continue these studies to completion and will be glad to continue to serve as a member of the Overall Panel."

TELLER, Dr. Edward

March 24, 1959

"It was a pleasure to hear from you that you are considering continuing the Special Studies Project. During the last months I have become more and more gloomy about our long-range prospects. It seems to me that for lack of imagination, courage, and foresight we are losing the Cold War.

"The Special Studies Project is one of the very centers of thought which gave reason for some hope. It is wonderful to hear that you want to continue.

"As for my own plans, I certainly want to cooperate in every way possible. At the present moment I am kept extremely busy in my job as Director of the Livermore Laboratory. However, I have undertaken this job only for a limited period and I hope to be able to transfer responsibility to an increasing extent to my prospective successor.

"Although I shall not be able to come to every one of your meetings, I will make an attempt to participate in as many as possible at the beginning and hope to become a regular attendant by next winter."

Excerpts from Letters

- 5 -

SPOFFORD, Charles M.

April 15, 1959

"I am interested to know that you have been giving some thought to continuing and completing the Special Studies Project. From the standpoint of a member of the Panel I hope very much that you will continue the Project and follow through with the original plan, subject of course to modifications that may be necessary because of the passage of time and the consequent evolution of some of the problems under consideration. If you decide to go ahead I shall be very glad to continue as a member of the Panel.

"... If on balance you should decide not to continue the Project, I hope that some arrangements could be made to index and collate, not only for the use of the members of the group but for others interested in the field, the valuable series of papers and underlying studies which were prepared in the early months of the effort and which should be made more generally available.

"I was interested to see the material on distribution of the reports. I think there is no doubt that the distribution and acceptance of the reports has justified the effort put into the Project thus far."

MINTON, Lee W.

April 13, 1959

"... I very definitely feel that the work of the panels was very important and many of the reports have had a significant impact upon domestic and international thought in the United States.

"I concur with the other members who have similarly expressed themselves that the panel studies should be continued. To the extent that time permits, I shall be pleased to participate."

except that time permits, I shall be pleased to participate.

when domestic and international thought in the United States.
the content and majority of the reports have had a significant impact
... "I very definitely feel that the work of the panels was very
very definitely feel that the work of the panels was very
very definitely feel that the work of the panels was very
very definitely feel that the work of the panels was very

MUNTON, Lee W.

April 12, 1929

the reports have identified the slot into the Protect thus far.
I think there is no doubt that the distribution and accordance of
"I was interested to see the material on distribution of the reports
which should be made were generally available.

and statements which were made in the early months of the effort and
released in the field, the variable series of reports and underlying
not only for the use of the members of the Board but for others in-
I hope that some arrangements could be made to index and collate
... "I on balance you should decide not to continue the Protect,
be duly died to continue as a member of the panel.

problems under consideration. If you decide to do so, I shall
the base of time and the consequent evolution of some of the
ject of course to modifications that may be necessary because of
continue the Protect and follow the trend with the original plan,
standard of a member of the panel. I hope very much that you will
continue and completing the Special Studies Project. From the
"I am interested to know that you have been giving some thought to

SPOHLORD, Charles M.

April 12, 1929

descriptions from letters

["Wilde, Franz B.\nRusk, Dean\nRosenthal, Ann M.\nPototeky, Jacob A.\nLucy, Henry R.\nJosephs, Devereux C.\nHoppy, Oveta Culp\nHickey, Margaret A.\nGardner, John W.\nDickey, John A.\nGomele, John\nClay, Lucius D.\nBerte, Abbott A.", "of the Fund under continuation of Project:\nfollowing persons contacted by phone or in person by the President", "way of getting this material into the hands of more people.\nreading put also a considerable effect. I only wish there were some\n\"The reports that have come out. I believe, have not only had a wide\nreading but also a considerable effect. I only wish there were some\n\"The reports that have come out. I believe, have not only had a wide\nreading but also a considerable effect. I only wish there were some\nway of getting this material into the hands of more people.\"", "You will carry it through to the end.\nIt is kind that has occurred in a long time, and I am very hopeful that\n\"I am convinced that this is one of the most constructive efforts of\nthe kind that has occurred in a long time, and I am very hopeful that\n\"I am convinced that this is one of the most constructive efforts

AMERICA AT MID-CENTURY

An outline for use in the study or discussion of
the following Special Studies Project Reports
issued by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Inc.—

The Pursuit of Excellence: Education and the Future of America

International Security: The Military Aspect

The Challenge to America: Its Economic and Social Aspects

Foreign Economic Policy for the Twentieth Century

In this outline, numbers in parenthesis refer to pages of the relevant America at Mid-Century Report which deals with the particular question. Other sources of information are suggested for those who wish supplementary material presented from various points of view. Only sources generally available are listed; they are, of course, only representative, not exhaustive, since whole libraries have been published on each.

# The Problem of Education

I. What is the main goal we want to reach through our educational facilities, formal and informal? (v, ix, 1-2, 10-17)

A. Is it the full development of each individual's talents and abilities?

B. Is it the development of the many skills and varieties of knowledge required for the maintenance and progress of our society?

C. Is it the enhancement of moral or spiritual values?

D. Is it a combination of any or all of these and, if so, are they compatible?

II. What is required to insure achievement of this goal?

A. What is the state of our educational plant now and how well is it equipped to reach the goal we set? (19-23)

B. What are the requirements for the future for the entire nation—

1. In physical plant? (19-23)

2. In teachers? (23-26)

3. In standards and curricula which point toward the chosen goal? (26-27)

4. In other respects?

III. What is a reasonable balance sheet for education in America?

A. The monetary costs of the present system? (33-38)

B. The probable cost of the additional facilities and personnel needed to reach our chosen goal? (34)

C. The gains in human betterment through progress toward the goal as against the losses in failing to achieve it? (1-2, 39)

D. What is reasonable division of financial contributions among local communities, states, and the nation (34-38)

1

IV. What is a reasonable balance sheet for our own community's education? (Latest reports of local Board of Education, PTA or teachers' association. A member of one or more of these organizations might be asked to take part in the program.)

A. What do we spend now in relation to income?

B. Are our physical facilities adequate?

C. Is the teaching staff—

1. Large enough?

2. Adequately paid?

D. In appraising the curriculum, does it—

1. Provide programs appropriate to the various levels of student ability?

2. Keep pace with modern methods?

E. What improvements can be made to advance us toward the goal of excellence?

OTHER SOURCES

*How to Get Into College*, Frank H. Bowles, Dutton, 1958

*The Great Talent Hunt*, John W. Gardner, reprinted from 1956 Annual Report of Carnegie Corporation of New York

*The Contemporary Challenge to American Education*, National Education Association, Washington, D. C., 1958

*A Policy for Scientific and Professional Manpower*, Columbia University Press, 1953

*Womanpower*, Columbia University Press, 1957

*A Fourth of a Nation*, Paul Woodring, McGraw-Hill, 1957

2

# The Problem of Military Security

I. What are the chief areas about which a citizen not involved professionally ought to be informed?

A. General policies, political as well as military, which are designed to meet the challenges posed by the nature of our strategic problem? (11-14)

B. His own community's needs and equipment when it comes to civil defense? (47)

II. The measure of our strength.

A. In this era of spectacular change, how can we assess our security needs?

1. In terms of industrial and scientific power, as compared to the USSR? (15-19)

2. In terms of the word "issues," involving the use of force? (60-61)

B. What sort of military forces will meet these needs? (20-26). We must consider—

1. The place of holocaustic nuclear weapons.

2. The place of tactical nuclear weapons with arguments for and against their use; this includes a discussion of "brushfire" wars.

3. The place of conventional forces.

C. How should the Department of Defense be organized to meet the needs of defense and handle the required forces most efficiently? (27-33)

D. What are the budgetary considerations, and can we afford it all? (55-59)

III. The Problem of Alliances.

A. Why do we need them in spite of our own strength and the existence of the United Nations? (36-37)

3

B. How can we reconcile our world-wide responsibilities for peace and security with the demands of our own various allies, including NATO? (38-45)

C. What are likely avenues to explore in seeking limitation of armaments? (49-54)

## IV. The Problem of Civil Defense.

A. The national government's role (46-48)—

1. Providing complete information on the scope of the potential damage and what we know of measures to prevent it?

2. Providing a warning system?

3. Providing financial help for local protection?

B. The community's role. (Local Civil Defense Office)

1. What organization is possible and desirable?

2. What local action should be taken to provide shelters, assist in dispersion of industry, stockpile supplies. provide for emergency health, sanitation and other services?

## OTHER SOURCES

*Air Power and National Security*, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, Philadelphia, 1955

*American Military Policy*, Edgar S. Furniss Jr., Rinehart & Co., 1957

*The Effects of Nuclear Weapons*, Samuel Glasstone, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1957

*Military Policy and National Security*, William W. Kaufmann, Princeton University Press, 1956

*Forging a New Sword*, William R. Kintner in association with Joseph I. Coffey and Raymond J. Albright, Harper & Brothers, 1958

*Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy*, Henry A. Kissinger. Council on Foreign Relations, New York, 1957

4

2. Monetary policies. (11, 28)

3. Public expenditures, including both defense and education, but also planned public works. (25)

4. Policies to promote conservation and efficient use of natural resources. (31-34)

5. Policies to promote competition and small business. (28-31)

6. Foreign policies to strengthen the economy of the world in which we live as well as to develop our own trade and safeguard essential supply sources. (34-35)

B. Business.

C. Labor. (31-34)

IV. What economic policies are necessary to promote health and welfare?

A. In the areas of medicine and public health? (56-58)

B. In the areas of social security? (55-56)

C. In the areas of cultural advancement? (52, 61)

OTHER SOURCES

*The Economy of the American People*, Gerhard Colm and Theodore Geiger, with Manuel Helzner, National Planning Association, Washington, D. C., 1958

*Defense Against Inflation—Policies for Price Stability in a Growing Economy*, Committee for Economic Development, New York, 1958

*Economic Growth in the United States, Its Past and Future*, Committee for Economic Development, New York, 1958

*The Structure of the American Economy*, Marcus Nadler, Hanover Bank, New York, 1955

*U.S.A. Tomorrow*, Republic Steel Corporation, Cleveland, 1957

6

# The Problem of Foreign Economic Policy

## I. What are or should be the aims of our foreign economic policy—

### A. In relation to overall U. S. foreign policy (v, 1, 24) for—

1. The protection of purely American interests in the world?

2. The strengthening of our allies?

3. The "winning of friends and influencing of people"?

4. The creation of a just and workable international order? (1, 24)

### B. In relation to domestic economic policy for—

1. Supplies of raw materials? (38-42)

2. Markets for our products? (39)

### C. In relation to the Communist bloc (12-19) for—

1. Dissolution of the bloc?

2. Attrition within each country?

## II. What are the basic factors which must be taken into account?

### A. The "revolution of rising expectations." (6-7)

### B. Disintegration of the 19th Century political system. (3-4)

### C. Population growth. (7-10)

### D. Scientific and technological changes. (34-37)

### E. The competition of the USSR. (15-18)

## III. What to do and how to do it.

### A. In the less developed countries through—

1. U.S. technical assistance. (47-51)

2. Public loans and grants by the U. S. (51-54)

3. Private investment. (54-57)

4. U.S. participation in regional programs. (27-30)

5. International development agencies. (25-27)

7

B. In the industrialized nations through-

1. Encouragement of the new international economic organizations. (25)

2. Loans. (52-54)

3. Our own trade policies. (37-42)

IV. What should be done within the U. S. to achieve these goals by-

A. Appropriations for the various parts of the program? (51-54)

B. Tariff legislation? (41)

C. Tax reforms to encourage private investment? (57)

D. Diplomatic negotiations looking to protection and encouragement of private investment? (58-59)

E. Establishing administrative standards and policies to insure the effectiveness of our aid programs? (37, 47, 48, 49)

OTHER SOURCES

*International Stability and Progress: U.S. Interests and Instruments*, Columbia University, 1957

*U.S. Commission on Foreign Economic Policy* (The "Randall Report"), Government Printing Office, Washington, 1954

*Foreign Economic Policy, U.S. Congress*, Joint Committee on the Economic Report, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1956

*New Perspectives in Foreign Policy*, League of Women Voters, Washington, 1958

8

How To Order

"America at Mid-Century" Reports

The following procedure should be followed exactly in ordering your copies of the four "America at Mid-Century" reports.

Your order should indicate the number of copies and should identify the particular report desired by its title. Each order must be accompanied by a check or money order made out to Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Inc., and covering the total price as shown below.

<table><thead><tr><th>Prices to non-profit organizations</th><th>10 copies</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>"The Pursuit of Excellence: Education and Future of America"</td><td>$2.30</td></tr><tr><td>"International Security: The Military Aspect"</td><td>$2.30</td></tr><tr><td>"The Challenge to America: Its Economic and Social Aspects"</td><td>$2.80</td></tr><tr><td>"Foreign Economic Policy for the Twentieth Century"</td><td>$2.80</td></tr><tr><td>Sets of four reports:</td><td>$4.25 for 5 sets</td></tr></tbody></table>

The price shown includes a postage and handling charge of 3 cents per copy for the individual reports and 10 cents for each set of four pamphlets.

## Size of Order

The minimum order is 10 copies of any one report or 5 of the four-pamphlet sets.

Orders of individual copies must be in multiples of 10 or 25 (10-20-25-30-35-40-45-etc.). Orders for the four pamphlets must be in multiples of five. Please make out your check for the proper amount, figured at the rate of 23¢ for the first two, 28¢ for the others, 85¢ for sets of all four.

## Where to Send Your Order

Orders should be addressed to Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Inc., Box No. 28A, Mount Vernon 10, New York.

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