FIFTH EXPEDITION ABROAD.

*From leaving London, December 31, 1814, with Treaty of Peace and Ratification, to return home on leave of absence, on June 29, 1818, three-and-a-half years.*

UNITED STATES, 2.

MEMOIR.

ABOUT the 12th December, 1814, Lord Bathurst, acting as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in the absence of Lord Castlereagh, who was at Vienna, had written a private letter to Mr. Goulburn, at Ghent, stating that, in the event of the Treaty being signed, a confidential person would be required by the Government to be sent specially to Washington to exchange the Ratifications, and to put an immediate end to hostilities, should the American Government be so disposed, or, if not, to take such steps as might hereafter be determined upon; and requesting he would ascertain whether Miller was disposed to undertake this Mission: to which Miller authorised him to reply, that he would do so with the greatest readiness. An opinion was entertained in England that the United States might be disinclined to confirm the Treaty, or at all events, as had happened on former similar

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occasions, that the Senate might annex conditions to their acceptance of it, or wish for some alterations, which might necessitate further negotiation. Miller, therefore, was peremptorily instructed, on no account whatever to listen to any such suggestions, but to insist upon a simple, unconditional adoption of the whole Treaty, and then to exchange the Ratifications with the Secretary of State, and afterwards to produce his powers to act as H. M. Chargé-d'Affaires. He, from his previous knowledge of the country, was perfectly satisfied that the Peace would be hailed with delight throughout the whole of the United States, and showed his conviction of this, by carrying out with him as many articles necessary for his residence there as the very short time allowed for preparation would permit. By great exertions, five days sufficed for preparing the English Ratification, and also for drawing up the necessary Instructions from the Foreign Office, the Admiralty, and the War Office, which almost entirely occupied Miller's time; and he found, notwithstanding all the care which had been taken in these matters at the Foreign Office, on arranging his papers at sea, that some duplicates had been put into his boxes intended to have been sent, by another conveyance, to Sir John Sherbrooke, the Lieut. Governor of Nova Scotia, who had been appointed to exchange the Ratifications, in the event, considering the season of the year, of any accident befalling the ship of war appointed for Miller's conveyance.

Knowing the inadequacy of the Foreign Office allowances, and not being in a condition to bear any losses in the discharge of his public duties, he insisted, as a sine quâ non, before his departure, that his mission should be considered as a special one, the Government defraying all necessary and proper expenses, which they undertook to do.

Everything being at length got ready, and the messenger Kaye, who had been directed to accompany him on his mission, having been

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previously dispatched with part of the baggage, Miller started on the evening of December 31st, 1814, from his rooms in Parliament-street for Plymouth, whither the Favourite of twenty-four guns, a ship sloop, commanded by the Hon. Capt. Maude,—which Lord Melville had endeavoured to persuade him was a better vessel for encountering the expected bad weather on a winter passage than a frigate,—had been ordered round from Portsmouth to stand off and on the breakwater, without anchoring, until he should get on board.

He had to perform a most melancholy duty before setting out, in taking leave of one of the kindest and most affectionate of mothers, whose health had latterly become so impaired, as to afford but very little prospect of his ever again seeing her,—a foreboding but too fatally confirmed.

It will be seen by the extracts from Miller's Journal, which follow, that the weather experienced on the voyage was so tempestuous as to be attended with some danger, and he was compelled, in order to save time, as the Senate would disperse on the 3rd of March, to land at New York instead of Anapolis, as directed by his instructions.

UNITED STATES. 2.

SUNDAY, JANUARY 1ST, 1815.

Breakfasted at Salisbury at about ten, and found Mr. Carroll waiting. The night most charming, quite light. We continued our journey with all expedition, and at a little before seven got into Plymouth.

MONDAY, JANUARY 2ND.

We stopped at the new Hotel, a large handsome building, which includes a theatre, &c. I immediately went to bed, and had a most refreshing sleep till ten, when Kaye, whom I had sent to the Admiral, returned with a letter, saying everything was ready, and begging me to appoint the hour of embark-

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ation in his barge, and make arrangements for the sending the baggage on board. I appointed half-past twelve at the dock for our embarkation, and begged he would send a king's boat for the baggage. This he immediately did, with a Lieut. to expedite the business, and Kaye, Rickel, and the baggage were soon under way. I went to the Admiral, but was obliged to wait till two o'clock for Mr. Carroll. The Favourite, our ship, is a Sloop-of-war, twenty-four guns, carronades, twenty-five ditto on the main deck, eighteen ditto on the quarter, complement one hundred and thirty-five men and boys, commanded by the Hon. Capt. Maude. Admiral Martin's barge soon rowed us to the Favourite, which was laying to, just outside the harbour. We passed the end of the Breakwater in the boat. It is above the water's edge, and presents a ragged line of stone to the shore. It will take four or five years to finish. Immediately we got on board, all sail was set, and with a fair breeze although slight, we proceeded down Channel. Capt. Maude has made every arrangement for our accommodation. His after cabin is very neatly fitted up with many books, where he sleeps. He has given me the fore cabin on account of the less motion. Carroll sleeps in the gun room, as does Kaye the messenger.

TUESDAY, JANUARY 10TH.

In the morning, passed Flores, one of the Western Islands,—although at no great distance, the Island was only perceptible at times, being covered with a thick mist. A large heavy Brazil vessel passed us, bound to Europe.

SUNDAY, JANUARY 15TH.

In the morning early a gale of wind began. We got down our topgallant masts, and made all snug under close reefed maintop-sail and reefed courses.

MONDAY, JANUARY 16TH.

Gale still continues with heavy squalls. Under try-sail and storm stay-sail our misery is complete. In the morning a sea broke through the skylight, over the gun, and inundated the cabin. My hat, great coat, and coat were

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swamped. A thick curtain fortunately saved my cot from the sea. Dead
lights are now put in abaft, and in the fore cabin. Second day that I have
not shaved, wretched and miserable, however, dabit Deus his quoque finem.

TUESDAY, JANUARY 17TH.

Moderate weather—less sea.

MONDAY, JANUARY 23RD.

A severe gale from the south-west. We were obliged to cut away our stern
boat. First the dead light on the quarter gallery was knocked away, and
carried by the violence of the waves on the quarter deck, where it split, but
fortunately hurt no one. On a fresh dead light being put in, another sea
stove in the quarter gallery itself, and inundated the after cabin. The
carpenter and his crew, however, with planks secured the breach and stretched
a tarpawlin outside, which they nailed down. This set the sea at defiance.
Under a storm stay-sail and try-sail. All afloat and wet in the cabin.

TUESDAY, JANUARY 24TH.

Gale moderated. Saw the Sultan, a seventy-four, with whom we telegraphed.
A tremendous sea still running, and weather threatening. Towards night
more moderate.

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 1ST.

The gale began at about midnight. In the forenoon one of our lee ports
forward was stove in, and we shipped a great quantity of water. In the fore
cabin the water was knee deep, washing over my trunks. The press of water
was so great forward, that at one time the Captain observing the ship was
still, thought she was water logged and ran upon deck. By first putting her
before the wind and then wearing, we got rid of the water, and eased her very
much; some men forward were up to their middles, and our goat was drowned.
The hatches being battered down not much got below, except in the gun
room, one of the panes of glass in the skylight being broken, through which

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the water rushed as through a hose. The after cabin being much raised was
dry, where we stood and contemplated the scene. The water as we were in
the gulf stream smoked, and was so warm compared with the atmosphere, that
the men ran and stood in it to warm their feet and legs. We had some other
ports stove in, and the carpenter and his crew were employed making spare
ones, in readiness to ship. In the night the main top-sail clue line went, and
the violence of the wind, acting on the sail, broke off about two feet of the
larboard main top-sail yard. Two stay-sails were split by the wind. It was
calculated that we had at one time several tons of water on the main deck.
The cabin sofa was broke to pieces by the rolling, and we were obliged to
prop ourselves up to leeward on pillows. Wretchedness beyond description.

THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 2ND.

Gale still continues although more moderate. We have been carried some
distance to the *Eastward*.

FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 3RD.

Moderate weather again. Able to shave for the first time these three days.
Owing to the great motion of the ship the officers could hardly keep their legs
on deck. The first lieutenant was thrown down, and hurt his knee very much.
The gunner was likewise thrown down, and disabled from keeping watch for
some time. Kaye, the Messenger, had likewise a severe fall, and the doctor's
list suddenly increased from the violence of the weather and cold to upwards
of twenty. My cot fell one morning, the lashings at the head being chafed
through, a chair however broke the fall, and I soon got it triced up again.

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 4TH.

Weather still moderate. Dried the men's bedding and the wet sails. Last
night we were able to make forty miles of westing, our latitude by observation
38° 11". Distance from Cape Henry about 500 miles. We have now determined to make the first port we can, our passage having become so long a one.
Yesterday we spoke a brig under Swedish colours, which left Portland on

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Sunday. He told us that the President, American frigate, had been captured by three frigates and a Razé. Having broke the blockade we should undoubtedly have examined him, had we not had the white flag at the main. At noon little wind and less sea. At four and six P.M. a calm, with a light breeze afterwards, promising us a fair wind. Ish Allah! The Swede told us that no news of the Peace had reached the United States when he sailed on Sunday, so that we have a chance of arriving as soon as Mr. Hughes, the American Secretary of Legation, who sailed from Bourdeaux, in the Schooner Transit.

In the gale of February 1st, I had great difficulty, even in keeping my most important papers from the wet. My poor writing and shaving case has received considerable injury.

The gunner reported that the men could not keep the deck, owing to the severity of the weather and violence of the gale. The first Lieutenant, to whom he reported, laughed at him, and told him the men must then get lashed. The Captain has since confessed that there was danger when the vessel settled, with the great quantity of water on her decks. At night a promising light breeze.

SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 5TH.

All night a fair breeze: going about four or five knots. At eight a fine morning, the sun shining bright. The Captain's barometer, however, on which he justly places great reliance, had fallen considerably, and therefore he reefed topsails. In a very short time, a most furious gale commenced, and although we were able to lay our course, its violence prevented our carrying sail. On its moderating a little we set the foresail, although it was as much as the ship could bear, and continued adding sail as the wind diminished.

The motion, under this canvass, was extremely troublesome. Towards evening more moderate, and our rate increased to five and six knots, going free. We are not above 360 miles from Sandy Hook. The Officers have received orders to work the nearest land in their reckonings. Our prospects brighten.

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MONDAY, FEBRUARY 6TH.

Little sea and a fair wind. Weather extremely cold and severe. In hopes of finding soundings this evening. Latitude 40° 8." Sounded at three o'clock, but found no bottom. The Captain, however, declares the colour of the water to be changed. At nine sounded again, and found bottom, in 85 fathoms. A fine sand. Sounded again and found bottom, in 65—and again in 66 fathoms. Hardly any motion, and yet we were going eight and nine knots. Prospects most flattering.

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 7TH.

In the morning less wind and breaking off. On sounding, our water deepened very much. At eight, a.m., about abreast of the shoal off Nantucket Island, distant only a few miles. Before dinner sounded, and found no bottom, in 100 fathoms. Equally unsuccessful, at eight o'clock, p.m. The bank (St. George's,) is, however, laid down in the Charts as full of holes, with the soundings increasing in depth as you approach the shore. We reckon we are sixty miles from the north end of Long Island, and have shortened sail, meaning to make very little way during the night, going only two knots. Before daylight we shall set all our canvass and endeavour to get within Sandy Hook as early as possible to-morrow.

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 8TH.

Ash Wednesday. At daylight found our prospects of getting in to-day vanished, the wind having headed us, and no bottom being found after several trials in the night. We conclude we are therefore to the southward of our reckoning, and every thing, as usual, is laid to the account of strong currents.

THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 9TH.

This morning we had two casts of the lead, in sixty-nine and twenty fathoms, and as the wind was unfavourable for Sandy Hook, stood for

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Cape May, or any part of the coast we could make. Breaking off, however, before twelve, we tacked, and are now able, by the wind's shifting, to steer for Sandy Hook. Although close on the wind we go at the rate of seven knots per hour. Water smooth; of a green colour, different from the dark purple of the Atlantic. Out of soundings. The weather is remarkably clear and cold. A very few minutes on the deck are sufficient to chill one. We had a good observation at noon. Latitude, in 36° 40"; our last observation must, therefore, have been incorrect. We steer N. ½ E. and N. by E., and hope to see land by sunset. Distance from Sandy Hook, about 115 miles. At sunset no land. Soundings in twenty-two fathoms. We cannot be far distant now. Saw a schooner at a considerable distance this morning, but soon lost sight of her.

FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 10TH.

During the night it blew very fresh, and I was afraid our fine weather was on the point of breaking up, and that we might have been blown a considerable distance from the coast. In the morning, however, it was moderate; water still smooth. Before breakfast described two ships in chase of us. They proved to be the Tenedos, Captain Hyde Parker, a large Frigate, of 38 guns, which first came up with us, and the Pylades Sloop of War, Bligh's old ship, now commanded by Captain Roberts, a dull sailer, whom we beat about as much, or more, than the Tenedos beat us in sailing. Immediately after breakfast the Tenedos passed within hail, and Captain Maude went on board. I explained to him how anxious I was to have the Admiralty order for furnishing Dispatch vessels, which was addressed to the senior officer in the Chesapeake, forwarded to him, as we could no longer deliver it, in consequence of our change of destination. I therefore begged he would request Captain Parker to have it transmitted to the Chesapeake, and in case he was able to do so, to hoist the affirmative flag, as a signal for me to prepare my letter. This was accordingly done, and a midshipman sent in a boat of the Tenedos for it. I availed myself of this opportunity to send Lord Bathurst's letter to Sir Edward Packenham, under

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cover to Admiral Cochrane. Captain Maude staid on board some time, the other two vessels consenting to accompany us part of our way. On his return on board he gave us the following news :—

That the President had, on Saturday or Sunday last, or within a few days, been captured, as the Swedish vessel informed us. She sailed from Sandy Hook, in company with a store ship, intending to cruise for a considerable time in the East India seas, where she would probably have done us much mischief. Some leagues from New York she was attacked by the Endymion Frigate, of 38 guns, commanded by my old schoolfellow, Harry Hope, and, after an action of two hours, completely crippled, her three lieutenants killed, and an immense number of men, whilst the Endymion only lost about eight killed and a few wounded. The Tenedos, a 38, another frigate, and a Razée were in sight, although they took no part in the action. Although, however, the President was completely torn up, she did not strike till the Tenedos came to the scene of action. Rodgers had given up the command to Decatur, whom a Midshipman said had been slightly wounded in the action. The store ship was taken. Immediately after the action one of the severe gales which we have lately experienced came on and carried away the President's fore and mainmast. Three boats from the Tenedos were swamped in rendering assistance, and the men perished.

The United States had put to sea, and there were two frigates in chace of her upon her track.

The Sloop Sylph had been wrecked a few days ago by running on Long Island Beach, only the Purser and four men saved. The Americans on shore behaved very well in endeavouring to save the men. One offered fifty dollars for every seaman who should be preserved.

My letter would be sent by the Pylades to Admiral Hotham, who was off New London, and who would be made acquainted with the contents of that to the commanding officer in the Chesapeake, for the purpose of assisting him in providing the necessary number of vessels.

Not the least good effect of Captain Maude's visit was the procuring a

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pilot to carry us into New York, the master of a merchant vessel, who had been taken by the Tenedos, a native of New Bedford, Massachusetts, and a very respectable man, who was delighted at thus recovering his liberty, as well as at the news of the Peace. He had left Elizabeth Town, in North Carolina, bound home, on the 24th of last month, and no news of the Peace had then been received. Captain Maude gave the first intelligence to Captain Parker, who pulled a very long face on the occasion. When he bore down towards us he took us for the American Ship Wasp, and his men were all ready at their quarters. He came up alongside, the Pylades's aft to rake us—a pretty sight. Sandy Hook unfortunately is in the wind's eye. We, however, make a slant in smooth water, with a good beating breeze, and the Tenedos informs us we can anchor off the coast, if necessary. After dinner we saw the land quite distinctly from deck. It is the coast of New Jersey, very low, parts appearing, from the looming occasioned by the sun's setting behind it, to form islands a little lifted out of the water. Those who had an earlier view saw the high lands of Neversink stretching along to the northward. Our longitude was not more than eighteen miles out on comparison with that of the Tenedos. To show the strength of the currents, the Tenedos's dead reckoning was out two miles, although she had been close in with the shore in the morning. Although going very fast the vessel has hardly any perceptible motion. A hand is in the chains heaving the lead. Our water has gradually shoaled from seventeen to thirteen fathoms. At ten fathoms we mean to go about. The calmness of the night, stillness of the water, flattering prospects, and the chaunt of the leadsman, all coincide to put us in the best spirits.

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 11TH.

All night beating under topgallant sails, with light airs. At four, a.m., the Master of the Merchantman made us heave to till daylight, when we again made sail, the wind, however foul. We fired several guns for a pilot, our white flag flying at the mast head. When we were very near

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the coast a pilot came off and took charge of us in. I wrote a letter to the Commander-in-Chief at New York, acquainting him with my arrival and requesting passports, with which I dispatched Kaye in the pilot boat. Mr. Carroll accompanied him. We were obliged to beat in, and anchored at a little before dark in about four fathoms water, midway between the South West Bank and Staten Island, and in a line with the Western Narrows and a headland called Point Comfort in the neck of Sandy Hook. The place is called the Amboy Channel. On our way in we were boarded by a boat from the Battery, near the Light House, for which we hove to. The American officers gave us some newspapers containing an account of General Packenham's repulse in his attack on General Jackson, near New Orleans. We, in exchange, gave them an English paper containing the news of the Peace, of which they were ignorant, and told them of the capture of the President, about which they inquired.

We had to force our way through part of a bed of drifting ice, which reached for three miles on our left to the shore. The ship trembled with the shocks, and the drift down the River Hudson to sea almost stopped her way. The weather has been extremely severe. The North River full of ice. The mail was for some time unable to pass over to Paulus Hook, on its way to the southward. The Delaware is completely frozen and there is much drift ice in the Chesapeake. The hills and part of the low coast partially covered with snow.

As Hughes has not arrived, I have great fear for his safety.

From the pilot's conversation there is little chance of his boat being able to return to us to-night. We must, therefore, be content to pass another night swinging. Our passage has been just forty-one days to our anchorage.

SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 12TH.

Up early and breakfasted in readiness for the return of the pilot boat. The morning was very thick, extremely cold, with a heavy fall of snow, so that even the shore could not be discovered. The First Lieutenant reported "as bad a morning, Sir, as I have seen a long time." In the

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night it blew hard from the eastward, so that if we had not got in we
should have been obliged to have stood away off the shore. At about half-
past eleven Kaye returned in the pilot boat, which it was found impossible,
from the severity of the weather and the quantities of drift ice, to have
brought down last night. He delivered to me a letter from the Commanding
Officer, a Colonel Bogardus, acknowledging the receipt of mine, and saying
that orders would be issued to secure our free passage to Washington, at
the same time enclosing a passport, signed by Thomas Chrystie, Assistant
Adjutant General, enabling the Favourite to come up to New York, and
myself to proceed to Washington with four persons, the number I had
specified. Carroll wrote, in high spirits, that the town was in a complete
uproar of joy at the unexpected tidings, and that he could with difficulty
get to his inn through the throng of people. An illumination took place,
and expresses were dispatched in every quarter.

We sent all the baggage on board of the pilot boat and then embarked
ourselves in the ship's pinnace, under a salute from the great guns, the
first King's powder wasted on my individual account. After rowing a short
distance we got on board the pilot boat. The wind was so much against
us that we landed at Bath, on the west shore, a little below the Narrows,
at about three o'clock. Mr. Gibson, the landlord of the City Hotel, who
had come on board in the pilot boat, and was extremely serviceable to us,
went on shore and procured a sleigh, with a pair of horses, into which we
got with Rickel and a few things, leaving Kaye in charge of the baggage,
to come on in the pilot boat. A boat from one of the batteries boarded us,
manned by some soldiers. The officer was very polite, and rowed us on
shore, making his men assist in carrying the little baggage we had with
us. We crossed Long Island in our sleigh, through Flat Bush and
Brooklyn, where Mr. Gibson procured us a boat to cross the East River,
and sent a sleigh for our baggage on the other side. The town is situated
immediately on the Bank as you land. We passed in the East River, on
crossing, the floating battery, a vessel called Fulton the First, mounting
about 40 or 50 very heavy guns, with sides of timber five feet thick. She

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is to work by steam, and exactly resembles a frigate cut down the middle, with a piece inserted. She has therefore two keels in the bow, with a heavy gun exactly in the middle. The wheel to work is in the centre of the vessel, behind the great bow gun. She carries sails made to dip, and has another bow instead of a stern. She is nearly finished, and must be a formidable vessel for harbour defence. We got a good dinner on the spur of the moment, beefsteaks, venison, quails, &c., and with a good bottle of Madeira, tea and milk, fresh butter and bread, with a large fire, enjoyed ourselves extremely, the more so as we heard the wind whistling against the windows, blowing hard from the N. W. Kaye arrived with the baggage all safe at about ten o'clock.

I have made an arrangement for the Pilot stage to start with ourselves and baggage to-morrow, at three, from Paulus Hook across the ferry; to sleep the first night at Bridgetown, about twenty miles; the second at Philadelphia. The owner undertakes to forward us to Havre de Grace the third night, and Baltimore the fourth, by writing to the proprietors to secure the whole stage from those places. This is the most expeditious mode in which ourselves and baggage can be forwarded. We have good fires in our bed rooms and are very snug. It blows a gale of wind, and I pity those at sea.

The river was full of ice. We were obliged, both in the pilot and ferry boats, to pass through several beds of it, which gave us some severe shocks.

A large party at the inn sat up all night drinking in honour of the Peace, and our sitting room is ornamented with sprigs and boughs. This looks well.

The Narrows have been strongly fortified since the war; several very heavy batteries, block houses, and forts erected. On the heights of Brooklyn we passed some lines, hardly finished, and not very strong at present, but mounted with heavy ordnance.

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 13TH.

Drove in a sleigh to call on Col. Bogardus at Head Quarters, to whom Capt. Maude gave a list of necessaries to be furnished for his ship. We next

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the stage in a sleigh. Had a visit from Walker and Cadwallader, the latter in the army, and has the command of the district. He brought a band to play in front of the Hotel, but we did not find out till afterwards the reason of their coming. The compliment manqué.

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 15TH.

Vaughan to breakfast. Cooper, the Actor, had the assurance to call, presuming, as he said, on a slight acquaintance, to congratulate, &c. The greater part of the baggage went in the first carriage, which preceded the other in which were ourselves and the rest of the baggage. We endeavoured to get to Havre de Grace to sleep, but about twelve o'clock at night, the pole of the baggage carriage broke, and we contrived to get it on to Charleston, a miserable place six miles from Havre. With great difficulty we persuaded the people at a village Ale House to admit us, proceeding to the extremity of beginning to force open the door with an axe, which alarmed them. We made two fires, and in about an hour got the people into good humour, and procured some coffee and bread and ham. We pricked for the softest board, and rolling ourselves up in our cloaks, with a sac de nuit for a pillow, slept in front of the fire. We have gone to-day seventy-seven miles, an immense distance for a pair of horses, with so heavy a load.

THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 16TH.

At daylight sent to a blacksmith and had the pole secured. Before coming to Havre we passed a very bad place, which would have been dangerous by night. Our sailors had burnt the bridge, which had not been rebuilt, and the road lay by the side of the dam. Crossed the Susquehannah on the ice. Had a good breakfast at Mrs. Sear's who had rebuilt her house on a larger scale, the old one having been burnt with the other houses at Havre for firing on Admiral Cockburn's boats. Here we had a new pole made, which detained us upwards of two hours and a half. We, however, got to Baltimore by eleven at night, dining at the Red Lion. I am surprised at our horses having performed this journey, the road most infamous. Forty-three miles to-day. Supped at Gadsby's. Good accommodation.

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371

### FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 17TH.

Delayed nearly an hour in starting. Took a new road, part of the Anna-
polis, the high road not being passable. Unable to get the carriage up a steep
hill covered with ice, obliged to procure assistance, and unload the heavy
baggage behind and carry it to the top. With great difficulty we succeeded
at last in passing. Roads most detestable and jolted unmercifully. At seven
got into Washington, and I immediately stopped the stage, and got out at
Mr. Monroe's house, exactly as I was, without having dined. He was ex-
pected at home in a few minutes, so I waited. When he came in he promised
to see the President, and fix a time for the exchange. I went to the inn, got
a basin of soup, and arranged my papers. I received a note appointing
eleven, at which time I went, and the Ratifications were exchanged some time
after, and other business transacted. Fagged hard to forward letters to
Admirals and Generals. Kaye set out one hour before daylight on

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 18TH,

for Canada. Had one or two persons to dinner at Crawford's. Visited
Mr. Monroe, President and lady.

SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 19TH.

Dined with Captain Maude at Carroll's father's. A large party. Obligated to return early to prepare dispatches. Captain Maude set out on his return with the American Ratification before daylight. They had been obliged to send to Philadelphia for a silver box to put the formal document in.

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 20TH.

Dined with the President. Many persons. Ladies. Dutch and Swedish
Ministers. Went afterwards to a ball at Mrs. Jones's.

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UNITED STATES.

The following letter contains an authentic account of Miller's exchange of the Ratifications, and his first interview with the American Secretary of State, his old friend, Mr. Monroe. The usual forms of the Senate, if observed, would have retarded the progress of a Treaty through that body four days. On this occasion they were dispensed with, and the decision of the Senate was unanimous. The Treaty brought by Mr. Carroll, one of the American Attachés at Ghent, who had requested permission to make his passage in the Favourite, and who had immediately on landing proceeded, with the utmost haste, to Washington, was laid before them on Wednesday, the 15th of February, upon which they demanded a sight of the correspondence up to the conclusion of the negotiations, which was sent on the 16th, when they advised the Ratification, which was exchanged on the 17th.

MEMOIR.

UNITED STATES. 2.

EXCHANGE OF RATIFICATIONS.

MILLER TO LORD C.

Washington, February, 19th, 1815.

I have the honour to acquaint your Lordship that the Ratifications of the Treaty of Peace and Amity between Great Britain and the United States, signed at Ghent, on the 24th of last December, were the day before yesterday, at eleven, p.m., exchanged between the American Secretary of State and myself. I have inclosed an authenticated copy of the certificate which I received from Mr. Monroe upon the occasion, in exchange for that which I delivered to him, at the conclusion of which it is stated that the two Governments consent that the payment of the Commissioners to be appointed in

pursuance of the Treaty, shall be arranged on the same principles which were observed in carrying into execution the Treaty of 1794. The Hon. Capt. Maude, of H. M. S. Favourite, who accompanied me to the seat of Government, will have the honour of delivering to your Lordship the American Ratification, together with this dispatch.

After many ineffectual attempts to make the Chesapeake, as it appeared very probable that a longer perseverance during the tempestuous weather which we experienced might retard our arrival until after the separation of the present Congress, I prevailed upon Capt. Maude, by representing the serious inconvenience which would be occasioned to the public service by so great a delay, to steer for the first port in the United States which the wind would allow him to enter; which he accordingly did, and anchored a short distance within Sandy Hook, where his vessel now waits for him, on the evening of the 11th instant, after a passage of forty-one days. I trust that the great importance of securing the arrival of H. R. H. the Prince Regent's Ratification before the separation of the American Senate, will justify me in your Lordship's opinion for departing from the letter of my instructions, which enjoined me to proceed to the port of Annapolis.

On approaching the coast, we were fortunate enough to fall in with H. M. S. Tenedos and Pylades. I conveyed to Captain Parker who commands the former, the letter from the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, directing the Commanding officer in the Chesapeake to furnish the requisite number of Dispatch Vessels, inclosed in one from myself, a copy of which is herewith transmitted, particularizing the destinations of the vessels in the event of the Treaty being either ratified or not. Captain Parker dispatched the Pylades to Admiral Hotham, who was off New London, with these letters, the contents of which were fully made known for the purpose of enabling the Admiral to assist in the execution of the orders therein contained, by reinforcing the senior officer in the Chesapeake. I availed myself of this opportunity to forward, under cover to Admiral Cochrane, the private and confidential letter addressed by Earl Bathurst to Sir Edward Pakenham, which his Lordship requested I would transmit by the first safe occasion.

374

Immediately on the pilot's coming on board, I dispatched the Messenger Kaye with a letter to the Commander-in-Chief at New York, acquainting him with my arrival and the object of my Mission, and requesting passports to enable me to proceed to the Seat of Government, which I received on the following day, and was able to reach New York on the same evening, but could not procure a conveyance to carry me any distance on my journey till the next evening. Notwithstanding the state of the roads, which at this season are, in some places, almost impassable, I arrived at Washington on Friday, after four days' journey, at seven o'clock in the evening, and immediately calling upon Mr. Monroe expressed my readiness, in case the American Ratification was prepared, to proceed without delay to the exchange. Mr. Monroe informed me that the Senate had advised the Ratification of the Treaty on the preceding day, and fixed eleven o'clock that night, after having consulted the President, for the purpose of exchanging the Ratified Copies.

On my waiting upon him at the hour appointed, I delivered Earl Bathurst's credential letter empowering me to exchange the Prince Regent's Act of Ratification against a Ratified copy of the Treaty on the part of the United States, and inquired whether he was provided with a similar instrument. He replied that it was not customary for a Secretary of State to be furnished with such a document, his office being of itself sufficient authority for performing an Act of this nature, the more so as any instrument which he might produce would be signed by himself, which explanation appeared satisfactory. Mr. Monroe assured me that he should be happy, in compliance with the expectation expressed in Earl Bathurst's letter, to afford every facility which might be required in forwarding to H. M. naval and military commanders the earliest notice of the exchange of the Ratifications.

It was not without considerable difficulty that the American Ratification was prepared by the time appointed for the exchange, and it bore such evident marks of haste that Mr. Monroe entreated me to delay the departure of Capt. Maude until Monday evening, in order that an opportunity might be afforded of putting it into some better condition. I mention this circumstance, and have troubled your Lordship with so much detail respecting my journey, in

UNITED STATES, 2.—EXCHANGE OF RATIFICATIONS.

consequence of one of the public prints with the license so common to them
in this country, having thought proper to animadvert upon what it is pleased
to call the delay of my arrival at Washington. No greater expedition could pos-
sibly have been employed without the appearance of extreme eagerness and
precipitation, and such considerable hazard of accidents as it might not have
been prudent, considering the nature and importance of the charge entrusted to
me, to have lightly incurred. Mr. Carroll who left the vessel on Saturday,
not being detained for passports, and whose previous arrival at the Seat of
Government, in consequence of his being the first bearer of the intelligence
of the signature of the Treaty, was necessary before any of the steps prepar-
ratory to the exchange could be adopted, did not reach Washington until
Tuesday at four o'clock in the evening, and notwithstanding the great expe-
dition which attended the Ratification, it was not till four hours after my
arrival in this city that it could be prepared for exchanging, even in the state
which I have above described. I had the less hesitation in acceding to Mr.
Monroe's request that Capt. Maude should be delayed one day, as an oppor-
tunity would be furnished of enabling the Favourite to make more complete
preparation for sea after the bad weather she had experienced on her outward
passage.

I dispatched the Messenger Kaye yesterday an hour before daylight to
Canada, with a Dispatch to the Commander-in-Chief in the North American
provinces, announcing the exchange of the Ratifications, and inclosing for his
information a printed copy of the Treaty; and with another Dispatch to
Commodore Owen, announcing the same intelligence, and transmitting the
order addressed to him by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to cease
hostilities. I likewise forwarded yesterday by a special Messenger, who will
embark at Annapolis, and proceed to the Commander-in-Chief of the
squadron in the Chesapeake, the different orders from the Admiralty which I
was instructed to transmit on the exchange of the Ratifications, with letters
from myself announcing the exchange and the exact time when it took place,
both to them and to the military commanders specified by Earl Bathurst,
transmitting to each a printed copy of the Treaty, and of the President's Pro-

376

UNITED STATES. 2.—CORRESPONDENCE.

clamation which appeared the same morning, and a copy of which I have herewith the honour to inclose.

I have transmitted with this Dispatch a series of newspapers from the 1st January to the present date, and beg leave to refer your Lordship to Capt. Maude for any information respecting recent public events in this country, which H. M. Government may be desirous of being made acquainted with. The intelligence of the Peace appears to have been completely unexpected, and has occasioned the greatest rejoicing throughout the country. Mr. Hughes, the American Secretary of Legation at Ghent, has not yet arrived, and apprehensions are entertained for his safety, in consequence of the late unusual inclemency of the season.

The American Secretary of State has assured me that the proper orders shall be issued without delay, in compliance with the 3rd Article of the Treaty, for the delivery of the prisoners to any person duly empowered to receive them. I have conveyed this information both to Admiral Cochrane and the Commander-in-Chief in Canada, who I presume will be able to take immediate measures for the liberation of the prisoners.

It is my intention to request an interview with Mr. Monroe to-morrow, for the purpose of presenting my credential letter as H. M. Chargé-d'Affaires.

Capt. Maude will be charged with a letter from Mr. Monroe in reply to that addressed to him by Earl Bathurst, and which was delivered before the exchange of the Ratifications.

UNITED STATES. 2.

MEMOIR.

The following letters found amongst Miller's papers are dated about this period.

MILLER TO MR. G.

Washington, March 19th, 1815.

I have not been able to send you the printed Ghent correspondence, as the President and Congress have not thought proper to make it public

UNITED STATES. 3.—LEAVE OF ABSENCE.

station in 1816, and the present arrangements not admitting of your
being removed from the discharge of those functions which you have under-
taken as Secretary to the Board of Commissioners now sitting at Washington
for the settlement of claims under the first article of the Treaty of Ghent, it
may be satisfactory for you to know that I do not consider your present
situation as at all diminishing your eligibility as one of His Majesty's Consuls
in the United States in the event of any future vacancy occurring in that
department, but on the contrary that I shall regard a proper discharge of
your duties in the situation which you now fill as a fair ground on which to
prefer you to the appointment of Consul on the first favourable opportunity.

Although Miller's health had, after a residence of some months in
his native climate, considerably improved, yet he was desirous, if
possible, of prolonging it for a short time, and in October, 1823,
applied to Mr. Canning on the subject of his return to the United
States. We annex his letter and the answer.

MILLER TO MR. P.

Torrington Square, October 8th, 1823.

Allow me to request your good offices in drawing Mr. Canning's
attention to the subject of my leave of absence, respecting which I cannot
but feel the greater anxiety in consequence of his kindness in having fixed
no other limit to its duration than the complete re-establishment of my
health.

For your more satisfactory information as to the progress which the time
already elapsed has enabled me to make, and the benefit which I should
at present derive from the prolongation of my residence in England, together

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UNITED STATES. 3.—NEGOTIATION OF 1824.

longation of your leave of absence as proposed, in order that your health
may be perfectly re-established previous to your return to Washington.

Mr. Canning trusts you will return to your post as early in the spring as
possible.

Mr. Stratford Canning having returned home from Washington,
was appointed, together with Mr. Huskisson, the President of the
Board of Trade, H. M. Plenipotentiary to treat with the United
States upon several matters pending between and interesting to the
two countries, Mr. Rush, the American minister in London, having
been named to negotiate with them on the part of the United States,
having performed a similar duty, as before mentioned, in 1818.
Miller's health being now (1824) re-established, he was offered the
post of Secretary to the Conferences, which he was naturally desirous
of accepting, as a means of prolonging his residence in England,
but felt himself prevented from so doing in consequence of what had
occurred in 1818, upon a precisely similar occasion. He conceived
that the difficulty might be removed by the Foreign Office giving
the rank of a Secretary of Embassy to the employment, but upon this
being found impracticable, he consented to discharge the duties
without any specific rank being attached to the situation, but only
in the capacity of acting as Secretary, which, it will be seen from the
following letters, was so arranged.

MILLER TO MR. S. C.

Torrington Square, January 26th, 1824.

Since our conversation of yesterday, it has occurred to me that to
remove all difficulties, which are merely those of form, the rank of Secretary

482

of Embassy might be attached to the post you mentioned. It would only be
necessary to state this in the letter from the office. This would place the
business upon a clear and distinct footing. I do not think there would be
any objection to this on the part of the office towards so old a servant.

THE SAME TO THE SAME.

Torrington Square, January 26th.

The post of Secretary to the American Conferences being equal to that
of a Secretary of Legation, would, I conceive, be incompatible in point of rank
with the situation of Consul General upon the authority of Lord Londonderry
with respect to what occurred upon a former occasion. I am perfectly willing
to render any service in my power, but to do so with the formal post of
Secretary to the Conferences, it would be necessary that the rank of Secretary
of Embassy should be attached to that office to avoid the inconvenience of a
person performing functions without a precise and determinate character. I
hope I make myself understood.

THE SAME TO THE SAME.

Torrington Square, Friday Night, January 30th.

I regret very much that in my solicitude to remove the difficulty about
rank, I should have chanced to fall upon any expedient which militates
against the rules and custom of the office. The obstacle, as you know,
respecting the formal post of Secretary arises out of what occurred upon a
former occasion, but it is my earnest wish, as I conceive it to be my duty, to
render whatever services may be in my power during the negotiations.

The proposition contained in your note of a verbal introduction at their

484

UNITED STATES. 3.—CORRESPONDENCE.

your letter for fear of encroaching too much on your time, having indeed been
myself more occupied than usual, being concerned but as *pars minima* in the
American negotiations carrying on here, the first fruits of which you will have
seen announced by Mr. Canning in the House of Commons at the conclusion
of his speech upon the West Indian or Slave Question which I had the good
fortune to hear. I felt great difficulty about these negotiations in consequence
of what occurred upon a former occasion (in 1818) when upon my submitting
to Lord Londonderry whether the situation of Secretary, although of a special
nature, was not incompatible in point of rank with that of Consul-General,
he seemed to acquiesce in that opinion by not pressing the subject further.
Upon the idea that this employment ranked with a Secretary of Legation, it
was suggested that a kind of brevet rank of Secretary of Embassy might be
attached to it while the Commission lasted, but this was found to be contrary
to all precedent and rule, and the obstacle was got over by an arrangement
which reconciled the question of rank, while it secured all essentials in
respect to service. S. C. behaved in the kindest manner, and I am glad
the question of mere form was got over, as I am naturally desirous of ren-
dering any services in my power, which I consider only a matter of duty,
and it will be of great advantage to my health to prolong my stay in
England, probably until after the unhealthy season. I have said so much
on this subject, as you are acquainted with what passed on the former
occasion, and, if I recollect rightly, did not altogether coincide in the view
I took of it. You perhaps know that Mr. Huskisson is the other Plenipo-
tentiary on our side, and Rush has bravely taken the whole duty on himself,
although he at first expected a coadjutor. Shall I say *impar congressus* ?
The question respecting the N. W. coast of America (i. e. the Russian part)
which has fallen to your lot, will, no doubt, be sufficiently troublesome, as
all American questions are, but is it not good to have common interests to
maintain together at present with the United States? This I cannot help
thinking to be one advantage of our late Slave-Trade-piracy-Treaty (to use
House of Commons language), although more valuable objects will also be
accomplished by it.

I am much obliged by what you mention about the Russian Consul Generalship, which seems to have several unfavourable circumstances connected with it. If I might venture to have a wish, without breaking the tenth commandment, it would be on the side of the Netherlands, which is, I think, in many respects preferable even to Paris. I acknowledge that my late severe illness has made me fear the American climate, or rather, I should say, shaken my faith in my own strength of constitution, and your opinions are certainly triumphant in many respects, but I think I do wisely in endeavouring to keep out of view all the désagremens (to use a mild term) of a Washington residence. James, I am happy to say, continues well, but is a little remiss in his correspondence, which is, I hope, occasioned by the duties of his new employment.

I was glad, for your sake, to hear the other morning from an old acquaintance, Mrs. W., who is related to the Bloomfields, the most amiable character of the Attaché whom you say you expect soon to join you. She spoke of him in the highest terms, and said his leave would be extended for a short time before he set out for St. Petersburg.

Some changes have of late taken place in the Consular Staff, and a few of the salaries have been augmented, which was very necessary. Georgia was separated from the two Carolinas on the death of Moodie and erected into a Consulate, which was given to the old Vice-Consul Wallace. Crawford was offered Charleston, but preferred, all things considered, to remain at Baltimore with the increased salary, and a Mr. Newman (literally a new man), who would otherwise have had Baltimore, goes to Charleston. The Florida Consulate, so long the object of Patton's aspirations, is, I believe, to be given to a Mr. Purves, recommended in some way by the Speaker, and upon whose life (i. e. Mr. Purves's) I should be sorry to have an annuity. Moore, you will be happy to hear, has obtained some compensation for his expenses while acting as Vice-Consul at New York after the Peace. Buchanan remains just the same. He seems to have the good fortune of a drunken man, always recovers his legs.

There will also be some remove amongst the Ministers in Europe, of

486

which you probably have heard. Mr. Hill to Naples, and Foster to Turin, which will be a great happiness to the Duchess, and console her for the death of Cardinal Gonsalvi, whom she laments in sackcloth and ashes. I am sorry to hear the climate does not so well agree with Lady B., to whom I beg my very kindest remembrances. As for your own increase of portliness, I should suppose it to be an advantage, provided it stops short of bluff King Hal's dimensions, but this is merely the opinion of one of the lean kine. Best remembrances to the Middletons and Poletica.

A very full account of these Negotiations, with copies of the Protocols, will be found in a publication by Mr. Rush in 1845, called a "Residence at the Court of London," in which is given his final report of the whole matter, dated August 12th, 1824, to the American Secretary of State, which was laid before Congress and printed. It will therefore only be necessary here to mention briefly the several questions, which, although they underwent the most ample discussion, did not produce any Treaty, except indeed that for the suppression of the Slave Trade, a Treaty for which was actually signed, but which the Senate refused to ratify, because the coast of America was included with the coasts of Africa and the West Indies, as amongst the coasts on which the vessels of the two countries were to cruise, under conditions specified.* It is remarkable that the words of *America* were actually included in the Projet of the Treaty

* In Stapleton's Political Life of Canning, the rejection of the Treaty by the Senate is said to have been caused by "a suspicious fear of any collision between the armed vessels "of the two countries." This may, perhaps, have had some influence, but the above was the reason assigned.

given in by Mr. Rush, by orders from the Department of State, and
would have been ratified by the President, Mr. Monroe, as he expressly
declared, thus showing a difference of opinion with the Senate. Mr.
Canning, the Secretary of State, anxious to preserve the Treaty,
inquired of Mr. Rush whether, if the cruizing ground was restricted
to the Southern States only, the Senate would ratify the Treaty, but
Mr. Rush objected to this, as carrying the appearance of the United
States being a divided nation, and thus the Slave Trade Treaty fell
to the ground.

An arrangement was afterwards made in 1842, between Lord
Ashburton and Mr. Webster, by the 8th Article of the Treaty of
Washington, by which Great Britain and the United States engaged
to keep separate squadrons, carrying 80 guns each, on the coast of
Africa only, for the suppression of the Slave Trade, and to use their
best endeavours with such powers as had markets for the sale of
slaves, to close them effectually.

The next subject taken up was the commercial intercourse between
the United States and the British Colonial Ports in the West Indies
and North America, respecting which, after much discussion, nothing
was done, Great Britain being desirous of placing the imports from
the United States into her colonies upon the same footing only as
those from any other *foreign country*, which would not satisfy the
United States, who required something more. In connexion with
this question the United States advanced a claim to the *right* of their
using the river St. Lawrence as a channel of communication with
the Ocean, which Great Britain would not for a moment entertain.

The boundary line (N. W. or Maine), under the 5th Article of
the Treaty of Ghent, followed. The Commissioners appointed having
failed to settle it, instead of proceeding, as directed by the Treaty in

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488

that case, to the arbitration of a sovereign, it was wished to arrange
it by some compromise or direct negotiation between the two countries.
This question the British Plenipotentiaries were desirous of con-
necting with the free navigation of the St. Lawrence, on which they
might make concessions, to be met by concessions on the part of the
United States respecting the boundary line, but Mr. Rush declined
altogether connecting the two subjects, and being without instructions
upon many points relating to them, the whole matter was postponed.

It should be here remarked that this boundary, after having been
referred, in 1827, to the King of the Netherlands, who gave his
award in 1831, which the American Senate rejected, was finally
settled by Lord Ashburton's Treaty of 1842, after threatening to
disturb the amicable relations between the two countries, Great
Britain gaining rather more than was awarded to her by the King
of Holland, by throwing the American line further from the St.
Lawrence.

The fourth question brought under discussion was the admission
of American Consuls into our West Indian and North American
Colonies, which, as no agreement had been come to in relation to
the commerce with those colonies, and as measures of retaliation
might be resorted to which would disturb even the present intercourse
with them, it was not thought necessary at that moment to accord.

The fifth question related to the Newfoundland Fishery, a partici-
pation in which was claimed by the United States—France already
enjoying it, under Treaty stipulations between her and Great Britain,
having actually warned off the American Fishing Boats, as interfering
in this trade with the French vessels—but this subject was excluded
from the present negotiations, as whatever rights or remedies the
United States were entitled to from Great Britain could be urged in

a direct communication to the British Government in the accustomed form.

The sixth question, of maritime rights, included the abolition of privateering, impressment, blockade, carriage of enemy's goods, &c., and was not gone into, in consequence of the exclusion of impressment. Mr. Rush, however, in reply to a question from the British Plenipotentiaries, stated that he had no new securities to offer against the employment of British seamen in American vessels beyond those already proposed in former negotiations, and pronounced to be ineffectual.

The remaining question, viz., the North West Coast of America, beyond the Rocky Mountains and Oregon Territory, had been temporarily arranged by the Treaty of 1818, the stipulations of which on this point had still four years to run, and as nothing was agreed to on the present occasion touching this matter, it was finally settled by direct negotiation and compromise between the two Governments, by a Treaty signed in 1846 by Mr. Packenham, the British Minister at Washington, and Mr. Buchanan, the American Secretary of State.

There were some other points of inferior importance, which the British Plenipotentiaries were willing to treat upon, although not belonging to the class of maritime questions, viz., the mutual delivery of criminals, land claims in Florida, non-confiscation of private debts in case of war, protection of merchants on war breaking out, wrecks and salvage, and exemption of consuls from taxes and personal service; but as maritime questions were excluded from the present negotiation, Mr. Rush declined entering upon these, but undertook to forward them to his Government for its consideration.

One of them, that relating to the mutual delivery of persons charged with the crimes of murder, piracy, robbery, arson, or forgery,

490

was afterwards provided for by the 10th Article of Lord Ashburton's Treaty of 1842.

The Conferences closed on the 28th of July, 1824, without producing any practical result, and the only benefit derived from them was the fuller information acquired of the views entertained by the two countries respecting the several subjects brought under discussion.

We here give a letter we have found relating to the marriage of Miller's brother.

MILLER TO MR. N.

Torrington Square, July 2nd, 1824.

I received yesterday from Maria so lame an account of the manner in which she had executed the commission with which she was entrusted, to communicate to you the intelligence of James's marriage, that it may not be superfluous to send you a line on the subject. Our new sister-in-law is the second daughter of Colonel Tayloe, of Mount Airy, in Virginia, a gentleman whose family and connexions are of the highest respectability. He is possessed of very extensive landed and other property, amounting to twenty or thirty thousand per annum, which, although he has a large family, has enabled him to give a handsome portion, with a house in Washington, furniture, &c., to his daughter, who is entitled to a further provision on his death. James was married on the 20th of May, and what with his wife's fortune, his present office, and reversion of a Consulate when it expires, is well and permanently provided for. This event has given the greatest pleasure to all his family, and I am happy to exchange congratulations with you on the occasion.

UNITED STATES. 3.—MEMOIR.

491

The termination of the American Conferences in London left Miller at liberty to return to his post in the United States. At the beginning of October he left England in a large American vessel, called the Crisis, shipping at London a reinforcement of new furniture, his heavy baggage, and a female servant, and going on board himself at the Isle of Wight, accompanied by a sister, who had the courage to brave the sea voyage, in order to assist him in doing the honours of his house at Washington, with the use of which he had, during his absence, accommodated Mr. Addington, the British Chargé-d'Affaires before the arrival of Mr. Vaughan as Minister. Mr. Foley Wilmot, an Attaché to the Legation at Washington, also accompanied him, and amongst the passengers was Mr. Ogden, the Attorney-General in Canada, and his lately married wife, a lady of the most amiable and engaging manners, a niece of Admiral Coffin, a loyalist, born in New England, and remarkable for travelling about with another Admiral, of the corresponding name of Graves.

The Crisis arrived at New York on November 11th, after a most prosperous passage, Miller's total absence from the United States having been of about two years' duration.

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