# COURT GAME OF GEOGRAPHY.

## EXPLANATION.

CHARACTERS REPRESENTED BY THE COURT CARDS.

### HEARTS.

<table><tr><td>By the King</td><td>Geo. 4th.</td><td>England.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Queen</td><td>Russia.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Knave</td><td>France</td></tr></table>

### DIAMONDS.

<table><tr><td>King</td><td>Kien Long</td><td>China</td></tr><tr><td>Queen</td><td>Stutira</td><td>Persia.</td></tr><tr><td>Knave</td><td>Hyder Ali</td><td>Mysore.</td></tr></table>

### CLUBS.

<table><tr><td>King</td><td>Saladin</td><td>Egypt.</td></tr><tr><td>Queen</td><td>Zulemer</td><td>Algiers.</td></tr><tr><td>Knave</td><td>Moroab</td><td>Morocco.</td></tr></table>

### SPADES.

<table><tr><td>King</td><td>Washington</td><td>United States.</td></tr><tr><td>Queen</td><td>Neala</td><td>Canada.</td></tr><tr><td>Knave</td><td>Telasco</td><td>Mexico.</td></tr></table>

### ACES.

<table><tr><td>Hearts</td><td>Europe.</td></tr><tr><td>Diamonds</td><td>Asia.</td></tr><tr><td>Clubs</td><td>Africa</td></tr><tr><td>Spades</td><td>America.</td></tr></table>

The four suits thus represent the four quarters of the world, and the pip cards are distributed among the different nations, according to their geographical positions, and this arrangement of the different countries has been so made that their importance may correspond with the numerical value of the Card, thus, in Europe,

The British Isles, Russia in Europe, France, Austria, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Turkey, Prussia, the Netherlands, represent Hearts from the ten to the deuce.

The mind is thus familiarized with the geographical position and relative importance of the different nations of the world and instruction in the useful science of Geography combined with pleasing and elegant amusement.

# INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

GEOGRAPHY is the science which treats of the earth.

## THE EARTH.

The Earth is a sphere like the planets, revolving round the sun: it performs its complete revolution in one year, or three hundred and sixty-five days, six hours. This motion causes the difference of the seasons.

## THE AXIS.

The Axis of the Earth is an imaginary line drawn through its centre, upon which it is supposed to turn round in twenty-four hours, making day and night.

## THE POLES.

The Poles of the Earth are the extremities of this axis: one north and the other south.

## THE EQUATOR.

The Equator is a circle supposed to pass round the centre of the earth perpendicular to its axis, and dividing it into two equal hemispheres.

A 2

4

### MERIDIANS.

Meridians are lines drawn from pole to pole across the equator.

### LATITUDE.

Latitude is the distance of any place north or south from the equator.

### LONGITUDE.

Longitude is the distance of the meridian of a place east or west from the first meridian.

### QUARTERS OF THE GLOBE.

The four quarters of the globe are Europe, Asia, Africa, and America.

### POINTS OF THE COMPASS.

The Cardinal Points of the Compass are North, East, South, and West.

### WINDS.

From the Frigid Zone comes the north wind, consequently the coldest. The south wind comes from the Torrid Zone, consequently the hottest. The east wind comes over the vast and but little watered continent of Asia, and is therefore the dryest. The west wind brings rain, coming over the vast Atlantic ocean. The greatest velocity of the wind is sixty miles an hour.

5

The circumference of the earth is 25,020, and its diameter 7964 English miles. Two thirds of the earth is supposed to be covered with water.

### ATMOSPHERE.

The earth is surrounded by an atmospheric fluid several miles high: this fluid is capable of expansion and compression.

### THE TIDES.

The Tides are occasioned by the attraction of the moon.

### POPULATION.

The Population of the earth is computed at 960 millions of souls.

### RELIGION.

The Religions of the earth are the Christian, Mahometan, Jewish, and Pagan.

6

Countries represented by the Cards.

Europe.

Europe, though the least, is, in many respects, the most important quarter of the globe. Here the arts and sciences have been carried to the utmost perfection, and here the nations have acquired the greatest commercial and political importance. Europe is situated between the 10th degree of western and 65th degree of eastern longitude from London; and between the 36th and 72d degree of northern latitude. It is bounded on the north by the Frozen Ocean, on the east by Asia, on the south by the Mediterranean Sea, which divides it from Africa, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean which separates it from America. Its length is 3000 miles from Cape St. Vincent in the West, to the mouth of the river Oby in the north-east, and 2500 broad from north to south, from the North Cape in Lapland to Cape Matapan in the Morea, the most southern promontory in Europe. The Christian religion is established in every part of Europe except Turkey. It is divided into numerous creeds, the principal of which are Protestantism, Popery, and the religion of the Greek Church.

The languages of Europe are derived from the Gothic, Celtic, Sclavonian, Greek, and Latin.

7

Asia.

Asia exceeds Europe and Africa in its extent, in the serenity of its air, and the richness of its soil. The inhabitants of the southern parts are luxurious and effeminate, but the Tartars, who live in nearly the same latitude as the French and Germans, are as vigorous and hardy as any European nation. The continent of Asia is situated between 27 and 190 degrees of east, or 170 of west longitude, and between the Equator and 78 degrees of north latitude. It is about 55,000 miles in length, from the Dardanelles on the west, to the eastern shores of Tartary; and about 5400 miles in breadth, from the most southern parts of Malacca, to the most northern cape of Asiatic Russia. It is bounded by the Frozen Ocean on the North; on the west it is separated from Africa by the Red Sea, and from Europe by the Levant or Mediterranean, the Archipelago, the Hellespont, the Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea, the Caucasian and Uralian chains of mountains, and the river Oby which falls into the Arctic or Northern Ocean. On the east it is bounded by the Pacific, which separates it from America, and on the south by the Indian Ocean, so that it is almost surrounded by the sea. The religion of Turkey, Arabia, Persia, part of Tartary, and part of India, is the Mohammedan. In the other parts of Tartary, China, India,

A 4

8

Japan and the Asiatic Islands the people are, for the most part, idolaters. In Asia the principal languages are the modern Greek, the Turkish, the Russian, the Tartarian, the Persian, the Arabic, the Malayan, the Chinese, and the Japanese. Some of the European languages are also spoken on the coasts of India and China.

### Africa.

Africa, the third grand division of the globe, bears some resemblance to the form of a pyramid, the base being the northern part of it, which runs along the shores of the Mediterranean; and the point, or top of the pyramid, the Cape of Good Hope. Africa is a peninsula of immense extent, joined to Asia only by a neck of land, about sixty miles over, between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, commonly called the Isthmus of Suez. Its utmost length from north to south, from Cape Bona in the Mediterranean, is 37 degrees north, to the Cape of Good Hope, in 34 south latitude, is 4900 miles; and the broadest part from Cape Verd in 17-20 degrees west longitude, to Cape Guardafui, near the Strait of Babel Mandel in 51-20 east longitude, is 4300 miles from east to west. It is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, which separates it from Europe; on the east by the Isthmus of Suez,

9

the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean, by which it is divided from Asia; on the south by the Southern Ocean, and on the west by the Great Atlantic Ocean which separates it from America. As the far greater part of this extensive country lies within the tropics, the heat is, in many places, almost insupportable to an European. Though Africa has every advantage or commerce, which a rich and fruitful country, with commodious harbours, can bestow, yet its immense resources are almost entirely neglected, not only by the natives, but also by the civilized Europeans who have settled there. With respect to religion, the inhabitants of this continent may be divided into three sects, namely Pagans, Mohammedans, and Christians. The first are the most numerous, possessing the principal part of the country, from the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope. They are generally blacks. The Mohammedans, who are of a tawny complexion, inhabit Egypt and almost all the northern shores of Africa. The people of Abyssinia, are denominated Christians, but retain many Pagan and Jewish ceremonies.

### America.

This great western continent, sometimes called the New World, extends from the 80th

A 5

10

degree north to the 56th degree south latitude; and, where its breadth is known, from the 53th to the 136th degree of west longitude from London, stretching between 8 and 9000 miles in length; and its greatest breadth is 4000. It lies in both hemispheres, has two summers, and a double winter, and enjoys all the varieties of climate which the earth affords. It is washed by the two great oceans. To the eastward it has the Atlantic, which divides it from Europe and Africa; and to the west, the Pacific or Great South Sea, by which it is separated from Asia. It is composed of two great continents, the one on the north, the other on the south, which are joined by the kingdom of Mexico, which forms a kind of isthmus 1500 miles long and in one part only sixty miles over. In the great gulf which is formed between the Isthmus and the northern and southern continents, lie a multitude of Islands, denominated the West Indies, in contradistinction to the islands and countries of Asia beyond the Cape of Good Hope, which are called the East Indies. America possesses a great variety of soil and climate, with every possible advantage for the purposes of industry and commerce. It produces diamonds, pearls, emeralds, amethysts and other valuable stones.

11

Europe.

THE BRITISH ISLES—England and Wales contain 57,680 square miles; Scotland contains 27,794 square miles, and Ireland 27,457 square miles. The inhabitants are essentially a commercial people, enterprising, industrious, and successful, possessing the most extensive empire in the universe. Among the numerous possessions of Great Britain may be mentioned Malta, Gibraltar, the Ionian Isles, Canada, Jamaica, Grenada, Sierra Leone, the Isle of France, a great part of Hindoostan, the Isle of Ceylon, &c. &c. The British is a mixed form of government, monarchical and representative. Protestantism is the established religion, but all other creeds are freely tolerated.

RUSSIA IN EUROPE—The Russian Empire is divided into European and Asiatic Russia, inhabited by one hundred different nations, and several wandering tribes. Russia in Europe contains 1,000,000 square miles, and is bounded on the north, by the Frozen Ocean; on the east, by the river Carpathus, the Uralian Mountains, and the Volga; on the south, by

A 6

12

the Black Sea and Turkey; and on the west, by Prussia, the Baltic Sea, and Sweden. The climate of Russia is extremely rigorous; and the soil, except in the central territories, very ill cultivated. The Russians are a brave, patient, and hospitable people. Their government is an absolute monarchy, giving to the emperor unlimited power over the lives and fortunes of his subjects. The established religion in Russia is that of the Greek church, which, in its forms and observances, resembles the catholic, but differs from it in some doctrinal points.

**FRANCE**—Is bounded on the north by the English Channel and the Netherlands; on the east, by Italy, Switzerland, and Germany, from which it is separated by the Rhine; on the south, by the Mediterranean and Pyrennean Mountains, which divide it from Spain; and, on the west, by the Bay of Biscay. France contains 161,000 square miles, and is divided into eighty-six departments. The soil is fertile, and its climate temperate. The principal rivers are the Loire, the Rhone, the Garonne, and the Seine. The French are a lively people, fond of pleasure and enterprize, acting, generally, more from impulse than judgment. The government of France is monarchial and representative; and the religion the catholic.

13

**AUSTRIA**—This empire is bounded on the north, by Saxony and Prussia; on the north-east, by Russia; on the east and south-east, by Turkey; and, on the south, by the Adriatic. The climate is mild and healthy, and the soil in some parts extremely fertile, being copiously watered by thirty-eight rivers, the principal of which are the Danube, the Elbe, the Oder, and the Po. The Austrians, for the most part, possess the catholic religion. Their form of government is a hereditary monarchy, nearly absolute, though the power of the sovereign has become subject to many modifications.

**SPAIN AND PORTUGAL**—Spain is bounded on the west, by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean; on the east, by the Mediterranean; on the north, by the Bay of Biscay and the Pyrennean Mountains, which separate it from France; and, on the south, by the Strait of Gibraltar. In some parts of Spain are seen extensive plains almost destitute of verdure; but the general appearance of the country is beautiful, abounding in pastures, vineyards, groves of orange trees, and hills covered with aromatic plants. The Spaniards are temperate, but indolent and extremely

A 7

14

superstitious. The established religion in Spain is the Roman catholic, and the government an almost absolute monarchy.

Portugal, the most westerly kingdom on the continent of Europe, is bounded on the south and west, by the Atlantic Ocean; and, on the north and east, by Spain. The climate varies in the different divisions of Portugal, and the soil is generally inferior in fertility and cultivation to that of Spain. The Portuguese government is monarchical and representative; and their religion the catholic, to which they are superstitiously attached.

**ITALY**—This delightful country is bounded on the north, by Switzerland and Germany; on the east, by the Adriatic Sea; on the south, by the Mediterranean; and, on the north-west, by France. The beautiful prospects and scenery of Italy have been the theme of almost all travellers in this Elysian land, the general aspect of which presents every variety of luxuriant landscape. The Italians are, generally, well formed, and have very expressive countenances. They are extremely fond of the arts, in all of which they excel. Italy is divided into eleven kingdoms and states, including the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. The Roman catholic religion is universally professed by the Italians.

15

**TURKEY**—This great empire is divided into European and Asiatic Turkey. European Turkey is bounded on the north, by Austria and Russia; on the east, by the Black Sea and the Bosphorus; on the south, by the Mediterranean; and, on the west, by Dalmatia. The climate is salubrious, and the soil, though unimproved, luxurious and abundant. The Turkish government is an absolute despotism, and their religion the Mohammedan. The Turks are ignorant, indolent, and of a melancholy temperament, but, when agitated by passion, are furious and ungovernable. The boundaries of Asiatic Turkey are, on the north, the Black Sea and Circassia; on the east, Persia; on the south, Arabia and the Levant; and, on the west, the Archipelago, the Hellespont, and the Propontis. The inhabitants are superior in their manners and morals to those of European Turkey, being charitable to each other, and hospitable to strangers.

**PRUSSIA**—Prussia, properly so called, is bounded on the north, by the Baltic Sea and the Russian Territories; on the east, by Lithuania; on the south, by Great Poland and Silesia; and on the west, by Brandenburgh.

A 8

16

and Pomerania. The whole Prussian monarchy now extends, with little interruption, from the borders of Lithuania to the Rhine and Moselle. The climate of Prussia is more damp, and the cold more lasting than in Germany, but the air is salubrious, and the natives frequently attain to an advanced age. The Prussians are brave and thoughtful, resembling generally their neighbours in the north of Germany. There is no established religion in Prussia; all sects meet with equal toleration. The form of government is an absolute monarchy.

**THE NETHERLANDS**—This kingdom comprehends the Belgian Provinces and Holland. It is bounded on the north and west by the German Ocean; on the east, by Hanover; and on the south, by France. It is divided into eighteen provinces. In Belgium the soil is fruitful and well cultivated, and in Holland, where it lies below the level of the sea, is protected by dykes of very ingenious structure. The Dutch are an industrious, economical people, and fond of the fine arts. Their government is monarchical and representative, and their religion the Protestant.

17

Asia.

**CHINA**—This vast empire is bounded on the north by a stone wall of 500 leagues in length, flanked by about 45,000 towers, which separates it from Tartary; by the Chinese Sea on the south; on the east, by the Pacific Ocean; and, on the west, by Tibet and the Tartarian Countries. In China the climate is various, and the soil highly cultivated and fruitful in all the necessaries and luxuries of life. The Chinese are intelligent, but deceitful, and extremely fond of litigation. Their emperor is an absolute monarch, and is styled 'Holy Son of Heaven, Sole Governor of the Earth, and Great Father of the People.' In China there is no religion supported by the state.

**PERSIA**—The boundaries of Persia are, on the north, the Caspian Sea; on the north west, the Mountains of Ararat and Caucasus; on the north east, the river Oxus; on the east, India; on the south, the Gulfs of Persia and Ormus; and, on the west, the Turkish Territories. The climate of Persia is various; in the midland provinces the air is pure and exhilarating, and the soil particularly fruitful.

18

The Persians of both sexes are, in general, handsome, and of very engaging manners. Their religion is the Mohammedan, according to the sect of Ali. The King of Persia is an absolute sovereign.

**HINDOOSTAN**—Is bounded on the north, by Usbek Tartary and Tibet; on the east, by Assam, Aracan, and the Bay of Bengal; on the south, by the Indian Ocean; and by the same Ocean and Persia on the west. The vast plains of Hindoostan produce almost every kind of grain in great abundance, particularly rice. The Hindoos are among the most ancient of the tribes of Asia. In their manners they are gentle, and remarkably observant of the duties of domestic life. At present, the English are in possession of the greater part of Eastern India.

**SIBERIA**—Under the denomination of Siberia, or Russia in Asia, is comprehended the whole of the north of Asia. The climate of Siberia is extremely cold, but the air is pure and wholesome, and the soil productive. The inhabitants of Asiatic Russia are Russians, Mongolians, Tartars, Kalmucks, and others,

19

all of whom differ essentially in manners, language, and religion.

**TURKEY IN ASIA**—This country is bounded by the Black Sea and Circassia on the north; by Persia on the east; by Arabia and the Levant Sea on the south; and by the Archipelago, the Hellespont, and Propontis on the west. It is divided into nineteen districts. The climate is delightful and salubrious in the highest degree, and the soil abundantly productive of all the luxuries of life. Among the rivers of Asiatic Turkey are the Euphrates, which rises in the mountains of Armenia, and falls into the Persian Gulf after a course of about 1300 English miles; and the Tigris, which falls into the Euphrates after a course of nearly 800 miles.

**ARABIA**—Is bounded by Turkey on the north; by the Gulfs of Persia and Ormus, which separate it from Persia, on the east; by the Indian Ocean on the south; and by the Red Sea, which divides it from Africa, on the west. It forms three divisions, Petræa, Deserta, and Felix—the rocky, the desert, and the happy Arabia. As a considerable part of this country lies under the torrid zone, the air is ex-

20

cessively dry and hot, and the country is subject to hot poisonous winds like those on the shores of Persia, which often prove fatal, especially to strangers. The soil in some parts is nothing more than immense sands, which, when agitated by the wind, roll like a troubled ocean, and some times form mountains by which caravans are buried and lost. The southern part of Arabia, deservedly called *the happy*, is blessed with an excellent soil, and, in general, is extremely fertile. The Arabians are a wandering, brave and martial race, who live in a great measure by plunder. Their religion is the Mohammedan, and their government despotic.

## INDEPENDENT TARTARY
On the east, the mountains of Belin separate this part of Tartary from little Bokharia; on the south, the mountains of Gaur divide it from Persia and the provinces of Candahar and Caboul in Hindoostan. The boundaries on the west, are the Caspian Sea, the River Ural and the Uralian Mountains; and on the north, the Russian dominions in Asia. The climate is temperate, and the soil, in the southern parts, very productive. The inhabitants are the Kirguses, the Usbecs, and Taujecs. Their

21

religion is the Mohammedan, according to the sect of Omar.

## TIBET
This country is bounded on the north and north-west by the great Desert of Cobi in Tartary; on the East by China; on the south by Assam and Birmah; and on the south-west and west, by Hindoostan. The climate of Tibet is extremely cold and bleak, and the soil barren and mountainous. It is however excessively rich in minerals. The inhabitants are robust, well formed, and remarkable for gentleness of manners and disposition. Tibet is governed by a sort of religious despotism, the civil, as well as spiritual authority being in the hands of the Lamas, or Pontiffs, the chief of whom, called the Dalai Lama, is almost adored by the Tibetians.

## JAPAN
The Japan islands consist of three large and many smaller islands, which together constitute an extensive monarchy. The largest is called Japan: it is about 700 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. The climate of Japan is excessively hot during the summer months, and would be insupportable but for the sea breezes. The Japanese are industrious, cleanly, temperate, and remarkably courteous.

22

They are governed by a despotic sovereign, called the Kubo, besides whom there is a spiritual or ecclesiastical emperor, called the Dairi.

### África.

**EGYPT**—This country is bounded by the Mediterranean on the north; by the Red Sea on the east; by Abyssinia on the south; and by the Desert of Barca on the west. It is divided into the Lower and Upper provinces, of which Cairo and Girgeh are the respective capitals. The climate of Egypt during eight months of the year is excessively hot; the remaining months are comparatively temperate. Among the inhabitants, the Copts are the only descendants from the original Egyptians. They are generally of a grave temperament, but fond of sensual pleasures. Their religion is that of the Greek Church.

**BARBARY**—Under this head are included the countries of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca.

The empire of MOROCCO is bounded on the

23

north, by the Mediterranean sea; on the south by the river Noun or Akassa; on the east, by the Algerine territory; and on the west, by the Atlantic Ocean.

The ALGERINE state is bounded on the east by that of Tunis; on the north by the Mediterranean; on the south by Mount Atlas; and on the west by the dominions of the Moorish emperor.

TUNIS is bounded by the Mediterranean, on the north and east; by Algiers on the west; and by Tripoli, with part of Biledulgerid on the south.

TRIPOLI, including Barca, is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean sea; on the south by the country of the Berbers; on the west by Tunis, Biledulgerid, and the districts of the Gadamis; and on the east by Egypt.

The BARBARY STATES form a great political confederacy, though perfectly independent of each other in their internal polity. Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, have each a Turkish bey or dey. They govern in the name of the grand Signor, to whom, however, they are only nominally subject. The Mohammedan is the religion of the Barbary States.

**MOROCCO**—This empire comprises the kingdoms of Morocco, Fez, Suez, &c. It is

24

divided into two parts by the chain of Mount Atlas. The soil is in many parts sandy, and about two-thirds are uncultivated, but the cultivated spots are prodigiously fertile, and copiously watered by the streams which descend from Mount Atlas. The inhabitants are brave, strong, and very expert horsemen. The sole law in Morocco is the despotic will of the sovereign; during his absence the power of life and death is delegated to military commanders, who exercise it without regard to the form of judicial proceedings.

### ABYSSINIA
The boundaries of Abyssinia are, on the north, the kingdom of Sennaar, or Nubia; on the east, the Red Sea; on the south, Gingiro and Alaba; and, on the west, Kordofan. The surface of the country in general is rugged, and abounds with forests and morasses, interspersed, however, with many fertile vallies and plains. In Abyssinia, the rainy season is said to continue for six months, from April to September, and is succeeded by a cloudless sky and vertical sun. The Abyssinians are in general well made and handsome, mild in their dispositions, and of temperate habits. Their government is an absolute monarchy, and their religion the Mohammedan.

25

### LOWER GUINEA
— Guinea comprises the Grain Coast, the Ivory Coast, the Gold Coast, the Slave Coast, and Benin. Congo, in Lower Guinea, is bounded on the north, by Loango; on the south, by Angola; and, on the east, by the country of the Giagas. In summer the weather is extremely hot, but the winter is as mild as an Italian spring. To the southward of Congo are Angola and Benguela, with which the Portuguese are connected. The climate of the latter is very unwholesome, and the inhabitants barbarous.

### UPPER GUINEA
— The Ashantee kingdom, situated to the west of Dahomey and the north of the Gold Coast, was not known to the Europeans before the beginning of the last century. The men are strong and healthy, and both sexes particularly clean in their persons. The government, though monarchical in form, is, in effect, aristocratic, the king being controlled by the chieftains and the assembly of captains. Benin is a country to the east of Dahomey, the climate of which is extremely noxious. The sovereign is an absolute despot. His majesty is said to have six hundred wives. Paganism is the religion of Benin.

26

**INTERIOR OF AFRICA.**—Timbuctoo, Haussa, Darfur, Kashma, and Fezzan, are among the interior countries of Africa. Of these comparatively little is known. Timbuctoo carries on a commerce of exchange for European commodities. The sultan, who is tributary to the sultan of Haussa, is an absolute monarch, and maintains a standing army of three thousand knights, with other troops. The inhabitants of Timbuctoo are strong; robust, and fond of pleasure.

**SOUDAN OR NIGRITIA.**—This vast country comprises the kingdoms of Bornour Kassaba, Méle, &c. &c. The country is surrounded by mountains, and is, in the interior, flat and fertile. The climate, which is extremely hot, is tempered by abundant rains and refreshing breezes, Negroes and Moors are the inhabitants of these kingdoms.

**CANARY ISLES.**—These are the Grand Canary, Teneriffe, Palma, Gomera, Hiero or Gerro, Fuerte Ventura, and Lancerota. These islands enjoy a pure, temperate air, and abound in the most delicious fruits, especially grapes,

27

which produce the rich wine called Canary. The seat of government for all the seven islands is at Santa Cruz, the capital of Teneriffe. The Canaries are subject to Spain.

## America.

**THE UNITED STATES.**—The United States of America form a federal republic, the government of which is administered by an elective head and a proportionate number of representatives from all the States. There are three grand divisions of these states, namely,—the New England States, the Middle States, and the Southern States. So extensive a country necessarily involves a great diversity of climate and of soil. In this republic there is no religious establishment supported by the government, as it was thought more adviseable to leave religion to its own operation on the minds of men.

**CANADA.**—This country is bounded by New Britain on the north, by New Brunswick on the east, by the United States on the south, and by the Lake Superior and the lands of

28

savage tribes on the west. It is divided into Upper and Lower Canada. The former lies to the north of the Lakes Huron and Ontario; and the latter on both sides of the River St. Lawrence. Winter, in this country, is so severe from December till April, that the largest rivers are frozen over, and the snow usually lies from four to six feet in depth. In many parts of Canada the soil is very fruitful, producing all kinds of grain, fruit, and vegetables. The meadow grounds yield excellent pasture, and breed vast numbers of great and small cattle. Canada is watered by numerous rivers; and on the borders are five lakes, all navigable to large vessels.

MEXICO OR NEW SPAIN is bounded on the north-east, by the Gulf of Mexico; and on the south-west, by the Pacific. Being for the most part within the Torrid Zone the climate is excessively hot, and, on the eastern coast, where the land is low, it is unhealthy. The inland country, however, assumes a better aspect, and the air is of a milder temperature. The population of Mexico may be divided into Whites, Negroes, the indigenous Mexicans, and a mixed race. The original natives, who still exist in great numbers, have become, from continual oppression, a dejected and timorous

race. The Roman Catholic is the established religion of Mexico.

GUYANNA.—This extensive country, which is imperfectly known, is divided among the Spaniards, Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch.

PERU is bounded on the west by the Pacific; by the same ocean and Chili on the south; by New Grenada on the north; and, on the east, by the territory of La Plata, or Buenos Ayres. Though Peru lies within the torrid zone, yet, having on one side the South Sea, and on the other the great ridge of the Andes, it is not so hot as other tropical countries. It never rains in Lower Peru, but this defect is supplied by a soft dew which falls every night, and refreshes the plants and the grass, so as to occasion in many places the greatest fertility. The mountainous districts enclose various mines: there are seventy of gold, six hundred and eighty of silver, four of copper, four of quicksilver, and twelve of lead. In Peru is likewise found the remarkable substance called platina, which may be considered as an eighth metal. The Peruvians are robust and well formed, but in dolent and much ad-

29

30

dicted to spirituous liquors. This country,
which long formed part of the Spanish posses-
sions, has lately established its independence.

BRAZIL.—This country comprises all the
ancient Portuguese possessions in America.
It is bounded on the north, by the mouth of the
Amazon River and the Atlantic Ocean; on
the east by the same sea; by the mouth of
the River Plata on the south; and by a chain
of mountains, which divide it from Paraguay
and the country of the Amazons, on the west.
The climate towards the north is subject to
heavy rains and variable winds, but, in the
southern parts, is serene and wholesome. The
soil is generally fruitful, and with proper care
might be rendered highly productive. Brazil
is governed by an imperial sovereign, whose
power is absolute.

CHILI is bounded by Peru on the north;
by La Plata on the east; by Patagonia on the
south; and by the Pacific Ocean on the west.
The climate is a medium between the intense
heat of the torrid and the piercing cold of the
frigid zone. This country is thinly inhabited.
The original Chilese are a manly, robust, and
high spirited race. The Spaniards and Creoles

31

of Chili are indolent and voluptuous. Chili now
forms part of the republic of Columbia.

BUENOS AYRES.—This country is bounded by Amazonia on the north; by Brazil on the East; by Patagonia on the south; and by Peru and Chili on the west. The mineral opulence of this country is well known. The mountain of Potosi alone is reckoned to produce weekly 35,000 dollars. The soil is very fertile. Contrary to the general nature of America, this country is entirely destitute of woods. After throwing off the Spanish yoke, Buenos Ayres adopted a form of government similar to that of the United States.

COLOMBIA.—This new republic consists
of the ancient vice-royalty of Venezuela, the
kingdom of New Grenada, comprising the
isthmus of Panama, the provinces of Cumana,
of Guyanna, and Maracaibo. The soil is re-
markably rich and fruitful, and the climate ex-
cessively hot. Colombia presents a variety of
verdant woods, luxuriant plains, and lofty
mountains. This republic has lately established
its independence.

FINIS.

NEW PUBLICATIONS BY
WILLIAM AND HENRY ROCK,
11, WALBROOK, LONDON.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Court Game of Astronomy</td><td>5</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Court Game of Astrophilogeon</td><td>5</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Ditto, coloured, gilt edges, & morocco case</td><td>10</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Rock's Sacred Album, elegantly bound</td><td>21</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Rock's Album of Flowers, ditto</td><td>25</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Ditto, coloured in the first style, ditto</td><td>40</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Rock's Illustrated Album, with original pcs.</td><td>20</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>

ROCKS' CONVERSATION CARDS.

<table><tbody><tr><td>The Moss Rose's Conversazione, per pack</td><td>3</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Conversations for the Year</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Conversations from Paley</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Philosophical Enigmas,</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Historical Pope Joan</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Ditto with coloured portraits of all the Kings, and Trays, complete,</td><td>5</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Urania, an Astronomical Game,</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>The Oracle of Flowers</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>The Sacred Oracle</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Temple of Destiny, on brass balls, comprising Three Packs of Cards on Fate, viz. The Oracle of Destiny, in elegant case</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>The Drawing-room Gipsy</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Answers of the Improvisatrice</td><td>2</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>The above complete with Temple, per set</td><td>10</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><td>Poetic Album Leaves, richly embossed</td><td>4</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Ditto in elegant case</td><td>6</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Embossed Album Leaves, in sets of Twelve</td><td>4</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Ditto, in elegant case</td><td>6</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table>