page 7 cont'd.

1251

## Organization

1. Muhicipio - adm - president M. - Crescentio Ruiz
   secretario Savina Ruiz
   tesorero Jose Lopez

from these 5 (5 consejales - 1. Crescentio Ruiz
pres. is chosen(      Julien Ruiz
serv'd for 1 yr.(      Victor Velasco
                         Felipe Juarez
                         Maximino Espinosa

5 proprietarios
Pres. Crescentio Ruiz
Sindico Mun.- Julien Ruiz
1. Regidor - Victor Velasco
2. "      Felipe Juarez
3. "      Maximino Espinosa

(5 supplentes - Luiz Aquilar
               Lauro Perez
               Amado Blanco
               Maximino Vasquez
               Enrique Blanco
judicial - alcalde      Esteven Garcia

2. supplentes.
primera - Francisco Ruiz
segundo - Enemecio Lopez

page 8

junta vecinal (second oldest) care of church - ecclesiastical
Is not legally recognized but has power
aseo = cleaning.

page 9

junta vecinal- se nombre por todo el pueblo
by the initiative of Ayuntamientos
Offices - 10 vecinos. headed by one.

1st Banfilio Vasquez; Manuel Chavez (dead) Pablo Larson (dead); Manuel Juarez; Evaristo Lavida; Pedro Chavez; Ernardo Velasco; Manuel Zerat

(Sacriston 1. Margarito Garcia (dead

( 2. Carlos Vasquez

( 3. Porfirio Reyes

( 2 acolytos - Florentino Vasquez; Domingo Aquilar

( 2 ministros o topyles - Agustin Lopez; Arnulfo Garcia

( 2 fiscales - Delphino Zerate; Juan Lopez

Sacristan -

Obligation - 1. Asco general del Templo y de atrio
2 topyles del curro
(Yunta vecinal takes initiative, administration & costs of repairing the church.)

2. colocar flores a los santos. sobre los altars

3. gridar los valores de la iglesia (Sacrist.)

4. teniendo llaves del iglesia & caja - (Sacristan)

, page 11

1252

Acolytes - servir en la misa
barrer con el sacristan

Ministros - tocar la campana
(topyles) & traer la sacerdote

fiscales - a reglar con el euro el precio de la misa así como la fecha

page 12

school teacher says "mayordomas make people poor." It is the key - cost of food, drink

Ask what the criticizes president for
cheapest mayordomia - 100 pesos

expensive -1000 pesos

30 mayordomios en Atzompa - antiguamente actualmente como 18 o 20.

Sn. Tomas "sell muchechas." Torbicio
cheapest mayordomia - de la cruz flores bellos missa ) $30

greatest in de Patron - gasto de $600 aprox. (more elsewhere)

page 13

Mayordomias

30-'domas are voluntary here (not elected)

obligationes - 1. comprar flores cada acho diaz domingo

2. " bellas y acete para lamparas.

3. pagar al curso de los derecha de la misa

4. dar de camer al euro

5. " " " a la musicosy a los chirimiteros (2)

6. " " " a todos los mayordomos
parientes
compadres
invitados. (not to municipio)

7. Comprar coetes y ruedos catarinas para la casa y la misa

page 14

VO
com - Herman Vasque
Aynd-

The hermandad is active only for 5 days of

page 15

5. Hermandades -

1. Virgen de Ocotlan 5 de enero

2. Carnistolendos - febrero

3. Patrona 15 agosto

4. Virgen de la Rosario - Octubre, primero domingo

Organizacion-

1 comisionado

1 ayudante

1 sacristan 1º

1 " 2º

1 " 3º

7 " 4º

page 15 cont'd.

1253

## Los principales deberes -

1. recolectar fondes en la población a base de limosna llevando la alcancia del santo de la fecha

2. celebrar la ceremonias de la fiesta.

a. bisperas y mytinas a la dejilia de la fiesta

b. missa de función.

c. depositar el sentisimo en la tarde.

3. dar de comer por parte del comisionado a los miembros de su hermandad desde viernes hasta lunes.

4. el último día del festival se reunirán a la vez para nombrar democraticamente al nuevo comisionado de dos candidados que proponen.
NB- Nincun oficial de una hermandad no presta servicios al municipio por costumbre antiqua (y raíz economico para el gasto; lo mismo refiere al mayordomo.

page 17

## Comité de Fuegos Artificiales -

está formado de lo individuales, 3 por cada barrio.

### Fonciones:

1. Indicar al pueblo que va haber fuego artificiales

2. Recolectar parte de los gastos de esos fuegos - cuota volunteria y pequeno

3. Ven atraer al conetero (pyrotecnico) y los armazones.

La comida del conetero la da el mayordomo o comisionado de la hermandad.

page 18

## Educat

Pres.- José Velasco

Sec. Francisco Jimenez

Tes. Ernesto Enriquez

Voc. 1º Manuel Ruiz

2º

$142

number of pupils now 222

page 19

## Comité del Educación -

Está formado por 5 miembros.

1. presidente

2. secretario que debe ser uno de los maestros

1. teserero

2. vocales (1º y 2º)

Es mombrado por la liga de padres de la familia por orden de la dirección de
l'education. Interviewe el personal de la escuela y l'autoridad municipal.

### Obligaciones:

1. responsables indirectamente de las apertenencias y propiedad de la escuela

2. bijilar la puntalidad y assistencia

3. Prestar ayuda moral y económica a la escuela

4. Informar a Educación sobre las diversas actividades que

5.

6.

7.

1256

P. 83.

very smallest horno costs P.20.-- to build

Luis Aguilar has sold his horno for ?

Have a little riego here in Atzompa, which
is N.E. of pueblo--ejidal

Luis says one parcela is lost now, another
still small

Alfalfa sown on his ejidal parcela
will get about 1 fanega of cosecha
Uses 1 almud, dice--7 persons

He says he will get about 50 almudes from
this cosecha
Hay 2 cosechas in Atzompa.

Necesario comprar como X 300 almudes
per ano.

1257

p. 91.

Conversation with Luis.

Says that main compadre relation is for
extraordinary occasions
Luis' compedres--
Victor Velasco
Lucio Lopez
Lauro Perez
Manuel Juarez

in Oaxaca

Margarita Bacheco- cigarros
Manuel Blanco--Licenciado
Bartolo Ruiz--regaton de loza,
Oaxaca, Ototlan

About 8 carretas in Atzompa

Monico Zarate has a molino de greta

Luis sold his molino at P.80.--
molinos are dear because P1.- daily paid
to mozo to picar the stone, and stone must
come from Tejalapa in the Sierra in carreta-
5men- cost P.5.- and P5.- a day to rent
yunta with carreta.

p.93.
rent of a yunta P. 1.50 from 6am. to 2pm.
mayor parte es para media (a madias ? )
Mediario de Luis es Manuel Garcia

1258

p. 128.

Luiz sends his cow to Rafael Juarez, muchacho
of Jacinto Juarez--pays 3c. a day

5c. yunta

Vaqueros- On ecimo Enriquez tiene Juan Enriquez
Orfalino de S. Felipe del Agua
Antonio Ruiz " lives with Marcelino Garcia

3c. vaca
Feliz Torres " Justo Torres, vive con grandmama

Chiveros.
Pedro Juarez- papa Jacinto Juarez
Rosendo Enriquez-" Juan Enriquez
1c. per
Manuel Reyes- " Rosalino Reyes
chivo
Refugio Garcia- " Gabino Garcia
Lauro Alarson- " Pablo Alarson
Manuel Ruiz- " Martin Ruiz
Saturnino Blanco-" Juan Blanco

( Manuel Ruiz- 1 vaca, 1 chivo )

page 158 cont'd.

1260

Cayetano Lopes has 3 vacas vende leche
maintains himself with this leche - only about 1 carga. With his capital he
buys maiz. then later scrapes some money together and starts regatening again.

page 159
Regatones professional de Losa
Regatones compra cada semana

Catarino Chovez - Ocotlan - 4 cargas
Luiz Pequero - Tlacolula 4 cargas
Alberto Zarate - Ocotlan 2 cargas
Nicolas Paz - Oaxaca 4 -5 cargas
crescentio Juarez - Zaschila 3 cargas
Paulino Cortez - Oaxaca, Etla 4 cargas
Dario Reyes - Ejutla, Miahuattan
back yarros
hermanos hace apaxtles
buys from Saturnino Enriquez su familia en ce leza
casucles
jarros
2 cargas - vive aquis but wife is from Yeniche
no hace lose

Cayetano Lopez - Oaxaca has daughters who are learning but don't work yet
Manuel Ruiz - Oaxaca 4 cargas
Juaquin Ruiz - Zaschila 2 cargas
Angel Ruiz - Etla Has capital of $3 - $4 since he takes only 1 burro of a small
carga

José Gonsalo lives in Tlacolula - compadres - Manuel Ruiz regaton
Enriquez Reyes

page 184

144 almudes maiz
75 tercios

50-60 tortillas per almud of maiz
0-15 tortillas per day
how many almudes per family (4 persons) diariamente
30 -
45 -

page 185

almudes of siembra
1st class - 1 carreta masorka (maiz & Zacate) (6 fanegas maiz) from 1 almud de siembra
2nd class - 1/2 carreta 3 fanegas 1 al S.
3rd class - 1/4 carreta 1 1/2 fanega 1 al s.

page 186

1 almud 3 1/2 kilos
1 kilo - 2/7 almud

inside back cover

Volumen
medio litro
1 litro - 1000 cm
& litros
1 almud - 5 litros
1 fanega - 25 altux almudes
24 tlac.
Etla

Peso
onza - 25 grainos (28.7 really)
libra - 450 gr.
kilogram - 1000 cm of distilled water at 40°
40 onzas (really 35)
2.2 libras
pesada - 4 kg.
arroba - 11 1/2 kg (3.9 pasadas)
toneluda - 250 pasedas
1000 kilograms
87 arrobas (86.9)

Comparative -
Almud - 3 1/2 kilograms

1263

page 5 cont'd.

at Esquina & curb toys
then westward fruta
pina
tomates

6J5 p.m.

mil little green

Calle de Mezcal is full of a multitude of men and women. Some - many are sitting on the four curbs with baskets of their stuff - not selling but resting. As far as traffic is concerned the street is impassible.

At corner Calle de Atzompa and Calle de Sn Juan there are a dozen people sitting on the curbs selling chickens - 3 cops.

page 6

At night the Calle de Mezcal was filled with people, the outflow from the Plaza grande. There were no eating booths here as previously, but I saw 5 persons selling pan dulce on the side walk of this street. At NE corner there was a puesto of merceries. The street itself was full and people were seated on the center curb with their packages. Although I looked particularly I saw no evidence of sales going on from these parcels in the prohibited district.

At corner of Mezcal & Sn Juan the overflow was even greater. Puestos were spread out into the center of Mezcal and camions only passed with difficulty.

Donna Josefina said the market is terrible, everything is mixed up. Regatones and propios and merchandise is all mixed together - fruit, meat, tomates.

Calle de Mezcal 2 quadro
chili - durazne
2 puesto bottles
Durazno, onions, albacar, frijoris
Serranos con menzanas
These puestos in Calle M. and now at entrance to Sn Juan
Menzana lene

Caxiu

page 7

morning worked on plan of Atzompa

Caxace, Sunday, 3 Agosto

Went with Samuel and Anna to the Fiesta at Principes. Fiesta of Santa Maria de los Angeles. Eglesia at east end of town. There was the procession of the Sanctisima. Church was packed solid with people, and many were sorshipping in the entrance way outside the doors. Anna nursed Eva while in church. Then later had to change Eva's pants. Saw another woman nursing a baby while in church.

Outside a band, merry go round, and many puestos, principally of food, cooked, nieve, 2 selling sugar cane. Games of chance. Also stacks of castillo for the night. The houses in streets around for many blocks were decorated with green bamboo stalks and paper festoons. Also the tiendas were doing a good business partly in mezcal although there wasn't much drunkenness.

page 15

1266

Tuesday, Agosto 5, Caxaca

Puesto de Lina -

Mercario goesto Tlacolula on Sundays.

In this puesto they have utility loss which is cheaper than loss de Caxaca.
We sell more but gain less. We sell every day. Little dinero. They gain much
more per piece but there are days when don't sell anything.

Asked whether position of puesto make a difference. Said no. Samuel gains more because he makes more money on figuras. Samuel's stock is mixed.

Lola bought her puesto 3 years ago from another man who wanted to quit since
he was not gaining any money. Cost of puesto $50. (from Boro). Loss was not
in this sale. Doro sold little by little while not buying to replenish stock.

We do not "lose" perdo - but there are times when we sell very slowly.

House - rent is $5. a month. Whole patio "casa" is owned by 1 man who does not live there. Electric light in patio, water.

Donna Lina was sick and bathed at Minas and cured.

page 16

In this puesto

Donna Line
Nelita
Clara
Lidia
Rose
Israel

all of whom live in the same case - 5 Arista

They never sell at less than the price at which they bought an article. I am under
the impression that they would cut.

page 16

Rosa de Castilla - viene de la sierra los pueblitos mine "tomita" 30¢

Menzanilla - made in a te - malo d'estomago

avas de Sn Ignacio - para la borracherita

chiquadores

nuesnos 20¢

sirva del pastor 10¢

cemote del venado 20¢

" de la pegajosa 20¢
para la sangre

"geranona", para estomago ente 10¢ cada pieza

yoquita - mal de corazon 75¢

cagada de luzero 1.25
espeutan

'ta de cacao - mal aire (te) tomita at 50¢

10¢ for good ones and 5¢ for cheap ones

1270

page 21 cont'd.

Iquena skin
piel de armadillo
Aves de Sn Ignacio comes from the coast

page 22

Doctors notes on trip to Miahustlan

2 or 3 members of Ayuntamiento in Amatlan. asked for tienda. there is none we are afraid of being robbed. A few months ago a man opened tienda in front of school and church. Robbed and all his stock worth about $5 taken.

One of speakers had a molino of nixtamal. It was robbed of all portable appertances, especially the beart worth $120. He adds that people are afraid to go to the molino now and he makes some 2 pesos a day.

On 19 of June last year the village was attacked by an armed band dressed up as soldiers but wearing huaraches and everybody was looted down to covija and shirt. Similar conditions evidently prevail everywhere, especially confirmed about Cuixtla.

page 23

Caxaca, Thursday, 7 Agosto

Mercad-

Senora of loss told me that this mercado opens in the morning at 6.00.
There are few indios except on Saturday.

There are both regatones and propios. Few regatones sell both here and in gran mercado because of price of cobrador.

People buying here are housewives who yet have to cook the desayuno. They come here instead of to gran mercado because distance is shorter. Prices, I was told, are the same. It seems to me that there are more poor women here than in Carmen. Carmen has an extraordinary number without rebosos.

The puestos in almost all cases have very small quantities of food in stock.
Big exception is maiz of course and yet relatively.

page 24

yerbas have to be bought in season
All yerbas bought in tiempo de aqua
buys yerbas fresca and ponga a secar
put on petates in sun in patio
has large stores in her casa
de yerba de cancer she says she sells

page 25 cont'd.

1272

Octubre - diciembre
puras possimus
acana jual
canapistole
violeta
chismito

page 26

On a saturday Dona Juana Olivera sells as much as $20-$25 - 18 other days of the week $5 - $8.

Pays $.40 diario a cobrados
$2.00 a mez. has card which is punched

4 hentes - 12-14 reales

brother has tienda next door so the old liar gets a lot of her food at cost price
sells to other regones - but says she does not reduce

page 27

## Losa de Caxaca

| | Vende | | |
|:---|:---:|:---:|:---:|
| $6 para gruesa | .72 dozena | .06 pieza | |
| 8 | .80 | .07 | |
| 10 | 1.00 | .10 pieza | |
| 12 | 1.36 | .12 pieza | |

page 28

Comments of Manuel on Maiz - Fuentes manuscript

plant maiz - any time is good except 2 or 3 days after new moon. M didn't know
that once when his soil was ready he started planting, old man passing by told
him you are planting bad because of luna tierne. The milpa grew tall but when
he opened the ears they were eaten by worms and rotten.

Same refers to zacateo and to the collecting of mazorka.

First mazorkas clotes are taken to the church and placed on the alter so that
the rest of the harvest may go on well. The same thing about every new fruit like
bananas, apples, etc.

During a drought the priest will be paid to pray for rain.

M says that maiz tempranero and umeda are identical (p. 2 Ms. de J. L. F.)

Each plant of maiz as a rule gives only 1 cob, only in an especially good soil
does a plant produce 2 or 3 cobs.

page 29

M distinguishes 3 classes of soil 1º, 2º, 3º.

1º called yocuelo - largely coming from river deposits also black soil.

2º more sandy

3º very sandy or stony - tierra colorado also 3º class.

page 29 cont'd. & page 31

1273

These three classes are defined by quality of harvest - also in planting they put more grains and take shorter steps in good earth.

Relation between quality of soil and irrigation - In each quality we can have 3 distinctions of irrigation and moisture - only when irrigation by river implies covering of bad soil with alluvial can the soil improve.

## Two types of sowing

1. by making deep holes in the earth or humidity sowing. 2. by superficial dropping of seed and stamping with food.

In early sowing you have to plant deep to get the moisture. Temporal depending on rain. You can plant more shallow - but M says deep even then is best.

page 33

street running north and south is full of housewives walking to or from the market.

25-28 small quantities of vegetables such as cayotes, string beans, tomatoes, sliced papaya aquacates

little chili - duraznos

25 is biggest puesto

28 has large proportion of duraznos, peras, and onions

page 35

I would say that the decline begins between 8.30 and 9.00. By 9 it can be definitely marked by the few number of people at the entrance gates which earlier are crowded with the inflow.

page 37

## La Merced
### Passage

Church side - To gate 9 women selling squash, greens, green corn, etc.

4 tomates

2 pan dulu

3 women small amts. durazno

Plaza side going north

1 woman fried grasshoppers

1 woman pan dulu

1 tortillera

1 tomate

2 tortilleras

1 large tomate

at gate 6 tortilleras

3 women tamale

page 41

## Tak with Manuel on "Bucos" de pueblo

senales - bueyes

burros

cuches

Mesorka - tierra

trigo

page 41 cont'd.

1374

casa are not a sign of wealth. may be misleading - Dr. in San Antonino.
or a slow sign
2 families in Abasola who don't have salares.

### Avasolo

parcelas de tierra - 10 personas of 5 almudes
5 familias no tiene nadu tierra
5 " 1/2 almud

No people who cannot provide food for themselves. No mendigos in Avasolo

10 personas who can be said to be "rico"

1 yunta or more also buys clothes
with wealth
carreta pobres only eat
arado meat on Sunday
tool recos 2 a week

No man has more than 30 almudes of siembre.
Rico if have over 10 parceles
rico - 48 almudes de Siembra

Presidente is very poor - last year very poor only 1 burrito.

page 43

### Evaristo Garcia
Francisco G. Montozuma

18 parceles - 1 fanege siembra
richest man 30 has all 3 classes
Montezuma 2 parceles de 1/2 almud cada

### 4 tiendas

Juan Matzo
Mas grande has no more than $100 of mercancías
gets about 5 p diario. Tiene tierra 1 fanege de s.
Man who owns molino is from Tlacochayaya

Richness in things, but no day dinero
When methusalem sick he had no money had to sell pig at $15.
Between rich and poor contribution to church is same
los richos trabajo mas que pobres.
Montezuma works chiquinites
Catarino Martinez también works chiquit.

15 chiquiteros all together in Avasola - all of these tiem tierra también
but very little

page 45

### Cayetano

4 yuntas 4 heifers and calves
4 baccas 8 cuches
new house big.
carreta, arredos de madero
" " ferro
2 hijos, 1 mas diario & self

page 45 cont'd.

1275

arrodo ferr 45.00
mad 5.00

don't have beggar saints

All in A. sow maiz, chili, tomate, ajo, fzijol. Also flores which are taken
to Tlacolula

Women of a rico have more rapa and more expensive rebosos
Isidoras cost $25

querta - jordin is not a senale de rico est de curiosidad
maistros

Cuches are important as index of riches

De alimentar un cuche es necessario de tremer cosecha

(Picada maiz

(alfafa

(washing water

(kintonil - kelitus

person with little land cannot afford to have cuches.

page 51

## 9.15 Main market

Not a puesto in Calle de Mezcal
and Calle De Sn Juan also cleared!

Cops are about. 1 woman has started to put out her puesto outside SW gate - cop tells her no to move on.

Men and women with chickens and turkeys are having a hard time. They don't know where to go to sell, where people will be to buy poultry.

Truck is unloading maiz. women are picking up the few kernels that spill out of bags and are swept off of truck

page 53

selling here is very little
propios are crowded together. Hard to tell where divisions of articles are.

Woman carries lámone around

Men string bags. It appears to be very necessary to go out and get customers.

Page 59

## Calle De Mina 5

losa de Atz. up to gate of 4 zacate berratillo

1 puesto of rope

5 carretas de zacate

2 puestas "

page 61

## Discussion of San Antonino

maiz, frute, flores, cerne, cariso

In Sn Antonino must get at solares

gardens

slaughterhouses

page 63

Saw trading of 8 eggs for 1 almud of maiz
regatones de loss are from Ocotlan
petates - 1/2 regatones around the tree
San Andres Zevede

people from Guatexas who also make petates don't come here
big tortillas et 8¢

at 3.00 p.m. 50 tortilleras in the magic circle.

page 65

San Pedro Apostol
10 Agosto

Some feria among these vegetables. wood - not much. I have not seen this
transaction solamente evidence of tena, etc.

40, 39, very small puestos are from here from Sn Antonino are larger.
Regaton greater variety of vegetables.

Manzanas, durazno, from Sn. Miguel Peras

page 67

comales from Sn Mateo del Conmal 1/2 spec 1/2 day's journey from here.
dried in the sun for a week. 20 in a cargo. says ultimate price is 25¢

These people from Asuncion - regatona, estas comales

barro worked on metate.

page 69

petates from Amalongo also worked in Guatexas
petete 180 x 120 at 60¢ - 80¢

palma is brought by people from Mixteca and Sole de Vega selling by 1000
Sell at Ejutla, aqui, and Ocotlan

Small mat 50 x 88 at 10¢ - 20¢

Come from Sn. Martin - rumbo de Sota de Vega

m

page 71

(Ramon Ambrosio Toledo

Carnicero (Dona Porfiria "

Don Prospero Gonzalez

very modern garden with special manzanas de California
Don Ramon Gonzalez - huareches

1276

page 71 cont'd.

1278

Ocotlan, 12 Agosto

Conversation with Dona Julia.

Chindino lives as people are accustomed to live. Wears huaraches, pants, shirt, and sombrero. House much the same as others. People say he has fanegas of dinero in his house.

Don Jesus Lopez rico tambien.

San Pedro mas rico que Santiago

Santa Ana no son muy buenas - muchos locos - no much crimen.

She does not go to San Pedro to buy.

Here they work ropa hecho here all week and sell it in the plaza on Friday. Mucho xamp ropa hecho de Oaxaca, mas barato and mas malo hecho tambien

1.50 a 12 camisa ) precio from costureras
.75 a 12 calzones ) (farming out the sowing)

She has elici-ees among ricos campesinos who want better work.

The fine camisas are sold to he indios as well for wear in fiesta times. Fine work such as we saw in house of Jesus Lopez called puntales, embroidery grequas.

page 73

fattening is done by the campesinos who only have the zacate and

Don Antonino Aquilar - man who took us to kuartas.

Market in San Antonino
gullera parallel to atrium of church

12.00 - 2 nieve

1 carne

3 women regastones de legumbres

1 p women string beans

1 women sliced pina

Don Martin - Municipio

6 or 8 months necessary to engordar un yntas.

Marzo, Avril, mayo - yntas are worked
price abajo - Julio, Agosto then at end of Septiembre rises

Diciembre - Febrero - abaja agein

At least 15 carniceros in San Antonio

Butcher on Tuesdays, but Wednesdays principally
also some on Sunday

Carne is mas importante que la grassa (manteaca pig lard.)

page 75

At casa of Don Antonine Aquilar

Buys beef in Santiago, Sun Pablo, Santa Ana, y Inez.

Vacas are not much good

page 75 cont'd.

1279

There are no buyers for meat only. All work and are then fattened for butchering.
Very little is sold fresh - rubbed with dry salt - salted twice.
Cell 1 buey - un lado (de la ycio) - Says that some people punch pigs to feel how fat, how much meat. Bueyes only looks at it all over. Did not tell us what special indices of good meat. Said to us that old bugyes are just as good as young ones.

Question. How can meat hang from Tuesday until first salting on Thursday without spoiling. (market Friday)

Vegetables planted in cajetes - are measured by cuartos - these 2 x 3 - other vegetables require larger cajetes. 5 or 6 cajetes watered by 1 cantara.

He has cabbages, carrots, beans, also flores. Cabbages planted in little cup-like holes. bugs must be picked off by hand.

Buy dung of chivos from ranchos in rumbo de Taviche - Santa Magdolena - bought by cubic meter - $7 - 8 a cubic m. last year

page 77

poso - well

100 cajetes of ceboda they would have 1 poso

pm

Dung is bought in month of October so don't know this year's price yet.
Vegetables are grown all year round - well on middle of the little field.
field cut up by paths between cajetex.
They have cajetes for seed - then seedlings are transplanted.

Here are carrot seedlings. saw these being sold as greens in San Pedro Apostol.

Dung is mixed. chivo dung is mas fuerte - is mixed with dung of toro which is mas barato P 4 a carreta - 1 cubic metro de chivo is mixed with 1 carreta toro.

In another garden mostly flores for market. A few plants which are yerbas medicinales.
In this garden also plant cebollos. 1 section of tomates and a row of beans.
This verta is fenced with barbed wire.
Cajetes of nardo - 2 cajetes at 1 cantara 3-4 litros of water - diario - price in San Antonino 15¢ a stalk. In Oaxaca I paid $1.50 for 15 stalks - at that time a man tried to buy them for 5¢ a stalk was refused.

page 79

.005.00 1/2¢ a manoerto
almenudes Dona Juana 2 at 5

They do not plow the huerta, but work it with pala, and coa, and cantara for watering. Would not plow since garden grows continually.

Mediario - metayage. This is much here and complicates land tenure. Obviously with so much hand labor there have to be a lot of hired helpers or mosos or some other system.

page 79 cont'd.

1280

Manzanilla (see p. 24) More expensive when grown tempranero. When much hand watering is necessary, sold by 1000 manocitos - tempranero 85 -b at 1000 tempranero. Owner of uerta will dry the bunches in his solar on petates in the sun and will sell them dry.

Gardens are measured by length of row of cebodas - this 1 2000 cebollas de largo - manquarda (rows) de ancho) 40 width of a cajete 50 cm. surco also this same width.

Cebollo - planted in cajete - scattered with the hand. Then earth polvo scattered over the top. Then covered with basura to protect from the sun. Thus for ten days despues green has come up and basura is removed. 6 semanas until they are big enough to transplant - by that time are about 1 cuarta high.

Transplanting each seedling is pulled up by the roots - then the roots are partly broken off - they are planted then in small cajetes 1 cuarta wide 2 long 1 row on each side 5 in a row. Hole punched with finger. Work all by hand and several mosos needed for a uerta.

page 81.

Not too much water wanted for seedlings or large cebodos because top then too large.

Principal vegetables - cebollo and ajo.

page 83.

Discussion of bueyes and meat

Agosto - now zucate is cheap. if you beganfattening them now they would be ready to butcher in January. this would mean that they could not be used for the plowing in Octubre.

Doctor -

All meat including ribs is cut up into long strips, tires. In this condition it is salted twice by puring dry salt and rubbing. Breins sold fresh, tongue also cut up into tiras and salted.

page 87

Ocotlan Mercoles, 13 Agosto

Daily market 8.30 a.m.

NE corner plaza 2 mixes are eating desayano

The tiendas under E. arcade are open.

In middle of east side of plaza a great stack of cans has been unloaded and a puesto is created.

The two refresco- nieve booths have not yet begun to operate, and the Oexace bus is parked at the corner in front of them.

2 families discausada under shade of trees of plaza.

At SE corner plaza an indio with 2 cargas of men zana.

page 91

East side of Mercado

6 puestos cargon - small heaps placed about.

6 puestos regaton maiz

5 " propio

Zacate

page 93

1281

smell lomo - $3.00
large " 7 - 8.00

Don Amedo was cutting much thinner
1/4 cm.

## Don Chrispino

se sciner - cortar en tire

mejor carne - carne de hebre (fiber)

sesos brains they sell fresco, rinones, higudo, pazuza
filetes from back sold fresco

kilogram measurement not used

(Meat cut into pieces here end figuring from cost of whole bull, the butcher knows
(how much each piece will be.)

cola 2.00 - soup
2 rinon .15 .20 cada
higdo 2.00
menudo 2.00

Wife of Don Chrispino tends the puesto in the market while he takes care of meat and slaughtering. He also delivers meat to her in installments.

## Don Florentino - filete parte de lomo

The meat is cut in sheets with the grain of the muscle. If then one hunk is
too thick it is split still with the muscle until the sheets are evenly 1 - 1/2 cm
thick.

page 95

only 2 toscineros in Ocotlan
no carceros de ves

Saw a jicara tree in 1 solar

ammules de cria
verb - corra - $5 stud charge

Tomas Robles - casa in excellent repair
with new tile roof
House valued at 4-5000 pesos

cut with the hilo, grain

When he cuts through a piece he takes a stitch with needle and string to hold it together

After the meat is in sheets it is cut across the grain into pieces - pedusos -
Biuses "scrups"

Lomo
Lomo de al filer
anchera (pulpa)
(metlapil)

ribs - costilla - 1 side of ribs is worth about $8.00

This lado from a junta which cost 350 bought in Santa Inez Yaseche

Blood is not used - about 8-10 litros, but they do not use it except to give to dogs.

1282

page 95 cont'd.

Don Valerano Ruiz, sobrino of Amado, Cordova

When there is a large round piece of meat it is cut round and round and unrolled.
One edge is pinned with a knife to top of table while part to be worked on hangs from
the edge.

page 97

Bull killed at 3 4 o'clock in the morning.
stabbed in the throat.

Then skinned - feet cut off. Then fat between skin and meat "sobrecastillo"

Tesejo is a piece long narrow

Sesina is a short wide piece which has been cut in way described.

Says that young and old bueyes are equal but that very old ones
are no good because the meat in such old ones has shrunk and there
is less.

Tonge- skin of fore tongue rough and prickly is cut off. Then the fore tongue is
half split down the middle. Then tongue and tongue muscles down the neck are cut
out into a sheet.

page 99

Head worth $1.50
hide 25.00
tongue & tongue muscles $2. - 2.50

Price of meat depends upon price of the buey

5 carniceros in San Peole Huixtepec
15 " here in San Antonino

page 101

San Miguel

5 puestos of candles within church.

woman sitting on the door step with a basket of Aranja - don't think
however that she was selling.

page 103

N side of church yard

4 quinces woman - de San Pedro Apostel & San Antonino

7 puestos of coyotepec - Propios de C.

friend of Jose -- who sells junk from Puebla - loss 6 m.

$3 charge for carreta from Ocotlen to Muras train $1.25 a person Oaxaca --Ocot.

$1.50 express charge tren Oax. - Ocot. for 3 canastas of loss

Clara sells jarro at .20 which is .15 in Oaxaca

She says prices will only be about 5¢ more on each piece. Naturally a lot
more on the big stuff, 1 or 2 centavos on the trinkets, etc.

page 105

1283

In church Atrium

1 candles

1 rosarios } on church steps

9 on one side atrium row

5 on other side

East wall atrium

N end row 7 fondas- people from Ocotlan - they do not have fondas in Mercado in Ocotlan. only for this fiesta.

S. of gate

1 pendulce

2 merceries

3 fondas now operating - others stocked up

In atrium woman sells ceras - from 3 for 5¢ to bleached large ones at $1.00

2 puestos quincea large families with canastas

3 puestas zacate 1 man unloading a whole carreta

page 107

over on east side plaza

4 puestos carbon

3 lena

4 more fondas outside row

1 pinball game

2 card gambling games

1 tortillera

Talk with Dona Cheater - in evening

Maiz mas caro Ejutta

frijol, garbanza, plus fruta = derazus, platon mas commodo in Ejutla.

They sell milk here in Ocotlan daily in the gallery running in front of Delphino Diaz.

She says that there are alfareros here who make lose of tipo de Oaxaca

Don Fernandez first came here to Ocotlan from Oaxaca to open a molina de nixtemal in 1915. Has stayed here ever since. does not have molina now because of competencia. It was a sleam nixtemal. 12¢ he charged per almud of nixtemal.

Nixtemal is maiz soaked in plain water

Tlaxcomal is maiz soaked in water and ashes out of which you make stole.

Don Fernandez says that antiguamente the barrio of Principes in Oaxaca was where all the reboseros lived.

page 109

20 huaracheros in Ocotlan

erreros get iron from Monterrey according to Don F. and in Oaxaca tambien from Monterey

2 fabricas de aceito de igarria in Ocotlan

page 133 cont'd.

At petates 9 groups - they have little material left and are working steadily. Now no Ixth here, but saw man walking by church with a cargo on his back

On N side church - 16 puestos coyotepec east of gate, and 1 ollas de San Marco Tlapacoyo.
Dona Catalina - has sold less than 1 carasta and they are all very triste.

1 dulce at W of N gate baskets, wood toys,
2 toys Oax - painted tin glass Pueble
7 coyotepec 12 granada
printed jicaras 3 "
1 coyotepec 1 small fonda
1 leather belts, patterns religious tracts
1 peanuts

page 135

Today only 4 carbon with lena

A 12 pan 1 - dulce
6 fondas

S gate

1 pan dulce 1. jewelry
3 merc. 3 fondas
2 pandulce 4 refrescos
1 generos

page 137

San Antonio, Sat. 16 Agosto

Railroad has been here for 35 years - to Ocotlan.

Travellers to Tehuantepec take 4 days. Pochutla.

Some viajeros de S A go to Puerto Mexico and to the north, thus by railroad
Travellers to the south bring back pine and panella from Miahustlen.

From here export

cebolla, ajo

borraja, and otras yerbas medicinal manzanilla

metates from Santa Magdalena, Sn Juan

double price elsur.

also take Atz jarros go to Pochucla but not to Tehuantepec ) these are very
& platitos de Oax & Ocotlan ) good since they
) double price

Time - 6 8 days to Tehuantepec in dry season

1st day S A to Chichicapa

2nd to Totolape

3rd

page 139

principal products of SA

cebolles, ajos.

tomates

legumbres

bamboo

Manuel says for burros & men
Fonda in Chichicapa

San Antonino
600 contribuentes - pedrones de casas

1286

1287

page 139 cont'd.

3 toscineros - pork butchers

16 cerníderos, who kill every 3 days - most important killing day niercoles
Mayor parte de gente hortaleros

## Viajes

1st Chichicapa - 2¢ paid cada burro for the night. sleep in portal of
aquintamiento
don't pay road tolls to towns

2nd Totolapa - mesones - 2¢ cada burro
10¢ for food. buy tortillas - blandas.
corredor.

3rd Aquas Escondido - pay nothing spend night in sire libre.

4th Manteacas pass night sire libre

5th San Bartolo fantepec. Pueblo grande - pass night in meson - 2d cada burro - corredor (m. says pay 3¢ cada burro)

6th Los Vacas - spend night at municipio

page 141

7th Tequixistlan

8th Tehuantepec (huchitan?)

Along the way they sell very little, casi nada.

Take 10-20 burros.

The Patron and 2 meses & 1 vacero for a pack train of 10 burros.

A patron has fixed clients & regatones to whom he sells. Sometimes when there is a strong market at a fiesta he may sell at menudo but very little.
Tehuantepec has a daily market but no special market day.

They have loss - ollas, esquelas, ollas in huchitan so only take platas y
loss to Tehuantepec.

## They take cebollas, ajos, loss

don't take vegetables or fruit.

San Antonineros don't take metates but viajeros de rumbo de
Tlacolula do take them being nearer to San Juan Tejutepc.

They bring back cocos de qua

camarron
prescedas

Travellers to Tehuantepec don't go to Pechutla or Teojumulco or Solà de Vega.

To Tejumulco they take nothing. but buy platano with money on which they gain a large amount. Thus business is good though do not gain both ways.

In tehuantepec loss has a fixed price.

cebolla no tiene precio fijo sometimes although sometimes bajo so cebollas son a gamble.

In Salma Cruz hay cebellas in Enero so don't take them then

The viajeros go all year around because they do not have nulpa to work. Este es su oficina especial.

Mosos are paid outright $10-$12 for the 16-20 day trip.

page 5 cont'd.

1289

Costs - Mexicano $2.00 - 10.00
espadín $2.00
Torasiche $0.10 - 0.15

The maguey is put into the horno after a fire has been built in the bottom and rocks thrown into heat. When rocks hot and fire in embers maguey thrown in and piled up. earth packed around it and a cross on top. The maguey is left thus to cook in the horno for five days. then uncovered and maguey stacked in piles and covered by a petate.

In the stack the hunks of maguey are left for 5 days or more during which the process of fermentation begins. At the end of this period a man cuts the maguey with a machete into smaller chunks, at the same time tasting and smelling pieces to find stalks which are deficient in sugar, that is which instead of turning sweet during this initial fermentation have become sour. Deficient ones are rejected (mostly exclusively maguey de Tovasikhe to judge by pile of rejections) While one man is doing this cutting and inspection, two others wash the maguey fiber into a pulp. This is done by pounding it in a stone-lined trench. With these three workers they can prepare - machucar, one stack of maguey in a day.

page 6 [f. 7]

Problem: consumption of ollas - there were about 8 cracked ones beside the still these ollas in size about 60 litres or 3 -4 cuartas

page 7

After the machucar the maguey pulo is placed in the *tina* fermentation vat, which by government regulation for purposes of taxation measures 130 c.m. in diameter by 135 in height. At this point a certain amount of water is added (this very questionable) For a tina to ferment one to two weeks are necessary depending upon the humidity and temperature of the air.

When the "mash" is sufficiently fermented the juice is drained off through a spigot at the bottom of the tina, and perhaps some more water is added to wash the mash. This juice is called tepache.

The tepache is then put into the olla of the still and distilled (see diagram) Mezcal of 1st distillation is weak, called shishi

WR (a second distillation is necessary to bring the mezcal to the desired 42° -48° alcohol. perhaps a third distillation is necessary to achieve mezcal of 58° B(alcohol the third content grade of alcoholic.

page 9

Costing of Mezcal

<table><tbody><tr><td>7 cajas lena (for cocina in orno)</td><td>3.50</td></tr><tr><td>2 mosos per horno</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9 " para machucar</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6 " socar mezcal</td><td>34.00</td></tr><tr><td>17 peonaje at $2.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>17 cajas lena per distillation & refination</td><td>8.50</td></tr><tr><td>fletes</td><td>15.00</td></tr><tr><td>alquifas de 3 tinas</td><td>15.00</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>$106.00</td></tr></tbody></table>

1290

page 9 cont'd.

$50 pesos of maguey takes 3 tinas of maguey intercalado - mexicano, tovasiche, or a vecez espadin.

Canancia en liquido 45 medidas de mezcal of 42° - 48° alcohol.

Then figuring at $5 each

$225.00

106.00

$119.00

This figure represents net gain, exclusive of labor and cost of raw maguey - also we have to check on bulk and almenudeo sales

page 10 [8.11]

People of Mnas tambien regatean en mezcal. Compran de Chichicapa, Gigorene (a ranch) - Yaze, & Huila

They buy this stuff at $2.00 and resell at much higher though cheaply

Sumano says that Delfino Diaz has excellent maguey which he sells at 10 P. per cabeza. 3 of such cabezas fill a carreta.

He says that besides selling cubexa, the owner of the maguey can sell ojas of ixtle at about 1.50 per mata or more.

You can buy 100 small matas for 10-15P. and after 5-7 years can sell them for $200. to $300 pesos or more. There is hardly any work to this.

page 11

## Costing of mezcal (cont)

It takes 20 days labor to find suitable maguey, transport, prepare, and distill it. 20 days - 119.00 would yield gain of 6.00 diario to owner which would include cost of his own labor.

page 12

## Mezcal Problems

1. mixture of magueyes to 1 horno; do they ever burn only 1 kind of maguey, that is, is there pure maguey - Mexicano mezcal?

2. Do they put into olla for distilling only the liquid from the tina, or liquid and wood fiber?

3. How long does fermentation take in the tina; when does the water come in?

4. How many carretas enter into a tina?

5. Strength - alcoholic content - of 1st and 2nd distillation stronger than 42° - 48° - 58° and then diluted?

6. Horno - stack - tina - olla of still - litres of mezcal get quantitative correspondence of all of these.

7. When is water added to the mash in the tina?

8. Names of juice, fiber, in tina

9. How many ollas per annum have to be replaced in the still.

10. Value (capital) of palenque

a.) site

b.) construction of tina

c.) ollas for still

page 13

11. Sociology of mezcal industry in Santa Catarina. There are only 4 palenques (no illegal ones at this time)

However almost all the people in S.C. work mezcal to sell (not just for family use)

page 13 cont'd

1291

Don Senon owns 1 palenque - with him work his 2 sons & 3 others ) 6.

Senon is the owner, he pays the contribution of $1800 (?) to the government, the others pay him, I think he said.

page 17

## San Antonino, Monday 18 Agosto

Don Amado Cordova - Says that when chapulines (grasshoppers) are on the market they compete with meat. 1st of Agosto - last Octubre.

Meat is high in price from Marzo to Agosto.

Meat is cheapest at end of Octubre.

There is 50P difference between high and low price; same yunta 300 top - 250 bottom

Don Pedro Cordova, grandfather of Amado was the first regular carnicero of San Antonino. He lived to be 94 years old and died before Amada was born, probably about 5 years before.

In these times a buey could be bought for 10 P and a junta of 3 arrobas of grass for 50 P.

page 18

Cuero - 10 - 25 P. - Curtidores come here to buy from the carniceros. With cuero there is much more gamble since price changes.

Grasa. Most amt. 3 arrobas at un lado bought by jaronezos - precio fixo 7P a arroba

page 19

### Judgment of un buey

Walks the animal a little

looks at hips

looks at pecho - chest and dewlap

also at muestra which is fore part of back legs.

A bad buey - skinny has less than 1/2 arroba of grass and sells for $70 or less. junta mediano of $250 has 1 arroba.

1/2 arroba de grassa buey has

### Gastos

$350 paid for junta.

(recordation $1.50 - vendedor)

(nothing paid when bought in )

(campo)

fee for mta 7.25 cada 14.00
moso p. matanza 8.00
piso in mercado .25

$350.25

page 21

### Ganamia

grasa at $7 arroba 24.50

cuerda at 25 cada 50.00

Tusjo 145.00

carne fresco $3 cada lado 6.00

225.50

This counting is false as it renders him a net loss of $140.50 and he has told us that he gained.

tusjo cut into jemas.

page 27

1293

Talk on viajeros with Don Manuel

No special seasons for trips, although travelling is more difficult in tiempo de aqua. His father used to have 8 burros for his trips. 5 viajeros in Ocotlan. 2 are travelling toduvia.

Mercaucia - losa blanca - casi nada - Lesa Atz. metates.

cebollas of ajo.

Genancia

Tasas - valia 4.00 a gruesa antes; - Tehuant 10.00
6.00 gruesa ahera;
platas 5.00 a gruesa, antes; -T 12.00
chirmolero 3 T 8.00

(tasas - burro can carry 3 gruesa a carga

(plata " " " 2 1/2

(cebollas " " " 2000 a carga

(ajos " " " 3000 a carga

cebollas 10.00 16.00 at T
ajos 6.00 per 1000 11.00 at T

page 28

They take few chiquhuites to Tehuantepec.

Cuero was brought from T. antes but not now
don't bring pina back from T.

cafe,

camaron can be bought in T. April - Junio
moso paid 5.00 per viage

only one moso and dueno necessary for 8 burros.

M's father still accariaje but much shorter distance to Gertrudis etc.

page 29

thuyxtakexfex

bring back from Tehuantepec
Tehuent Ocotlan
$6.00 greusa $8.5-9.00
coco buys this from house to house

sal.

cameron ) bought by gruesa

pesc. salado)

tamarin

cacao (tampoco)

page 31

Plazas del Rumbo de Ocotlan

Domingo - S. Ped. Apost, S. Ped. Huixtepec, S. Cruz Mixtepec, Santiago (small)
Plaza of S. Antonina is/was fuerte Domingo also 2-3 women de S. Ant.

& women con tepache

Lunes - S. Gertrudis (chicita)

Martes

Mierococes - Zimatlan

jucuis - Zaachila, Ejutla

Viernes

Sabado

page 32

1294

Don Vicente Rodriguez
Lena
carbon
milpa, frijol, maiz
ganado

go to Oaxaca mayor parte de gente. para vender carbon
750 contrichuentis
4 days $3.00

page 33

San Pablo

ranchitos

Few people live in the pueblo. Mayor parte on raudites out from town.

Maestro who has only been here for a few weeks complains that there is
nothing here. No se puede - get anything.

No tiendas - ni legal; ni escondido
cultivating of nulpa is puro con junta

Mother of maistra says principal diet is tortillas, frijol, chili, sal. No
hay carnicero; niugun tasejo aqui - Gento do not take coffee and do not use
panella.

only 1 senor vende maiz aqui at $.30 in time of cosecha mas barato (milpas up
here are

(el Sr. Presidento)

Carbon:

About 40 families have burros - others rent burros

price of carbon 1 rede .50

when rent burros pay 1 rede to dueno por precio
They cut wood 1 day. burn for 2 days. then 1 day pura under

2 carga de carbon to 1 horno

They evidently cut and burn irregularly going to Oaxaca when they have a load.

page 34

a man eats 12-15 tortillas diaria mento

muchacho 6-8

Senora

must use about 1 almud per familia diariamento

Fiestas SP

Rosario

burro can carry between 40 and 60 kilos.

Gente never go to S. M. Peras plaza on Sunday

Tienen

Cura (priest) comes to S.P. for fiestas as they tengan inviglesia

page 35

Gento buy in Oaxaca Maiz

1/2 cal. - 1 quinto de cal.

1/2 kilo sal.

chili

Maiz - cultivation all by coa. no yunta.

parcelas de Trereno are muy chico from 1 almud de siembre aqui - get about

3 cargas of maiz - 18 almudes per carga

only about 10 families have parcelles de maiz. Mayor parte is bought in Oaxaca.

page 35 cont'd.

1295

Manzanas - .50 par in tercio
huertas de Manzanas are propio
people have 2, 3 & 4 arboles in Sus solar
(Don't work in Lena it is mes barate que carbon)

page 36

don't eat much venado aqui
Don't have ocote here or tena

page 37

Some chivos - few gente - used chiefly for meat and those principally killed at
time of fiestas
Chickens woke me up. Have some turkeys. Probably pigs.

Rumbo de S. M.
Santiago Tlezolyultepec 5-6 hrs. a pie de S.P.
S.M. 4-5 hores

page 38

Vellota - acom of - oak - encino

Question: do these pines - ocote - mixed in with the hardwood make the soil acid and bad, for cultivation, or is it not enough to hur.

1. Ask about selling yerbus in Caxaca - say espadin de Santiago - must be others.

2. Ganado - must be a great deal because of these excellent meadows in spite of the president's obscurity

3. Must be many nuts - B. says that unisos come from Vade rumbo

4. Blanquios in Sn P. are probably many judging by the number of pollios but probably these blanguros are sold and not eaten (judgment of B.)

page 39

Friday en route to Sn. Miguel
Terrero de Sn Pabla

Many pollios - quajalotes - Beech trees - pines - Foliage thick. Heavy dew.
Mt. tops flat - many meadows - yerbas, flores. Probably also many camotes.
Saw raspberries in S. P.

Soil is red and somewhat sandy. However there are a good many ranchitos with
parceles of milpa at 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 almudes de siembra.

Passed man coming from Santiago - tierra calicate - 2 deys journey - with 2 cargas of palma para wender en Caxaca

Much ocote up here, but gente of S.P. don't have time to sell it (?) since it takes so much time to work carbon, Arbol "encimo" - species of oak is best for carbon - don't use ocote for oak, but probably other kinds of hardwood as well

page 47

1297

They don't have carniceros aquí - people metan casualmente
Tiendas - 2-3. which sell simple things. Say that there are no regatones who sell

work for ore is very irregular. The amount of oro that they get per carga of barro is diferente. Aquila de un molina .50 a dia. 2 travel to Oaxaca going and coming.
Precio de oro es 4.40 en Oaxaca. Don Jose dice que la gente trabajan todo tiempo - estacion seca & huvia.
Don Jose tiene 20 hombres en sa molino

Finney says that the people to the north on the way to Peñoles are all gente de idioma. It is up and down country between here and Peñoles. Cultivation of fruta does not exist. There are 1-2-3-4 arboles in each solar which are harvested and the rest of the time given no attention.

Finney says that when he first came into the region of San Miguel these mountains (continued on page 49)

page 48 [c. 49]

Tambien
chili
(no frijol)
cafe
sal
few dulces
how many tiendas

1. Ask Dona Isabella prices in tiendas and what they sell in the plaza at what prices.

2. Dona Isabella was selling meses at comida to 2 people/ She came to the casa.
Saw woman carrying naranjas.

What they have here in San Miguel that comes from Tierra Caliente

4. Ask how many cargas of manzanas per orbol.

5. What is price of maiz here.

page 49

were a dense forest and that passing through them you could not see sunlight anywhere, that is some 15-20 years ago. Since then wood has been cut, land cleared for milpas which he says are no good after about 1-3 years, and many forest fires. One which burned for 16 days last April.

Tienda sells gas/osa at .15. Confirms statement that a burro is .50 per alquilla re aquí a Oaxaca. Sell sal; panella at .10 for 1/8, 1/2 cabesa.
Sells rellas at 3¢ cada uno.

Now San Miguel is in hard times because there is no mining company except that of Don José. Finney said that by their crude methods these people only get 1/3 of the amount of oro out of the slag. Don José says that rent of an castra is .50 a day. Since mining is so little the plaza is very small. Reports say that there are no regatones from Oaxaca.

When mine is running much money plaza bigger and tiendas also sell more.

page 51

Charros here are paid by the government. B gets a salary plus expenses. He patrols Don Miguel as part of his district. And am told by F that he is here to settle a feud between two parts of the village. This is the official explanation. While the charros are here there is a fonda in the plaza, the barber does business. I see the troopers wandering around the village and coming out of solares with fruta-duraznos- and ears of green corn. This is all the living off the fat of the land that is evident.

page 53

Maiz sells at .60 here now. Maiz from valley is not coming.

page 54

drunk president Delfino Saalingo
Sr. Sec. Tomaso Reges

Muy paco carbon - only 3 men make carbon
about 60 contribugentes

A man from Oaxaca Don Manuel Basavan for a promesa el santo - He from Oaxaca

They have bastante <u>bellios</u> which run around in the brush. 8-10 cada familia.
Some pigs and some chivos.

Bastanta manzainta
We buy 1 centava of cada cosa

page 55

Saturday - Santiago Clavallinas

Manzenas grow on slops - belong to the pueblo. picked by people without any system
of division. Few arboles in the small mean solares.

They all go weekly to plaza. They go to Oaxaca. Say vaguely that prices are mas
alto in Oaxaca. 1 dia a Oaxaca 1 1/2 to Ocotlan. dia y media a Ocotlan. 1 dia a
Zimathen.

When have no manzenas take lena a poco de carbon (Tambien a la plaza en Santa Cruz)
all melpas arriba

capra

maiz

sal

picante

gadon (don't believe it)

poco de carne

mezcal - President dead drunk

buy cafe, panella - about 5¢ worth

loss de Atzompa

1 burro, cada familia

They buy 45 almudes of maiz cada semana - Now when maiz is caro 2-3 almudes

Sell cargo of menzenas at 1.50 - 2.00 un rede at .75 - 1.00 P. When no hay
cambia para la fruta del velle.

page 56

Combie is better than vendendo - por que gene mas cosas

page 57

In tierra of Llava - igarra - arbolus de aquacate. Below bastante milpas along
soll river. 1/4 - 1/2 alm U.S.

A man and woman muchacho - 4 burros - panella piece of <u>caña</u> - going to Peras. coming
from direction of S. Cruz
In, woman, 2 burros de San Ara <u>lapacoa</u> going to Peras. chiquihuites
otros cosas in Canastas.

Below Clavallina milpa in the bottom is cultivated with junta. Have seen 2 yuntas
7 grazi 1 working

1299

page 57 cont'd.

Santa catarina Mixtepec Mts. not as steep - bastante pasture seen 2-3 flocks sheep &
chivos.

page 59

2 women, 1 man de Santa Ana Tlapacaya going to Peras with cebollas, 4 burros.

2 men 1 woman (This man would indicate that there is supplementary trading when a man returns from the valley and that in addition to supplying own needs would bring goods to sell to neighbors) going to Clavallinas have sold manzanas. Man has 3 burros loaded with cantaras of aquardiente. (for presidente)

1 man, 1 woman 1 boy to Clava. Sold mazanas in Ocotlan and is taking maiz back.

page 60

Santiago Clavallina left at 3.00 p.m.
arrived San Bernardo 6.30 p.m.
road down hill and bastante rocky

Santa Catarina

Asuncion ) these off the road and very small.

Santa Magdalena)

Asuncion Manzanas

(smell of mezcal from president & urine from horses)

A quarrel over a guajolote and a cuche comes to the president. Woman talks very fast and can't catch what says. Animals have been going into others solar and eating frijolis. Nothing decided. Will see tomorrow

page 61

Platique Peophilo de Metro

San Bernardo milpas are good - bastante grande milpa de 1 olote however, cultivate with yuntas. Don't sell maiz here. Have no plaza. Maiz sells at 60-70 in Santa Cruz. People of here have to buy maiz 6 months out of year. Have only 1 cosecha. Compra principalmente en Mayo, Junio, Julio - Hay riego - poco - aqui- abaja al lado del ris, none above.

Don't have alfalfa - frijol, no tomates, no cana tierra, pres says, is too poor for cana.

Bestante frijol

little - 1 or 2 men - have chivos.

When maiz is muy euro gente here have been selling pollos, cuches, guajolotes which each family has some of.

No tiendas aqui - must go to Santa Cruz for cigaros.

Bestante gente pasa para aqui de Santa Ana Tlapacaya going to plaza at San Miguel Peras

page 62

I. Sn B. 6.15 arr Santa Cruz 7.00 a.m.

1301

page 71

there is milpa in the atrium of the church and riego flowing through

raiz - price .75

Petates - palms & petates from Santa Maria Tauduche

(pueblo beyond Lachivio) [Lachivio]

these fellows are from San Juan Slotepec. (abajo de San Fernando tiene caliente)

they regates these petates.

don't have palma in San Juan, pueblo muy triste. No hay nada, nada
purisimo palme in Santa Maria - all people make petates un pueblo muy rico
Buy these petates at .40 in San Juan. Men are trying to sell them here
at .50

how far? 2 dias Santa Cruz - San Juan - 1 dia San Juan a Tanduche

men has 16 petates others 12-17

man comes down offers it for .45; no sales. buyers want it at .40

sale at .50

Tamano: roughly all same size 94 x 124

page 72 [£.73]

Lv S.C. 10.30 err Sn Miguel 1.00 p.m. uphill_horses slow

Problem 1. Juntas? only for wood - milpas could not becultivated with them.

2. How many trees do they cut per week. (I think they only drag 1 beam down to market. Only about 150 beams in the market place. No carbon, no lens but acote.

page 73

On road from Santa Cruz up to San Mateo and San Miguel.

1 man carries fresh meat up to Sn Mateo.

1 man carries fanega of maiz

At 10.30 plaza at Sn Cruz was still crowded but it had reached its peak and was just beginning to slacken off. At 1.00 p.m. San Miguel is all but deserted.

There are a few milpas here but much fewer than in valley of Clavellines. It is much drier here and at high noon hot. Both sloped 40-50 houses are half covered with pine trees and paths twist around them where wood is dragged down "by juntitas"?

Starting down from San Miguel at 2.00 p.m. we meet the first people coming back up. Those continue along our way down to the last drunk who at 4.00 is still within the border of pueblo of Santa Cruz. People take their time on the way back. Many bathe in the river of San Juan, which according to president and secretary of Sn. Cruz used to be impassable in the months of Iluvia. This is easily credible since trees are sparse and the bare clay soil shows in many places.

Going back to their pueblo the people of San Miguel and San Mateo take bit of fresh meat
(cont'd. on page 75)

page 74 [f. 75]

tejaimanil - delachixio goes directly to the valley. Teja - de San Antonio el alto.

(8 hours distant)

Problems - how many pigs do they bring down per burro. What is paid to government graft.

page 75

chivo, raiz, or foscino; maiz in large quantities; picantes; panella; sal; cal; some generos; some