Peruvian Expedition 1914-15

Official Circular #0

General Instructions

Please be sure that you understand all the points mentioned in the following circulars, and take the trouble to read them over at least once a month. Do not hesitate to write frankly and often to the Director.

A full statement of any difficulties which you encounter, or of any questions which you would like to have settled, is highly desirable.

By keeping constantly in view the good name and high reputation of the two institutions whom you represent, as a member of the Expedition, you may be helped to make decisions in certain cases, which, while difficult and unpleasant at the moment, will in the end conduce to the good name and efficiency of the Expedition and a more cordial reception of similar expeditions in the future.

Peruvian Expedition 1914-15.

Yale Univ. & Nat. Geog. Soc.

Hiram Bingham, Director.

Official Circular, #1.

The officers of the Expedition are as follows:

Director, Hiram Bingham.

Secretary, Louise M. Kirkpatrick.

Quartermaster, Osgood Hardy.

Chief Engineer, E. C. Erdis.

Medical Adviser, H.S. Arnold, M.D.

Peruvian Expedition 1914-15.
Official Circular, #6.

Members of the expedition are requested to become proficient in using the kodak tank developer. There are on hand in the quartermaster's department two or three old tank developers which can be used to experiment with. As it is necessary to develop pictures in the field in order to prevent the negatives from spoiling, and as unskillful developing is a very fruitful source of bad results in photography, it is very important that this subject be thoroughly understood, and all necessary experiments made before leaving for the field. As one of the principal results of the expedition is collection of photographs, it is extremely important all members get familiar with the process of taking and developing pictures as soon as possible. Quartermaster will on request issue necessary directions and instructions for taking & developing pictures

**Instructions for numbering photographs.**

When films are issued by the quartermaster, serial numbers will be assigned to accompany the films. As soon as films are developed, all films, both good and bad, are to be numbered in ink as follows: in the lower right hand corner of the glossy side of the print on the negative, so that it will show when printed, a *serial number*, lettering to be about 1/4 inch in height and as clear and distinct as possible, preferably made with a fine pen; on the margin of the film so that it does not show on the negative when printed are to be put the month and day, together with the initials of the person taking the picture.

**Example:** Suppose that the quartermaster has issued to you 10 rolls of 10 exposures each, & given you the serial numbers for these 100 exposures, 2401 to 2500. Suppose the 1st roll was exposed on Aug. 20. In marking, the 1st picture taken should receive in the lower right hand corner the serial number 2401, & on the margin in the lower left hand corner 8-20-14-X.Y.Z. (i.e. your initials.)

Peruvian Expedition 1914-15.

Official Circular #7.

## Itinerary and Addresses.

Cable and letter addresses may be calculated on the following basis: The first cable address after leaving New York is "Myrtæebank, Kingston, (Jamaica)." During the few hours' stop at Kingston, the party will visit the Myrtlebank Hotel, where cables may be received. Kingston is reached on the 5th day after leaving New York. The next cable address is "Tivoli, Panama." The party will stay at the Tivoli Hotel from the 7th day after leaving N.Y. until the date of sailing for Lima, which will probably be the 10th day after leaving N.Y. The next cable address is "Grace, Callao (Peru)." Callao is reached on or about the 17th day after leaving N.Y. The next cable address is "Impulsive," Arequipa, (Peru)." Arequipa is reached on or about the 21st day after leaving N.Y. A stay of 1 or 2 days is generally made here. The next cable address is "Lomellini, Cuzco (Peru)." Cuzco will probably be reached on or about the 24th day after leaving N.Y. Cables in order to insure prompt delivery should contain the word "Binghamexp." in addition to the cable address.

**Reading.** It is very important that members of the expedition perfect themselves in Spanish as rapidly as possible, and it is recommended that a large part of the time on the journey down be devoted to the oral study of Spanish and that members of the expedition speak Spanish to one another as much as possible. It will be found advisable to own a compact pocket dictionary containing both Spanish-English and English-Spanish. Members of other expeditions have found it advisable to have this dictionary always available for use in the field. In "hints to Travellers," Vol.2, as issued by the Royal Geographical Society, there is a considerable amount of valuable material which may be read with profit by members of the expedition. Each party will be provided with one copy of this volume on the journey from New York to Peru.

Peruvian Expedition of 1914-15

Official Circular #11

## Suggestions

No one can tell when the information contained in your records may be required for use, who will make use of it, or where the original observer will be at that time.

Aim to make all your records clear, concise, inclusive of every detail, excluding superfluous words, and so complete that the work will not have to be done over again, and that any other member of this or any following expedition would be able to understand precisely what you intended to say. This applies to your daily journal, your record of photographs, and the special jobs upon which you may be engaged.

## Souvenirs.

Material collected by any member of the expedition is the property of the expedition and not of the individual. This applies not only to archaeological, geological, and osteological specimens, but to ethnological material and articles presented to members of the expedition. Where material is offered for sale, it is understood that the expedition is to have the option on it. Where it is not convenient to consult the Director in purchases of this kind, and individuals desire to purchase the articles in case the expedition does not, they may purchase without consultation, provided the expedition is late given the opportunity to purchase the articles at cost.

Peruvian Expedition, 1914-15.
Official Circular, #12.

Drinking Water.

In cases where the drinking water is considered dangerous, and it is impossible to get it boiled, bottled waters may be purchased at the expense of the expedition. The water supplied on board the steamers and in the hotels may generally be used without danger to health. Members of the expedition are particularly cautioned against drinking the water from irrigation ditches and canals; also against drinking native beverages where the source of the water is questionable. It is very easy to acquire a bad attack of tropical dysentery if this latter caution is not observed.

Members are also cautioned against eating too freely of uncooked native fruits, and other products such as the crude sugar or "chancaca" which is sometimes made under very unsanitary conditions. Crude native chocolate also frequently brings on dysentery.

Peruvian Expedition 1914-15.

Official Circular 14.

Disposition of outfit and guns.

Certain trade-goods are provided for gifts to important persons and other friends of the Expedition. It is expected that members will exercise care and discrimination in using these gifts. None of the regular part of the outfit, and in particular no guns, ammunition, or revolvers, are to be sold, or given away under any circumstances whatsoever without written authorization from the Director. As it is expected that the work of exploration will be continued in the Central Andes for a number of years to come, members are particularly urged to take especial care of the outfit entrusted to them, so that it will last through as many additional seasons as possible.

It is well to turn the sleeping bags inside out every few days whenever there is an opportunity of sunning them for an hour or so. Too great care cannot be taken of the camping outfit. The longer it lasts in good condition, the more comfort and satisfaction will it give to those who use it. The same remark applies to running risks in regard to health and safety. Extreme caution is highly to be desired. It is an old adage but a true one that "Discretion is the better part of Valor!" Too great boldness may lead to accidents which will seriously affect the efficiency of the entire party.

Peruvian Expedition 1914-15.

Official Circular #15.

Care of Rifles.

Those members of the party who have anything to do with
the .22 Caliber Automatic rifles which will be issued to
those going into hunting districts, should bear in mind
that this style of gun, the Automatic, particularly in .22
Caliber where the bore is limited, can only be depended
upon to give good results when it is given the very best
of care, and while the chamber retains the almost glass-
like finish with which it leaves the factory; if the arms
are allowed to rust, the cartridges will not eject. I
would add that there is one difficulty which is liable to
occur with these guns when the chambers become roughened
which is really a serious matter, and that is the blowing
off of the head (or when the shell is in the firing posi-
tion, the rear end) of the shell. This makes the shell
very difficult to extract from the chamber. There goes
with these guns a small tool which is intended for use in
extracting shells when this difficulty occurs. To use this
tool, bend to 90 degrees and insert the split end into the
chamber through the ejection opening, pushing it forward
through the shell until the spring jaws of the tool have
passed the mouth of the shell. Hold the gun in an upright
position, support the outer end of the tool handle and
strike the inner end of the tool handle near the point
where it passes into the ejection opening of the gun with
a jack-knife, screwdriver, or other light instrument, and
a few taps will readily remove the shell. The difficulty
above mentioned can only occur when the chambers have be-
come roughened through abuse or neglect. All guns should
be cleaned as soon as possible after use.

Peruvian Expedition 1914-15.

Supplement to Official Circular #17.

Special Instructions.

The following special instructions for intensive
archaeological field work are issued for the guidance of
members of the expedition who may be called upon to
assist the Archaeological Engineer.

What to collect and where to look.

In general it is desirable to collect not only the remains of prehistoric or pre-Columbian man, but also the bones of animals contemporary with him, and articles of every kind, made or used by him, with the exception of building materials.

There are certain places where excavation is most like-
ly to yield valuable material. These are: (1) in the
earth floors of ancient ruins, cave-dwellings, and rock-
shelters; (2) in the accumulations of miscellaneous
rubbish, technically termed kitchen-middens, that are
almost always to be found close to ancient human habita-
tions; and (3) in graves. The latter very often occur in
the neighborhood of ruins. There are several types of
graves; the method of disposing of the dead, most fre-
quently practiced in the Cordillera Vilcapampa, being to
place the bodies in natural and artificial caves, large
and small, beneath the boulders and ledges of the moun-
tain-sides. Interment was sometimes made within cylindri-
cal tombs (chulpas) built of stone, and in small graves
cut directly into the face of vertical gravel cliffs.
Small rectangular plots on nearly level ground, enclosed
by low stone walls may also mark ancient graves.

It will be well to remember that in burial caves the
human remains may be found either on the floor or

Suplement to Official Circular #17, p. 2.

huried beneath it, or occasionally walled in at the rear.
Pottery and various implements and ornaments are likely
to be found with the human remains, both on the surface
and in the ground, and should always be searched for,
care being taken while excavating not to injure fragile
articles. Fabric of llama's or vicuna's wool or of cotton,
in the form of clothing or of mummy wrappings, is occa-
sionally preserved in very dry graves. Bones of mammals
and birds are frequently found with human remains, and
should always be saved.

Suggestions upon Method.

Graves and other places of interest should be photo-
graphed before excavation is begun; and it will often be
found advisable to take photographs again during the pro-
gress of the work and at its close. Interior views of
caves can sometimes be taken showing the arrangement of
human remains and accompanying objects; but the camera
must not be the sole reliance for the purpose of illus-
tration; the preparation of diagrams, showing the arrange-
ment of the contents of a grave, at one or more of the
stages of excavation, is an important part of the record.
Should it prove impossible, for any reason, to photograph
the site of an important find, the roughest kind of a
pencil sketch is far better than no picture.

When specimens are obtained from a kitchen-midden or
other deposit that has been built up through the long and
slow accumulation of débris, it is important to note the
depth and position in the deposit at which such specimens
are found, as these data may be required for determining
the age of specimens and the relative culture periods to
which they belong. The true value of all archaeological
and ethnological material depends largely on the possi-
bility of determining its age or "culture;" and to pro-
perly observe and record the requisite evidence, by notes

Supplement to Official Circular #17, p. 3.

and diagrams, is one of the most important and most
difficult duties of an archaeologist.

Before excavating always take time to consider what is
the best method to follow. Do not let your companions
"rush" you. Look the ground over for loose specimens.
Start your notes and diagrams in good season; it may be
impossible to enter correct data later on. Uncover ma-
terial as much as possible before attempting to lift it
from the ground. If bones or other fragile articles are
found broken, or break while being taken out, save the
pieces.

When human remains are found, note carefully (1) if
uncovered, or buried wholly or partly beneath earth or
stones; (2) the position of the remains - whether in the
"contracted position," i.e., sitting with knees raised to
the breast and sometimes the hands raised also, or "re-
cumbent;" if the bones are scattered try to note any in-
dications of the original position; (3) the completeness
of the remains - whether any parts seem to be missing;
(4) the manner in which any personal trinkets are asso-
ciated with the remains - whether worn on the head, neck,
breast, arms, or fingers.

The most valuable parts of a human skeleton are the
skull, jaws, pelvis and long bones, and every effort should be made to get these out entire. If damp, they should be wrapped in dry material, of any kind, and allowed to dry out slowly, to prevent cracking and warping.
Try to get all the teeth; if they drop out, save them.
A grave or cave frequently contains the remains of more
than one individual. Be very careful not to mix the bones
of different individuals.

Labelling specimens.

In order that there may not be the slightest doubt

Supplement to Official Circular #17, p. 4.

regarding the identity of specimens and the exact locality where they are obtained, and that references to specimens and places in a collector's note-book and photographic record may be intelligible, certain rules must be observed.

Every package of specimens should contain at least one label inscribed with (1) the locality; (2) the date; (3) the name or initials of the collector. Other data may or may not be required for a label according to the nature of each case, and according to the fullness of the collector's notes; but notes and labels must be made to correspond in such a way that it will be a simple matter to identify the material described in the notes, and to find the notes referring to any given specimen.

The use of serial numbers in labels and notes is recommended when several places of the same general description are excavated in the same neighborhood or locality, e.g., a series of caves or graves in the same region, or a series of rooms or houses in the same ruins. Thus the contents of the seventh cave excavated at Machu Picchu were labelled

Machu Picchu
Cave 7
July 25, 1912
G.F.E.

If two or more skeletons are found in the same cave, the labels placed in each package of bones should also be marked Skeleton 1 or Skeleton 2; and the same rule applies to articles that are found in relation with one skeleton or another. It is well to carry a small scratchpad of white paper, about 2 in. x 3 in. for labels; this is better than pages torn from a note-book. A label should be written with pencil of medium hardness in large clear characters, and folded in half, with the writing inside.

Supplement to Official Circular #17, p. 5.

Packing.

In packing fragile material for transportation, the main point to bear in mind is to surround specimens with well-compressed soft material inside a rigid box; otherwise continual jarring will cause irreparable injury. Empty food boxes are available for packing, and the tin army-biscuit boxes are convenient for fragile skulls. Avoid placing packages containing heavy articles in the same box with fragile bones and delicate pottery. In some districts dry moss and hay can be easily obtained, and may be economically used for packing material. For making up packages, it is well to secure a generous supply of hemp twine and of manilla wrapping paper and newspapers, before going into the field.

TYPES OF MACHU PICCHU POTTERY¹

BY HIRAM BINGHAM

ALL the pottery found at Machu Picchu appears to have been hand-made, with the exception of two or three fragments of very recent pottery evidently belonging to the present Indian inhabitants. It seems likely, however, that what may be described as a primitive form of wheel was used in the manufacture of a large part of the ancient pottery. The method may have been such as is at present used in some of the outlying districts (fig. 41).

We observed at the base of Mt. Coropuna in 1911 some Indian potters working at an elevation of about 14,000 feet, who used rough clay plates on which to build up the pot they were making, and on which the pots were allowed to dry in the sun before being baked. The pottery was made by women, who revolved the clay plate with the left hand while building up the pot with strips of wet clay with the right hand. The pottery was baked in a shallow depression

in the ground, covered and surrounded by llama dung, this being ignited by bundles of dried grass laid on top of the whole (pl. xviii).

FIG. 41.—Indian potters' huts near the foot of Coropuna. Photograph by H. L. Tucker.

¹Read before the American Anthropological Association at Philadelphia.

257

BINGHAM]

TYPES OF MACHU PICHU POTTERY

259

Machu Picchu was no exception to this rule. Nearly all of the pottery found was in a damaged condition, and much of it is beyond repair. Most of the forms of which we found sufficient pieces to enable us to restore the pots with reasonable certainty occurred

FIG. 43.—Type 2.—Beaker-shaped olla.

under rocky ledges or in caves in the jungle (pl. xviii), where in the process of time the roof of the cave had fallen in, or the rough stones used in sealing the mouth of the cave or covering the graves had been responsible for destroying much of the pottery that had been placed there at the time of burial. Some of the fragments of individual pots were found in more than one cave, indicating perhaps that the wild beasts of the jungle in devouring the ceremonial offerings to the departed had smashed the dishes and carried off some of the pieces to neighboring caves, or else that the ceremonial burial offerings had been fragmentary.

Owing to the fact that the collections at Machu Picchu were made under favorable auspices for recording the location of the finds, it has seemed worth while to restore as many of the types as possible.

The object of this paper is twofold: first, to present these types in outline, so as to exhibit the varieties of form that have been

["[N. S., 17, 1915]", "AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST", "BIOGRAPHY", "BIOGRAPHY OF MACHU PICCHU BODIES", "320", "The shift in the position of the cranium of Machu Picchu was no exception to this rule.", "Most of the bodies with reasonable certainty occurred in a demarcated condition, and much of it is difficult to determine. Most of the shift to the right was found in a body with a very similar shift to the left.", "AS", "AS", "The body was found in a cistern, and the shift was vertical.", "The shift in the position of the cranium of Machu Picchu was no exception to this rule. Most of the bodies with reasonable certainty occurred in a demarcated condition, and much of it is difficult to determine. Most of the shift to the right was found in a body with a very similar shift to the left. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the right was placed there at the time of the shift. In some of the bodies with reasonable certainty the shift was found in more than one cave, indicating that the shift was not a random occurrence but a result of the shift being placed there at the time of the shift. Some of the shift to the left was placed there at the time of the shift. Some of

260

AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST

[N. S., 17, 1915]

found in this well-preserved and relatively unexplored ruin, the most recent part of which is undoubtedly Inca, however ancient the megalithic structure may be; and second, to offer suggestions toward the adoption of certain definite descriptive terms which may be used in the future in describing pottery from the Cuzco or Inca region.

So much of the Inca pottery bears a striking resemblance to the pottery of Greece, Mycenae, and Troy, that with the generous aid and assistance of Professor Baur of Yale University, I have felt justified in borrowing and adapting a number of terms from classical archeology. It seems to me that it would be distinctly to our advantage in American archeology if we use, wherever possible, terms already adopted and understood by students of classical archeology. In taking a step of this kind no

than I how many mistakes are liable to occur and how many chances there are for improvement.

I have given a number to each of the main types, for example the arybállus I have called Type 1; the beaker-shaped olla, Type 2; the pot cover, Type 3; and so on. I have given a letter to each of the styles of each type; thus the first style treated of the arybállus is called Type 1A, enabling frequent reference to be made to this type and style, while less frequent and more intelligible reference once realizes better may be made by using the term with the style letter, as for example, Arybállus, Style A.

The different types and the styles of each, as presented in the Machu Picchu pottery, are as follows:—

Type 1A.—*Arybállus*. Style A. Mouth flaring. Two *pierced* earlike nubbins attached to the rim; a single incised conventionalized animal

2C
FIG. 44.—Type 2.—Beaker-shaped olla.

BINGHAM]

TYPES OF MACHU PICHU POTTERY

261

head nubbin, attached to the shoulder; two band-shaped handles attached vertically to the body below the ears. Base pointed. Very common.

FIG. 45.—Type 3.—Pot-cover.

Arybálli are usually also decorated by means of paint and sometimes a slip. The principal part of the decoration nearly always occurs on the same side as the nubbin. They were intended to be carried on the back and shoulders by means of a rope passing through the handles and around the nubbin. When being carried the decorations would thus be plainly in view.

1B.—*Arybállus*. Style B. Ear-nubs not pierced. Shoulder nubbin *not* incised.

1C.—*Arybállus*. Style C. Mouth not flaring. Neck nearly cylindrical. Handles attached extremely low on the body.

1D.—*Arybállus*. Style D. Ear nubbin incised. Mouth not flaring; handles attached relatively high on the body; base much elongated. Probably a late type. Only one example found.

2A.—*Beaker-shaped olla*. Style A. (Called *olla* in Spanish because undoubtedly a cooking pot.) All specimens found were very much fire-blackened. In this particular style the bowl is set off at a sharp angle where it joins the foot, which is more elongated than in the other styles. Height: 23 cm.; width: (greatest diameter of the bowl) 16 cm.

2B.—*Beaker-shaped olla*. Style B. Bowl rounded in a continuous curve with the foot, which is of medium height. Example of this style badly broken. Impossible to give original measurements.

2C.—*Beaker-shaped olla*. Style C. Bowl broad and flat, and foot short in proportion to the height. Height: 11 cm.; width: 15½ cm.
No paint. In nearly every case the decorations consist of a low relief attached to the shoulder opposite the handle. These have a wide variety of form.

3A.—*Pot-cover*. Style A. Probably intended for use with the beaker-shaped olla. Handle a band-shaped loop; base nearly flat. Height: 8 cm.; width: 13½ cm.

3B.—*Pot-cover*. Style B. Handle band-shaped, but of one piece with the cover, instead of being attached to it. Base concave. Height: 5½ cm.; width: 11½ cm.

BINGHAM]

TYPES OF MACHU PICHU POTTERY

263

4C.—*Two-handled dish*. Style C. Band-shaped handles attached horizontally at the rim. Height: 6 cm.; width: 20 cm.
A rare form.

4D.—*Two-handled dish*. Style D. Band-shaped handles attached horizontally *below* the rim; bottom slightly convex, instead of being flat as in the other styles of this type. Height: 3 cm.; width: 12½ cm.

Painted inside on a white slip that covers the entire dish.

4E.—*Two-handled dish*. Style E. Handles in the form of fierce-looking animals, attached vertically, and connecting the rim and body, the animal heads rising above the level of the rim and tails turned to the right. Fragments of a number of these dishes were found, but it has been impossible to reconstruct a complete specimen. We have been able to assemble nearly one-half of one dish, which measures 12 cm. in height and approximately 23 in width.

A fairly common type, occurring only in the excavations, and not in any of the graves. A fine specimen resembling this type is in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and is figured in color opposite page 294 of Professor Bandelier's *Islands of Titicaca and Koati*.

5A.—*Two-handled bowl*. Style A. Handles band-shaped, curving slightly upwards above the mouth, and attached vertically, connecting rim and body. Height: 9 cm.; width: 17 cm. Rare.

6A.—*Pélike-shaped jug*. Style A. Ribbon-like handles connecting rim and shoulders. Base flat. Height: 49 cm.; width 27 cm. Fairly common.

6B.—*Pélike-shaped jug*. Style B. Short, rounded handles, connecting rim and shoulders; lip flaring. Height: 17 cm.; width: 16 cm.

6C.—*Pélike-shaped jug*. Style C. Handles band-shaped; attached vertically slightly below the upper rim; base flat. Height: 23 cm.; width: 18 cm.

6D.—*Pélike-shaped jug*. Style D. Bowl markedly larger than mouth. Height: 19 cm.; width 21 cm. Very uncommon.

7A.—*Diota-shaped olla*. Style A. Handles band-shaped, connecting rim and shoulder; base pointed; very much fire-blackened. Height: 27 cm.; width: 19 cm. Rare.

8A.—*Pithos*. Style A. Handles broad, band-shaped and set vertically. Bottom probably flat. Height: 42 cm.; width: 34 cm. Rare.

9A.—*Hydria-shaped olla*. Style A. Two broad, short, band-shaped handles, attached horizontally just below shoulder; third handle attached vertically connecting rim and shoulder. Base pointed. Very much fire-blackened. Height: 15 cm.; width: 14½ cm. Rare.

BISCHW.]

AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST

[N. S.; 17; 1915]

266

11B.—Ladle or Deep Plate. Style B. Crested bird's head handle in relief. Height: 4 cm.; width: 14 cm.

11C.—Ladle or Deep Plate. Style C. Llama or alpaca head handle in relief. Height: 4 cm.; width: 14 cm.

11D.—Ladle or Deep Plate. Style D. Human head handle, partly in relief, and partly painted. Nubbins not incised. Height: 4 cm.; width: 15 cm.

11E.—Ladle or Deep Plate. Style E. Loop-handle attached vertically to the rim; double unincised nubbin opposite handle. Height: 3½ cm.; width: 16½ cm. Fairly common.

11F.—Ladle or Deep Plate. Style F. Loop-handle attached horizontally to rim, and double incised nubbin opposite. Height: 4 cm.; width: 14½ cm. A rare form.

11G.—Ladle or Deep Plate. Style G. Duck head handle. No nubbins. Height: 4 cm.; width: 13 cm.

FIG. 49.—Type 11.—Ladle.

BINGHAM]

TYPES OF MACHU PICHU POTTERY

267

11H.—Ladle or Deep Plate. Style H. Toadstool-shaped handle, incised nubbins. Height: 3 1/2 cm.; width: 15 cm.

12A.—Deep Plate. Style A. Two handles attached horizontally to rim. Height: 5 cm.; width: 25 cm. Rare.

12B.—Deep Plate. Style B. Incised double nubbins instead of handles. Height: 3 cm.; width: 16 cm. Common.

12C.—Deep Plate. Style C. Plain, unincised double nubbins attached to rim instead of handles. Height: 4 cm.; width: 19 1/2 cm. Rare.

12D.—Deep Plate. Style D. Without handles or nubbins. Height: 3 cm.; width: 12 cm. Rare.

FIG. 50.—Type 12.—Deep plate.

13A.—Jug. Style A. Very large loop handle, attached vertically to shoulder. Height: 11 1/2 cm.; width: 11 1/2 cm.

13B.—Jug. Style B. Mouth flaring, neck decorated with human face in relief. Pierced loop handle attached vertically immediately below rim. Height: 23 cm.; width: 18 cm.

13C.—Jug. Style C. Mouth flaring, pierced loop handle connecting rim to body. Height: 10 cm.; width: 11 cm.

13D.—Jug. Style D. Neck decorated with human face, partly in relief and partly painted; loop handle, connecting rim and shoulder. Height: 14 1/2 cm.; width: 11 cm.

13E.—Jug. Style E. No lip. Neck cylindrical; handle connecting neck and body. Height: 9 1/2 cm.; width: 6 1/2 cm.

13F.—Jug. Style F. Neck, probably cylindrical; loop handle attached vertically to shoulder. Height: uncertain; width: 11 cm. Rare.

13G.—Jug. Style G. No lip. Neck nearly cylindrical; decorated with human face in relief; shoulder carrying hump on one side and human arms in relief on the other. Loop handle connecting shoulder and body. Height: 17 cm.; width: 13 1/2 cm.

Elongated and poek. Height: 12½ cm; width: 18½ cm.

18a.—Ams. Style C. No lip. Neck cylindrical; decouped with a ring. Height: 10½ cm. Width: 12½ cm.

18b.—Ams. Style E. Neck cylindrical; loop handle attached and poek. Height: 10½ cm. Width: 12½ cm.

18c.—Ams. Style E. No lip. Neck cylindrical; penqle connecting neck and loop. Height: 12½ cm. Width: 11 cm.

13a.—Ams. Style D. Neck decouped with human face, partly in relief and partly painted. Height: 10 cm. Width: 11 cm.

13b.—Ams. Style C. Month ring. Decouped loop handle connecting him to below rim. Height: 12 cm. Width: 18 cm.

13c.—Ams. Style B. Month ring, neck decouped with human face in relief. Decouped loop handle attached vertically immediately below. Height: 12½ cm. Width: 11½ cm.

13d.—Ams. Style A. Both finger loop handles attached vertically to elongate.

Fig. 20.—Tube is.—Deep plate.

Width: 12 cm. Height: 18 cm.

15a.—Deep Plate. Style D. Without penqle or unppine. Height: 3 cm. Width: 12½ cm. Height: 10½ cm.

15b.—Deep Plate. Style C. Blunt, nondecoupled qonple unppine attached to unppine of penqle. Height: 4 cm. Width: 12½ cm. Height: 10½ cm.

15c.—Deep Plate. Style C. Blunt, nondecoupled qonple unppine attached to unppine of penqle. Height: 3 cm. Width: 12½ cm. Height: 10½ cm.

15d.—Deep Plate. Style B. Incised qonple unppine instead of penqle. Height: 3 cm. Width: 12 cm. Height: 10½ cm.

15e.—Deep Plate. Style B. Incised qonple unppine instead of penqle. Height: 3 cm. Width: 12½ cm. Height: 10½ cm.

15f.—Deep Plate. Style A. Two penqles attached horizontally to him. unppine. Height: 3½ cm. Width: 12 cm.

15g.—Deep Plate. Style A. Two penqles attached horizontally to him. unppine. Height: 3½ cm. Width: 12½ cm.

15h.—Tall or Deep Plate. Style H. Tosqeroot-shaped handle, incised

15i.—Tall or Deep Plate. Style H. Tosqeroot-shaped handle, incised

BICCHIERI

CARA OBLIQUE DICHIO BOLLETTI

SOS

13H.—Jug. Style H. No lip. Neck cylindrical; loop handle attached

Og. e. 17. 1915

13H.—Jug. Style H. No lip. Neck cylindrical; loop handle, attached horizontally to shoulder. Height: 15½ cm.; width: 11½ cm.

14A.—Jar. Style A. Handle a pierced nubbin attached vertically to shoulder; lip a pierced disk attached to rim. Made as though intended to be used for oil or ointment. Height: 4½ cm.; width: 5½ cm.

15A.—Cup. Style A. Sides nearly straight. Height: (?); width: 9 cm. Rare.

15B.—Cup. Style B. Concave sides. Height: 9½ cm.; width: 8 cm.

16A.—*Three-legged Brazier with one handle.* Style A. Handle band-shaped, attached vertically to top of brazier; mouth formed with a small lip, irregular in form and placed on one end. Three openings or vent-holes in top. Legs solid and cylindrical. Interior and exterior much fire-blackened. Height: 17½ cm.; width: 15 cm.; depth: 18 cm.

13A

13H

13C

13D

13B

13G

13E

13F

FIG. 51.—Type 13.—Jug.

["This is the commonest form not represented in any of the illustrations.", "The small diameter of the shaft in the illustration in the following figure shows that the diameter of the shaft is much larger than the diameter of the head. This is the only known exception of this type, so far as we have seen. It has been able to discover, at a small degree, shown & cm. in city. Whether to the only known exception of this type, so far as we have seen, is the only known exception of this type, so

This is the commensal to the drink in any pan!

AMERICAN ANTIROPOLOGIST

N. S. 17, 1915

chamber with provision for blowing if desired, the openings being properly located for this purpose."

17A.—Spherical Bottle. Style A. Neck stirrup-shaped; conventionalized animal attached to one side of neck. Height: 23 cm.; width: 13 cm. Only one found.

## CONCLUSION

The common types of pottery at Machu Picchu are:—

(1) *The arybállus*, that most characteristic Inca form. It is found in great variety at Machu Picchu, varying from 13 to 90 centimeters in height, the latter size being not at all uncommon.

(2) *The beaker-shaped olla* or cooking-pot, of which many specimens were found in the more recent graves, and which vary in size from 9 to 43 centimeters in height, and from 10 to 29 centimeters in width.

(3) *Pot-covers*, evidently intended for use with the beaker-shaped ollas, and varying in size from 2 to 4 centimeters in height, and from 10 to 18 centimeters in width, corresponding to the various sized openings of the beaker-shaped ollas.

(4) *Two-handled dishes*, usually found in the same grave with the beaker-shaped ollas, and varying in height from 5 to 15 centimeters, and in width from 7 to 24 centimeters.

(5) *Pélike-shaped jugs*. Although very rare, almost unknown in other parts of South America, this form was common at Machu Picchu. The specimens vary in height from 27 to 49 centimeters, and from 11 to 14 in width, and occur in the more recent graves.

(6) *Deep ladles, or plates with a handle on one side*, and a double nubbin opposite, somewhat resembling the Greek *patera* in form,—the handle sometimes being a broad loop, but more often a conventionalized animal or bird head. They differ but little in size, the average being about 3½ centimeters in height and 16 in width.

(7) *Jugs*, with loop-handles, and varying in size from 7 to 23 centimeters in height and from 6 to 18 centimeters in width.

SÃO

VIRTUAUX VASCHIGKOGTOGHAS

E-18. 1912

BINGHAM]

TYPES OF MACHU PICHU POTTERY

27I

These are all well known Cuzco-style types, and occur most often
in later graves containing the best skeletal material.

In conclusion, one may say the evidence of the pottery found
at Machu Picchu tends to point to two distinct periods, an early
period, represented by forms rarely found in collections of Inca
material, and a later period, the period when the more recent burials
were made, represented by well known types of the so-called Cuzco
style or pure Inca.

Finally, with regard to the use of terms: The word *arybállus* has been for some time adopted without question as a descriptive term applying to the well known Inca bottle-shaped vase with ears, low handles, and a pointed base. The new terms submitted here-with are: beaker-shaped olla; diota-shaped pot; pithos; pélike-shaped jug; hydria-shaped olla; and lebes-shaped kettle.

YALE UNIVERSITY

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT

Peruvian Expedition 1914-15

General Orders #3

February 19, 1915

(SUBJECT TO CHANGE)

Plans for the work of the Expedition from March 3 to May 1st.

March 3d:

Leave New York 33. "Zacapa", 12 noon.

March 8th: Arrive Kingston about noon, go to Myrtlebank Hotel for mail and cablegrams. 5 P.M. leave Kingston.

March 10th: Arrive Colon and take train for Panama. Under favorable conditions we may be able to connect with the steamer "Quilpue", due to leave Panama on March 10th, and to arrive at Callao on March 17th. Otherwise we shall take a steamer of the Chilean or Peruvian line leaving March 13th or 14th. Owing to the uncertainty of the dates it is impossible to give a definite itinerary, but the plans are about as follows:

On arriving at Callao go at once to W.R. Grace & Company's Callao offices for mail and cablegrams, and for information regarding sailing. Then, probably, go to Lima for two days, or until the next steamer sails for Mollendo.

On arriving at Mollendo, take the next train for Arequipa. Spend the night there at Morosini's Hotel, if possible, or, if not, at the Hotel Central. Take the next convenient train for Juliaca, spending the night at the Hotel Ratti. Take the train the next morning about 7 o'clock for Sicuani. (If the next day happens to be Sunday, make a special effort to get up early and see the market at Sicuani.) The train generally starts for Cuzco about 9 o'clock.

On arrival at Cuzco go at once to the Hotel Central, unless we find it is impossible to secure accommodations there, in which case we shall have to use one of the other hotels.

General Orders #3

page 2

Spend the next day in calling on the Prefect and other officials, visiting the University, the Convent of Santo Domingo, the Market-Place, and in sight-seeing. (This day is counted as the second day in Cuzco.)

**3rd day in Cuzco:** Attend to getting city and travelling clothes packed and trunks deposited in Cuzco storeroom, in the warehouse of Señor Lomellini, a wealthy Italian merchant, who has for many years befriended the Expeditions.

Procure from the storeroom necessary articles for the journey, such as cots, blankets, etc. In the absence of Chief Assistant Hardy, Topographer Anderson will take charge of the storeroom, issue supplies, and receive receipts therefor. A certain number of the cases taken with us, including all food boxes, are to be deposited at Lomellini's. Some of these will be opened there, other cases will be shipped straight through to Ollantaytambo.

**4th day in Cuzco:** Be ready to leave on mule-back about 10:00 A.M. for Urubamba, where we shall spend the night. Certain members of the Expedition may be designated to stay two or three days longer in Cuzco if there is any delay in receiving goods, as is quite likely to happen.

The next day after arriving at Urubamba, which is 8 leagues from Cuzco, we shall push on 6 leagues further to Ollantaytambo, to the Expedition headquarters.

As soon as possible after each member of the Expedition is properly equipped with such material as he needs for his work, the following plan will be adopted:

General Orders #3
page 3

Messrs. Cook, Gilbert, and Hardy, will join the Director in a rapid reconnaissance of the region mapped in former years. This reconnaissance will begin at Oquente, and will probably last for several weeks.

Dr. Ford will establish himself at Ollantaytambo and ast as Quartermaster in charge of the storeroom, as well as endeavoring to establish friendly relations with the people of the town and securing such anthropometric measurements as seem to be practicable.

Messrs. Erdis and Hasbrouck will go to the ruins of Oquente and there begin a careful reconnaissance of the ruins, sinking test-holes in all likely spots and spending 6 or 7 days there, going from there up the Pampacahuana Valley to Pauccarcancha, Incesamana, Hoccollopampa, and Incaraccay, staying 3 or 4 days at each place, making test-holes and collecting all possible material. It is expected that this work in the Pampacahuana Valley will take not less than 3 nor more than 4 weeks. On completing it, they will return to Ollantaytambo for further orders.

Mr. Heller will join Messrs. Erdis and Hasbrouck at Oquente, and will work if practicable in the Pampacahuana Valley and vicinity for not less than 3 nor more than 4 weeks.

Messrs. Anderson and Maynard will work in the Pampacahuana Valley and vicinity, plotting all ruins of which we have no plans, completing the map of the region, using Grade C methods on the Scale of Grade B. It is hoped that they will complete as rapidly as possible a Grade C map on the scale of Grade B, and plans of all ruined towns,

General Orders #3
page 4

villages, and fortresses in the Quadrangle bounded by the meridians of 72° 10' W. to 73° 10' W., and the parallels 12° 50' S. and 13° 40' S., arranging their work in such a manner as to facilitate the work of the archaeological engineers engaged in making test excavations of the ruins and needing plans for that purpose.

The plans for the first month's work in the field are issued thus early, chiefly in order to promote discussion and give a general idea of how the work is to be conducted after these plans have been carefully considered and discussed.

Discussion of the plans is freely invited, and suggestions will gladly be received. It is far easier to make changes now, than after we once get started working in the field.

Director.