PREFACE

BY

W. R. S. RALSTON, ESQ., M.A.

HITHERTO students of Russian who attempted to learn the language without the help of a teacher have been met by a grave initial difficulty — the want of a good Grammar. As a general rule they availed themselves of Reiff's "English-Russian Grammar," but it left much to be desired. There existed, it is true, in French and German, Grammars on the Ollendorff System, but in English there was little aid to be obtained beyond what Reiff could give. In order to meet the demand caused by the growing interest in the Russian language—a language which has been neglected in a manner for which it is difficult to account, but to which political circumstances have lately given a novel importance —Mr. Trübner has caused the present work to be prepared, and he has asked me to supply it with a few lines of Preface, which I do willingly.

I am far from thinking Ollendorff's System the best possible, but in the present instance there was not much choice. For Mr. Riola's present work, which is based upon that system, there will doubtless be a demand,

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there being numbers of students who wish to gain some
acquaintance with Russian, but who are unable, if living in
the country, to find a master. To them the present work
will be practically useful, whereas a scientific Grammar, such
as would satisfy a linguist, would be of little value to the
general public, and would command little or no sale.

I can vouch, from personal knowledge, for the fact that
Mr. Riola has performed his work most conscientiously,
having taken very great pains to elucidate what in pre-
vious works on the subject was left obscure, and having,
I think, succeeded in rendering comparatively easy what has
generally been considered a difficult task. I shall be glad
indeed if I find it serves the purpose of aiding those readers
who take an intelligent interest in a language spoken by
forty millions of people, a language rich, sonorous and lucid,
and which is the key to a vigorous young literature, destined,
I am sure, to make its voice widely heard. The greater
the number in England of Students of Russian, the more
Englishmen will there be free from the extraordinary igno-
rance about all things Russian which now makes itself so
widely felt.

W. R. S. RALSTON.

8, ALFRED PLACE,

April 25, 1878.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

THE almost total neglect that the Russian Language has hitherto met with in this country is capable of two explanations, one of which may be said to include the other, namely, its supposed insurmountable difficulties and the want of a good Grammar. On the first point, suffice it to say that there is nothing—absolutely nothing—which should deter the student. The prominent features of the language are clearness and methodical arrangement. If the contrary have been found to be the case, it is owing to no other causes than the defective methods and the insufficient or faulty explanations presented by the Grammars hitherto published both in this country and on the Continent.

Now the fact is well worthy of notice that while, on the one hand, English authors in every department of History, Fiction and Poetry are known and appreciated throughout the length and breadth of the Russian Empire; on the other hand, save to a select few, the bulk of a new, vigorous and original literature, comprising invaluable geographical, ethnological and linguistical treasures, the product of Slavonic life, thought and culture as developed in Russia, has imparted nothing to the educated classes of England beyond a few paltry translations and a few names. What reasons are we to assign for this failure of reciprocity? We have not far to seek. The student of Russian, however diligent, is confronted at the outset by a paucity of Grammars. But not only is his choice thus limited, but even should he select

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Reiff's, as the one best known, he will search through its
pages in vain for the solution of the difficulties he may
encounter in his course of reading. If to this we add, as is too
often the case, a teacher unable to enlighten him, what wonder
that, in the face of ever new and recurring obstacles and
discouragements, he should relinquish altogether the study,
under the despairing conviction that the chief phenomena
of the language are beyond the reach of comprehension and
illustration?

I confidently repeat, however, that this is far from being
the case, and that Russian is easy of acquirement by dint
of average diligence and perseverance. It now remains for
me to state briefly in what respects I have opened new
paths, or made old ones less rugged, for the attainment of
this object.

The experience of a course of tuition of this my native
language during several years in London has convinced me
that Ollendorff's Method, qualified by some necessary mo-
difications, is the one most suitable for all classes of learners.
On its merits it is not for me to expatiate here: they have
stood the test of time; and leaving this point for the present,
I proceed to indicate the special features which, I trust,
render this work far superior to those published in France
or Germany.

To begin with Pronunciation, I have devoted a minute
and exhaustive treatise, supplemented with tables of re-
ference, to the powers of the Alphabet, both proper and
accidental. One observation, however, is here necessary.
Some Grammarians have sought to represent the ambiguous
distinctions of unaccented vowels by numerical indications.
To make my meaning clear, the reader must know that
Russian is similar to English in this respect. For instance,

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in "admirable," the vowel-sounds of the three last syllables
are somewhat equivocal, although Walker attempted to
assign a fixity to each in this and in all other examples.
Again, take a in "Indian." Is not its proper sound
purely conventional? Now it must be understood that
Russian polysyllables are open to analogous observations.
Nevertheless, I have considered it my duty to refrain from
laying down rules thereon, feeling convinced that all such
attempts must prove not only burdensome to the memory,
but utterly illusory and abortive. These niceties, the result
doubtless of rapidity of colloquial utterance, are influenced,
be it remembered, by nature, education, caprice, and a
variety of other causes, and defy classification. Under the
guidance of a native, they are readily apprehended and
retained; and I will add, for the benefit of the self-instructor,
that if he thoroughly possess the distinct vowels, both
proper and accidental, he may safely let the unaccented
ones shift for themselves, and rest assured that his pro-
nunciation will be perfectly intelligible to the ear of any
Russian.

In treating of Orthography, I have considered a know-
ledge of words in which the letter Ĭ occurs so indispensable,
that I have subjoined a complete list of them, the more so
that this letter is a stumbling-block even to many natives.

I cannot too strongly recommend the mastery of in-
flexions and terminations, inasmuch as they constitute, so
to speak, the be-all and end-all of this great Slavonic
idiom. This step once passed over, the storing up of roots
in the memory becomes an easy and profitable task, and the
rules of construction can be digested at leisure. And this
object I have constantly borne in mind in the framing of
the exercises. I have purposely grouped the most difficult

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combinations, in order to bring the learner face to face with
this paramount requisite, and that too at the risk of trifling
inelegancies and incongruities, especially in the early
themes. It is chiefly in this department that the value of
Ollendorff's Method becomes apparent. The mere learning
of rules, or of any other grammatical exposition, will never
impart the faculty of readiness and resource in using the
inflexions of a living language, unless a progressive praxis
of combination and inversion be superadded. This, how-
ever, cannot be afforded by dealing with each part of speech
in separate detail, but by a judicious intermixture of all, at
the very outset, and thus passing gradually from the
simplest to the most complex forms of discourse. That
examples, however varied, are valueless without rule or
guiding principle, is also true; and on this head I trust that
I leave nothing to be desired in point of conciseness and
intelligibility. At the same time, throughout the Exercises,
I have strenuously and, I hope, successfully aimed at
variety of topic and illustration, to the end that the learner
who has worked at this branch may find himself in posses-
sion, not only of a *copia verborum*, but of a *copia fandi* on
subjects of common life, such as he may search for in vain
in Manuals of Dialogues and Vocabularies. Exception might
possibly be taken by some persons to the frequency of in-
terrogative sentences with ли; but it cannot be known too
soon that herein lies a cardinal point of conception in the
Russian mind, affecting especially the construction of inter-
rogative clauses; and unless this point be fully seized by
the Englishman, he will fall into grievous blunders in the
framing of questions.

My exposition of the Verb is founded on that of the
Russian Grammarians most in repute. Some foreign ones

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have presumably aimed at journeying by easy stages, by
means of minute subdivisions of what they are pleased to
misname classes and branches. All such methods are
erroneous, and lead to inevitable confusion. The simple
and easily retained distinctions are those on which my
countrymen have settled, namely, two conjugations, and
these subdivided into ten classes, eight of which belong to
the first and two to the second conjugation. Besides this,
each verb is susceptible of three branches—the present, past,
and iterative. Thus the verb is the stem from which the
branches spring. To these we add only thirteen irregular
verbs. All the regular ones I have not failed to illustrate
by complete tables of reference.

But inasmuch as the Russian verb possesses Aspects, by
whose agency it becomes such a supple instrument of
thought as to be unrivalled even by the Greek verb, I felt
it my duty to enter into great detail on this point, and I
trust that the lessons given on this subject leave nothing
to be desired by way of explanation. At the same time, I
conceived that I should fail in presenting a full picture of
moods and aspects had I stopped there. I have therefore
given in the Appendix paradigms of conjugation in all
voices, and, by parallel contrasts of aspects, it will be seen
at a glance in what particular tense each one is found or
wanting. Any mere statement by itself would have afforded
less valuable assistance.

The declensions, with copious tables, are given in the
Practical Part, according to gender, as being most suited to
the requirements of a beginner. In the Appendix, how-
ever, for those already initiated, Nouns are divided into two
classes, according to the inflexions of the genitive, as laid
down by Russian Grammarians.

A list of Adverbs and Prepositions, with their govern-

B

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ment, are to be found, with copious illustrations, and leave,
I hope, nothing unnoticed in this vital part of Syntax.

Idiomatic forms, a constant source of embarrassment,
are fully grappled with and lucidly explained throughout
the work. I would point especially to those of бЫЛО and
бывало, which, although of frequent recurrence both in
writing and speaking, have hitherto failed in securing their
due share of attention.

On the Order of Words no less than two lessons are
given, with much detail and appropriate exercises and
examples. It seemed to me that a subject so important,
embracing as it does the arrangement and structure of
periods, and presenting wide divergences from the genius
of the English language, was deserving of nothing short of
a separate and somewhat lengthy treatise.

It were perhaps tedious to enumerate the other features
of this work; they can be easily discovered by a fair and
intelligent comparison with any of its predecessors. I will
only state, in addition, that I have steadily kept in view
the object of self-tuition, and have constantly endeavoured
to afford every assistance in cases where oral teaching
might be either unattainable or insufficient.

After all, it must be borne in mind that the merits or
the shortcomings of an undertaking like the present are
unaffected by the praise or censure of critics alone, however
discerning. Their true test and arbiter is time, upon whose
verdict I confidently rely. I trust, too, that my humble
labours may prove of some assistance in promoting the in-
terchange of enlightenment between two great nations, on
whose mutual esteem and friendship so much depends the
welfare of the world.

HENRY RIOLA.

31, CHARING CROSS, S.W.

April, 2, 1878.

CONTENTS.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Page.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>INTRODUCTION</td><td>iii</td></tr><tr><td>PREFACE</td><td>v</td></tr><tr><td>Alphabet.</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><td>Pronunciation</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>PRACTICAL PART, IN 66 LESSONS:</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Masculine Nouns</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>Neuter Nouns</td><td>127</td></tr><tr><td>Feminine Nouns</td><td>155</td></tr><tr><td>Augmentative and Diminutive Nouns.</td><td>184</td></tr><tr><td>Names of Natives</td><td>203</td></tr><tr><td>Possessive Adjectives.</td><td>222</td></tr><tr><td>Infinitive Mood, First Conjugation</td><td>238</td></tr><tr><td>Ditto, Second Conjugation</td><td>257</td></tr><tr><td>Degrees of Comparison</td><td>259</td></tr><tr><td>Formation of Indeclinable Comparatives.</td><td>265</td></tr><tr><td>Augmentative and Diminutive Adjectives</td><td>273</td></tr><tr><td>Relative Adjectives</td><td>281</td></tr><tr><td>Active Participle</td><td>293</td></tr><tr><td>Passive Participle</td><td>300</td></tr><tr><td>Gerund.</td><td>307</td></tr><tr><td>Potential and Subjunctive</td><td>315</td></tr><tr><td>Branches of the Verb.</td><td>322</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Page.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Future Tense</td><td>324</td></tr><tr><td>Imperative Mood</td><td>330</td></tr><tr><td>Reflective Verbs.</td><td>353</td></tr><tr><td>Impersonal Verbs</td><td>361</td></tr><tr><td>Aspects.</td><td>374</td></tr><tr><td>Double Verbs</td><td>382</td></tr><tr><td>Formation of the Iterative Aspect</td><td>389</td></tr><tr><td>Verbs of Perfect Aspect</td><td>398</td></tr><tr><td>Perfect Simple Verbs.</td><td>404</td></tr><tr><td>Prefixes</td><td>415</td></tr><tr><td>Compound Verbs</td><td>420</td></tr><tr><td>Inchoative Aspect</td><td>421</td></tr><tr><td>Irregular Verbs.</td><td>439</td></tr><tr><td>Verbs of Irregular Formation</td><td>444</td></tr><tr><td>Government.</td><td>450</td></tr><tr><td>Prepositions</td><td>459</td></tr><tr><td>Indirect Government</td><td>480</td></tr><tr><td>Position of Words</td><td>486</td></tr><tr><td>APPENDIX.</td><td>499</td></tr><tr><td>Etymology</td><td>499</td></tr><tr><td>Syntax.</td><td>544</td></tr><tr><td>Orthography.</td><td>547</td></tr><tr><td>Tonic Accent.</td><td>557</td></tr><tr><td>INDEX.</td><td>562</td></tr></tbody></table>

TABLES.

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Page.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Masculine Nouns</td><td>31, 76</td></tr><tr><td>Neuter Nouns</td><td>127, 137</td></tr><tr><td>Feminine Nouns.</td><td>157, 170</td></tr><tr><td>Possessive Adjectives</td><td>223</td></tr><tr><td>Branches of the Verb</td><td>323</td></tr><tr><td>Regular Verbs</td><td>406</td></tr></tbody></table>

<table><thead><tr><th></th><th>Page.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Irregular Verbs</td><td>440</td></tr><tr><td>Verbs of Irregular Formation</td><td>444</td></tr><tr><td>Declension, according to Genitive</td><td>505</td></tr></tbody></table>

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DIVISION OF THE LETTERS OF THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET.

THERE are in the Russian Alphabet thirty-six letters, of which twelve are vowels, twenty-one are consonants, and three are semivowels.

The vowels (глассы 6b'kЫ) are:

a, e, и, i, о, у, ы, ғ, з, ю, я, v.

It may be well to note that the following five, е, ў, я,
ю, и are also called diphthongs (двугласныя).

The twenty-one consonants (корласныя бyквы) are:

б, в, г, д, ж, з, к, л, м, н, п, р, с, т, ф, х, ц, ч, ш, щ, о.

The three semivowels (полугласныя бyквы) are:

ъ, ь, й.

The English Alphabet has no letters corresponding to
the following in the Russian Alphabet:

Ы, Ы, Я, Ъ, Ы, Й, П, Ч, Ш, Ш, О, V.

The Russian Alphabet, on the other hand, has not the
English J, W, X, the Н mute, or the sounds of /h/ as in the
English words *that* and *thin*.

PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS.

NOTE.—Each syllable in English words, representing the
Russian pronunciation, should be pronounced as is directed
in Table No. II.; and until the student is thoroughly sure
of the correct sound of every Russian letter, he should
always consult that table. By following closely the sounds
as they are given he will be able, without the assistance of
a teacher, to pronounce so as to be understood even by
uneducated Russians

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A. THE VOWELS (ГЛАСНЫЯ БЎКВЫ).

A, a.

Proper Sounds.

This vowel, when accented, is pronounced :

1. as the *a* in the following English words: *art, far,*
*star*; as, for example,
*дápъ, dar, 'the gift;'* далá, *da-la, 'gave.'*

2. When not accented is pronounced in the same way, but somewhat weaker, and approaching the sound of *a* in the English word *fat*; as,
*пáша, na-sha, 'our;'* пáра, *para, 'the pair.'*

Accidental Sounds.

1. When not accented in the middle of a word, after the hissing consonants, ж, ч, ш, щ, the vowel *a* is pronounced as the *e* in the words *met, bet*:
*кóжа, kozhe, 'the skin;'* часó, *che-sy, 'the watch.'*
*лóшадь, loshedi, 'a horse;'* пóша, *pésh-cha, 'the food.'*

2. When accented in the termination *aro* of the genitive case of adjectives, the vowel *a* is pronounced like the *o* in the words *no, blow*:
*дурнáro, door-no-va, 'of bad;'*
*нёмáro, ne-mo-va, 'of dumb.'*

It should be observed that at the end of words the vowel *a*, whether accented or not, always retains its proper sound of *a*, as in *far* or *fat*.

E, e.

Proper Sounds.

This soft vowel after a consonant has—

1. The sound of *e*, as in the words *met, bet*:
*бéperь, be-reg, 'the shore;'
*челó, che-lo, 'the brow.'*

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NOTE.—In the above examples of *met* and *bet* the sound of Russian *e* is well represented; but after some other consonants an Englishman is apt to pronounce the *e* much harder than is required. It must therefore be born in mind that the *e* should always be heard soft, as if the consonant were followed by the English *yea*; thus *нетъ*, *детъ*, *летъ*, *тетъ* should not be pronounced as the English *net*, *det*, *let*, *tet*, but as if they were written with *yea*, as *nyeat*, *dyeat*, *lyeat*, *tyeat*, etc.

2. At the beginning of words and after vowels it has the sound of diphthong *ye*, as in the words *yes*, *yellow*:

ёспи, yes-lě, ‘if;’ емý, ye-moo, ‘to him.’

*Accidental Sounds.*

I. The diphthong *e* (*ye*) is pronounced also like *yo* (ë):

1. When accented, as in the words *yonder*, *yoke*:

ёлка, yol-ka, ‘the fir;’

моё, ma-yo, ‘mine.’

2. In the accented terminations *ешь*, *емъ*, *емъ*, *eme* of the present tense of verbs:

даёшь, da-yosh, ‘thou givest;’

берёть, be-ryot, ‘he takes.’

II. After the consonants ж, ч, ш, щ, ц, the vowel *e* has the sounds of *o* in the following cases:

1. At the end of words:

лицё, lě-tso, ‘the face.’

2. When coming before a consonant, which is followed by one of the hard vowels *a*, *o*, *y*, *vī*, or *ɔ*:

счёть, s-chot, ‘the account.’

III. It sounds like *yo* or *o* in the accented termination *éo* or *éy* of the instrumental case of feminine nouns:

землёю, zem-lyo-u, ‘with the land;’

душёю, doo-sho-u, ‘by the soul;’

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O, o.

*Proper Sound.*

This vowel when accented has the sound of o, as in the
words on, pot:

домъ, dom, ‘a house ;’

вакónъ, za-kon, ‘the law.’

*Accidental Sound.*

When unaccented it is pronounced like a short in fat:

обмáнъ, ab-man, ‘the deception ;’

основáть, as-na-rati, ‘to found.’

Y, y.

The corresponding sound of this vowel in English is oo, as
in moon, book:

ýтро, oot-ra, ‘the morning ;’

дубъ, doob, ‘the oak.’

Ы, ы.

*Proper Sounds.*

This hard vowel, the Russian hard u or the English e hard,
has a sound, the perfect idea of which cannot be rendered
in English words, as the language does not possess so
hard a sound as the vowel ú. The y in the words pity,
charity, or ea in tea, approximately represent it. An
Englishman, after hearing this vowel pronounced by a
Russian, can easily catch it:

ты, ty, or tea, ‘thou ;’

дыръ, dyr, or dear, ‘of holes.’

*Accidental Sound.*

The vowel ú after the labial consonants sounds nearly like we:

Ы, wê, ‘you ;’

былъ, bwêl, ‘was ;’

рылъ, rwêl, ‘dug.’

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NOTE.—The hard vowel *bl* will be represented in English
by the letter *y*.

Б, Б.

*Proper Sounds.*

This soft vowel has the same sound as the Russian *e*, or
English *e* as in *met*, or *ye* as in *yes*, with the exception
that it is never pronounced as *o*.

ОBS.—The same can be said of *п* as of *e*; i.e. **НѣТЪ, ДѣТЪ, ЛѣТЪ, etc.** must be pronounced not as *net, det, let, etc.*, but as if they were written *nyeat, dyeat, lyeat, etc.*

*Accidental Sound.*

As *yo*, when accented, it is heard only in the following words:

ЗВѣЗДЫ, zvyoz-dy, ‘stars;’
ГНѣЗДА, gnyoz-da, ‘nests;’
ОБРѣЛЪ, ab-ryol, ‘he found;’
ЗВѣЛЬ, tsvyol, ‘he flourished;’
СѣДА, syod-la, ‘the saddles.’

And also in their derivatives and compounds, as :

ЗВѣЗДОЧКА, zvyoz-doch-ka, ‘little star;’
ПРИОБРѣЛЬ, prê-ob-ryol, ‘acquired.’

Э, э.

This vowel has the same sound as the *e* in the word *end*,
and it is never pronounced as the diphthong *ye*. At the
beginning of words and after vowels, therefore, whenever
the diphthong sound of *ye* is not wanted, the vowel *э*
must be used.

The following Russian words only are written with ə :

бототь, бта, бто, ‘this;’
бтакий, бдакий, ‘such,’ ‘such like;’
бтакъ, ‘so,’ ‘thus;’
бкий, экъ, ‘what (a man).’

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ОBS.—There are some other words beginning with the
letter ө, but they are of foreign origin, mostly Greek, and
have merely been adopted by the Russian language, as :

эра, era, ‘era.’

ЭКЗАМЕНЪ, ek-za-men, ‘the examination ;’

ЭШАФОТЪ, e-sha-fot, ‘the scaffold,’ etc.

Ю, ю.

Proper Sound.

1. At the beginning of words, and after vowels or semi-vowels, the vowel ю has exactly the same sound as the English *u* in the words *use*, or *ew* in the words *pew, new*.

югъ, ug, young, ‘the south ;’

даю, da-u, da-you, ‘I give ;’

пью, p-u, pew, ‘I drink.’

2. After consonants, ю has no longer the sound of the diphthong *u* (*you*), but approaches it, like *u* in the word *tube*:

говорю, ga-va-ru, ‘I speak ;’

люблю, lub-lu, ‘I love.’

ОBS.—Particular care should be taken that **ю** should never be pronounced as the English **u** in **full, bull**, etc., but always as in **tube**.

Accidental Sound.

In words which have come from the French language, ю retains the sound of French **u**:

Брюссель, ‘Brussels ;’

Дюма, ‘Dumas.’

NOTE.—The English *u* represents the Russian **ю**.

Я, І.

Proper Sound.

1. At the beginning of words and after vowels and semi-

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The sound of s in the English words *treasure*, *pleasure*, of the sound of z as in the words *glazier*, *grazier*, represent well the sound of the consonant ж.

*Proper Sound.*

Before a vowel, or before a liquid, or any other weak consonant, the letter ж retains its proper sound :

жилъ, zhèl, ‘he lived ;’

жму, zhmoo, ‘I press.’

*Accidental Sound.*

At the end of a word ending in й, or ь, or before a strong consonant, the ж is pronounced like its corresponding letter ш (sh), as :

ножъ, knife, is pronounced ‘nosh ;’

ножка, little foot, is pronounced ‘noshka.’

Γ, Γ.

*Proper Sound.*

1. The sound of this consonant is generally the same as that of the English g before a, o, r, as in game, God, grass:

годъ, god, ‘the year ;’

гадъ, gad, ‘the reptile ;’

грύша, groo-sha, ‘the pear.’

2. Γ aspirated is pronounced like the English h in hay, habit:

господи, hós-podê, ‘God ;’

бáláro, bla-ha, ‘well.’

ОBS.—At one time the Russian language had only the r aspirated, as in the words *hay*, *habit*; but in the language of the present day it is no longer used, except in a few

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hard before the vowels a, o, as in the words can, come, or
the English PRESENT in the words key, king:

КОТЪ, kot, ‘the cat;’
КАКЪ, kak, ‘how;’
КРИКЪ, krèk, ‘the cry.’

*Accidental Sounds.*

The accidental sounds of K are Γ or X. When the letter
K occurs in the preposition КЬ before the feeble consonants
ö, ä, ж, з, it has the sound of its corresponding consonant
Γ, as:

КЪ БÓГУ, g' bo-hoo, ‘to God;’
КЪ ДÓМУ, g' do-moo, ‘to the house;’
КЪ ЖЕНЬ, g' zhêne, ‘to the wife;’
КЪ ЗЕМЛЬ, g' zêmle, ‘to the earth.’

When before the strong consonants к, т, ч, the letter к is
pronounced like х (kh, German ч), as :

КТО, khto, ‘who;’
КЪ КОМУ, kh ko-moo, ‘to whom;’
КЪ ЧÁСУ, kh cha-soo, ‘to the hour.’

NOTE.—The letter K will be represented by the English kü.

C, T.

*Proper Sound.*

These consonants have the same sound as the English let-
ters s and t in the words sister, sat, cross, tar, trot.

СЛОВО, slo-va, ‘the word;’
ИСТОРИЯ, ês-to-rê-ya, ‘history;’
ТРАВА, tra-va, ‘the grass;’
ТОТЬ, tot, ‘that.’

*Accidental Sounds.*

Before ö, ғ, д, ж, з, the letters с and т take the sound of
their corresponding consonants з and д, as in

( 23 )

Accidental Sound.

Before the consonants т and н it is pronounced as ш (sh).

что, shto, ‘what;’

нарóчно, na-rosh-na, ‘expressly.’

## І, І.

The proper sound of this consonant is the same as the German ğ; its sound is as tz in the noun *howitzer*.

пѣнá, tse-na, ‘price;’

дворéцъ, dva-rets, ‘palace;’

лицó, lě-tso, ‘face.’

NOTE.—The letter и will be represented by ts.

## Θ, Θ.

This consonant (the English *ph*) has the same sound as /f/, but is used only in words derived from the Greek, as:

Αοήη, α-φή-η, ‘Athens;’

Апoeéóзъ, а-ρо-phe-oz, ‘apotheosis;’

θεóδορъ, phe-o-dor, ‘Theodore;’

καλιηραeoía, kal-lè-gra-phen-ya, ‘caligraphy.’

## Л, М, Н, Р, р.

These four liquid consonants have the same sound as the English *l*, *m*, *n*, *r* in the words *land*, *me*, *name*, *road*; *ball*, *drum*, *on*, *bar*:

лѣсъ, дѣло, less, dela, ‘the forest, business;’

мáло, знмá, mala, zěma, ‘a little, the winter;’

нашъ, она, nash, ana, ‘our, she;’

родъ, бýря, rod, boo-rya, ‘the gender, the storm.’

 OBS. 1.—Before the hard vowels or strong consonants л is heard much more distinctly or much stronger than it is elsewhere; in fact as though it were double, as in the English words *well*, *Lloyd*.

( 24 )

ОBS. 2.—P is like the Irish *r*, i.e. the rolling produced by the tip of the tongue coming against the roof of the mouth and upper front teeth needs to be stronger than it usually is with the English *r*.

### С. THE SEMIVOWELS (Полугласны).

#### Ъ, б, and Ы.

Ь.—The hard semi-vowel Ѫ has no sound whatever when by itself; it can be placed only at the end of a syllable or word, and in that case it gives to the preceding consonant a strong harsh sound, as if the consonant were pronounced with an effort, or were doubled, as ll in *roll*, *ball*, or rr in *burr*:

* полъ, poll, 'flour; *'
* стопъ, stop, 'stop; *'
* золъ, zoll, 'cross; *'
* нотъ, nott, 'of notes; *
* поръ, porr, 'of pores. *'

Ь.—The soft semivowel ь gives a very soft, liquid sound to the preceding consonant, as if the latter was followed by the Russian и or English е mute. The sound of the *n* in the termination *gne*, in the French words *champagne*, *montagne*, *cigogne*, or the sound of *l* in the French words *peril*, *steril*, may approximately represent the sound of the soft semivowel ь:

* брӑнъ, bragne, 'contest; *
* кнӑнъ, kiyne, 'throw. *'

ОBS.—Neither of the above semivowels can be placed after a vowel or at the beginning of a word.

Ь and б can be met with in the middle of compound words and inflexions only, and in that case they are placed

( 26 )

NOTE.—As the letter *e* represents the Russian letter **е**, the soft semivowel **ё** may be represented by *i*, which *should* however, *scarcely* be heard.

*Exercise on the pronunciation of the semivowels ё and ё.*

Билъ, he beat;
Былъ, he was;
Бытъ, the state;
Господь, of gentlemen;
Данъ, given;
Жаръ, the heat;
Кровъ, the roof;
Мать, mate (in chess);
Паръ, the steam;
Сынъ, the son.

Быль, the ball;
Быль, an event;
Быть, to be;
Господь, Lord;
Дань, the tribute;
Жарь, fry, imp.;
Кровь, the blood;
Мать, the mother;
Парь, steam out, imp.;
Синь, blue.

## Й.

This soft semivowel, the Russian й short, has an imperfect sound by itself, and can be distinctly heard only after a vowel, with which it forms one syllable. The letter *y* in the words *may, say, way*, represents the sound of the semi-vowel й very well:

май, may, ‘may;’

вїї, wey, ‘blow;’

пей, pey, ‘drink.’

NOTE.—Й will be represented henceforth by the English letter *y*. Although the letter *y* has been already adopted to represent the hard vowel **ы**, there can be no confusion, as **ы** can only be placed after consonants, and й only after vowels.

## CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS AND CONSONANTS.

According to the pronunciation of the letters in Rus-

( 29 )

## ΕΡΕΝΤΗΣΙΣ (Встáвка), AND PROSTHESIS (Пристáвка).

The vowels *e*, *o*, in accordance with the rule, when they
replace the semivowels, are introduced for the sake of
euphony between two consonants, as:

* вѣтеръ instead of вѣтръ;
* крѣпокъ and not крѣпкъ.

The consonant л is inserted after the consonants в, ф, п,
б, м when they are followed by the vowels е or ю, thus
will be:

* люблю instead of любю;
* ловлю instead of ловю;
* куплю instead of купю.

The consonants в and н are sometimes added before
vowels, as :

* бócемь instead of осмь;
* на негó instead of на его.

## АРОСОРЕ (Усѣчénie), AND SYNCOPE (Изъятie).

1. Apocope is the shortening or the omission of a syllable at the end of a word:

* мной instead of мнóю;
* чтобъ instead of чтóбы.

2. Syncope is the elision of a letter in the middle of a
word, thus will be:

* дьину instead of дьигну.

## THE TONIC ACCENT.

In dissyllabic and polysyllabic words one syllable is always
pronounced with more marked emphasis and with greater
effort of the voice than the remaining syllables in the same
word. This modification of the voice is called the *tonic*.

( 30 )

accent (ударение). The accented syllable of a word is called long, (дольиї), and all other syllables are short (короткий). The tonic accent in Russian books is printed only in the case of a few homonymous words, such as :

замокъ, 'castle,' and замокъ, 'lock ;'

or, in order to point out certain grammatical inflexions, as

слова, 'of the word,' genit. sing.

словá, 'the words,' nom. plur.

The tonic accent is indicated by a little mark (') over the vowel: As the tonic accent in Russian words cannot be determined by any definite rule, and as moreover in the formation of derivatives and in many inflexions it changes its place from one syllable to another, the accent over all Russian words in this Grammar will be marked.

FIRST LESSON. — Первый УРОКъ.

THE SUBSTANTIVE. — Имя Существительное.

*Declension of Masculine Nouns, singular number.*

Склонение единоственнаго числą мųжескаго рōда.

There are in the Russian Language seven Cases, one of which, however, the Vocative, is always the same as the Nominative, having a distinct termination of its own in a few Church Slavonic words only; as, Бóже! Иисýce Хрис-тé! Отче!

The Nominative,

The Vocative,

The Genitive or Possessive,

The Dative,

The Accusative or Objective,

The Instrumental or Ablative,

The Prepositional or Locative,

Имевательный падěжъ.

Звательный падěжъ.

Родительный падěжъ.

Дательный падěжъ.

Винительный падěжъ.

Творительный падěжъ.

Предложный падěжъ.

( 35 )

SECOND LESSON—Второй Урокъ.

Have you? { † Есть-ЛИ у Вась?
ИМЬете-ЛИ Вы?

ОBS. 1.—The verb *to have* may be rendered in Russian by есть (is), followed by the preposition у, which governs the genitive case; or, literally, by the verb *имѣть*, which governs the Accusative. The first mode of expressing possession is more widely used, and, owing to its being a purely Russian idiom, it has no equivalent expression in English. Therefore, for a few lessons, the verb есть will be treated in preference to *имѣть*.

To interrogate, the particle ЛИ is added to есть, as in

Have you? Есть-ЛИ у Вась.

It has already been remarked that the present tense of the verb *to be* (быть) is rarely made use of by Russians. The first and second persons are never used, while the third person is used, as is shown above in the place of *to have* or in the sense of

There is, There are, Есть.

ОBS. 2.—Есть, the third person of быть, *to be*, in the sense of ‘exist,’ though the subject be in the plural, remains in the singular, as:

There is a house in the town, Есть домъ въ гóродѣ.
There are houses in town, Есть домá въ гóродѣ.

ОBS. 3.—The third person of *To be*, есть, is often omitted, not only in affirmative, but even in interrogative phrases, as:

Have you the fruit ? У вась-ли п.юдь ?
I have the fruit. У меня п.юдь.

NOTE.—У меня есть, ‘I have ;’ literally, ‘There is to me.’

( 36 )

ОBS. 4.—As there are no Articles in Russian, “I have a fruit” and “I have the fruit” are rendered in the same way, as:

У МЕНА ПЛОДЪ.

The cheese,
The sugar,
The honey,
The cloak,
The chair,
The master,

Have you the fruit ?
I have it.

СЫРЪ.
СÁХАРЪ.
МЁДЪ.
П.АЩЪ.
СТУ.ЛЪ.
ХОЗЯНПЪ.

† У васъ-ли плодъ ?

† У МЕНА ОНЪ.

ОBS. — It, referring to fruit, which is masculine, is translated by онъ (he).

Genders in Russian words are distinguished chiefly by their termination; but if by their nature they represent an animate being, irrespective of their termination, they belong, as in English, to the gender of the sex they represent; thus the word дядя, ‘uncle,’ although of feminine termination, is of masculine gender.

There are three Genders in the Russian Language :

1. Masculine,

2. Feminine,

3. Neuter,

МУЖЕСКИЙ РОДЪ.

ЖЕНСКИЙ РОДЪ.

СРÉДНІЙ РОДЪ.

ОBS. 6.—There are some Nouns ending in a, я, Ь, and designating some quality in men, which can be used with the same termination both for masculine and feminine genders, as :

Бродárá, Vagabond,
Сиротá, Orphan, } (man or woman).

Such words are of common gender, общій родъ

( 37 )

Yours,

What (sort), which ?
Which (one) ?

Which cheese have you ?
I have yours.
I have your cloak.
Which table have you ?
I have my table.
Which chair have you,
Mine or yours ?
I have yours.

The palace,
The castle,
The lock,
Sir,

Вашъ.

Какой ?
Который ?

Какой сыръ у Васъ ?
У меня Вашъ.
У меня Вашъ плащъ.
Какой столъ у Васъ ?
У меня свой столъ.
Какой стулъ у Васъ,
Мой или свой ?
У меня Вашъ.

Дворецъ, gen. дворцá.
Зámокъ, gen. зámка.
Замокъ, gen. замкá.
Сударь.

## EXERCISE II.

Have you the fruit?—Yes, I have the fruit.—Have you
your fruit?—Yes, I have my fruit.—Have you the bread ?
Yes, I have the bread.—Have you your bread?—I have my
bread.—Have you the cloak?—Yes, I have the cloak.—Have
you my cloak?—I have mine.—Have you the cheese and the
apricot?—Yes, I have the cheese and the apricot.—Which
fruit have you?—I have my fruit.—Have you my table?—I
have your table.—Which table have you?—I have yours.
Have you a castle?—Yes, I have a castle.—Have you also
a chair?—Yes, I have also a chair.—Which chair have
you?—I have yours.—Which garden have you?—My own.
Have you the honey?—I have the honey.—Which honey
have you?—I have my honey?—Have you your honey?
I have mine.—Have you a lock?—Yes, I have a lock
Which lock have you?—I have my own.

( 38 )

EXERCISE III.

What fruit have you?—I have the fruit of the garden.
Which garden have you?—I have the garden of the palace.
Which apricot have you?—I have the boy's apricot (the
apricot of the boy.)—Have you the garden and the yard of
the palace?—No, I have the lock.—Which lock have you?
I have mine and also the lock of the garden.—Have you the
boy's apricot and the man's bread?—No, I have the man's
apricot and the boy's bread.—Which is my fruit?—This
fruit is yours.—Is an apricot a fruit?—Yes, it is a fruit.
Is this bread a fruit?—No, bread is not a fruit.—Who is
Solomon?—He is Solomon, but I am not Solomon.—Are
you a prophet?—No, but he is a prophet.—Is this boy a
prophet?—No, he is not a prophet.—Is a prophet a man?
Yes, a prophet is a man.—Who is a boy?—He is a boy.
Who is a man?—I am a man.—Is Paris a town?—Yes, Paris
is a town.—The castle and the garden of Paris.—The prophet
of the town and the boy of the house.—The yard of the palace.
Is a castle a town?—No, the castle is not a town.—Is he
the master of the house?—No, not he, but I am the master
of the house and the master of the garden also.—Who is the
master of the palace?—He is the master.—Who is the master
of the yard?—I am the master of the yard.—The yard of
the house is mine, but the lock of the garden is yours.—Is
this table yours?—No, it is not mine.

THIRD LESSON. — Третій Урóкъ.

The boot,
The shoe,
The stocking,
The goose,
The lantern,
The knife,

Сапóгъ.
Башмákъ.
Чулóкъ.
Гусь.
Фонáрь.
Ножъ.

( 39 )

<table><tr><td>The handkerchief,</td><td>Платокъ.</td></tr><tr><td>The horse,</td><td>Конь.</td></tr><tr><td>The candlestick,</td><td>Подсвѣчникъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Good,</td><td>Хоровій.</td></tr><tr><td>Bad,</td><td>Дурной, худой.</td></tr><tr><td>Fine, handsome, pretty,</td><td>Красивый.</td></tr><tr><td>Ugly,</td><td>Некрасивый, безобразный.</td></tr><tr><td>Old,</td><td>Старый.</td></tr><tr><td>New,</td><td>Новый.</td></tr><tr><td>Large, big,</td><td>Большой.</td></tr><tr><td>Small, little,</td><td>Малый, маленький.</td></tr><tr><td>Beautiful, fine,</td><td>Прекрасный.</td></tr><tr><td>Gold candlestick,</td><td>Золотой подсвѣчникъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Leathern shoe,</td><td>Кожаный башмакъ.</td></tr><tr><td>The lead, свинецъ.</td><td>Leaden, adj. свинцовый.</td></tr><tr><td>The pewter, олово.</td><td>Pewter, adj. оловянный.</td></tr><tr><td>The silver, серебр.</td><td>Silver, adj. серебряный.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 1.—Material possessive adjectives (вещественныя) are formed from names of material objects by changing their termination into ый, ный, нный, яный, анный, овый, евый, as :

<table><tr><td>Fruit, Плодъ; adj. Плодовый, of fruit.</td></tr><tr><td>Table, Столъ; adj. Столовый, of table.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 2.—Many Nouns of masculine gender ending in ь or ы, in the nominative case, have the vowel o or e inserted for the sake of euphony between the two last consonants. In declining such Nouns o or e is omitted, as :

<table><tr><td>Nominative, The stocking,</td><td>Именственный пад.</td><td>Чулокъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Genitive, Of the stocking,</td><td>Родственный пад.</td><td>Чулка.</td></tr><tr><td>Dative, To the stocking,</td><td>Дательный пад.</td><td>Чулку.</td></tr><tr><td>Accusative, The stocking,</td><td>Винственный пад.</td><td>Чулокъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Instrumental, By the stocking,</td><td>Творственный пад.</td><td>Чулкомъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Prepositional, Of the stocking,</td><td>Предложный пад.</td><td>О чулке.</td></tr></table>

### EXCEPTION.—In some substantives ending in окъ, the vowel o, although in the termination, is preserved in the declension, as :

( 40 )

<table><tr><td>Знатокъ, A connoisseur,</td><td>gen. Знатокá.</td></tr><tr><td>Игрокъ, A player,</td><td>gen. Игрокá.</td></tr><tr><td>Челнокъ, A boat,</td><td>gen. Челнокá.</td></tr><tr><td>Чеснокъ, The garlic,</td><td>gen. Чеснокá.</td></tr><tr><td>Тъздокъ, The rider,</td><td>gen. Тъздокá.</td></tr><tr><td>Сѣдокъ, A passenger,</td><td>gen. Сѣдокá.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 3.—There are also substantives ending in окъ in which o, being a radical vowel, is also preserved in all the cases, as :

<table><tr><td>Бокъ,</td><td>The side.</td></tr><tr><td>Рокъ,</td><td>The fate.</td></tr><tr><td>Уропъ,</td><td>The lesson.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 4.—By the same rule the vowel e, when inserted between two consonants in the words ending in ецъ, is left out in the declension, as :

<table><tr><td>The father,</td><td>Отецъ,</td><td>gen. Отцá, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>The merchant,</td><td>Купецъ,</td><td>gen. Купцá, etc.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 5.—There are, however, words which preserve the vowel e in all the cases, as :

<table><tr><td>The blacksmith,</td><td>Кузнецъ,</td><td>gen. Кузнецá, etc.</td></tr><tr><td>A proud man,</td><td>Гордцъ,</td><td>gen. Гордецá, etc.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 6.—The euphonic vowel e after the liquid consonants л, н, р, is replaced in declension by the soft semivowel Ь, in order to preserve the soft pronunciation of these liquid consonants, thus :

<table><tr><td>The lion,</td><td>Левъ,</td><td>gen. Львá.</td></tr><tr><td>The polecat,</td><td>Хорѣкъ,</td><td>gen. Хорѣкá.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 7.—When the euphonic e in the nominative case is preceded by a vowel, it is changed in all other cases into й :

<table><tr><td>A fighter,</td><td>Борецъ,</td><td>gen. Бойцá.</td></tr><tr><td>The hire,</td><td>Наёмъ,</td><td>gen. Наймá.</td></tr><tr><td>The forehead,</td><td>Лобъ,</td><td>gen. Лобá.</td></tr><tr><td>An eagle,</td><td>Орёлъ,</td><td>gen. Орлá.</td></tr><tr><td>The corner,</td><td>Уголъ,</td><td>gen. Углá.</td></tr></table>

( 41 )

Which candlestick have you ?
I have the gold candlestick.
Which shoe have you ?
I have the pretty leather shoe.

Какой у Васъ подсвѣчникъ?
У меня золотой подсвѣчникъ.
Какой у Васъ башмákъ?
У меня красивый кожаный башмákъ.

### OBS. 8.—Adjectives of full termination are usually placed before the substantives which they qualify, and agree with them in gender, number and case.

## EXERCISE IV.

Have you my beautiful shoe ?—Yes, sir, I have it.—Have you my old shoe ?—No, I have it not.—Have you my golden candlestick ?—No, I have it not.—Which eagle have you ?
I have the big eagle.—Have you my ugly handkerchief ?
No, I have (it) not.—Who has the beautiful handkerchief ?
I have (it) not, I have only the old one.—Which sugar have you ?—Yours.—Which boot have you ?—I have my leathern boot.—Which goose have you ?—I have the big goose.
Have you my goose ?—No, I have my own.—Have you my old knife ?—No, I have the new knife.—Have you a good knife ?—Yes, I have a good knife.—Which lantern have you ?—I have your old lantern.—Have you a handsome cloak ?—Yes, I have a handsome cloak.—Which cloak have you ?—I have the new cloak.—Have you a new table ?—No, I have the old table only.—Have you a large house ?—No, I have only a small house.—Which polecat have you ?—I have the little polecat.—Is this golden knife yours ?—No, the golden knife is not mine, but the silver knife is (mine).
Which knife have you ?—I have the golden knife.—Is this yard large ?—Yes.—Which yard is small ?—Mine.—Have you a new lantern ?—No, I have an old lantern.

( 43 )

<table><tr><td>Nominative,</td><td>The tea,</td><td>Именительный</td><td>пад. Чай.</td></tr><tr><td>Genitive,</td><td>Of the tea,</td><td>Родительный</td><td>пад. Чая.</td></tr><tr><td>Dative,</td><td>To the tea,</td><td>Датительный</td><td>пад. Чайо.</td></tr><tr><td>Accusative,</td><td>The tea,</td><td>Внешительный</td><td>пад. Чай.</td></tr><tr><td>Instrumental,</td><td>By the tea,</td><td>Творительный</td><td>пад. Чаемъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Prepositional,</td><td>Of the tea,</td><td>Предложный</td><td>пад. О чай.</td></tr></table>

Anything good, Что небудь хорóшаго.

Have you anything good ? } Есть-ли у Васъ что небудь хорóшаго ?
Have you something good ? }

<table><tr><td>Nothing of bad,</td><td>Ничего дурнáго.</td></tr><tr><td>I have nothing bad.</td><td>У меня петь ничегó дурнáго,</td></tr><tr><td>I have nothing good.</td><td>У меня петь ничегó хорóшаго.</td></tr></table>

Some (quantity), Нѣсколько.
What? Что?

OBS.—*Some* and *any*, used in an unlimited sense, are not translated, as :

Have you any tea ? Есть-ли у васъ чай ? — I have some, У меня есть чай.

<table><tr><td>What have you ?</td><td>Что у васъ ?</td></tr><tr><td>What have you good ?</td><td>Что у васъ хорóшаго ?</td></tr><tr><td>I have good tea.</td><td>У меня хорóшій чай.</td></tr></table>

OBS. 4.—The impersonal verb нѣтъ is never omitted. Нѣтъ derived from the ancient Russian нѣсть or не есть, and means ‘ *is not, there is not* ;’ therefore, у меня нѣтъ, word for word, will be, • *there is not to me.*

<table><tr><td>Iron,</td><td>adj.</td><td>Желѣзный.</td></tr><tr><td>Wooden,</td><td>adj.</td><td>Деревянный.</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton,</td><td>adj.</td><td rowspan="2">Бумажный.</td></tr><tr><td>Paper,</td><td>adj.</td></tr><tr><td>Stone,</td><td>adj.</td><td>Каменный.</td></tr><tr><td>Copper,</td><td>adj.</td><td>Метальный.</td></tr><tr><td>Woollen,</td><td>adj.</td><td>Суконный.</td></tr></table>

( 44 )

DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES.

СКЛОНÉНІЕ ИМЁНЬ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХЪ.

Full Hard Termination.

Singular.

<table><tr><td>Nominative,</td><td>Old,</td></tr><tr><td>Genitive,</td><td>Of the old,</td></tr><tr><td>Dative,</td><td>To the old,</td></tr><tr><td>Accusative,</td><td>Old,</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Instrumental, By the old,</td></tr><tr><td>Prepositional, Of the old,</td></tr></table>

ЕДИЩТВЕННОЕ ЧИСЛО.

<table><tr><td>Именительный,</td><td>пад.</td><td>Старый.</td></tr><tr><td>Родительный,</td><td>пад.</td><td>Стараго.</td></tr><tr><td>Дательный,</td><td>пад.</td><td>Старому.</td></tr><tr><td>Видительный,</td><td>пад.</td><td>Старый</td></tr><tr><td>ор. ст. стараго.</td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>Творительный,</td><td>пад.</td><td>Старымь.</td></tr><tr><td>Предложный,</td><td>пад.</td><td>О стар. мь.</td></tr></table>

ОBS. 5.—The Adjectives in declension must follow either the hard or soft termination, according to the table at the commencement of the First Lesson.

Only,

<table><tr><td>What have you ?</td></tr><tr><td>I have only the cloak.</td></tr><tr><td>Have you anything good ?</td></tr><tr><td>I have nothing good.</td></tr></table>

ТÓЛЬКО.

<table><tr><td>Что у вас ?</td></tr><tr><td>У меня только плащ.</td></tr><tr><td>Есть-и, у вас что письль хорóшаго</td></tr><tr><td>У меня письль ничего хорóшаго.</td></tr></table>

Him, Ero, (accusative and genitive of the pers. pron. онъ).

EXERCISE V.

Have you my golden cord ?—I have it.—Have you the good sugar ?—I have (it) not.—Which sugar have you ? I have the bad sugar.—Have you your gold candlestick ? No, I have it not.—What have you ?—I have the silver candlestick.—What have you bad ?—I have nothing bad ? Have you the cheese ?—No, I have nothing.—Which cord have you ?—I have the gold cord.—Have you good coffee ? I have no good coffee, I have good tea.—Which tea have you ?—I have your tea.—Have you something good ?—I

( 45 )

have good sugar and coffee.—What have you bad?—I have
a bad shoe.—Which shoe have you?—I have your shoe.
What have you handsome?—I have a handsome woollen
cloak.—Have you the handsome horse?—No, I have him
not.—Which boot have you?—I have the old leathern boot.
Have you my good cheese?—Yes, I have it.—Have you
the silver cord?—No, I have it not.—What have you?—I
have my bread.—Have you the fine goose?—I have not the
fine goose, I have the little polecat.

FIFTH LESSON.—Пятый Уропъ.

This, ЭТОТЪ, gen. этого, } Demonstrative pro-
That, ТОТЪ, gen. тогó. } nouns.

<table><tr><td>This man,</td><td>ЭТОТЪ ЧЕЛОВѣКЪ.</td></tr><tr><td>That fruit,</td><td>ТОТЪ ПЛОДЪ.</td></tr></table>

ОBS. 1.—Substantives having an adjectival termination are declined as adjectives :

The tailor, Портной, gen. портнáro.

ОBS. 2.—Some masculine nouns, ending in Ъ, Ы, Й when they signify divisible matter have in the genitive case the inflexion of у or ю instead of a or я, as :

<table><tr><td>The tobacco,</td><td>табákъ, gen. табакý.</td></tr><tr><td>The glue,</td><td>КЛѣЙ, gen. клѣю.</td></tr></table>

ОBS. 3.—The same inflexion of у or ю in the genitive is also taken by some nouns of inanimate or abstract objects, which preserve in the genitive the tonic accent of the nominative case, as :

<table><tr><td>The taste,</td><td>ВКУСЬ, gen. вкýсу.</td></tr><tr><td>The hour,</td><td>ЧАСЬ, gen. чáсу.</td></tr><tr><td>The occasion,</td><td>СЛУЧАЙ, gen. слýчáю.</td></tr></table>

( 46 )

### OBS. 4.—All such substantives may, however, have also in the genitive their regular inflexion of a, or я.

### NOTE.—The inflexion of y or ю in the genitive is used to indicate a quantity, and the inflexion of a, я in all other instances, thus will be:

A pound of tea, Фуптъ чáю.
The aroma of tea, Аромáть чáя.

### OBS. 5.—There are monosyllabic and dissyllabic words which, when preceded by the preposition въ or на, take in the prepositional case the inflexion of у or ю instead of Ё, as:

In the honey, Въ медý, instead of въ медѣ.
On the bridge, На мостý, instead of па мостѣ.

### OBS. 6.—Many of these monosyllabic and dissyllabic words may, however, take in the prepositional case either of these inflexions, i. e. у, ю, or а, я, as:

На домъ, ‘On the house;’ and на домý, ‘at home.’
Въ вйдѣ, ‘In the aspect;’ and въ вйдý, ‘in view.’

### NOTE.—In most cases, as is seen from the above examples, the nouns ending in the prepositional case in у, ю, lose their primary signification.

### OBS. 7.—The tonic accent is placed on the last syllable when a noun in the prepositional case ends in у, ю, as:

на домý, въ к.г.вю, etc.

That which. Тотъ, котóрый.
That (person) whom, Тотъ, котóрамо.
The one whom, Торó, котóрамо.

### OBS. 8.—The English possessive case is rendered in Russian by the repetition of the noun with the genitive.

( 49 )

Much, plenty, many, Много.
A little, not much, Мало, немного.
Enough, Довольно.

OBS.—Много, мало, довольно, and небсколько govern the genitive.

## EXERCISE VI.

Have you a hammer?—I have no hammer.—Has the merchant a hammer?—Yes, he has.—What (sort of a) hammer has your brother?—My brother has no hammer, but my cousin has an iron hammer.—Whose handkerchief have you?—I have my brother's handkerchief.—Whose enemy is he?—He is my enemy.—Which ass has the old man?—The old man has your old ass.—Whose horse have you?—I have the player's horse.—Whose hammer has he? He has my iron hammer.—Has he also your old leathern shoe?—No, he has it not.—Has the husband a brother? No, the husband has no brother.—Whose husband is this man?—This man is my old husband.—Has your enemy his horse?—No, sir, he has mine.—Whose thimble has the old tailor?—He has my cousin's thimble.—Have you my sugar and my honey?—No, sir, I have my honey and his sugar. Has this old player a new handkerchief?—No, he has no handkerchief, but his brother has.—Have you good tea? I have no good tea, I have good coffee.—Is this a silver thimble?—No, sir, it is an iron thimble.—Whose is this copper lantern?—Mine.—Is it not his?—No, he has no lantern.

## EXERCISE VII.

Have you some oats?—I have no oats.—What have you? I have plenty of sugar.—Has your father enough tobacco? He has not much, but enough.—Have you plenty of honey?

E

( 50 )

I have not enough honey.—Have you my tobacco?—I have no tobacco.—I have your tea, and he has your sugar. The brother has not much bread.—Has not the merchant my silver lantern?—He has not the lantern.—Has the stupid man plenty of tobacco and plenty of tea?—He has plenty of tobacco, but not much tea.—The old merchant's young son has plenty of beautiful velvet.—Has the stupid man my large knife?—He has not yours, but his own small knife.—Which merchant has fine barley?—The rich one. Has not the blacksmith the hammer?—He has not the hammer, but some oats.—Whose bread has he?—He has the old man's bread.—Has not the merchant's boy an ass?—He has no ass, but a horse. Has the merchant my table?—Yes, he has your table.—The merchant has no bread, and the old man has no cheese.—The player has some bread, but not enough cheese.—Have you not my good friend's handkerchief? You have it.—Has he not his stocking?—He has.—Has his brother plenty of tobacco?—A little.—Has the player the white handkerchief?—Yes.—Which eagle has the boy? He has the white eagle.—Whose is the white eagle?—The boy's white eagle.

SIXTH LESSON.—Шестой Урокъ.

The bootmaker,
The shoemaker,
The blacksmith,
Coal,
Charcoal,
The stag,
The pigeon,
The kettle,

Санбожникъ.
Башмачникъ:
Кузнецъ, ген кузнецá.
Каменчый уголь.
Уголь, ген. уг.я.
Олень, ген. олénя.
Голубь.
Котёль, ген. котлá.

( 53 )

have plenty of bread and some honey.—Whose black horse
have you?—I have not the black, but the rich banker's
white horse.—Is this fine big pigeon yours?—It is not
mine.—Have you not any coal?—I have some charcoal.
Who has plenty of tobacco?—The carpenter and the mason
have not plenty of tobacco, but they have wax.—Who has
good strong tea?—The Russian or the German has it.
Has the Spaniard plenty of sugar?—He has a little of it.
Has the merchant enough coal?—He has not enough (of it),
but the rich Englishman has plenty (of coal).—Has the
carpenter the wooden hammer?—He has not.—Has not
the joiner a wooden chair or a table?—He has neither the
wooden chair nor the wooden table, but (he has) a good
iron coffer.

## EXERCISE IX.

Has the Russian a good umbrella?—Yes, he has a good
umbrella.—Whose good umbrella?—The German's.—Have
you my brother's good lead-pencil, or this good boy's small
penknife?—I have neither his lead-pencil nor the penknife.
What has your friend?—He has his and my old neighbour's
coal and wax.—Which old neighbour's?—The baker's.
Has not the Englishman the stocking and the cord?—He
has not the stocking but (he) has the Russian's golden cord.
Has not the Italian a little glue?—Neither the Italian nor
the Spaniard have any glue.—Have you the Frenchman's
or the merchant's tobacco?—I have neither the Frenchman's
nor the merchant's tobacco, I have the shoemaker's white
wax only.—Has the young Englishman a silver candlestick ?
No, not a silver but a copper one.—Who has the black-
smith's large iron hammer?—Neither the merchant nor he

( 55 )

<table><tr><td>Have I?</td><td>Имѣю ли я?</td></tr><tr><td>Have I the cloak?</td><td>Есть- ли у меня?</td></tr><tr><td>You have it.</td><td>Ты меня- ли плашь?</td></tr><tr><td>You have not.</td><td>Онъ у васъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Have I something good?</td><td>Онъ не у васъ.</td></tr><tr><td>You have nothing good.</td><td>Его у васъ нѣтъ.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Имѣю ли я что писѣть хорóшаго?</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Есть ли у меня что писѣть хорóшаго?</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>У васъ нетъ пичегó хорóшаго.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 1.—In interrogative sentences the verb stands before the subject, but when a sentence begins with an interrogative pronoun or other interrogative word, the verb may be placed either before or after the subject, as:

<table><tr><td>ВЫДИТЕ ЛИ ВЫ?</td><td>Do you see?</td></tr><tr><td>ЧТО ВЫ ВЫДИТЕ?</td><td>What do you see?</td></tr><tr><td>ЧТО ВЫДИТЕ ВЫ?</td><td></td></tr></table>

### OBS. 2.—As it has been already remarked, the interrogative in Russian may be rendered in four different ways:

1. Commencing a sentence with есть- ли, as:

Have you the bread? Есть- ли у васъ хлебъ?

2. Commencing a sentence by a verb, followed by the interrogative particle ли, as:

Have you an umbrella? Имѣете ли вы зоптикъ?

3. By an adverb or an adjective apocopated, followed also by ли:

Is this a kind man? Добръ- ли этотъ человекъ?

4. By the preposition у, followed by a noun or pronoun with ли, as:

<table><tr><td>Has the father a horse?</td><td>У отца ли копь.</td></tr><tr><td>Have I the umbrella?</td><td>У меня ли зоптикъ?</td></tr></table>

["( 57 )", "<table><tr><td>Nominative,</td><td>Fresh,</td><td>Имеющий</td><td>пад. свѣжий.</td></tr><tr><td>Genitive,</td><td>Of fresh,</td><td>Родительный</td><td>пад. свѣжаго.</td></tr><tr><td>Dative,</td><td>To fresh,</td><td>Дательный</td><td>пад. свѣжему.</td></tr><tr><td>Accusative,</td><td>Fresh,</td><td>Винительный</td><td>пад. свѣжий, свѣжаго.</td></tr><tr><td>Instrumental,</td><td>By fresh,</td><td>Творительный</td><td>пад. свѣжимъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Prepositional,</td><td>Of fresh,</td><td>Предложный</td><td>пад. о свѣжемъ.</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Steel, adjective,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr

( 58 )

sand nor wax.—Has the ass enough oats?—No, he has not enough.—Has the old bootmaker his own boot or mine? Not yours, but his (own).—Whose stag has he?—The merchant's.—Has he the stag only, or also the pigeon?—He has the stag only.—Who has no tea?—The confectioner's brother and the old joiner have (it) not.

## EXERCISE XI.

Which ox has your friend?—My kind friend has his neighbour's, the Russian's ox.—Has he also the cook's big ram?—No, he has not his ram.—Whose pigeon has that merchant?—That merchant has no pigeon.—Has the confectioner a good pie, and is he your neighbour?—The confectioner has no pie, and he is not my neighbour.—Has this poor merchant and that rich banker plenty of sugar, honey, tea and wax?—The poor merchant has only plenty of honey, and a little sugar, tea and wax; but the rich banker has nothing, neither wax nor tea.—How much black tea has this merchant's father?—He has not enough of it. Whose friend is this Frenchman? and whose friend is that German?—This Frenchman is the friend (acquaintance) of that Englishman, and that German is the friend of this Spaniard.—Is your cook a Spaniard?—He is not a Spaniard, but a Russian.—What is the matter with you?—There is nothing the matter with me.—Which piece of bread is mine?—This small piece is yours.—Has the joiner or the mason the carpenter's nail?—Neither the joiner nor the mason (has it), but his cook has it.—Has not the neighbour an iron or wooden hammer?—He has neither a wooden nor iron hammer.—Have not I good sugar or bad coffee?—You have nothing.—Have I something good?—You have good tea.—Has the prince the stone castle and the beautiful

( 62 )

<table><tr><td>The soldier,</td><td>Солдатъ.</td></tr><tr><td>A burgher,</td><td>Мъщанънъ.</td></tr><tr><td>The citizen,</td><td>Гражданъшъ.</td></tr><tr><td>A gentleman,</td><td>Дворянъшъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Andrew,</td><td>Андрей.</td></tr><tr><td>Nicolas,</td><td>Николай.</td></tr><tr><td>Alexis,</td><td>Алексей.</td></tr></table>

## EXERCISE XII.

Who is this soldier? — He is an Englishman. — To whom
does this officer give his lion? — He gives it to his father.
To whom do I give my handsome horse? — You give him
to nobody. — Who has my red coffer? — The kind black-
smith has it. — Do I give the diligent boy my lead-pencil?
No, you give him your penknife only. — Does he not give
him good vinegar? — He gives him only a little tea and
sugar. — Do we not give the merchant enough velvet? — Yes,
we give the rich merchant enough velvet, but little silk.
To whom do you give a little silk? — To the kind brother’s
shoemaker. — Does the blacksmith give his iron hammer?
No, he does not give it, and he has not his own hammer.
Has not the burgher oats? — He has no oats, but the citizen
has plenty. — Which gentleman has a stone house? — The
rich gentleman. — Does not the master give tobacco to his
footman? — He gives him nothing. — To whom do you give
your leathern boot? — I give it to nobody. — To whom does
this burgher give that ram? — He gives it to his brother.
Does not he give him also his ox? — No, he has no ox. — Do
I not give the pretty pigeon to his diligent son? — You do
not give it to him. — Who has my white biscuit? — The
baker has it. — Which baker? — The industrious baker. — Who
has the black bread? — Nobody has it. — Has the peasant a
cotton handkerchief? — He has not a cotton, but a silk one.

( 63 )

Has not the soldier rice, tea, sugar and coffee?—He has nothing, he has stale bread only.—What do I give to the sentinel?—You give him nothing.—Has the officer his (own) coffer?—He has not his own coffer.—Who is this Russian?—This Russian is the banker's doctor.—Is he a good doctor?—Yes, he is a very good one.

## EXERCISE XIII.

Has some one my cloak?—The tailor has it.—Has someone my velvet?—No, nobody has it.—Does the Englishman give his horse to this rich citizen?—He gives him his lion only.—Which Frenchman has a beautiful castle?—The rich one.—Has not Andrew his boot?—He has no boot; he has Nicolas's bad shoe.—Which Nicolas?—The one who has a pretty wooden house.—Has the kind citizen plenty of sugar and tea?—He has a little sugar, but enough tea.—Do not I give the peasant my honey?—You do not give him your honey, but you give your barley.—Who has the diligent boy's pencil?—The industrious peasant has it.—Which peasant?—The one who has a poor wooden house.—To whom do you not give your umbrella?—I do not give it to my footman.—Has not the carpenter my hammer?—He has neither yours nor his hammer.—What has he?—He has nothing.—Do you not give him something?—I give him nothing.—Has somebody my coffer?—The poor peasant has it.—Which peasant?—The one who has the handsome cock and the chicken.—Who has the white diamond?—The commission-agent has it.—Which diamond has he?—The kind Russian's diamond.—Has this player my umbrella? He has not yours, but his own.—Has he an iron nail or a wooden hammer?—He has neither nail nor hammer.—Who has the ham?—Nobody has it.—Has the boy his brother's

( 65 )

The man (whom) he sees is my
friend.

The knife (which) he gives him is
mine.

Человѣкъ, котوبраго онъ вѣдитъ, мой
другъ.

Ножъ, который онъ даетъ ему, мой.

### OBS. 1.—The relative pronoun котóрый in Russian is never omitted.

## DECLENSION OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

### Masculine Singular.

<table><tr><td>Nominative, This,</td><td>этотъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Genitive, Of this,</td><td>этого.</td></tr><tr><td>Dative, To this,</td><td>этому.</td></tr><tr><td>Accusative, This,</td><td>этотъ, этого.</td></tr><tr><td>Instrumental, By this,</td><td>этимъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Prepositional, Of this,</td><td>объ этомъ.</td></tr></table>

<table><tr><td>That,</td><td>тотъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Of that,</td><td>тогó.</td></tr><tr><td>To that,</td><td>томý.</td></tr><tr><td>That,</td><td>тотъ, тогó.</td></tr><tr><td>By that,</td><td>тěмь.</td></tr><tr><td>Of that,</td><td>о томъ.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 2.—The impersonal verb нѣтъ and the negative particle не before active verbs govern the genitive case, as :

<table><tr><td>I have no bread,</td><td>У меня нѣтъ хлѣба.</td></tr><tr><td>I do not see the garden,</td><td>Я не вижу сáда.</td></tr></table>

But if he does not imply negation of a verb, it does not govern the genitive, as :

<table><tr><td>Have I this or that?</td><td>Этотъ ли у меня илп тотъ?</td></tr><tr><td>You have this, but not that.</td><td>У васъ этотъ а не тотъ.</td></tr></table>

But,

Has the merchant the green or the
red velvet?

He has not the green, but the red.

He has this, but not that.

Strong,
Yellow,
The ticket,
The garret,
The warehouse,
The grain,
The corn,

но, а, однáко.

Зелёный ли бáрхатъ у купцá или
крáсный?

У негó не зелёный а крásный.

У негó этотъ а не тотъ.

Крѣпкий.

Желтый.

Билётъ.

Чердákъ.

Амбárь.

Зернó.

Хлѣбъ (зерновой).

F

( 66 )

To love, to like, Любойть.

Do you love ?
Do you like ?
I love,
I like,

Любите ли вы ?

Я люблю.

Do you like a large house ?

I do not like.

What do you like ?

I love my father and my brother.

I love, Я люблю.
Thou lovest, Ты любишь.
He loves, Онъ любишь.

Любите ли вы большой домъ ?

Я не люблю.

Что вы любите?

Я люблю своего отца и своего брата.

We love, Мы любимъ.

You love, Вы любите.

They love, Онъ любятъ.

To see,

What ship do you see ?

see the rich Englishman's ship.

'hom do I see?

What do I see ?

Видѣть.

Какой корабль видите вы ?

Я вижу корабль богатаго Англичанника.

Когор я вижу ?

Что я вижу.

Whom (relative pronoun),

Who?

Which (relative pronoun),

Когор, котораго.

Кто?

Который, котóраго.

OBS. 3.—The relative pronoun который is used in both cases, whether the antecedent is an animate or inanimate object.

Do you see the friend whom your brother loves?

I do not see him.

Dost thou see?

Thou dost not see

The table, which I do not give.

What do they see?

Do you like this man?

No, I do not like him.

Do you like the lemon which you have?

Видите ли вы друга, котóраго любить вашъ братъ?

Я его не вижу.

Видишь ли ты?

Ты не видишь

Столъ, котóраго я не даю.

Что онъ видятъ?

Любите ли вы этого человека?

Нѣтъ, я его не люблю.

Любите ли вы лимонъ, который у васъ?

( 68 )

neighbour, the peasant?—I like him and he likes me.—Has the master the diligent boy's pencil?—He has not the boy's pencil, he has my friend's pencil only.—Has the peasant the ox or the ram?—He has neither the ox nor the ram, he has the goat.—Do you see the rich Englishman's garden? I see his pretty garden and his large house.—Do you see the guide's house?—I see it, and I see the young prince's large horse.—Which prince?—The one (whom) you like. Which wooden hammer do you see?—My brother's and my wooden hammer.—Does he see the great king's large town? Yes, he sees his large town, but does not see his magnificent castle.

## EXERCISE XV.

Which castle do you see?—I see the rich prince's castle. Do you see also the king's castle?—No, I do not see his castle, but I see his beautiful garden.—Whose garden do you see?—I see the rich Englishman's garden.—Do you not see my handkerchief?—I do not see it, but I see mine. Whom do you like?—I like my friend's son and my enemy's pupil.—He likes neither your friend's son nor your enemy's pupil.—What tea do you like?—I like good tea and strong coffee.—What garden has the prince?—He has a large and beautiful garden.—Whose friend (acquaintance) is this Russian?—He is my father's friend.—Has the celebrated foreigner his own pocket-book?—No, he has (it) not.—Who has it?—My kind cousin has it.—Have I this cock or that goose?—You have neither this cock nor that goose.—What have I?—You have a large eagle.—Do you like this pie? No, I do not like this pie.—Which pie do you like?—That which you see.—I do not see the pie.—What do you see? I see nothing.

( 69 )

## EXERCISE XVI.

Do you give bread to your goat?—No, I give him oats only.—Does he give good oats to his (own) ass and to my goat?—He gives neither oats nor bread, but (gives) barley only.—Has the inn-keeper a red or yellow handkerchief? He has neither a red nor yellow handkerchief, but he has a white one.—Which inn do I see?—That which the kind officer, your friend, sees.—What tobacco have you?—I have the sailor's excellent tobacco.—Do you give to your brother a little tobacco?—I give him a little tobacco, but I give the sailor plenty of it.—Who gives the poor peasant a piece of stale bread?—The kind boy gives him the bread.—To whom do you give the young cock?—I give him to nobody.—Who has my old shoe?—The shoemaker has it.—Which shoemaker?—Yours.—Has he the iron hammer?—He has (it) not.—Who has it?—His carpenter has it.—Has the banker my red leather pocket-book?—No, he has not yours, but his own.—What has the rich prince's cook?—He has nothing. Has somebody my steel penknife?—Nobody has it.—Do you like your cousin?—I like him, but my brother does not. Do you not give this boy the bread?—I do not.

## TENTH LESSON.—Десáтый Урóкъ.

By whom? Къмъ?

Who has done this?

Кто это сдѣлалъ?

By whom is this done?

Къмъ это сделано?

My father.

Мой отецъ.

By my father.

Мой мъ отцомъ.

### OBS. 1.—With the passive voice the agent must be in the instrumental case without a preposition; the instrumental case is also used in answer to the questions, *By whom? by what? (with what?)*

( 73 )

By whom is this made ?

By this man.

Of which man do you speak ?

Of that man.

With whom is your brother ?

He is with his father.

Къмъ это сдълано ?

Этимъ человекомъ.

О какомъ человекъ говорите вы ?

О томъ человекъ.

Съ къмъ вашъ братъ.

Онъ со своимъ отцомъ.

## EXERCISE XVII.

With whom is your brother? — He is with my father. — Is the modest pupil with the master? — No, he is not with him, but with his own brother. — Do you see the bootmaker with my new boot? — I do not see him, but my brother does. With whom does the kind prince speak? — He speaks with my kind old father. — Whom do you see? — I see my cook with a piece of bacon. — Whose bacon has he? — He has that of my neighbour, the baker. — By whom is this table made? It is made by this honest joiner. — What has this boy? — He has a pie with cheese. — With whom does he speak? — He speaks with the kind master's modest pupil. — Do you see the baker with the white bread? — I do not see the baker with the white bread, but I see the young man with the pie. With which pie? — With the confectioner's pie. — Has he not my wooden coffer? — He has (it) not. — Do you not see the carpenter with the iron hammer? — I see him with his brother. — Which sack has the peasant? — He has the miller's new sack. — Of which boy do you speak? — I speak of that pretty boy, whom you see. — Of which ship does the captain speak? — He speaks of his neighbour's pretty ship. Which neighbour? — The rich banker. — Do you speak of your shoe or of mine? — I speak neither of mine nor of yours, but of my shoemaker's shoe. — Which polecat has he? — He has the miller's polecat.

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EXERCISE XVIII.

Which tea do you like ?—I like black tea.—Which tea
do you speak of with the merchant ?—Of mine.—Of what
does he speak with that rich merchant ?—He speaks with
him of his son, who is his clerk.—Does he speak with him
also ?—No, he does not speak with him.—Has he the white
bread with cheese ?—With what ?—With the young mer-
chant's good cheese ?—He has no bread with cheese, but has
a pie with honey.—By whom is the steel nail given to thee ?
By the industrious blacksmith.—Does he see the eagle ?
He sees the boy with the eagle.—Has not the blacksmith a
new iron nail and an old wooden hammer ?—He has no-
thing.—Of which lantern do you speak ?—I speak of that
of the king's sentry.—With which sentry is your brother ?
With the kind king's sentry.—Do you see me with my
young brother ?—I see you, but do not see your brother.
To whom does he give his large house with the beautiful
garden ?—He gives his (own) house with the garden to
his son.—Of which son do you speak ?—Of the one that
has a castle with a large yard.—Are your new houses
large ?—No, they are not, but those of my brother are.
By whom is this castle given to the prince ?—It is given
to the prince by the king.—I speak of his garden, but he
speaks of his house.—Thou speakest of the castle, of the
yard, and his ship.—The house is mine, but the garden
is his; the garden is thine, but the castle is his.—These
houses are yours, but those are mine.—Has he your ham-
mers ?—No, he has his own hammers only.

( 75 )

ELEVENTH LESSON.

Одипадцатый Уропъ.

Masculine Plural, Мпожественное Число Мӳжескаго
Рода.

There are two numbers in the Russian language :—

The Singular,
The Plural,

Едипственное Число.

Множественное Число.

Masculine Substantives have in the plural, as in the
singular, two declensions—hard and soft.

<table><tr><td>Nominative, { Old gardens.<br/>Старые сады.</td><td>Nom. { Ancient kings,<br/>Дрěвніе королі,<br/>Heroes.<br/>Герón.</td></tr><tr><td>Genitive, Старыхъ садовъ.</td><td>Gen. Древнихъ королей, Герón.</td></tr><tr><td>Dative, Старымъ садамъ.</td><td>Dat. Древнимъ королямъ, Герón.</td></tr><tr><td>Accusative, Старые сады.</td><td>Acc. Древнихъ королей, Герón.</td></tr><tr><td>Instrumental, Старыми садами.</td><td>Inst. Древними королями, Герón.</td></tr><tr><td>Prepositional, Старыхъ садахъ.</td><td>Prep. Древнихъ короляхъ, Герón.</td></tr></table>

According to the above examples are declined all regular masculine nouns in the plural, subject however to the rules of permutation of vowels, of which the following are the most important:

1. Substantives ending in ъ, preceded by г, к, х, ж, ч, ш, щ, form their nominative plural in и instead of ы.

2. Substantives in ъ, preceded by ж, ч, ш, щ, take in the genitive plural the inflexion of ей instead of овъ.

( 77 )

<table><tr><td>I have,</td><td>У меня есть.</td></tr><tr><td>We have,</td><td>У пась есть.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 1.—Есть, when expressing possession, is used also for the plural, as :

<table><tr><td>Have the merchants ships?</td><td>Есть ли у купцовъ корабли?</td></tr><tr><td>They have ships.</td><td>У них есть корабли.</td></tr></table>

### They, Опъ.

### OBS. 2.—Опъ, when with a preposition, takes the letter н in oblique cases.

<table><tr><td>The masters (teachers),</td><td>Учителей and Учителей.</td></tr><tr><td>The candlesticks,</td><td>Подсвѣчники.</td></tr><tr><td>The booksellers,</td><td>Книгопродавцы.</td></tr><tr><td>The cloaks,</td><td>Плащи.</td></tr><tr><td>The neighbours,</td><td>Состди, gen. сосѣдей.</td></tr><tr><td>The merchants,</td><td>Купцы.</td></tr><tr><td>The umbrellas,</td><td>Зоптыки.</td></tr><tr><td>The hammers,</td><td>Молотки.</td></tr><tr><td>The joiners,</td><td>Столярй.</td></tr><tr><td>The oxen,</td><td>Быкъ.</td></tr><tr><td>The captains,</td><td>Капитаны.</td></tr><tr><td>The bakers,</td><td>Булочники.</td></tr><tr><td>The knives,</td><td>Ножъ.</td></tr><tr><td>The smokers,</td><td>Курльщики.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 3.—Substantives ending in ъ, which take in the nominative plural a or я instead of ы, have the accent generally on the last syllable, as :

<table><tr><td>The house,</td><td>Домъ, plur. домá.</td></tr><tr><td>The sleeve,</td><td>Рукавъ, plur. рукавá.</td></tr><tr><td>The doctor,</td><td>Докторъ, plur. докторá.</td></tr><tr><td>The bell,</td><td>Колоколъ, plur. колоколá.</td></tr><tr><td>The cook,</td><td>Поваръ, plnr. поварá.</td></tr><tr><td>The town,</td><td>Городъ, plur. городá.</td></tr></table>

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### OBS. 4.—Some homonymous words have more than one termination in the nominative plural, *i. e.* Ы, a and ья, as:

<table><tr><td>The tooth,</td><td>Зубъ,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{ЗУБЫ (of animate beings).<br/>{ЗУБЬЯ (of combs, saws, etc.).</td></tr><tr><td>The leaf, sheet,</td><td>Листъ,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{ЛИСТЫ (of paper).<br/>{ЛИСТЬЯ (of plants).</td></tr><tr><td>The man,</td><td>Мужъ,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{МУЖИ, men, (Slavonic).*</td></tr><tr><td>The husband,</td><td>Мужья,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{МУЖЬЯ, the husbands.</td></tr><tr><td>The bellows,</td><td>Мёхъ,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{МЁХИ, the bellows.</td></tr><tr><td>The fur,</td><td>Мёхá,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{МЁХА, the furs.</td></tr><tr><td>The son,</td><td>Сыпъ,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{СЫНЫ (Slavonic).*<br/>{СЫНОВЬЯ, the sons.</td></tr><tr><td>The bread,</td><td>Хлѣбъ,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{ХЛѣБЫ, the loaves of bread.</td></tr><tr><td>The corn,</td><td>Хлѣбá,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{ХЛѣБА, corn.</td></tr><tr><td>The flower,</td><td>Цвѣтъ,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{ЦВЕТЫ, the flowers.<br/>{ЦВЕТÁ, the colours.</td></tr><tr><td>The colour,</td><td>Цвѣтá,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{ЦВЕТЫ, the sculls.<br/>{ЦВЕТЬЯ, the shells.</td></tr><tr><td>The scull,</td><td>Черепъ,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{ЧЕРЕПЫ, the shells.</td></tr><tr><td>The shell,</td><td>Черепá,</td><td>plur.</td><td>{ЧЕРЕПЬЯ, the shells.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 5.—Some substantives take for the plural both Ы and a, without affecting the meaning, as:

<table><tr><td>The houses,</td><td>{ДОМЫ,<br/>{ДОМА.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 6.—Some substantives, employed in a collective sense, take a or ья for the plural, as:

<table><tr><td>The root,</td><td>Корепь, plural корěнья.</td></tr><tr><td>The house,</td><td>Домъ, plural домá.</td></tr><tr><td>The hair,</td><td>Волосъ, plural воюсá.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 7.—Collective nouns, whether animate or inanimate, have always the accusative like the genitive: ВОЙСКО, 'army,' accusative ВОЙСКО.

How many sons have you? Сколько у васъ сыновей?

* As 'sons of the country,' } сыны отěчества.
  children of the soil, }

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### OBS. 8.—Most substantives ending in ӗпокъ form their plural in ята or áta, as:

<table><tr><td>The child,</td><td>ребӗпокъ;</td><td>plural,</td><td>ребӑта.</td></tr><tr><td>The calf,</td><td>телӗпокъ;</td><td>plural,</td><td>телӑта.</td></tr><tr><td>The bear's cub,</td><td>медвӗжӗпокъ;</td><td>plural,</td><td>медвӗжӑта.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 9.—In the declension of the plural of substantives ending in áпинъ or япинъ, áринъ or яринъ, the last syllable пп is omitted, and they take for the plural e instead of ы.

<table><tr><td>The citizen,</td><td>гражданӑпъ;</td><td>plural,</td><td>граждӑпе.</td></tr><tr><td>The gentleman,'</td><td>дворӑпӑпъ;</td><td>plural,</td><td>дворӑпе.</td></tr><tr><td>The peasant,</td><td>крестьӑнпъ;</td><td>plural,</td><td>крестьӑпе.</td></tr><tr><td>A Bulgarian,</td><td>Болгӑрпъ;</td><td>plural,</td><td>Болгӑре.</td></tr><tr><td>A lord, gentleman,</td><td>бояринъ;</td><td>plural,</td><td>бояре.</td></tr><tr><td>A gipsy,</td><td>цыгӑпъ;</td><td>plural,</td><td>цыгӑпе.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 10.—The substantive сос̧дъ, ‘the neighbour,’ and холопъ, ‘the servant,’ have for the plural сос̧ди, холопи.

### OBS. 11.—The substantives братъ, ‘the brother;,’ хозӑпнъ, ‘the master;,’ другъ, ‘the friend;,’ сынъ, ‘the son;’ шуринъ, ‘the brother-in-law;’ have for the plural братья, хозӑева, друзья, сыновья, шурья.

<table><tr><td>The sentry,</td><td>часовӑй;</td><td>genitive, часовӑго;</td><td>plural, часовйе.</td></tr><tr><td>The tailor,</td><td>портпӑй;</td><td>genitive, портнӑго;</td><td>plural, портнйе.</td></tr><tr><td>The waiter,</td><td>половӑй?</td><td>genitive, половӑго;</td><td>plural, половйе.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 12.—Substantives ending in жъ, чъ, шъ, щъ, take ей for the genitive plural, as:

<table><tr><td>The husband,</td><td>мужъ;</td><td>plural, мужъй;</td><td>genitive, мужей.</td></tr><tr><td>The cloak,</td><td>плащъ;</td><td>plural, плащй;</td><td>genitive, плащей.</td></tr><tr><td>The key,</td><td>ключъ;</td><td>plural, ключй;</td><td>genitive, ключей.</td></tr><tr><td>The cabin,</td><td>шалашъ;</td><td>plural, шалашй;</td><td>genitive, шалашей.</td></tr></table>

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I seek,
I am seeking,
} я пшý.
Thou seekest, ты пшешь.
He seeks, опъ пшетъ.

Have you many horses ?
I have not many.

We seek, мы пшемъ.
You seek, вы пшете.
They seek, они пшутъ.

Мнóго ли у васъ коней ?
У мěнá пе мнóго.

EXERCISE XIX.

What has the shepherd ?—He has oxen, goats and asses.
What oxen has he ?—He has large and young oxen.—Have
the merchants velvet ?—They have no velvet, but the
merchants, who have the beautiful stockings, have good
velvet also.—Do not you see those geese with the beautiful
young pigeons ?—I do not see them, but I see here the old
eagles, which he sees also.—What do you seek ?—I seek
my pencils.—With whom do you speak ?—I speak with my
friends.—Do you like your friends ?—Yes, I do (like them).
Have the tailors their own thimbles ?—They have their
own.—Where have you my knives ?—I have them not, I
seek them.—What have the carpenters ?—They have the
joiners' iron hammers.—Do you not seek the asses of the
Italian ?—No, I seek those of the miller.—Do you like
horses ?—I do.—Have the rich tailors the cloaks ?—No, they
have them not, the inn-keepers have them.—What have the
brave captains ?—They have good soldiers.—What does the
rich banker seek ?—He seeks his leather shoes.—Has he
many brothers ?—He has many (of them).—Has he not your
pretty handkerchiefs ?—He has not mine, but his own.
What handkerchiefs have the merchants ?—They have the
bad handkerchiefs of the foreigners.—Which foreigners ?
The ones, whom you do not like.—Have the sailors good
ships ?—The sailors have no good ships.—Who has them ?
The rich captains have them—Have the boys pretty umbrel-

( 84 )

las ?—Yes, they have.—What have your booksellers ?—They have fine houses.—What are their houses ?—Their houses are large.

## EXERCISE XX.

Has the joiner iron nails ?—No, he has not nails.—What houses have they ?—They have pretty houses.—What castles have the Frenchmen ?—They have no castles, but have houses with yards.—Whose iron hammers has he ? He has those of the joiners.—Have these pupils good masters ?—They have excellent masters.—Whose biscuits has the baker ?—He has those of his neighbours, the confectioners.—Have your friends my fine knives ?—They have not your knives, they have those of the cooks only.—Whose cooks are these men ?—Mine. — Has he wooden tables ? Yes, he has plenty of them.—Who has the rich merchants’ gold candlesticks ?—Nobody has them.—They have them. What horses does your friend like ?—He likes black horses, but does not like grey ones.—Who gives him the pies ? The rich merchant’s cooks.—What have their brothers ? They have wooden coffers, large copper lanterns and pretty silver candlesticks.—What bags have these peasants ? These peasants have no bags, but our cooks have (some). Are you seeking the soldier’s tobacco or the smoker’s ?—I seek neither the soldier’s nor the smoker’s tobacco, I seek my own.—Have you many boots ?—I have no boots, I have shoes only.—Have the cocks and the pigeons barley ? They have a little barley.—What has this officer ?—Which officer ?—The one whom the colonel does not like.—He has nothing.—Has he his own boots ?—He has not his own, he has the bootmaker’s boots only.—Have you any shoes ? Yes, I have.

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## TWELFTH LESSON.—Двѣнадцатый Урōкъ.

### Augmentative and Diminutive Nouns.

**OBS. 1.**—Masculine augmentative nouns have the termination in ́ище or ́ина, which represent the object in a magnified form, sometimes also express contempt for, or deformity in the object, as:

<table><tr><td>Муж̧икъ, а peasant,</td><td>Муж̧ичище, a big peasant.<br/>Муж̧ичина, a big, coarse peasant.</td></tr><tr><td>Домъ, a house,</td><td>Дом̧ище, a big house.<br/>Домъна, a big, ugly house.</td></tr></table>

As the above terminations are not of the masculine gender, they will be treated hereafter.

Masculine diminutives have the following terminations:

### ИКЪ, ОКЪ, ЕКЪ, ЕЦЪ,

which represent the object diminished in size, as:

<table><tr><td>A table, столъ, diminutive</td><td>Столикъ, little table.</td></tr><tr><td>A shed, сарӑй, „</td><td>Сарӑецъ, little shed.</td></tr><tr><td>A horse, конь, „</td><td>Конёкъ, little horse.</td></tr><tr><td>A town, городъ, „</td><td>Городокъ, little town.</td></tr><tr><td>A man, человекъ, „</td><td>Человѣчекъ, a little man,<br/>a manikin.</td></tr></table>

**OBS. 2.**—The diminutive full terminations for adjectives are: енъкій or енькой, and онькій or онькой. These terminations indicate a diminution of quality or a softening of the force of their primitives.

More detailed explanations of augmentative and diminutive nouns will be given further on.

<table><tr><td>Nominative, We, you, they,</td><td>Мы, вы, онй.</td></tr><tr><td>Genitive, Of us, of you, of them,</td><td>Насъ, васъ, ихъ (нихъ).</td></tr><tr><td>Dative, To us, to you, to them.</td><td>Намъ, вамъ, пмъ (нймъ).</td></tr><tr><td>Accusative, Us, you, them,</td><td>Насъ, васъ, ихъ (нихъ).</td></tr><tr><td>Instrumental, By us, by you, by them,</td><td>Намъ, вамъ, ймъ (нймъ).</td></tr><tr><td>Prepositional, Of us, of you, of them,</td><td>О насъ, о васъ, о нихъ.</td></tr></table>

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### OBS. 4.—According to the above example are declined all regular substantives and adjectives of hard termination. In names of animate beings, however, the accusative is like the genitive, as:

An ox, Быкъ; accusative singular, Быкá; accusative plural, Быковъ.

#### *Exceptions.*

The following substantives—зубъ, ‘a tooth;’ чéрепъ, ‘a scull;’ клинъ, ‘a wedge;’ колъ, ‘a stake;’ стумъ, ‘a chair;’ ободъ, ‘a felly;’ брать, ‘a brother;’ листъ, ‘a leaf;’ лоскүтъ, ‘a rag, scrap;’ прутъ, ‘a twig;’ полозъ, ‘a slide;’ брусъ, ‘a beam;’ колосъ, ‘an ear (of corn);’ батогъ, ‘a rod;’ клокъ, ‘a lock;’ крюкъ, ‘a hook;’ сукъ, ‘a knot (in wood);’ кáмень, ‘a stone;’ кóрень, ‘a root;’ юголь, ‘coal;’ волдырь, ‘a boil’—form their plural irregularly, i.e. nom. inья, gen. девь, dat. يامъ, inst. ямь, prep. яхъ. The gutturals г, к, before ь, changing into ж, ч, as: батóжья, клóчья, крючья, сýчья.

### OBS. 5.—In all the above substantives the accent, if on the first syllable, passes to the middle one, except in the word юголь, which preserves the accent on the first syllable, as:

ýголь, plural ýголья.

### OBS. 6.—In a partitive sense, батógъ, крюкъ, кáмень, корень, form also their plural in и, as батогí, крюкí, кámнí.

### OBS. 7.—Брать, свать, сынъ, for the gen. and acc. plur. have also брatiй, сватовéй, сынóвъ. Листý, sheets (of paper), gen. листовъ.

What does the banker seek ?

He is seeking his pocket-book.

Что ющетъ банкýръ?

Онъ ющетъ свой бумáжнпкъ.

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## EXERCISE XXI.

Are you seeking your boots or mine?—I seek neither yours nor mine, I seek those of the count.—Which count? The one who has excellent gardens.—What have these beggars?—They have old shoes.—What tickets does he seek?—He does not seek tickets, he seeks his pocket-books. Do you like this kind prince?—I like not only this kind prince, but his sons also.—Does he like this merchant's sons?—Yes, he likes them.—To whom did you give your pencils, to masters (teachers) or pupils?—I gave them neither to masters nor pupils, I gave them to my diligent brother.—Did you speak with the baron?—No, I did not speak with him, but I spoke with the count.—Does not he see you?—He does not see me.—Does his brother see my steel knives?—No, he does not (see them).—What oxen have the shepherds?—The shepherds have no oxen, they have rams and asses only.—Have you blue or red velvet? I have neither blue nor red velvet, I have green satin only. Did you not see the banker's beautiful horses?—I did not see his horses.—Do you see the masters (teachers) with their diligent pupils?—I do not see the masters, but I see their sons and their brothers.—Which is your tea?—My tea is that with sugar.—Have you my cloaks or those of the tailor?—I have neither.—What has he?—He has the old boots of the young sailor.—What umbrellas have you? I have blue, black, white and yellow silk umbrellas.

## EXERCISE XXII.

Of which emperor were you speaking?—I spoke of the emperor who has many brave soldiers.—What did the industrious sailors see?—They saw fine ships with white

( 91 )

sails.—With whom did you speak?—I spoke with the sons of the rich merchants.—Have you seen this merchant's pretty houses?—I saw only those of his neighbours.—Did you speak with father Constantine?—No, but I spoke with his sons.—Why did you not speak to either Alexander or Constantine?—Because they did not speak to his father. What have their friends?—They have his brother's young pigeons.—Who has spoken to the brothers of your friends? Nobody has spoken to them.—What oxen has the butcher? Which butcher?—The one whom you do not like.—The butcher, whom I do not like, has no oxen; he has rams only.—Where did he see the emperor with the sons of the grand duke?—He saw them in the king's palace.—Does he like eagles and pigeons?—No, he does not like eagles, but pigeons only.—Where does he see the peasants?—He sees them in (па) the market.—What merchandise have these rich merchants?—They have tea, sugar, coffee, honey, wax, flax and hemp.—Have they plenty of flax and hemp?—They have enough flax, but little hemp.—Why did you not give them a little tobacco?—Because they do not like it.

THIRTEENTH LESSON.—Тринацать Ўропь.

<table><tr><td>The belt,</td><td>Поясь.</td></tr><tr><td>The comb,</td><td>Гребень.</td></tr><tr><td>A small comb,</td><td>Маленький гребень, гребешок.</td></tr><tr><td>The glass, tumbler,</td><td>Стакан.</td></tr><tr><td>The mouth (of animals),</td><td>Роть, genitive, рта.</td></tr><tr><td>The nose,</td><td>Пось.</td></tr><tr><td>The eye,</td><td>Глазь, plur. глаза, gen. plur. глазь.</td></tr><tr><td>The forest, wood,</td><td>Лесь, plural, лесь.</td></tr><tr><td>The horseman</td><td>Вся, all.</td></tr></table>

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Have the cooks my knives ?
They have them not.
Have they seen the boars ?
Where are the boars ?
I see only one boar.

A German, Germans,
A Turk, Turks,
An Italian, Italians,
A Spaniard, Spaniards,
A Russian, Russians,
An American, Americans,

У поваровъ ли мой пожий?
Они не у нихъ.
Видѣли ли они борововъ?
Где боровя?
Я вижу только одногодобова.

Нѣмецъ, нѣмцы.
Түрөкъ, түрки.
Птальянецъ, птальянцы.
Пспапецъ, спапанцы.
Русскій, русскіе.
Американецъ, американцы.

### OBS. 3.—The Russians do not commence the names of nations with capital letters.

Give (imperative),
Give me the cloak.

Дай, plural, дайите.
Дайте мнѣ плащъ.

If you please, (pray),
To grant, to confer,
To present, to give,

Пожалуйста, пожалуйте.
Пожаловать.

Give me this, if you please.
(Pray, give me this).
Give me some sugar, if you
please.

Дайте мнѣ это пожалуйста.
Пожалуйте мнѣ это.
Дайте мнѣ, пожалуйста cáхару.
Пожалуйте мнѣ cáхару.

### OBS. 4.—Пожалуйте, imperative from пожаловать, is used extensively by Russians for politeness' sake, in place of *to give, to come, etc.*, and also in order to avoid a lengthy phrase with пожалуйста, thus:

Come to me if you please, or
pray come to me,

Приходите пожалуйста ко мнѣ,

may be just as well rendered by пожалуйте ко мнѣ.

Will you have a piece of ham ?
Yes, if you please.

Хотите ли вы кусокъ окорока ?
Да, пожалуйте.

( 96 )

How much ?

How many ?

Some, others,

How many tables have you ?

I have one table.

How many men (persons) do you see ?

I see one man.

Сколько, governs genitive.

Однй, другйе.

Сколько столовъ у васъ?

У менй одинъ столъ.

Сколько человѣкъ відите вы?

Я віжу одного человѣка.

Two, ‘два;’ three, ‘три;’ four, ‘четыре.’

### OBS. 6.—The numerals два, три and четыре, when in the nominative, are always followed by substantives in the genitive singular.

How many writers have you ?

I have two writers.

I have as many as you have.

Сколько у васъ писарей ?

У менй два писаря.

У менй столько сколько у васъ.

As much as,
As many as,

Three pieces,

Four pieces,

Столько, сколько.

Три кускá.

Четыре кускá.

### OBS. 7.—Substantives following any of the above three numerals never have the inflexion у or ю in the genitive, but always a or я.

### OBS. 8.—When a substantive with два, три, четыре, is preceded by an adjective, the latter may be in the nominative or genitive plural, as :

Three rich men spoke.

Три хоровіе человѣка говорят.

Три хоровіхъ человѣка говорят.

### OBS. 9.—The nominative, as shown in the above example, is used with personal, and the genitive with impersonal verbs.

There were three new tables.

Были три хоровіе столá.

Было три хоровіхъ столá.

They have four houses.

У нихъ четыре дюма.

( 97 )

Both, Оба.

The Declension of the numerals два, три, четъіре, and the definite pronoun оба :—

<table><tr><td>Nominative,</td><td>два,</td><td>три,</td><td>четъіре,</td><td>оба.</td></tr><tr><td>Genitive,</td><td>двухъ,</td><td>трёхъ,</td><td>четырёхъ,</td><td>обónхъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Dative,</td><td>двумъ,</td><td>трёмъ,</td><td>четырёмъ,</td><td>обóимъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Accusative,</td><td>Like the nominative or genitive,</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Instrumental,</td><td>двумй,</td><td>тремй,</td><td>четырьмй,</td><td>обóпми.</td></tr><tr><td>Prepositional,</td><td>о двухъ,</td><td>трёхъ,</td><td>четырехъ,</td><td>обónхъ.</td></tr></table>

I see both your friends.

Do you see the shepherd with the three oxen ?

On both shores.

The painter,
The sculptor,
The shore, bank,
The dinner,
The breakfast,
The supper,
The luncheon,
Rouble,

Do you know your lesson ?

We know it.

Who knows ?

Nobody knows.

<table><tr><td>A Dane,</td><td>Danes,</td></tr><tr><td>A Swede,</td><td>Swedes,</td></tr><tr><td>A Swiss,</td><td>Swiss,</td></tr><tr><td>A Norwegian,</td><td>Norwegians,</td></tr></table>

Я вйжу обónхъ вашихъ друзей.

Вйдите ли вы пастухá съ тремá быкáмп.

На обónхъ берегáхъ.

Живописецъ.

Вайтель.

Берегъ.

Обѣдъ.

Завтракъ.

Ужинъ.

Полдникъ.

Рубль.

Знаете ли вы свой урбкъ?

Мы его знаемъ.

Кто знаетъ ?

Никто не знаетъ.

Датчанинъ, датчане.

Шведъ, шведы.

Швейцарецъ, швейцарцы.

Норвежецъ, норвежцы.

Five, пять; six, шесть; seven, семь; eight, вóсемь, (óсемь);
nine, девять; ten, десять.

OBS. 10.—The cardinal numbers пять, шесть, etc., govern the genitive plural, and are declined as follows:

H

( 99 )

friends.—Who has the beautiful tumblers ?—The hunters have them.—Have you not the fine horses of the Englishmen ?—I have (them) not.—How many bills of exchange has the banker ?—He has eight bills of exchange.—Do you want a piece of cheese ?—No, I do not.—Do you not want some tea ?—No.—Has the painter's boy any pencils ?—He has some.—From whom did he have them ?—From the painter.—From which painter ?—From my neighbour. What belts have these soldiers ?—They have leathern belts. How many horsemen and hunters do these watchmen see ? They see five horsemen and three hunters.—Did he see also one or two asses ?—He saw one ass and two horses.—Do you see the anchors of this fine ship ?—I do not see the anchors, but I see the sails.—What do you see there ?—I see white snow.—How many ricks have these peasants ?—They have eight ricks.—How many cooks have you ?—I have as many as you.—What furs have the blacksmiths ?—They have no furs, but bellows.—How many horns has this ram ? He has two horns.—What colour are your flowers ?—My flowers are (of) yellow and blue (colour).—Which colours do you like ?—I like red and blue (colours), but dislike (do not like) black.—Have his sons good voices ?—They have excellent voices.—Who has my son's comb ?—Nobody has it.—Has he (it) not ?—No, he has not your son's comb, he has his own.—Whose is this magnificent palace ?—This is the palace of the king's sons.—Have you not good coal ? I have neither good nor bad.—How many roubles did the father give to his sons ?—He gave the one (whom) he likes nine roubles and to his other son he gave only two roubles.—With whom is this celebrated painter ?—He is with the king's sculptor.—Have the citizens of this rich town pretty houses ?—The citizens have large, but not

( 100 )

pretty houses.—Have the rich Germans and their neighbours, the industrious Dutchmen, many ships?—The Dutch have many ships, but the Germans have only three or four ships.

## EXERCISE XXIV.

Why is he not in the king's palace?—Because there are three emperors there, four grand dukes, and seven princes. Has the baron, your neighbour, forests?—He has no forests, but has excellent meadows.—What do you give him?—I gave him three woodcocks, four hares, five stags and three geese.—Who gave you the ham?—The grand duke's cook gave it me.—How many umbrellas have you?—I have two (of them).—How many new cloaks have you?—I have seven (of them).—Of which new cloaks are you speaking? I am speaking of the seven new cloaks, which the tailors gave you.—Who has seen the waistcoats of their brothers? I saw your waistcoats, but have not seen those of your brothers.—With whom hast thou spoken?—I spoke with the celebrated master's diligent pupils.—Of what were you speaking with them?—I was speaking with them of the beautiful town of the mighty king.—How many vultures did you see in the forest?—I saw there ten vultures and three woodcocks.—Of which vultures are you speaking?—I am speaking of the three large vultures.—Has your cousin's surgeon (врачъ) his own house?—The surgeon has no house of his own, but the doctor has (his own house).—Has this old man good teeth?—He has good teeth, and his comb has also good teeth.—Do you want to give him three roubles?—Yes, I want to give them to him.—Have you my keys and my hammer?—I have neither (neither that nor the other).—Do you like Spaniards or Turks?—I like

( 104 )

### OBS. 5.—There is only one future tense in Russian verbs.

### OBS. 6.—Бýдетъ and бýдутъ, the third persons of the future tense of the verb бýть, 'to be,' when expressing possession, may be used in place of the future tense of the verb имѣть, 'to have,' as:

Present, I have,

Past, I had,

Future, I shall have,

He will have a house.

They will have houses.

There will be a holiday.

There will be rain.

<table><tr><td>Eleven,</td><td>одинадцать.</td></tr><tr><td>Twelve,</td><td>двѣнадцать.</td></tr><tr><td>Thirteen,</td><td>тринадцать.</td></tr><tr><td>Fourteen,</td><td>четыріпадцать.</td></tr><tr><td>Fifteen,</td><td>пятнадцать.</td></tr><tr><td>Sixteen,</td><td>шестнадцать.</td></tr><tr><td>Seventeen,</td><td>семнадцать.</td></tr><tr><td>Eighteen,</td><td>восемнадцать.</td></tr><tr><td>Nineteen,</td><td>девятнадцать.</td></tr><tr><td>Twenty,</td><td>двадцать.</td></tr><tr><td>Twenty-one,</td><td>двадцать одинъ,</td></tr><tr><td>Twenty-two,</td><td>двадцать два.</td></tr></table>

The day, день, gen. дня.

The evening, вѣчеръ,

Mid-day, пónѣдень, gen. полудня.

The hour, часъ. (One o'clock),

The watch, часъ.

The clock,

У меня есть.

У меня бывает, а, о.

У меня бýдетъ.

У меня бýдутъ.

У пего бýдетъ домъ.

У нихъ бýдутъ дома.

Бýдетъ праздникъ.

Бýдетъ дождь.

Thirty, трйдцать.

Forty, сорокъ.

Fifty, пятьдесятъ.

Sixty, шестнадцать.

Seventy, семьдесятъ.

Eighty, восемьдесятъ.

Ninety, девяносто.

Hundred, сто.

Hundred and one, сто одинъ.

Two hundred, двѣстн.

A thousand, тысача.

Million, миллионъ.

Monday, понедѣльникъ.

Tuesday, втóриникъ.

Wednesday, середá, средá. (fem.)

Thursday, четвёртъ.

Friday, патноца. (fem.)

Saturday, суббóта. (fem.)

Sunday, воскресénье. (neuter).

( 105 )

ОBS. 7.—For the days of the week, the preposition ВЪ
'in,' with the accusative is used, as :

On Monday, ВЪ ПОПЕДЪЕЛЬНИКЪ.

On Tuesday, ВО ВТОРНИКЪ, etc.

What have you for breakfast ? †ЧТО У ВАСЪ НА ЗАВТРАКЪ ?

I will have for breakfast ham, bread and coffee. У МЕНЯ БУДЕТЪ НА ЗАВТРАКЪ ОКОРОКЪ, ХЛЕБЪ И КОФЕЙ.

EXERCISE XXV.

Did you not speak with the masters of these houses ?
No, sir, we have not seen the masters, but only their sons-
in-law.—Have not the Swedes good cheese ?—They have (it)
not, but the Swiss have plenty of it.—Have the Dutch
plenty of cheese ?—They have too much of it.—What are
the peasants seeking ?—They seek the sacks of (with) coals.
Of which coals are you speaking ?—I am speaking of the
coals, (which) your coal-dealer (ýгольщикъ) gave me.—Have
these young-scholars steel knives ?—These scholars have not
steel, but iron knives.—What bread hast thou, stale or new ?
I have neither (that nor the other).—Has he much bread ?
He has very little (of it).—Who has a little tea ?—My
cousin has too little of it.—Has this merchant one son
only ?—He has six sons.—Is the pocket-book (which) I
gave him good ?—The pocket-book is of leather and a very
good one, but you did not give it to him.—How many
brothers has this Swede ?—He has two (of them) only.
With which brother did you speak ?—I spoke with both.
Has the father spoken with his parents ?—He has not
spoken with them.—Who has spoken with them ?—Nobody.
Where were your brothers on Monday ?—They were in the
grand duke's fine castle.—Which grand duke ?—The one
whom I like.—Does the master like his (own) scholars ?

( 106 )

He likes them very much.—Do not you want some coffee?
No, I do not like coffee.—What captain have the sailors?
They have a very good one.—Has he good sailors?—They
were good, but now they are bad.—Why are they bad?
Because their captain is too kind.—Will your friend (ac-
quaintance) be here on Thursday?—No, he will not be.
Why?—Because he will be on that (эtotl) day at his
friend's, the American.—Have the Italians good painters?
They have many.—Are the painters rich?—They were
rich, but now they are poor.—Have these merchants good
merchandise?—The merchandise of these merchants is very
good.

EXERCISE XXVI.

How many pieces of velvet have they?—They have
nineteen (of them).—How many soldiers did you see?—I
saw forty-four soldiers.—Who has seen these four men?
Both the watchmen of this garden.—What has this hatter?
He has nothing.—Has the cook plenty of pepper?—Not
much, but enough.—Has the butcher coffee?—He has (it)
not, but he has many oxen and rams.—Has the blacksmith
hammers?—He had, but now he has (them) not.—What sort
of hair have these old men?—They have grey hair.—Have
you any breakfast?—I have not.—Who has it?—My
friend, the Englishman, has an excellent one.—What (sort
of a) breakfast have you?—I have tea, cheese, ham and new
white bread.—What breakfast will you have on Tuesday?
It will be a good one.—Does the master speak of the
theatre?—He does not speak of the theatre.—Why does he
not speak of it?—Because he does not like it.—Have the
citizens of this town good gardens?—They have, and very
good ones.—What have these soldiers?—They have very

( 110 )

To go,
To walk,

What are these people ?
These are Christians.
These are peasants.

ПДТГ.

Какіе это люди ?
Это христиане.
Это крестьяне.

ОBS. 4.—Substantives ending in пинъ form their plural in пе, genitive in пъ, dative памъ, etc.

The master (lord),
Mister N. (Mr. N.).
Master (of a servant),
A Tartar,

Баринъ, plural бáра.
Господинъ Н. (Гиъ. Н.).
Господинъ, plural господá
Татáринъ, plural татáра.

ОBS. 5.—Some Substantives forming their nominative plural in a, are declined according to the second declension, as :

Nominative plural, Бáра,
Genitive plural, Баръ,
A lord, nobleman,

Господá, Татáра.
Господъ, Татárъ, etc.
Бойринъ, plural боíре, gen. бойръ

ОBS. 6.—Бойринъ was formerly a title of nobility, and is now superseded by the word бáринъ.

Сýдарь, 'sir,' is used when addressing a person, or госу- дárь мой, 'dear sir,' and often ·мийлостивый государь, 'my dear sir,' (respected sir), when more politeness is required. The last is used in correspondence, being equivalent to the English 'dear sir.'

Господинъ, abr. Гиъ., 'mister,' is placed before proper names, and some military grades or official titles, as: Гпъ. Горчаковъ, Гпъ. Поручикъ, 'lieutenant,' Гпъ. Почмейстеръ, 'postmaster.' Господинъ is used also for 'gentleman,' in the sense of person, as:

‘I know this gentleman,’ Я знаю этого господа.

( 113 )

my shoemaker does (want).—Have you new bread ?—I
have plenty (great deal) of new bread, but he has neither
new nor stale.—How many horses have the rich Tartars ?
They have forty-three (of them).—Of which Tartars are
you speaking ?—Of the ones (whom) you do not like.—Are
his pies as good as those of the confectioner ?—Yes.—How
much pepper has he ?—He has thirty-four sacks of it.
Have these peasants enough bread ?—They have enough of
it.—Of which bread do you speak ?—I am speaking of the
white and brown bread.—Give me, please, some honey.
I cannot give you any honey, but he can.—Who does not
like vinegar ?—Nobody likes it.—May I take (взять) some
vinegar ?—You may take it.—Who cannot take it ?—My
brother cannot take it.—How many iron coffers has he ?
As many as you.—Are they as good as mine ?—No.—Have
you three hundred roubles, and can you give them to him ?
I have (a) hundred and twenty-two roubles only, and I can
give them to nobody.—How many arshines of velvet have
you ?—I have ninety-four arshines of it.—Who has too few
biscuits ?—The sailors have too few (of them).—Has the
watchman of your garden many locks ?—He has no locks
at all.—Have these peasants a great deal of barley ?—They
have only a little (of it).

## EXERCISE XXVIII.

Can you give me this fine horse ?—No, I cannot.—Why ?
Because he is not mine, but my master's.—Is your master
kind ?—Yes, he is very kind.—Has this sausage-maker suf-
ficient ham ?—He has not sufficient.—Do you see the large
horns of this goat ?—This goat has no horns, but those ten
oxen have very large and fine horns.—I do not see the ten

I

( 114 )

oxen you are speaking of.—The ten oxen I speak of are
in (na) the meadow.—Has the shepherd many geese?—He
has only a few.—Have the English many ships?—They
have many.—Has the Frenchman many francs?—He has
only a few, but he has enough.—Who has a good many
roubles?—The Russians.—Have you no other tea?—I have
no other.—Have you any other cheese?—I have another.
Have the shoemakers no other shoes?—They have no others.
Have you no other attendant?—I have no other.—Has the
blacksmith other bellows?—No, he has no others.—Which
fur is yours, this or that?—Both are mine.—What hair has
the old man?—He has no hair on his head at all.—What do
you see in your father's warehouse?—I see two sorts of
corn, barley and oats, but I see nothing else.—What else
do you see in his garden?—I see only the gardener with
fruits, but I see nothing else.—What day of the week is
it?—It is Monday.—No, not Monday, but Tuesday.
Can you be at our house with your brother on Thursday?
I can and will.—Has your son many combs?—He has five
(of them).—Who is brave, the soldier or the sailor?—Both
(of them) are brave.—Which lemons are you seeking?—I
seek the lemons, (which) you like.—Do you like also pies
and cakes?—I like them also.—Is there any thing bad
in this young man?—There is much that is bad in him,
but also much that is good.—Do you see our godfathers?
Yes, I see them and I see also your faithful friends.—How
many soldiers do you see?—I see five grenadiers, thirty
hussars, and four hundred lancers.—How many poods of
honey have you?—I have eleven poods of it.

( 120 )

have silver handles.—Who is the master of this inn?—The
master of this inn is that handsome gentleman, whom you
see in the garden.—Has the shepherd many goats?—He
has a few.—Which of these goats is yours?—The first and
the second one.—Which of these pencils did this painter
give you?—He gave me the red pencil.—Has the painter
many red and green pencils?—He has but few red, but
plenty of green ones.—How many ducats (sovereigns) has
this German?—He has not many, he has only a few.—Who
says this?—Certain gentlemen say this.—Have the French
many ships?—They have a great many, but the rich
English have still more than the French.—Where has this
boy been?—He has been on the ice.—Has the confectioner
plenty of ice?—He has now but a little of it.—Have these
Germans a good many thalers?—They have only a few
(not many).—Have they enough of them?—No, they have
not enough.—How many days are there in this month?
There are only thirty days in this month.—What day of
the month is it?—To day is the fifth of September, of
the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.—How
many months are there in a year?—The year has twelve
months.—(There are twelve months in a year).—And days?
At one time three hundred and sixty-five, at another three
hundred and sixty-six.—How many days are there in the
months?—Some months have thirty days, some thirty-one;
February alone has at one time twenty-eight and at another
twenty-nine days.—In which year are there twenty-nine
days?—In leap year (высокосный год).—How many bee-
hives has this gardener?—He has forty-four beehives, he
has more than that gardener.

( 121 )

EXERCISE XXX.

Which one of these horses is yours?—The fourth and the
seventh one.—Which months of the year (in the year) do
you like?—I like the months of May and June very much,
but I do not like the months of September and October.
To which father-in-law did you speak of your son?—I
spoke with this rich bookseller's father-in-law.—What do
you see on this goat's forehead?—I see on his forehead large
horns.—How many corners are there in the yard?—Only
three corners.—What has this ram in his mouth.—He
has some barley in his mouth.—Give me a light (fire).
What is this boy afraid of?—He is afraid of the fire.
Where do you see the fires?—I see them in the meadow.
Where do you see those two elms.—I see them on the hillock.—How many covers have you?—I have thirty-three
new covers and nineteen old.—Has Mr. N. good and faithful
attendants?—He has many attendants, but few good
and faithful.—What knives has this master's pupil?—He
has two knives, one with a wooden and the other with a
silver handle.—Have you seen the new stone bridge?—No,
I did not (see it), but I saw the old iron bridge.—How
many bridges have you?—We have four wooden and three
stone ones.—Have you any other bridges?—No, we have
no others, we have no more bridges.—Have you spoken to
him?—No, I have not yet.—Have you some other shoes
also?—I have no other shoes (also).—Who has no houses
here?—Certain citizens have not houses here of their own
(their own houses).—Have we another cheese?—No, we
have no other.—How many stags has this hunter?—He has
more than ten.—How many steel corkscrews has this
merchant?—He has no steel corkscrews, but he has plenty

( 122 )

of iron ones.—Which soldier has no pistol?—The hundred and fifth one.—Have you a little more tea?—I have no more tea, but I have plenty of coffee.

SEVENTEENTH LESSON.—Семпáдцатый Урóкъ.

The former, (first),
The latter, last,

How many roubles did you give
him?

I gave him my last rouble.

Have you as much good tea as bad?

I have as much of the one as of the
other.

Have your sons as many pencils as
knives?

They have more of the former than
of the latter.

Yet, still, as yet,
There, here (is),

Some more, any more (of),

There is some more bread.

There (here) is some more tea.

To-day,

Yesterday,

The day before yesterday,

Сегдня.

Вчерá.

Третьяго дня.

Did you give him some more of this?

I gave him some more.

Have you another loaf?

I have two more loaves.

Пépвый, прéжний.

Послѣдний.

Скóлько вы дали ему рублей?

Я далъ ему свой послѣдний рубль.

Есть ли у вас столько же хорóшаго
чáю какъ и дурпáго?

У меня столько же одного какъ из
другáго.

Есть ли у вáшпхъ сыновей столько
же карандашей какъ и ножей?

У нихъ бóлье пёрвыхъ пёжели (чěмъ) послѣднихъ.

Ещё.

Вотъ.

†Ещё.

Вотъ ещё хлѣба.

Вотъ ещё чáю.

To-morrow,

After to-morrow,

On the eve,

Зáвтра.

Пóслѣ зáвтра.

На канунѣ.

Дали ли вы ему еще этого?

Я далъ ему ещё.

Есть- ли у вас еще другой хлѣбъ?

У меня есть ещё два хлѣба.

( 125 )

EXERCISE XXXI.

Who sees my embroidery frame?—We see it.—Who has not yet seen it?—Your neighbour's sons have not yet seen it.—What has the poor blacksmith?—He has a hammer and pincers, but has no screw-vices.—Has the kind monk (МОНАХЪ) a psalter and a church calendar?—He has neither one nor the other, he has only the beautiful new spectacles. Have not you a new pair of trowsers?—I have them no more, this poor boy has them now.—Has he still his four beautiful nightingales?—He has them no more.—What do you see there?—We see two large lions there.—Do you see any thing else (besides) ?—No, we see nothing else.—Has the boy still his pencil?—He has it no longer, but he has another.—Have these people still pigeons and geese?—They have no more, either pigeons or geese.—How many pliers has the locksmith?—He has forty-eight (of them).—Where is his gardener?—He is in your garden.—Do you like vegetables?—Yes, very much.—How many soldiers are there in your regiment?—There are in my regiment three thousand four hundred and seventy-five men.—That is too many.—What are these writers seeking?—They are seeking the ink.—Where is my pocket-book?—Here it is.—Are these boys twins?—No, they are not twins, but they are of the same year.—Have we any more sugar?—We have some more.—Have the sailors some more biscuits?—They have not any more.—Has the young man any more friends? He has no more (of them).—Has our neighbour one more garden?—He has one more.—Has my friend one more umbrella?—He has no more.—Have his sons a few more cakes?—They have a few more. — What else have you ? We have a few more ships and a few more good sailors.

( 126 )

Have you a little more of honey?—We have a little more.

EXERCISE XXXII.

Have you not a little (some) more tobacco?—I have already no more tobacco, but these merchants have a good deal of good tobacco and as much of good tea.—Have you already seen these beautiful furs?—No, sir, I have not yet seen them.—Has the captain of this ship enough coffee? Yes, sir, but he has little (not much) sugar and pepper, too many biscuits and too little honey.—Has not the sailor another pair of trowsers?—He has another pair of trowsers.—Do you speak with the Englishmen as much as with the Russians?—I speak as much with the former as with the latter.—Do you see another ship?—I see one ship only, but my brothers see six large ships of that rich Dutchman, whom you see on that stone bridge with the young Englishmen.—Have you already seen the beautiful flowers in (ha) that green meadow?—No, I have not yet seen them.—Are you a peasant, my friend, or a lord?—I am neither peasant nor a lord, but a merchant.—Have you a few roubles more?—I have a few more.—Have these Englishmen a few shillings more?—They have some more, but a very few.—What day of the month is it to-day?—It is (we have) the twenty-eighth of September, of the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.—What has this boy given to this beggar?—He gave him his last franc. Have you more cheese than bread?—We have as much of the former as of the latter.—Who has more tea than you?—This merchant has more tea than I (have), but I have as much sugar as he (has).—How many friends have you?—I have one good friend only.—Has the peasant too much of corn?

( 127 )

He has not enough.—Have we as much bread as tea?—We have as much of the one as of the other.—Has the banker as many friends as enemies?—He has more friends than enemies, but I have plenty of both.

EIGHTEENTH LESSON.—Восемнацатый Урökъ.

SECOND DECLENSION.

Declension of Neuter Substantives and Adjectives.

Склонение именьъ существительных и прилагательных
средняго рода.

Singular.—Единственное число.

<table><thead><tr><th rowspan="3">Cases.</th><th colspan="2">Substantives.</th><th colspan="4">Adjectives.</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2">Inflexions.</th><th colspan="2">Full terminations.</th><th colspan="2">Apocopated.</th></tr><tr><th>Hard.</th><th>Soft.</th><th>Hard.</th><th>Soft.</th><th>Hard.</th><th>Soft.</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Nom.</td><td>о.</td><td>е.</td><td>мя.</td><td>ое.</td><td>ее.</td><td>о.</td><td>е.</td></tr><tr><td>Gen.</td><td>а.</td><td>я.</td><td>ени.</td><td>аго.</td><td>яго.</td><td>а.</td><td>я.</td></tr><tr><td>Dat.</td><td>у.</td><td>ю.</td><td>ени.</td><td>ому.</td><td>ему.</td><td>у.</td><td>ю.</td></tr><tr><td>Acc.</td><td colspan="7">Like the nominative.</td></tr><tr><td>Inst.</td><td>омь.</td><td>емь.</td><td>епсь.</td><td>ымь.</td><td>пмь.</td><td>ымь.</td><td>пмь.</td></tr><tr><td>Prep.</td><td>ѣ.</td><td>ѣ, (и).</td><td>ени.</td><td>омь.</td><td>емь.</td><td>омь, (ѣ).</td><td>емь.</td></tr></tbody></table>

From the above table it will be seen that the first two

( 128 )

terminations of both substantives and adjectives have the same inflexions as those of masculine nouns, observing however that the accusative of neuter substantives in the singular is always like the nominative.

### OBS. 1.—Of the few neuter substantives ending in я, to which in declension the syllable ят is added, only the word дитя, ‘child,’ preserves its singular inflexions; as genitive, dative and prepositional дитяти, instrumental дитайтею. All other such words in я, as осля, ‘young ass;’ теля, ‘a calf;’ пороса, ‘young pig,’ are obsolete; these diminutives being superseded in the language of the present day by masculine forms ending in éнокъ, as ослёнокъ, ‘young ass;’ телёнокъ, ‘a calf;’ поросёнокъ, ‘little pig.’ All these words, however, resume in the plural their original Slavonic inflexions with the syllable ят; as, genitive plural, ослята, телята; genitive, ослать, телать, etc.

There are only ten substantives ending in мя:

<table><tr><td>Врёмя,</td><td>Time.</td><td>Стрёмя,</td><td>Stirrup.</td></tr><tr><td>Брёмя,</td><td>Burden.</td><td>Тёмя,</td><td>Sinciput.</td></tr><tr><td>Имя,</td><td>Name.</td><td>ВЫМЯ,</td><td>Udder.</td></tr><tr><td>Знамя,</td><td>Standard.</td><td>Пламя,</td><td>Flame.</td></tr><tr><td>Племя,</td><td>Tribe.</td><td>Сёмя,</td><td>Seed.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 2.—ВЫМЯ and ЗНАМЯ are declined also irregularly; as, genitive and accusative, ВЫМЯ, ЗНАМЯ; dative, ВЫМЮ, ЗНАМЮ; instrumental, ВЫМЕМЬ, ЗНАМЕМЬ; prepositional, ВЫМЬ, ЗНАМЬ.

Пламя or пламень is used only in the singular.

This regiment has no standard.

У єтого полкá нѣтъ

знаемъ,
запам'я.

( 281 )

THIRTY-EIGHTH LESSON.

Трйдцать восьмой Урökъ.

RELATIVE ADJECTIVES. — Прилагательное Относительное.

<table><tr><td>What journal is this?</td><td>Какой это журналь?</td></tr><tr><td>It is a monthly journal.</td><td>Это месчный журнал.</td></tr><tr><td>What tobacco have you?</td><td>Какой у вас табак?</td></tr><tr><td>I have Turkish tobacco.</td><td>У мені турецкій табак.</td></tr><tr><td>What kind of egg is this?</td><td>Какое это яйцо?</td></tr><tr><td>It is a fowl's egg.</td><td>Это куринное яйцо,</td></tr></table>

Adjectives which denote a relation of an object to ourselves or others, or distinguish a thing in relation to its kind are termed in Russian прилагательныя относительныя, 'relative adjectives,' and are formed from substantives and some adverbs as follows:

a. Adjectives ending in скій, ской, цкій, овскій, евскій are formed from names of animate beings, spiritual objects, names of places and professions :

<table><tr><td>Богъ, God; Божескій, God's, God like.</td></tr><tr><td>Человѣкъ, man; человѣческій, human.</td></tr><tr><td>Звѣрь, beast; звѣрскій, bestial.</td></tr><tr><td>Отецъ, father; отеческій, paternal.</td></tr><tr><td>Село, village; сельскій, rural.</td></tr><tr><td>Англия, England; англійскій, English.</td></tr><tr><td>Нѣмецъ, a German; нѣмцій, German.</td></tr><tr><td>Купецъ, a merchant; купѣческій, mercantile.</td></tr></table>

b. Adjectives formed from names of months take the termination скій, овскій, as:

<table><tr><td>Генварь, January; генварьскій, of January.</td></tr><tr><td>Февраль, February; февральскій, of February.</td></tr></table>

The termination овскій is added to the months of March, Мартъ and 'August,' Августъ, as:

Мартовскій, Августовскій, of March, of August.

( 282 )

### OBS. 1.—The English terminations *ic*, *ical*, when used for names of different sciences are rendered in Russian by пческій, as: ‘dramatic,’ драматіческій; ‘historical,’ исторіческій; ‘lyric,’ липческій, etc.

### c. Relative adjectives in ппый, are formed mostly from names of animals, as :

Соколъ, falcon; соколійный.
Утка, a duck; утійный.
Орёлъ, an eagle; орійный.
Пчелá, a bee; пчелийный.
Козёлъ, a goat; козлийный.
Левъ, a lion; львийный.
Лошадь, a horse; лошадийный.

### OBS. 2.—The following names of animals take овый, свый:

<table><tr><td>Бобръ, beaver; бобровый.</td><td>Ежъ, hedgehog; ежовый.</td></tr><tr><td>Китъ, vale; китовый.</td><td>Кротъ, tor; кротовый.</td></tr><tr><td>Осетръ, sturgeon; осетровый.</td><td>Моржъ, seal; моржовый.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 3.—Adjectives in овой, свой, овный, свный, енный, пый, пой, are formed from names of inanimate and abstract objects having various significations, as :

<table><tr><td rowspan="2">Паръ, steam;</td><td>паровой котёлъ, a steam boiler.</td></tr><tr><td>парное молоко, new milk.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Душá, soul;</td><td>душёвный, hearty, sincere.</td></tr><tr><td>дүшный, suffocating, close.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Духъ, spirit, ghost;</td><td>духовный инструментъ, a wind-instrument.</td></tr><tr><td>духовный, spiritual.</td></tr></table>

### d. Adjectives formed from names of trees terminate generally in овый, евый, as :

<table><tr><td>Грúша, pear; грушёвый.</td><td>Дубъ, oak; дубовый.</td></tr><tr><td>Берёза, birch; берёзовый.</td><td>Сосна, pine; сосновый.</td></tr></table>

### c. Adjectives in япый, яной, япный, denote the material of which a thing is made, as :

Дерево, wood; деревянный, wooden.
Кожа, leather; кожаный, leathern.

( 283 )

Масло, oil; масляный.
Железо, iron; железный.

Волость, hair; волосаяй.
Воды, water; водяной.

### OBS. 4.—Adjectives ending in жий, чий, ший are mostly used in the sense of substantives, as :

Прохожий, a foot-traveller.
Прогожий, a visitor.

Кормчий, a helmsman.
Пуший, a pedestrian.

### f. Adjectives formed from nouns and adverbs signifying time or place end in пий, шпий, енпий, as :

Лето, summer; летний.
Весна, spring; весенний.
What column is this?
It is Alexander's column.

Геперь, now; теперешний.
Всегда, always; всегдашний.
Какая это колонна?
Это Александровская колонна.

### OBS. 5.—Relative adjectives answer the question: 'what kind?' They are therefore easily distinguished from possessive adjectives answering the question 'whose?'

Whose book is this?
It is Alexander's book.

Чья она книга?
Это Александрова книга.
Это книга Александра.

### OBS. 6.—Possessive adjectives in Russian, as has been already explained, may be just as well rendered by the genitive of the nouns they are derived from. The same, however, cannot be done with the relative adjectives, although they are often rendered by the genitive of other languages, as :

Eagle's nest,
A merchant's son,
A gentleman's son,
A travelling bag,
Travelling notes,
An able man,
River-water,

Орлное гнездо.
Купеческий сын.
Дворянский сын.
Дорожная сума.
Путевая запись.
Путный человек.
Речная вода.

( 285 )

Of one's native country,
A horse's mane,
Water communication,
A colony, колония.
A meal of fish, Рыбное кушанье.
A meal of meat, Мясное кушанье.

Отечественный.
Лошадинный грúпа.
Водяной сообщение.
Unimportant, маловажный.
To rise, to get up, встать.
To rise, perf. asp. встать.

## EXERCISE LXXVII.

Which houses are better than those of the village?—Town
houses are much better and larger than village houses, but
rural life in summer is much more agreeable than town life.
Is French tobacco as good as American?—No, the latter,
although dearer, is much better than the former.—What
book are you reading?—I am reading a German book about
the rural life of the Russian people.—What love is stronger
than all others?—Maternal love.—What cold is more severe
than that of February and March.—Usually the January cold
is more severe than any others.—Are duck and goose eggs
expensive?—In our market they are more expensive than
fowls' eggs.—Where did they see those two black eaglets?
In the eagle's nest.—Have you been in the Indian colonies?
Yes, I spent (провестú) the five hottest months there.—Are
March days long there?—They are much longer there than
those of July and August.—What goods has this merchant?
He has several kinds of goods; he has iron, copper and pewter
goods.—What houses are warmer than those built of stone?
Wooden houses are much warmer than stone ones.—Where
did you buy these pine and birch tables?—I bought them from
the merchant's son in the market.—Did you bring me my new
leather travelling bag?—No, but I will bring it you after din-
ner.—Had you for dinner to-day a meal of fish or meat?—No,
we had neither, we had only milk soup.—Which class in Russia
is the best (most) educated?—The children of noblemen

( 286 )

in Russia are usually much better educated than those of
merchants.—How is the fish trade in this town generally?
It is unimportant, because we have no water communication
either with the German Sea or with any navigable rivers.
Are the river steamers large?—The river steamers are
generally smaller than the sea steamers.—Did not his brother
eat more than I?—He ate much more than you, because
he was very hungry.—Which boy can read (reads) better
than all others.—The most diligent boy not only reads, but
also writes better than all others.—What is the age of this
boy?—He is thirteen years of age.

## EXERCISE LXXVIII.

Have you spoken to these sailors?—I spoke with several of
them.—About what did you speak to him?—I spoke to him
of soldiers' and seamens' dress.—Have you many tea and
table spoons?—We have only a few.—Of what metal are
they made?—All our spoons are made of silver.—Are the
nobility of your town rich?—They (it) are much richer than
the clergy.—At what time (at what o'clock) did your servant
call you this morning?—He called me very late; much later
than yesterday.—Do you then rise early?—I usually rise
very early, earlier than any one in the house.—Is the horse's
mane long?—It is generally shorter than the horse's tail.
What kind of bag has this foot traveller, a linen or leathern
one?—He has got a woollen bag.—Are there many visitors in
town?—There are not very many here now, but there are
usually many here in summer.—What does the captain of this
merchant vessel order his helmsman to do?—He orders him to
go to (ua, with the accus.) the ship.—Who has most apples?
He has most, but most of his apples are much worse than
mine.—In whose house were they living in winter?—They

( 287 )

were living in their father's house.—What history did Macaulay write?—He wrote the history of his native country.—Are the wines in this shop cheap?—The country wines are cheap, but foreign ones are very expensive.—What did the German master say to him yesterday?—He said to him that historical works are much more useful than lyric or dramatic ones.—Where do you generally pass your even-ings?—I generally pass them at the theatre or at the club. What kind of books have you there on that table?—I have several kinds of books there.—I have there French, English, German, Dutch, Russian, Italian, Spanish and even a few Turkish and Persian books.

THIRTY-NINTH LESSON.

Трйдцать девятый Уропь.

To remain, to stay, (to be left,)

**Do you remain?**
I remain.
We often remained alone in the house.
Where were the children left.

*Imperfect Aspect.*
Я оставался, I remained.
Мы оставались, We remained,
Я обуду оставаться, I shall remain, etc.
Оставалось, оставайтесь, remain.

**To leave,**
Where did you leave your children this morning?
I left them where I always do.

*Perfect Aspect.*
Я остался.
Мы оставались.
Я осталусь, ты осталешься, etc.
Останься, останьтесь.

*Оставлять.*
*Оставшь, perf. asp.*
Гдѣ вы оставили свой хъ дѣтей сего-дня ў тромъ?
Я ихъ оставилъ тамъ, гдѣ всегда ихъ оставляю.

( 291 )

<table><tr><td>Behaviour, поведение.</td><td>Theft, крепка.</td></tr><tr><td>Praise, похвалá.</td><td>Punishment, папазание.</td></tr><tr><td>Hackney carriage, низвóзчикъ.</td><td>Contempt, презрение.</td></tr><tr><td>Devotion, преданность.</td><td>Rewarded, паграждённый.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">The deed, act, дѣю, постýпокъ.</td></tr></table>

EXERCISE LXXIX.

Where did you leave your portmanteau?—We left it on the steamer.—Why did you not take it with you?—I did not take my portmanteau with me, because it is too heavy, and there was not a single hackney carriage on the shore. Is the hotel far from the sea then?—Yes, the hotel is rather far from here, and it is not in the valley, but on the hill. Do you know that the gentleman to whom we spoke is the proprietor of that hotel?—No, I did not know that.—Will he be glad to see you?—I think (that) he will.—How do your nephews behave themselves?—Their behaviour is worthy of the highest praise.—What books do you leave them? I only leave them books useful to young men.—Were the officers and soldiers faithful to their commander?—No, and their punishment was proportionate to their treason.—Have you left the key in the door (in the lock) or has Andrew? Neither I nor Andrew has left it.—Had these young men a becoming dress (on)?—Their dress did not become such rich merchants, their coats were rather old, gloves rather dirty and their boots all over mud.—Was there much black tea left?—There were two pounds of tea left.—Did you give him all your money?—No, I had a few roubles left. How many horses will there be left?—There will be a few horses left.—Will you leave this book here?—I will leave it here.—Do you often go to him?—I go to him now and then.—Does he give you permission to go to the play?

( 292 )

Nay, he even comes with us himself.—Do you ever take
children with you to the theatre?—We take them now and
then.

EXERCISE LXXX.

Have you read the history of Russia?—I have not, nor
has my brother either.—We do not know them.—Nor do
we either.—Is your relative a judge of tea?—No, he is no
judge of tea, nor is he a judge of wine either.—Why do you
not give French books to your nieces?—Because these books
are not useful to them.—Get the floors washed.—I ordered
the maid-servant to wash the floors, and also to wash the
linen.—When shall you be obliged to take the letters to the
Post Office?—I must take them there at six (o'clock).
How was he rewarded?—His reward was in accordance
with his deeds.—Is it cold to-day?—It is much colder to-
day than it was yesterday.—Is money useful to poor men?
Money is useful to both rich and poor.—Are the soldiers
faithful to their brave general?—They are faithful, obedient
and devoted to him.—Does the master often punish this
lazy pupil?—He punished him yesterday.—For what did
he punish him?—He punished him because he did not
know his Spanish lesson.—Are all these children yours?
Yes, and I have three more at school.—Did your niece live
in town when you lived in the country?—When I lived in
the country my niece lived in town.—Has not my son
written this letter very well?—Yes, he writes much better
than my eldest son.—Do you want as much silk as wool?
I want more silk than wool.—Will the young ladies stay
here any longer?—They will not be able to stay here much
longer.—What day of the month was it yesterday?—It
was the sixth.—What day of the month will it be to-
morrow?—It will be the twelfth to-morrow.

( 293 )

FORTIETH LESSON.—Сороковой Урóкъ.

О F THE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.

О Принчáстии Дбйствийтельномъ.

Active participles are adjectives derived from active and neuter verbs and denote the action of the subject, as:

The loving mother.

Любящая мать.

The running horse.

Бътъщий конь.

The active participle as a part of the verb has two tenses, the present and past, and it always combines the meaning of the relative pronoun который, ‘who,’ ‘which,’ or что, ‘that,’ with the verb from which it is derived.

a. The present participle is formed from the third person plural of the present indicative by changing the termination ть into щий, (feminine щая, neuter щее):

Читáю-тъ, they read; читáю-щий, reading, he who reads.

Падý-тъ, they go; падý-щий, going, he who goes.

Надýю-тся, they hope; надýю-щияся, hoping, he who hopes.

b. The past participle is formed from the past tense by changing the termination лъ, into вшй or ший, (feminine вшая, neuter вшее):

Читá-лъ, I have read; читá-вший, reading, he who has read.

Шёлъ, I was going; шёл-ший, going, he who was going.

Надъя-лся, I hoped; надъя-вшійся, hoping, he who was hoping.

The termination вший is added to the participles formed from the past tense having a vowel before лъ, as:

Я пгр-á-лъ, I played; пгрá-вший, playing.

Она говор-й-ла, she spoke; говор-й-вшая, speaking.

( 294 )

### OBS. 1.—If there be no л in the masculine termination of the past tense, the participle is formed by adding миї (and not вшії) to the root of the verb, as :

Я грёбъ, I rowed; part. past, грёб-миї.

Я могъ, I could; part. past, могшії.

<table><tr><td>To lead, leading,</td><td>Весті.</td></tr><tr><td>I was leading,</td><td>Вёлъ.</td></tr><tr><td>Leading,</td><td>Ведшії.</td></tr></table>

### OBS. 2.—The radical consonants л and т, omitted in the infinitive mood and in the past tense, are replaced in the past participle active, as :

ЦВЕСТІ, to bloom; past tense цвѣлъ, ('root,' цвѣтъ) partic. past цвѣт-шії.

*Exceptions:* КЛАТЬ, to put (root КЛАД); partic. past КЛА-В-шії and not КЛАДШІЇ.

КРАТЬ, to steal (root КРАД); partic. past КРА-В-шії and not КРАДШІЇ.

A crying child. ПЛАЧУЩЕЕ ДОТА.

The following number. С.Г.ДУЮЩІІ ПУМЕРЪ.

A practising physician. ПРАКТИКУЮЩІІ ДОКТОРЪ.

### OBS. 3.—Active participles standing before a substantive are, as in English, used as qualifying adjectives, but these participles in Russian cannot take the form of an indeclinable adjective, i.e. they cannot be apocopated or used in place of the predicate.

Thus English participles used with the verb 'to be' are rendered in Russian either by the indicative or by an adjective, as :

The child is crying. ДОТА ПЛАЧЕТЬ.

The book is interesting. КНИГА ЗАНИМАТЕЛЬНА.

( 295 )

### OBS. 4.—Participles are declined like adjectives, agreeing with the substantive to which they refer in gender, number and case.

I spoke to the woman who sells flowers.

People that have money easily acquire friends.

They gave alms to the beggar-woman, standing at the church-door.

Do you see the man carrying (who carries) the sack ?

The boy reading (who reads) with attention is my brother.

Я говорилъ съ жёнщиною, продажею
цесю цвёты.

Люди, имущие деньги, легко приобретаютъ друзей,

Они подали мюлостыню нейшей, сто-
йшей у церквныхъ дверей.

Видите ли человѣка, несущаго (кот-
торый несёт) мѣшокъ.

Мальчикъ, читающий (который читаетъ) со вниманіемъ, мой братъ.

Читающий со вниманіемъ мальчикъ,
мой братъ.

### OBS. 5.—The participle is always separated from its antecedent by a comma, as :

The man sleeping.

Человѣкъ, спящій.

The woman who was speaking.

Жёнщина, говорившая.

### OBS. 6.—English participles preceded by a possessive pronoun or any preposition cannot be rendered in Russian by a participle, but must be expressed either by a substantive, or by a verb in the infinitive or indicative mood :

I do not believe in his coming.

Я не вмірю его прихіду.

Я не вмірю тому что онъ прійдётъ.

He saved himself by swimming
across the river.

Онъ спасся тѣмъ что переплѣлъ
рѣкѣ.

He has decided upon writing it.

Онъ рѣшился написать это.

I am quite tired of talking.

Я утомился говорить.

Since my writing to him.

Съ тѣхъ поръ какъ я написалъ ему.

Besides his being poor.

Кроймъ его обѣдности.

Кроймъ того что онъ бѣдень.

( 298 )

He is as tall as I.
He is of my height.
Good-looking.
Bad-looking, ugly.

} Онъ рóСТОМЪ СЪ МЕНЯ.
Хорóшь собóю.
Дурénъ собóю.

To run out, to flow out, вытскáть.
To run into, to flow into, впадáть.
To stand, стойть.

To be reflected, отражаться ; perf. asp. отразиться.
I am shorter than he.
He is taller than I.

Я пíже его рóСТОМЪ.
Онъ вЫШЕ МЕНЯ РÓСТОМЪ.

To belong, принадлежать.
To dress, одеваться.
To dress oneself, одеваться.

EXERCISE LXXXI.

Who are these young ladies?—These young ladies walking in the garden are the sisters of that young man going into the field.—Is the horse standing there under the tree a good one?—It is much better than the one standing by (y) the well.—Who has gone in the country?—The young officers who came here yesterday from abroad.—Which Russian Czar always liberally rewarded his servants?—Peter the Great always liberally rewarded men that served him faithfully.—Which pupil did the master punish?—He only punished the pupil that did not know his lesson.—Is it true that the Volga, which flows into the Caspian Sea, runs out of a lake and not from the hills?—The river Volga, which runs out of the lake Ciliger (Селигеръ), flows into the Caspian Sea.—Which is the most important river in the south of Russia?—The rivers Dnieper and Bug are the most important.—Give this crying child a little milk and (with) sugar.—Does everybody prefer glory to money?—There are people that prefer money to glory.—Do you want to go with me to the theatre?—No, we would rather go for a walk.—The rays of the rising sun are reflected in the clear waters of the lake as in a looking glass.—Which clerk did

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you order to write the letters?—I ordered the clerk who lives in my brother's house.—Tell the children who are dressing in the nursery that it is time for them to go to school.—Where does the laundress live that brought us the linen?—She lives in the house belonging to my nephew. Who is going abroad to-morrow?—The rich officer who married the sister of our neighbour Mrs. B.—Will the countess's niece who is going to marry the brave colonel be with you to-morrow?—Only her aunt, the countess who last year married the rich prince, will be with us to-morrow.

## EXERCISE LXXXII.

Has she decided upon going with you in the country?
Yes, she is going with us, but abroad and not in the country.—Do you believe in his being the most diligent pupil in the school?—No, I do not believe it.—Did you tell the children walking in the garden with their master, that it is time for them to come into the room?—Yes, I told them.—Walking in the fields is pleasanter than walking in the streets.—Do you like reading?—Yes, I like reading and drawing.—What is the matter with this child? It has sore eyes.—What is the matter with you?—I have a pain in the back.—Have you the toothache?—Yes, I have the toothache.—Why did you not come to us yesterday? Because I had a headache.—Why do you walk so slowly? Because I have pains in my feet; I was walking about the town the whole of yesterday.—How old is your friend? He is older than I by five or six years.—How many years is your brother younger than you?—He is three years younger than I, he is the youngest in our family.—Is your sister writing?—No, she is not.—Why does she not write?

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Because she has a sore hand.—Why does not your nephew go out?—Because he has sore feet.—What is the matter with your aunt?—She has a pain in her cheek.—Is your house as high as that one?—My house is higher than that one by a great deal.—You are very pale (in the face) to-day, Countess, are you unwell?—I am worse to-day; I have a sore throat and a pain in my side.—How is your niece? Thank you, she is better.—Is your brother taller or shorter than you?—He is much shorter than I.—Is the colonel's wife good-looking?—She was good-looking when she was a little younger.—Who may hope to receive reward?—The pupils learning diligently and obeying their masters will be rewarded.—Tell the boy dressing in the nursery that his master wishes to see him.—The master who wished to speak to the boy, has gone away long ago.—Which banker has bought these large forests?—The banker who married the Baroness's daughter two years ago.

## FORTY-FIRST LESSON.
### OF THE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.
### О Причастии Страдательномь.

Passive participles are formed from active verbs only.
As verbal adjectives they have both the declinable and in-
declinable forms, the latter being used with the auxiliary
verb быть, 'to be,' to form passive verbs.

The passive participle combines the meaning of the relative pronoun который, 'who,' 'which' or что, 'which,' 'that,' and the verb it is derived from, as:

The book (which is) read by me
(which I read).

Children (who are) loved by their
parents.

Книга, читаемая мной.

Книга, которую я читала

Дети, любимые свои родители.

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### OBS. 1.—The subject in a passive sentence is put in the instrumental case.

The passive participle as part of the verb has two tenses, the present and past.

A. The declinable present participle passive denotes a duration of the action, and is formed from the first person plural of the present indicative by changing the termination мъ into мый, feminine мая, neuter мое:

Читаемъ, we read; читаемый, read, which is being read.

Дѣлаемъ, we do; дѣлаемый, done (usually), which is being done.

The indeclinable present participle ends in мъ, feminine ма, neuter мо:

<table><tr><td>The book is read.</td><td>Кийга читаема.</td></tr><tr><td>The child was loved.</td><td>Дитя бѣло любимо</td></tr><tr><td>The mother was loved.</td><td>Мать былá любима.</td></tr><tr><td>They were loved.</td><td>Они бѣли любимы.</td></tr><tr><td>The book will be read.</td><td>Кийга бѣдетъ читаема.</td></tr><tr><td>The houses will be built.</td><td>Домá бѣдутъ строимы.</td></tr></table>

Passive participles ending in емый (indeclinable емъ) are formed from verbs of the first four classes, as:

Читать, I read; читаемый, read.

Писать, I write; писанный, written.

Participles in омый, are formed from verbs of the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth classes, having the first person singular in о, preceded by a radical consonant or by н:

Зову, I call; зовомый, called.

Веду, I lead; ведомый, lead.

Жну, I mow; жировый, mown.

Тяну, I draw; тягомый, drawn.