Nadine Gordimer

Nadine Gordimer (1923-yil 20-noyabr2014-yil 13-iyul) – Janubiy Afrikalik yozuvchi va siyosiy aktivist. 1991-yilda adabiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofotiga sazovor boʻlgan va „oʻzining ajoyib epik asarlari orqali insoniyatga juda katta foyda keltirgan“ yozuvchi sifatida tan olingan.

Gordimerning asarlari asosan axloqiy va irqiy muammolarga, shuningdek Janubiy Afrikadagi aparteidga bagʻishlangan holda yozilgan. Oʻsha davrlarda Burger’s Daughter kabi asarlar taqiqlangan edii. Shunga qaramasdan Gordimer aparteidga qarshi harakatda faol boʻlgan, tashkilot taqiqlangan kunlarda Afrika Milliy Kongressiga qoʻshilgan va Nelson Mandelaga 1964-yildagi mashhur mudofaa nutqi boʻyicha maslahat bergan va bu uning umrbod hukm qilinishiga olib kelgan. U OIV/OITS masalalarida ham faol edi.

Hayoti 
Gordimer Yoxannesburg tashqarisida joylashgan Sharqiy Rand kon shaharchasi Springs yaqinida tugʻilgan. U Litvaning Žagarė shahridan (oʻsha paytda Rossiya imperiyasi tomonidan bosib olingan) litvalik yahudiy muhojir soatsoz Isidore Gordimerning va Londondan Hannah „Nan“ Gordimerlarning ikkinchi qizi edi. Uning onasi yahudiy assimilyatsiya qilingan oiladan edi, lekin Gordimer dunyoviy qarashlarga oilada oʻsgan.

Gordimerning ota-onasi unda Janubiy Afrikadagi irqiy va iqtisodiy tengsizlikka qiziqishini uygʻotishadi. Aslida otasining chor Rossiyasidan qochqin boʻlib kelganligi Gordimerning siyosatga qiziqishiga sababchi boʻladi. Aksincha, Gordimerning onasi anchagina faol boʻladi, uning Janubiy Afrikadagi qora tanlilar duch keladigan qashshoqlik va kamsitishlar haqidagi tashvishi uni qora tanli bolalar uchun bolalar bogʻchasi ochishga undaydi. Gordimer o'smirlik chogʻidanoq hukumat repressiyalarini oʻz koʻzi bilan koʻrgan, politsiya uning oilasiga bostirib kirib, xizmatkor xonasidan xat va kundaliklarni musodara qilgan.

Faoliyati 
Gordimer Witwatersrand universitetida bir yil davomida oʻqiydi. Shuningdek, u Sophiatown renessansiga ham oʻz hissasini qoʻshgan. Afsuski u oʻqishni tamomlay olmaydi, ammo 1948-yilda Yoxannesburgga koʻchib oʻtadi va u yerda yashay boshlaydi. Yoxannesburgda saboq olayotganda, u ijod qilishni davom ettiradi va asosan Janubiy Afrikaning mahalliy jurnallarida oz ishlarini nashr ettiradi. U 1949-yilda chop etilgan „Face to Face“ kitobida oʻzining dastlabki hikoyalarning koʻpini toʻplagan.

1951-yilda New Yorker gazetasi Gordimerning „ Watcher of the Dead“ hikoyasini qabul qildi va bu esa ularning uzoq muddatli hamkorliklarining boshlanishi edi. Qisqa hikoyalarni bizning davrimiz uchun adabiy shakl deb hisoblagan Gordimer qisqa hikoyalarini New Yorker va boshqa taniqli adabiy jurnallarda nashr etishda davom etadi. Uning birinchi noshiri Lulu Friedman parlamentariy Bernard Friedmanning rafiqasi edi va Gordimer boshqa antiaparteid yozuvchilari bilan Yoxannesburgning Quyi Xoughtondagi „Baland daraxtlar“ uyida uchrashgan. Gordimerning ilk romani "The Lying Days " 1953-yilda nashr etilgan.

1960-yilda uning eng yaqin doʻsti Bettie du Toitning hibsga olinishi va Sharpevil qirgʻini Gordimerning aparteidga qarshi harakatga kirishiga turtki boʻladi. Shundan soʻng, u tezda Janubiy Afrika siyosatida faollashadi va 1962-yilgi sud jarayonida Nelson Mandelaning himoyachilari (Bram Fisher va Jorj Bizos) bilan yaqin doʻst boʻldi. U, shuningdek, Mandelaga uning mahkamasidan berilgan mashhur „Men oʻlishga tayyorman“ nutqini tahrirlashda yordam ham bergan. 1990-yilda Mandela qamoqxonadan chiqqanida, eng koʻp Gordimerni koʻrishni xohlaydi.

Adabiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti 
Gordimer 1972-1973-yillarda Shvetsiya akademiyasi aʼzosi Artur Lundkvist tomonidan adabiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti bilan taqdirlangan.

Mukofot va unvonlari 

 W. H. Smith Commonwealth Literary Award for Friday’s Footprint (1961)
 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for A Guest of Honour (1972)
 Booker Prize for The Conservationist (1974)
 Central News Agency Literary Award for The Conservationist (1974)
 Grand Aigle d’Or (France) (1975)
 Orange Prize shortlist; she declined
 Central News Agency Literary Award for Burger’s Daughter (1979)
 Central News Agency Literary Award for July’s People (1981)
 Scottish Arts Council Neil M. Gunn Fellowship (1981)
 Modern Language Association Honorary Fellow (1984)
 Rome Prize (1984)
 Premio Malaparte (Italy) (1985)
 Nelly Sachs Prize (Germany) (1985)
 Bennett Award (United States) (1987)
 Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for A Sport of Nature (1988)
 Inducted as an honorary member into Phi Beta Kappa (1988)
 Central News Agency Literary Award for My Sonʼs Story (1990)
 Nobel Prize for Literature (1991)
 International Botev Prize Laureate (1996)
 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for the Best Book from Africa for The Pickup (2002)
 Booker Prize longlist for The Pickup (2001)
 Officier of the Legion of Honour (2007)
 American Philosophical Society, Member (2008)
 American Academy of Arts and Letters, Honorary Member (1979)
 American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Honorary Member (1980)
 Royal Society of Literature, Fellow
 Congress of South African Writers, Patron
 Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, Commander
 15 honorary degrees
 Senior Fellow, Massey College of the University of Toronto
 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Archbishop Desmond Tutu at an awards ceremony at St. Georgeʼs Cathedral in Cape Town, South Africa (2009)
 Order of the Aztec Eagle

Romanlari 

 The Lying Days (1953)
 A World of Strangers (1958)
 Occasion for Loving (1963)
 The Late Bourgeois World (1966)
 A Guest of Honour (1970)
 The Conservationist (1974) – joint winner of the Booker prize in 1974
 Burger’s Daughter (1979)
 July’s People (1981)
 A Sport of Nature (1987)
 My Sonʼs Story (1990)
 None to Accompany Me (1994)
 The House Gun (1998)
 The Pickup (2001)
 Get a Life (2005)
 No Time Like the Present (2012)

Sahna asarlari 

 The First Circle, Janubiy Afrikalik mualliflarning oltita bir pardali pyesasi (1949)

Qisqa hikoyalari 

 Face to Face (1949)
 The Soft Voice of the Serpent (1952)
 Six Feet of the Country (1956)
 Which New Era Would That Be? (1956)
 Friday's Footprint (1960)
 Not for Publication (1965)
 Livingstone's Companions (1970)
 Selected Stories (1975)
 Some Monday for Sure (1976)
 No Place Like: Selected Stories (1978)
 A Soldier's Embrace (1980)
 Town and Country Lovers (1982), published by Sylvester &amp; Orphanos
 Something Out There (1984)
 Correspondence Course and other Stories (1984)
 The Moment Before the Gun Went Off (1988)
 Once Upon a Time (1989)
 Crimes of Conscience (1991)
 Jump: And Other Stories (1991)
 Why Haven't You Written: Selected Stories 1950-1972 (1992)
 Something for the Time Being 1950-1972 (1992)
 Loot and Other Stories (2003)
 Beethoven Was One-Sixteenth Black (2007)
 „A Beneficiary“ (2007)
 Life Times: Stories (2011)

Insholari 

 The Black Interpreters (1973)
 What Happened to Burger’s Daughter or How South African Censorship Works (1980)
 The Essential Gesture: Writing, Politics and Places (1988)
 Writing and Being: The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures (1995)
 Living in Hope and History (1999)

Tahrirlangan asarlari 

 Telling Tales (2004)
 Telling Times: Writing and Living, 1950–2008 (2010)

Yana qarang 

 List of female Nobel laureates
 List of Jewish Nobel laureates

Manbalar

Havolalar 

 Works by Nadine Gordimer at Open Library
 
 Short Stories by Nadine Gordimer on the Web
 Appearances on C-SPAN
 Portraits of Nadine Gordimer at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Faxriy legion ordeni sohiblari
Adabiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari
2014-yilda vafot etganlar
1923-yilda tugʻilganlar
Yahudiylar va Yahudiylik
Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari
Ayollar Nobel mukofoti laureatlari