Jane Austen

Jane Austen (  ; 1775-yil 16-dekabr – 1817-yil 18-iyul) ingliz yozuvchisi. Asosan, 18-asr oxiridagi britaniyalik zodagonlarni tanqid qiluvchi va sharhlovchi oltita romani bilan tanilgan. Austenning syujetlari koʻpincha ayollarning ijtimoiy mavqesi va iqtisodiy xavfsizligi nikohga bogʻliqligini koʻrsatadi. Uning asarlari 18-asrning ikkinchi yarmidagiromanlarining tanqidi va 19-asr adabiy realizmiga oʻtish davrining bir qismidir. Uning ijtimoiy sharhlar, realizm va achchiq ironiyadan mohirona foydalanishi tanqidchilar va olimlar orasida eʼtirofga sazovor boʻldi.

Anonim nashr etilgan "Sense and Sensibility" (1811), "Andisha va gʻurur" (1813), "Mansfild Park" (1814) va "Emma " (1816) romanlari muvaffaqiyatga erishgan boʻlsa-da, hayoti davomida unga unchalik mashhurlik olib kelmadi. Uning yana ikki romanni bor - Northanger Abbey va Persuasion, ikkalasi ham 1817-yilda vafotidan keyin nashr etilgan. Sanditon deb nomlangan boshqa romanni ham yozishni boshlagan, ammo asar tugagunga qadar vafot etgan. Shuningdek, qisqa epistolyar roman Lady Susan va tugallanmagan The Watsons romanini qoldirgan.

Biografik m’alumotlari 
Austen haqidagi biografik maʼlumotlar uning bir necha omon qolgan xatlari va oila aʼzolari u haqida yozgan qoʻl yozmalaridan olingan. Austen yozgan 3000 ga yaqin xatdan faqat 160 tasi saqlanib qolgan va nashr etilgan. Kassandra Austen singlisidan olgan xatlarning asosiy qismini yoʻq qilgan, yoqib yuborgan.

Hayoti 
Jane Austen 1775-yil 16-dekabrda Hampshire shtatining Steventon shahrida sovuq qish kunlarida tugʻilgan. 1776-yilning qishi ayniqsa qattiq boʻldi. U oʻsha yerdagi mahalliy cherkovda choʻqintirildi.

Uning otasi Jorj Osten (1731-1805) Steventon va Deane Anglikan cherkovlarining ruhoniysi boʻlib ishlagan. Ruhoniy Osten jun savdosi bilan shugʻillanuvchi badavlat oilada tugʻilgan. U va uning ikki singlisi bolaligida yetim qolib, qarindoshlari bilan yashashga toʻgʻri kelgan. 1745-yilda, oʻn besh yoshida, Jorj Ostenning singlisi Philadelphia Kovent bogʻida tegirmonchiga shogird boʻlgan. Oʻn olti yoshida Jorj Oksforddagi Sent-John kollejiga oʻqishga kirgan. U yerda Cassandra Leigh (1739–1827) bilan uchrashdi. U taniqli Leigh oilasidan edi. Uning otasi Oksforddagi All Souls kollejida rektor boʻlgan, u yerda Cassandra zodagonlar orasida ulgʻaygan. Uning toʻngʻich akasi James katta xolasi Perrotdan boylik va katta mulkni meros qilib oldi, faqat ismini Leigh-Perrotga oʻzgartirish sharti bilan.

Jorj Osten va Cassandra Leigh 1763-yilda unashtirildi. Ular 1764-yil 26-aprelda Vannadagi Avliyo Swithin cherkovida, Cassandraning otasi vafotidan ikki oy oʻtib turmush qurishdi. Jorjning yillik tirikchiligi kam edi; Cassandraning onasi vafot etganidan soʻng unga kichik meros qoldi.

Yaqin atrofdagi Dean cherkovini boy amakisi Francis Austen sotib olganidan soʻng, Austenlar u yerda vaqtinchalik istiqomat qilishdi. Cassandra Deanda uchta farzandni dunyoga keltirdi: 1765-yilda James, 1766-yilda George va 1767-yilda Edward.

Steventon 
1768-yilda oila nihoyat Steventonga koʻchib kelishdi. Genri 1771-yilda Steventonda tugʻildi. Oʻsha paytda Cassandra kichik Georgening rivojlanishida nogironlik belgilarini eʼtiborsiz qoldira olmadi. George kar va soqov boʻlishi mumkin edi. 1773-yilda Cassandra, 1774-yilda Francis, 1775-yilda esa Jane tugʻilgan.

Taʼlimi 
1783-yilda Jane va uning singlisi Cassandra Oksfordga Ann Cawley xonim qoʻlida taʼlim olish uchun yuborildi va oʻsha yilning oxirida ularni Southamptonga olib ketishdi. Oʻsha kuzda ikkala qiz ham tif kasaliga chalinganidan keyin uylariga joʻnatildi. Oʻsha paytdan boshlab uyda taʼlim olishni boshladi. 1785-yil boshidan boshlab La Turnelle xonim rahbarligidagi Reading Abbey Qizlar internat maktabida oʻqidi. Oʻquv dasturiga, fransuz tili, imlo, tikuvchilik, raqs, musiqa va drama kiritilgan. Opa-singillar 1786-yil dekabridan oldin uylariga qaytishdi, chunki maktab toʻlovlari Austen oilasi uchun juda yuqori edi.

Romanlari 

 Sense and Sensibility – 1811
 Andisha va gʻurur – 1813
 Mansfield Park – 1814
 Emma – 1815

Boshqa ishlari 

Juvenilia: Birinchi jild (1787–1793)
 Frederic & Elfrida
 Jack & Alice
 Edgar & Emma
 Henry and Eliza
 The Adventures of Mr. Harley
 Sir William Mountague
 Memoirs of Mr. Clifford
 The Beautifull Cassandra
 Amelia Webster
 The Visit
 The Mystery
 The Three Sisters
 A Fragment
 A beautiful description
 The generous Curate
 Ode to Pity

Juvenilia: Ikkinchi jild (1787–1793)
 Love and Freindship
 Lesley Castle
 The History of England
 A Collection of Letters
 The female philosopher
 The first Act of a Comedy
 A Letter from a Young Lady
 A Tour through Wales
 A Tale

Juvenilia: Uchinchi jild (1787–1793)
 Evelyn
 Catharine, or The Bower

Vafotidan keyingi nashrlar 

 Northanger Abbey – 1818
 Persuasion – 1818
 The Watsonsi – 1892

Yana qarang 
 Emma 2020-yilda katta ekranlarga chiqqan, Austenning xuddi shu nomdagi romani asosida suratga olingan filmdir.

Shajara daraxti

Manbalar

Bibliografiya 
Birlamchi asarlari 

 Austen, Jane. Catharine and Other Writings. nash. Margaret Anne Doody and Douglas Murray. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. .
 Austen, Jane. The History of England. nash. David Starkey. Icon Books, HarperCollins Publishers, 2006. .
 Le Faye, Deirdre, nash. Jane Austenʼs Letters. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. .

Ikkilamchi asarlari 

Biografiyalar

 Austen, Henry Thomas. „Biographical Notice of the Author“. Northanger Abbey and Persuasion. London: John Murray, 1817.
 Austen-Leigh, James Edward. A Memoir of Jane Austen. 1926. nash. R. W. Chapman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.
 Austen-Leigh, William and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh. Jane Austen: Her Life and Letters, A Family Record. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1913.
 Fergus, Jan. Jane Austen: A Literary Life. London: Macmillan, 1991. .
 Honan, Park. Jane Austen: A Life. New York: St. Martinʼs Press, 1987. .
 Le Faye, Deirdre. Jane Austen: A Family Record. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. .
 Nokes, David. Jane Austen: A Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. .
 Tomalin, Claire. Jane Austen: A Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. .

Esse toʻplamlari

 Alexander, Christine and Juliet McMaster, eds. The Child Writer from Austen to Woolf. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. .
 Copeland, Edward and Juliet McMaster, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. .
 Grey, J. David, nash. The Jane Austen Companion. New York: Macmillan, 1986. .
 Lynch, Deidre, nash. Janeites: Austenʼs Disciples and Devotees. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. .
 Southam, B. C., nash. Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1812-1870. Vol. 1. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968. .
 Southam, B. C., nash. Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1870-1940. Vol. 2. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. .
 Todd, Janet, nash. Jane Austen in Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. .
 Watt, Ian, nash. Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963. .

Monograflar va maqolalar

 Armstrong, Nancy. Desire and Domestic Fiction. London: Oxford University Press, 1987. .
 Butler, Marilyn. Jane Austen and the War of Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975. .
 Byrne, Paula. Jane Austen and the Theatre. London and New York: Continuum, 2002. .
 Collins, Irene. Jane Austen and the Clergy. London: The Hambledon Press, 1994. .
 Devlin, D. D. Jane Austen and Education. London: Macmillan, 1975. .
 Duckworth, Alistair M. The Improvement of the Estate: A Study of Jane Austenʼs Novels. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971. .
 Fergus, Jan. Jane Austen and the Didactic Novel. Totowa: Barnes & Noble, 1983. .
 Ferguson, Moira. „Mansfield Park, Slavery, Colonialism, and Gender“. Oxford Literary Review 13 (1991): 118-39.
 Galperin, William. The Historical Austen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. .
 Gay, Penny. Jane Austen and the Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. .
 Gubar, Susan and Sandra Gilbert. The Madwoman in the Attic: the Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination. 1979. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. .
 Harding, D. W., „Regulated Hatred: An Aspect of the Work of Jane Austen“. Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays. nash. Ian Watt. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963.
 Jenkyns, Richard. A Fine Brush on Ivory: An Appreciation of Jane Austen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. .
 Johnson, Claudia L. Jane Austen: Women, Politics and the Novel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. .
 Kirkham, Margaret. Jane Austen, Feminism and Fiction. Brighton: Harvester, 1983. .
 Koppel, Gene. The Religious Dimension in Jane Austenʼs Novels. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1988.
 Lascelles, Mary. Jane Austen and Her Art. Original publication 1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
 Leavis, F. R. The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960.
 Litz, A. Walton. Jane Austen: A Study of Her Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
 Lynch, Deidre. The Economy of Character. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. .
 MacDonagh, Oliver. Jane Austen: Real and Imagined Worlds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. .
 Miller, D. A. Jane Austen, or The Secret of Style. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. .
 Mudrick, Marvin. Jane Austen: Irony as Defense and Discovery. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952.
 Page, Norman. The Language of Jane Austen. Oxford: Blackwell, 1972. .
 Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. .
 Raven, James. The Business of Books: Booksellers and the English Book Trade. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. .
 Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. .
 Todd, Janet. The Cambridge Introduction to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. .
 Waldron, Mary. Jane Austen and the Fiction of Her Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. .
 Wiltshire, John. Recreating Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. .
 Wiltshire, John. Jane Austen and the Body: The Picture of Health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. .

Havolalar 

 Jane Austenning qoʻlyozmalari, raqamli arxiv (Oxford universiteti)
 A Memoir of Jane Austen – James Edward Austen-Leigh
 Jane Austen  Britaniya kutubxonasida
 Portal:Jane Austen – eski Vikipediya portali Internet Archiveʼda

Muzeylar 

 Jane Austenning uy-muzeyi (Chawton)
 Jane Austen markazi (Bath)

1775-yilda tugʻilganlar
1817-yilda vafot etganlar
Ingliz yozuvchilari