yakdoli/chandra-27b-ocr-v1 huggingface dataset:
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⇒Nutrition

 10.Malnutrition rates among children ·an alarming 62were malnourished in the mid-
   1990s ·have stabilized in recent years to about 23 percent underweight in 2004.
   Malnutrition among mothers is currently down to about one third, but in the last few
   years progress in this area seems to have stalled. The years of extremely high rates
   of malnutrition seem to have passed, but the current situation remains critical and
   requires further intervention.

 11. The 2004 National Nutrition Assessment (NNA) showed regional patterns of
   vulnerability, with people in the north being more food-insecure than those in the
   south; populations in remote mountainous areas were deemed more at-risk than those
   in the lowlands.

 12. People’s diet is generally poor, particularly in winter when access to fruit and
   vegetables is limited. WFP has been the main source of oil for the most vulnerable
   families. Protein sources are often of poor quality, and availability is limited.
⇒Scenarios

 13. The strategy and budget of protracted relief and recovery operation (PRRO)10488.0
   are based on a scenario of bilateral assistance continuing at anticipated levels,
   current agricultural production trends and average weather conditions. If flooding or
   drought occur on the scale of the 1990s, emergency needs assessments may require
   a shift from disaster mitigation and response to emergency response, with the
   possibility of a budget increase.

 14. If the promised level of bilateral food aid fails to materialize, or if PDS fails
   completely, an assessment of needs would be conducted that could lead to increased
   resource requirements. On the other hand, if the level of economic aid increases
   significantly, the PRRO would be adjusted to focus on recovery of household food
   security and an accelerated exit strategy.
Policies, Capacities and Actions of the Government and Others
·Policies, Capacities and Actions of the Government

 15. The Government is working at all levels to implement the revival of PDS announced
   in October 2005:it maintains an extensive storage and distribution infrastructure
   throughout the country and has skilled staff working in food distribution. But lack
   of fuel and means of transport, poor infrastructure and administrative weakness may
   hamper full implementation of the new policy.

 16. The Government declared 2005 to be “the year of agriculture”and has focused on
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   improving crop production. Preliminary figures from government and other sources
   show that DPRK harvested more cereals in 2005 than in any of the last ten years,
   though it remains far from meeting domestic demand.

 17. The main external actors are the Republic of Korea and China, which have
   earmarked and started distribution of large bilateral donations and concessional loans
   of cereals to DPRK over one year. For 2006, the Republic of Korea is expected to
   continue donations at least at the 2005 levels of about 500,000mt; China will probably
   continue its concessional trade in cereals of about 250,000

 18. Assistance from the Republic of Korea through the Ministry of Unification
   has averaged about US$550over the last four years and is expected to increase
   considerably in 2006, mainly in the form of food, fertilizer, agricultural development
   support, light industries androad and rail links. Trade with China increased
   considerably in 2005 to about US$1.5 some of the approximately US$1 worth of
   imports from China are on concessional terms, consisting mainly of fuel, cereals,
   meat and machinery.
·Coordination

 19. WFP will work with the Government to support its strategy of moving towards
   development and away from humanitarian assistance. WFP will coordinate with the
   Government’s National Coordinating Committee for WFP in all aspects of the PRRO
   and with the United Nations inter-agency team. Partners for the activities will be the
   Ministryof Agriculture for food for community development (FFCD), the Ministry of
   Health and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) for mother-and-child health
   (MCH) and the Ministry of Education and UNICEF for school feeding.

 20. The central mechanism for collaboration will be the weekly inter-agency meeting
   chaired by the Resident Coordinator. Several sub-committees regularly exchange
   information and coordinate activities in food aid, health and agriculture. Consultations
   with these agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in the same
   counties will allow WFP to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the impact
   and importance of PRRO sub-activities.

 21. WFP will be part of the United Nations country team’s Common Country
   Assessment(CCA)/United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF)
   process, and will seek to continue collaboration with FAO on crop and food supply
   assessment missions (CFSAMs) and with UNICEF on nutrition. WFP will harmonize
   its programme with those of other United Nations agencies and try to work in the
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   same counties as the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), UNICEF
   and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to achieve a convergent
   programming approach, and will pursue partnerships with bilateral agencies and
   NGOs, particularly in support of projects for income generation and livelihood
   improvement.
Objectives of WFP Assistance

 22. The goal of PRRO 10488.0 is to provide transitional assistance in support of the
   Government’s strategy for recovery and long-term food security. The objectives
   (seeAnnex III) are:
   ◁to support the Government’s efforts to promote the health and nutritional status
     of the most vulnerable groups, including children and pregnant and lactating
     women, through MCH programmes, school feeding and local food production (LFP),
     contributing to WFP’s Strategic Objective 3;
   ◁to support the Government’s efforts towards long-term food security through
     sustainable livelihoods and community-based initiatives along with asset creation
     through FFCD, contributing to Strategic Objective 2; and
   ◁to support the Government’s long-term strategy for food security by building
     capacities for LFP and enabling regions to establish and manage food-assistance
     and hunger-reduction programmes through LFP, contributing to Strategic Objective 5.
WFP Response Strategy
·Nature and Effectiveness of Food Security Related Assistance to Date
 23. Over the past ten years, WFP has provided assistance to DPRK valued at US$1.7
   on average, its operations supported 6.5people per year; 4.5of food were requested
   for successive emergency operations (EMOPs), of which 3.9were resourced. The
   operations focused on improving the nutrition status of mothers and children. WFP
   has also had considerable success in building local capacity through assistance to 19
   LFP factories, through which at some point all children under 5 and pregnant and
   lactating women ·about 3 million beneficiaries per year ·were to receive fortified
   foods.
·Strategy Outline
 24. The two-year PRRO will allow WFP to build on successful development-oriented
   programmes, especially LFP and food for work (FFW). In partnership with agencies
   such as IFAD, it will also seek to introduce small-scale pilot activities involving asset
   creation, agricultural extension and agro-forestry. Determining what works and what
   does not and assessing lessons learned will be major concerns; regular reviews of
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   WFP programmes will be crucial to the expansion of activities under a possible future
   PRRO or development programme.

 25. PRRO 10488.0, which will build on the many achievements of the EMOPs, will
   promote various programme elements, depending on the severity of operational
   constraints:
   ◁preference for activities that promote change in natural-resource management
    and access by cooperatives to natural resources, including disaster mitigation and
    preparedness activities;
   ◁longer-term commitment to the people and areas to be assisted;
   ◁the need to focus the operation in terms of geography and beneficiaries with
    respect to the types of projects selected for assistance;
   ◁stronger focus on the interlinked issues of health, nutrition and healthcare;
   ◁greater attention to activities that benefit women, including income generation and
    livelihoods; and
   ◁greater collaboration with ministries at the local level, and use of external technical
    assistance to support the design and review of project activities.

 26. WFP will seek to integrate its activities in the most vulnerable counties with those
   of ministries and other agencies, especially school feeding and FFCD. WFP has not
   worked with technical ministries before, and collaboration with United Nations and
   other partners has hitherto been minimal. PRRO 10488.0 will rely more on skilled
   national staff, because the number of international staff will be much lower than in
   2005.
·Food for Community Development

 27. FFCD has been an important component of the last four EMOPs, focusing mainly
   on small-scale single-sector activities such as construction of roads, irrigation canals
   and houses and projects for tree plantation, embankments and improvement of water
   and sanitation facilities. So far there has been no linkage between projects. Under
   PRRO10488.0, activities will be expanded to include food for training (FFT), and
   where practical the projects will be integrated with IFAD-assisted programmes to
   address rural food insecurity.

 28. To reflect the transition from a programme of humanitarian aid to one of
   recovery, counties will be involved in the planning phase. WFP will work with the
   Ministry of Agriculture to develop one-year or two-year plans; selected counties will
   receive assistance with developing project proposals. Projects will be selected in a
   participatory approach in which cooperative farmers, factory workers and women will
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   have important roles. In areas of high unemployment, WFP will seek to work directly
   with major industries and labour boards to implement projects during seasons when
   people do not get enough income from the factories
·Local Food Production

 29. WFP will support local productionof corn-soy milk (CSM), cereal-milk blend (CMB),
   rice-milk blend (RMB) and biscuits targeting the most vulnerable beneficiaries as
   part of MCH and school feeding. LFP provides important employment opportunities,
   especially for women, who traditionally account for over 80percent of the workforce.
   Only ten of the 19 factories supported under the EMOP will continue operating under
   the PRRO:three CSM factories, three CMB factories, three biscuit factories and
   the Pyongyang RMB factory. The recipes will remain unaltered with the exception of
   biscuits for primary schoolchildren, which will be fortified under the PRRO.

 30. LFP will continue in partnership with UNICEF and the Government. WFP remains
   in charge of overall management of the programme and provides the food along with
   funding for equipment, packaging materials and spare parts. Micronutrient premix for
   fortification of the LFP product will be provided by UNICEF and WFP; the Government
   will operate the factories, employ workers, provide electrical power and carry out
   maintenance, and in some cases will transport the product to beneficiary institutions.
·Mother-and-Child Health and Nutrition

 31. WFP will aim to improve the health and nutritional status of the most nutritionally
   vulnerable groups through supplementary feeding for small children and pregnant
   and lactating women, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health. The activity
   will complement UNICEF’s supplementation of therapeutic milk, micronutrients and
   deworming tablets for children and women.

 32. Rations provided to nurseries and kindergartens will support the Government’
   s National Programme of Action for the Well-Being of Children 2001·2010, which
   aims to strengthen the capacity of caregivers and kindergarten teachers, improve
   nutritional and hygiene management and assign medical workers to pre-schools.

·School Feeding

 33. During implementation of this activity in the EMOP, it was noted that the biscuits
   provided helped to improve children’s attendance and attention span, particularly in
   vulnerable counties. In a move from nationwide coverage of all accessible counties
   in the 2005 EMOP, the PRRO will cover only primary schoolchildren in the most
   vulnerable counties; fortification of biscuits will help to address micronutrient
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   deficiencies among Korean children. The rations will be consumed by the children
   during school hours.
·Logistics

 34. WFP will be responsible for international sea and rail transport of commodities
   to DPRK. Commodities arriving in bulk will be bagged by international contractors
   engaged by WFP on a retainer basis.

 35. The Government will continue to take possession of the commodities in ships’
   holds and railwaywagons and will be responsible for internal transport, storage and
   handling (ITSH). WFP will reimburse part of the transport costs at a fixed rate of
   US$8 per mt, essentially a fuel subsidy, as partof landside transport, storage and
   handling (LTSH). Payments will be made against consignment notes accompanying
   delivery of WFP commodities from port of entry to the county level; this system will
   allow WFP to collect information on actual food arrivals at entry points and inland
   transport and to report on deliveries at the county level.

 36. The balance of US$7 per mt is envisaged for storage, fumigation, port investments
   and implementing the Commodity Movement Processing and Analysis System
   (COMPAS) ·for example training, travel and purchase of computers.
·Exit Strategy

 37. The Government will continue to implement measures to restore food security, but
   in the interim it will require commercial imports and aid. WFP will balance these
   immediate needs with longer-term development to support the Government’s efforts.
   Depending on circumstances, WFP envisages a progressive reduction in the amount of
   food assistance, with an eventual phase-out in five to ten years.
Beneficiaries and Targeting

 38. PRRO 10488.0 aims to target 75,000of food each year (i)the most food-insecure
   parts of DPRK where bilateral food aid is not sufficient and (ii)areas susceptible
   to natural disasters where food production is limited and mountainous land
   predominates. Fiftyaccessible counties have been identified for intensive FFCD support
   and for school feeding.

 39. Targeted vulnerable populations include under-employed urban people, non-farm
   rural workers, people living in isolated regions and selected food-deficit cooperatives
   and institutions. Nation-wide coverage of all accessible counties will continue as in
   the EMOP for beneficiaries in orphanages and child in-patients in hospitals.

 40. All counties will be targeted for MCH activities for pregnant and lactating women
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    and children at nursery schools and kindergartens, but only in ri and dong Ri and
    dong are the lowest administrative units of DPRK; ri are in rural areas, dong are in
    urban areas. identified as vulnerable; this will be on average 50 percent of the EMOP
    coverage.

  41.In previous years, WFP has supported elderly people and mothers accompanying
    children in hospitals, but this will no longer be feasible given the reduced scale of
    the operation. Groups previously targeted as most food-insecure urban households
    will be reached through FFCD, but on a reduced scale. FFCD activities are increasing
    in towns; members of urban households may also participate in projects in nearby
    rural areas.

                                 TABLE 1:BENEFICIARY GROUPS

Beneficiary group                    Selection criteria          Beneficiaries/year      Tonnage/year

 Most vulnerable groups All accessible counties                  76                     2

                              All accessible counties,
 MCH                                                        9770                        50
                              targeting vulnerable ri/dongs

                              Targeted counties based
 School feeding               on high vulnerability and          424                    6
                              accessibility

                              Targeted counties based
 FFCD                         on high vulnerability and          300                    12
                              accessibility

 Disaster relief              Victims of natural disaster        100                    1

  TOTAL                                                          1                      73

  *The difference between the 73,434mt distributed to beneficiaries and the 75,000annual
    project requirement is accounted for by the processing losses of raw imported materials
    for production of RMB, CSM/CMB and high-energy biscuits(HEB).

Nutritional Considerations and Rations
·Nutritional Status of Children
  42.Despite steady improvements in the nutritional status of children since the
    firstassessment in 1998, malnutrition levels among children remain high and show
    marked regional differences. According to the 2004 NNA, 37of children under 6 were
    stunted (height for age), 23percent were underweight (weight for age) and 7were
    wasted (weight for height). The survey showed strong association between reduced
    stunting and consumption of fortified foods; households consuming WFP food had
    much lower rates of child malnutrition.

*Ri and dong are the lowest administrative units of DPRK; ri are in rural areas, dong are in urban areas.

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 43. The results suggest that although WFP food rations are helping to reduce
   malnutrition among children, sustained interventions involving micronutrient-fortified
   foods are needed to preserve the nutritional gains and to reduce malnutrition further
   among vulnerable groups or regions.
·Nutritional Status of Women

 44. The 2004 NNA showed no change inmaternal nutritional status between 2002 and
   2004. Onethird of women with young children were found to be malnourished and
   35 percent were anaemic, which suggests a need for iron-fortified foods. Almost 6of
   pregnant women reported night blindness because of vitamin A deficiency, which is a
   public-health problem by international standards.
·Rations

 45. The results given above indicate a need for further improvement in the nutritional
   status of women of reproductive age.It is recommended that future interventions focus
   on fortification, micronutrient supplementation and health education for pregnant and
   lactating women.

 46. WFP rations will not include cereals, except for those provided for orphans and
   child inpatients, because beneficiaries receive PDS rations.

 47. WFP will continue to support orphans with a full food basket appropriate to
   their age that includes cereals, pulses, oil and fortified blended foods. Given the
   poor living conditions and higher frequency of disease in homes for babies and
   children, WFP will provide 100of daily kcal requirements; children in boarding schools
   will receive nearly 100of their required intake. Almost 100ercent of micronutrient
   requirements are provided by the fortified foods. Meals are prepared at the
   institutions throughout the year.

 48. To address the high levels of maternal anaemia, WFP will provide 130g of fortified
   blended food for pregnant and lactating women; the ration will include 100of pulses
   to complement PDS cereals and will be provided during pregnancy and for six months
   during lactation.

 49. For children at nurseries and kindergartens, supplementary pulses and fortified
   blended foods will be provided to help to meet recommended calorie requirements
   and to address micronutrient deficiencies. Cooked meals will be prepared at the
   institutions. Nursery children will receive food for 300 days per year, excluding 52
   Sundays and 13 national holidays; kindergarten-children will receive food for 250
   days per year, excluding 52Sundays, 13 national holidays and 50 vacation days in

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   January and August.

 50. In the absence of cooking facilities in most schools, primary schoolchildren will
   receive locally produced fortified biscuits on 250 school days per year; the daily
   ration will be 60g, about 12 percent of the recommended calorie requirement, aiming
   mainly to improve attendance and attention spans.

 51. DPRK’s health system includes provincial pediatric hospitals and pediatric wards
   in county hospitals. Full rations of cereals, pulses and oil will be provided for
   child inpatients aged 6 months to 16 years at all pediatric hospitals on the basis
   of an estimated 70occupancy of beds, and at all county hospitals on the basis of
   50occupancy; meals will be prepared at the hospitals. The rations meet 84percent of
   the recommended energy requirement and will include RMB for the second phase of
   rehabilitation from severe malnutrition.
Implementation Arrangements

 52. In place of the recently dissolved Flood Damage Rehabilitation Committee, the
   Government has created the National Coordinating Committee for WFP under the
   Ministry of Foreign Affairs to coordinate implementation of WFP assistance. The
   Ministry of Food Administration will continue to serve as the implementing agency.
   Food handling, storage, transport and distribution will remain the responsibility of
   the Government. Distribution plans for every food shipment require joint agreement by
   WFP and the National Coordinating Committee.
·Activity Selection Framework
⇒Mother-and-Child Health and Nutrition

 53. Activities will be selected in consultation with the Ministry of Health and UNICEF,

   with the aim of improving MCH in all accessible counties. WFP will work with

   vulnerable counties to increase coverage of pregnant and lactating women and

   children under 5 up to a percentage corresponding to the level of vulnerability of

   each county. WFP will hold workshops at the provincial and central levels to define

   criteria for selecting beneficiaries. The feeding programme will be integrated with

   health and care programmes implemented by the Ministry of Health and UNICEF.
⇒School Feeding

 54. Activities will be selected in consultation with the Ministry of Education and
   UNICEF and implemented only in the 50 most vulnerable counties identified by WFP
   and the Government. Production of biscuits will be dispersed throughout the country
   to make it easier for the Government to distribute them to schools; three factories
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