xiangpku/GLUE huggingface dataset:
Question: What enzymes are used to produce H2?
Sentence: H2 is a product of some types of anaerobic metabolism and is produced by several microorganisms, usually via reactions catalyzed by iron- or nickel-containing enzymes called hydrogenases.
Question: What hockey arena is in Ontario, California?
Sentence: Like the NFL, the NHL sometimes schedules exhibition games for cities without their own NHL teams, often at a club's minor league affiliate (e.g. Carolina Hurricanes games at Time Warner Cable Arena in Charlotte, home of their AHL affiliate; Los Angeles Kings games at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario, California, home of their ECHL affiliate; Montreal Canadiens games at Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City, which has no pro hockey but used to have an NHL team until 1995; Washington Capitals at 1st Mariner Arena in the Baltimore Hockey Classic; various Western Canada teams at Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon, a potential NHL expansion venue).
Question: What do most definitions of population rely on?
Sentence: Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as "a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time" Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm.
Question: What is the trend for secular Jews to become more religiously observant known as?
Sentence: There is also a trend of Orthodox movements pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity so there is less chance of intermarriage.
Question: Where did the Celts who settled in Galatia pass through?
Sentence: The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios circa 270 BC.
Question: How many Japanese submarines shelled Sydney on June 8, 1942?
Sentence: Enemy naval activity reached Sydney in late May 1942, when Japanese midget submarines launched a daring raid on Sydney Harbour.
Question: When was Santa Monica's Bicycle sharing system launched?
Sentence: Santa Monica has a bike action plan and recently launched a Bicycle sharing system in November 2015.
Question: Who posed the problem of black-body radiation?
Sentence: In the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier.
Question: IBM publicized its hiring policy to help negotiations in two states where in the U.S.?
Sentence: He also publicized the policy so that in his negotiations to build new manufacturing plants with the governors of two states in the U.S. South, he could be clear that IBM would not build "separate-but-equal" workplaces.
Question: John Gillingham considers John what?
Sentence: John Gillingham, author of a major biography of Richard I, follows this line too, although he considers John a less effective general than do Turner or Warren, and describes him "one of the worst kings ever to rule England".
Question: Who tried to convert Frisians
Sentence: By the mid-7th century, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians.
Question: How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty?
Sentence: The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and often some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty.
Question: In what year did Greece become a part of Rome?
Sentence: From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon.
Question: What could have blasted Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation?
Sentence: One is that the ice giants were not formed by core accretion but from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc and later had their atmospheres blasted away by radiation from a nearby massive OB star.
Question: Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was abundant in the RSFSR?
Sentence: The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.
Question: What is a Greek royal palace called?
Sentence: The royal palace (basileion) also came into its own during the Hellenistic period, the first extant example being the massive fourth-century villa of Cassander at Vergina.
Question: Who redid the Tuileries Garden in 1664?
Sentence: The Jardin des Plantes was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626 by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants.
Question: As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?
Sentence: The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe.
Question: In what period did film versions of Inner Sanctum Mysteries appear?
Sentence: Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce in new Sherlock Holmes mysteries (1942–46), teenage musicals with Gloria Jean, Donald O'Connor, and Peggy Ryan (1942–43), and screen adaptations of radio's Inner Sanctum Mysteries with Lon Chaney, Jr. (1943–45).
Question: Classic music can a attain a high level of what?
Sentence: Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity.
Question: On which river is the Three Gorges Dam built?
Sentence: The Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam ever constructed, is being built on the Yangtze River in nearby Hubei province to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream.
Question: In what year did Joseph Stalin visit London?
Sentence: In 1955, Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David Blakely as he emerged from The Magdala in South Hill Park, Hampstead, the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside.
Question: What is the per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males known as?
Sentence: On the other hand, Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.
Question: What is the largest fellowship without control?
Sentence: It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are independent and self-governing, and if so the term 'Baptist denomination' may be considered somewhat incongruous.
Question: Madonna signed a contract with Callaway Arts and Entertainment to be a writer of what type of books?
Sentence: The book debuted at the top of The New York Times Best Seller list and became the fastest-selling children's picture book of all time.
Question: How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture?
Sentence: From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture, referred to as "Canadian culture".
Question: Statues have been made in whose likeness?
Sentence: These were usually annular forts, with one or more concentric earthen or stony walls, with a trench in front of each one.
Question: Where are Popper's manuscripts kept now?
Sentence: Popper's manuscripts went to the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, partly during his lifetime and partly as supplementary material after his death.
Question: How many bridges over the Thames were struck?
Sentence: The damage to military targets much less", and stated that he had seen numerous examples of untouched targets surrounded by buildings destroyed by errant bombs.
Question: In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival?
Sentence: Her first feature film Apron Strings opened the 2008 NZ International Film Festival.
Question: In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?
Sentence: A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate.
Question: Who dissolved the Eritrean parliament in 1962?
Sentence: When Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the country in 1962, the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) waged an armed struggle for independence.
Question: Of what was Vesta the goddess?
Sentence: The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame.
Question: Before the use of the cotton gin, how was cotton separated?
Sentence: However, to produce a bale of cotton required over 600 hours of human labor, making large-scale production uneconomical in the United States, even with the use of humans as slave labor.
Question: Marvel Comics was part of many entities having what relationship with Timely?
Sentence: Goodman's business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff.
Question: What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?
Sentence: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory retained Feynman as a computational consultant during critical missions.
Question: What was the death year of John Lofting?
Sentence: The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d.
Question: In what century were distinct Gothic details used on new construction at Oxford and Cambridge?
Sentence: It is not easy to decide whether these instances were Gothic survival or early appearances of Gothic revival.
Question: Why couldn't Eisenhower attend Annapolis?
Sentence: Eisenhower requested consideration for either Annapolis or West Point with his U.S. Senator, Joseph L. Bristow.
Question: In 2014, what did the census estimate the population of New York City to be?
Sentence: With a census-estimated 2014 population of 8,491,079 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km2)
Question: Along with Aragon and Castile, what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula?
Sentence: The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantry.
Question: About how many years between World Cups?
Sentence: The goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play and only in their penalty area.
Question: What kind of condition is asthma?
Sentence: Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible; however, if left untreated, the chronic inflammation from asthma can lead the lungs to become irreversibly obstructed due to airway remodeling.
Question: What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?
Sentence: Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide.
Question: When did the movement get closest to success?
Sentence: This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party, a political party; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party.
Question: What kind of college is Texas Southern University?
Sentence: Located in the historic community of Third Ward is Texas Southern University, one of the largest historically black colleges and universities in the United States.
Question: For what trading company did Kelsey work?
Sentence: However, it wasn't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said, "At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance."
Question: In what month of 2009 did VidZone start free service to some countries?
Sentence: Since June 2009 VidZone has offered a free music video streaming service in Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
Question: What party was Pedro Albizu Campos part of?
Sentence: The FBI also spied upon and collected information on Puerto Rican independence leader Pedro Albizu Campos and his Nationalist political party in the 1930s.
Question: Kenneth Samuel Wuest believes that the Biblical Christian term referenced people who did not acknowledge who?
Sentence: Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term Christian to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome.
Question: When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
Sentence: However, Napoleon was anointed by a priest before his death.
Question: Who claims that the Old Testament is essentially the same throughout all variations?
Sentence: Professor Douglas Stuart states: "It is fair to say that the verses, chapters, and books of the Bible would read largely the same, and would leave the same impression with the reader, even if one adopted virtually every possible alternative reading to those now serving as the basis for current English translations."
Question: What British health organization made tuberculosis its top priority at its start?
Sentence: Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat to public health such that when the Medical Research Council was formed in Britain in 1913, its initial focus was tuberculosis research.
Question: What other name does the KInsey scale go by?
Sentence: The scale was developed to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual and that these two types represent antitheses in the sexual world.
Question: Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?
Sentence: Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution.
Question: How much will MAPS 3 cost?
Sentence: It is believed the streetcar would begin construction in 2014 and be in operation around 2017.
Question: How many large flight muscles do birds have?
Sentence: Wing shape and size generally determine a bird species' type of flight; many birds combine powered, flapping flight with less energy-intensive soaring flight.
Question: Which protestants were the first to reach out to the Catholic church in 1964 in Iceland?
Sentence: The Lutherans were the first Protestant Church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in Reykjavík, Iceland.
Question: How many successive finishes did Walter Smith manage for the Everton FC?
Sentence: Former Rangers manager Walter Smith then took over from Kendall in the summer of 1998 but only managed three successive finishes in the bottom half of the table.
Question: What was the torch relay referred to as by organizers?
Sentence: ) – the longest distance of any Olympic torch relay since the tradition was started ahead of the 1936 Summer Olympics.
Question: What were the Fertile Crescent and Ancient India ?
Sentence: This process of agriculture-driven expansion led to the development of the first forms of government in agricultural centers, such as the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, Ancient China, Olmec, Sub-Saharan Africa and Norte Chico.
Question: When was the formal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales?
Sentence: Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before.
Question: What sort of television was BSkyB that made it such a radical broadcaster to choose for the Premier League?
Sentence: The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision, but one that has paid off.
Question: Where were the scenes of Ralph Fiennes in a restaurant shot?
Sentence: Prior to this, scenes involving Fiennes were shot at a restaurant in Covent Garden.
Question: Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly?
Sentence: This notion of perception as abduction has received periodic revivals in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research, most recently for instance with the work of Irvin Rock on indirect perception.
Question: What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclopædia Britannica?
Sentence: It should be noted that Estonian words and names quoted in international publications from Soviet sources are often back-transliterations from the Russian transliteration.
Question: Where was Hayek when he died?
Sentence: Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the northern outskirts of Vienna according to the Catholic rite.
Question: Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable?
Sentence: The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitrate.
Question: What is the scientific term for beriberi?
Sentence: In the early 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not.
Question: What did missionary Muslims build in Punjab?
Sentence: Punjab was part of different Muslim Empires consisting of Afghans and Turkic peoples in co-operation with local Punjabi tribes and others.[citation needed]
Question: What year did Alexander III Invade Persia?
Sentence: Undefeated in battle, Alexander had conquered the Persian Empire in its entirety by 330 BC.
Question: When did the first Yankee Stadium open?
Sentence: The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball.
Question: How many battles of the army of Northern Virginia did confederate troops from north Carolina fight in?
Sentence: The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville, which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865.
Question: What was important and unique about regional leaders?
Sentence: Other fanciful theories included its foundation by Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great:207 or regional leaders who had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens'.:208
Question: When was the full version of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released?
Sentence: Knorr commissioned a new translation of the Bible, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, the full version of which was released in 1961.
Question: What worship system is central to Hinduism?
Sentence: Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas).
Question: Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as "The most beautiful promontory in the world?"
Sentence: However, historically, the most important mount is Monte Pellegrino, which is geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain.
Question: Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major American military conflict?
Sentence: Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire.
Question: Who included Madonna as the most powerful woman of the century?
Sentence: Howard Kramer, curatorial director of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, asserted that "Madonna and the career she carved out for herself made possible virtually every other female pop singer to follow ...
Question: The Forth Thieves and Roach Guards were two gangs that operated in what area of New York in the 1820s?
Sentence: The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia, dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades.
Question: Who was the CEO of GE when it announced its Ecoimagination program?
Sentence: The announcement prompted an op-ed piece in The New York Times to observe that, "while General Electric's increased emphasis on clean technology will probably result in improved products and benefit its bottom line, Mr. Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on national environmental policy is fatally flawed because of his company's intransigence in cleaning up its own toxic legacy."
Question: When was the Kamakura Shogunate established?
Sentence: In 1190 he visited Kyoto and in 1192 became Sei'i-taishōgun, establishing the Kamakura Shogunate, or Kamakura Bakufu.
Question: At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis?
Sentence: For example, where there are more than two witnesses at the same level of the tree, normally the critic will select the dominant reading.
Question: What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?
Sentence: Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to human safety, from potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form.
Question: Where was Madame Satã?
Sentence: In Brazil, the post-punk scene grew after the generation of Brasilia rock with bands such as Legião Urbana, Capital Inicial and Plebe Rude and then the opening of the music club Madame Satã in São Paulo, with acts like Cabine C, Titãs, Patife Band, Fellini and Mercenárias, as documented on compilations like The Sexual Life of the Savages and the Não Wave/Não São Paulo series, released in the UK, Germany and Brazil, respectively.[citation needed]
Question: How did post-punk take on rock and roll?
Sentence: Post-punk is a heterogeneous type of rock music that emerged in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s.
Question: What program is open to the residents of Ann arbor?
Sentence: This program is open to all families who live within the district.
Question: How large is the Irish diaspora that was caused by the Great Irish Famine?
Sentence: However, since the Great Irish Famine, the population of Ireland has fallen to less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles.
Question: How many unique visitors a month were tracked as of 2014?
Sentence: The site has 800 million unique users a month.
Question: Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered?
Sentence: Increasing punishment of the Taínos for revolting against forced labour, despite measures put in place by the encomienda, which included religious education and protection from warring tribes, eventually led to the last great Taíno rebellion.
Question: Many German-born Londoners were British citizens by birth due to what?
Sentence: The 2011 census recorded that 2,998,264 people or 36.7% of London's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers.
Question: Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy have the greatest what?
Sentence: The countries with the greatest alpine territory are Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy.
Question: Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located?
Sentence: Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC (where it is on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics.
Question: What famous military event occurred at the site of Camp Colt?
Sentence: He commanded a unit that trained tank crews at Camp Colt – his first command – at the site of "Pickett's Charge" on the Gettysburg, Pennsylvania Civil War battleground.