Enriching pl W ord N et with morphology (2021)

Abstract: In the paper, we present the process of adding morphological information to the Polish WordNet (plWordNet). We describe the reasons for this connection and the intuitions behind it. We also draw attention to the specificity of the Polish morphology. We show in which tasks the morphological information is important and how the methods can be developed by extending them to include combined morphological information based on WordNet.

## towards the definition of meaning the third list, resulting from the manual connection of the resources, contains senses missing in plwordnet. it includes about 800 lemmas which appear in plwordnetin a different sense and whose missing sense was made possible to be completed by a morphological disambiguation. among them there are the following groups of senses which have been qualified as plword-net lus: 1) lemmas, which plwordnet contains only in the adjective meaning, but not in their noun meaning, e.g. hotelowy 'hotel' (adjective) and 'the person who serves guests in the hotel, boy' (noun) foot_2 ; 2) the sub-group, which contains missing adjective senses, but not distinct also in traditional dictionaries; those lemmas have in texts the function of a subject or an object (like a noun), not an attributive (like an adjective), e.g. otyły 'fat' (adjective, described in plwordnet) and otyły 'a fat person' (noun, none); 3) missing sense, which are pragmatically marked; they are included in plwordnet only if their appearance can be confirmed in corpora @xcite , e.g. napaść 'to fatten', which has a different inflection than napaść 1 'to attack'; 4) uninflected lemmas belonging to a part of speech disambiguated by the context, e.g. bordo 'maroon' as an adjective (described) or adverb (none); 5) ambiguous nouns whose grammatical gender is contextually disambiguated, e.g. kapo-female 'female guard in a concentration camp' (in plwordnet is only kapo-male); 6) inflected nouns, which can have different grammatical genders, depending on their meaning, e.g. przewodnik 'guide' (person, personal gender), przewodnik 'guidebook' (thing, inanimate gender), przewodnik 'guide dog' (none; animate); 7) bearers of features, in the case of which meanings can be distinguished by particular lexico-semantic relations, e.g. garbusek 'little hunchback' (person who has a hump) and garbusek 'little beetle' (car). in addition to the above, the method of manually enriching plwordnet allows to reveal other lus, the meaning of which is connected with less regular morphological processes. these are such lus as e.g. podskarbiostwo 'the married couple, a former polish court's clerk and his wife' flop 'the computer power unit', flop 'men's hairstyle' etc. it is interesting that for many nouns with lemmas identical to adjectives, whose morphological disambiguation is contextual, plwordnet describes only masculine nouns, e.g. there is gruby as a 'fat person' but not gruba as a 'fat women'. let us recall that nouns do not inflect by gender, but have their gender assigned. on this basis, it can be concluded that the existence of these meanings as separate is non-intuitive and not obvious in polish. the list of deficiencies also includes meanings that will not be included in plwordnet due to its theoretical-methodological limitations of defining meanings: 1) senses which are understood in the sgjp as adjectives, whereas in plwordnet interpreted as participles, e.g. kupuj ący 'someone who buys' (derived from the verb kupować 'to buy'); 2) occasionalisms, e.g. bufetowa 'the person managing the canteen' (the journalists called in this way the former mayor of warsaw, hanna gronkiewicz-walz); 3) nouns that may be personal or non-personal, e.g. pięciolatek 'a person who is a five years old' or 'animal who is a five years old'; in plwordnet this is the same sense; 4) archaisms whose occurrence is not confirmed by corpora, e.g. majorat as a person; 5) lemmas which occur only in multi-word units cf. @xcite , e.g. warcabnik as 'butterfly' occurs only in species names warcabnik ślazowiec ' carcharodus alceae' and warcabnik szantowiec 'carcharodus floccifera'; 6) proper names not constituting the basis for derivation of relational adjectives used in general language, cf. @xcite , e.g. koło 'a part of warsaw's wola district'; 7) acronyms from proper names which are not described in plwordnet, e.g. lp -legiony polskie 'polish legions'. the most important conclusion for the methodology and procedure of distinguishing senses is that the morphological pattern cannot be treated as a distinguishing feature. instead, it can be a strong argument for manual work, which consists of verifying in corpora previously not described lus. this is especially true in the case of regularities connected with distinguishing lus belonging to different parts of speech, as well as grammatical genders (masculine and feminine). the existence of two masculine patterns of inflection next to each other needs to be verified every time, because plwordnet often treats meanings more generally than it is established in the polish grammatically oriented linguistics. ## new possibilities a wordnet combined with morphological information can be used by nlp tools such as taggers and shallow parsers. the use of wordnet-based context vectors @xcite or the combination of word embeddings with wordnet information @xcite have already been applied in nlp tasks. current taggers most often rely on a vector-based word representation, so a wordnet-based context vector could be attached to the input representation to better represent the dependencies between tokens in a sentence. more semantic information should improve the lemmatization process, which cannot be based solely on morphological information, since there are cases where a pair of word forms and tags has several possible lemmas. the task of extracting key phrases requires morphological information to obtain good results. the word relations that are in wordnet are an additional element that should improve the results @xcite . so far, this task has not used the combined morphology information with the data from wordnet. the combination of information contained in wordnet and morphological dictionaries opens up new paths for the development of a method in various nlp tasks, like the ones mentioned above. moreover, from the implementation side, such integration will allow reducing the number of dependencies in the already functioning methods, which use both the morphology and wordnet. examples of such systems can be a system of clustering terms from the field of economics, which uses morphological information and relationships from wordnet @xcite , or wordnet-based morphological analysis @xcite .