Samāsa-Kartā: An Online Tool for Producing Compound Words using I ndo W ord N et (2016)

Abstract: Samāsa or compounds are a regular feature of Indian Languages. They are also found in other languages like German, Italian, French, Russian, Spanish, etc. Compound word is constructed from two or more words to form a single word. The meaning of this word is derived from each of the individual words of the compound. To develop a system to generate, identify and interpret compounds, is an important task in Natural Language Processing. This paper introduces a web based tool - Samāsa-Kartā for producing compound words. Here, the focus is on Sanskrit language due to its richness in usage of compounds; however, this approach can be applied to any Indian language as well as other languages. IndoWordNet is used as a resource for words to be compounded. The motivation behind creating compound words is to create, to improve the vocabulary, to reduce sense ambiguity, etc. in order to enrich the WordNet. The Samāsa-Kartā can be used for various applications viz., compound categorization, sandhi creation, morphological analysis, paraphrasing, synset creation, etc.

## introduction word compounding is an essential feature of any language. in literature, there are various definitions of the compound word foot_0 . a compound word is a lexeme that consists of more than one stem. an english compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme. however, in sanskrit, a compound, also known as समास (samāsa) is defined as पृ थगथाᭅ नामे काथᱮभावः समासः (pṛthagarthā nāmekārthībhāvaḥ samāsaḥ, placing together two or more words so as to express a composite sense, which is a compound composition) foot_1 . example, िशवप᳀ी (śivapatnī, wife of śiva and a benevolent aspect of devī) is a samāsa or a compound formed from two words िशव (śiva, a major divinity in the later hindu pantheon) and प᳀ी (patnī, a married woman) which are formed from paraphrase िशव᭭य प᳀ी (śivasya patnī, wife of śiva and a benevolent aspect of devī). sanskrit language has high usage of compounds in literature and is rich in producing compound words. pāṇini, the most referred sanskrit grammarian, mentioned various types of samāsa and compounding system stated in the form of 110 sutras (rules) in his grammar book aṣṭādhyāyī @xcite . ## salient features of samāsa-kartā some of the salient features of samāsa-kartā are as follows: ## limitation of samāsa-kartā some of the limitations of samāsa-kartā are: ## related work in past, many researchers have worked on compound words, more particularly for sanskrit language. to understand the need of the tool presented here, a study is done on different kinds of tools available for usage. some tools and work which were reviewed in the domain of compound word and its related fields are presented here. @xcite presented a sanskrit compound processor tool, which automatically segments and identifies the type of a compound using the manually annotated data. to understand the compound; their approach involved segmentation, constituency parsing, compound type identification and paraphrasing. this tool can identify the type of compound and suggest its component's root word. @xcite proposed an inflectional morphology analyzer for sanskrit that identifies and analyzes the inflected noun-forms and verb-forms in any sandhi-free text. the tool checks and labels each word as three basic pos categories -subanta, tiṅanta, and avyaya. it is based on a reverse pāṇinian approach to analyze tiṅanta verb forms into their verbal base and verbal affixes. the methodology used to create database tables to store various morphological components of sanskrit verb forms is based on the well defined and structured process of sanskrit morphology described by pāṇini in his aṣṭādhyāyī. this analyzer also includes the analysis of derived verb roots. @xcite proposed a rule based algorithm for sandhi-vichedā of compound hindi words where one letter (whether single or conjoined) is broken to form two words. part of the broken letter remains as the last letter of the first word and later part of the broken word forms the first letter of the next letter. a sandhi-vichedā module breaks the compound word in a sentence into constituent words, which enables to understand the meaning of the words better. this work aids in learning about the language grammar in an easy way. @xcite studied the generation of sanskrit compounds and rewrote the grammar as a combination of phrase structure rules and the regular grammar. it listed various semantic features as constraints governing the formation of compounds in sanskrit. the rules taken from pāṇini for compound formation are classified into two sets -the ones which designate a technical term to the input string or a part thereof termed as saṃjñāsūtra, and the others which transform the input string into another termed as vidhisūtra. also, the various semantic information needed by the compound formation rules is stated through ontological approach. sanskrit being a highly inflected language in nature, each of its word is inflected. if the words are not used in the correct case-endings, it may lead to a different meaning altogether, giving different context. to simplify the usage of these caseendings, compound words are used. also, if these compound words are added to the wordnet, it may help in identifying meaning of a compound occurring in the literature. hence, we have developed a web based tool called samāsa-kartā. the approach used in this tool follows the rule-based system which takes two words from indowordnet database as an input and produces a compound word. this resultant compound word or samāsa can be included as a synset member along with its paraphrase as a gloss in the wordnet. @xcite is about identification of compound word, whereas, our tool deals with creation of new compound words. jha et al. created morphological analyzer; similarly, we have implemented morph kartā which is created, specifically for wordnet words. gupta et al., created sandhi splitter, however, we have created sandhi joiner, which is also specific for samāsa of wordnet words. hence, samāsa-kartā can be considered as a complete tool of producing compound words related to words in indowordnet database. ## conclusion samāsa is a significant part of most of the languages which is used to express meaning using less number of words. the tool samāsa-kartā, discussed in this paper, is an attempt to improve upon the richness and coverage of a language using a semi-automated approach. it takes words from indowordnet and creates samāsa or compound word(s). samāsa-kartā uses rule based system to form the compounds by passing through various rules of grammar at each sub module. this tool is able to create new compound words along with its paraphrase which can be added to the wordnet.