Linking R ussian W ordnet R u W ord N et to W ord N et (2019)

Abstract: In this paper we consider the linking procedure of Russian wordnet (RuWordNet) to Wordnet. The specificity of the procedure in our case is based on the fact that a lot of bilingual (Russian and English) lexical data have been gathered in another Russian thesaurus RuThes, which has a different structure than WordNet. Previously, RuThes has been semi-automatically transformed into RuWordNet, having the WordNet-like structure. Now, the RuThes English data are utilized to establish matching from the RuWordNet synsets to the WordNet synsets.

## introduction the princeton wordnet thesaurus @xcite created for the english language is one of the most popular linguistic resources used in natural language processing. in many countries their own projects on creating wordnet-like resources (wordnets) for national languages have been initiated @xcite . the open multilingual wordnet project is currently being developed @xcite @xcite . the goal of the project is to link together the existing wordnets created for different languages with an open license 1 . to connect a new language to the project, it is necessary to associate synsets of this language with wordnet synsets and present the data in the required format. sources of links of a specific wordnet to english synsets of princeton wordnet can be different @xcite . some wordnets have been developed with semiautomatic translation of princeton wordnet synsets, and therefore these links exist from the 1 http: // compling.hss.ntu.edu.sg/omw/ beginning. the creators of the finnish wordnet (fiwn) translated princeton wordnet manually, using the work of professional translators. as a result, the finnish wordnet was created on the basis of translation of more than 200 thousand word senses of princeton wordnet words within 100 days @xcite . other wordnets are developed from scratch using ownlanguage text corpora and dictionaries @xcite . in such cases, their linking to wordnet synsets should be organized as a special procedure based on bilingual dictionaries and expert verification. in the current study, we describe another way of aligning the russian wordnet (ruwordnet) and wordnet synsets. ruwordnet was semiautomatically generated from another russian thesaurus ruthes, which is being developed for more than 20 years @xcite . for bilingual text processing, the ruthes concepts also have english representation. this english part of the ruthes thesaurus has been collected from various sources, including several text collections (news articles, european community documents, etc.), english and russian-english dictionaries, and others. currently, the ruthes concepts have more than 140 thousand english text entries. in the paper we describe the process of linking ruwordnet with wordnet, which exploits the previously gathered bilingual data in ruthes. the paper is structured as follows. in section 2 we consider related work. section 3 describes ruwordnet thesaurus and its source -ruthes thesaurus, including representation of bilingual russian-english lexical units and phrases. also the general scheme of links. in section 4 we consider the general scheme of linking ruwordnet and wordnet using ruthes bilingual data. section 5 presents two main steps of linking ruwordnet and wordnet: automated linking through ruthes bilingual information and manual linking of wordnet core concepts. for the first time, the idea of linking wordnets was proclaimed in eurowordnet project @xcite . in order to establish communication between different languages, the synsets of each wordnet should refer to the so-called interlingual index (ili), for which the princeton wordnet synsets were used. the index is an unordered list of synsets with glosses. to accurately describe the correspondence of specific synsets of each language and overcoming lexical gaps that may arise in a particular language, several different equivalence relations from synsets of a specific language to the ili index were proposed: synonym, near-synonym, hyperonym, hyponym. @xcite list the main problems of linking english-language wordnet and another wordnet using romanian wordnet @xcite as an example. the first type of difficulties is related to the fact that potential matches in wordnet correspond to several synsets denoting similar senses, and the explanations of synsets are very similar. additional analysis is needed to choose the most appropriate synset. ## ruwordnet thesaurus the russian wordnet ruwordnet @xcite has been created on the basis of another russian thesaurus ruthes in 2016 @xcite . main units of ruthes are concepts, each concept has a monosemous and clear name and the set of text entries that convey the corresponding concept in texts. the text entries of a concept can include single words of different parts of speech, multiword expressions and also compositional phrases, with the same meaning. to represent bilingual data, the ruthes concept has the english name of concept and the set of english text entries with the same variety of text entries. to create ruwordnet, the ruthes data were transformed: the concepts were subdivided to part-of-speech-related synsets and traditional wordnet-like relations were established between the synsets. further we consider the organization of english part in the ruthes because we use these data for linking ruwordnet and wordnet. ## linking procedure the process of linking of wordnet and ruwordnet synsets includes two parts: the task of the analysis is to check if the english-russian links were established, or some corrections are needed, or the link cannot be established because of the absence of proper lexicalization in russian. currently, i-s (inter-language synonym) and i-ns (inter-language quasi-synonym) are established between wordnet and ruwordnet synsets (through ruthes concepts). the relationship of interlanguage synonymy is established if the synset and concept have very close sets of denotations, but there are some features of the word meanings that are different in the two languages in subsections we consider these two procedures and their results. ## conclusion in this paper we have considered the procedure for linking russian wordnet (ruwordnet) to wordnet. the specificity of the procedure is based on the fact that a lot of bilingual (russian and english) lexical data have been gathered in another russian thesaurus ruthes, which has the structure different from wordnet. at first, russian wordnet was semi-automatically generated from ruthes. now, the ruthes english data are utilized to establish matching from the ruwordnet synsets to the wordnet synsets (through ruthes concepts). additionally, the wordnet core concepts are manually looked through to establish direct relations between ruwordnet and wordnet. currently, 90% of the core wordnet synsets are provided with links to ruwordnet, which is quite a large percentage for the independently developed resources.