A Data Cartography based M ix U p for Pre-trained Language Models (2022)

Abstract: MixUp is a data augmentation strategy where additional samples are generated during training by combining random pairs of training samples and their labels. However, selecting random pairs is not potentially an optimal choice. In this work, we propose TDMixUp, a novel MixUp strategy that leverages Training Dynamics and allows more informative samples to be combined for generating new data samples. Our proposed TDMixUp first measures confidence, variability, (Swayamdipta et al., 2020), and Area Under the Margin (AUM) (Pleiss et al., 2020) to identify the characteristics of training samples (e.g., as easy-to-learn or ambiguous samples), and then interpolates these characterized samples. We empirically validate that our method not only achieves competitive performance using a smaller subset of the training data compared with strong baselines, but also yields lower expected calibration error on the pre-trained language model, BERT, on both in-domain and out-of-domain settings in a wide range of NLP tasks. We publicly release our code.

## proposed approach: tdmixup we introduce our proposed tdmixup, which generates additional samples based on the characteristics of the data samples. we first reveal the characteristics of each data sample by using training dynamics, i.e., confidence, variability, and area under the margin (aum). we then describe our mixup operation that combines training samples based on the above data characteristics that are measured during training.