Table:
0
A
B
C
D
1
($ in millions)
2
For the year ended December 31:
2018*
2017*
Yr.-to-Yr. Percent/ Margin Change
3
Global Business Services
4
External gross profit
$4,448
$4,033
10.3%
5
External gross profit margin
26.8%
25.1%
1.7pts
6
Pre-tax income
$1,629
$1,303
25.0%
7
Pre-tax margin
9.6%
7.9%
1.7pts

Questions and formulas:
Question: What is the increase / (decrease) in the external gross profit from 2017 to 2018?
Formula: B4 - C4
Formula2: B4 - C4
Level: Calculation
Question: What is the average Pre-tax income?
Formula: (B6 + C6) / 2
Formula2: (B6 + C6) / 2
Level: Calculation
Question: What is the increase / (decrease) in the Pre-tax margin from 2017 to 2018?
Formula: B7 - C7
Formula2: B7 - C7
Level: Calculation