宝鸡市金台区人民法院民事判决书 (2019)陕0303民初3352号 原告：叶梅英，女，住陕西省宝鸡市陈仓区。                                                                 委托诉讼代理人：刘增智，陕西际傧律师事务所律师，特别授权。                                                                      被告：祝锦华，女，汉族，住宝鸡市金台区。被告：张佳帅，男，汉族，住宝鸡市金台区。原告叶梅英与被告张佳帅,祝锦华保证合同纠纷一案，本院于2019年10月10日立案后，依法适用简易程序，公开开庭进行了审理。原告叶梅英的委托代理人刘增智、被告祝锦华、张佳帅到庭参加诉讼。本案现已审理终结。原告向本院提出诉讼请求：1、判令被告归还原告人民币6万元及利息（从2016年4月15日起，以借款6万元为基数，按月利率0.83%，计算至款清之日）；2、本案诉讼费用由被告承担。事实和理由：2016年3月15日，原告与陕西恒进物资有限公司签订了借款合同，合同约定：陕西恒进物资有限公司借原告人民币6万元，借款期限12个月，借款月利率0.83%，按月支付利息500元。陕西中福联融资担保有限公司、祝锦华、张佳帅为该笔借款提供担保。合同生效后，陕西恒进物资有限公司仅支付了2016年3月份的利息，从4月份开始至今，未能按期付息，原告多次催要未果。2019年，经宝鸡市渭滨区人民法院（2017）陕0302刑初162号刑事判决书和宝鸡市中级人民法院（2019）陕03刑终114号刑事裁定书认定，本案实际借款人陕西中福联融资担保有限公司法定代表人周树荣犯集资诈骗罪。综上，原告依据《最高人民法院关于审理民间借贷案件适用法律若干问题的规定》第八条关于“借款人涉嫌犯罪或者生效判决认定其有罪，出借人起诉请求担保人承担民事责任的，人民法院应予受理”的规定以及其他相关法律规定，提起民事诉讼，恳请支持原告诉讼请求。原告为支持诉讼请求，向本院提交以下证据：1、借款合同、担保合同、保证书。证明出借人是叶梅英，借款人是陕西恒进物资有限公司，保证人是陕西中福联融资担保有限公司，张佳帅代签合同，祝锦华提供保证担保。2、陈仓区法院裁定书（2017）陕0304民初489号裁定书，裁定驳回起诉，证明刑事案件审理时，叶梅英一直在催要借款。宝鸡市渭滨区人民法院（2017）陕0302刑初162号刑事判决书，宝鸡市中级人民法院（2019）陕03刑终114号刑事裁定书，共同证明涉案刑事审理完毕认定周树荣有罪，符合立案条件，原告才能立案。被告祝锦华答辩称，原告叶梅英所诉的10万元保证书系被告为“中福联担保公司”所写，该担保公司已被宝鸡市中级人民法院认定为集资诈骗，根据《中华人民共和国合同法》第五十二条之规定，构成诈骗罪的借款合同无效，主合同无效从合同随之无效。被告也在“中福联担保公司”签订多份合同，总计100余万元，至今血本无归，同样是受害者。担保书是有时效的，根据担保法第二十五条之规定：保证人与债权人未约定保证期限的保证期间为主债务履行期届满之日起六个月，在合同约定的保证期间和前款规定的保证期间，债权人未对债务人提起诉讼或申请仲裁的保证人免除保证责任。超过这个期限保证人可免除保证责任。根据担保法第二十六条之规定：连带责任保证的保证人与债权人未约定保证期间的，债权人有权自主债务履行期届满之日起六个月内要求保证人承担保证责任。在合同约定的保证期间和前款规定的保证期间，债权人未要求保证人承担保证责任的，保证人免除保证责任。被告祝锦华为支持辩称，向本院提交以下证据：1、中福联告知书、中福联七份投资担保合同、银行明细。证明原告的钱应由中福联偿还。被告同为受害者，案外人乔小红从中获利，乔小红逼迫被告写的保证书。被告张佳帅答辩称，请求驳回原告的所有诉讼请求，诉讼费由原告承担。被告张佳帅未向本院出具证据。对原告与第一被告提交的证据，本院组织双方进行了质证。本院经审理认定事实如下：2016年3月15日，陕西中福联融资担保有限公司（保证人丙方）在未取得陕西恒进物资有限公司授权的情况下，以陕西恒进物资有限公司（借款人乙方）的名义与原告叶梅英（出借人甲方）签订《借款担保合同》，合同约定甲方向乙方出借人民币6万元整，借款期限12个月（自2016年3月15日至2017年3月14日），借款月利率0.83%（年利率10%），付款方式为按月付息，每月20日（含20日）支付当月利息。借款到期利息与本金同时支付。合同出借人签字处载明“张佳帅代叶梅英”。合同签订后，陕西中福联融资担保有限公司向原告叶梅英出具担保函，该担保函上载明：借款到期后，如果借款人不能按时足额还款，及承担连带担保责任，在借贷到期之日起三日内无条件代为偿还本息。2016年3月15日，原告收到收款人署名为“陕西恒进物资有限公司”的收款收据，该收款收据载明“今收到叶梅英借款6万元整。”2016年3月18日，被告祝锦华向原告出具保证书，该保证书载明：客户叶梅英于2015年9月27日在中福联投资4万元整，为期一年，于2016年3月15日投资6万元整，为期一年，两笔合计为10万元整，该笔10万元如中福联公司不能按时返还本金，本人愿代为中福联偿还。2017年2月10日，叶梅英将祝锦华、张佳帅、陕西恒进物资有限公司、陕西中福联融资担保有限公司等以民间借贷为由诉至宝鸡市陈仓区人民法院，宝鸡市陈仓区人民法院作出（2017）陕0304民初485号民事裁定书，以叶梅英与陕西恒进物资有限公司签订的由被告中福联融资担保有限公司担保的借款担保合同系虚假合同，涉嫌集资诈骗，案件不属于民事案件应为刑事案件为由，裁定驳回原告叶梅英的起诉。2017年3月，宝鸡市渭滨区人民检察院指控周树荣（陕西中福联融资担保有限公司董事长）、祁书琴（陕西中福联融资担保有限公司总经理）犯集资诈骗罪，向宝鸡市渭滨区人民法院提起公诉。2019年1月，宝鸡市渭滨区人民法院作出（2017）陕0302刑初162号刑事判决书，该判决书认定：陕西中福联融资担保有限公司为法人独资有限责任公司，法定代表人李毓全，注册资本1.013亿元人民币。自2014年4月起，周树荣担任中福联公司董事长，祁书琴担任总经理，由祁书琴负责组建集资团队，招聘业务员。二被告人未经相关部门批准，在眉县东兴水泥有限公司、陕西恒进物资有限公司、西安昊佑建筑工程有限公司、西安帝醇商贸有限公司、陕西福安投资有限公司并未委托中福联公司进行集资的情况下，以为上述五家公司筹集资金，由中福联公司进行担保的名义，通过业务员以发放宣传彩页、进入小区宣传、邀请群众到中福联公司参观、使用中福联公司《融资性担保机构经营许可证》误导群众相信中福联公司具有融资资格的方式，以8%-20.4%不等的高额利息为诱饵，吸引社会不特定人群集资并承诺在一定期限内以现金方式还本付息。该判决书最终认定被告人周树荣犯集资诈骗罪，判处有期徒刑十四年，并处罚金人民币45万元。被告人祁书琴犯集资诈骗罪，判处有期徒刑十二年，并处罚金人民币35万元。宣判后，周树荣与祁书琴对该判决书不服，上诉至宝鸡市中级人民法院，宝鸡中院于2019年6月26日做出（2019）陕03刑终114号裁定书，裁定驳回上诉，维持原判。案涉原告叶梅英的6万元款项在周树荣、祁书琴集资诈骗案的诈骗金额内包含。本院认为，本案涉及的争议焦点有以下三点，分项阐述如下：1、关于担保时效问题。本案被告祝锦华向原告出具的保证书上未载明保证方式及保证期间，依据法律规定当事人对保证方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照连带责任保证承担保证责任，故本案的保证方式为连带责任保证。连带责任保证的保证人与债权人未约定保证期间的，债权人有权自主债务履行期届满之日起六个月内要求保证人承担保证责任。在合同约定的保证期间和前款规定的保证期间，债权人未要求保证人承担保证责任的，保证人免除保证责任。案涉的6万元借款期限为一年，即从2016年3月15日起至2017年3月14日，按法律规定债权人有权自主债务履行期届满之日起六个月内要求保证人承担保证责任，即原告须在2017年9月14日之前向被告主张权利，本案原告于2017年2月10日将被告祝锦华诉至宝鸡市陈仓区人民法院，根据担保法解释，连带责任保证的债权人在保证期间届满前要求保证人承担保证责任的，从债权人要求保证人承担保证责任之日起，开始计算保证合同的诉讼时效，债权人在保证期间内向保证人主张权利之日起，保证期间失去意义，保证债务变成实然债务，从主张权利之日起保证合同的诉讼时效开始起算，保证期间开始转化为诉讼时效，本案诉讼时效从2017年2月10日起算，当事人向法院请求保护民事权利的诉讼时效期间为三年，本案诉讼未过，故对被告祝锦华辩称的保证期间已过，保证人不承担保证责任的意见，本院不予采信。2、案涉的借款、担保合同的效力问题。陕西中福联融资担保有限公司向原告借款时存在犯罪行为，该犯罪行为已经宝鸡市渭滨区人民法院（2017）陕0302刑初162号刑事判决书、宝鸡中院（2019）陕03刑终114号裁定书确定为集资诈骗犯罪。原告与中福联公司签订《借款担保合同》时，中福联在未取得授权的情况下以陕西恒进物资有限公司的名义向原告借款，符合《中华人民共和国合同法》第五十二条规定的“以合法形式掩盖非法目的”，故案涉的《借款担保合同》系无效合同。3、被告祝锦华、张佳帅是否应承担担保责任。祝锦华向原告出具保证书，该保证书具备保证合同的形式要件，被告祝锦华与原告之间形成保证担保关系。依据《中华人民共和国担保法》的规定，担保合同是主合同的从合同，主合同无效，担保合同无效。主合同无效而导致担保合同无效，担保人无过错的，担保人不承担民事责任；担保人有过错的，担保人承担民事责任的部分，不应超过债务人不能清偿部分的三分之一。被告祝锦华与被告张佳帅系母子关系，张佳帅原系中福联公司业务员，原告叶梅英基于对祝锦华、张佳帅母子的信任将6万元交于祝锦华、张佳帅，由张佳帅代原告与中福联公司签订合同。被告祝锦华作为担保人对其担保的事项应包括对主合同当事人、主债权种类等的真实性负有审查义务，其疏于对主合同要件的审查，且与其子张佳帅促成主合同的签订，应当认定担保人有过错，对债务不能清偿部分承担不超过三分之一的赔偿责任。对原告主张张佳帅承担责任的意见，因张佳帅并未出具保证书，张佳帅代原告签订合同，之后原告用行为表示了对代签行为的追认，故原告主张张佳帅承担保证责任无事实及法律依据，本院依法不予支持。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                综上所述，依照《中华人民共和国合同法》第五十二条、《中华人民共和国担保法》第十九条、第二十六条、《最高人民法院关于适用若干问题的解释》第八条之规定，判决如下：一、被告祝锦华于判决生效之日起十日内赔偿原告叶梅英借款6万元及利息（从2016年4月15日起，以借款6万元为基数，按月利率0.83%，计算至款清之日）中债务人不能清偿部分的三分之一。二、驳回原告叶梅英对被告张佳帅的诉讼请求。三、驳回原告叶梅英其他诉讼请求。如果未按本判决指定的期间履行给付金钱义务，应当依照《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百五十三条规定，加倍支付迟延履行期间的债务利息。案件受理费1800元，减半收取900元，由原告承担600元，   被告祝锦华承担300元。如不服本判决，可在判决书送达之日起十五日内，向本院递交上诉状，并按对方当事人的人数提出副本，上诉于陕西省宝鸡市中级人民法院。上诉期满后七日内未交纳上诉案件受理费的，按自动撤回上诉处理。              审判员  罗小玲 二〇一九年十二月二十四日（院印）书 记 员 张黎 1