陕西省西安市中级人民法院 民  事  裁  定  书   (2019)陕01民申687号再审申请人（原审被告）：西安中天实业发展有限公司，住所地西安市XX大街XX、XX号。法定代表人：王瑄，该公司总经理。委托诉讼代理人：李晨阳，上海市建纬（西安）律师事务所律师。委托诉讼代理人：王欢，上海市建纬（西安）律师事务所律师。被申请人（原审原告）：陕西万福企业管理有限公司，住所地陕西省咸阳市渭城区。法定代表人：王嫣卿，该公司执行董事。委托诉讼代理人：王育新，陕西赢弘律师事务所律师。委托诉讼代理人：孙莉荣，陕西赢弘律师事务所律师。被申请人（原审被告）：西安中糖洋酒公司，住所地西安市。法定代表人：张小强，该公司总经理。再审申请人西安中天实业发展有限公司（以下简称中天公司）因与被申请人陕西万福企业管理有限公司（以下简称万福公司）、西安中糖洋酒公司（以下简称中糖公司）借款合同纠纷一案，不服西安市新城区人民法院（2018）陕0102民初7530号民事判决，向本院申请再审。本院依法组成合议庭进行了审查，现已审查终结。中天公司申请再审称，（一）原审法院未经传票传唤，缺席判决严重侵害了申请人的合法权益。2018年11月申请人接到原审法院执行庭电话领取（2018）陕0102执保296号执行裁定书时得知本案，2018年11月14日委托员工到承办法官处了解案件情况，承办法官交给该员工民事起诉状及（2018）陕0102民初7530号民事裁定书一份，并让该员工签署了当事人送达地址确认书，该员工询问开庭时间及何时领取传票，承办法官答复年后会安排开庭，直到2019年2月3日申请人员工收到了原审判决书。经查阅案卷得知，原审法院2018年10月26日以公告方式向申请人送达了开庭传票等相关文书。根据《民事诉讼法》第九十二条及《最高人民法院关于进一步加强民事送达工作的若干意见》第十五条的规定，本案申请人并非采取其他方式无法送达，而是根本未被送达。根据最高法院相关通知，法院公告应刊登在《人民法院报》上，原审法院将公告刊登在《工人日报》与最高法院的相关规定不符，且公告上载明的开庭与实际开庭的法庭不一致。（二）原判决认定的基本事实缺乏证据证明。《最高人民法院关于审理民事案件适用诉讼时效制度若干问题的规定》第十条第一款第四项规定“当事人一方下落不明，对方当事人在国家级或者下落不明的当事人一方住所地的省级有影响的媒体上刊登具有主张权利公告的，但法律和司法解释另有特别规定的，适用其规定。”作为保证人中天公司不存在下落不明的情形，作为债权人的长城资产管理公司在将资产转让给毅力公司之前均直接以公告方式清收债权，不符合上述法律规定，长城公司以公告方式向保证人中天公司主张债权的行为不发生法律效力，毅力公司2012年11月8日获得债权前，合同约定的两年保证期间已经届满，中天公司不再承担保证责任。（三）原审判决认定的主要证据未经质证。原审法院未合法传唤申请人，径行公告送达程序，导致申请人未参加庭审，所有的证据均未经质证。中天公司依据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百条第二项、第四项、第十项规定申请再审。万福公司提交意见称，原判决认定事实清楚，适用法律正确，送达程序合法，应予维护。本院认为，《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第一百六十四条第一款规定：“当事人不服地方人民法院第一审判决的，有权在判决书送达之日起十五日内向上一级人民法院提起上诉。”第一百六十八条规定：“第二审人民法院应当对上诉请求的有关事实和适用法律进行审查。”依据上述法律规定，两审终审制是我国民事诉讼的基本制度，当事人如认为一审判决错误，应当提起上诉，通过二审程序行使诉讼权利。也就是说，当事人对一审判决不服应首先选择民事诉讼审级制度设计内的常规救济程序即二审程序，寻求权利的救济。再审程序是针对生效判决可能出现的重要错误而赋予当事人的特别救济程序，如在穷尽了常规救济途径之后，当事人仍然认为生效裁判有错误的，可以向人民法院申请再审。对于可以通过二审程序得以救济的，却要越过二审程序通过审判监督寻求救济的，人民法院应不予支持，否则将变相鼓励或放纵不守诚信的当事人滥用再审程序，使特殊程序异化为普通程序，从而造成对司法资源的浪费，造成对两审终审制的破坏。本案中，中天公司于2019年2月3日收到一审判决书，但未依法在法定期限内提起上诉，表明其认可一审判决认定的基本事实及判决结果，其现对原判决申请再审，于法有悖，本院依法不予支持。依照《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百零四条、第二百零六条、《最高人民法院关于适用中华人民共和国民事诉讼法>的解释》第三百九十五条第一款的规定，裁定如下：驳回西安中天实业发展有限公司的再审申请。                                    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