Question: when did the colonizer of the sunniest country in the world in 1st century BC begin to fall?

<P0-S0> In 332 BC, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt as he toppled the Achaemenids and established the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom, whose first ruler was one of Alexander's former generals, Ptolemy I Soter. <P0-S1> The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome. <P0-S2> The death of Cleopatra ended the nominal independence of Egypt resulting in Egypt becoming one of the provinces of the Roman Empire. <SEP> <P1-S0> the roman republic (latin: res publica romana; classical latin: [ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na]) was the period of ancient roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the roman kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 bc, and ending in 27 bc with the establishment of the roman empire. <P1-S1> it was during this period that rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire mediterranean world. <P1-S2> during the first two centuries of its existence, the roman republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, from central italy to the entire italian peninsula. <P1-S3> by the following century, it included north africa, spain, and what is now southern france. <P1-S4> two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century bc, it included the rest of modern france, greece, and much of the eastern mediterranean. <P1-S5> by this time, internal tensions led to a series of civil wars, culminating with the assassination of julius caesar, which led to the transition from republic to empire. <P1-S6> the exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation. <P1-S7> historians have variously proposed julius caesar's crossing of the rubicon river in 49 bc, caesar's appointment as dictator for life in 44 bc, and the defeat of mark antony and cleopatra at the battle of actium in 31 bc. <P1-S8> however, most use the same date as did the ancient romans themselves, the roman senate's grant of extraordinary powers to octavian and his adopting the title augustus in 27 bc, as the defining event ending the republic. <SEP> <P2-S0> Relevant dates include 117 CE, when the Empire was at its greatest territorial extent, and the accession of Diocletian in 284. <P2-S1> Irreversible major territorial loss, however, began in 376 with a large - scale irruption of Goths and others. <P2-S2> In 395, after winning two destructive civil wars, Theodosius I died, leaving a collapsing field army and the Empire, still plagued by Goths, divided between his two incapable sons. <P2-S3> By 476 when Odoacer deposed the Emperor Romulus, the Western Roman Emperor wielded negligible military, political, or financial power and had no effective control over the scattered Western domains that could still be described as Roman. <P2-S4> Invading barbarians had established their own power in most of the area of the Western Empire. <P2-S5> While its legitimacy lasted for centuries longer and its cultural influence remains today, the Western Empire never had the strength to rise again. <SEP> <P3-S0> mithridates ii antiochus epiphanes philorhomaeus philhellen monocrites (, died 20 bc), also known as mithridates ii of commagene, was a man of armenian and greek descent who lived in the 1st century bc. <P3-S1> he was a prince of commagene and one of the sons of king antiochus i theos of commagene and queen isias philostorgos of commagene. <P3-S2> when his father died in 38 bc, he succeeded his father and reigned until his death. <SEP> <P4-S0> Most of Egypt's rain falls in the winter months. <P4-S1> South of Cairo, rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) per year and at intervals of many years. <P4-S2> On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm (16.1 in), mostly between October and March. <P4-S3> Snow falls on Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta, Baltim, Sidi Barrany, etc. <P4-S4> and rarely in Alexandria. <P4-S5> A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013, the first time Cairo received snowfall in many decades. <P4-S6> Frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt. <P4-S7> Egypt is the driest and the sunniest country in the world, and most of its land surface is desert.