winkelee/scaling-down huggingface dataset:
Question: When did the mint in the location of the headquarters of the publishers of Introduction to Christianity stop making circulating coins?

<P0-S0> the coinage act of 1792, passed on april 2, 1792, authorized the mintage of a "disme", one-tenth the silver weight and value of a dollar. <P0-S1> the composition of the disme was set at 89.24% silver and 10.76% copper. <P0-S2> in 1792, a limited number of dismes were minted but never circulated. <P0-S3> some of these were struck in copper, indicating that the 1792 dismes were in fact pattern coins. <P0-S4> the first dimes minted for circulation did not appear until 1796, due to a lack of demand for the coin and production problems at the united states mint. <SEP> <P1-S0> the united states bicentennial coinage was a set of circulating commemorative coins, consisting of a quarter, half dollar and dollar struck by the united states mint in 1975 and 1976. regardless of when struck, each coin bears the double date 1776 -- 1976 on the normal obverses for the washington quarter, kennedy half dollar and eisenhower dollar. <P1-S1> no coins dated 1975 of any of the three denominations were minted. <SEP> <P2-S0> The English edition of "Introduction to Christianity" was revised in 2000 by Ignatius Press with a new preface by Joseph Ratzinger. <P2-S1> A second revised edition was released in 2004 by Ignatius Press. <SEP> <P3-S0> Ignatius Press, named for Saint Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuit Order, is a Catholic publishing house based in San Francisco, California, USA. <P3-S1> It was founded in 1978 by Father Joseph Fessio SJ, a Jesuit priest and former pupil of Pope Benedict XVI. <P3-S2> In an interview in 1998, Father Fessio said, "our objective is to support the teachings of the Church". <P3-S3> Ignatius Press also produces "Catholic World Report", "Homiletic and Pastoral Review", "Ignatius Insight" and the blog Ignatius Insight "Scoop". <SEP> <P4-S0> The San Francisco Mint is a branch of the United States Mint and was opened in 1854 to serve the gold mines of the California Gold Rush. <P4-S1> It quickly outgrew its first building and moved into a new one in 1874. <P4-S2> This building, the Old United States Mint, also known affectionately as The Granite Lady, is one of the few that survived the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake. <P4-S3> It served until 1937, when the present facility was opened.
Question: Who was elected mayor of the birth place of Jocelyn's performer in 2018?

<P0-S0> Jocelyn Enriquez (born December 28, 1974) is an American dance-pop singer from San Francisco. <P0-S1> She is of Filipino descent; her parents are from the province of Pangasinan. <P0-S2> She graduated from Pinole Valley High School in 1993. <SEP> <P1-S0> francis e. rodgers (november 15, 1909 – february 8, 2000) was an american democratic party politician who was among the longest-serving mayors in u.s. history, first elected in 1946 as mayor of harrison, new jersey. <P1-S1> he served in the position for 48 years from 1946 to 1995, having been elected to 24 consecutive two-year terms in office. <P1-S2> on may 30, 1987, rodgers earned a place in the "guinness book of world records" when he surpassed by a single day mayor erastus corning ii of albany, new york, who died in office in 1983 after having served 40 years, 4 months and 28 days in office. <P1-S3> the town marked the occasion by closing municipal offices in the mayor's honor and by letting students in the harrison public schools have a day off. <P1-S4> however, mayor hilmar moore of richmond, texas, served a much longer span of 63 years in office until he died in 2012. <SEP> <P2-S0> Jocelyn is the second album by Jocelyn Enriquez, released in 1997 on Tommy Boy Records. <P2-S1> It features her biggest mainstream hits to date, "Do You Miss Me?" <P2-S2> and "A Little Bit of Ecstasy". <P2-S3> "Get into the Rhythm" was also released as a single. <SEP> <P3-S0> ann arbor has a council-manager form of government. <P3-S1> the city council has 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. <P3-S2> the mayor and city council members serve two-year terms: the mayor is elected every even-numbered year, while half of the city council members are up for election annually (five in even-numbered and five in odd-numbered years). <P3-S3> two council members are elected from each of the city's five wards. <P3-S4> the mayor is elected citywide. <P3-S5> the mayor is the presiding officer of the city council and has the power to appoint all council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the city council. <P3-S6> the current mayor of ann arbor is christopher taylor, a democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014. day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council. <SEP> <P4-S0> Eight candidates qualified to appear on the ballot, and a ninth qualified as a write - in. <P4-S1> The four major candidates were former Supervisor Angela Alioto, former Acting Mayor London Breed, Supervisor Jane Kim and former State Senator Mark Leno. <P4-S2> All four main candidates identify as Democrats, though the position is officially nonpartisan per the Constitution of California. <P4-S3> Leno conceded the race to Breed on June 13.
Question: Where is the Army Navy game played in the city where the performer of Down in the Valley was born?

<P0-S0> although an important role in the mississippi river campaign was played by armored paddle steamers, the campaign was a union army undertaking, as the ships used were under army command and were used as army transports and floating gun stations rather than independent battleships. <P0-S1> most of their boats were either converted paddle steamers or purpose-built gunboats that had never seen the sea. <P0-S2> because of this, the mississippi river squadron quickly became known as the brown-water navy. <P0-S3> this was a reference to the brown, muddy water of the mississippi, as compared to the deep blue commonly associated with the sea. <P0-S4> the only exception was at the siege of vicksburg where the army, marching downstream met up with the union navy under rear admiral david farragut sailing upstream and the two combined their forces for an all-out land-and-sea shelling of the town. <SEP> <P1-S0> All games contested in Philadelphia through 1935 were played at Franklin Field, the home field of the University of Pennsylvania. <P1-S1> From 1936 through 1979, all games contested in Philadelphia were held in Municipal Stadium, renamed John F. Kennedy Stadium in 1964. <P1-S2> From 1980 - 2001, all games contested in Philadelphia were hosted by Veterans Stadium. <P1-S3> Since 2003, all games contested in Philadelphia have been played in Lincoln Financial Field. <SEP> <P2-S0> Following the American Revolution, Philadelphia became especially renowned for musical development and was the home of the esteemed Alexander Reinagle, John Christopher Moller, Rayner Taylor and Susannah Haswell Rowson. <P2-S1> Reinagle became the most influential figure in Philadelphia's musical life, organizing a number of concerts, organizations and musical events. <P2-S2> Francis Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was a notable composer of the period. <P2-S3> One of his compositions, "My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free", is well-remembered as the first art song from the United States (though this is disputed); it is, however, lacking in originality and innovation to set it apart from European compositions. <SEP> <P3-S0> "Down in the Valley" is a 1962 R&B song written by Bert Berns and Solomon Burke and originally recorded by Solomon Burke. <P3-S1> It was released on Atlantic as a B-side to "I'm Hanging Up My Heart For You". <P3-S2> It was covered by Otis Redding on his album "Otis Blue". <P3-S3> Burke's original version is a classic example of early country soul with booming vocals. <SEP> <P4-S0> nicholas k. miller (born c. 1959) was the defensive mvp of the 1981 liberty bowl, for the ohio state buckeyes. <P4-S1> as a middle guard, miller was also voted "most inspirational" player, by his teammates in 1981, in addition to his outstanding performance in the bowl game against navy. <P4-S2> miller had several sacks throughout the game, giving navy's offensive line a very difficult time. <P4-S3> in navy's second possession of the game, miller forced a fumble, recovered by ohio state.
Question: In 2018, who was elected mayor of the city where the performer of All My Life was born?

<P0-S0> Eight candidates qualified to appear on the ballot, and a ninth qualified as a write - in. <P0-S1> The four major candidates were former Supervisor Angela Alioto, former Acting Mayor London Breed, Supervisor Jane Kim and former State Senator Mark Leno. <P0-S2> All four main candidates identify as Democrats, though the position is officially nonpartisan per the Constitution of California. <P0-S3> Leno conceded the race to Breed on June 13. <SEP> <P1-S0> Jocelyn Enriquez (born December 28, 1974) is an American dance-pop singer from San Francisco. <P1-S1> She is of Filipino descent; her parents are from the province of Pangasinan. <P1-S2> She graduated from Pinole Valley High School in 1993. <SEP> <P2-S0> ernest eden george (18 september 1863 – 2 may 1927), known as eden george, was born in new south wales and came to new zealand as a young man. <P2-S1> he made his career in photography and was active in auckland and dunedin, but mainly in christchurch. <P2-S2> entrepreneurial, combative and confrontational, he entered the political scene. <P2-S3> in his early life, he stood at five elections to the new zealand parliament, but he came last at every occasion. <P2-S4> surprisingly, he was elected mayor of christchurch in 1892 without, unlike all his predecessors, having ever served as a councillor on christchurch city council before. <P2-S5> he had a most difficult year, was soundly beaten at the next election and told councillors that they "should forget him, as he would forget them". <P2-S6> indeed, in 1906, his was the only photo of all the city's ex mayors that was not on display in the mayor's office. <SEP> <P3-S0> ann arbor has a council-manager form of government. <P3-S1> the city council has 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. <P3-S2> the mayor and city council members serve two-year terms: the mayor is elected every even-numbered year, while half of the city council members are up for election annually (five in even-numbered and five in odd-numbered years). <P3-S3> two council members are elected from each of the city's five wards. <P3-S4> the mayor is elected citywide. <P3-S5> the mayor is the presiding officer of the city council and has the power to appoint all council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the city council. <P3-S6> the current mayor of ann arbor is christopher taylor, a democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014. day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council. <SEP> <P4-S0> All My Life is the third album by singer Jocelyn Enriquez. <P4-S1> It was released on February 11, 2003 on Jocelyn's own label, JEM Entertainment. <P4-S2> All My Life includes the hit singles, "No Way No How" and "Why."
Question: where is the army navy game played in the city the songwriter of Don't Give Up on Me was born in?

<P0-S0> Following the American Revolution, Philadelphia became especially renowned for musical development and was the home of the esteemed Alexander Reinagle, John Christopher Moller, Rayner Taylor and Susannah Haswell Rowson. <P0-S1> Reinagle became the most influential figure in Philadelphia's musical life, organizing a number of concerts, organizations and musical events. <P0-S2> Francis Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was a notable composer of the period. <P0-S3> One of his compositions, "My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free", is well-remembered as the first art song from the United States (though this is disputed); it is, however, lacking in originality and innovation to set it apart from European compositions. <SEP> <P1-S0> All games contested in Philadelphia through 1935 were played at Franklin Field, the home field of the University of Pennsylvania. <P1-S1> From 1936 through 1979, all games contested in Philadelphia were held in Municipal Stadium, renamed John F. Kennedy Stadium in 1964. <P1-S2> From 1980 - 2001, all games contested in Philadelphia were hosted by Veterans Stadium. <P1-S3> Since 2003, all games contested in Philadelphia have been played in Lincoln Financial Field. <SEP> <P2-S0> Do n't Give Up on Me is a studio album by R&B / Soul singer Solomon Burke, recorded and released in 2002 on Fat Possum Records. <P2-S1> The album won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album. <P2-S2> It is noteworthy for the contributions of original and previously unreleased compositions by top - rank songwriters, the effect of which placed Burke back in the public eye for a time. <P2-S3> Guest stars are Daniel Lanois, who plays electric guitar on ``Stepchild '', and The Blind Boys of Alabama, who feature on backing vocals for`` None of Us Are Free''. <P2-S4> ``None of Us Are Free ''was also featured at the end of the sixth episode (Spin) of the second season of House.`` Fast Train'' was featured during the ending montage of the season three finale of The Wire. <SEP> <P3-S0> "don't give up on me now" is a song by the american pop rock singer ben harper. <P3-S1> it was released as a single on april 11, 2011 by the label virgin. <SEP> <P4-S0> nicholas k. miller (born c. 1959) was the defensive mvp of the 1981 liberty bowl, for the ohio state buckeyes. <P4-S1> as a middle guard, miller was also voted "most inspirational" player, by his teammates in 1981, in addition to his outstanding performance in the bowl game against navy. <P4-S2> miller had several sacks throughout the game, giving navy's offensive line a very difficult time. <P4-S3> in navy's second possession of the game, miller forced a fumble, recovered by ohio state.
Question: Where is the Army Navy Game played in the birthplace of Don't Give Up on Me's performer?

<P0-S0> "don't give up on me now" is a song by the american pop rock singer ben harper. <P0-S1> it was released as a single on april 11, 2011 by the label virgin. <SEP> <P1-S0> the chief guest of the function is the president of india who arrives escorted by the presidential body guard (pbg), a cavalry unit. <P1-S1> when the president arrives, the pbg commander asks the unit to give the national salute, which is followed by playing of the indian national anthem, jana gana mana, by the army developed the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which military bands, pipe and drum bands, buglers and trumpeters from various army regiments besides bands from the navy and air force take part which play popular tunes like abide with me, mahatma gandhi's favourite hymn, and saare jahan se achcha at the end. <SEP> <P2-S0> Following the American Revolution, Philadelphia became especially renowned for musical development and was the home of the esteemed Alexander Reinagle, John Christopher Moller, Rayner Taylor and Susannah Haswell Rowson. <P2-S1> Reinagle became the most influential figure in Philadelphia's musical life, organizing a number of concerts, organizations and musical events. <P2-S2> Francis Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was a notable composer of the period. <P2-S3> One of his compositions, "My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free", is well-remembered as the first art song from the United States (though this is disputed); it is, however, lacking in originality and innovation to set it apart from European compositions. <SEP> <P3-S0> Don't Give Up on Me is a studio album by R&B/Soul singer Solomon Burke, recorded and released in 2002 on Fat Possum Records. <P3-S1> The album won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album. <P3-S2> It is noteworthy for the contributions of original and previously unreleased compositions by top-rank songwriters, the effect of which placed Burke back in the public eye for a time. <P3-S3> Guest stars are Daniel Lanois, who plays electric guitar on "Stepchild", and The Blind Boys of Alabama, who feature on backing vocals for "None of Us Are Free". <P3-S4> "None of Us Are Free" was also featured at the end of the sixth episode ("Spin") of the second season of "House". <P3-S5> "Fast Train" was featured during the ending montage of the season three finale of "The Wire". <SEP> <P4-S0> All games contested in Philadelphia through 1935 were played at Franklin Field, the home field of the University of Pennsylvania. <P4-S1> From 1936 through 1979, all games contested in Philadelphia were held in Municipal Stadium, renamed John F. Kennedy Stadium in 1964. <P4-S2> From 1980 - 2001, all games contested in Philadelphia were hosted by Veterans Stadium. <P4-S3> Since 2003, all games contested in Philadelphia have been played in Lincoln Financial Field.
Question: Where is the Army-Navy game played in the birthplace of the Everybody Needs Somebody to Love performer?

<P0-S0> barbie: game girl is a 2d action platformer video game released in 1992 for the game boy based on the barbie doll franchise. <P0-S1> the game's title screen presents background music that is basically an instrumental version of the early 1990s pop music tune "gonna make you sweat (everybody dance now)" by c+c music factory. <SEP> <P1-S0> All games contested in Philadelphia through 1935 were played at Franklin Field, the home field of the University of Pennsylvania. <P1-S1> From 1936 through 1979, all games contested in Philadelphia were held in Municipal Stadium, renamed John F. Kennedy Stadium in 1964. <P1-S2> From 1980 - 2001, all games contested in Philadelphia were hosted by Veterans Stadium. <P1-S3> Since 2003, all games contested in Philadelphia have been played in Lincoln Financial Field. <SEP> <P2-S0> Following the American Revolution, Philadelphia became especially renowned for musical development and was the home of the esteemed Alexander Reinagle, John Christopher Moller, Rayner Taylor and Susannah Haswell Rowson. <P2-S1> Reinagle became the most influential figure in Philadelphia's musical life, organizing a number of concerts, organizations and musical events. <P2-S2> Francis Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was a notable composer of the period. <P2-S3> One of his compositions, "My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free", is well-remembered as the first art song from the United States (though this is disputed); it is, however, lacking in originality and innovation to set it apart from European compositions. <SEP> <P3-S0> it's the old army game is a 1926 american silent comedy film starring w. c. fields and louise brooks. <P3-S1> the "army game" is the shell game, a con-trick which wc fields observes being played. <P3-S2> "it's the old army game" he says, sagely. <P3-S3> the film was directed by a. edward sutherland, billed as eddie sutherland, and co-stars sutherland's aunt, the stage actress blanche ring in one of her few silent film appearances. <P3-S4> the film is based on the revue "the comic supplement" by joseph p. mcevoy and fields, and included several skits from fields' stage plays. <SEP> <P4-S0> "Everybody Needs Somebody to Love" is a song written by Bert Berns, Solomon Burke and Jerry Wexler, and originally recorded by Solomon Burke under the production of Bert Berns at Atlantic Records in 1964. <P4-S1> Burke's version charted in 1964, but missed the US top 40, peaking at number 58.
Question: On what field is the Army-Navy game played in the city where the artist associated with Everybody Needs Somebody to Love was born?

<P0-S0> "i don't wanna cry" is a song written and recorded by american country music artist larry gatlin. <P0-S1> it was released in may 1977 as the second single from the album "love is just a game". <P0-S2> the song reached number 3 on the "billboard" hot country singles & tracks chart. <SEP> <P1-S0> "Everybody Needs Somebody to Love" is a song written by Bert Berns, Solomon Burke and Jerry Wexler, and originally recorded by Solomon Burke under the production of Bert Berns at Atlantic Records in 1964. <P1-S1> Burke's version charted in 1964, but missed the US top 40, peaking at number 58. <SEP> <P2-S0> All games contested in Philadelphia through 1935 were played at Franklin Field, the home field of the University of Pennsylvania. <P2-S1> From 1936 through 1979, all games contested in Philadelphia were held in Municipal Stadium, renamed John F. Kennedy Stadium in 1964. <P2-S2> From 1980 - 2001, all games contested in Philadelphia were hosted by Veterans Stadium. <P2-S3> Since 2003, all games contested in Philadelphia have been played in Lincoln Financial Field. <SEP> <P3-S0> Following the American Revolution, Philadelphia became especially renowned for musical development and was the home of the esteemed Alexander Reinagle, John Christopher Moller, Rayner Taylor and Susannah Haswell Rowson. <P3-S1> Reinagle became the most influential figure in Philadelphia's musical life, organizing a number of concerts, organizations and musical events. <P3-S2> Francis Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was a notable composer of the period. <P3-S3> One of his compositions, "My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free", is well-remembered as the first art song from the United States (though this is disputed); it is, however, lacking in originality and innovation to set it apart from European compositions. <SEP> <P4-S0> slide on over here is the fourth studio album by american country music artist steve azar. <P4-S1> it was released on august 4, 2009 via ride records. <P4-S2> the album includes the singles "moo la moo", which charted in the top 40 on the "billboard" hot country songs chart and "sunshine (everybody needs a little)", which peaked at number 27.
Question: Who is the child of Maria Leopoldina of the same country that Murderer, the Hope of Women's author is a citizen?

<P0-S0> edgar gardner murphy, an american clergyman and author, is credited with proposing the national child labor committee following a conference between murphy's alabama child labor committee, and the new york child labor committee. <P0-S1> the conference culminated on april 25, 1904 at a mass meeting held in carnegie hall, new york city. <P0-S2> at the meeting, both men and women concerned with the plight of working children overwhelmingly supported the formation of the national child labor committee, and felix adler was elected its first chairman. <SEP> <P1-S0> marcio araújo de lacerda (born on leopoldina, minas gerais on january 22, 1946) is the former mayor of belo horizonte in the state of minas gerais, brazil. <P1-S1> marcio lacerda is a member of the brazilian socialist party (psb). <SEP> <P2-S0> Pedro II's mother died when he was one year old, and his father remarried, to Amélie of Leuchtenberg, a couple years later. <P2-S1> Pedro II formed a strong bond with Empress Amélie, whom he considered to be his mother throughout the remainder of his life. <P2-S2> When Pedro I abdicated on 7 April 1831 and departed to Europe with Amélie, Pedro II was left behind with his sisters and became the second emperor of Brazil. <P2-S3> He was raised with simplicity but received an exceptional education towards shaping what Brazilians then considered an ideal ruler. <P2-S4> The sudden and traumatic loss of his parents, coupled with a lonely and unhappy upbringing, greatly affected Pedro II and shaped his character. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Leopold Museum, housed in the Museumsquartier in Vienna, Austria, is home to one of the largest collections of modern Austrian art, featuring artists such as Egon Schiele, Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka and Richard Gerstl. <SEP> <P4-S0> Murderer, the Hope of Women is a short Expressionist play written by the painter Oskar Kokoschka. <P4-S1> It focuses more on the actions and appearances of its characters than on their dialogue. <P4-S2> Its performance was received with much criticism, as it was a break from classical drama and part of the modernist avant-garde movement in German culture.
Question: Who was in charge of Abschieds-Rufe's composer's country?

<P0-S0> garbarek was born in mysen, norway, the only child of a former polish prisoner of war, czesław garbarek, and a norwegian farmer's daughter. <P0-S1> he grew up in oslo, stateless until the age of seven, as there was no automatic grant of citizenship in norway at the time. <P0-S2> when he was 21, he married vigdis. <P0-S3> he is the father of musician and composer anja garbarek. <SEP> <P1-S0> Abschieds-Rufe ("Cries of Farewell"), op, 179, is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II. <P1-S1> It premiered in January 1856 at a ball attended by some two thousand guests in the Sofienbad-Saal in Vienna. <P1-S2> The waltz was very well received, and was repeated four times. <SEP> <P2-S0> the republic of the congo received full independence from france on august 15, 1960. fulbert youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. <P2-S1> the congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by alphonse massamba-débat. <SEP> <P3-S0> Karl Renner and Adolf Schärf (Socialist Party of Austria [Social Democrats and Revolutionary Socialists]), Leopold Kunschak (Austria's People's Party [former Christian Social People's Party]), and Johann Koplenig (Communist Party of Austria) declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945 and set up a provisional government in Vienna under state Chancellor Renner the same day, with the approval of the victorious Red Army and backed by Joseph Stalin. <P3-S1> (The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic.) <P3-S2> At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. <P3-S3> On 1 May 1945, the federal constitution of 1929, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. <SEP> <P4-S0> The Vienna Walzer Orchestra (German: Wiener Walzer Orchester) is a chamber orchestra based in Vienna, Austria that specializes in traditional Viennese waltzes, polkas, marches and operetta arias from composers such as: J. Strauss II, F. Lehár, C.M. <P4-S1> Ziehrer, among others. <P4-S2> Their concerts also always include performances by ballet dancers and opera singers.
Question: Since 1850, how much of the glaciation in the country of citizenship of the composer of Abschieds-Rufe has disappeared?

<P0-S0> the chancellor manuscript is a 1977 novel, by american writer robert ludlum, about the alleged secret files of j. edgar hoover and how they disappeared after his death, and how they possibly could be used to force people in high places to do the bidding of those who possessed the secrets contained therein. <P0-S1> it also speculated that hoover himself might have been assassinated because he knew too much about too many of the wrong people. <SEP> <P1-S0> High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. <P1-S1> The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resulting in decreased river run-off levels. <P1-S2> Forty percent of the glaciation in Austria has disappeared since 1850, and 30% of that in Switzerland. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Vienna Walzer Orchestra (German: Wiener Walzer Orchester) is a chamber orchestra based in Vienna, Austria that specializes in traditional Viennese waltzes, polkas, marches and operetta arias from composers such as: J. Strauss II, F. Lehár, C.M. <P2-S1> Ziehrer, among others. <P2-S2> Their concerts also always include performances by ballet dancers and opera singers. <SEP> <P3-S0> the reference to naturalization in the citizenship clause is to the process by which immigrants are granted united states citizenship. <P3-S1> congress has power in relation to naturalization under the naturalization clause in article i, section 8, clause 4 of the constitution. <SEP> <P4-S0> Abschieds-Rufe ("Cries of Farewell"), op, 179, is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II. <P4-S1> It premiered in January 1856 at a ball attended by some two thousand guests in the Sofienbad-Saal in Vienna. <P4-S2> The waltz was very well received, and was repeated four times.
Question: Who was in charge of the country where the composer of Paroxysmen is a citizen?

<P0-S0> The Vienna Walzer Orchestra (German: Wiener Walzer Orchester) is a chamber orchestra based in Vienna, Austria that specializes in traditional Viennese waltzes, polkas, marches and operetta arias from composers such as: J. Strauss II, F. Lehár, C.M. <P0-S1> Ziehrer, among others. <P0-S2> Their concerts also always include performances by ballet dancers and opera singers. <SEP> <P1-S0> garbarek was born in mysen, norway, the only child of a former polish prisoner of war, czesław garbarek, and a norwegian farmer's daughter. <P1-S1> he grew up in oslo, stateless until the age of seven, as there was no automatic grant of citizenship in norway at the time. <P1-S2> when he was 21, he married vigdis. <P1-S3> he is the father of musician and composer anja garbarek. <SEP> <P2-S0> Paroxysmen ("Paroxysms"), opus 189, is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II. <P2-S1> It was dedicated to the Gentlemen Students of Medicine at Vienna University" on the occasion of a ball held in the Sofienbad-Saal in January 1857. <P2-S2> A critic of the newspaper Fremden-Blatt commented on the waltz: "The day before yesterday the Medical Students' Ball opened the season in the Sofienbad-Saal, which made the ball especially interesting when one saw for the first time the new and sumptuously decorated locale. <P2-S3> The dance hall is newly hung throughout with red and gold drapery, the ceiling very tastefully prepared. <P2-S4> Little statues, surrounded by flowers and leaves, heighten the appeal of the decorations. <P2-S5> The music was personally conducted by Strauss and his waltz 'Paroxysmen', written especially for this ball, belongs to his best compositions." <SEP> <P3-S0> Karl Renner and Adolf Schärf (Socialist Party of Austria [Social Democrats and Revolutionary Socialists]), Leopold Kunschak (Austria's People's Party [former Christian Social People's Party]), and Johann Koplenig (Communist Party of Austria) declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945 and set up a provisional government in Vienna under state Chancellor Renner the same day, with the approval of the victorious Red Army and backed by Joseph Stalin. <P3-S1> (The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic.) <P3-S2> At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. <P3-S3> On 1 May 1945, the federal constitution of 1929, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. <SEP> <P4-S0> the oath of citizenship or officially oath of allegiance, is a statement recited by individuals wishing to become citizens of the republic of trinidad and tobago. <P4-S1> individuals who wish to become a citizen of trinidad and tobago do so through the ministry of national security's citizenship and immigration section. <P4-S2> the oath of allegiance is a mandatory step to becoming a citizen of trinidad and tobago.
Question: Since 1850, how much of the glaciation in the country where the composer of Paroxysmen was a citzen, has disappeared?

<P0-S0> Paroxysmen ("Paroxysms"), opus 189, is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II. <P0-S1> It was dedicated to the Gentlemen Students of Medicine at Vienna University" on the occasion of a ball held in the Sofienbad-Saal in January 1857. <P0-S2> A critic of the newspaper Fremden-Blatt commented on the waltz: "The day before yesterday the Medical Students' Ball opened the season in the Sofienbad-Saal, which made the ball especially interesting when one saw for the first time the new and sumptuously decorated locale. <P0-S3> The dance hall is newly hung throughout with red and gold drapery, the ceiling very tastefully prepared. <P0-S4> Little statues, surrounded by flowers and leaves, heighten the appeal of the decorations. <P0-S5> The music was personally conducted by Strauss and his waltz 'Paroxysmen', written especially for this ball, belongs to his best compositions." <SEP> <P1-S0> during the wisconsinan glaciation, the new york city region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. <P1-S1> the ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of new york city today. <P1-S2> later on, the ice sheet would help split apart what are now long island and staten island. <SEP> <P2-S0> High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. <P2-S1> The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resulting in decreased river run-off levels. <P2-S2> Forty percent of the glaciation in Austria has disappeared since 1850, and 30% of that in Switzerland. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Vienna Walzer Orchestra (German: Wiener Walzer Orchester) is a chamber orchestra based in Vienna, Austria that specializes in traditional Viennese waltzes, polkas, marches and operetta arias from composers such as: J. Strauss II, F. Lehár, C.M. <P3-S1> Ziehrer, among others. <P3-S2> Their concerts also always include performances by ballet dancers and opera singers. <SEP> <P4-S0> the chancellor manuscript is a 1977 novel, by american writer robert ludlum, about the alleged secret files of j. edgar hoover and how they disappeared after his death, and how they possibly could be used to force people in high places to do the bidding of those who possessed the secrets contained therein. <P4-S1> it also speculated that hoover himself might have been assassinated because he knew too much about too many of the wrong people.
Question: Who was head of the country in which the Prinz Methusalem composer held citizenship?

<P0-S0> ``the deck of cards ''is a recitation song that was popularized in the fields of both the country and popular music, first during the late 1940s. <P0-S1> this song, which relates the tale of a young american soldier arrested and charged with playing cards during a church service, first became a hit in the u.s. in 1948 by country musician t. texas tyler. <SEP> <P1-S0> Prinz Methusalem ("Prince Methusalem") is an operetta written by Johann Strauss II to a libretto by Karl Treumann, after Victor Wilder and Alfred Delacourt. <P1-S1> It was first performed on January 3, 1877 in Vienna at the Carltheater. <P1-S2> It achieved a run of eighty performances. <P1-S3> The pot-pourri overture incorporates themes from the operetta, as well as other material that might have sometime been part of the planned score. <SEP> <P2-S0> Karl Renner and Adolf Schärf (Socialist Party of Austria [Social Democrats and Revolutionary Socialists]), Leopold Kunschak (Austria's People's Party [former Christian Social People's Party]), and Johann Koplenig (Communist Party of Austria) declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945 and set up a provisional government in Vienna under state Chancellor Renner the same day, with the approval of the victorious Red Army and backed by Joseph Stalin. <P2-S1> (The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic.) <P2-S2> At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. <P2-S3> On 1 May 1945, the federal constitution of 1929, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Vienna Walzer Orchestra (German: Wiener Walzer Orchester) is a chamber orchestra based in Vienna, Austria that specializes in traditional Viennese waltzes, polkas, marches and operetta arias from composers such as: J. Strauss II, F. Lehár, C.M. <P3-S1> Ziehrer, among others. <P3-S2> Their concerts also always include performances by ballet dancers and opera singers. <SEP> <P4-S0> garbarek was born in mysen, norway, the only child of a former polish prisoner of war, czesław garbarek, and a norwegian farmer's daughter. <P4-S1> he grew up in oslo, stateless until the age of seven, as there was no automatic grant of citizenship in norway at the time. <P4-S2> when he was 21, he married vigdis. <P4-S3> he is the father of musician and composer anja garbarek.
Question: How much of the glaciation in the country where the Prinz Methusalem composer held citizenship has disappeared?

<P0-S0> The Vienna Walzer Orchestra (German: Wiener Walzer Orchester) is a chamber orchestra based in Vienna, Austria that specializes in traditional Viennese waltzes, polkas, marches and operetta arias from composers such as: J. Strauss II, F. Lehár, C.M. <P0-S1> Ziehrer, among others. <P0-S2> Their concerts also always include performances by ballet dancers and opera singers. <SEP> <P1-S0> Prinz Methusalem ("Prince Methusalem") is an operetta written by Johann Strauss II to a libretto by Karl Treumann, after Victor Wilder and Alfred Delacourt. <P1-S1> It was first performed on January 3, 1877 in Vienna at the Carltheater. <P1-S2> It achieved a run of eighty performances. <P1-S3> The pot-pourri overture incorporates themes from the operetta, as well as other material that might have sometime been part of the planned score. <SEP> <P2-S0> the reference to naturalization in the citizenship clause is to the process by which immigrants are granted united states citizenship. <P2-S1> congress has power in relation to naturalization under the naturalization clause in article i, section 8, clause 4 of the constitution. <SEP> <P3-S0> High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. <P3-S1> The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resulting in decreased river run-off levels. <P3-S2> Forty percent of the glaciation in Austria has disappeared since 1850, and 30% of that in Switzerland. <SEP> <P4-S0> ' (ah god, how much heartbreak), ', is a church cantata by johann sebastian bach. <P4-S1> he composed the dialogue cantata in leipzig for the sunday after new year's day.
Question: Who was in charge of the country where the performer of the Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice was a citizen?

<P0-S0> The Vienna Walzer Orchestra (German: Wiener Walzer Orchester) is a chamber orchestra based in Vienna, Austria that specializes in traditional Viennese waltzes, polkas, marches and operetta arias from composers such as: J. Strauss II, F. Lehár, C.M. <P0-S1> Ziehrer, among others. <P0-S2> Their concerts also always include performances by ballet dancers and opera singers. <SEP> <P1-S0> Karl Renner and Adolf Schärf (Socialist Party of Austria [Social Democrats and Revolutionary Socialists]), Leopold Kunschak (Austria's People's Party [former Christian Social People's Party]), and Johann Koplenig (Communist Party of Austria) declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945 and set up a provisional government in Vienna under state Chancellor Renner the same day, with the approval of the victorious Red Army and backed by Joseph Stalin. <P1-S1> (The date is officially named the birthday of the second republic.) <P1-S2> At the end of April, most of western and southern Austria were still under Nazi rule. <P1-S3> On 1 May 1945, the federal constitution of 1929, which had been terminated by dictator Dollfuss on 1 May 1934, was declared valid again. <SEP> <P2-S0> shall was born in 1949 and grew up in carlisle, pennsylvania. <P2-S1> he was the youngest son of tillie and herman shall, who taught his sons paperfolding. <P2-S2> michael shall graduated from lycoming college in williamsport, pennsylvania and taught high school english before moving to new york city in 1974 to try to make a living as an origami professional. <P2-S3> along with his mentor and colleague, alice gray, shall is noted for his creation of holiday/christmas trees bedecked with origami. <P2-S4> one of the best-known origami designs by shall is his "shining alice", an eight-pointed star named in honor of alice gray. <P2-S5> shall is the author of the book "teaching origami" <SEP> <P3-S0> princess sophie of greece and denmark (; 26 june 1914 – 24 november 2001) was the fourth child and youngest daughter of prince andrew of greece and denmark and princess alice of battenberg. <P3-S1> the duke of edinburgh is her younger brother. <P3-S2> sophie was born at villa mon repos on the island of corfu in greece. <SEP> <P4-S0> Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace. <P4-S1> The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions. <P4-S2> Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England. <P4-S3> Strauss's "Alice Polka" was first performed at the palace in 1849 in honour of the queen's daughter, Princess Alice. <P4-S4> Under Victoria, Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls, in addition to the usual royal ceremonies, investitures and presentations.
Question: How much of the glaciation in the country of citizenship of the performer of Alice Polka disappeared?

<P0-S0> The Vienna Walzer Orchestra (German: Wiener Walzer Orchester) is a chamber orchestra based in Vienna, Austria that specializes in traditional Viennese waltzes, polkas, marches and operetta arias from composers such as: J. Strauss II, F. Lehár, C.M. <P0-S1> Ziehrer, among others. <P0-S2> Their concerts also always include performances by ballet dancers and opera singers. <SEP> <P1-S0> the mike schneider polka band from milwaukee, wisconsin is a slovenian-style polka group that performs at approximately 100 events annually in wisconsin and throughout the united states. <P1-S1> founded in 1996 by mike schneider, the band is a four-time award winner and 16-time nominee from such organizations as the national cleveland style polka hall of fame, the wisconsin polka boosters, the wisconsin polka hall of fame, the wisconsin polka music awards, and the wisconsin area music industry (wami). <SEP> <P2-S0> High levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. <P2-S1> The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resulting in decreased river run-off levels. <P2-S2> Forty percent of the glaciation in Austria has disappeared since 1850, and 30% of that in Switzerland. <SEP> <P3-S0> the hatter appears in tim burton's 2010 version of alice in wonderland portrayed by johnny depp and given the name tarrant hightopp. <P3-S1> in the film, the hatter takes alice toward the white queen's castle and relates the terror of the red queen's reign while commenting that alice is not the same as she once was. <P3-S2> the hatter subsequently helps alice avoid capture by the red queen's guards by allowing himself to be seized instead. <P3-S3> he is later saved from execution by the cheshire cat and calls for rebellion against the red queen. <P3-S4> near the end of the film, the hatter unsuccessfully suggests to alice that she could stay in wonderland and consummate his feelings for her. <SEP> <P4-S0> Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace. <P4-S1> The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions. <P4-S2> Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England. <P4-S3> Strauss's "Alice Polka" was first performed at the palace in 1849 in honour of the queen's daughter, Princess Alice. <P4-S4> Under Victoria, Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls, in addition to the usual royal ceremonies, investitures and presentations.
Question: What is the Margaraviate of the country where the Botanical Garden of the school where Hayek got his doctorates is located, an instance of?

<P0-S0> the herbarium and botanical garden complex of shah abdul latif university is located in khairpur, sindh, pakistan. <P0-S1> completed in 2008, it is the first-ever planned botanical garden of the country. <P0-S2> the complex comprises the following: <SEP> <P1-S0> The Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna is a botanical garden in Vienna, Austria. <P1-S1> It covers 8 hectares and is immediately adjacent to the Belvedere gardens. <P1-S2> It is a part of the University of Vienna. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Margraviate of Austria was a southeastern frontier march of the Holy Roman Empire created in 976 out of the territory on the border with the Principality of Hungary. <P2-S1> Originally under the overlordship of the Dukes of Bavaria, it was ruled by margraves of the Franconian Babenberg dynasty. <P2-S2> It became an Imperial State in its own right, when the Babenbergs were elevated to Dukes of Austria in 1156. <SEP> <P3-S0> the jardín botánico clavijero ( "clavijero botanical garden" ) is an important botanical garden in the city of xalapa, veracruz, mexico. <P3-S1> the garden is dedicated to francisco javier clavijero, who was a novohispano jesuit teacher, scholar and historian. <SEP> <P4-S0> At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. <P4-S1> For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much of his time staining brain cells. <P4-S2> Hayek's time in Monakow's lab, and his deep interest in the work of Ernst Mach, inspired Hayek's first intellectual project, eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952). <P4-S3> It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels, rejecting the "sense data" associationism of the empiricists and logical positivists. <P4-S4> Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with Herbert Furth called the Geistkreis.