Question: When did the empire which the country where Marwan died became a colony of in the 1st century B.C. begin to fall?

<P0-S0> Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. <P0-S1> In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. <P0-S2> He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. <P0-S3> Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa. <P0-S4> [citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. <P0-S5> In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. <P0-S6> Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt. <SEP> <P1-S0> Relevant dates include 117 CE, when the Empire was at its greatest territorial extent, and the accession of Diocletian in 284. <P1-S1> Irreversible major territorial loss, however, began in 376 with a large - scale irruption of Goths and others. <P1-S2> In 395, after winning two destructive civil wars, Theodosius I died, leaving a collapsing field army and the Empire, still plagued by Goths, divided between his two incapable sons. <P1-S3> By 476 when Odoacer deposed the Emperor Romulus, the Western Roman Emperor wielded negligible military, political, or financial power and had no effective control over the scattered Western domains that could still be described as Roman. <P1-S4> Invading barbarians had established their own power in most of the area of the Western Empire. <P1-S5> While its legitimacy lasted for centuries longer and its cultural influence remains today, the Western Empire never had the strength to rise again. <SEP> <P2-S0> In 332 BC, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt as he toppled the Achaemenids and established the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom, whose first ruler was one of Alexander's former generals, Ptolemy I Soter. <P2-S1> The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome. <P2-S2> The death of Cleopatra ended the nominal independence of Egypt resulting in Egypt becoming one of the provinces of the Roman Empire. <SEP> <P3-S0> yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the umayyad army returned to damascus, leaving ibn al-zubayr in control of mecca. <P3-S1> yazid's son muawiya ii (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of syria. <P3-S2> two factions developed within syria: the confederation of qays, who supported ibn al-zubayr, and the quda'a, who supported marwan, a descendant of umayya via wa'il ibn umayyah. <P3-S3> the partisans of marwan triumphed at a battle at marj rahit, near damascus, in 684, and marwan became caliph shortly thereafter. <SEP> <P4-S0> rome's history spans 28 centuries. <P4-S1> while roman mythology dates the founding of rome at around 753 bc, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in europe. <P4-S2> the city's early population originated from a mix of latins, etruscans, and sabines. <P4-S3> eventually, the city successively became the capital of the roman kingdom, the roman republic and the roman empire, and is regarded by some as the first ever metropolis. <P4-S4> it was first called "the eternal city" (; ) by the roman poet tibullus in the 1st century bc, and the expression was also taken up by ovid, virgil, and livy. <P4-S5> rome is also called the "caput mundi" (capital of the world). <P4-S6> after the fall of the western empire, which marked the beginning of the middle ages, rome slowly fell under the political control of the papacy, and in the 8th century it became the capital of the papal states, which lasted until 1870. beginning with the renaissance, almost all the popes since nicholas v (1447–1455) pursued over four hundred years a coherent architectural and urban programme aimed at making the city the artistic and cultural centre of the world. <P4-S7> in this way, rome became first one of the major centres of the italian renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the baroque style and neoclassicism. <P4-S8> famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made rome the centre of their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. <P4-S9> in 1871, rome became the capital of the kingdom of italy, which, in 1946, became the italian republic.