Question: When is the modern period dated in the country of citizenship of the author of Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce?

<P0-S0> the renewal of learning in europe, that began with 12th century scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the black death, and the initial period of the subsequent italian renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. <P0-S1> the northern renaissance, on the other hand, showed a decisive shift in focus from aristoteleian natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences (botany, anatomy, and medicine). <P0-S2> thus modern science in europe was resumed in a period of great upheaval: the protestant reformation and catholic counter-reformation; the discovery of the americas by christopher columbus; the fall of constantinople; but also the re-discovery of aristotle during the scholastic period presaged large social and political changes. <P0-S3> thus, a suitable environment was created in which it became possible to question scientific doctrine, in much the same way that martin luther and john calvin questioned religious doctrine. <P0-S4> the works of ptolemy (astronomy) and galen (medicine) were found not always to match everyday observations. <P0-S5> work by vesalius on human cadavers found problems with the galenic view of anatomy. <SEP> <P1-S0> henry viii was the first monarch to introduce a new state religion to the english. <P1-S1> in 1532, he wanted to divorce his wife, catherine of aragon. <P1-S2> when pope clement vii refused to consent to the divorce, henry viii decided to separate the entire country of england from the roman catholic church. <P1-S3> the pope had no more authority over the people of england. <P1-S4> this parting of ways opened the door for protestantism to enter the country. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce: Restor'd to the Good of Both Sexes, From the Bondage of Canon Law was published by John Milton on 1 August 1643. <P2-S1> An expanded second edition was published on 2 February 1644. <P2-S2> The editions were published anonymously, and his name was not associated with the text until they were denounced before Parliament in August 1644. <P2-S3> Milton's basic scriptural argument is that Christ did not abrogate the Mosaic permission for divorce found in Deuteronomy 24:1 because in Matthew 19 he was just addressing a specific audience of Pharisees. <SEP> <P3-S0> Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century, starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in 1517. <P3-S1> In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. <P3-S2> Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century. <SEP> <P4-S0> John Milton (9 December 16088 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell. <P4-S1> He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem "Paradise Lost" (1667), written in blank verse.