Question: Who ruled the country known for the people who attempted large-scale efforts at translation and Muslims who live there before it was conquered by Muslims?

<P0-S0> islamic tradition relates that muhammad received his first revelation in the cave of hira during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains. <P0-S1> thereafter, he received revelations over a period of 23 years. <P0-S2> according to hadith and muslim history, after muhammad immigrated to medina and formed an independent muslim community, he ordered many of his companions to recite the quran and to learn and teach the laws, which were revealed daily. <P0-S3> it is related that some of the quraysh who were taken prisoners at the battle of badr regained their freedom after they had taught some of the muslims the simple writing of the time. <P0-S4> thus a group of muslims gradually became literate. <P0-S5> as it was initially spoken, the quran was recorded on tablets, bones, and the wide, flat ends of date palm fronds. <P0-S6> most suras were in use amongst early muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both sunni and shia sources, relating muhammad's use of the quran as a call to islam, the making of prayer and the manner of recitation. <P0-S7> however, the quran did not exist in book form at the time of muhammad's death in 632. there is agreement among scholars that muhammad himself did not write down the revelation. <SEP> <P1-S0> in india the majority of these schools follow the hanafi school of thought. <P1-S1> the religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the darul uloom deoband constitutes one of the biggest madaris) and the barelvis, who also make up a sizeable portion (sufi-oriented). <P1-S2> some notable establishments include: al jamiatul ashrafia, mubarakpur, manzar islam bareilly, jamia nizamdina new delhi, jamia nayeemia muradabad which is one of the largest learning centres for the barelvis. <P1-S3> the hr[clarification needed] ministry of the government of india has recently[when?] <P1-S4> declared that a central madrasa board would be set up. <P1-S5> this will enhance the education system of madaris in india. <P1-S6> though the madaris impart quranic education mainly, efforts are on to include mathematics, computers and science in the curriculum. <P1-S7> in july 2015, the state government of maharashtra created a stir de-recognised madrasa education, receiving critisicm from several political parties with the ncp accusing the ruling bjp of creating hindu-muslim friction in the state, and kamal farooqui of the all india muslim personal law board saying it was "ill-designed" <SEP> <P2-S0> The Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. <P2-S1> Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. <P2-S2> During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. <P2-S3> King Alfonso X el Sabio (Alphonse the Wise) of Castille in the 13th century promoted this effort by founding a Schola Traductorum (School of Translation) in Toledo. <P2-S4> There Arabic texts, Hebrew texts, and Latin texts were translated into the other tongues by Muslim, Jewish and Christian scholars, who also argued the merits of their respective religions. <P2-S5> Latin translations of Greek and original Arab works of scholarship and science helped advance European Scholasticism, and thus European science and culture. <SEP> <P3-S0> Sunni Muslims make up between 69–74% of Syria's population and Sunni Arabs account for 59–60% of the population. <P3-S1> Most Kurds (8.5%) and most Turkoman (3%) are Sunni and account for the difference between Sunnis and Sunni Arabs, while 13% of Syrians are Shia Muslims (particularly Alawite, Twelvers, and Ismailis but there are also Arabs, Kurds and Turkoman), 10% Christian (the majority are Antiochian Greek Orthodox, the rest are Syrian Orthodox, Greek Catholic and other Catholic Rites, Assyrian Church of the East, Armenian Orthodox, Protestants and other denominations), and 3% Druze. <P3-S2> Druze number around 500,000, and concentrate mainly in the southern area of Jabal al-Druze.President Bashar al-Assad's family is Alawite and Alawites dominate the government of Syria and hold key military positions. <P3-S3> In May 2013, SOHR stated that out of 94,000 killed during the Syrian Civil War, at least 41,000 were Alawites.Christians (2.5 million), a sizable number of whom are found among Syria's population of Palestinian refugees, are divided into several sects: Chalcedonian Antiochian Orthodox make up 45.7% of the Christian population; the Catholics (Melkite, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Catholic, Maronite, Chaldean Catholic and Latin) make up 16.2%; the Armenian Apostolic Church 10.9%, the Syriac Orthodox make up 22.4%; Assyrian Church of the East and several smaller Christian denominations account for the remainder. <P3-S4> Many Christian monasteries also exist. <P3-S5> Many Christian Syrians belong to a high socio-economic class. <SEP> <P4-S0> The Quran and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in The Farewell Sermon. <P4-S1> Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. <P4-S2> But after Muhammad's passing, the old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface. <P4-S3> Following the Roman–Persian Wars and the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, deep rooted differences between Iraq, formally under the Persian Sassanid Empire, and Syria, formally under the Byzantine Empire, also existed. <P4-S4> Each wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in their area. <P4-S5> Previously, the second caliph Umar was very firm on the governors and his spies kept an eye on them. <P4-S6> If he felt that a governor or a commander was becoming attracted to wealth, he had him removed from his position.