Question: Who developed the prototype pacemaker used by the 34th President of the USA?

<P0-S0> R Adams Cowley (July 25, 1917 – October 27, 1991), the "Father of Trauma Medicine," was an American surgeon considered a pioneer in emergency medicine and the treatment of shock trauma. <P0-S1>  He was the founder of the United States's first trauma center at the University of Maryland, in 1958, after the US Army awarded Dr. Cowley $100,000 to study shock in people—the first award of its kind in the United States. <P0-S2>  The trauma unit at first consisted of two beds, and was later expanded to four beds. <P0-S3>  Many people called the four-bed unit the "death lab." <P0-S4>  Cowley was the creator of the "Golden Hour" concept, the period of 60 minutes or less following injury when immediate definitive care is crucial to a trauma patient's survival. <P0-S5>  He was a leader in the use of helicopters for medical evacuations of civilians, beginning in 1969, and founded the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. <P0-S6>  He also founded the nation's first statewide EMS system, called MIEMSS by Executive Order of Maryland's Governor Mandel, 1972, as well as the National Study Center for Trauma and EMS, enacted by Congress in 1986 and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. <P0-S7>  He is also known for being one of the first surgeons to perform open-heart surgery and invented both a surgical clamp that bears his name and a prototype pacemaker that was used by Dwight D. Eisenhower. <SEP> <P1-S0> 34th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line. <P1-S1>  It had two levels. <P1-S2>  The upper level had three tracks and two side platforms and was used for the Second Avenue line trains. <P1-S3>  The lower level had two tracks and one island platform and was used by 34th Street shuttle trains. <P1-S4>  The next stop to the north was 42nd Street. <P1-S5>  The next stop to the south was 23rd Street. <P1-S6>  The next eastbound stop on the shuttle was 34th Street Ferry. <P1-S7>  The next westbound stop on the shuttle was Third Avenue. <P1-S8>  The shuttle platform closed on July 14, 1930, and the main line station closed on June 13, 1942. <SEP> <P2-S0> Andrés Avelino Cáceres Dorregaray (November 10, 1836 – October 10, 1923) served as the President of Peru three times during the 19th century, from 1881 to 1882 as the 34th President of Peru, then from 1886 to 1890 as the 36th President of Peru, and again from 1894 to 1895 as the 38th President of Peru. <P2-S1>  In Peru, he is considered a national hero for leading the resistance to Chilean occupation during the War of the Pacific (1879–1883), where he fought as a General in the Peruvian Army. <SEP> <P3-S0> Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower ( ; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. <P3-S1>  During World War II, he was a five-star general in the United States Army and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe. <P3-S2>  He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45 from the Western Front.