Question: What is the name of this policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer or have suffered from discrimination within a culture of which Black Economic Empowerment is a form? 

<P0-S0> Labor discrimination as defined by Kenneth Arrow is “the valuation in the market place of personal characteristics of the worker that are unrelated to worker productivity”. <P0-S1>  It can be thus understood as the differentiation of workers based on characteristics such as color, race, origin, gender etc. that can be classified as factors that do not have a role in determining his or her productivity. <P0-S2>  There are multiple dimensions that need to be considered when discussing such discrimination. <P0-S3>  The most obvious is that the group discriminated against is paid less for identical jobs. <P0-S4>  This is known as wage discrimination and is the most prevalent form of discrimination. <P0-S5>  The attempt to combat such a form of discrimination can be seen in increasing equal pay legislation in different countries. <P0-S6>  Examples of this are the Equal Pay Act (1970), Sex Discrimination Act (1975), and Employment Protection Act (1975), but the effectiveness of such legislation is subject to much debate. <P0-S7>  Secondly, that the level of unemployment for the disadvantaged group in general is higher than that of other groups that do not face such discrimination. <P0-S8>  Thirdly, there is discrimination based on the kind of jobs that they have access to, the discriminated group given preference for repetitive and menial tasks.This is known as employment discrimination, where an individual is excluded from a job that is worked on by a person with equal productivity. <P0-S9>  When this happens, the disadvantaged group is employed for a job he or she is over-qualified for, simply because the group does not have access to better paying jobs in par to their counterparts and are denied opportunities of recruitment and promotion. <P0-S10>  A general misconception prevails that discrimination is only practiced by the employer. <P0-S11>  This is not true. <P0-S12>  In addition to employer discrimination, customer discrimination can also exist in the market. <P0-S13>  Customers may prefer to transact with only a certain kind of people. <SEP> <P1-S0> Reverse discrimination is discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group. <P1-S1>  Groups may be defined in terms of race, gender, ethnicity, or other factors. <P1-S2>  This discrimination may seek to redress social inequalities under which minority groups have had less access to privileges enjoyed by the majority group. <P1-S3>  In such cases it is intended to remove discrimination that minority groups may already face. <P1-S4>  The label reverse discrimination may also be used to highlight the discrimination inherent in affirmative action programs. <P1-S5>  Reverse discrimination can be defined as the unequal treatment of members of the majority groups resulting from preferential policies, as in college admissions or employment, intended to remedy earlier discrimination against minorities. <SEP> <P2-S0> Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) is a racially selective programme launched by the South African government to redress the inequalities of Apartheid by giving certain previously disadvantaged groups (Blacks, Coloureds, Indians, and Chinese) of South African citizens economic privileges previously not available to them under White rule. <P2-S1>  It is a form of Affirmative action. <P2-S2>  Although race is the overriding factor, it includes measures such as Employment Preference, skills development, ownership, management, socioeconomic development, and preferential procurement. <SEP> <P3-S0> Affirmative action, also known as reservation in India and Nepal, positive action in the UK, and employment equity (in a narrower context) in Canada and South Africa, is the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer or have suffered from discrimination within a culture. <P3-S1>  Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has sought to achieve goals such as bridging inequalities in employment and pay, increasing access to education, promoting diversity, and redressing apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances.