Question: The native country of emu birds started conscription. This occurred during the war depicted in The Things They Carried. What year did the draft start?

<P0-S0> Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. <P0-S1> Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. <P0-S2> These routes can cover over 1,000 km (620 mi). <P0-S3> Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. <P0-S4> Emus Dromaius novaehollandiae in Australia have been observed to undertake long-distance movements on foot during droughts. <SEP> <P1-S0> In 1964 compulsory National Service for 20 - year - old males was introduced under the National Service Act (1964). <P1-S1> The selection of conscripts was made by a sortition or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were obligated to give two years' continuous full - time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list. <P1-S2> The full - time service requirement was reduced to eighteen months in October 1971. <SEP> <P2-S0> the russian civil war was a multi-party war that occurred within the former russian empire after the russian provisional government collapsed and the soviets under the domination of the bolshevik party assumed power, first in petrograd (st. petersburg) and then in other places. <P2-S1> in the wake of the october revolution, the old russian imperial army had been demobilized; the volunteer-based red guard was the bolsheviks' main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the cheka, the bolshevik state security apparatus. <P2-S2> there was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the red army. <P2-S3> opposition of rural russians to red army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. <P2-S4> former tsarist officers were utilized as "military specialists" (voenspetsy), taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty. <P2-S5> at the start of the war, three-fourths of the red army officer corps was composed of former tsarist officers. <P2-S6> by its end, 83% of all red army divisional and corps commanders were ex-tsarist soldiers. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Things They Carried (1990) is a collection of linked short stories by American novelist Tim O'Brien, about a platoon of American soldiers fighting on the ground in the Vietnam War. <P3-S1> His third book about the war, it is based upon his experiences as a soldier in the 23rd Infantry Division. <SEP> <P4-S0> the idea of stranger things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film prisoners, detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped, and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach. <P4-S1> as they focused on the missing child aspect of the story, they wanted to introduce the idea of ``childlike sensibilities ''they could offer, and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans. <P4-S2> the brothers thought the combination of these things`` was the best thing ever''. <P4-S3> to introduce this monster into the narrative, they considered ``bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the cold war ''such as project mkultra, which gave a way to ground the monster's existence in science rather than something spiritual. <P4-S4> this also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period, as it was a year before the film red dawn came out, which focused on cold war paranoia. <P4-S5> subsequently, they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s, the decade they were born, as elements of the series, crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror. <P4-S6> the duffer brothers have cited as influence for the show (among others): stephen king novels; films produced by steven spielberg, john carpenter, wes craven, robert zemeckis, george lucas and guillermo del toro; films such as alien and stand by me; japanese anime such as akira and elfen lied; and video games such as silent hill, the last of us, and dark souls. <P4-S7> the duffer brothers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally, including beyond the black rainbow and d.a.r.y.l., discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show.