Question: When was the region immediately north of the region prevailing with the disgrace of the Near East and the final destination for the export crops established?

<P0-S0> Subsequently with the disgrace of "Near East" in diplomatic and military circles, "Middle East" prevailed. <P0-S1> However, "Near East" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. <P0-S2> They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition. <SEP> <P1-S0> hertfordshire is the county immediately north of london and is part of the east of england region, a mainly statistical unit. <P1-S1> a significant minority of the population across all districts are city of london commuters. <P1-S2> to the east is essex, to the west is buckinghamshire and to the north are bedfordshire and cambridgeshire. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a country situated in Southwest Asia, the largest country of Arabia, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen. <P2-S1> Its extensive coastlines on the Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through the Persian Gulf and Suez Canal. <P2-S2> The kingdom occupies 80% of the Arabian Peninsula. <P2-S3> Most of the country's boundaries with the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and the Republic of Yemen (formerly two separate countries: the Yemen Arab Republic or North Yemen; and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen) are undefined, so the exact size of the country remains unknown. <P2-S4> The Saudi government estimate is at 2,217,949 square kilometres, while other reputable estimates vary between 2,149,690 and 2,240,000 sq. <P2-S5> kilometres. <P2-S6> Less than 1% of the total area is suitable for cultivation, and in the early 1990s, population distribution varied greatly among the towns of the eastern and western coastal areas, the densely populated interior oases, and the vast, almost empty deserts. <SEP> <P3-S0> The area of modern - day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia (Al - Ahsa) and Southern Arabia ('Asir). <P3-S1> The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud. <P3-S2> He united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. <P3-S3> Saudi Arabia has since been an absolute monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines. <P3-S4> The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called ``the predominant feature of Saudi culture '', with its global spread largely financed by the oil and gas trade. <P3-S5> Saudi Arabia is sometimes called`` the Land of the Two Holy Mosques'' in reference to Al - Masjid al - Haram (in Mecca) and Al - Masjid an - Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam. <P3-S6> As of 2013, the state had a total population of 28.7 million, of which 20 million were Saudi nationals and 8 million were foreigners. <P3-S7> As of 2017, the population is 33 million. <P3-S8> The state's official language is Arabic. <SEP> <P4-S0> Shiraz is the economic center of southern Iran. <P4-S1> The second half of the 19th century witnessed certain economic developments that greatly changed the economy of Shiraz. <P4-S2> The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 allowed the extensive import into southern Iran of inexpensive European factory-made goods, either directly from Europe or via India. <P4-S3> Farmers in unprecedented numbers began planting cash crops such as opium poppy, tobacco, and cotton. <P4-S4> Many of these export crops passed through Shiraz on their way to the Persian Gulf. <P4-S5> Iranian long-distance merchants from Fars developed marketing networks for these commodities, establishing trading houses in Bombay, Calcutta, Port Said, Istanbul and even Hong Kong.Shiraz's economic base is in its provincial products, which include grapes, citrus fruits, cotton and rice. <P4-S6> Industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. <P4-S7> Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries. <P4-S8> 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz. <SEP> <P5-S0> striation valley is a valley trending south-east towards george vi sound, lying immediately north of jupiter glacier, near the east coast of alexander island, antarctica. <P5-S1> the valley was first surveyed by a field party from the department of geography at the university of aberdeen, with british antarctic survey support, in 1978-79. the name derives from glacial striations found on rocks in the valley. <P5-S2> the site lies within antarctic specially protected area (aspa) no.147.