Question: Rostker v. Goldberg held that the practice of what way of filling armed forces vacancies was consitutional?

<P0-S0> Conscription in the United States, commonly known as the draft, has been employed by the federal government of the United States in four conflicts: the American Civil War, World War I, World War II, and the Cold War (including both the Korean and Vietnam Wars). <P0-S1>  The third incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940 through the Selective Training and Service Act. <P0-S2>  It was the country's first peacetime draft. <P0-S3>  From 1940 until 1973, during both peacetime and periods of conflict, men were drafted to fill vacancies in the United States Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means. <P0-S4>  The draft was ended when the United States Armed Forces moved to an all-volunteer military force. <P0-S5>  However, the Selective Service System remains in place as a contingency plan; all male civilians between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to register so that a draft can be readily resumed if needed. <SEP> <P1-S0> In June 1941, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, which created the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC). <P1-S1>  It was the most important federal move in support of the rights of African-Americans between Reconstruction and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. <P1-S2>  The President's order stated that the federal government would not hire any person based on their race, color, creed, or national origin. <P1-S3>  The FEPC enforced the order to ban discriminatory hiring within the federal government and in corporations that received federal contracts. <P1-S4>  Millions of blacks and women achieved better jobs and better pay as a result. <P1-S5>  The war brought the race issue to the forefront. <P1-S6>  The Army and Navy had been segregated since the Civil War. <P1-S7>  But by 1940, the African-American vote had largely shifted from Republican to Democrat, and African-American leaders like Walter Francis White of the NAACP and T. Arnold Hill of the Urban League had become recognized as part of the Roosevelt coalition. <P1-S8>  In June 1941, at the urging of A. Philip Randolph, the leading African-American trade unionist, Roosevelt signed an executive order establishing the Fair Employment Practice Committee and prohibiting discrimination by any government agency, including the armed forces. <P1-S9>  In practice the services, particularly the Navy and the Marines, found ways to evade this order — the Marine Corps remained all-white until 1942. <P1-S10>  In September 1942, at Eleanor's instigation, Roosevelt met with a delegation of African-American leaders, who demanded full integration into the forces, including the right to serve in combat roles and in the Navy, the Marine Corps and the United States Army Air Forces. <P1-S11>  Roosevelt agreed, but then did nothing to implement his promise. <P1-S12>  It was left to his successor, Harry S. Truman, to fully desegregate the armed forces. <SEP> <P2-S0> Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981) , was a decision of the United States Supreme Court holding that the practice of requiring only men to register for the draft was constitutional. <P2-S1>  After extensive hearings, floor debate and committee sessions on the matter, the United States Congress enacted the law, as it had previously been, to apply to men only. <P2-S2>  Several attorneys, including Robert L. Goldberg, subsequently challenged the gender distinction as unconstitutional. <P2-S3>  (The named defendant is Bernard D. Rostker, Director of the Selective Service System.) <P2-S4>  In a 6-3 decision, the Supreme Court held that this gender distinction was not a violation of the equal protection component of the due process clause, and that the Act would stand as passed. <SEP> <P3-S0> Fernando Tapias Stahelin (born July 14, 1943 - † September 27, 2015) was a General (retired) of Colombian Armed Forces. <P3-S1>  He served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of Colombian Armed Forces for a period of four years (1998–2002) during the presidential term of president Andres Pastrana. <P3-S2>  After that, he served as ambassador of Colombia in Dominican Republic from 2002 to 2004 and subsequently served as Deputy Minister of Defense for its social and business group for two years from 2009 to 2010 during the presidential term of president Alvaro Uribe. <P3-S3>  He was in the Colombian Armed Forces for 41 years, achieving all the military ranks all the way up to his appointment as General Commander for the Colombian Armed Forces.