Question: Interbol, is an international space project under the leadership of which organization, and the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the goal of the project is to study the correlations between which item, can simply be considered as a gaseous mixture of negatively charged electrons and highly charged positive ions, however, true plasma production is from the distinct separation of these ions and electrons that produces an electric field, which in turn, produces electric currents and magnetic fields, in the tail of the magnetosphere and in the Van Allen radiation belt?

<P0-S0> Plasma (from Ancient Greek πλάσμα , meaning "moldable substance" or "jelly") can simply be considered as a gaseous mixture of negatively charged electrons and highly charged positive ions, however, true plasma production is from the distinct separation of these ions and electrons that produces an electric field, which in turn, produces electric currents and magnetic fields. Plasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter and was first introduced by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s. <P0-S1>  Unlike, the other three states of solid, liquid, and gas, plasma does not freely exist on the Earth. <P0-S2>  Plasma can be generated by heating neutral gases or by subjecting gas to a strong electromagnetic field. <SEP> <P1-S0> Interbol (Russian: Интербол ) is an international space project under the leadership of the Russian Space Agency and the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. <P1-S1>  The list of participants includes the Institute of Atmospheric Research of the Czech Academy of Sciences, NASA, European Space Agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency. <P1-S2>  The goal of the project is to study the correlations between plasma processes in the tail of the magnetosphere and in the Van Allen radiation belt (auroral particles acceleration region) with a high time-space resolution. <P1-S3>  Two space probes have been launched into high-altitude elliptical orbits: <SEP> <P2-S0> Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electric discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma. <P2-S1>  Typically, such lamps use a noble gas (argon, neon, krypton, and xenon) or a mixture of these gases. <P2-S2>  Some include additional substances, like mercury, sodium, and metal halides, which are vaporized during startup to become part of the gas mixture. <P2-S3>  In operation, some of the electrons are forced to leave the atoms of the gas near the anode by the electric field applied between the two electrodes, leaving these atoms positively ionized. <P2-S4>  The electrons ejected from these atoms flow onto the anode, while the cations thus formed are accelerated by the electric field and flow towards the cathode. <P2-S5>  Typically, after traveling a very short distance, the ions collide with neutral gas atoms, which transfer their electrons to the ions. <P2-S6>  The atoms, having lost an electron during the collisions, ionize and speed toward the cathode while the ions, having gained an electron during the collisions, return to a lower energy state while releasing energy in the form of photons. <P2-S7>  Light of a characteristic frequency is thus emitted. <P2-S8>  In this way, electrons are relayed through the gas from the anode to the cathode. <P2-S9>  The color of the light produced depends on the emission spectra of the atoms making up the gas, as well as the pressure of the gas, current density, and other variables. <P2-S10>  Gas discharge lamps can produce a wide range of colors. <P2-S11>  Some lamps produce ultraviolet radiation which is converted to visible light by a fluorescent coating on the inside of the lamp's glass surface. <P2-S12>  The fluorescent lamp is perhaps the best known gas-discharge lamp. <SEP> <P3-S0> Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. <P3-S1>  The ions are atoms that have gained one or more electrons (known as anions, which are negatively charged) and atoms that have lost one or more electrons (known as cations, which are positively charged). <P3-S2>  This transfer of electrons is known as electrovalence in contrast to covalence. <P3-S3>  In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complex nature, e.g. molecular ions like NH or SO. <P3-S4>  In simpler words, an ionic bond is the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal in order to obtain a full valence shell for both atoms.