Question: Both Fletcher v. Peck and Brown v. Board of Education reached what level of hearing in the court system?

<P0-S0> The Commission on Education, known as the Perrow Commission after its chairman, Virginia state senator Mosby Perrow Jr., was a 40-member commission established by Governor of Virginia J. Lindsay Almond Jr. on February 5, 1959 after the Virginia Supreme Court in Harrison v. Day and a three-judge federal court in James v. Almond had both struck down significant portions of the Stanley plan, which had implemented Massive Resistance to the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Brown v. Board of Education issued on May 17, 1954 and May 31, 1955. <P0-S1>  Four legislators (some from the Virginia Senate, others from the House of Delegates) were appointed from each of the ten U.S. Congressional districts in Virginia. <P0-S2>  Compared to the Gray Commission that Governor Thomas B. Stanley had appointed five years previously, Perrow Commission included more representatives from cities, northern and Western Virginia, although many members served on both commissions. <SEP> <P1-S0> Fletcher v. Peck, 10 U.S. 87 (1810) , is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Supreme Court first ruled a state law unconstitutional. <P1-S1>  The decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts and hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands (an idea fully realized in "Johnson v. M'Intosh"). <SEP> <P2-S0> Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. <P2-S1>  The decision overturned the "Plessy v. Ferguson" decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. <P2-S2>  Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." <P2-S3>  As a result, "de jure" racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. <P2-S4>  This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement, and a model for many future impact litigation cases. <P2-S5>  However, the decision's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in "Brown II", 349 U.S. 294 (1955) only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed". <SEP> <P3-S0> The Yazoo land scandal, Yazoo fraud, Yazoo land fraud, or Yazoo land controversy was a massive real-estate fraud perpetrated, in the mid-1790s, by Georgia governor George Mathews and the Georgia General Assembly. <P3-S1>  Georgia politicians sold large tracts of territory in the Yazoo lands, in what are now portions of the present-day states Alabama and Mississippi, to political insiders at very low prices in 1794. <P3-S2>  Although the law enabling the sales was overturned by reformers the following year, its ability to do so was challenged in the courts, eventually reaching the US Supreme Court. <P3-S3>  In the landmark decision in "Fletcher v. Peck" (1810), the Court ruled the contracts were binding and the state could not retroactively invalidate the earlier land sales. <P3-S4>  It was one of the first times the Supreme Court had overturned a state law, and it justified many claims for those lands.