winkelee/scaling-down huggingface dataset:
Question: Who was the pivotal in the formation of schools catering for the primary and early secondary education of children in remote and outback Australia?

<P0-S0> School of the Air is a generic term for correspondence schools catering for the primary and early secondary education of children in remote and outback Australia where some or all classes were traditionally conducted by radio, although this is now being replaced by internet technology. <P0-S1>  In these areas, the school-age population is too small for a conventional school to be viable. <SEP> <P1-S0> Adelaide Laetitia "Addie" Miethke, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (8 June 1881 – 4 February 1962), was a South Australian educator and teacher who was pivotal in the formation of the School of the Air using the existing Royal Flying Doctor Service radio network. <SEP> <P2-S0> Western-style education was introduced to Bhutan during the reign of Ugyen Wangchuck (1907–26). <P2-S1>  Until the 1950s, the only formal education available to Bhutanese students, except for private schools in Ha and Bumthang, was through Buddhist monasteries. <P2-S2>  In the 1950s, several private secular schools were established without government support, and several others were established in major district towns with government backing. <P2-S3>  By the late 1950s, there were twenty-nine government and thirty private primary schools, but only about 2,500 children were enrolled. <P2-S4>  Secondary education was available only in India. <P2-S5>  Eventually, the private schools were taken under government supervision to raise the quality of education provided. <P2-S6>  Although some primary schools in remote areas had to be closed because of low attendance, the most significant modern developments in education came during the period of the First Development Plan (1961–66), when some 108 schools were operating and 15,000 students were enrolled (see Role of the Government, this ch.) <SEP> <P3-S0> Pakistan International School (Urdu: ‎ ) are schools based outside of Pakistan which promote the national curriculum. <P3-S1>  These schools fall under the jurisdiction of the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education and cater mainly to students who are not nationals of the host country such as the children of the staff of international businesses, international organizations, embassies, missions, or missionary programs. <P3-S2>  For overseas Pakistani families, these schools allow continuity in education from Pakistan as most prefer to stay in the same curriculum, especially for older children. <P3-S3>  Pakistan international schools typically use curricula based on the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education and offer both Urdu language and English language classes. <P3-S4>  Some schools also offer International General Certificate of Secondary Education. <P3-S5>  The first Pakistan international school was opened in Isa Town, Bahrain in 1956 as the Pakistan Urdu School.
Question: Are Couroupita and Graptopetalum plants both native to central America?

<P0-S0> Graptopetalum (leatherpetal) is a plant genus of the family "Crassulaceae". <P0-S1>  They are perennial succulent plants and native to Mexico and Arizona. <P0-S2>  They grow usually in a rosette. <P0-S3>  There are around 19 species in this genus. <SEP> <P1-S0> Couroupita is a genus of flowering plants of Lecythidaceae family first described as a genus in 1775. <P1-S1>  It is native to tropical South America and Central America. <SEP> <P2-S0> Couroupita guianensis, known by a variety of common names including cannonball tree, is a deciduous tree in the family Lecythidaceae, which also includes the Brazil nut ("Bertholletia excelsa") and Paradise nut "Lecythis zabucajo". <P2-S1>  It is native to the rainforests of Central and South America, and it is cultivated in many other tropical areas throughout the world because of its beautiful, fragrant flowers and large, interesting fruits. <P2-S2>  There are medicinal uses for many parts of "Couroupita guianensis", and the tree has cultural and religious significance in India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. <SEP> <P3-S0> Cristo Negros or Black Christs of Central America and Mexico trace their origins to the veneration of an image of Christ on a cross located in the Guatemalan town of Esquipulas, near the Honduran and El Salvadoran border. <P3-S1>  This image was sculpted in 1595 in wood and over time it blackened and gained a reputation for being miraculous. <P3-S2>  Little is known of how veneration of the image was spread by clergy, although there are records of its introduction in various locations, especially in Central America, southern Mexico, central Mexico (especially in areas near Mexico City) and even as far north as New Mexico. <P3-S3>  However, a number of these images, such as the ones in Chalma, State of Mexico and Mérida, Yucatán have origin stories that do not connect the local image with that of Esquipulas. <P3-S4>  The Cristo Negro of Esquipulas remains an important symbol for Central America, with its sanctuary the most visited site in the region. <P3-S5>  There are hundreds of other such images with at least local importance with Christ of Chalma attracting millions of visitors, second only to that of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico. <P3-S6>  The popularity of the image continues to spread, with Central American and Mexican migrants bringing the image to the United States and Canada, founding new sanctuaries.
Question: Para Hills West, South Australia lies within a city with what estimated population?

<P0-S0> Wentworth is a small border town in the far south west of the state of New South Wales, Australia. <P0-S1>  It lies at the confluence of Australia's two most important rivers, the Darling and the Murray, the latter forming the border with the state of Victoria to the south. <P0-S2>  The border with the state of South Australia lies approximately 100 km to the west. <P0-S3>  The town of Wentworth is in the local government area of the same name. <SEP> <P1-S0> Gulfview Heights is a small suburb of Adelaide, South Australia and is within the City of Salisbury and City of Tea Tree Gully local government area. <P1-S1>  It is adjacent to Wynn Vale, Salisbury East and Para Hills. <SEP> <P2-S0> The City of Salisbury is a local government area (LGA) located on the northern fringes of Adelaide, South Australia. <P2-S1>  It has an estimated population of 138,535 people and encompasses an area of 158 km². <P2-S2>  The council's main offices are situated in the Salisbury central business district. <P2-S3>  Geographically, the region is located on the outskirts of Adelaide. <P2-S4>  In recent years the council has become a leader in water management and the use of recycled water. <SEP> <P3-S0> Para Hills West is a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, and is within the City of Salisbury. <P3-S1>  It is on the eastern side of Main North Road, opposite Parafield Airport. <P3-S2>  The other boundaries are McIntyre Road, Bridge Road and Maxwell Road.
Question: What sport does Simon Aspelin and Thomaz Koch have in common?

<P0-S0> Simon Aspelin (] ; born 11 May 1974) is a former professional tennis doubles player from Sweden who turned professional in 1998. <P0-S1>  His success mainly came in doubles, winning 12 titles and reaching World No. 7 in March 2008. <P0-S2>  In men's doubles, Aspelin won the 2007 US Open and the Silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. <SEP> <P1-S0> Bruno Fraga Soares (] ; born February 27, 1982, in Belo Horizonte) is a professional tennis player from Brazil. <P1-S1>  His highest singles ranking on the ATP Tour is World No. 221, which he reached in March 2004. <P1-S2>  Primarily a doubles specialist, his career-high doubles ranking is World No. 2, which he achieved in October 2016. <P1-S3>  After a few efforts, including a final in the 2012 US Open and the semifinals of the 2008 and 2013 French Opens, Soares finally won his first Grand Slam title at the 2016 Australian Open, partnering Jamie Murray and then followed that up with a second men's doubles title at the 2016 US Open. <P1-S4>  He has also won three Grand Slam titles in Mixed Doubles, two at the US Open, in 2012 and 2014, and one at the Australian Open in 2016. <P1-S5>  He was the third Brazilian tennis player to achieve this, after Maria Bueno and Thomaz Koch. <SEP> <P2-S0> Thomaz Koch (born May 11, 1945 in Porto Alegre), is a left-handed former tennis player from Brazil, who was a quarter-finalist at the French Open, Wimbledon and the U.S. National Championships. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Khartoum International is a defunct tennis tournament that was played on the Grand Prix tennis circuit in 1976. <P3-S1>  The event was held in Khartoum, Sudan and was played on outdoor hard courts. <P3-S2>  Mike Estep won the singles title, defeating Thomaz Koch in the final.
Question: When did the author of "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" die?

<P0-S0> Anthony "Tony" Gervin Oettinger (born 29 March 1929 in Nuremberg, Germany) is a linguist and computer scientist best known for his work on information resources policy. <P0-S1>  Oettinger coined the term “compunications” in the late 1970s to describe the combination of computer and telecommunications technologies that would take place as digital technologies replaced analog forms. <P0-S2>  In 1973 he co-founded, with John LeGates, the Program on Information Resources Policy at Harvard University. <P0-S3>  He served as a consultant to the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and the National Security Council and NASA’s Apollo moon-landing program. <P0-S4>  From 1966 to 1968 he was president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). <P0-S5>  He was recognized for his work in the intelligence community with the naming of the Anthony G. Oettinger School of Science and Technology Intelligence of the National Intelligence University. <P0-S6>  He is Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Mathematics and Professor of Information Resources Policy, Emeritus, at Harvard. <SEP> <P1-S0> Gloria Townsend is an American computer scientist and professor in the department of Computer Science at DePauw University in Indiana. <P1-S1>  She is known for her work in evolutionary computation and her involvement with women in computing. <P1-S2>  She has served on the Executive Committee of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Council on Women in Computing. <P1-S3>  She is the author of "One Hundred One Ideas for Small Regional Celebrations of Women in Computing". <P1-S4>  In 2013, she received the Mr. and Mrs. Fred C. Tucker Jr. <P1-S5>  Distinguished Career Award for notable contributions to DePauw through her commitments to students, teaching excellence, their chosen disciplines, and service to the University. <SEP> <P2-S0> "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" is a seminal paper written by Alan Turing on the topic of artificial intelligence. <P2-S1>  The paper, published in 1950 in "Mind", was the first to introduce his concept of what is now known as the Turing test to the general public. <SEP> <P3-S0> Alan Mathison Turing ( ; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist.
Question: What musical action does Ndebele music and Musical bow have in common?

<P0-S0> The traditional music of the Ndebele is characterised mainly by the widespread use of choral song accompanied by leg rattles ("amahlwayi"), clappers ("izikeyi") and clapping of hands. <P0-S1>  Compared with choral song, solo singing and purely instrumental music are of minor importance. <P0-S2>  Like the Shona, the Ndebele also use mouthbows ("umqangala") and gourd-bows ("icaco"), played mostly for self-amusement. <SEP> <P1-S0> The belembaotuyan is a musical bow played in Guam, also spelled "belumbaotuyan", "belenbaotuchan", and "belimbau-tuyan". <P1-S1>  This gourd-resonating musical bow likely has common roots with the Brazilian berimbau, due to constant trade between Asia and South America in the nineteenth century, during which the instrument may have been introduced to the Chamorro people. <SEP> <P2-S0> Maloya is one of the two major music genres of Réunion, usually sung in Réunion Creole, and traditionally accompanied by percussion and a musical bow. <P2-S1>  Maloya is a new form that has origins in the music of African and Malagasy slaves and Indian indentured workers on the island, as has the other folk music of Réunion, séga. <P2-S2>  World music journalists and non-specialist scholars sometimes compare maloya to the American music, the blues, though they have little in common. <P2-S3>  Unlike the blues, maloya was considered such a threat to the French state that in the 1970s it was banned. <SEP> <P3-S0> The musical bow (bowstring or string bow) is a simple string musical instrument part of a number of South African cultures, also found in other places in the world through the result of slave trade. <P3-S1>  It consists of a flexible, usually wooden, stick 1.5 to 10 feet (0.5 to 3 m) long, and strung end to end with a taut cord, usually metal. <P3-S2>  It can be played with the hands or a wooden stick or branch. <P3-S3>  Often, it is a normal archery bow used for music.
Question: What was the 54th edition the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final, Europe's premier club football tournament , played?

<P0-S0> The 2008–09 UEFA Champions League was the 54th edition of Europe's premier club football tournament and the 17th edition under the current UEFA Champions League format. <P0-S1>  The final was played at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome on 27 May 2009. <P0-S2>  It was the eighth time the European Cup final has been held in Italy and the fourth time it has been held at the Stadio Olimpico. <P0-S3>  The final was contested by the defending champions, Manchester United, and Barcelona, who had last won the tournament in 2006. <P0-S4>  Barcelona won the match 2–0, with goals from Samuel Eto'o and Lionel Messi, securing The Treble in the process. <P0-S5>  In addition, both UEFA Cup finalists, Werder Bremen and Shakhtar Donetsk featured in the Champions League group stage. <SEP> <P1-S0> The 2015 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League, the 60th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 23rd season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League. <P1-S1>  It was played at the Olympiastadion in Berlin, Germany, on 6 June 2015, between Italian side Juventus and Spanish side Barcelona. <SEP> <P2-S0> The 2014 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League, the 59th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 22nd season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League. <SEP> <P3-S0> The 2009 UEFA Champions League Final was played on 27 May 2009 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Italy. <P3-S1>  The match determined the winners of the 2008–09 season of the UEFA Champions League, a tournament for the top football clubs in Europe. <P3-S2>  The match was won by Barcelona of Spain, who beat England's Manchester United 2–0. <P3-S3>  Samuel Eto'o opened the scoring in the 10th minute, and Lionel Messi added another goal 20 minutes from the end to earn Barcelona a historic treble of La Liga, the Copa del Rey and the Champions League, a feat never before achieved by a Spanish club. <P3-S4>  The match was refereed by Swiss referee Massimo Busacca.
Question: The infantry rifle regiment of the British Army that Talaiasi Labalaba served in was first created in what year?

<P0-S0> The King's Royal Rifle Corps was an infantry rifle regiment of the British Army that was originally raised in British North America as the Royal American Regiment (also known as the Royal Americans) in the Seven Years' War and for Loyalist service in the American Revolutionary War. <P0-S1>  Later, ranked as the 60th Regiment of Foot, the regiment served for more than 200 years throughout the British Empire. <P0-S2>  In 1958, the regiment joined the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry and the Rifle Brigade in the Green Jackets Brigade and in 1966 the three regiments were formally amalgamated to become the Royal Green Jackets. <P0-S3>  The KRRC became the 2nd Battalion Royal Green Jackets. <P0-S4>  On the disbandment of 1/RGJ in 1992, the RGJ's KRRC battalion was redesignated as 1/RGJ, eventually becoming 2/RIFLES in 2007. <SEP> <P1-S0> The 11th Mechanized Corps was formed from March to September 1932 from the 11th Rifle Division in Leningrad, one of the first two Red Army mechanized corps. <P1-S1>  The corps was commanded by division commander Komkor Kasyan Chaykovsky and its chief of staff was Mikhail Bakshi. <P1-S2>  The 31st Mechanized Brigade was formed from the 32nd Rifle Regiment named for Volodarsky, the 32nd Mechanized Brigade from the 33rd Rifle Regiment named for Voskov, the 33rd Rifle and Machine Gun Brigade from the 31st Rifle Regiment named for Uritsky. <P1-S3>  The 31st Brigade was equipped with the T-26 and the 32nd Brigade was equipped with the BT-2. <P1-S4>  The corps at the time had a total of 220 tanks. <P1-S5>  On 1 January 1933 the 83rd Aviation Group was attached the corps, and was later reformed into the Motor-Mechanized Squadron. <P1-S6>  By March of that year the brigades were based in Tsarskoye Selo, Slutsk, and Stary Peterhof, while the corps headquarters and rear units were still in Leningrad. <P1-S7>  In December, the 32nd Brigade's 1st Tank Battalion was transferred to the 6th Mechanized Brigade in the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army. <P1-S8>  On 16 January 1934 the corps received the honorific "Leningrad", the 31st Brigade received the honorific "named for Uritsky", the 32nd Brigade the honorific "named for Volodarsky", and the 33rd Brigade the honorific "named for Voskov". <SEP> <P2-S0> The Royal Irish Rifles (became the Royal Ulster Rifles from 1 January 1921) was an infantry rifle regiment of the British Army, first created in 1881 by the amalgamation of the 83rd (County of Dublin) Regiment of Foot and the 86th (Royal County Down) Regiment of Foot. <P2-S1>  The regiment saw service in the Second Boer War, the First World War, the Second World War and the Korean War. <SEP> <P3-S0> Talaiasi Labalaba BEM (13 July 1942 – 19 July 1972) was a British-Fijian sergeant in the SAS who was involved in the Battle of Mirbat on 19 July 1972. <P3-S1>  Labalaba initially served in the British Army in the Royal Ulster Rifles.
Question: Who can play more instruments, Michael Monroe or Alison Goldfrapp?

<P0-S0> Alison Elizabeth Margaret Goldfrapp (born 13 May 1966) is an English musician and record producer, best known as the lead vocalist of the electronic music duo Goldfrapp. <SEP> <P1-S0> "Strict Machine" is an electronic dance song written by British group Goldfrapp and Nick Batt for their second studio album "Black Cherry" (2003). <P1-S1>  It was produced by Goldfrapp and describes laboratory rats in neuroscience experiments. <P1-S2>  Alison Goldfrapp read in a newspaper about experiments in which scientists stimulated rats' brains so that the rats would feel joy when following commands. <P1-S3>  She was inspired to write "Strict Machine" based on images of the experiment and "more human aspects of machines and sex and control." <SEP> <P2-S0> Seventh Tree is the fourth studio album by English electronic music duo Goldfrapp, released on 22 February 2008 by Mute Records. <P2-S1>  It was named after a dream Alison Goldfrapp had about a "very large tree". <P2-S2>  Taking inspiration from paganism and surreal English children's books, Goldfrapp described the album as a "sensual counterpoint to the glitterball glamour of "Supernature"", their previous studio album from 2005. <SEP> <P3-S0> Matti Antero Kristian Fagerholm (born 17 June 1962 in Helsinki), best known by his stage name, Michael Monroe, is a Finnish rock musician and multi-instrumentalist who rose to fame as the vocalist for the glam punk band Hanoi Rocks, and has served as the frontman for all-star side projects, such as Demolition 23. <P3-S1>  and Jerusalem Slim (with Steve Stevens).
Question: The screenplay for Alain Resnais' second film is who?

<P0-S0> Providence is a 1977 French/Swiss film directed by Alain Resnais from a screenplay by David Mercer. <P0-S1>  It explores the processes of creativity through a portrayal of an ageing novelist, played by John Gielgud, who imagines scenes for his latest novel which draw upon his past history and his relationships with members of his family. <P0-S2>  The film won the 1978 César Award for Best Film. <SEP> <P1-S0> L'Année dernière à Marienbad (released in the US as Last Year at Marienbad and in the UK as Last Year in Marienbad) is a 1961 French-Italian film directed by Alain Resnais from a screenplay by Alain Robbe-Grillet. <SEP> <P2-S0> Statues Also Die (French: Les statues meurent aussi ) is a 1953 French essay film directed by Alain Resnais, Chris Marker, and Ghislain Cloquet about historical African art and the effects colonialism has had on how it is perceived. <P2-S1>  The film won the 1954 Prix Jean Vigo. <P2-S2>  Because of its criticism of colonialism, the second half of the film was banned in France until the 1960s. <SEP> <P3-S0> Muriel (French: Muriel ou le Temps d'un retour , literally "Muriel, or the Time of a Return") is a 1963 French film directed by Alain Resnais. <P3-S1>  It was Resnais's third feature film, following "Hiroshima mon amour" (1959) and "L'Année dernière à Marienbad" (1961), and in common with those films it explores the challenge of integrating a remembered or imagined past with the life of the present. <P3-S2>  It also makes oblique reference to the controversial subject of the Algerian War, which had recently been brought to an end. <P3-S3>  "Muriel" was Resnais's second collaboration with Jean Cayrol, who had also written the screenplay of "Nuit et brouillard" ("Night and Fog") (1955).
Question: When was the rock band to which Pre-Creedence name was changed active? 

<P0-S0> She was an all-female American garage rock band from Sacramento, California that was active between 1964 and 1971. <P0-S1>  Originally called the Id, the band later changed its name to the Hairem, where its members recorded several tracks that remained unissued for many years. <P0-S2>  Though the group was known for a raw sound, as the decade passed they incorporated psychedelic influences and eventually changed their name to She. <P0-S3>  In 1970, as She, they released the single, "Boy Little Boy" b/w "Outta Reach". <P0-S4>  Since 1999, with the release of the "She Wants a Piece of You" compilation, the group's work has come to the attention of garage rock enthusiasts. <SEP> <P1-S0> The Hangmen were an American garage rock band from Rockville, Maryland who were active in the 1960s. <P1-S1>  In an effort to distinguish themselves from other American groups and tie-in with the popular British Invasion, they lured Scottish vocalist Dave Ottley to join the group. <P1-S2>  Eventually they became the most popular band in the Washington, DC area, having a huge regional hit with "What a Girl Can’t Do", that appeared on Monument Records, but had actually been recorded by an earlier local group, the Reekers, whose membership included two future Hangmen, Tom Guernsey and Bob Berberich. <P1-S3>  The single was nonetheless credited to the Hangmen. <P1-S4>  The song became so popular that the band was greeted with near "Beatlemanic" adoration from fans, whose enthusiasm on one occasion erupted into a near riot. <P1-S5>  The group followed-up with the single "Faces", which featured more aggressive sound, replete with a snide vocal from Ottley and a razor-like fuzz-driven guitar riff. <P1-S6>  Ottley shortly thereafter departed from the band and was replaced by Tony Taylor. <P1-S7>  The group, now with Taylor, went to Nashville to record the album "Bittersweet", which displayed a more eclectic and relaxed approach, which, despite its closing song, a raucous version of Van Morrison's' Gloria", stood in marked contrast to their previous efforts. <P1-S8>  The album's opening cut was sitar-embellished version of "Dream Baby, which was also released as a single. <P1-S9>  After additional rounds of lineup changes and in an effort to emphasize their increasingly psychedelic orientation, the Hangmen changed their name to the Button. <P1-S10>  As the Button, they taped an unreleased set of songs for RCA Records in New York, but subsequently changed their name to Graffiti and recorded briefly for ABC Records. <SEP> <P2-S0> Pre-Creedence is a compilation album by The Golliwogs which changed its name to Creedence Clearwater Revival (CCR) in 1968. <P2-S1>  This album was released in 1975 after the band had disbanded. <SEP> <P3-S0> Creedence Clearwater Revival, often informally abbreviated to Creedence or CCR, was an American rock band active in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Question: To what group of plants do both Dieffenbachia and Carlina belong?

<P0-S0> Inulins are a group of naturally occurring polysaccharides produced by many types of plants, industrially most often extracted from chicory. <P0-S1>  The inulins belong to a class of dietary fibers known as fructans. Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing energy and is typically found in roots or rhizomes. Most plants that synthesize and store inulin do not store other forms of carbohydrate such as starch. <P0-S2>  Using inulin to measure kidney function is the "gold standard" for comparison with other means of estimating creatinine clearance. <SEP> <P1-S0> Dieffenbachia is a genus of tropical flowering plants in the family Araceae. <P1-S1>  It is native to the New World Tropics from Mexico and the West Indies south to Argentina. <P1-S2>  Some species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants, especially as houseplants, and have become naturalized on a few tropical islands. <SEP> <P2-S0> An ethnic exogroup is a group of people which does not belong to a particular ethnic group. <P2-S1>  Many cultures have terms referring to all outsiders, but in practice this often becomes narrowed to the largest outsider group. <P2-S2>  In particular, exogroup terms used by minorities in a particular country often become specific to the majority in that country rather than applying to other minorities as well. <P2-S3>  Exogroup terms are sometimes considered to be derogatory, depending on the word and the context and manner in which it is used. <P2-S4>  They may be distinguished from ethnic or religious slurs in that they do not necessarily designate a specific group, and instead target all who do not belong to a specific group. <SEP> <P3-S0> Carlina is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. <P3-S1>  It is distributed from Madeira and the Canary Islands across Europe and northern Africa to Siberia and northwestern China.
Question: The Death of Cook depicts the death of James Cook at a bay on what coast?

<P0-S0> Death of Cook is the name of several paintings depicting the 1779 death of British and discoverer of the Hawaiian Islands, Captain James Cook at Kealakekua Bay. <SEP> <P1-S0> The Captain James Cook Memorial was built by the Commonwealth Government to commemorate the Bicentenary of Captain James Cook's first sighting of the east coast of Australia. <P1-S1>  The memorial includes a water jet located in the central basin and a skeleton globe sculpture at Regatta Point of Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra, showing the paths of Cook's expeditions. <P1-S2>  On 25 April 1970, Queen Elizabeth II officially inaugurated the memorial. <SEP> <P2-S0> Kealakekua Bay is located on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaiʻ i about 12 mi south of Kailua-Kona. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Death of Captain James Cook, 14 February 1779 is a painting by Johann Zoffany. <P3-S1>  The painting records the loss of the British explorer Captain James Cook. <P3-S2>  The painting was completed in 1794 some years after the death of Cook in 1779. <P3-S3>  Other paintings of the death of Cook were painted earlier. <P3-S4>  The Mahiole (Feathered Helmet) that was included in the painting of Cook's death by Zoffany is said to be the helmet given to Cook when he first landed in Hawaii.
Question: Bill Bryson grew up in a city that is the seat of which county ?

<P0-S0> The Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid is a 2006 memoir by best-selling travel writer Bill Bryson. <P0-S1>  The book delves into Bryson's past, telling of his youth growing up in Des Moines, Iowa, during the 1950s and early 1960s. <P0-S2>  It also reveals the backstory between himself and Stephen Katz, who appeared in "A Walk in the Woods" and "." <P0-S3>  Bryson also describes and comments on American life in the 1950s. <P0-S4>  The title of the book comes from an imaginary alter-ego Bryson invented for himself in his childhood, who has the ability to "vaporise people." <SEP> <P1-S0> Des Moines is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa. <P1-S1>  It is also the county seat of Polk County. <P1-S2>  A small part of the city extends into Warren County. <P1-S3>  It was incorporated on September 22, 1851, as Fort Des Moines, which was shortened to "Des Moines" in 1857. <P1-S4>  It is on and named after the Des Moines River, which likely was adapted from the French colonial name, "Rivière des Moines," meaning "River of the Monks." The city's population was 203,433 as of the 2010 census. <P1-S5>  The five-county metropolitan area is ranked 91st in terms of population in the United States with 599,789 residents according to the 2013 estimate by the United States Census Bureau. <SEP> <P2-S0> Down Under is the British title of a 2000 travelogue book about Australia written by best-selling travel writer Bill Bryson. <P2-S1>  In the United States and Canada it was published titled In a Sunburned Country, a title taken from the famous Australian poem, "My Country". <P2-S2>  It was also published as part of "Walk About", which included "Down Under" and another of Bryson's books, "A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail", in one volume. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Mother Tongue (ISBN  ) is a book by Bill Bryson which compiles the history and origins of the English and the language's various quirks. <P3-S1>  It is subtitled "English And How It Got That Way". <P3-S2>  The book discusses the Indo-European origins of English, the growing status of English as a global language, the complex etymology of English words, the dialects of English, spelling reform, prescriptive grammar, and more minor topics including swearing. <P3-S3>  This account popularises the subject and makes it accessible to the lay reader; but Bryson's book has been criticised for some inaccuracies, such as the perpetuation of several urban myths, including an uncritical account of the number of words Eskimos have for snow. <P3-S4>  He also inaccurately describes some other languages and their writing systems, such as Chinese and Japanese, just to give an example.
Question: Who is older Charles R. Black Jr. or Paul Manafort?

<P0-S0> Paul John Manafort Jr. (born April 1, 1949) is an American lawyer, lobbyist and political consultant. <P0-S1>  He joined Donald Trump's presidential campaign team in March 2016 and served as campaign manager from June to August 2016. <P0-S2>  He was previously an adviser to the U.S. presidential campaigns of Republicans Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bob Dole. <P0-S3>  In 1980 Manafort co-founded the Washington, D.C.-based lobbying firm Black, Manafort & Stone, along with principals Charles R. Black Jr., and Roger J. Stone. <P0-S4>  In 1984 it was renamed Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly (BMSK) & associates, after Peter G. Kelly was recruited. <SEP> <P1-S0> Charter Oak State College (COSC) is a public liberal arts college in New Britain, Connecticut. <P1-S1>  The college was founded in 1973 by the Connecticut Legislature and offers associate, baccalaureate, and master's degrees. <P1-S2>  The college is located across Paul Manafort Drive from Central Connecticut State University and is named for Connecticut's famous Charter Oak. <SEP> <P2-S0> Charles R. Black Jr. (born 1947), is the current Chairman of Prime Policy Group, a public affairs firm which is a subsidiary of Burson-Marsteller Global Public Relations. <P2-S1>  Prime Policy Group was formed with the merger of Martin B. Gold 's Gold & Liebengood with the Washington, DC-based lobbying firm he co-founded—Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly—with Paul Manafort, Roger J. Stone and Peter G. Kelly. <P2-S2>  In 2010, Black was inducted into the American Association of Political Consultants (AAPC) Hall of Fame. <SEP> <P3-S0> Black, Manafort, Stone and Kelly (often simply Black, Manafort) was a lobbying firm based in Washington, D.C.. <P3-S1>  Formed in 1980, it merged with Martin B. Gold's Gold & Liebengood to form BKSH & Associates in 1996.
Question: The Extreme Centre: A Warning was a book by the activist who studied at which college?

<P0-S0> Tariq Ali ( ; Punjabi, Urdu: ‎ ; born 21 October 1943) is a British-Pakistani writer, journalist, historian, filmmaker, political activist, and public intellectual. <P0-S1>  He is a member of the editorial committee of the "New Left Review" and "Sin Permiso", and contributes to "The Guardian", "CounterPunch", and the "London Review of Books". <P0-S2>  He read PPE at Exeter College, Oxford. <SEP> <P1-S0> The Extreme Centre: A Warning is a 2015 book by British-Pakistani writer, journalist, political activist and historian Tariq Ali. <SEP> <P2-S0> Shudi Atiya ash-Shafi (Arabic: شهدى عطية الشافى‎ ‎ ) was an Egyptian communist theoretician and activist. <P2-S1>  Ash-Shafi studied in Britain, and returned to Egypt in 1942 with a Master of Arts degree from Exeter College. <P2-S2>  After his return to Egypt he was employed at the Ministry of Education as an English-language supervisor. <P2-S3>  He joined the communist "Iskra" group, of which he became a prominent member. <P2-S4>  He went on to become director of the House of Scientific Research (a Marxist study centre set up by "Iskra") for a period. <P2-S5>  In 1947 he became editor of the newspaper of the group, "al-Jamahir". <P2-S6>  In the same year "Iskra" merged into the Democratic Movement for National Liberation (HADITU). <SEP> <P3-S0> The Abolition of Man is a 1943 book by C. S. Lewis. <P3-S1>  It is subtitled "Reflections on education with special reference to the teaching of English in the upper forms of schools," and uses that as a starting point for a defense of objective value and natural law, and a warning of the consequences of doing away with or "debunking" those things. <P3-S2>  It defends science as something worth pursuing but criticizes using it to debunk values—the value of science itself being among them—or defining it to exclude such values. <P3-S3>  The book was first delivered as a series of three evening lectures at King's College, Newcastle, part of the University of Durham, as the Riddell Memorial Lectures on February 24–26, 1943.
Question: When is the 2010 population of a town in Waldo County which was covered by "Maine School Administrative District 3"?

<P0-S0> Unity is a town in Waldo County, Maine, United States. <P0-S1>  The population was 2,099 at the 2010 census. <P0-S2>  The town is the service center for the northern portion of Waldo County. <P0-S3>  Outside of Waldo county, it is best known as the home of the Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association, its Common Ground Country Fair and Unity College. <P0-S4>  Unity College was founded in 1965 to offset the economic effects of the declining chicken farming industry. <P0-S5>  As of 2007, the college is the town's largest employer. <SEP> <P1-S0> Maine School Administrative District 46 (MSAD 46) is a school district that serves the towns of Dexter, Exeter, Ripley and Garland, Maine. <P1-S1>  It is located in Penobscot County which is also known as the "Maine Highlands". <P1-S2>  There are a total of six schools in the district: Garland Elementary, Exeter Elementary, Dexter Primary School, Dexter Middle School, Dexter Regional High School, and Tri-County Technical Center. <P1-S3>  Approximately 1,100 students from the area are enrolled. <SEP> <P2-S0> Steep Falls is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Standish in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. <P2-S1>  The population was 1,139 at the 2010 census. <P2-S2>  It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area. <P2-S3>  The town is part of Maine School Administrative District #6, which includes Bonny Eagle Middle and High Schools. <SEP> <P3-S0> Maine School Administrative District 3 (MSAD 3) is an operating school district within Maine, covering the towns of Brooks, Freedom, Jackson, Knox, Liberty, Monroe, Montville, Thorndike, Troy, Unity. <P3-S1>  MSAU District 3 students attend Mount View High School in Thorndike.
Question: Which play is set in one act, Bluebeard's Castle or Agrippina?

<P0-S0> At the Boar's Head is an opera in one act by the English composer Gustav Holst, his op. 42. <P0-S1>  Holst himself described the work as "A Musical Interlude in One Act". <P0-S2>  The libretto, by the composer himself, is based on Shakespeare's "Henry IV, Part 1" and "Henry IV, Part 2". <SEP> <P1-S0> Agrippina (HWV 6) is an "opera seria" in three acts by George Frideric Handel with a libretto by Cardinal Vincenzo Grimani. <P1-S1>  Composed for the 1709–10 Venice "Carnevale" season, the opera tells the story of Agrippina, the mother of Nero, as she plots the downfall of the Roman Emperor Claudius and the installation of her son as emperor. <P1-S2>  Grimani's libretto, considered one of the best that Handel set, is an "anti-heroic satirical comedy", full of topical political allusions. <P1-S3>  Some analysts believe that it reflects Grimani's political and diplomatic rivalry with Pope Clement XI. <SEP> <P2-S0> Bluebeard's Castle (Hungarian: A kékszakállú herceg vára ; literally: "The Blue-Bearded Duke's Castle") is a one-act opera by Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. <P2-S1>  The libretto was written by Béla Balázs, a poet and friend of the composer, and is written in Hungarian, based on the French literary tale "La Barbe bleue" by Charles Perrault. <P2-S2>  The opera lasts only a little over an hour and there are only two singing characters onstage: Bluebeard ("Kékszakállú "), and his new wife Judith ("Judit " ); the two have just eloped and Judith is coming home to Bluebeard's castle for the first time. <SEP> <P3-S0> Senza sangue (Without blood) an opera in one act by Péter Eötvös with a libretto by Mari Mezei. <P3-S1>  It is based on the second part of the novel of the same name by Alessandro Baricco and is intended to be performed jointly with Béla Bartók's one-act "Bluebeard's Castle". <P3-S2>  The concert première was given by the Cologne Philharmonic Orchestra on 1 May 2015. <P3-S3>  It was premièred in full on 15 May 2016 at the Festival d'Avignon. <P3-S4>  It is his tenth opera. <P3-S5>  Anne Sofie von Otter, who gave the New York première with the New York Philharmonic, said: "“The piece is not at all easy for the two singers... [It’s] hard to find the pitch; you have to work it into the voice, unless of course you happen to have perfect pitch, which I don’t."
Question: How long is the river The Atherton Bridge spans?

<P0-S0> Built in 1890, the 2376 ft Walnut Street Bridge was the first to connect Chattanooga, Tennessee's downtown with the North Shore. <P0-S1>  According to a plaque on the bridge, Edwin Thacher was the chief engineer for the bridge. <P0-S2>  The bridge's superstructure was assembled by the Smith Bridge Company of Toledo, Ohio, which was a prolific late 19th-century bridge builder. <P0-S3>  The bridge's substructure was constructed by Neeley, Smith, and Company of Chattanooga. <P0-S4>  Most of the parts for the bridge were manufactured by Manly Jail Works of Dalton, Georgia and then shipped to the site by rail. <P0-S5>  The bridge's main spans are pin-connected Pennsylvania through truss spans. <P0-S6>  The top chord of these truss spans are configured in five sections, making the spans similar to the Camelback truss design. <P0-S7>  The bridge is historically significant as an extremely long and old example of its type; according to the Historic American Engineering Record: "The bridge was apparently the first non-military highway bridge across the Tennessee River." <SEP> <P1-S0> The Nashua River, 37.5 mi long, is a tributary of the Merrimack River in Massachusetts and New Hampshire in the United States. <P1-S1>  It is formed in eastern Worcester County, Massachusetts, by junction of its north and south branches near Lancaster, and flows generally north-northeast past Groton to join the Merrimack at Nashua, New Hampshire. <P1-S2>  The Nashua River Watershed occupies a major portion of north-central Massachusetts and a much smaller portion of southern New Hampshire. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Pit River Bridge (officially the Veterans of Foreign Wars Memorial Bridge) is a double deck, deck truss, road and rail bridge over Shasta Lake in Shasta County, California. <P2-S1>  The bridge, carrying Interstate 5 on its upper deck and Union Pacific Railroad on its lower deck, was built in 1942 as part of the construction of the Shasta Dam/Shasta Lake reservoir system. <P2-S2>  The Pit River Bridge was constructed to replace the Lower Pit River Bridge, as the rising waters of the Shasta Lake reservoir would have put the older bridge underwater. <P2-S3>  The entire bridge spans 3588 ft long on the upper deck and 2754 ft on the lower deck. <P2-S4>  With a height of 500 ft above the old Pit River bed, it is structurally the highest double decked bridge in the United States; however, today the bridge sits only about 40 ft above the water when Shasta Lake is full. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Atherton Bridge is a historic iron truss bridge in Lancaster, Massachusetts, spanning the South Branch of the Nashua River. <P3-S1>  It is a rare example of a hybrid pony truss that is similar to the 19th century truss design of Simeon S. Post. <P3-S2>  It was built by J.H. Cofrode & Co. of Philadelphia in 1870. <P3-S3>  It was the first iron bridge to be constructed in the town. <P3-S4> <ref name="memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?hh:1:./temp/~ammem_Pr5I::">Historic American Engineering Record</ref> The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
Question: Bill McCollum took a leadership role in the Senate trial that began on which date?

<P0-S0> The 2006 Florida Attorney General election took place on November 7, 2006, to elect the Attorney General of Florida. <P0-S1>  The election was won by Bill McCollum who took office on January 3, 2007. <SEP> <P1-S0> The Lewinsky scandal was an American political sex scandal that involved 49-year-old President Bill Clinton and 22-year-old White House intern Monica Lewinsky. <P1-S1>  The sexual relationship took place between 1995 and 1996 and came to light in 1998. <P1-S2>  Clinton ended a televised speech with the statement that he did not have sexual relations with Lewinsky. <P1-S3>  Further investigation led to charges of perjury and to the impeachment of President Clinton in 1998 by the U.S. House of Representatives. <P1-S4>  He was subsequently acquitted on all impeachment charges of perjury and obstruction of justice in a 21-day Senate trial. <P1-S5>  Clinton was held in civil contempt of court by Judge Susan Webber Wright for giving misleading testimony in the Paula Jones case regarding Lewinsky and was also fined $90,000 by Wright. <P1-S6>  His license to practice law was suspended in Arkansas for five years; shortly thereafter, he was disbarred from presenting cases in front of the United States Supreme Court. <SEP> <P2-S0> Ira William "Bill" McCollum Jr. (born July 12, 1944) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party. <P2-S1>  He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 2001, representing Florida's 5th congressional district, which was later redistricted to the 8th congressional district in 1993. <P2-S2>  As a member of the House, McCollum rose to become Vice Chairman of the House Republican Conference, the fifth-highest ranking position in the House Republican leadership. <P2-S3>  He voted to impeach President Bill Clinton and subsequently took a leadership role in managing Clinton's trial in the Senate, which ended in acquittal. <SEP> <P3-S0> The impeachment process of Bill Clinton was initiated by the House of Representatives on December 19, 1998, against Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States, on two charges, one of perjury and one of obstruction of justice. <P3-S1>  These charges stemmed from a sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Clinton by Paula Jones. <P3-S2>  Clinton was subsequently acquitted of these charges by the Senate on February 12, 1999. <P3-S3>  Two other impeachment articles – a second perjury charge and a charge of abuse of power – failed in the House.
Question: After Russell D. Moore served at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary he became the President of The Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission (ERLC) in what year?

<P0-S0> The Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission (ERLC) is the public policy arm of the Southern Baptist Convention, the largest non-Catholic Christian denomination in the United States, with over 16 million members in over 43,000 independent churches. <P0-S1>  As of June 1, 2013, the ERLC is headed by Russell D. Moore and is headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee, with additional offices in Washington, D.C. and Cyprus. <SEP> <P1-S0> Russell D. Moore is an American evangelical theologian, ethicist, and preacher. <P1-S1>  He is currently president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, the public-policy arm of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC). <P1-S2>  Moore previously served at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, one of six seminaries of the SBC, as dean of the School of Theology, senior vice president for academic administration, and as professor of Christian theology and ethics. <SEP> <P2-S0> Lee Rutland Scarborough (1870–1945) was an American Southern Baptist pastor, evangelist, denominational leader, and professor at the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. <P2-S1>  He accepted the invitation of B. H. Carroll in 1908 to occupy the world's first academic chair of evangelism, "The Chair of Fire," (also known as the L. R. Scarborough Chair of Evangelism) and chaired of the seminary's department of evangelism. <P2-S2>  In February 1915, following the death of B. H. Carroll, he became president of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. <P2-S3>  He remained in both positions until 1942, during which time he also served a term as president of the Baptist General Convention of Texas (1929–32) and a term as president of the Southern Baptist Convention (1938–40). <SEP> <P3-S0> Trillia Newbell is the Director of Community Outreach for the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention. <P3-S1>  She is the author of "United: Captured by God’s Vision for Diversity (2014)", "Fear and Faith: Finding the Peace Your Heart Craves (2015)", and her "Enjoy: Finding the Freedom to Delight Daily in God’s Good Gifts (2016)". <P3-S2>  In addition to her writing and the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, Newbell gives speeches at churches, universities, conventions, and conferences. <P3-S3>  She has written for newspapers, magazines, and online publications, including the Knoxville News Sentinel, The Gospel Coalition, Ligonier Ministries, Desiring God, Christianity Today, and the online blog of the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission. <P3-S4>  Newbell is the founder and former managing editor of the Women of God Magazine, a defunct online publication. <P3-S5>  She lives in Nashville, Tennessee with her husband and two children.