Question: When was quantitative easing started by the group that controls the monetary policy in the country that Amin visited for the second time?

under german control, and even before then, japanese traders and fishermen from time to time visited the marshall islands, although contact with the islanders was irregular. after the meiji restoration (1868), the japanese government adopted a policy of turning the japanese empire into a great economic and military power in east asia. <SEP> For example, in the United States, the Federal Reserve is in charge of monetary policy, and implements it primarily by performing operations that influence short - term interest rates. Monetary policy concerns the actions of a central bank or other regulatory authorities that determine the size and rate of growth of the money supply. <SEP> The US Federal Reserve belatedly implemented policies similar to the current quantitative easing during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Specifically, banks' excess reserves exceeded 6 percent in 1940, whereas they vanished during the entire postwar period until 2008. Despite this fact, many commentators called the scope of the Federal Reserve quantitative easing program after the 2008 crisis ``unprecedented ''. <SEP> beginning in march 2009, the bank of england had purchased around £165 billion in assets as of september 2009 and around £175 billion in assets by the end of october 2009. at its meeting in november 2009, the monetary policy committee (mpc) voted to increase total asset purchases to £200 billion. most of the assets purchased have been uk government securities (gilts); the bank has also purchased smaller quantities of high - quality private - sector assets. in december 2010, mpc member adam posen called for a £50 billion expansion of the bank's quantitative easing programme, while his colleague andrew sentance has called for an increase in interest rates due to inflation being above the target rate of 2%. in october 2011, the bank of england announced that it would undertake another round of qe, creating an additional £75 billion. in february 2012 it announced an additional £50 billion. in july 2012 it announced another £50 billion, bringing the total amount to £375 billion. the bank has said that it will not buy more than 70% of any issue of government debt. this means that at least 30% of any issue of government debt will have to be purchased and held by institutions other than the bank of england. in 2012 the bank estimated that quantitative easing had benefited households differentially according to the assets they hold; richer households have more assets. <SEP> Hafizullah Amin (Pashto/Dari: حفيظ الله امين‎; born 1 August 1929 – 27 December 1979) was an Afghan communist politician during the Cold War. Amin was born in Paghman and educated at Kabul University, after which he started his career as a teacher. He would visit the United States a second time before moving permanently to Afghanistan, and starting his career in radical politics. He ran as a candidate in the 1965 parliamentary election but failed to secure a seat. Amin was the only Khalqist elected to parliament in the 1969 parliamentary election, thus increasing his standing within the party. He was one of the leading organizers of the Saur Revolution which overthrew the government of Mohammad Daoud Khan. In 1979 he named himself president, prime minister, and chairman of the Khalq wing. He has been described as "ruthless" and a "radical Marxist".Amin's short-lived presidency was marked by controversies from beginning to end. After a few years in that occupation, he went to the United States to study. He came to power by disposing of his predecessor Nur Muhammad Taraki and later ordering his death. Amin made attempts to win support from those who revolted against the communist regime which had begun under Taraki, but his government was unable to solve this problem. Many Afghans held Amin responsible for the regime's harshest measures, such as ordering thousands of executions. Thousands of people disappeared without trace during his time in office. The Soviet Union, which was dissatisfied with Amin, intervened in Afghanistan while invoking the Twenty-Year Treaty of Friendship between Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Amin was assassinated by the Soviets on December 27, 1979 as part of Operation Storm-333, having ruled for slightly longer than three months.