Question: Who is the first African prime minister to come to power where the person who argued that it was the role of governments to protect individual rights is a citizen?

The norm of the R2P was borne out of the international community's failure to respond to tragedies such as the Rwandan Genocide in 1994 and the Srebrenica massacre in 1995. Kofi Annan, who was Assistant Secretary - General at the UN Department for Peacekeeping Operations during the Rwandan genocide, realized the international community's failure to respond. In the wake of the Kosovo intervention, 1999, Annan insisted that traditional notions of sovereignty had been redefined: ``States are now widely understood to be instruments at the service of their peoples '', he said, while U.S. President Bill Clinton cited human rights concerns in 46% of the hundreds of remarks that he made justifying intervention in Kosovo. In 2000, and in his capacity as UN Secretary - General, Annan wrote the report`` We the Peoples'' on the role of the United Nations in the 21st Century, and in this report he posed the following question: ``if humanitarian intervention is, indeed, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we respond to a Rwanda, to a Srebrenica -- to gross and systematic violations of human rights that offend every precept of our common humanity? '' <SEP> the civil rights act of 1866, 14 stat. 27 - 30, enacted april 9, 1866, was the first united states federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law. it was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of persons of african descent born in or brought to the u.s., in the wake of the american civil war. this legislation was enacted by congress in 1865 but vetoed by president andrew johnson. in april 1866 congress again passed the bill to support the thirteenth amendment. although johnson again vetoed it, a two - thirds majority in each chamber overcame the veto and the bill therefore became law. <SEP> Jerry John Rawlings President of Ghana (1st President of the 4th Republic) In office 7 January 1993 -- 7 January 2001 Vice President Kow Nkensen Arkaah (1993 -- 1997) John Atta Mills (1997 -- 2001) Preceded by Himself Succeeded by John Agyekum Kufuor Chairperson of ECOWAS In office 1994 -- 1996 Head of State of Ghana In office 31 December 1981 -- 7 January 1993 Vice President None Preceded by Hilla Limann Head of State of Ghana In office 4 June 1979 -- 24 September 1979 Preceded by General Fred Akuffo Succeeded by Hilla Limann Personal details (1947 - 06 - 22) 22 June 1947 (age 71) Accra, Gold Coast (now Ghana) Political party military -- AFRC (1979) military -- PNDC (1981 -- 93) Multi-Party Democracy -- NDC (1993 -- 2001) Spouse (s) Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings Children 5 Profession Fighter pilot Awards UDS Honorary Award Military service Allegiance Ghana Service / branch Ghana Air Force Years of service 1968 -- 92 Rank Flight Lieutenant <SEP> australia is the only common law country with neither a constitutional nor federal legislative bill of rights to protect its citizens, although there is ongoing debate in many of australia's states. in 1973, federal attorney - general lionel murphy introduced a human rights bill into parliament, although it was never passed. in 1984, senator stephen bunce drafted a bill of rights, but it was never introduced into parliament, and in 1985, senator lionel bowen introduced a bill of rights, which was passed by the house of representatives, but failed to pass the senate. former australian prime minister john howard has argued against a bill of rights for australia on the grounds it would transfer power from elected politicians (populist politics) to unelected (constitutional) judges and bureaucrats. victoria and the australian capital territory (act) are the only states and territories to have a human rights act. however, the principle of legality present in the australian judicial system, seeks to ensure that legislation is interpreted so as not to interfere with basic human rights, unless legislation expressly intends to interfere. <SEP> The Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT is Ghana’s first Advanced Information Technology Institute (AITI) l. It was established in 2003, through a partnership between the Government of Ghana and the Government of India.