Question:  Development of Substitute Materials was otherwise known as?

 It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.  From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.  Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs.  The Army component of the project was designated the Manhattan District; "Manhattan" gradually superseded the official codename, Development of Substitute Materials, for the entire project.  Along the way, the project absorbed its earlier British counterpart, Tube Alloys. The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.  The Manhattan Project began modestly in 1939, but grew to employ more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US $2 billion (about $ in 2016 dollars).  Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and to produce fissile material, with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons.  Research and production took place at more than 30 sites across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. <SEP> In poker and gaming "buying in" is the process of entering a tournament that requires an up-front payment.  The size of the payment, otherwise known as the "buy in", determines the total winning prize pool and also contains a fee, otherwise known as the rake, that is paid to the house. <SEP>  Founded by Cynthia Kelly in 2002, the Foundation's stated goal is, "to provide the public not only a better understanding of the past but also a basis for addressing scientific, technical, political, social and ethical issues of the 21st century."  AHF works with Congress, the Department of Energy, the National Park Service, state and local governments, nonprofit organizations and the former Manhattan Project communities to preserve and interpret historic sites and develop useful and accessible educational materials for veterans, teachers, and the general public. The Atomic Heritage Foundation (AHF) is a nonprofit organization in Washington, DC, dedicated to the preservation and interpretation of the Manhattan Project and the Atomic Age and its legacy. <SEP> Pendulum arbitration, otherwise known as final offer arbitration (or "FOA"), is a type of interest arbitration in which the arbitrator chooses one of the parties' proposals on each (or perhaps all) disputed issues.  For example, in the case of labor collective bargaining, a trade union may demand a wage increase of 7% and the management may offer 3%.  The arbitrator's decision has to choose between awarding a 3% or a 7% increase.  This procedure is opposed to conventional interest arbitration, in which the parties present evidence and the arbitrator acts as fact-finder and crafts an award.  In disputes over labor contracts, this dispute resolution procedure is known to be a common type of contract arbitration.  Perhaps the most well-known instance is salary arbitration in Major League Baseball, where a certain class of players may elect to arbitrate their salary instead of accepting their team's salary offer.  Final-offer arbitration is widely used to determine public union contracts in the United States, either as a substitute for collective bargaining or as a mechanism to determine the contract when bargaining has failed.