winkelee/scaling-down huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the name of the gym opened by a kickboxer who also participated in a form of off-road motorcycle racing? 

 The sport evolved from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom. Motocross is a form of off-road motorcycle racing held on enclosed off-road circuits. <SEP> The Tote Gote is an off-road motorcycle that was produced from 1958 to 1970.  It was developed by Ralph Bonham, who is credited with inventing the off-road motorcycle. <SEP>  Between 1992 and 2008 he won thirteen titles (national and international) in kickboxing, as well as titles in taekwondo and pro-boxing and he is also a keen Motocross racer.  Ubeda is now retired and runs his own gym, Ubeda Gym, in his home town of Nijmegen. Perry M. Johannes Ubeda (born September 15, 1971 in Nijmegen) is a Dutch former super middleweight kickboxer. <SEP> Hare scramble is a form of off-road motorcycle racing that varies in distance and time, with the riders completing multiple laps around a marked course through wooded or other rugged natural terrain.
Question: Which 1980s pop star became a Swiss citizen in 2013: Paul Young or Tina Turner?

Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939), is an American-born Swiss recording singer, songwriter, dancer, actress, and author.  Born and raised in the Southeastern United States, Turner relinquished her American citizenship after obtaining Swiss citizenship in 2013. <SEP>  Formerly the frontman of the short-lived bands Kat Kool & the Kool Cats, Streetband and Q-Tips, his subsequent solo success turned him into a 1980s teen idol. Paul Antony Young (born 17 January 1956) is an English singer, songwriter and musician.  He is famous for such hit singles as "Love of the Common People", "Wherever I Lay My Hat", "Come Back and Stay", "Everytime You Go Away" and "Everything Must Change", all reaching the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart.  Released in 1983, his debut album "No Parlez", the first of three UK number one albums, turned him into a household name.  His smooth yet soulful voice belonged to a genre known as "blue-eyed soul".  At the 1985 Brit Awards, Young received the award for Best British Male. <SEP> Lone Star Steakhouse & Saloon is a casual dining restaurant chain, serving steak, seafood, salad, and similar food items.  Lone Star opened its first restaurant in 1989 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.  In March 1992, Lone Star became a public company with eight restaurants opened.  By the end of 1995, there were 182 restaurants in operation.  Lone Star ended the 1990s with 265 Lone Star restaurants.  In August 2006, Lone Star became private. <SEP> Eduard Freiherr von der Heydt (September 26, 1882 – April 3, 1964) was a German and Swiss banker, art collector and patron.  He was born in Elberfeld, Germany and died in Ascona Switzerland.  His collections were the basis for the creation of the Museum Rietberg in Zürich, Switzerland.  He was also the former owner of the Monte Verità, a well known site of many different Utopian and cultural events and communities, which upon his death became the property of the Swiss Canton of Ticino.  He was also a member of the NSDAP until he became a Swiss citizen in 1937 and left the party in 1939.  After the Second World War, he was accused of treason in 1946, but later in 1948 declared innocent.  He described art using the term "ars una", an all encompassing art that appreciates diversity as it is found throughout the world.
Question: Who was the future wife of the producer of the song in which Yannick re-imaged in 2000? 

"Soft Touch" is a song by English musician George Harrison from his 1979 album "George Harrison".  It was also issued as the B-side of the album's lead single, "Blow Away", apart from in North America, where it was the B-side of the second single, "Love Comes to Everyone".  Harrison wrote the song while in the Virgin Islands with his future wife, Olivia Arias, shortly before recording his 1976 album "Thirty Three & 1/3".  The song is a love song in which Harrison also conveys his wonder at the idyllic island setting. <SEP> "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)" is a song by the Four Seasons, written by original Four Seasons keyboard player Bob Gaudio and his future wife Judy Parker, produced by Gaudio, and included on the group's album, "Who Loves You" (1975). <SEP> "Love Minus Zero/No Limit" (read "Love Minus Zero over No Limit") is a song written by Bob Dylan for his fifth studio album "Bringing It All Back Home", released in 1965 (see 1965 in music).  The song was originally written as a tribute to Dylan's future wife Sara Lowndes.  Its main musical hook is a series of three descending chords, while its lyrics articulate Dylan's feelings for his lover, and how she brings a needed zen-like calm to his chaotic world.  The song uses surreal imagery, some of which recalls Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven" and the biblical Book of Daniel.  The style of the lyrics is reminiscent of William Blake's poem "The Sick Rose". <SEP>  He is best known for his internationally successful song "Ces soirées-là" (English: "Those Nights"), a 2000 dance-based re-imaging of the Four Seasons' hit pop song "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)". Yannick (born December 19, 1978 in Paris, France), real name Yannick M'Boloa, is a French hip-hop/chanson musician.
Question: Goddess of Fire stars a South Korean actress and singer who debuted in 2001 as the main vocalist of what South Korean girl group?

Oh Hye-rin (born May 7, 1989), better known by her stage name Raina, is a South Korean singer-songwriter.  She is the main vocalist of South Korean girl group After School and also the leader of After School sub-unit Orange Caramel.  Raina debuted with the group in November 2009 following the release of the group's second single, "Because of You".  She debuted as a solo singer in September 2014 with the single "You End, And Me". <SEP>  Goddess of Fire, Jung Yi) is a 2013 South Korean television series starring Moon Geun-young, Lee Sang-yoon, Kim Bum, Park Gun-hyung, Seo Hyun-jin, Jun Kwang-ryul, Jeong Bo-seok, Byun Hee-bong, Han Go-eun, and Lee Kwang-soo. Goddess of Fire (; lit.  It aired on MBC from July 1 to October 22, 2013 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 32 episodes. <SEP> GP Basic (Korean: 지피 베이직 ) was a South Korean girl group who debuted on August 15, 2010.  At the time of their debut, they were considered to be the "youngest" South Korean girl group with an average age of below 13.5.  The age of their youngest member, Janey, caused controversy followed by the debut of a much younger girl group, G-story, who were all below 10 years old.  This led to new broadcasting regulations in South Korea. <SEP> Seo Hyun-jin (Hangul: 서현진 ; born February 27, 1985) is a South Korean actress and singer.  Seo debuted as the main vocalist of South Korean girl group, M.I.L.K in 2001 and continued until 2003 when the group disbanded.  She contributed songs as a solo artist after the group disbandment before she transitioned into acting in 2006.
Question: How much does the star of Teddy Bear weigh?

The Vermont Teddy Bear Company (VTB) is one of the largest producers of teddy bears and the largest seller of teddy bears by mail order and Internet.  The company handcrafts each of its teddy bears and produces almost 500,000 teddy bears each year.  The company was formerly traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol BEAR, but was taken private by The Mustang Group, a Boston-based private equity firm, on September 30, 2005, partially to avoid the reporting requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. <SEP> Michi Takahashi (real name: Michiyo Takahashi, Christian name: Saint Mary Chiara, maiden name: Yoshimura, born July 22, 1963) is a teddy bear artist in Japan.  She is well known in the teddy bear industry in the world as the pioneer teddy bear artist in Japan, who enhanced the charm of teddy bear as an art, not just a stuffed toy .  One of her masterpieces “Look Here Bees!  I’m Good Boy Takuya!”  was nominated for TOBY ® awards in 1996¸ and won the highest praise from teddy bear fans in the world.  She depicted the art of Takuya Kimura, whom she admires. <SEP> Kim Kold (born 25 August 1965) is a Danish actor and former professional bodybuilder.  Standing 6'4" (1.93m) tall and weighing 308 lbs (140 kg), he is primarily known for his large size. <SEP>  The film was directed by Mads Matthiesen and written by Matthiesen and Martin Zandvliet.  "Teddy Bear" is based on Matthiesen's 2007 short film "Dennis", which starred Kold in the same role.  Rated PG-13 Teddy Bear (Danish: "10 Timer til Paradis" , "10 hours to paradise") is a 2012 Danish film starring Kim Kold as a Danish bodybuilder who travels to Thailand to find love.
Question: Elements of what play was based on Henry VIII's' unconsummated marriage to his fourth wife Anne of Cleves?

Marie of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves (1393 – 30 October 1466) was the second child of John the Fearless and Margaret of Bavaria, and an elder sister of Philip the Good.  Born in Dijon, she became the second wife of Adolph, Count of Mark in May 1406.  He was made the 1st Duke of Cleves in 1417.  They were the grandparents of King Louis XII of France and the great-grandparents of John III, Duke of Cleves, father of Anne of Cleves, who was fourth Queen consort of Henry VIII of England.  By their daughter, Catherine, they were ancestors of Mary, Queen of Scots. <SEP> Anne of Cleves (German: "Anna von Kleve" ; 22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557) was Queen of England from 6 January to 9 July 1540 as the fourth wife of King Henry VIII.  Following the annulment, she was given a generous settlement by the King, and thereafter referred to as "the King's Beloved Sister".  She lived to see the coronation of Queen Mary I, outliving the rest of Henry's wives.  The marriage was declared never consummated and, as a result, she was not crowned queen consort. <SEP> Catherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk, "suo jure" 12th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (22 March 1519 – 19 September 1580), was an English noblewoman living at the courts of King Henry VIII, King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth I.  She was the fourth wife of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, who acted as her legal guardian during his third marriage to Henry VIII's sister Mary.  Her second husband was Richard Bertie, a member of her household.  Following Charles Brandon's death in 1545, it was rumoured that King Henry had considered marrying Catherine as his seventh wife, while he was still married to his sixth wife, Catherine Parr, who was Catherine's close friend. <SEP>  It is notable as one of the earliest plays to develop a moral thesis as part of a nominally unrelated plot. The Play of Wit and Science is a mid-sixteenth-century English morality play written by John Redford.  Redford was best known as a composer of keyboard music, and the play was written to be performed by the children's choir of St. Paul's Cathedral.  The play concerns itself with education rather than salvation, stemming from Redford's role as a teacher rather than as a preacher.  The character Wit initially sets off with naive enthusiasm to learn by his own initiative, but eventually gains appreciation for the guidance of instruction in a narrative that contains elements of chivalric romance.  Elements of the play may also be a reference to Henry VIII's marriage to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.
Question: What Shakespearean role was the narrator of the Paddington series particularly known for playing?

Gary Watson (13 June 1930 in Shropshire, England) is a retired British television actor who started out as a stage actor most notably acting in Friedrich Hebbel's 1962 play "Judith" at Her Majesty's Theatre in London, England with Sean Connery.  He was however best known for his appearances in British ITC productions of the 1960s including "The Avengers", "The Saint" and "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)" in 1969 in the last episode The Smile Behind the Veil.  In 1966 he played in all 10 episodes of The Three Musketeers as Aramis starring alongside Brian Blessed and Jeremy Brett.  He also appeared in the 1967 "Doctor Who" serial The Evil of the Daleks.  He appeared alongside Anthony Hopkins in the 1972 Television series War and Peace.  He played the semi-regular character of Det. Insp. Fred Connor in the long running BBC police drama Z-Cars between 1972 and 1974.  In 1974 he played George Vavsor for 5 episodes in The Pallisers which also featured Jeremy Irons.  In 1977, he played the role of Ross in the BBC series "Murder Most English" and also appeared in the 1988 BBC adaptation of Macbeth playing MacDuff.  He was also much employed as a reader and narrator, featuring in dozens of commercials throughout the 1980s and 1990s, particularly noted for his work in British Transport Films, Lloyds Bank and Nescafé adverts. <SEP> Sir Michael Murray Hordern, CBE (3 October 19112 May 1995) was an English stage and film actor whose career spanned nearly 60 years.  He then successfully assumed the role on television five years later.  He is best known for his Shakespearean roles, especially that of King Lear, which he played to much acclaim on stage in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1969 and London in 1970.  He often appeared in film, rising from a bit part actor in the late 1930s to a member of the main cast; by the time of his death he had appeared in nearly 140 cinema roles.  His later work was predominantly in television and radio. <SEP> Peter Dougan Capaldi (born 14 April 1958) is a Scottish actor, writer and director, best known for playing the twelfth incarnation of the Doctor in "Doctor Who" and as spin doctor Malcolm Tucker in "The Thick of It", for which he has received four British Academy Television Award nominations, winning Best Male Comedy Performance in 2010.  For reprising the role in the spinoff film "In the Loop", Capaldi was honoured with several film critic award nominations for Best Supporting Actor.  He further took on the role of Paddington Bear's neighbour Mr. Curry in the family comedy film "Paddington"; he is set to reprise the role in "Paddington 2". <SEP> Paddington is an animated television programme based on the Paddington Bear books by Michael Bond.  The series was scripted by Bond himself, and produced by FilmFair London; it was narrated by actor Michael Hordern, who also voices all characters.
Question: Kim Eui-sung starred in what thriller film directed by Lee Kyoung-mi?

Kim Eui-sung (; born December 17, 1965) is a South Korean actor.  He also appears in the TV series "W" (2016).  He starred in film such as "Office" (2015), "" (2015), "Train to Busan" (2016) and "The Truth Beneath". <SEP>  "There Is No Secret") is a 2016 South Korean thriller film directed by Lee Kyoung-mi, her second directorial outing after 2008's "Crush and Blush".  The film stars Son Ye-jin and Kim Joo-hyuk. The Truth Beneath (, lit. <SEP> Kim Yool-ho (; born February 21, 1985) is a South Korean actor and model, He is best known for his role in "The Map Against the World", in which he played Prince Geumwi, and the 2016 zombie thriller apocalypse film "Train to Busan" as "man in suit 2", who helps Yong-suk (played by Kim Eui-sung). <SEP> The Last Witness () is a 2001 South Korean thriller film directed by Bae Chang-ho and starring Lee Jung-jae, Ahn Sung-ki and Lee Mi-yeon.  It is based on the novel of the same name by Kim Seong-jong, and is the second adaptation of the book, the first being in 1980.
Question: Which director has won more awards, Oliver Stone or James Cunningham

William Oliver Stone (born September 15, 1946) is an American screenwriter, film producer, and director of motion pictures and documentaries.  Stone won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay as writer of "Midnight Express" (1978).  He also wrote the acclaimed gangster movie "Scarface" (1983).  As a director, Stone achieved prominence as director/writer of the war drama "Platoon" (1986), for which Stone won the Academy Award for Best Director; the film was awarded Best Picture.  "Platoon" was the first in a trilogy of films based on the Vietnam War, in which Stone served as an infantry soldier.  He continued the series with "Born on the Fourth of July" (1989)—for which Stone won his second Best Director Oscar—and "Heaven & Earth" (1993).  Stone's other notable works include the Salvadoran Civil War-based drama "Salvador" (1986); the financial drama "Wall Street" (1987) and its 2010 sequel ""; the Jim Morrison biopic "The Doors" (1991); and a trilogy of films based on the American Presidency—"JFK" (1991), "Nixon" (1995) and "W." (2008).  His latest film is "Snowden" (2016). <SEP>  He has directed twelve award winning short films.  He is based in Auckland, New Zealand. James Cunningham (born 1973) is a New Zealand film director and animator. <SEP> Claire Simpson is a British film editor whose work has been honored with an Academy Award (for Oliver Stone's "Platoon") and a BAFTA Film Award for Best Editing for "The Constant Gardener".  She was mentored by Dede Allen and in turn mentored such notable and renowned Academy Award-winning film editors such as Pietro Scalia, David Brenner, Joe Hutshing and Julie Monroe.  She also worked as editor of Oliver Stone's "Salvador" and "Wall Street". <SEP> James Cunningham, Son and Company was an American business based in Rochester, New York, initially manufacturing horse-drawn coaches, it eventually went on to develop and produce motorized automobiles from 1908 onward.  The Cunningham company was a pioneer in automobile production credited with being one the world's first developers and manufacturers of automobiles and one of the first car-makers to produce an American V8 engine automobile, in 1916.  The company also developed the M1 Armored Car (T24), tested by the Ordnance Department in 1931.  For instrumentation use, James Cunningham, Son and Company made high-speed, very-long-life crossbar switches with physically small mechanical parts which permitted faster operation than telephone-type crossbar switches.
Question: Which band, Blind Pilot or The Connells, is best known for their song "'74–'75"?

Blind Melon (Stylized as BLind MeLoN) is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California by two musicians from Mississippi and one from Indiana.  Best known for their 1993 single "No Rain", the group enjoyed critical and commercial success in the early 1990s with their neo-psychedelic take on alternative rock. <SEP> "'74–'75" is a 1993 single from the album "Ring" by the American band The Connells.  The song became a big hit in Europe, particularly in Sweden and Norway where it topped the singles charts in 1995. <SEP>  They play a guitar-oriented, melodic, power pop style of rock music with introspective lyrics that reflect the American South. The Connells are an American band from Raleigh, North Carolina.  Though mostly dormant, the band continues to play to this day.  The band is best known for their song "'74–'75", which became a Top 20 hit in the UK and made them quite popular in Europe at the time. <SEP> Blind Pilot is an American indie folk band based in Portland, Oregon, United States.  They have released three albums and one EP since 2008.
Question: Which episode of "Will & Grace" included an actress that was also on "Charmed"?

Kyra, formerly known by her title the Seer, is a fictional character from the American television supernatural drama "Charmed", which aired on The WB Television Network (The WB) from 1998 to 2006.  The character was created by executive producer Brad Kern and portrayed by actress Charisma Carpenter.  Carpenter was invited on the show after acting with "Charmed" cast member Holly Marie Combs on the ABC Family television film "See Jane Date" (2003).  The actress' original contract was a guest star role that included three episodes in season seven, with media outlets reporting the possibility of Carpenter becoming a series regular. <SEP> My Friend Steve was a band hailing from Orlando, Florida fronted by vocalist Steven Foxbury (aka Steve Burry).  They have earned comparisons to Counting Crows.  "Charmed" was their only single which charted, released on their 1998 album "Hope & Wait" on Mammoth Records.  The single appeared on Billboard's 1999 Modern Rock Chart, peaking at number 38.  The song also reached the Adult Top 40 charts, peaking at #30.  The music video for "Charmed" featured actress Selma Blair, as the song was the theme for Zoe, Duncan, Jack and Jane in which she starred.  That same year, the band released a live performance version of its song "All in All" on the charity album "Live in the X Lounge II. <SEP> Leigh-Allyn Baker (born March 13, 1972) is an American actress and voice artist.  She had recurring roles on "Charmed" and "Will & Grace", and a starring role as the matriarch Amy Duncan on the Disney Channel sitcom "Good Luck Charlie".  She provided the voice of Abby on the Nickelodeon animated series "Back at the Barnyard". <SEP>  It was written by Katie Palmer and directed by series producer James Burrows.  The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in the United States on April 8, 1999. "Grace, Replaced" is the eighteenth episode of the first season of the American television series "Will & Grace".  Actors Molly Shannon, Leigh-Allyn Baker, and Tom Gallop guest starred on "Grace, Replaced".
Question: Which is native to more continents, Thuja or Lycium?

Lycium barbarum () is one of two species of boxthorn in the family Solanaceae from which the goji berry or wolfberry is harvested, the other being "Lycium chinense" ().  It is native to southeastern Europe and Asia. <SEP>  The genus has a disjunct distribution around the globe, with species occurring on most continents in temperate and subtropical regions. Lycium is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.  South America has the most species, followed by North America and southern Africa.  There are several scattered across Europe and Asia, and one is native to Australia. <SEP>  There are five species in the genus, two native to North America and three native to eastern Asia. Thuja ( ) is a genus of coniferous trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress family).  The genus is monophyletic and sister to "Thujopsis".  Members are commonly known as arborvitaes, (from Latin for "tree of life") thujas or cedars. <SEP> Goji, goji berry, or wolfberry () is the fruit of either the "Lycium barbarum" or "Lycium chinense", two closely related species of boxthorn in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.  The family also includes the potato, tomato, eggplant, belladonna, chili pepper, and tobacco.  The two species are native to Asia.
Question: Chico Carrasquel paved the way for what future Major Leaguer who played 24 years?

 During his 24-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career, Vizquel played for the Seattle Mariners, Cleveland Indians, San Francisco Giants, Texas Rangers, Chicago White Sox, and Toronto Blue Jays.  In Venezuela he played for Leones del Caracas. Omar Enrique Vizquel González (] ; born April 24, 1967), nicknamed "Little O", is a Venezuelan former professional baseball shortstop.  Since 2014, he has been the Detroit Tigers' first-base, infield and baserunning coach. <SEP>  He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a shortstop for the Chicago White Sox (1950–1955), Cleveland Indians (1956–1958), Kansas City Athletics (1958) and the Baltimore Orioles (1959).  Carrasquel was the first in a long line of Major League shortstops from Venezuela including, Luis Aparicio, Dave Concepción, Ozzie Guillén and Omar Vizquel among others. Alfonso Carrasquel Colón, better known as Chico Carrasquel (January 23, 1928 – May 26, 2005), was a Venezuelan professional baseball player.  He was known for his excellent defensive abilities and for being the first Latin American in MLB history to start in an All-Star Game. <SEP> Richard Lee Calmus (born January 7, 1944) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball.  He attended Webster High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he was the "Tulsa World's" Oklahoma basketball player of the year in 1962.  He played baseball on the same high school team as fellow future major leaguer Carl Morton and won two state titles. <SEP> The Bay City Beavers were a Southern Michigan League baseball team based in Bay City, Michigan, United States that existed from 1913 to 1915.  Future major leaguer Joe Harris played for them in 1913 and 1914.  Cecil Coombs played for them in 1914 as well.  No known major league baseball players played for them in 1915.
Question: which had more producers, Waking Sleeping Beauty or The Million Dollar Duck

Dean Carroll Jones (January 25, 1931 – September 1, 2015) was an American actor best known for his roles as Agent Zeke Kelso in "That Darn Cat! " (1965), Jim Douglas in "The Love Bug" (1968), Albert Dooley in "The Million Dollar Duck" (1971; for which he received a Golden Globe nomination) and Dr. Herman Varnick in "Beethoven" (1992). <SEP> Waking Sleeping Beauty is a 2009 American documentary film directed by Disney film producer Don Hahn and produced by Hahn and former Disney executive Peter Schneider.  The film documents the history of Walt Disney Feature Animation from 1984 to 1994, covering the rise of a period referred to as the Disney Renaissance. <SEP> "Million Dollar Quartet" is a recording of an impromptu jam session involving Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, and Johnny Cash made on December 4, 1956, at the Sun Record Studios in Memphis, Tennessee.  An article about the session was published in the "Memphis Press-Scimitar" under the title "Million Dollar Quartet".  The recording was first released in Europe in 1981 as "The Million Dollar Quartet" with 17 tracks.  A few years later more tracks were discovered and released as "The Complete Million Dollar Session".  In 1990, the recordings were released in the United States as "Elvis Presley - The Million Dollar Quartet".  This session is considered a seminal moment in rock and roll. <SEP>  It was directed by Vincent McEveety, and stars Dean Jones, Sandy Duncan and Joe Flynn. The Million Dollar Duck (also titled as The $1,000,000 Duck) is a 1971 American comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions about a goose that lays golden eggs scenario.
Question: Hermann Grimmeiss is a German-Swedish physicist who focused his research on studies of the emission of electrons or other free carriers when light is shone onto a what?

 He became the first professor of solid-state physics at Lund University in 1965, and he held his post until his retirement in 1996. Hermann Grimmeiss (August 19, 1930), is a German-Swedish physicist.  He became an important part of the Department of Physics and focused his research on electrical and photoelectric studies of semiconductor defects.  He was elected as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1977 and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1978. <SEP> A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.  The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation".  The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow.  A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light "coherently".  Spatial coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling applications such as laser cutting and lithography.  Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances (collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers. Lasers can also have high temporal coherence, which allows them to emit light with a very narrow spectrum, i.e., they can emit a single color of light.  Temporal coherence can be used to produce pulses of light as short as a femtosecond. <SEP> Thermionic emission is the thermally induced flow of charge carriers from a surface or over a potential-energy barrier.  This occurs because the thermal energy given to the carrier overcomes the work function of the material.  The charge carriers can be electrons or ions, and in older literature are sometimes referred to as "thermions".  After emission, a charge that is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the total charge emitted is initially left behind in the emitting region.  But if the emitter is connected to a battery, the charge left behind is neutralized by charge supplied by the battery as the emitted charge carriers move away from the emitter, and finally the emitter will be in the same state as it was before emission. <SEP>  Electrons emitted in this manner can be called "photo electrons". The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons or other free carriers when light is shone onto a material.  The phenomenon is commonly studied in electronic physics, as well as in fields of chemistry, such as quantum chemistry or electrochemistry.
Question: Junko Iwao voices Tomoyo Daiōji in a series written and illustrated by which manga group?

Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card (カードキャプターさくら クリアカード編 , Kādokyaputā Sakura Kuria Kādo-hen ) is a Japanese "shōjo" manga series written and illustrated by the manga group Clamp.  It is a sequel to Clamp's manga "Cardcaptor Sakura" and focuses on Sakura Kinomoto in junior high school.  The manga began serialization in Kodansha's "Nakayoshi" magazine with the July 2016 issue.  An anime television series adaptation by Madhouse, featuring the cast and staff from the original series, will premiere in January 2018. <SEP> Kiss Him, Not Me, known in Japan as Watashi ga Motete Dōsunda (Japanese: 私がモテてどうすんだ , Hepburn: lit.  "What's the Point of Me Getting Popular?" )  , is a Japanese romantic comedy "shōjo" manga series written and illustrated by Junko.  It is published by Kodansha since 2013 on "Bessatsu Friend" magazine.  Twelve volumes compiling the chapters have been released so far.  It is published online in English by Crunchyroll and the volumes will be published by Kodansha USA.  An audio drama adaptation of the first chapter was released on January 13, 2015.  An anime adaptation by Brain's Base aired in Japan between October and December 2016.  The manga won Best Shōjo Manga at the 40th Kodansha Manga Awards. <SEP>  The manga was originally serialized in "Nakayoshi" from May 1996 to June 2000, and published in 12 "tankōbon" volumes by Kodansha from November 1996 to July 2000.  The story focuses on Sakura Kinomoto, an elementary school student who discovers that she possesses magical powers after accidentally freeing a set of magical cards from the book they had been sealed in for years. Cardcaptor Sakura (Japanese: カードキャプターさくら , Hepburn: Kādokyaputā Sakura ) , abbreviated as CCS and also known as Cardcaptors, is a Japanese "shōjo" manga series written and illustrated by the manga group Clamp.  She is then tasked with retrieving those cards in order to avoid an unknown catastrophe from befalling the world.  A sequel by Clamp titled "" focusing on Sakura in junior high school began serialization in "Nakayoshi" with the July 2016 issue. <SEP>  Her most notable role is in "Cardcaptor Sakura", providing the voice to Sakura's best friend, Tomoyo Daidōji.  She also voiced lead character Mima Kirigoe in "Perfect Blue", Ceres in "Ceres, Celestial Legend", and Kikyo in "Hunter x Hunter".  In video games, she voiced Pai Chan in "Virtua Fighter", Mint in "Tales of Phantasia" and Serika in "To Heart". Junko Iwao (岩男 潤子 , Iwao Junko , born February 18, 1970 in Beppu, Ōita) is a Japanese voice actress and singer.
Question: How many separate models of the aircraft flown by the Flotille 17F were manufactured?

Flottille 17F is a squadron of French Naval Aviation which currently flies the Dassault Rafale M from Landivisiau Naval Air Base.  It was formed during April 1958 at Hyeres Naval Air Base and flew the Vought F4U7 Corsair for training purposes. <SEP> The Vought F4U Corsair is an American fighter aircraft that saw service primarily in World War II and the Korean War.  Demand for the aircraft soon overwhelmed Vought's manufacturing capability, resulting in production by Goodyear and Brewster: Goodyear-built Corsairs were designated FG and Brewster-built aircraft F3A.  From the first prototype delivery to the U.S. Navy in 1940, to final delivery in 1953 to the French, 12,571 F4U Corsairs were manufactured, in 16 separate models, in the longest production run of any piston-engined fighter in U.S. history (1942–53). <SEP> In statistics, the reference class problem is the problem of deciding what class to use when calculating the probability applicable to a particular case.  For example, to estimate the probability of an aircraft crashing, one might use the frequency of crashes of all aircraft, of this make of aircraft, of aircraft flown by this company in the last ten years, etc.  Any case is a member of very many classes, in which the frequency of the attribute of interest (such as crashing) differs, and the reference class problem discusses which is the most appropriate to use. <SEP> The OpenSky M-02/M-02j is a Japanese primary glider/jet-powered motor glider inspired by the "Möwe" aircraft flown by the protagonist in the Hayao Miyazaki anime "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind".  It is a tail-less design intended to be powered on take off and climb for a duration of 10 minutes, then flown unpowered as a glider.  As of June 2006, two aircraft prototypes have been constructed, and one has successfully completed a series of 10 unpowered test flights where it flew 98 meters and achieved an altitude of 4 meters after being tow-launched by a tensed elastic cable.  The project is led by artist Kazuhiko Hachiya and design by Satoru Shinohe and manufactured by Aircraft Olympos.  The Jet engine installed version, M-02J, had public demonstration flight in June 2016 at Takikawa, Hokkaido.
Question: Are both Chartres Cathedral and Blue Mountains mountain ranges in Jamaica?

Fulbert of Chartres (French: "Fulbert de Chartres" ; 952-970–10 April 1028) was the Bishop of Chartres from 1006 to 1028 and a teacher at the Cathedral school there.  Fulbert was a pupil of Gerbert of Aurillac, someone who would later become pope.  He was responsible for the advancement of the Nativity of the Virgin's feast day on September 8 and for one of the many reconstructions of the Chartres Cathedral.  Most of the available information about him is found in the letters he wrote from 1004–1028 to both secular and religious figures of the day. <SEP> During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated a famous and influential cathedral school, an important center of scholarship.  It developed and reached its apex in the 11th and 12th centuries.  It was a transitional period, at the very start of the Latin translation movement and right before the spread of medieval universities, which eventually superseded cathedral schools and monastic schools as the most important institutions of higher learning in the Latin West. <SEP>  They include the island's highest point, Blue Mountain Peak, at 2256 m (7402 ft).  From the summit, accessible via a walking track, both the north and south coasts of the island can be seen.  On a clear day, the outline of the island of Cuba, 210 km away, can also be seen. The Blue Mountains are the longest mountain range in Jamaica.  The mountain range spans 4 parishes: <SEP>  The current cathedral, mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220, is the last of at least five which have occupied the site since the town became a bishopric in the 4th century. Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (French: "Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres" ), is a Gothic Catholic cathedral of the Latin Church located in Chartres, France, about 80 km southwest of Paris.
Question: Sam Winans has made music for which children's television program that piloted on September 1, 1983?

 It is largely a youth-oriented program with musical performances as an integral part of each and every storyline.  The pilot episode was shot on September 1, 1983. Kids Incorporated (also known as Kids Inc.), is an American children's television program.  The show aired in syndication from September 1, 1984 to May 25, 1986, and on the Disney Channel from November 3, 1986 to February 9, 1994.  Reruns aired on the Disney Channel until May 30, 1996. <SEP> Marco Sabiu (born September 1, 1963) is an Italian-born musician and composer who has worked with Take That, Kylie Minogue, Lydia Canaan, Barry Blue, Christopher Lee, and made music for television. <SEP> Space Academy is a live-action sci-fi children's television program produced by Filmation that originally aired Saturday mornings on the CBS television network, from September 10, 1977, to December 17, 1977.  (Repeats ran on and off until September 1, 1979.)  A total of fifteen half-hour episodes were made. <SEP>  His music has appeared on TV shows such as "Lizzie McGuire", "Goof Troop" and "Kids Incorporated", and the 1988 animated feature "Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw". Sam Winans is an American film and television composer.
Question: What is the most important building in the National Heritage for England located 4 mi southwest of Congleton in Cheshire?

Odd Rode is a civil parish in Cheshire East, England.  The most important listed building in the parish is Little Moreton Hall; other notable country houses include Rode Hall and Ramsdell Hall.  Most of the other listed buildings are houses, farmhouses, and associated structures.  It contains 35 buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings. Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest grade, five are listed at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II.  The Macclesfield and the Trent and Mersey Canals run through the parish, and the listed buildings associated with these are bridges, milestones, and distance markers.  The other listed buildings are a church.  a folly, wellheads, and a public house. <SEP>  The earliest parts of the house were built for the prosperous Cheshire landowner William Moreton in about 1504–08, and the remainder was constructed in stages by successive generations of the family until about 1610.  The building is highly irregular, with three asymmetrical ranges forming a small, rectangular cobbled courtyard. Little Moreton Hall, also known as Old Moreton Hall, is a moated half-timbered manor house 4 mi southwest of Congleton in Cheshire, England.  A National Trust guidebook describes Little Moreton Hall as being "lifted straight from a fairy story, a gingerbread house".  The house's top-heavy appearance, "like a stranded Noah's Ark", is due to the Long Gallery that runs the length of the south range's upper floor. <SEP> Edge is a civil parish in Cheshire West and Chester, England.  It contains 18 buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings.  One of these is listed at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the rest at the lowest grade, Grade II.  The parish is entirely rural, and most of the listed buildings are domestic, or related to farming.  The most important building is the country house, Edge Hall, which dates from about 1600.  Many of the other listed buildings are houses and cottages, either timber-framed or with a timber-framed core, dating from the 17th century.  Other structures in the list include a former corn mill, former stables, and a bridge near Edge Hall. <SEP> The Church of St Thomas à Becket is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Capel, Kent, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.  Capel is located 4 mi east of Tonbridge, off the B2017 road.  It is said that Thomas Becket preached either in the church, or under a yew tree in the churchyard.
Question: What was known as anti-Bolshevik lieutenant general and fought against the 36th Rifle Division in campaign?

The 300th Rifle Division began service as a standard Red Army rifle division shortly after the German invasion, and fought in the southwestern part of the Soviet-German front for nearly two years following.  It was able to escape the encirclement east of Kiev in September, 1941, and then fought to defend, and later to try to liberate, the city of Kharkov during 1941-42.  After falling back under the weight of the German 1942 summer offensive, the division began distinguish itself during Operation Uranus in late 1942, when it helped defeat the German attempt to relieve Sixth Army and later in the pursuit of the defeated Axis forces and the second liberation of Rostov-na-Donu.  In recognition of these successes it was raised to Guards status as the 87th Guards Rifle Division.  A second 300th Rifle Division was raised a few months later and fought briefly but very successfully against the Japanese in Manchuria in August 1945.  The second formation became the 3rd Tank Division in the Far East postwar and was redesignated as the 46th Tank Division in 1957 before disbanding in 1959. <SEP>  He was often referred to as Baron Ungern, or simply Ungern. Baron Roman Nicolaus Maximilian von Ungern-Sternberg (Russian: Барон Ро́берт-Ни́колай-Максими́лиан Рома́н Фёдорович фон У́нгерн-Ште́рнберг ) (10 January 1886 NS – 15 September 1921) was an anti-Bolshevik lieutenant general in the Russian Civil War and then an independent warlord whose Asiatic Cavalry Division wrested control of Mongolia from the Republic of China in 1921 after its occupation. <SEP> After graduating from a course at the Frunze Military Academy, he was chief of staff of the Southwestern Front composite border detachment during its retreat across Ukraine after Operation Barbarossa.  In February 1942 he became commander of the 371st Rifle Division and fought in the Battles of Rzhev.  In February 1943 Oleshev was promoted to Major general and became commander of the 36th Rifle Corps from May.  He led the corps during Operation Suvorov and Operation Bagration.  After the capture of Minsk he was appointed the city's military commandant and oversaw cleanup operations in the city.  He then became the commander of the 113th Rifle Corps and led it during the Baltic Offensive and East Prussian Offensive.  Oleshev was promoted to lieutenant general in early May.  During the summer the corps transferred to the Far East and fought in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August.  For his leadership in the offensive Oleshev was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. <SEP>  It fought in the Russian Civil War and was part of the 9th Army between 1919 and 1920.  In summer 1921, the division participated in the campaign against Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's forces in Mongolia. The division was first formed as the 36th Rifle Division (ru: 36-я стрелковая дивизия) based on the 9th Army's expeditionary division on 19 July 1919.  On 4 June 1923, the division was given the honorary designation "Transbaikal".
Question: An English long-distance-runner who won the 2011 Brighton Marathon, competed in a competition in 2014 in what location?

Edith Wolf (née Hunkeler, born 30 July 1972) is a Swiss former wheelchair racer, who competed in the T54 classification.  Wolf competed at a range of distances from 400m to marathon length events and is a multiple World and Paralympic Games winner.  Wolf has also eight major marathon titles to her name having won the women's wheelchair race at the Berlin Marathon (2011), Boston Marathon (2002 and 2006) and New York Marathon (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008 and 2009). <SEP> The Brighton, Hove & District Football League is a football competition involving teams in and around Brighton, Hove and Worthing, in England.  It was established in 2014 following a full merger between the Brighton, Hove & District League (formed 1903) and the Worthing and District League.  It is headed by a combined Brighton and Worthing based Premier Division, with two regional Division Ones (Division One East for Brighton-based teams and Division One West for Worthing-based teams) and an additional Division Two West for Worthing-based teams.  Pre-merger with Worthing & district League, the Brighton League used to have a Division Three, Four and Five, but Division Five was disbanded in 2003; Division Four was discontinued in 2009 and Division Three was discontinued in 2012.  The decline in numbers is what led the league into amalgamating with the Worthing League, which was also in decline and struggling for numbers.  The new league held its level in the pyramid and the winners of the Combined Premier Division may apply for promotion to the Southern Combination League Division Three. <SEP> England competed at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland. <SEP> Alyson Dixon (born 24 September 1978 in sunderland) is an English long-distance-runner who has competed in several marathons and half marathons and won the 2011 Brighton Marathon.  She competed for England at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, but did not finish due to a calf injury.  She first joined an athletics club as a girl when a friend did and because she wanted to go to Flamingo Land Resort as the club was going there.
Question: When did the man who Lord Frederick Charles Cavendish was a protege of last serve as Prime Minister?

Frederick Charles Alderdice (November 10, 1871 – February 26, 1936) was a Newfoundland businessman, politician and the last Prime Minister of Newfoundland.  Alderdice was born in Belfast, Ireland and was educated at Methodist College Belfast.  He moved to Newfoundland in 1886.  A prominent St. John's businessman, Alderdice was appointed to the Legislative Council of Newfoundland (the Upper House of the legislature) in 1924 and became leader of the Liberal-Conservative Progressive Party and the dominion's Prime Minister when his cousin Walter Stanley Monroe retired from the post on August 15, 1928.  Alderdice's first term as Prime Minister was short-lived, however, as his government lost that year's general election to the Liberals led by Sir Richard Squires. <SEP> Lord Frederick Charles Cavendish {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} (30 November 1836 – 6 May 1882) was an English Liberal politician and "protégé" of the Prime Minister, William Ewart Gladstone.  Cavendish was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland in May 1882 but was murdered only hours after his arrival in Dublin, a victim of the politically motivated Phoenix Park murders. <SEP>  In a career lasting over 60 years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times (1868–74, 1880–85, February–July 1886 and 1892–94), more than any other person, and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times.  Gladstone was also Britain's oldest Prime Minister; he resigned for the final time when he was 84 years old. William Ewart Gladstone, ( ; 29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British Liberal statesman and earlier Conservative politician. <SEP> Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville (2 April 1794 – 17 January 1865) was an English diarist and an amateur cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1819 to 1827.  His father Charles Greville was a second cousin of the 1st Earl of Warwick, and his mother was Lady Charlotte Bentinck, daughter of the 3rd Duke of Portland (former leader of the Whig party and Prime Minister).