Question: When did the conquest of the country, that had a lot of contact during Yuan with the place where Pugs originated, reach its peak?

He adds that the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet was one of the reasons why the Mongols pounced on the chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet and "fill once more the political vacuum in that country." On the mass Mongol conversion to Tibetan Buddhism under Altan Khan, Laird writes that "the Chinese watched these developments with interest, though few Chinese ever became devout Tibetan Buddhists." Kolmaš writes that, as the Mongol presence in Tibet increased, culminating in the conquest of Tibet by a Mongol leader in 1642, the Ming emperors "viewed with apparent unconcern these developments in Tibet." <SEP> Other historians also assert that these Ming titles were nominal and did not actually confer the authority that the earlier Yuan titles had. Van Praag writes that the "numerous economically motivated Tibetan missions to the Ming Court are referred to as 'tributary missions' in the Ming Shih." Van Praag writes that these "tributary missions" were simply prompted by China's need for horses from Tibet, since a viable horse market in Mongol lands was closed as a result of incessant conflict. Morris Rossabi also writes that "Tibet, which had extensive contacts with China during the Yuan, scarcely had diplomatic relations with the Ming." The late Turrell V. Wylie, a former professor of the University of Washington, and Li Tieh-tseng argue that the reliability of the heavily censored History of Ming as a credible source on Sino-Tibetan relations is questionable, in the light of modern scholarship. <SEP> the mongol conquest of china was a series of major military efforts by the mongol empire to invade china proper. it spanned six decades in the 13th century and involved the defeat of the jin dynasty, western xia, the dali kingdom and the southern song. the mongol empire under genghis khan started the conquest with small - scale raids into western xia in 1205 and 1207. by 1279, the mongol leader kublai khan had established the yuan dynasty in china and crushed the last song resistance, which marked the onset of all of china under the mongol yuan rule. this was the first time in history that the whole of china was conquered and subsequently ruled by a foreign or non-native ruler. <SEP> following the conquest of dali in 1253, the former ruling duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general, recognized as imperial officials by the yuan, ming, and qing-era governments, principally in the province of yunnan. succession for the yuan dynasty, however, was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. this emerged as early as the end of kublai's reign. kublai originally named his eldest son, zhenjin, as the crown prince, but he died before kublai in 1285. thus, zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother kökejin and the minister bayan, succeeded the throne and ruled as temür khan, or emperor chengzong, from 1294 to 1307. temür khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. he also made peace with the western mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as vietnam, which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades. however, the corruption in the yuan dynasty began during the reign of temür khan. <SEP> Pugs were brought from China to Europe in the sixteenth century and were popularized in Western Europe by the House of Orange of the Netherlands, and the House of Stuart. In the United Kingdom, in the nineteenth century, Queen Victoria developed a passion for pugs which she passed on to other members of the Royal family.