Question: When did Y. pestis reach the country of citizenship of Oberon, the Faery Prince's author?

Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics. The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves. Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France, implying Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague, different from those in Britain and France, may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway, the Hanseatic cities or another site. <SEP> pedro madueño palma (la carlota, córdoba, 1961) is a spanish photographer. graphic reporter for newspaper la vanguardia (barcelona) since 1983-2015. in 2015 he is appointed deputy to the director of la vanguardia with responsibility for the image area of this newspaper. president of the jury of the godó prize for photojournalism of the conde de barcelona foundation. he has been associate professor at the university pompeu fabra, since 2008 he teaches graduate students at the autonomous university of barcelona. he is the author of the official image of prince felipe de borbón y grecia between 2002–2010, and he is also the author in 2010 of the official image of the president of the generalitat de catalunya, artur mas. he photographed salvador dalí during the last three years of the artist’s life. <SEP> The Speeches at Prince Henry's Barriers, sometimes called The Lady of the Lake, is a masque or entertainment written by Ben Jonson in honour of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the son and heir of King James I of England. The speeches were performed on 6 January 1610 in conjunction with the ceremony known as Prince Henry's Barriers. <SEP> "Oberon" saw the introduction to English Renaissance theatre of scenic techniques that became standard for dramatic productions through the coming centuries. Oberon, the Faery Prince was a masque written by Ben Jonson, with costumes, sets and stage effects designed by Inigo Jones, and music by Alfonso Ferrabosco and Robert Johnson. <SEP> the dominant explanation for the black death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to yersinia pestis, also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern china in 1865, eventually spreading to india. the investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited hong kong in 1894, among whom was the french-swiss bacteriologist alexandre yersin, after whom the pathogen was named yersinia pestis. the mechanism by which y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by paul-louis simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host. this blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas, which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation, resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site, infecting the host. the bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents: one resistant to the disease, which act as hosts, keeping the disease endemic, and a second that lack resistance. when the second population dies, the fleas move on to other hosts, including people, thus creating a human epidemic.