Question: Who gave the formal recommendation to recognize Cosimo I of Florence, the second duke, after he defeated a hastily organized army of those wishing to restore the Republic of Florence?

On 1 or 2 August 1537 (both dates are given in sources), near the Tuscan village of Montemurlo, the forces of the newly installed Duke Cosimo I of Florence defeated a hastily organized army of those who wished to overthrow the Medici and restore the Republic of Florence.  Following the battle, Cosimo's bloody vengeance on all those who opposed Medici rule effectively ended organized opposition to his family in Florence.  The victory led to the decision of Emperor Charles V to formally recognize Cosimo as Duke of Florence on 30 September 1537. <SEP> The Battle of Mutanchiang (or Mudanjiang) was a large-scale military engagement fought between the forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Empire of Japan from August 12 to 16, 1945, as part of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.  Due to the short nature of that campaign, this was one of the only set-piece battles that transpired before its conclusion.  During the battle, elements of the Japanese Fifth Army attempted to delay the Soviet Fifth Army and First Red Banner Army long enough to allow the bulk of the Japanese forces to retreat to more defensible positions.  Though casualties on both sides were heavy, the Red Army forces were able to break through the hastily organized Japanese defenses and capture the city ten days ahead of schedule.  Nevertheless, the Japanese defenders at Mutanchiang achieved their goal of allowing the main forces to escape. <SEP> Cosimo I de' Medici (12 June 1519 – 21 April 1574) was the second Duke of Florence from 1537 until 1569, when he became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany. <SEP> May 1862 found Confederate Arkansas, with almost no organized army facing an invasion by forces under Union General Samuel R. Curtis.  In March, Major General Earl Van Dorn had been ordered to move his Army of the West, via riverboats to the east side of the Mississippi River to reinforce Confederate forces near Corinth, Mississippi, leaving the state of Arkansas with no organized Confederate forces.  Major General Thomas C. Hindman was dispatched to Arkansas to assume command of the Department of the Trans-Mississippi, arriving in Little Rock on 31 May 1862.  Earlier in the month, Confederate Brigadier General John S. Roane, who had been left in command in Little Rock by General Van Dorn, had managed to stop a Texas Cavalry Regiment that was traversing the state to join General Van Dorn in Mississippi.  This gave General Hindman one organized Cavalry Regiment to attempt to stop General Curtis's force from moving from Batesville, which had been occupied in early May, south to the state capital.  Fortunately for General Hindman, the Confederate Congress had passed a Conscription (Draft) law in April 1862.  The passage of this law had two effects that would help Hindman.  The first, the law provided a method of pressing manpower into the Confederate Army through conscription or threat of conscription.  Second, the law required that all existing Confederate regiments be re-organized, with new elections for officers, but gave the existing officers the option of resigning rather than standing for re-election.  Many of the regimental officers serving in Arkansas regiments east of the Mississippi river chose to resign and follow General Hindman back to Arkansas and assist in the raising of new forces.  This gave Hindman an officer corps around which to build his new army.