Question: Who was the mother of the person under whom the empire that colonized the nation owning the Sinai Peninsula in the 1st century BC reached its greatest extent?

The empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan, the second in this line. The imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era. The first two centuries of the empire's existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana, or ``Roman Peace ''. Following Octavian's victory, the size of the empire was dramatically increased. After the assassination of Caligula in AD 41, the Senate briefly considered restoring the republic, but the Praetorian Guard proclaimed Claudius emperor instead. Under Claudius, the empire invaded Britannia, its first major expansion since Augustus. After Claudius' successor, Nero, committed suicide in AD 68, the empire suffered a series of brief civil wars, as well as a concurrent major rebellion in Judea, during which four different legionary generals were proclaimed emperor. Vespasian emerged triumphant in AD 69, establishing the Flavian dynasty, before being succeeded by his son Titus, who opened the Colosseum shortly after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. His short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian, who was eventually assassinated. The Senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors. <SEP> armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. urartu was established in 860 bc and by the 6th century bc it was replaced by the satrapy of armenia. in the 1st century bc the kingdom of armenia reached its height under tigranes the great. armenia became the first state in the world to adopt christianity as its official religion. in between the late 3rd century to early years of the 4th century, the state became the first christian nation. the official date of state adoption of christianity is 301 ad. the ancient armenian kingdom was split between the byzantine and sasanian empires around the early 5th century. <SEP> Although frequently designated the first provincial emperor, and dismissed by later writers such as Cassius Dio (himself of provincial origin) as "an Iberian, and neither an Italian nor even an Italiot", Trajan appears to have hailed on his father's side from the area of Tuder (modern Todi) in Umbria, at the border with Etruria, and on his mother's side from the Gens Marcia, of an Italic family of Sabine origin. Marcus Ulpius Traianus was born on 18 September 53AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the city of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville). Trajan's birthplace of Italica was founded as a Roman military colony of "Italian" settlers in 206BC, though it is unknown when the Ulpii arrived there. It is possible, but cannot be substantiated, that Trajan's ancestors married local women and lost their citizenship at some point, but they certainly recovered their status when the city became a municipium with Latin citizenship in the mid-1st century BC. <SEP> the roman republic (latin: res publica romana; classical latin: [ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na]) was the period of ancient roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the roman kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 bc, and ending in 27 bc with the establishment of the roman empire. it was during this period that rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire mediterranean world. during the first two centuries of its existence, the roman republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, from central italy to the entire italian peninsula. by the following century, it included north africa, spain, and what is now southern france. two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century bc, it included the rest of modern france, greece, and much of the eastern mediterranean. by this time, internal tensions led to a series of civil wars, culminating with the assassination of julius caesar, which led to the transition from republic to empire. the exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation. historians have variously proposed julius caesar's crossing of the rubicon river in 49 bc, caesar's appointment as dictator for life in 44 bc, and the defeat of mark antony and cleopatra at the battle of actium in 31 bc. however, most use the same date as did the ancient romans themselves, the roman senate's grant of extraordinary powers to octavian and his adopting the title augustus in 27 bc, as the defining event ending the republic. <SEP> In 332 BC, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt as he toppled the Achaemenids and established the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom, whose first ruler was one of Alexander's former generals, Ptolemy I Soter. The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome. The death of Cleopatra ended the nominal independence of Egypt resulting in Egypt becoming one of the provinces of the Roman Empire. <SEP> It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa. Sinai has a land area of about 60,000 km (23,000 sq mi) and a population of approximately 1,400,000 people. The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai (now usually / ˈsaɪnaɪ /) is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. Administratively, the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates: the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate. Three other governorates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez Governorate on the southern end of the Suez Canal, Ismailia Governorate in the center, and Port Said Governorate in the north.