Question: When did 16th amendment of document that "wall of separation" is nowhere to be found legalize levying of income tax by the government branch with over-sight of David Vladeck's employer?

the berlin customs wall (german: "berliner zoll- und akzisemauer" literally "berlin customs and excise wall" ) was a ring wall around the historic city of berlin, between 1737 and 1860; the wall itself had no defence function but was used to facilitate the levying of taxes on the import and export of goods (tariffs) which was the primary income of many cities at the time. <SEP> the phrase "[a] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world" was first used by baptist theologian roger williams, the founder of the colony of rhode island, in his 1644 book the bloody tenent of persecution. the phrase was later used by thomas jefferson as a description of the first amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government, in an 1802 letter to the danbury baptists (a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the congregationalist church in connecticut): <SEP> Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight. <SEP> The lone dissenter, Justice Potter Stewart, objected to the court's embrace of the "wall of separation" metaphor: "I think that the Court's task, in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication, is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the "wall of separation," a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution." The court noted that it "is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America." <SEP> The Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census. The amendment was adopted on February 3, 1913. This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes, after income taxes on rents, dividends, and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in the court case of Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895). <SEP> David C. Vladeck (born June 6, 1951) is the former Director of the Bureau of Consumer Protection of the Federal Trade Commission, an independent agency of the United States government. He was appointed by the Chairman of the FTC, Jon Leibowitz, on April 14, 2009, shortly after Leibowitz became Chairman.