Question: In what year did the pope return from Avignon to the city that was the center of imperial life in the empire that originated the term the West?

The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes. <SEP> The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of East and West originated in the Roman Empire. The Eastern Mediterranean was home to the highly urbanized cultures that had Greek as their common language (owing to the older empire of Alexander the Great and of the Hellenistic successors), whereas the West was much more rural in its character and more readily adopted Latin as its common language. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Western and Central Europe were substantially cut off from the East where Byzantine Greek culture and Eastern Christianity became founding influences in the Arab / Muslim world and among the Eastern and Southern Slavic peoples. Roman Catholic Western and Central Europe, as such, maintained a distinct identity particularly as it began to redevelop during the Renaissance. Even following the Protestant Reformation, Protestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of the perceived civilized world. <SEP> For almost a thousand years, Rome was the most politically important, richest and largest city in Europe. Around 100 CE, it had a population of about 450,000, and declined to a mere 20,000 during the Early Middle Ages, reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation. <SEP> imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire. its name originated from the latin word "imperium", which means to rule over large territories. imperialism is "a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means". imperialism has greatly shaped the contemporary world. it has also allowed for the rapid spread of technologies and ideas. the term imperialism has been applied to western (and japanese) political and economic dominance especially in asia and africa in the 19th and 20th centuries. its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars. some writers, such as edward said, use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organised with an imperial center and a periphery. <SEP> kenneth samuel wuest holds that all three original new testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term christian to refer to followers of christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of rome. the city of antioch, where someone gave them the name christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames. however peter's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over "nazarenes" and the term christianoi from 1 peter becomes the standard term in the early church fathers from ignatius and polycarp onwards.