Question: In what area did the period of history, in which anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased, begin on the continent which contains the Gornergrat ridge?

The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. Galen's ideas were widely known during the Middle Ages, but not much further progress came until the Renaissance, when detailed anatomical study resumed, combined with the theoretical speculations of René Descartes and those who followed him. He postulated that nerves activate muscles mechanically by carrying a mysterious substance he called pneumata psychikon, usually translated as "animal spirits". Descartes, like Galen, thought of the nervous system in hydraulic terms. He believed that the highest cognitive functions are carried out by a non-physical res cogitans, but that the majority of behaviors of humans, and all behaviors of animals, could be explained mechanistically. <SEP> the "journal of near eastern studies" is an academic journal published by the university of chicago press, covering research on the ancient and medieval civilisations of the near east, including their archaeology, art, history, literature, linguistics, religion, law, and science. jnes is devoted to the study of the civilizations of the near east from prehistory to the end of the ottoman period in 1922. "jnes" embraces a uniquely broad scope of time, place, and topic, including contributions from scholars of international reputation on topics in assyriology, egyptology, hittitology, hebrew bible, and allied ancient studies, as well as a second area of emphasis in early, medieval, and early-modern islamic studies. the disciplinary range of the journal runs from history and language to religion and literature to archaeology and art history. <SEP> the european migrant crisis, or the european refugee crisis, is a term given to a period beginning in 2015 when rising numbers of people arrived in the european union (eu), travelling across the mediterranean sea or overland through southeast europe. it is part of a pattern of increased immigration to europe from other continents which began in the late 20th century and which has encountered resistance in many european countries. <SEP> The Renaissance (UK: / rɪˈneɪsəns /, US: / rɛnəˈsɑːns /) is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries. It is an extension of the Middle Ages, and is bridged by the Age of Enlightenment to modern history. It grew in fragments, with the very first traces found seemingly in Italy, coming to cover much of Europe, for some scholars marking the beginning of the modern age. <SEP> It can be reached from Zermatt by the Gornergrat rack railway (GGB), the highest open-air railway in Europe. The Gornergrat (; ) is a rocky ridge of the Pennine Alps, overlooking the Gorner Glacier south-east of Zermatt in Switzerland. Between the Gornergrat railway station () and the summit is the Kulm Hotel () hosting the new Project "Stellarium Gornergrat" and until 2010 the "Kölner Observatorium für SubMillimeter Astronomie" KOSMA and before that (until 2005) the Gornergrat Infrared Telescope.