Question: In what year was formed the company that owns the publisher to whom Marvel first licensed its characters for novelization?

Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial is Random House's Spanish-language division, targeting markets in Spain and South and Central America. It is headquartered in Barcelona with locations in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay, and the United States. Upon Bertelsmann's acquisition of Mondadori's stake in the JV, the name was kept temporarily four months. Some authors published by Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial include Dr. César Lozano, Yordi Rosado, Dr. Nancy Alvarez and Alberto Sardiñas. From 2001 until November 2012, it was a joint venture with Italian publisher Mondadori (Random House Mondadori). <SEP> event comics was an american independent comic book publisher founded by veteran artists jimmy palmiotti and joe quesada. the company published during the years 1994 to 1999, at which point it was contracted to form the marvel knights imprint for marvel comics. <SEP> with the new millennium, marvel comics emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. in 2001, marvel withdrew from the comics code authority and established its own marvel rating system for comics. the first title from this era to not have the code was x-force #119 (october 2001). marvel also created new imprints, such as max (an explicit-content line) and marvel adventures (developed for child audiences). in addition, the company created an alternate universe imprint, ultimate marvel, that allowed the company to reboot its major titles by revising and updating its characters to introduce to a new generation. <SEP> It was formed in 1945 by Walter B. Pitkin, Jr., Sidney B. Kramer, and Ian and Betty Ballantine, with funding from Grosset & Dunlap and Curtis Publishing Company. It has since been purchased several times by companies including National General, Carl Lindner's American Financial and, most recently, Bertelsmann; it became part of Random House in 1998, when Bertelsmann purchased it to form Bantam Doubleday Dell. It began as a mass market publisher, mostly of reprints of hardcover books, with some original paperbacks as well. Bantam Books is an American publishing house owned entirely by parent company Random House, a subsidiary of Penguin Random House; it is an imprint of the Random House Publishing Group. It expanded into both trade paperback and hardcover books, including original works, often reprinted in house as mass-market editions. <SEP> Various publishers took up the licenses from 1978 to 2002. Also, with the various licensed films being released beginning in 1997, various publishers put out movie novelizations. In 2003, following publication of the prose young adult novel Mary Jane, starring Mary Jane Watson from the Spider-Man mythos, Marvel announced the formation of the publishing imprint Marvel Press. However, Marvel moved back to licensing with Pocket Books from 2005 to 2008. With few books issued under the imprint, Marvel and Disney Books Group relaunched Marvel Press in 2011 with the Marvel Origin Storybooks line. Marvel first licensed two prose novels to Bantam Books, who printed The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder (1967) and Captain America: The Great Gold Steal by Ted White (1968).