Question: Who was spouse of the person who defeated the last Song emperor of the country the person who was able to describe the process of evaporation was in?

Wang Chong (; 27 – c. 100 AD), courtesy name Zhongren (仲任), was a Chinese meteorologist, astronomer, and philosopher active during the Han Dynasty. This book contained many theories involving early sciences of astronomy and meteorology, and Wang Chong was even the first in Chinese history to mention the use of the square-pallet chain pump, which became common in irrigation and public works in China thereafter. He developed a rational, secular, naturalistic and mechanistic account of the world and of human beings and gave a materialistic explanation of the origin of the universe. His main work was the "Lunheng" (論衡, "Critical Essays"). Wang also accurately described the process of the water cycle. <SEP> Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the water cycle of the evaporation of water into clouds. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that lunar eclipses occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a solar eclipse occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. <SEP> The Song dynasty is divided into two distinct periods, Northern and Southern. During the Northern Song (Chinese: 北宋; 960 -- 1127), the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now Kaifeng) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China. The Southern Song (Chinese: 南宋; 1127 -- 1279) refers to the period after the Song lost control of its northern half to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in the Jin -- Song Wars. During this time, the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze and established its capital at Lin'an (now Hangzhou). Although the Song dynasty had lost control of the traditional ``birthplace of Chinese civilization ''along the Yellow River, the Song economy was still strong, as the Southern Song Empire contained a large population and productive agricultural land. The Southern Song dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritime missions abroad. To repel the Jin, and later the Mongols, the Song developed revolutionary new military technology augmented by the use of gunpowder. In 1234, the Jin dynasty was conquered by the Mongols, who took control of northern China, maintaining uneasy relations with the Southern Song. His younger brother Kublai Khan was proclaimed the new Great Khan, though his claim was only partially recognized by the Mongols in the west. Möngke Khan, the fourth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, died in 1259 while besieging the city of Chongqing. In 1271, Kublai Khan was proclaimed the Emperor of China. After two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khan's armies conquered the Song dynasty in 1279. The Mongol invasion led to a reunification under the Yuan dynasty (1271 -- 1368). <SEP> She was a patron of the arts and may have played a key role in advancing the interests of the young Venetian traveler, Marco Polo. According to "The Secret History of the Mongols", Chabi was the favorite wife of Kublai and a valued unofficial adviser throughout his reign. It is suspected that Chabi herself may have come under Christian influence, like her mother-in-law, Sorghaghtani. <SEP> a system akin to the bessemer process has existed since the 11th century in east asia. economic historian robert hartwell writes that the chinese of the song dynasty innovated a ``partial decarbonization ''method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast. sinologist joseph needham and historian of metallurgy theodore a. wertime have described the method as a predecessor to the bessemer process of making steel. this process was first described by the prolific scholar and polymath government official shen kuo (1031 -- 1095) in 1075, when he visited cizhou. hartwell states that perhaps the earliest center where this was practiced was the great iron - production district along the henan -- hebei border during the 11th century. <SEP> muhammad bidar bakht (; 4 august 1670 – 8 june 1707) was a mughal prince and the eldest son of muhammad azam shah, who briefly became mughal emperor in 1707. he was noted for being a gallant, skilful and successful general and was regarded as the most able mughal prince of his time. he was the favourite grandson of emperor aurangzeb.