Question: What are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders, where a disease of the eye in response to changes in the vitreous humor or more rarely, diabetes, that causes the cells response?

The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.  The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system).  Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, and leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen.  This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.  Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components. <SEP>  It is also called macular pucker.  Sometimes, as a result of immune system response to protect the retina, cells converge in the macular area as the vitreous ages and pulls away in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).  PVD can create minor damage to the retina, stimulating exudate, inflammation, and leucocyte response.  These cells can form a transparent layer gradually and, like all scar tissue, tighten to create tension on the retina which may bulge and pucker (e.g., macular pucker), or even cause swelling or macular edema.  Often this results in distortions of vision that are clearly visible as bowing ←→ when looking at lines on chart paper (or an Amsler grid) within the macular area, or central 1.0 degree of visual arc.  Usually it occurs in one eye first, and may cause binocular diplopia or double vision if the image from one eye is too different from the image of the other eye.  The distortions can make objects look different in size (usually larger = macropsia), especially in the central portion of the visual field, creating a localized or field dependent aniseikonia that cannot be fully corrected optically with glasses.  Partial correction often improves the binocular vision considerably though.  In the young (under 50 years of age), these cells occasionally pull free and disintegrate on their own; but in the majority of sufferers (over 60 years of age) the condition is permanent.  The underlying photoreceptor cells, rod cells and cone cells, are usually not damaged unless the membrane becomes quite thick and hard; so usually there is no macular degeneration. Epiretinal membrane is a disease of the eye in response to changes in the vitreous humor or more rarely, diabetes. <SEP> The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.  Within the thymus, T cells or T lymphocytes mature.  T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders.  The thymus is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum.  Histologically, each lobe of the thymus can be divided into a central medulla and a peripheral cortex which is surrounded by an outer capsule.  The cortex and medulla play different roles in the development of T-cells.  Cells in the thymus can be divided into thymic stromal cells and cells of hematopoietic origin (derived from bone marrow resident hematopoietic stem cells).  Developing T-cells are referred to as thymocytes and are of hematopoietic origin.  Stromal cells include epithelial cells of the thymic cortex and medulla, and dendritic cells. <SEP> White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.  All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system.