Question: What is the virus that is viral fever of humans and primates and that Triazavirin could have a potential application?

Culture & Social Cognition is the relationship between human culture and human cognitive capabilities.  Cultural cognitive evolution proposes that humans’ unique cognitive capacities are not solely due to biological inheritance, but are in fact due in large part to cultural transmission and evolution (Tomasello, 1999).  Modern humans and great apes are separated evolutionarily by about six million years.  Proponents of cultural evolution argue that this would not have been enough time for humans to develop the advanced cognitive capabilities required to create tools, language, and build societies through biological evolution.  Biological evolution could not have individually produced each of these cognitive capabilities within that period of time.  Instead, humans must have evolved the capacity to learn through cultural transmission (Tomasello, 1999).  This provides a more plausible explanation that would fit within the given time frame.  Instead of having to biologically account for each cognitive mechanism that distinguishes modern humans from previous relatives, one would only have to account for one significant biological adaptation for cultural learning.  According to this view, the ability to learn through cultural transmission is what distinguishes humans from other primates (Tomasello, 1999).  Cultural learning allows humans to build on existing knowledge and make collective advancements, also known as the “ratchet effect”.  The ratchet effect simply refers to the way in which humans continuously add on to existing knowledge through modifications and improvements.  This unique ability distinguishes humans from related primates, who do not seem to build collaborative knowledge over time.  Instead, primates seem to build individual knowledge, in which the expertise of one animal is not built on by others, and does not progress across time. <SEP>  Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches.  Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola, is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses.  At this time, some people begin to bleed both internally and externally.  The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent.  This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear. <SEP> Triazavirin (TZV) is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug developed in Russia through a joint effort of Ural Federal University, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Center for Biopharma Technologies and Medsintez Pharmaceutical.  It has an azoloazine base structure, which represents a new structural class of non-nucleoside antiviral drugs.  It was originally developed as a potential treatment for pandemic influenza strains such as H5N1, and most of the testing that has been done has focused on its anti-influenza activity.  However triazavirin has also been found to have antiviral activity against a number of other viruses including tick-borne encephalitis, and is also being investigated for potential application against Lassa fever and Ebola virus disease. <SEP> The species Marburg marburgvirus is the taxonomic home of two related viruses that form filamentous virions, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV).  Both viruses cause Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever, and both are Select Agents, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogens (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogens, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agents, and are listed as a Biological Agents for Export Control by the Australia Group.