Question: When did the country which captured the city of Malakoff come to the area which is the middle leg of the journey from England to the Americas?

Historically the particular routes were also shaped by the powerful influence of winds and currents during the age of sail. Returning from North America, it is easiest to follow the Gulf Stream in a northeasterly direction using the westerlies. A similar triangle to this, called the volta do mar was already being used by the Portuguese, before Christopher Columbus' voyage, to sail to the Canary Islands and the Azores. Columbus simply expanded the triangle outwards, and his route became the main way for Europeans to reach, and return from, the Americas. For example, from the main trading nations of Western Europe it was much easier to sail westwards after first going south of 30 N latitude and reaching the so - called ``trade winds ''; thus arriving in the Caribbean rather than going straight west to the North American mainland. <SEP> On 5 September, another French bombardment (the sixth) was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French, and following their failure to retake it, the collapse of the Russian defences. For months each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions, which resulted in many skirmishes. Artillery fire aiming to gain superiority over the enemy guns. :450–462 September saw the final assault. Meanwhile, the British captured the Great Redan, just south of the city of Sevastopol. The Russians retreated to the north, blowing up their magazines and the city fell on 9 September 1855 after a 337-day-long siege. :106 <SEP> Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc was a French trader and adventurer in the Caribbean, who established the first permanent French colony, Saint - Pierre, on the island of Martinique in 1635. Belain sailed to the Caribbean in 1625, hoping to establish a French settlement on the island of St. Christopher (St. Kitts). In 1626 he returned to France, where he won the support of Cardinal Richelieu to establish French colonies in the region. Richelieu became a shareholder in the Compagnie de Saint - Christophe, created to accomplish this with d'Esnambuc at its head. The company was not particularly successful and Richelieu had it reorganized as the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique. In 1635 d'Esnambuc sailed to Martinique with one hundred French settlers to clear land for sugarcane plantations. <SEP> the atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved african people, mainly from africa to the americas, and then their sale there. the slave trade used mainly the triangular trade route and its middle passage, and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries. the vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the transatlantic slave trade were africans from central and western africa, who had been sold by other west africans to western european slave traders (with a small number being captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids), who brought them to the americas. the south atlantic and caribbean economies especially were dependent on the supply of secure labour for the production of commodity crops, making goods and clothing to sell in europe. this was crucial to those western european countries which, in the late 17th and 18th centuries, were vying with each other to create overseas empires. <SEP> the story, illustrated by the author, is set in england during the middle ages, as the black death (bubonic plague) is sweeping across the country. young robin is sent away to become a knight like his father, but his dreams are endangered when he loses the use of his legs. a doctor reassures robin that the weakness in his legs is not caused by the plague and the doctor is supposed to come and help him but does not. his parents are away, serving the king and queen during war, and the servants abandon the house, fearing the plague. robin is saved by brother luke, a friar, who finds him and takes him to a monastery and cares for him.