Question: Jews' Court is the headquarters of the Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, it's a building which contains some Norman stonework on Steep Hill in Lincoln, immediately above which one of the earliest extant town houses in England?

The hill rises about 250 feet above the level of the plateau, which itself constitutes the summit of the Mahadev range at this point.  The cone with the walls on it is seen from a great distance and appears very small indeed.  But on near approach it is seen to be but the inner citadel of a place of considerable size and strength for the times in which it was built.  On the south-west the outer wall or enceinte is entered by a rude gateway of a single pointed arch about eight feet high and five feet broad.  As usual there is a curtain of solid masonry inside.  The gate lies about 150 yards east of the edge of the plateau, which there terminates in an almost unbroken vertical precipice of several hundred feet in height and receding in a north-easterly direction.  No wall was built along about three hundred yards of this part which is absolutely unscalable, but for the rest of the way the walling is continued along the edge of the cliff in a north-east direction for about another three hundred yards.  Here it turns still following the cliff to the south-east for another seven hundred yards, and then gradually rounds to the westward covering four hundred and fifty yards more till it meets the gateway.  But for the break of the inaccessible precipice this outer wall would form a nearly equilateral triangle with the corners rounded off, the side being of some six hundred and fifty yards.  Facing nearly north, about fifty yards from the north-east angle, is a gateway with a couple of curtains in solid masonry.  This entrance is cut in the sides of the cliff about twenty feet below the top which is reached by some dozen steps.  It consisted as usual of a pointed arch, the top fallen in, about ten feet high by five broad.  It leads out to the path down to Girvi, a village in the plains below and it probably formed the communication with Phaltan.  This road winds down the face of the range for some five hundred feet till it hits the shoulder of a spur which it then follows to the base.  The walling on the south side, from the edge of the cliff to some hundred yards east of the southern gate, is not more than a couple of feet in thickness and consists of all-fitting stones unmortared.  The rest is massive and well mortared and still fairly preserved.  The average height is from seven to ten feet.  In the south-east angle is a rude temple of Bhairavnath and a few houses with the remains of Man y more.  On the right side of the southern gate is a well preserved stone pond about thirty yards square with steps leading down to it.  Next to and on the north of Bhairavnath's temple is another pond.  The way up to the fort proper or upper and lower citadels is from the north side.  The path up the hill side, which is steep but with grass and soil left in Man y places, is almost destroyed.  About 150 feet up is the outer citadel built on a sort of shoulder of the hill and facing almost due west.  It contains two massive bastions of excellent masonry looking north-west and south-west so that guns planted on them could comMan d respectively the north and south gateways.  This citadel was connected with the main wall by a cross wall running across the whole breadth of the fort from east to west.  Its entrance lies close below that to the upper citadel.  A masonry curtain projects so as to hide the arch itself, which is not more than seven feet high by three broad, and has to be entered from due east.  On the south side the walls are carried right up to the scarp of the upper citadel and are some ten feet high, so that to take the lower citadel in rear or flank must have been difficult.  The upper citadel is above a vertical scarp some thirty feet high.  The entrance to it lies some thirty feet above that to the lower citadel, and is cut in the rock about eight feet wide.  There is a gateway of a pointed arch with the top fallen in and twenty odd steps leading up to it and ten more cut out of the rock, and winding up past the inside curtain on to the top.  The walls of this upper citadel are still in tolerable preservation.  They were originally about ten feet high and built of fair masonry.  There is a large turret on the south-west corner, evidently meant to comMan d the southern gate.  About ten yards to the east of this turret is a new looking building which was the headquarters or sadar.  Immediately east of this and below it is a great pit about thirty feet square and equally deep roughly cut in the rock and said by the people to be a dungeon.  Next to it on the south is a small pond evenly cut and lined with mortar used for storing water.  There are some remains of sepoys' houses, and, near the turret, a small stone wheel said to belong to a gun.  The outer walls east of the gates have bastions at every turn of the cliffs, and the masonry here is particularly strong and well preserved.  It would appear that attacks were dreaded chiefly from the plain below.  The assailants could either come up the spur towards the north entrance or they might attempt the spurs on the other side of the eastern ravine and attack the southern gateway.  Hence apparently the reason for strengthening the walls of the enceinte on this side.  After passing the southern gateway the assailants would be commanded Maan, Maharashtra from the lower citadel.  They Would then be encountered by the cross wall.  If that obstacle was overcome the besieged would run round the east side and into the two citadels.  The appearance from the fort of the plain in the north is most formidable.  The Panvan plateau completely commands Maan, Maharashtra and almost overhangs it.  The fort is believed to have been built by Shivaji to resist the Moghals whose attacks he must have dreaded from the plain below.  The Karkhanis or Superintendent of the fort was a Prabhu.  The fort garrison consisted of 200 Ramoshis, Mahars, and other hereditary Gadkaris besides sepoys.  It was surrendered in 1818 to Vitthal Pant Phadnis of the Raja of Satara left in charge of the town.  He detached 200 men to take possession, being part of a force then raised to protect the town from the enterprizes of Bajirav's garrisons then in the neighbourhood.  [Elphinstone in Pendhari and Maratha War Papers, 245.] <SEP> Jews' Court is the headquarters of the Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology.  The Jews' Court is a building which contains some Norman stonework on Steep Hill in Lincoln, immediately above Jew's House.  It is dated to between 1150 and 1180.  The Jews Court is a Grade I listed building and a recent architectural survey has shown that there is very little medieval stonework above basement level in the existing building.  Documentary evidence of 1290 when the Jewish community of Lincoln were expelled now shows that the Jews' Court has always been divided into two houses and a charter of 1316 mentions that a Jewish "scola" or synagogue had stood to the west in the tenement behind these two houses. <SEP> The Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology or SLHA aims to create a greater awareness of the history of Lincolnshire, and works to discover and record its heritage.  The Society was formed in 1974, but it has antecedents which date back to 1844. <SEP>  It is situated on Steep Hill in Lincoln, immediately below Jew's Court. The Jew's House is one of the earliest extant town houses in England.  The house has traditionally been associated with the thriving Jewish community in Medieval Lincoln.  Anti-Semitic hysteria was stoked up by the case of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln in 1255, and in 1290, the entire Jewish community was expelled from England, the Jew's House supposedly being seized from a Jewish owner.  The building has remained continuously occupied to the present day.  Since about 1973 it has been used as a restaurant and previous to that it was an antiques shop.