Question: Which mosquito-borne infectious disease was deadly to many new arrivals, especially in the Southern colonies

An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future.  Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human pathogens. EIDs are caused by newly identified species or strains (e.g. Severe acute respiratory syndrome, HIV/AIDS) that may have evolved from a known infection (e.g. influenza) or spread to a new population (e.g. West Nile fever) or to an area undergoing ecologic transformation (e.g. Lyme disease), or be "reemerging" infections, like drug resistant tuberculosis.  Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are emerging in hospitals, and extremely problematic in that they are resistant to many antibiotics.  Of growing concern are adverse synergistic interactions between emerging diseases and other infectious and non-infectious conditions leading to the development of novel syndemics.  Many emerging diseases are zoonotic - an animal reservoir incubates the organism, with only occasional transmission into human populations. <SEP>  Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches.  In severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma, or death.  Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten.  If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later. Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the "Plasmodium" type.  In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms.  This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria. <SEP> Disease in colonial America that afflicted the early immigrant settlers was a dangerous threat to life.  Some of the diseases were new and treatments were ineffective.  Of newly arrived able-bodied young men, over one-fourth of the Anglican missionaries died within five years of their arrival in the Carolinas.  Mortality was high for infants and small children, especially for diphtheria, smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria.  Most sick people turn to local healers, and used folk remedies.  Others relied upon the minister-physicians, barber-surgeons, apothecaries, midwives, and ministers; a few used colonial physicians trained either in Britain, or an apprenticeship in the colonies.  One common treatment was blood letting.  The method was crude due to a lack of knowledge about infection and disease among medical practitioners.  There was little government control, regulation of medical care, or attention to public health.  By the 18th century, Colonial physicians, following the models in England and Scotland, introduced modern medicine to the cities in the 18th century, and made some advances in vaccination, pathology, anatomy and pharmacology.  Malaria was deadly to many new arrivals, especially in the Southern colonies. <SEP> Entebbe bat virus in an infectious disease caused by a "Flavivirus" and is closely related to yellow fever.  Entebbe bat virus is a (+) single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome virus.  It is an enveloped virus with icosahedral nucleocapsid.  Its genome has approximately 10,000 to 12,000 kilobases.  Entebbe bat virus was first isolated from a little free-tailed bat ("Chaerephon pumilus") in Uganda in 1957, but was not detectable after initial isolation.  In 2011, Entebbe bat virus was isolated from a free-tailed bat captured from the attic of a house where it had been originally found.  Infectious virus was recovered from the spleen and lung, and the viral RNA was sequenced and compared with that of the original isolate (Kading et al. 2015).  Not much is known about the symptoms that the virus causes, and it is unknown if the virus can infect humans.  Entebbe bat virus was initially a mosquito-borne pathogen that was able to infect bats and use them as reservoirs for the virus.  However, the virus does not seem to have any existing adverse side effects on its host.