Question: What award was given to the Norwegian-born American physical chemist which Bruria Kaufman used applied spinor analysis to rederive the result of on the partition function of the two-dimensional Ising Model

Lars Onsager (November 27, 1903 – October 5, 1976) was a Norwegian-born American physical chemist and theoretical physicist.  He held the Gibbs Professorship of Theoretical Chemistry at Yale University.  He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1968. <SEP> Bruria Kaufman (August 21, 1918 – January 7, 2010) was an Israeli theoretical physicist.  She is known for contributions to Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, to statistical physics, where she used applied spinor analysis to rederive the result of Lars Onsager on the partition function of the two-dimensional Ising Model, and to the study of the Mössbauer effect, on which she collaborated with John von Neumann and Harry Lipkin. <SEP> The Kramers–Wannier duality is a symmetry in statistical physics.  It relates the free energy of a two-dimensional square-lattice Ising model at a low temperature to that of another Ising model at a high temperature.  It was discovered by Hendrik Kramers and Gregory Wannier in 1941.  With the aid of this duality Kramers and Wannier found the exact location of the critical point for the Ising model on the square lattice. <SEP> In physics, a lattice model is a physical model that is defined on a lattice, as opposed to the continuum of space or spacetime.  Lattice models originally occurred in the context of condensed matter physics, where the atoms of a crystal automatically form a lattice.  Currently, lattice models are quite popular in theoretical physics, for many reasons.  Some models are exactly solvable, and thus offer insight into physics beyond what can be learned from perturbation theory.  Lattice models are also ideal for study by the methods of computational physics, as the discretization of any continuum model automatically turns it into a lattice model.  Examples of lattice models in condensed matter physics include the Ising model, the Potts model, the XY model, the Toda lattice.  The exact solution to many of these models (when they are solvable) includes the presence of solitons. Techniques for solving these include the inverse scattering transform and the method of Lax pairs, the Yang-Baxter equation and quantum groups.  The solution of these models has given insights into the nature of phase transitions, magnetization and scaling behaviour, as well as insights into the nature of quantum field theory.  Physical lattice models frequently occur as an approximation to a continuum theory, either to give an ultraviolet cutoff to the theory to prevent divergences or to perform numerical computations.  An example of a continuum theory that is widely studied by lattice models is the QCD lattice model, a discretization of quantum chromodynamics.  However, digital physics considers nature fundamentally discrete at the Planck scale, which imposes , aka Holographic principle.  More generally, lattice gauge theory and lattice field theory are areas of study.  Lattice models are also used to simulate the structure and dynamics of polymers.  Examples include the bond fluctuation model and the 2nd model.