winkelee/scaling-down huggingface dataset:
Question: In 2010 actor Michael Cera portrayed Scott Pilgrim, who lives where?

 He started his career as a child actor, most notably portraying a young Chuck Barris in "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind" (2002).  He is known for his role as George Michael Bluth on the sitcom "Arrested Development" and for his leading roles in the comedy films "Superbad" (2007), "Juno" (2007), "Nick & Norah's Infinite Playlist" (2008), and "Youth in Revolt" (2009). Michael Austin Cera ( ; born June 7, 1988) is a Canadian actor and musician.  In 2010, he portrayed Scott Pilgrim in "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" and in 2013 he played an exaggerated version of himself in "This Is the End".  Cera made his Broadway debut in the 2014 installment of Kenneth Lonergan's "This Is Our Youth". <SEP>  The series is about Canadian Scott Pilgrim, a slacker and part-time musician who lives in Toronto, Ontario and plays bass guitar in a band. Scott Pilgrim is a series of graphic stories by Bryan Lee O'Malley.  He falls in love with American delivery girl Ramona Flowers, but must defeat her seven evil exes in order to date her. <SEP> Kieran Kyle Culkin (born September 30, 1982) is an American actor.  He began his career as a child actor, acting alongside his older brother Macaulay in the "Home Alone" franchise (19901992) before going on to feature in films including the 1991 film "Father of the Bride" and its 1995 sequel, "My Summer Story" (1994), the sequel to "A Christmas Story", "The Mighty" (1998), "She's All That", "The Cider House Rules" (1999), "The Dangerous Lives of Altar Boys" (2002), "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" (2010), and "Movie 43".  His breakout role in "Igby Goes Down" (2002) received critical acclaim and he was nominated for a Best Actor Golden Globe Award, as well as winning a Critics' Choice Movie Award and Satellite Award.  He has also acted on-stage, most notably in several productions of the Kenneth Lonergan play "This Is Our Youth".  In 2015, he portrayed Rye Gerhardt in the second season of the critically acclaimed FX series "Fargo". <SEP> Scott Pilgrim vs. the World is a 2010 comedy film co-written, produced and directed by Edgar Wright, based on the graphic novel series "Scott Pilgrim" by Bryan Lee O'Malley.  It stars Michael Cera as Scott Pilgrim, a slacker musician who must battle his girlfriend Ramona's seven evil exes.
Question: Who directed a 2011 British horror film starring an actress who trained at Royal Academy of Dramatic Art?

Elaine Symons (born 4 December 1974) is an Irish actress who was trained at the prestigious RADA(Royal Academy of Dramatic Art) active on television since 1997.  She is most notable for her role as alcoholic mother-of-five Rose Kelly in the BBC One school TV drama "Waterloo Road", making her first appearance in the first episode of the show's fourth series, screened on 7 January 2009.  Her earlier credits include roles in "Sinners" "Totally Frank", "Waking the Dead", "As If", "Custer's Last Stand-up" and "Touched by an Angel".  In 2011 Elaine Symons played the role of Kerry Cadogan in the BBC One medical TV drama" Holby City". <SEP> The Awakening is a 2011 British horror film directed and co-written by Nick Murphy, starring Rebecca Hall, Dominic West, Isaac Hempstead-Wright and Imelda Staunton. <SEP> Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton, CBE (born 9 January 1956) is an English stage and screen actress.  After training at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, Staunton began her career in repertory theatre in the 1970s before appearing in seasons at various theatres in the UK. <SEP> Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins (born 31 December 1937) is a Welsh film, stage, and television actor.  After graduating from the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama in 1957, he trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, and was then spotted by Laurence Olivier who invited him to join the Royal National Theatre.  In 1968, he got his break in film in "The Lion in Winter", playing Richard the Lionheart.
Question: When was the railroad opened which is north to the Bates Pond?

 It is generally regarded as one of the oldest heritage railroad operations in the United States. Edaville Railroad is a heritage railroad in South Carver, Massachusetts, opened in 1947.  It is a narrow gauge line that operates excursion trains for tourists, built by the late Ellis D. Atwood (initials E.D.A, for which "Edaville" is named) on his sprawling cranberry plantation in Southeastern Massachusetts. <SEP>  The pond is located south of Edaville Railroad. Bates Pond is a 20 acre pond in Carver, Massachusetts.  Huckleberry Corner lies along the southern shore of the pond.  The water quality is impaired due to non-native plants in the pond. <SEP> The Monocacy river bridge and viaduct is a 326 ft open deck steel girder bridge with two main spans crossing the river and 2 viaduct sections crossing the floodplain, south of Walkersville, Maryland.  Originally constructed by the Frederick and Pennsylvania Line Railroad Company (F&PL).  Construction began in late 1871, and continued until July 1872 when the railroad opened that year.  It was rebuilt by the Pennsylvania railroad prior first in 1900-1905 as an open deck riveted iron plate under girder bridge.  In 1915, the bridge was surveyed as part of the Interstate Commerce Commission's ("ICC") effort to establish freight rates for the Parent railroad.  In 1927, the Pennsylvania railroad rebuilt the bridge again using deeper and thicker steel girders, but leaving the masonry piers intact.  In 1972, the two 85 foot river spans were washed out by Hurricane Agnes.  In 1982, the State of Maryland purchased the bridge as part of the railroad line.  In 1995, the State rebuilt the river spans and Pier 3 which is located in the middle of the river crossing was completely reconstructed using concrete to replace the original masonry foundations.  In 2015, the State performed minor maintenance on the structure and painted some spans.  <br> <SEP> The Salt Lake and Utah Railroad, also known as the Orem Line or Orem Interurban, was an electric railroad which operated between downtown Salt Lake City and Payson, Utah.  Construction of the main line begun in 1913.  The railroad was financed by A. J. Orem & Company, with Walter C. Orem as president.  The railroad opened in 1914 with stops in both Utah County and Salt Lake County.  The railroad also operated a branch line which ran to Magna, Utah.  Both passenger and freight service was offered.  The line's terminus in downtown Salt Lake City was shared with the Bamberger Railroad, and was located at the current site of Abravanel Hall.  The railroad stopped service in 1946.
Question: In between Michael Curtiz and Peter Segal who directed classic films from the silent era and numerous others during Hollywood's Golden Age?

Victor David Sjöström (] ; in the United States sometimes known as Victor Seastrom; 20 September 1879 – 3 January 1960) was a pioneering Swedish film director, screenwriter and actor.  He began his career in Sweden, before moving to Hollywood in 1924.  Sjöström worked primarily in the silent era; his best known films include "The Phantom Carriage" (1921), "He Who Gets Slapped" (1924) and "The Wind" (1928).  Sjöström was Sweden's most prominent director in the "Golden Age of Silent Film" in Europe.  Later in life, he played the leading role in Ingmar Bergman's "Wild Strawberries" (1957). <SEP>  Segal has directed the comedy films "Tommy Boy" (1995), "My Fellow Americans" (1996), "" (2000), "Anger Management" (2003), "50 First Dates" (2004), "The Longest Yard" (2005), "Get Smart" (2008), " Grudge Match" (2013). Peter Segal (born 1962) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter and actor. <SEP> Carrie Clark Ward (January 9, 1862 – February 6, 1926) was an American actress of the silent era.  She appeared in 62 films between 1911 and 1925.  She was born in Virginia City, Nevada and died in Hollywood, California.  She was married to J. Sedley Browne, the first husband of Henrietta Crosman.  Ward appeared in numerous silent films in the company of many stars but today she's remembered primarily for her comic turn in the Rudolph Valentino-Clarence Brown directed classic "The Eagle" 1925. <SEP>  He directed classic films from the silent era and numerous others during Hollywood's Golden Age, when the studio system was prevalent. Michael Curtiz ( ; born Manó Kaminer, December 24, 1888 April 10, 1962) was a Hungarian-born American film director, recognized as one of the most prolific directors in history.
Question: Who had a pre-excitation syndrome of the heart named after him and introduced a new use for the drug lidocaine?

Physical dependence is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance forming drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms.  Physical dependence can develop from low-dose therapeutic use of certain medications such as benzodiazepines, opioids, antiepileptics and antidepressants, as well as the recreational misuse of drugs such as alcohol, opioids, and benzodiazepines.  The higher the dose used, the greater the duration of use, and the earlier age use began are predictive of worsened physical dependence and thus more severe withdrawal syndromes.  Acute withdrawal syndromes can last days, weeks or months.  Protracted withdrawal syndrome, also known as post-acute-withdrawal syndrome or "PAWS", is a low-grade continuation of some of the symptoms of acute withdrawal, typically in a remitting-relapsing pattern, often resulting in relapse and prolonged disability of a degree to preclude the possibility of lawful employment.  Protracted withdrawal syndrome can last for months, years, or depending on individual factors, indefinitely.  Protracted withdrawal syndrome is noted to be most often caused by benzodiazepines.  To dispel the popular misassociation with addiction, physical dependence to medications is sometimes compared to dependence on insulin by persons with diabetes. <SEP> Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome (LGL) is a pre-excitation syndrome of the heart due to abnormal electrical communication between the atria and the ventricles.  Once thought to involve an accessory conduction pathway, it is grouped with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome as an atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia (AVRT).  Individuals with LGL syndrome have a short PR interval with normal QRS complexes and paroxysms of clinically-significant tachycardia.  The syndrome is named after Bernard Lown, William Francis Ganong, Jr., and Samuel A. Levine. <SEP> Pre-excitation syndrome is a cardiac arrhythmia in which the ventricles of the heart become depolarized too early, which leads to their partial premature contraction. <SEP> Bernard Lown (born June 7, 1921) is the original developer of the DC defibrillator and the cardioverter, as well as a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.  Lown developed the direct current defibrillator for cardiac resuscitation and the cardioverter for correcting rapid disordered heart rhythms, and introduced a new use for the drug lidocaine to control heartbeat disturbances.
Question: during the 2011 Major League Baseball draft the Pittsburgh Pirates selected what pitcher that attended the University of California?

 He attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he pitched for the UCLA Bruins. Gerrit Alan Cole (born September 8, 1990) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB).  Cole made his MLB debut in 2013. <SEP> Joshua Evan Bell (born August 14, 1992) is an American professional baseball first baseman and outfielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB).  Drafted in the second round of the 2011 Major League Baseball Draft out of Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas, Bell received a $5 million signing bonus, a record for a player outside of the first round, to bypass his college baseball scholarship to the University of Texas at Austin. <SEP> The 2011 Major League Baseball First-Year Player Draft was held from June 6 through June 8, 2011 from Studio 42 of the MLB Network in Secaucus, New Jersey.  The Pittsburgh Pirates selected Gerrit Cole out of the University of California, Los Angeles with the first overall pick. <SEP> Aaron Daniel Blair (born May 26, 1992) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB).  Blair attended Marshall University, where he played baseball for the Marshall Thundering Herd baseball team.  Prior to that, he attended Spring Valley High School in Spring Valley, Nevada and played for the school's baseball team.  The Houston Astros selected him in the 21st round of the 2010 Major League Baseball Draft but decided to go to college instead.  The Arizona Diamondbacks selected Blair with the 36th pick of the 2013 Major League Baseball Draft.  He was traded to the Atlanta Braves by the Diamondbacks as part of a five-player deal announced December 9, 2015.
Question: Removed from circulation in 1999, the fillér was the Hungartian subunit of what Austro-Hungarian currency?

 The subunit was one hundredth of the main unit, and was called a "Heller " in the Austrian and a "fillér " (or "halier " in Slovak and "haléř" in Czech) in the Hungarian part of the Empire. The Krone or korona (German: "Krone" , Hungarian: "korona" , , Czech and Slovak: "koruna" ) was the official currency of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1892 (when it replaced the gulden, forint, florén or zlatka as part of the adoption of the gold standard) until the dissolution of the empire in 1918. <SEP> The forint (sign: Ft; code: HUF) is the currency of Hungary.  It was formerly divided into 100 fillér, but fillér coins are no longer in circulation.  The introduction of the forint on 1 August 1946 was a crucial step in the post-World War II stabilization of the Hungarian economy, and the currency remained relatively stable until the 1980s.  Transition to a market economy in the early 1990s adversely affected the value of the forint; inflation peaked at 35% in 1991.  Since 2001, inflation is in single digits, and the forint has been declared fully convertible.  As a member of the European Union, the long -term aim of the Hungarian government may be to replace the forint with the euro, but that does not appear to be likely until some time during the 2020s. <SEP>  It was the ⁄ subdivision of the Austro-Hungarian and the Hungarian korona, the pengő and the forint.  The name derives from the German word "Vierer" that means "number four" in English. The fillér ] was the name of various small change coins throughout Hungarian history.  Originally it was the name of the four-kreuzer coin.  Due to significant inflation that took place after the fall of communism, fillér coins are no longer in circulation.  The last fillér coin, worth 50 fillér (0.5 forint) was removed from circulation in 1999.  However, it continues to be used in calculations, for example in the price of petrol (e.g. 310.9 forint), or in the prices of telephone calls. <SEP> The Gulden or forint (German: "Gulden" , Hungarian: "forint" , Croatian: "forinta/florin" , Czech: "zlatý" ) was the currency of the lands of the House of Habsburg between 1754 and 1892 (known as the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867 and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy after 1867), when it was replaced by the Krone/korona as part of the introduction of the gold standard.  In Austria, the Gulden was initially divided into 60 Kreuzer, and in Hungary, the forint was divided into 60 krajczár.  The currency was decimalized in 1857, using the same names for the unit and subunit.
Question: When was the American singer and musician born who was also the client of Vern Yocum?

Lori Black (born April 9, 1954), also known as Lorax, is an American musician born in Santa Monica, California.  She is the daughter of Shirley Temple and Charles Alden Black.  She played bass for Clown Alley and for the Melvins.  She has since stopped performing, and has become a photographer. <SEP> Joey Welz (born 1940) is an American musician born in Baltimore, Maryland who is best known for his tenure as pianist with Bill Haley and His Comets.  He was born Joseph Welzant on March 17, 1940 to Melba, a teacher and concert pianist and Joseph, a Baltimore city police officer.  Welz started his music career with his group The Jay Rockers in the 1950s.  Welz was amongst the first group of rock and roll pianists to start using the boogie-woogie style with his left hand.  He attributes this to the lack of a bassist in his band, forcing him to play basslines using his left hand.  In interviews he has stated that it also came in handy when he joined the Comets because the notes coming from the upright bass were often inaudible due to the limits of amplification at that time. <SEP>  He is best known for hosting "Hee Haw", a nationally televised country variety show, from 1969 to 1992. Roy Linwood Clark (born April 15, 1933) is an American singer and musician.  Roy Clark has been an important and influential figure in country music, both as a performer and helping to popularize the genre. <SEP> Vern Yocum (April 15, 1909 - September 13, 1991) is best known as copyist and librarian for Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole, and Nelson Riddle.  Many of the top artists of the mid-20th century relied on Vern Yocum’s Music Service, which was walking distance from the Capitol Records Tower.  His client list included: Frankie Laine, Billy Eckstine, Ella Fitzgerald, Rosemary Clooney, Mel Tormé, Peggy Lee, Steve Lawrence & Eydie Gorme, Keely Smith, Sammy Davis Jr., Trini Lopez, Nancy Wilson, Leslie Uggams, Roy Clark, and Julie Andrews.
Question: English National Opera commissions and premieres and The London Coliseum are both of which origin?

English National Opera (ENO) is an opera company based in London, resident at the London Coliseum in St. Martin's Lane.  It is one of the two principal opera companies in London, along with The Royal Opera, Covent Garden.  ENO's productions are sung in English. <SEP> English National Opera (ENO) is an opera company based in London, resident at the London Coliseum in St. Martin's Lane.  It is one of the two principal opera companies in London, along with the Royal Opera, Covent Garden.  ENO's productions are sung in English.  The company, formerly known as Sadler's Wells Opera, has long had a policy of commissioning new works, and has staged many world and British premieres. <SEP> English National Ballet is a classical ballet company founded by Dame Alicia Markova and Sir Anton Dolin and based at Markova House in South Kensington, London, England.  Along with The Royal Ballet, Birmingham Royal Ballet and Scottish Ballet, it is one of the four major ballet companies in Great Britain.  English National Ballet is one of the foremost touring companies in Europe, performing in theatres throughout the UK as well as conducting international tours and performing at special events.  The Company employs approximately 67 dancers and a symphony orchestra, (English National Ballet Philharmonic) and there is also an associate school, English National Ballet School, which is independent from the ballet company.  The Company regularly performs seasons at the London Coliseum and has been noted for specially staged performances at the Royal Albert Hall.  In 2014 English National Ballet became an Associate Company of Sadler's Wells.  The Patron of English National Ballet is HRH The Duke of York. <SEP> The London Coliseum (also known as the Coliseum Theatre) is a theatre in St. Martin's Lane, central London, built as one of London's largest and most luxurious "family" variety theatres. Opened on 24 December 1904 as the London Coliseum Theatre of Varieties, it was designed by the theatrical architect Frank Matcham for the impresario Oswald Stoll.  Their ambition was to build the largest and finest music hall, described as the "people's palace of entertainment" of its age.
Question: This Indian music composer presented a 2017 Marathi film which marked the debut of which two actors?

Avadhoot Gupte is an Indian music composer and singer who is popularly known for his work in the Marathi film and music industry.  His career on television has included being a judge on the reality singing competition shows and anchoring his own chat show "Khupte Tithe Gupte".  He has also directed and produced three feature films.  His family is from Bhor, Maharashtra and is the self declared brand ambassador of Kolhapur. <SEP> Ajay-Atul (Marathi: अजय-अतुल) is the music alias of Indian music director-composer duo of brothers Ajay and Atul Gogavale.  In 2008, Ajay-Atul won the Best Music Direction award at the 56th National Film Awards from the Government of India for contributing music to the Marathi film "Jogwa".  The pair made their debut on the 2015 Forbes India Celebrity 100 List securing a position of 82.  They are first Indian music director to record their music at Sony scoring studios in Hollywood for marathi movie "Sairat". | <SEP> Ashok Saraf (born 4 June 1947) is an Indian film and stage actor and comedian.  He has appeared in many Marathi movies and stage plays in lead roles and in Hindi movies and TV serials in supporting roles.  He is affectionately known as 'MAMA' in entire Marathi film industry means closer human being.  Most of Marathi actors & actress called him as Samrat ashoka of marathi film industry. <SEP>  The film stars Sumant Shinde,Parth Bhalerao,Pratik Lad,Ritika Shrotri in lead roles. Boyz is a 2017 Marathi film directed by Vishal Devrukhkar, produced by Lalasaheb Shinde & Rajendra Shinde and presented by the singer Avadhoot Gupte.  The film marks the acting debut for Sumant Shinde and Pratik Lad.
Question: The village and civil parish Keisley is a hamlet in is mostly had a population of what in 2011?

 Historically part of Westmorland, it lies in the Eden Valley and below Great Dun Fell. Dufton is a village and civil parish in Cumbria, England.  It is mostly around 180m above sea level.  At the 2001 census the parish had a population of 169, increasing to 204 at the 2011 Census. <SEP> Keisley is a hamlet in the English county of Cumbria.  It is located in the civil parish of Dufton and the district of Eden. <SEP> Waitby is a small village and civil parish in the Eden district of Cumbria, England.  The parish contains two small villages, Waitby and Smardale, plus the small hamlets of Riddlesay, Stripes and Leases, all of which are in the farmed and enclosured northern part at an elevation of around 200–300m.  The southern half of the parish is mostly heath and unused for agriculture, it rises to Smardale fell; which it includes, at elevations between 300 and 400m.  The civil parish of Ravenstonedale forms the boundary to the south.  The western border with Crosby Garrett civil parish is formed by Scandal Beck.  To the north and east lie Soulby and Kirkby Stephen civil parishes respectively.  The population of the civil parish as measured at the 2011 Census was less than 100.  Details are included in the parish of Crosby Garrett. <SEP> Moor Crichel is a village and civil parish in East Dorset, England situated on Cranborne Chase five miles east of Blandford Forum.  The civil parish includes the hamlet of Manswood notable for a terrace of twelve thatched cottages.  Dorset County Council's 2013 estimate of the parish population is 140.  In the 2001 census the parish had a population of 180.  In the 2011 census the population of Moor Crichel parish combined with the neighbouring parish of Long Crichel was 246 (figures have not been released for Moor Crichel separately).
Question: Brian Emanuel Schatz was appointed by a Governor from what political party?

The Liberal Democratic Party (Czech: "Liberálně demokratická strana" ; LDS) was a Czechoslovakian liberal political party formed on 31 January 1990, shortly after the Velvet Revolution, by Emanuel Mandler (born 1932) and his political group, inspired by the political ideas of Tomas Garrigue Masaryk. <SEP>  He is a member of the Democratic Party. Neil Abercrombie (born June 26, 1938) is an American politician who served as the seventh Governor of Hawaii from 2010 to 2014. <SEP> Oren Ethelbirt Long (March 4, 1889 – May 6, 1965), was the tenth Territorial Governor of Hawaii and served from 1951 to 1953.  A member of the Democratic Party of Hawaii, Long was appointed to the office after the term of Ingram Stainback.  After statehood was achieved he served in the United States Senate, one of the first two, along with Hiram Fong, to represent Hawaii in that body.  Long was the only non-Asian American U.S. Senator from Hawaii until the appointment of Brian Schatz to the position in 2012. <SEP> Brian Emanuel Schatz (pronounced ; born October 20, 1972) is an American politician who is the senior United States Senator for Hawaii.  Schatz was appointed by Governor Neil Abercrombie to replace Senator Daniel Inouye after his death in 2012.
Question: Who directed a 1987 horror film starring an actor known for films such as The Breakfast Club and Trading Places?

 Emmerich's third movie, it starred Jason Lively, Jill Whitlow, Paul Gleason and Tim McDaniel. Hollywood-Monster (released as Ghost Chase in the United States) is a 1987 horror comedy film directed by Roland Emmerich, about a film crew working in a haunted mansion. <SEP> Paul Xavier Gleason (May 4, 1939 – May 27, 2006) was an American film and television actor, known for his roles on television series such as "All My Children" and films such as "The Breakfast Club", "Trading Places", and "Die Hard". <SEP> Ira Heiden (born September 22, 1966) is an American television and film actor, perhaps best known for his role in the 1987 horror film "" as Will Stanton.  Ira's other film roles include the 1988 film "Elvira, Mistress of the Dark" and his most recent film is the 1996 film "Timelock". <SEP> The Stepfather is a 2009 American horror thriller film and a remake of the 1987 horror film of the same title.  The film was directed by Nelson McCormick and stars Penn Badgley, Dylan Walsh and Sela Ward.  The original was directed by Joseph Ruben and shot from a script by Donald Westlake.  The films are loosely based on the crimes of mass murderer John List (who died in prison custody on March 21, 2008 at the age of 82 before its release).
Question: How many Grammy Awards did one of William Vennard's students, Marilyn Horne win?

Michael Scott is the founder of the London Opera Society.  In his role as the society's sole artistic director, he brought to London Marilyn Horne, Joan Sutherland, and Boris Christoff.  He was also responsible for introducing Sherrill Milnes, Ruggero Raimondi, and Montserrat Caballe.  He is a highly regarded expert in the field of opera with an extensive knowledge of the history of vocal music, and his books include volumes 1 and 2 of "The Record of Singing" and "The Great Caruso".  In 1992, he also wrote "Maria Meneghini Callas", being one of the few Maria Callas biographers to have seen her frequently on stage in her prime.  He is a frequent contributor to "Opera News". <SEP> William Vennard (31 January 1909 Normal, Illinois – 10 January 1971 Los Angeles, California) was a famous American vocal pedagogist who devoted his life to researching the human voice and its use in singing.  Vennard was renowned as an excellent teacher whose written works have influenced generations of singers, vocal pedagogues and voice scientists.  He was one of the driving forces behind a major shift within the field of vocal pedagogy during the middle of the 20th century.  Along with a few other American singing teachers, such as Ralph Appelman at Indiana University, Vennard introduced contemporary scientific research in the areas of human anatomy and physiology into the study of singing.  This shift in approach led to the rejection of many of the beliefs and practices held since the bel canto era, most particularly in the areas of vocal registration and vocal resonation.  He taught many successful singers including acclaimed mezzo-soprano Marilyn Horne, who studied under him at the University of Southern California. <SEP> Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band, or simply The Big Phat Band, is an 18-piece jazz orchestra that combines the big band swing of the 1930s and 1940s with contemporary music such as funk and jazz fusion.  The band is led by Gordon Goodwin, who arranges, composes, plays piano and saxophone.  Since its origin, the Big Phat Band has received several Grammy Awards and many Grammy nominations. <SEP> Marilyn Horne (born January 16, 1934) is an American mezzo-soprano opera singer.  She specialized in roles requiring a large sound, beauty of tone, excellent breath support, and the ability to execute difficult coloratura passages.  She is a recipient of the National Medal of Arts (1992) and the Kennedy Center Honors (1995).  She has won four Grammy Awards.
Question: What was the 2014 population size of the Brazilian city where the band  Cavaleiros do Forró formed?

In population genetics, the Watterson estimator is a method for describing the genetic diversity in a population.  It is estimated by counting the number of polymorphic sites.  It is a measure of the "population mutation rate" (the product of the effective population size and the neutral mutation rate) from the observed nucleotide diversity of a population.  formula_1, where formula_2 is the effective population size and formula_3 is the per-generation mutation rate of the population of interest ( ).  The assumptions made are that there is a sample of formula_4 haploid individuals from the population of interest, that there are infinitely many sites capable of varying (so that mutations never overlay or reverse one another), and that formula_5. <SEP>  The group has sold more than 2.5 million albums. Cavaleiros do Forró is a Brazilian Forró band formed in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte in 2004. <SEP>  According to IBGE's July 2014 report, the city had a total population of 862,044, while Greater Natal had 1,485,505 inhabitants. Natal (] , "Christmas") is the capital and largest city of the state Rio Grande do Norte, located in northeastern Brazil. <SEP> O Filme ao vivo em Natal is the first live album by the Brazilian band Cavaleiros do Forró, released in 2005.  The album was recorded during a single concert performed on November 28, 2004, at Estádio Machadão in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte.
Question: Tom Amstutz is a native of a city founded on the west bank of what river?

 He served as the head football coach at the University of Toledo from 2001 to 2008, compiling a 58–41 record, including a 39–24 mark in conference play.  Known as "Toledo Tom", he is a native of Toledo, Ohio.  Amstutz played college football at Toledo from 1974 to 1976.  He was a longtime assistant coach at Toledo, from 1977 to 1986 and from 1990 to 2000.  From 1987 to 1989, Amstutz served as an assistant coach at the United States Naval Academy. Tom Amstutz (born August 30, 1955) is a former American football player and coach. <SEP> The 2001 Toledo Rockets football team represented the University of Toledo during the 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season.  They competed as a member of the Mid-American Conference (MAC) in the West Division.  The Rockets were led by head coach Tom Amstutz.  Toledo's schedule originally included a game against Youngstown State on September 15, 2001, but that contest was cancelled following the September 11 attacks. <SEP> The 2006 Toledo Rockets football team represented the University of Toledo during the 2004 NCAA Division I-A football season.  They competed as a member of the Mid-American Conference (MAC) in the West Division.  The Rockets were led by head coach Tom Amstutz.  The Rockets offense scored 432 points while the defense allowed 404 points. <SEP>  Toledo is in northwest Ohio, at the western end of Lake Erie bordering the state of Michigan.  The city was founded by United States citizens in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River, and originally incorporated as part of Monroe County, Michigan Territory. Toledo ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio, United States.  It was re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio.
Question:  Otto Stern is the second most nominated person for a Nobel Prize behind a German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in what?

Otto Scherzer (9 March 1909 – 15 November 1982) was a German theoretical physicist who made contributions to electron microscopy. <SEP> Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, {'1': ", '2': ", '3': 'ForMemRS', '4': "} (] ; 5 December 1868 – 26 April 1951) was a German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics, and also educated and mentored a large number of students for the new era of theoretical physics.  He served as PhD supervisor for many Nobel Prize winners in physics and chemistry (only J. J. Thomson's record of mentorship is comparable to his). <SEP> Ramón Menéndez Pidal (] ; 13 March 1869 - 14 November 1968) was a Spanish philologist and historian.  He worked extensively on the history of the Spanish language and Spanish folklore and folk poetry.  One of his main topics was the history and legend of El Cid.  He was nominated for a Nobel Prize 151 times, the most nominated person, three times more than the second most nominated person, André Malraux. <SEP> Otto Stern (17 February 1888 – 17 August 1969) was a German physicist and Nobel laureate in physics.  He was the second most nominated person for a Nobel Prize with 82 nominations in the years 1925–1945 (most times nominated is Arnold Sommerfeld with 84 nominations), ultimately winning in 1943.
Question:  "I Gotcha Now" is a song featuring strings similar to a song released on what date?

"I Am the Walrus" is a song by the Beatles released in November 1967.  It was featured in the Beatles' television film "Magical Mystery Tour" ("MMT") in December of that year, as a track on the associated British double EP of the same name and its American counterpart LP, and was the B-side to the number 1 hit single "Hello, Goodbye".  Since the single and the double EP held at one time in December 1967 the top two slots on the British singles chart, the song had the distinction of being at number 1 and number 2 simultaneously. <SEP>  The song features a pounding piano (possibly played by de Paul), fuzz guitar and "I Am the Walrus"-esque strings.  The B-side is also a de Paul song, "So Good To You", and both songs were recorded at 10cc's Strawberry Studios with Eric Stewart being the co-engineer.  De Paul recorded her won version of "So Good To You" and released it in October 1973 as the flip side to her single "Won't Somebody Dance with Me". "I Gotcha Now" is a song written by Lynsey de Paul and released as a single by Zakatek (Lenny Zakatek) on the Bell Records label on 2 March 1973. <SEP> "I Gotcha" is a song by Joe Tex.  He originally intended for the song to be recorded by King Floyd, but Floyd never recorded it.  Instead, Tex recorded it himself in the late 1960s but did not release it at that time.  He decided to re-record the song in late 1971 and released it as the B-side of "A Mother's Prayer", the first single off his 1972 album that was also titled "I Gotcha".  This angry song has the singer accusing his lover of being unfaithful to him, by having an affair with another man, so he tests her to ask her to kiss him for a longer time, and when he is unsatisfied, he demands to her to have her give him back his love, as a result of playing with his affections.  Radio DJs decided to flip the single over and started playing "I Gotcha".  This would result in Tex having his first major hit in five years as "I Gotcha" eventually peaked at Number 1 on the R&B chart and Number 2 on the Pop chart for two weeks, behind "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" by Roberta Flack and would sell around three million copies.  "Billboard" ranked it as the No. 6 song of 1972. <SEP> "Born to Die" is a song by American singer Lana Del Rey, taken from her second studio album of the same name.  The song was released as the singer's second single on December 30, 2011, through Interscope Records.  Musically, "Born to Die" is a ballad that speaks of a doomed relationship.  Critics noted that it features apocalyptic lyrics and strings similar to John Barry compositions.  It received mixed to positive reception from contemporary critics, who considered it as haunting as, yet similar to, Del Rey's previous single "Video Games".  In the United Kingdom, "Born to Die" became Del Rey's second top 10 single, when it peaked at No. 9 for the week ending February 4, 2012.
Question: Wait Till Next Year is a 1988 memoir by Mike Lupica an an American novelist who has won how many Academy Awards?

Wait Till Next Year is a 1988 memoir by Mike Lupica and William Goldman. <SEP> The Academy Honorary Award – instituted in 1948 for the 21st Academy Awards (previously called the Special Award, which was first presented in early 1929) – is given annually by the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to celebrate motion picture achievements that are not covered by existing Academy Awards, although prior winners of competitive Academy Awards are not excluded from receiving the Honorary Award.  Unless otherwise specified, Honorary Award recipients receive the same gold Oscar statuettes received by winners of the competitive Academy Awards.  Unlike the Special Achievement Award instituted in 1972 (and discontinued in 1995), those on whom the Academy confers its Honorary Award do not have to meet "the Academy's eligibility year and deadline requirements."  Like the Special Achievement Award, the Special Award and Honorary Award have been used to reward significant achievements of the year that did not fit in existing categories, subsequently leading the Academy to establish several new categories, and to honor exceptional career achievements, contributions to the motion picture industry, and service to the Academy.  The Academy Honorary Award is often awarded in preference to those with noted achievements in motion pictures who have nevertheless never won an Academy Award.  Thus, many of its recipients are Classic Hollywood stars, such as Lillian Gish, Barbara Stanwyck, Kirk Douglas, and Lauren Bacall. <SEP> Wait Till Helen Comes is a 1986 novel by American author Mary Downing Hahn.  It was first published on January 1, 1986 through HarperCollins and has since gone through several reprints.  The book won a 1989 Young Reader's Choice Award and follows a young girl that must deal with supernatural events that surround her.  The book deals with the subject of death and suicide, which has led some parents to request that the book be removed from school reading lists and school libraries. <SEP>  He came to prominence in the 1950s as a novelist, before turning to writing for film.  He has won two Academy Awards for his screenplays, first for the western "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" (1969) and again for "All the President's Men" (1976), about journalists who broke the Watergate scandal of President Richard Nixon. William Goldman (born August 12, 1931) is an American novelist, playwright, and screenwriter.  Both films starred Robert Redford.
Question: What  Indian people living near Rock Hill, South Carolina was Fort Dobbs meant to protect against?

 They live in the Southeast United States, along the border of North Carolina near the city of Rock Hill, South Carolina.  The Catawba were once considered one of the most powerful Southeastern Siouan-speaking tribes in the Carolina Piedmont. The Catawba, also known as Issa or Essa or Iswä but most commonly Iswa (Catawba: "iswa" - “people of the river”), are a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans, known as the Catawba Indian Nation.  The Catawba and other Siouan peoples are believed to have coalesced as individual tribes in the Southeast.  Living along the Catawba River they were named one of the most powerful tribes in the south. <SEP> Fort Dobbs was an 18th-century fort in the Yadkin–Pee Dee River Basin region of the Province of North Carolina, near what is now Statesville in Iredell County.  It was intended to provide protection against Cherokee, Catawba, Shawnee, Delaware and French raids into North Carolina.  Used for frontier defense during and after the French and Indian War, the fort was built to protect the British settlers of the western portion of what was then Rowan County, and served as a vital outpost for soldiers, traders, and colonial officials.  Fort Dobbs' primary structure was a blockhouse with log walls, surrounded by a palisade and moat. <SEP> Southcentral Foundation (SCF) is an Alaska Native health care organization established by Cook Inlet Region, Inc. (CIRI) in 1982 to improve the health and social conditions of Alaska Native and American Indian people, enhance culture, and empower individuals and families to take charge of their lives.  Alaska Native and American Indian people own, manage, direct, design, and drive our Southcentral Foundation.  Under the leadership of President and CEO Katherine Gottlieb, Southcentral Foundation has distinguished itself as one of Alaska’s largest federally recognized tribal health organizations, serving the needs of Alaska Native and American Indian people populating a geographical area of 107413 sqmi .  A wide range of medical services and human services are provided to Alaska Native and American Indian people living in the Municipality of Anchorage and Matanuska-Susitna Borough. <SEP> Fort Mill School District, officially known as York County School District 4, is a suburban school district located in York County, in north-central South Carolina, near Rock Hill serving the town of Fort Mill and the city of Tega Cay.
Question: Which role did the only non-American from Pajama Party originate in the Broadway musical "Rent"?

Daphne Rubin-Vega (born November 18, 1969) is a Panamanian-American dancer, singer-songwriter, and actress.  She is best known for originating the roles of Mimi Marquez in the Broadway musical "Rent" and Lucy in the Off-Broadway play "Jack Goes Boating". <SEP> Richard Pike Bissell (June 27, 1913 in Dubuque, Iowa – May 4, 1977) was an American author of short stories and novels.  His third book, and second novel, "7½ Cents", was adapted into the Broadway musical "The Pajama Game".  This won him (along with co-author George Abbott) the 1955 Tony Award for Best Musical.  He wrote a book about the experience called "Say, Darling", which chronicled the ins and outs of a broadway musical production and featured characters based on those (such as Harold Prince) he worked with; this book was "also" turned into a musical, also called "Say, Darling", in 1958. <SEP> Pajama Party is an American talk show broadcast in 2000 and hosted by Katie Puckrik.  The series was an American remake of the British television series "Pyjama Party" also created by Puckrik which she hosted in 1996. <SEP>  The members were Jennifer McQuilkin of New Jersey, Daphne Rubin-Vega of Panama, and Suzi Ranta of Michigan with songwriter Peggy Sendars and songwriter/producer Jim Klein. Pajama Party was an American female vocal trio from Brooklyn, New York active between 1988 and 1992.
Question: What is the birthdate of this monarch of three kingdoms of England, Scottland, and Ireland, who attempted to escape from Carisbrooke Castle?

William Levett, Esq., (sometimes spelled William Levet) was a long serving courtier to King Charles I of England.  Levett accompanied the King during his flight from Parliamentary forces, including his escape from Hampton Court palace, and eventually to his imprisonment in Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight, and finally to the scaffold on which he was executed.  Following the King's death, Levett wrote a letter claiming that he had witnessed the King writing the so-called Eikon Basilike during his imprisonment, an allegation that produced a flurry of new claims about the disputed manuscript and flamed a growing movement to rehabilitate the image of the executed monarch. <SEP> Carisbrooke is a village on the south western outskirts of Newport, Isle of Wight and is best known as the site of Carisbrooke Castle.  It also has a medieval parish church.  St. Mary's Church (overlooking Carisbrooke High Street with views to the castle), began life as part of a Benedictine priory, established by French monks about 1150.  The priory was dissolved by King Henry V of England in 1415 during the French Wars.  Neglect over the centuries took its toll, but in 1907 the church was restored to its full glory.  Its most striking feature is the 14th century tower, rising in five stages with a turret at one corner and a battlemented and pinnacled crown. <SEP> Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649 ) was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. <SEP>  Colonel Titus was an organiser in the attempted escape of King Charles I from Carisbrooke Castle. Silius Titus (1623–1704), of Bushey, was an English politician, Captain of Deal Castle, and Groom of the Bedchamber to King Charles II.
Question: Mike's New Car is a film directed by this director, called "almost universally successful" by which group?

Tony Southgate (born 25 May 1940, Coventry, England) is a British engineer and former racing car designer.  He designed many successful cars, including Jaguar's Le Mans-winning XJR-9, and cars for almost every type of circuit racing.  He was responsible for the chassis design of Ford's RS200 Group B rally car.  Southgate was employed as chief designer or technical director for many Formula One teams for over twenty years.  These teams included BRM, Shadow and Arrows.  Southgate retired after producing the Audi R8C, which was a major influence in the Bentley Speed 8, which won Le Mans in 2003.  He continues to be a regular visitor to current and historic race meetings. <SEP> Mike's New Car is a 2002 Pixar computer animated short comedy film, starring the two main characters from "Monsters, Inc.", Sulley and Mike.  Directed by Pete Docter and Roger L. Gould, it is the first Pixar short to use dialogue and the first to take characters and situations from a previously established work. <SEP> Hersham and Walton Motors (HWM) is the world's longest established Aston Martin business (having acquired the franchise in 1951) and is well known as a racing car constructor.  As a constructor, it is best known for its involvement in Formula Two from 1950 to 1953 and Formula One in 1954.  When HWM owners George Abecassis and John Heath went racing together from 1946 and in 1948 they built a streamlined sports racing car on the chassis of a Sports Alta, and thus embarked upon the construction of racing cars and racing sports cars at their motor works in Walton-on-Thames, England.  The 1948 car gave them encouraging results and so new car, this time called an HW-Alta, was constructed and raced in 1949; this car was sufficiently successful to convince the partners to embark upon building a full team of cars for the 1950 Formula Two season of British and continental events: these cars were known as HWMs. <SEP> Peter Hans "Pete" Docter (born October 9, 1968) is an American film director, animator, screenwriter, producer and voice actor from Bloomington, Minnesota.  He is best known for directing the animated feature films "Monsters, Inc." (2001), "Up" (2009) and "Inside Out" (2015) and as a key figure and collaborator at Pixar Animation Studios. " The A.V. Club" has called him "almost universally successful".  He has been nominated for eight Oscars (two wins thus far for "Up" and "Inside Out" – Best Animated Feature), seven Annie Awards (winning five), a BAFTA Children's Film Award (which he won), and a Hochi Film Award (which he won).  He has described himself as a "geeky kid from Minnesota who likes to draw cartoons."