Question: When were the subways built in the city where the sociolinguist who studied the accent at the University of Pennsylvania was educated?

The Philadelphia dialect, which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey, is part of Mid-Atlantic American English, and as such it is identical in many ways to the Baltimore dialect. Unlike the Baltimore dialect, however, the Philadelphia accent also shares many similarities with the New York accent. [f] Thanks to over a century of linguistics data collected by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia dialect under sociolinguist William Labov has been one of the best-studied forms of American English. <SEP> kobryn was educated at johns hopkins and new york university, and studied with john ashbery at the city university of new york. <SEP> She is the author or co-author of three books on sociolinguistics, the co-editor of three collections, and author of numerous scholarly papers in the field. Eckert received her PhD in linguistics in 1978 from Columbia University, where she was a student of William Labov. She attended undergrad at Oberlin College in 1963. <SEP> the palestra, often called the cathedral of college basketball, is an historic arena and the home gym of the penn quakers men's and women's basketball teams, volleyball teams, wrestling team, and philadelphia big 5 basketball. located at 235 south 33rd st. in philadelphia, pennsylvania on the campus of the university of pennsylvania, near franklin field in the university city section of philadelphia, it opened on january 1, 1927. the palestra has been called "the most important building in the history of college basketball" and "changed the entire history of the sport for which it was built." <SEP> By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT, later Brooklyn -- Manhattan Transit Corporation, BMT) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). The first underground line opened on October 27, 1904, almost 35 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. Many present lines were built under the Dual Contracts, and after 1913, all lines built for the IRT and most other lines built or improved for the BRT were built by the city and leased to the companies. The first line of the city - owned and operated Independent Subway System (IND) opened in 1932; this system was intended to compete with the private systems and allow some of the elevated railways to be torn down, but kept within the core of the City due to the low amount of startup capital provided to the municipal Board of Transportation, the later MTA, by the state. This required it to be run ``at cost '', necessitating fares up to double the five - cent fare popular at the time. <SEP> The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success as well. Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000.