Question: What year saw the publication of the version of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, engineered by the politician who succeeded the leader of the Bolsheviks in the November Revolution?

eventually almost all of the bolsheviks who had played prominent roles during the russian revolution of 1917, or in lenin's soviet government, were executed. out of six members of the original politburo during the 1917 october revolution who lived until the great purge, stalin himself was the only one who remained in the soviet union, alive. four of the other five were executed. the fifth, leon trotsky, had been forced into exile outside the soviet union in 1929, but was assassinated in mexico by soviet agent ramón mercader in 1940. of the seven members elected to the politburo between the october revolution and lenin's death in 1924, four were executed, one (tomsky) committed suicide and two (molotov and kalinin) lived. <SEP> the costs of the protracted war in money and manpower were great. high casualty rates in the war, increasing inflation after the end, compounded by heavy taxation, the deadly 1918 flu pandemic, and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in india. the pre-war indian nationalist sentiment was revived as moderate and extremist groups of the indian national congress ended their differences to unify. in 1916, the congress succeeded in establishing the lucknow pact, a temporary alliance with the all - india muslim league. british political concessions and whitehall's india policy after world war i began to change, with the passage of montagu -- chelmsford reforms, which initiated the first round of political reform in the indian subcontinent in 1917. however, this was deemed insufficient in reforms by the indian political movement. mahatma gandhi, recently returned to india, began emerging as an increasingly charismatic leader under whose leadership civil disobedience movements grew rapidly as an expression of political unrest. the recently crushed ghadar conspiracy, the presence of mahendra pratap's kabul mission in afghanistan (with possible links to then nascent bolshevik russia), and a still - active revolutionary movement especially in punjab and bengal (as well as worsening civil unrest throughout india) led to the appointment of a sedition committee in 1918 chaired by sidney rowlatt, an english judge. it was tasked to evaluate german and bolshevik links to the militant movement in india, especially in punjab and bengal. on the recommendations of the committee, the rowlatt act, an extension of the defence of india act 1915, was enforced in india to limit civil liberties. <SEP> In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German–Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi–Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution. <SEP> A period of dual power ensued, during which the Provisional Government held state power while the national network of soviets, led by socialists, had the allegiance of the lower classes and, increasingly, the left - leaning urban middle class. During this chaotic period there were frequent mutinies, protests and many strikes. When the Provisional Government chose to continue fighting the war with Germany, the Bolsheviks and other socialist factions were able to exploit virtually universal disdain towards the war effort as justification to advance the revolution further. The Bolsheviks turned workers' militias under their control into the Red Guards (later the Red Army) over which they exerted substantial control. Many socialist political organizations were engaged in daily struggle and vied for influence within the Duma and the soviets, central among which were the Bolsheviks (``Ones of the Majority '') led by Vladimir Lenin who campaigned for an immediate end to the war, land to the peasants, and bread to the workers. <SEP> The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians.