Question: Which hospital, the Psychiatric Institute of Washington or Howard University Hospital, is known for serving the African American community including former slaves?

Passages:
Flat Rock is a historic African American community in DeKalb County, Georgia.  It is located within the city of Lithonia, as well as the Arabia Mountain National Heritage Area.  Flat Rock is believed to be the oldest African American settlement in DeKalb County and one of the oldest in Georgia.  It began as an agricultural community bounded by the large South, Lyon, and Johnson farms.  After emancipation, many former slaves stayed in the area, building schools, churches, and civic organizations.  The community remained intact through The Great Migration and is the site of Flat Rock Archives and a historic cemetery. John C. Markowitz (born 1954 in New York City) is an American physician, a Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons and a Psychiatric Researcher at the New York State Psychiatric Institute.  For several decades he has conducted research on psychotherapies and medications as treatments for mood disorders (major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder), anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.  He is currently conducting an outcome study of three psychotherapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) thanks to a five year grant from the National Institute of Mental Health.  He is most widely published in the area of interpersonal psychotherapy or IPT, a manualized form of treatment, in which he was trained by the late Gerald L. Klerman, M.D. Dr. Markowitz is a graduate of Columbia University and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and received his psychiatric residency training at the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic of Cornell University Medical School/New York-Presbyterian Hospital. Nellie Louise Young (June 7, 1907 - September 22, 1997) was the first African American woman licensed to practice medicine in Maryland.  Young was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Dr. Howard E. Young, Maryland's first African American pharmacist, and Estelle Hall Young.  Her father's pharmacy served as a place of inspiration for Young as a child:"I admired the doctors...and I wanted to be able to send my prescriptions to my father's drugstore. "She attended the old Colored High School (now Fredrick Douglass High School) in Baltimore.  Following her graduation in 1924, Young enrolled in Howard University where she earned her bachelor of science degree in social sciences and later obtained her medical degree from the Howard University School of Medicine in 1930.  Young initially served as an intern at Freedmen’s Hospital in Washington, D.C., after she was not accepted to the Provident Hospital in Baltimore due to the lack of housing accommodations for women.  After her internship, Young opened her own practice in offices above her father's drugstore in 1932.  Around the same time, she was appointed staff physician at the Maryland Training School for Girls, where she served from 1933-1940. Museum Ovartaci in Aarhus, Denmark is a combined art and historical museum dedicated to the history of psychiatric treatment and art produced by patients at the Risskov Psychiatric Hospital.  It is a part of Aarhus University Hospital and resides in the same buildings as the Psychiatric Hospital in Risskov.  The museum also offers social programmes directed at psychiatric patients, including an open atelier, creative workshops and a café. The New York State Psychiatric Institute, located in the Columbia University Medical Center in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was established in 1895 as one of the first institutions in the United States to integrate teaching, research and therapeutic approaches to the care of patients with mental illnesses.  In 1925, the Institute affiliated with Presbyterian Hospital, now New York-Presbyterian Hospital, adding general hospital facilities to the Institute's psychiatric services and research laboratories. Howard University Hospital, previously known as Freedmen's Hospital, is a major hospital lcated in Washington, D.C., built on the site of the previous Griffith Stadium.  The hospital has served the African American community in the area for over 150 years, having been established in 1862 to cater for the medical needs of the thousands of African Americans who came to Washington during the Civil War, seeking their freedom.  The first hospital of its kind to provide medical treatment for former slaves, it later became the major hospital for the area's African-American community.  Following the closure of D.C. General Hospital, As of 2016, the hospital has the highest rate of wrongful death lawsuits of any health facility in Washington D.C. over the previous decade. The Psychiatric Institute of Washington (PIW) is an acute (104 bed) psychiatric hospital in Washington, D.C. Opened in 1967, PIW is a short-term, private hospital.  It offers behavioral healthcare to patients suffering from mental and addictive illnesses, including children, adolescents, adults and the elderly.  Services offered by PIW include inpatient, partial and intensive outpatient hospitalization, and group treatment programs for substance abuse and addiction. The New Freedmen's Clinic (first opened in the summer of 2009) is a free student-run health care clinic affiliated with Howard University Hospital (HUH) and Howard University College of Medicine (HUCM).  It gets its name from HUH's original name - Freedmen's Hospital.  It is currently located in the heart of Washington, DC, within HUH. University Hospital Limerick (formerly known as Limerick Regional Hospital or Mid-Western Regional Hospital, Limerick) is a hospital located in Dooradoyle, Limerick, Ireland.  It is managed by the Irish Government's Health Service Executive and provides acute-care hospital services, including a 24-hour emergency department, for the population of Ireland's Mid West Region, encompassing; counties Limerick, Clare, North Tipperary, and South Tipperary.  In 2008, the hospital served 120,316 out-patients, and 23,014 in-patients, with an average stay of 5.8 nights.  72.8% of admissions were made via the accident and emergency department or 16,720 patients.  In total, 56,528 patients presented to the emergency department in 2008.  The hospital saw 20,143-day cases in the same year.  In July 2011, it was reported that the hospital would undergo its third name change in five years to become University Hospital Limerick following the establishment of the Graduate Medical School at the University of Limerick which is affiliated to the hospital. Charles DeWitt Watts (September 21, 1917 – July 12, 2004) was an African American surgeon and activist for the poor.  Watts was the first surgeon of African American ancestry in North Carolina.  Earning his medical degree in 1943 from Howard University College, he was the first African American board certified surgeon to serve in North Carolina.  After surgical training at Freedman's Hospital in Washington, D.C. in 1949, he moved to Durham, North Carolina in 1950 and established a clinic to provide access to medical services for the poor.  Breaking the social customs of racial obstacles, he advocated for certification of African American medical students.  He also became a member of many professional colleges including the National Academy of Science's Institute of Medicine and the American College of Surgeons.  He served as chief of surgery at Durham's Lincoln Hospital and was later one of the key figures in converting it to the Lincoln Community Health Center, a low-priced clinic for the poor.

Supporting sentences:
Howard University Hospital, previously known as Freedmen's Hospital, is a major hospital lcated in Washington, D.C., built on the site of the previous Griffith Stadium.  The hospital has served the African American community in the area for over 150 years, having been established in 1862 to cater for the medical needs of the thousands of African Americans who came to Washington during the Civil War, seeking their freedom.  The first hospital of its kind to provide medical treatment for former slaves, it later became the major hospital for the area's African-American community.