Question:  Intelligent Design is a summary of mathematical theory based on a book by a philosopher of what ethnicity?

<P0-S0>  In the book he distinguishes between 3 general modes of competing explanations in order of priority: regularity, chance, and design. <P0-S1>  The processes in which regularity, chance, and design are ruled out one by one until one remains as a reasonable and sufficient explanation for an event, are what he calls an "explanatory filter". <P0-S2>  It is a method that tries to eliminate competing explanations in a systematic fashion including when a highly improbable event conforms to a discernible pattern that is given independently of the event itself. <P0-S3> The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small Probabilities is a 1998 book by American philosopher and mathematician William A. Dembski, a proponent of intelligent design, which sets out to establish approaches by which evidence of intelligent agency could be inferred in natural and social situations. <P0-S4>  This pattern is Dembski's concept of specified complexity. <P0-S5>  Throughout the book he uses diverse examples such as detectability of spontaneous generation and occurrence of natural phenomena and cases of deceit like ballot rigging, plagiarism, falsification of data, etc. <SEP> <P1-S0> Signature in the Cell: DNA and the Evidence for Intelligent Design is a 2009 book about intelligent design by philosopher and intelligent design advocate Stephen C. Meyer. <P1-S1>  The book was well received by some within the conservative, intelligent design and evangelical communities, but several other reviewers were critical and wrote that Meyer's claims are incorrect. <SEP> <P2-S0>  Dembski defines the term "specified complexity", and argues that instances of it in nature cannot be explained by Darwinian evolution, but instead are consistent with the intelligent design. <P2-S1>  He also derives an instance of his self-declared law of conservation of information and uses it to argue against Darwinian evolution. <P2-S2>  The book is a summary treatment of the mathematical theory he presents in "The Design Inference" (1998), and is intended to be largely understandable by a nontechnical audience. <P2-S3> Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science and Theology is a 1999 book by William A. Dembski which presents an argument in support of intelligent design. <P2-S4>  Dembski also provides a Christian theological commentary, and analysis of, what he perceives to be the historical and cultural significance of the ideas. <SEP> <P3-S0> Computational Infrastructure for Operations Research (COIN-OR), is a project that aims to "create for mathematical software what the open literature is for mathematical theory." <P3-S1>  The open literature (e.g., a research journal) provides the operations research (OR) community with a peer-review process and an archive. <P3-S2>  Papers in operations research journals on mathematical theory often contain supporting numerical results from computational studies. <P3-S3>  The software implementations, models, and data used to produce the numerical results are typically not published. <P3-S4>  The status quo impeded researchers needing to reproduce computational results, make fair comparisons, and extend the state of the art.