Question: Who fathered the explorer first to reach the continent they are mainly distributed to by sailing west across the source of the warm moist air mass over the Andes in Argentina?

<P0-S0> Vasco da Gama's father was Estêvão da Gama, who had served in the 1460s as a knight of the household of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu. <P0-S1> He rose in the ranks of the military Order of Santiago. <P0-S2> Estêvão da Gama was appointed "alcaide-mór" (civil governor) of Sines in the 1460s, a post he held until 1478; after that he continued as a receiver of taxes and holder of the Order's commendas in the region. <SEP> <P1-S0> Although the centre and the eastern parts of the country are mostly flat, the west is mountainous. <P1-S1> Both the Andes and Sierras Pampeanas affect the climate of Argentina, leading to differences in temperature, pressure, and spatial distribution of precipitation depending on the topography and altitude. <P1-S2> Owing to the higher altitudes of the Andes north of 40 S, they completely block the normal westerly flow, preventing low pressure systems containing moisture from the Pacific Ocean from coming in. <P1-S3> Here, the Andes exert an important influence on the climate. <P1-S4> Thus, much of Argentina north of 40 S is dominated by wind circulation patterns from the South Atlantic High. <P1-S5> South of 40 S, the Andes are lower in altitude, allowing much of Patagonia to be dominated by westerly winds and air masses from the Pacific Ocean. <P1-S6> However, the north -- south orientation of the Andes creates a barrier for humid air masses originating from the Pacific Ocean. <P1-S7> This is because they force these air masses upwards, cooling adiabactically. <P1-S8> Most of the moisture is dropped on the Chilean side, causing abundant precipitation and cloudiness while on the Argentine side, the air warms adiabatically, causing it to become drier as it descends. <P1-S9> Thus, an extensive rain -- shadow is present in much of Patagonia, causing it to receive very little precipitation. <P1-S10> The Sierras Pampeanas influences the climate on a much smaller scale than the Andes. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Portuguese Vasco da Gama, accompanied by Nicolau Coelho and Bartolomeu Dias, is the first European to reach India by an all - sea route from Europe. <SEP> <P3-S0> explorer james clark ross passed through what is now known as the ross sea and discovered ross island (both of which were named after him) in 1841. he sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the ross ice shelf. <P3-S1> mount erebus and mount terror are named after two ships from his expedition: hms erebus and terror. <P3-S2> mercator cooper landed in east antarctica on 26 january 1853.during the nimrod expedition led by ernest shackleton in 1907, parties led by edgeworth david became the first to climb mount erebus and to reach the south magnetic pole. <P3-S3> douglas mawson, who assumed the leadership of the magnetic pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. in addition, shackleton and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in december 1908 – february 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the ross ice shelf, the first to traverse the transantarctic mountains (via the beardmore glacier), and the first to set foot on the south polar plateau. <P3-S4> an expedition led by norwegian polar explorer roald amundsen from the ship fram became the first to reach the geographic south pole on 14 december 1911, using a route from the bay of whales and up the axel heiberg glacier. <P3-S5> one month later, the doomed scott expedition reached the pole. <SEP> <P4-S0> They have a wide distribution across Asia with populations in the forests of southwestern and central India which are slightly separated from their ranges in the Himalayas and Southeast Asia. <P4-S1> The heart-spotted woodpecker (Hemicircus canente) is a species of bird in the woodpecker family. <P4-S2> They have a contrasting black and white pattern, a distinctively stubby body with a large wedge-shaped head making them easy to identify while their frequent calling make them easy to detect as they forage for invertebrates under the bark of the slender outer branches of trees. <P4-S3> They move about in pairs or small groups and are often found in mixed-species foraging flocks. <SEP> <P5-S0> tropical and equatorial air masses are hot as they develop over lower latitudes. <P5-S1> those that develop over land (continental) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans, and travel poleward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge. <P5-S2> maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses. <P5-S3> monsoon air masses are moist and unstable. <P5-S4> superior air masses are dry, and rarely reach the ground. <P5-S5> they normally reside over maritime tropical air masses, forming a warmer and drier layer over the more moderate moist air mass below, forming what is known as a trade wind inversion over the maritime tropical air mass. <P5-S6> continental polar air masses (cp) are air masses that are cold and dry due to their continental source region. <P5-S7> continental polar air masses that affect north america form over interior canada. <P5-S8> continental tropical air masses (ct) are a type of tropical air produced by the subtropical ridge over large areas of land and typically originate from low - latitude deserts such as the sahara desert in northern africa, which is the major source of these air masses. <P5-S9> other less important sources producing ct air masses are the arabian peninsula, the central arid / semi-arid part of australia and deserts lying in the southwestern united states. <P5-S10> continental tropical air masses are extremely hot and dry.