Question: The person who paid for Chopin's funeral invited him to a country that gained independence from England in what year?

<P0-S0> jones comments that "chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." <P0-S1> he also notes that chopin was fortunate to arrive in paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what chopin asked for their lessons"—and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. <P0-S2> while his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable paris soirées) led arthur hutchings to suggest that "his lack of byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional" among his romantic contemporaries, such as liszt and henri herz. <SEP> <P1-S0> She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. <P1-S1> He wrote at this time to Grzymała "My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores", and responding to a rumour about his involvement, answered that he was "closer to the grave than the nuptial bed." <P1-S2> He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. <P1-S3> In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family. <P1-S4> In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote out his last will and testament—"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere", he wrote to Grzymała. <SEP> <P2-S0> two polish friends in paris were also to play important roles in chopin's life there. <P2-S1> his fellow student at the warsaw conservatory, julian fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in england; albert grzymała, who in paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as chopin's adviser and "gradually began to fill the role of elder brother in [his] life." <P2-S2> fontana was to become, in the words of michałowski and samson, chopin's "general factotum and copyist". <SEP> <P3-S0> Despite the excommunication of Bruce and his followers by Pope Clement V, his support slowly strengthened; and by 1314 with the help of leading nobles such as Sir James Douglas and Thomas Randolph only the castles at Bothwell and Stirling remained under English control. <P3-S1> Rivals John Comyn and Robert the Bruce, grandson of the claimant, were appointed as joint guardians in his place. <P3-S2> On 10 February 1306, Bruce participated in the murder of Comyn, at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries. <P3-S3> Less than seven weeks later, on 25 March, Bruce was crowned as King. <P3-S4> However, Edward's forces overran the country after defeating Bruce's small army at the Battle of Methven. <P3-S5> Edward I had died in 1307. <P3-S6> His heir Edward II moved an army north to break the siege of Stirling Castle and reassert control. <P3-S7> Robert defeated that army at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, securing de facto independence. <P3-S8> In 1320 the Declaration of Arbroath, a remonstrance to the Pope from the nobles of Scotland, helped convince Pope John XXII to overturn the earlier excommunication and nullify the various acts of submission by Scottish kings to English ones so that Scotland's sovereignty could be recognised by the major European dynasties. <P3-S9> The Declaration has also been seen as one of the most important documents in the development of a Scottish national identity. <SEP> <P4-S0> Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. <P4-S1> Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850. <P4-S2> [n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them. <P4-S3> The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw.