Question: When did the bronze age end in the country for whom a stringed argent is what a lion is to the nation Chopin was invited to by the person who paid for his funeral?

<P0-S0> She clearly had a notion of going beyond mere friendship, and Chopin was obliged to make it clear to her that this could not be so. <P0-S1> He wrote at this time to Grzymała "My Scottish ladies are kind, but such bores", and responding to a rumour about his involvement, answered that he was "closer to the grave than the nuptial bed." <P0-S2> He gave a public concert in Glasgow on 27 September, and another in Edinburgh, at the Hopetoun Rooms on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. <P0-S3> In late summer he was invited by Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Calder House near Edinburgh and at Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family. <P0-S4> In late October 1848, while staying at 10 Warriston Crescent in Edinburgh with the Polish physician Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote out his last will and testament—"a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere", he wrote to Grzymała. <SEP> <P1-S0> The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom are "Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or [for England]; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules [for Scotland]; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent [for Ireland]". <P1-S1> The supporters are the Lion and the Unicorn; the motto is "Dieu et mon droit" (French: "God and my Right"). <P1-S2> Surrounding the shield is a representation of a Garter bearing the motto of the Chivalric order of the same name; "Honi soit qui mal y pense". <P1-S3> (Old French: "Shame be to him who thinks evil of it"). <P1-S4> In Scotland, the monarch uses an alternative form of the arms in which quarters I and IV represent Scotland, II England, and III Ireland. <P1-S5> The mottoes are "In Defens" (an abbreviated form of the Scots "In My Defens God Me Defend") and the motto of the Order of the Thistle; "Nemo me impune lacessit". <P1-S6> (Latin: "No-one provokes me with impunity"); the supporters are the unicorn and lion, who support both the escutcheon and lances, from which fly the flags of Scotland and England. <SEP> <P2-S0> at the end of 1831, chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when robert schumann, reviewing the op. <P2-S1> 2 variations in the allgemeine musikalische zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "hats off, gentlemen! <P2-S2> a genius." <P2-S3> on 26 february 1832 chopin gave a debut paris concert at the salle pleyel which drew universal admiration. <P2-S4> the critic françois-joseph fétis wrote in the revue et gazette musicale: "here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ..." after this concert, chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. <P2-S5> later that year he was introduced to the wealthy rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite). <P2-S6> by the end of 1832 chopin had established himself among the parisian musical elite, and had earned the respect of his peers such as hiller, liszt, and berlioz. <P2-S7> he no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over europe. <P2-S8> this freed him from the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked. <SEP> <P3-S0> jones comments that "chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." <P3-S1> he also notes that chopin was fortunate to arrive in paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what chopin asked for their lessons"—and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. <P3-S2> while his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable paris soirées) led arthur hutchings to suggest that "his lack of byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional" among his romantic contemporaries, such as liszt and henri herz. <SEP> <P4-S0> During the Bronze Age, the climate of Ireland deteriorated and extensive deforestation took place. <P4-S1> The population of Ireland at the end of the Bronze Age was probably in excess of 100,000, and may have been as high as 200,000. <P4-S2> It is possible that it was not much greater than it had been at the height of the Neolithic. <P4-S3> In Ireland the Bronze Age lasted until c. 500BC, later than the continent and also Britain. <SEP> <P5-S0> The expenses of the funeral and monument, amounting to 5,000 francs, were covered by Jane Stirling, who also paid for the return of the composer's sister Ludwika to Warsaw. <P5-S1> Chopin's tombstone, featuring the muse of music, Euterpe, weeping over a broken lyre, was designed and sculpted by Clésinger. <P5-S2> Ludwika took Chopin's heart in an urn, preserved in alcohol, back to Poland in 1850. <P5-S3> [n 9] She also took a collection of two hundred letters from Sand to Chopin; after 1851 these were returned to Sand, who seems to have destroyed them.