Question: The equivalence between lost mechanical energy and increases in temperature was discovered by an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born where?

<P0-S0> In the physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. <P0-S1>  It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object. <P0-S2>  The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that in an isolated system that is only subject to conservative forces the mechanical energy is constant. <P0-S3>  If an object is moved in the opposite direction of a conservative net force, the potential energy will increase and if the speed (not the velocity) of the object is changed, the kinetic energy of the object is changed as well. <P0-S4>  The equivalence between lost mechanical energy (dissipation) and an increase in temperature was discovered by James Prescott Joule. <P0-S5>  In all real systems, however, nonconservative forces, like frictional forces, will be present, but often they are of negligible values and the mechanical energy's being constant can therefore be a useful approximation. <P0-S6>  In elastic collisions, the mechanical energy is conserved but in inelastic collisions, some mechanical energy is converted into heat. <SEP> <P1-S0> A thermal neutral zone (TNZ) is essentially an endotherm's temperature tolerance range. <P1-S1>  Within the TNZ the basal rate of heat production is in equilibrium with the rate of heat loss to the external environment. <P1-S2>  The endotherm does not have to use large amounts of energy to control its temperature within the thermal neutral zone, the organism adjusts to the temperatures within the zone through different responses requiring little energy. <P1-S3>  It can show postural changes where it changes its body shape or moves and exposes different areas to the sun/shade, and through radiation, convection and conduction, heat exchange occurs. <P1-S4>  Vasomotor responses allow control of the flow of blood between the periphery and the core to control heat loss from the surface of the body. <P1-S5>  Lastly, the organism can show insulation adjustments; a common example being “goosebumps” in humans where hair follicles are raised by pilomotor muscles, also shown in animals’ pelage and plumage. <P1-S6>  This allows heat to be trapped between hairs. <P1-S7>  Below the thermal neutral zone there is the zone of LCT (lower critical temperature) and above there is the zone of UCT (upper critical temperature). <P1-S8>  The organism reaches the LCT when the Ta (ambient temp.) <P1-S9>  decreases. <P1-S10>  When an organism reaches this stage the metabolic rate increases significantly and thermogenesis increases the Tb (body temp.) <P1-S11>  If the Ta continues to decrease far below the LCT hypothermia occurs. <P1-S12>  When the Ta reaches too far out of the UCT the rate heat gain and heat production become higher than the rate of heat dissipation (heat loss through evaporative cooling), resulting in hyperthermia. <SEP> <P2-S0>  Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work (see energy). <P2-S1>  This led to the law of conservation of energy, which led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. <P2-S2> James Prescott Joule FRS HFRSE DCL LLD ( ; (24 December 1818 11 October 1889) was an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Stefan–Boltzmann constant (also Stefan's constant), a physical constant denoted by the Greek letter "σ" (sigma), is the constant of proportionality in the Stefan–Boltzmann law: "the total intensity radiated over all wavelengths increases as the temperature increases", of a black body which is proportional to the fourth power of the thermodynamic temperature. <P3-S1>  The theory of thermal radiation lays down the theory of quantum mechanics, by using physics to relate to molecular, atomic and sub-atomic levels. <P3-S2>  Slovenian physicist Josef Stefan formulated the constant in 1879, and it was later derived in 1884 by Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. <P3-S3>  The equation can also be derived from Planck's Law, by integrating over all wavelengths at a given temperature, which will represent a small flat black body box. <P3-S4>  "The amount of thermal radiation emitted increases rapidly and the principal frequency of the radiation becomes higher with increasing temperatures". <P3-S5>  The Stefan–Boltzmann constant can be used to measure the amount of heat that is emitted by a blackbody, which absorbs all of the radiant energy that hits it, and will emit all the radiant energy. <P3-S6>  Furthermore, the Stefan–Boltzmann constant allows for temperature (K) to be converted to units for intensity (W m), which is power per unit area.