Question: Who ruled the country known for its populations of Muslims, and the people who traded slaves into the Middle East, before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad?

<P0-S0> The Quran and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in The Farewell Sermon. <P0-S1> Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. <P0-S2> But after Muhammad's passing, the old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface. <P0-S3> Following the Roman–Persian Wars and the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, deep rooted differences between Iraq, formally under the Persian Sassanid Empire, and Syria, formally under the Byzantine Empire, also existed. <P0-S4> Each wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in their area. <P0-S5> Previously, the second caliph Umar was very firm on the governors and his spies kept an eye on them. <P0-S6> If he felt that a governor or a commander was becoming attracted to wealth, he had him removed from his position. <SEP> <P1-S0> Most Kurds (8.5%) and most Turkoman (3%) are Sunni and account for the difference between Sunnis and Sunni Arabs, while 13% of Syrians are Shia Muslims (particularly Alawite, Twelvers, and Ismailis but there are also Arabs, Kurds and Turkoman), 10% Christian (the majority are Antiochian Greek Orthodox, the rest are Syrian Orthodox, Greek Catholic and other Catholic Rites, Assyrian Church of the East, Armenian Orthodox, Protestants and other denominations), and 3% Druze. <P1-S1> Druze number around 500,000, and concentrate mainly in the southern area of Jabal al-Druze.President Bashar al-Assad's family is Alawite and Alawites dominate the government of Syria and hold key military positions. <P1-S2> Sunni Muslims make up between 69–74% of Syria's population and Sunni Arabs account for 59–60% of the population. <P1-S3> In May 2013, SOHR stated that out of 94,000 killed during the Syrian Civil War, at least 41,000 were Alawites.Christians (2.5 million), a sizable number of whom are found among Syria's population of Palestinian refugees, are divided into several sects: Chalcedonian Antiochian Orthodox make up 45.7% of the Christian population; the Catholics (Melkite, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Catholic, Maronite, Chaldean Catholic and Latin) make up 16.2%; the Armenian Apostolic Church 10.9%, the Syriac Orthodox make up 22.4%; Assyrian Church of the East and several smaller Christian denominations account for the remainder. <P1-S4> Many Christian monasteries also exist. <P1-S5> Many Christian Syrians belong to a high socio-economic class. <SEP> <P2-S0> the atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved african people, mainly from africa to the americas, and then their sale there. <P2-S1> the slave trade used mainly the triangular trade route and its middle passage, and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries. <P2-S2> the vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the transatlantic slave trade were africans from central and western africa, who had been sold by other west africans to western european slave traders (with a small number being captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids), who brought them to the americas. <P2-S3> the south atlantic and caribbean economies especially were dependent on the supply of secure labour for the production of commodity crops, making goods and clothing to sell in europe. <P2-S4> this was crucial to those western european countries which, in the late 17th and 18th centuries, were vying with each other to create overseas empires. <SEP> <P3-S0> Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, part of the Mali Empire; parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century. <P3-S1> Previously slaves had been traded by Arabs north to the northern part of Africa and into the Middle East. <P3-S2> Other parts of the territory in the current country were considered by the Portuguese as part of their empire. <P3-S3> Portuguese Guinea was known as the Slave Coast, as it was a major area for the exportation of African slaves by Europeans to the western hemisphere. <SEP> <P4-S0> it is forbidden for the divine leader not to be from the family of muhammad. <P4-S1> [citation needed] according to ali al-ridha, since it is obligatory to obey him, there should be a sign to clearly indicate the divine leader. <P4-S2> that sign is his well-known ties of kinship with muhammad and his clear appointment so that the people could distinguish him from others, and be clearly guided toward him. <P4-S3> otherwise others are nobler than muhammad's offspring and they are to be followed and obeyed; and the offspring of muhammad are obedient and subject to the offspring of muhammad’s enemies such as abi jahl or ibn abi ma’eet. <P4-S4> [original research?] <P4-S5> however, muhammad is much nobler than others to be in charge and to be obeyed. <P4-S6> moreover, once the prophethood of muhammad is testified they would obey him, no one would hesitate to follow his offspring and this would not be hard for anyone. <P4-S7> while to follow the offspring of the corrupted families is difficult. <P4-S8> [original research?] <P4-S9> and that is maybe why the basic characteristic of muhammad and other prophets was their nobility. <P4-S10> [original research?] <P4-S11> for none of them, it is said, were originated from a disgraced family. <P4-S12> [citation needed] it is believed that all muhammad's ancestors up to adam were true muslims. <P4-S13> [a][citation needed] jesus was also from a pious family, as it is mentioned in quran that after his birth, people said to mary: o sister of aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste. <P4-S14> "[b][improper synthesis?]