Question: What year was there a refusal to surrender to Namibia from the country that contains the birthplace of Johannes d'Outrein?

<P0-S0> He studied in Franeker, where he earned his doctorate in 1682. <P0-S1> He was a preacher in Oost-Zanen in 1685, Franeker in 1687, Arnhem in 1691, Dordrecht in 1703 and Amsterdam in 1708, where he died in 1722. <P0-S2> He was a prominent exponent of the Cocceian movement, and Friedrich Adolph Lampe was one of his disciples. <P0-S3> Outrein believed that God was "the alliance God of the Netherlands, of his chosen people, who are gathered there and live there". <P0-S4> Johannes d'Outrein (Jan d'Outrein) (17 October 1662 in Middelburg – 24 February 1722 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch preacher, writer and author of evangelical theological works. <SEP> <P1-S0> Boschmanskop No 1+2 Dam, is an earth-fill type dam on the Woes-Alleen River, near Middelburg, Mpumalanga, South Africa. <P1-S1> It was established in 1995. <P1-S2> Its primary purpose is flood control and it is owned by Optimum Colliery Pullen's Hope. <SEP> <P2-S0> South Africa occupied the colony in 1915 after defeating the German force during World War I and administered it from 1919 onward as a League of Nations mandate territory. <P2-S1> Although the South African government desired to incorporate 'South-West Africa' into its territory, it never officially did so, although it was administered as the de facto 'fifth province', with the white minority having representation in the whites-only Parliament of South Africa, as well as electing their own local administration the SWA Legislative Assembly. <P2-S2> The South African government also appointed the SWA administrator, who had extensive powers. <P2-S3> Following the League's replacement by the United Nations in 1946, South Africa refused to surrender its earlier mandate to be replaced by a United Nations Trusteeship agreement, requiring closer international monitoring of the territory's administration (along with a definite independence schedule). <P2-S4> The Herero Chief's Council submitted a number of petitions to the UN calling for it to grant Namibia independence during the 1950s. <P2-S5> During the 1960s, when European powers granted independence to their colonies and trust territories in Africa, pressure mounted on South Africa to do so in Namibia. <P2-S6> In 1966 the International Court of Justice dismissed a complaint brought by Ethiopia and Liberia against South Africa's continued presence in the territory, but the U.N. General Assembly subsequently revoked South Africa's mandate, while in 1971 the International Court of Justice issued an "advisory opinion" declaring South Africa's continued administration to be illegal. <SEP> <P3-S0> in august 1993, prior to the end of apartheid, the multiparty negotiating forum in south africa passed a resolution calling for ``the incorporation - reintegration of walvis bay and the off - shore islands into namibia. <P3-S1> ''the transfer of walvis bay to namibia act was passed by the parliament of south africa that year. <P3-S2> following the signing of a treaty between the two countries, south africa formally transferred sovereignty of walvis bay and the penguin islands to namibia on 1 march 1994. <SEP> <P4-S0> compared to neighbouring countries, namibia has a large degree of media freedom. <P4-S1> over the past years, the country usually ranked in the upper quarter of the press freedom index of reporters without borders, reaching position 21 in 2010, being on par with canada and the best-positioned african country. <P4-S2> the african media barometer shows similarly positive results. <P4-S3> [citation needed] however, as in other countries, there is still mentionable influence of representatives of state and economy on media in namibia. <P4-S4> in 2009, namibia dropped to position 36 on the press freedom index. <P4-S5> in 2013, it was 19th. <P4-S6> in 2014 it ranked 22nd