Question: What was the famous work of an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from a city in modern-day Uzbekistan and is one of the oldest inhabited cities in Central Asia ?

<P0-S0> Mīrzā Muhammad Tāraghay bin Shāhrukh (Chagatai: میرزا محمد طارق بن شاہ رخ , Persian: میرزا محمد تراغای بن شاہ رخ‎ ‎ ), better known as Ulugh Beg () (March 22, 1394 in Sultaniyeh, Persia – October 27, 1449, Samarkand), was a Timurid ruler as well as an astronomer, mathematician and sultan. <P0-S1>  His commonly known name is not truly a personal name, but rather a moniker, which can be loosely translated as "Great Ruler" or "Patriarch Ruler" and was the Turkic equivalent of Timur's Perso-Arabic title "Amīr-e Kabīr". <P0-S2>  His real name was "Mīrzā Mohammad Tāraghay bin Shāhrukh". <P0-S3>  Ulugh Beg was also notable for his work in astronomy-related mathematics, such as trigonometry and spherical geometry. <P0-S4>  He built the great Ulugh Beg Observatory in Samarkand between 1424 and 1429. <P0-S5>  It was considered by scholars to have been one of the finest observatories in the Islamic world at the time and the largest in Central Asia. <P0-S6>  He built the Ulugh Beg Madrasah (1417–1420) in Samarkand and Bukhara, transforming the cities into cultural centers of learning in Central Asia. <P0-S7>  He was also a mathematician of the 15th century — albeit his mental aptitude was perseverance rather than any unusual endowment of intellect. <P0-S8>  His observatory is situated in Samarkand which is in Uzbekistan. <P0-S9>  He ruled Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, southern Kazakhstan and most of Afghanistan from 1411 to 1449. <SEP> <P1-S0>  There is evidence of human activity in the area of the city from the late Paleolithic era, though there is no direct evidence of when exactly Samarkand was founded; some theories indicate that it was founded between the 8th and 7th centuries BC. <P1-S1> Samarkand (Uzbek: "Samarqand" ; Persian: سمرقند‎ ‎ ; Cyrillic/Russian: "Самарканд" ), alternatively Samarqand or Samarcand, is a city in modern-day Uzbekistan and is one of the oldest inhabited cities in Central Asia. <P1-S2>  Prospering from its location on the Silk Road between China and the Mediterranean, at times Samarkand was one of the greatest cities of Central Asia. <SEP> <P2-S0>  As a disciple of Ulugh Beg, he is best known for the development of astronomical physics independent from natural philosophy, and for providing empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation in his treatise, "Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy". <P2-S1> Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed (1403 – 16 December 1474), known as Ali Qushji (Ottoman Turkish/Persian language: علی قوشچی, "kuşçu" – falconer in Turkish; Latin: "Ali Kushgii") was an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand, who settled in the Ottoman Empire some time before 1472. <P2-S2>  In addition to his contributions to Ulugh Beg's famous work Zij-i-Sultani and to the founding of Sahn-ı Seman Medrese, one of the first centers for the study of various traditional Islamic sciences in the Ottoman caliphate, Ali Kuşçu was also the author of several scientific works and textbooks on astronomy. <SEP> <P3-S0> Tirmizi or Tirmidhi or Termezi (Persian: ترمذی‎ ‎ ) is a surname in Central Asia and South Asia . <P3-S1>  Their forefathers migrated in the 9th or 10th CE to what is now Pakistan (at that time India) from Tirmiz, a town of modern-day Uzbekistan, hence the use of the surname of Tirmizi. <P3-S2>  .