Question: Who was born first, Herta Müller or Arthur Koestler?

<P0-S0>  Koestler was born in Budapest and, apart from his early school years, was educated in Austria. <P0-S1>  In 1931 Koestler joined the Communist Party of Germany until, disillusioned by Stalinism, he resigned in 1938. <P0-S2>  In 1940 he published his novel "Darkness at Noon", an anti-totalitarian work that gained him international fame. <P0-S3>  Over the next 43 years, from his residence in Britain, Koestler espoused many political causes, and wrote novels, memoirs, biographies and numerous essays. <P0-S4>  In 1968 he was awarded the Sonning Prize "for [his] outstanding contribution to European culture" and in 1972 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). <P0-S5>  In 1976 he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and in 1979 with terminal leukaemia. <P0-S6> Arthur Koestler, ( ; ] ; Hungarian: "Kösztler Artúr" ; 5 September 1905 – 1 March 1983) was a Hungarian-British author and journalist. <P0-S7>  In 1983 he and his wife committed suicide at their home in London. <SEP> <P1-S0> A holon (Greek: "ὅλον, holon" neuter form of "ὅλος, holos" "whole") is something that is simultaneously a whole and a part. <P1-S1>  The word was coined by Arthur Koestler in his book "The Ghost in the Machine" (1967, p. 48). <P1-S2>  Koestler was influenced by two observations in proposing the notion of the holon. <P1-S3>  The first observation was influenced by Herbert A. Simon's parable of the two watchmakers—in which Simon concludes that complex systems evolve from simple systems much more rapidly when there are stable intermediate forms present in the evolutionary process than if they are not present. <P1-S4>  The second observation was made by Koestler himself in his analysis of hierarchies and stable intermediate forms in non-living matter (atomic and molecular structure), living organisms, and social organizations. <P1-S5>  He concluded that, although it is easy to identify sub-wholes or parts, wholes and parts in an absolute sense do not exist anywhere. <P1-S6>  Koestler proposed the word holon to describe the hybrid nature of sub-wholes and parts within in vivo systems. <P1-S7>  From this perspective, holons exist simultaneously as self-contained wholes in relation to their sub-ordinate parts, and as dependent parts when considered from the inverse direction. <SEP> <P2-S0>  Born in Nițchidorf, Timiș County in Romania, her native language is German. <P2-S1>  Since the early 1990s she has been internationally established, and her works have been translated into more than twenty languages. <P2-S2> Herta Müller (born 17 August 1953) is a Romanian-born German novelist, poet, essayist and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Passport (German: "Der Mensch ist ein großer Fasan auf der Welt" ) is a novel by Nobel Prize-winning author Herta Müller, published in German in 1986. <P3-S1>  The German title (literally, "Man is a great pheasant in the world") refers to a saying in Romania. <P3-S2>  The novel, one of several for which the author was known when winning the Nobel in 2009, tells the story of a village miller in a German-speaking village in the Banat in Romania, who applies for permission to emigrate to West Germany. <P3-S3>  The novel was published in English by Serpent's Tail in 1989, the first of Müller's novels to be offered in direct translation.