Question: Which of these cases established the idea of "informed consent" to medical procedures: Canterbury v. Spence or Obergefell v. Hodges?

<P0-S0>  772, 782 D.C. Cir. <P0-S1> Canterbury v. Spence (464 F.2d. <P0-S2>  1972) was a landmark federal case decided by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit that significantly reshaped malpractice law in the United States. <P0-S3>  It established the idea of "informed consent" to medical procedures. <SEP> <P1-S0> Prior to the landmark ruling "United States v. Windsor", the constitutionality of banning same-sex marriage was upheld by the Eighth Circuit in "Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning". <P1-S1>  After the "Windsor" ruling, many same-sex marriage bans were struck down by lower courts. <P1-S2>  The Tenth, Fourth, Seventh, and Ninth circuits all ruled that same-sex marriage bans were unconstitutional. <P1-S3>  The cases that made it to these circuit courts originated in district courts which for the most part also struck down same-sex marriage bans. <P1-S4>  When a circuit court struck down a state's same-sex marriage ban, it did not directly strike down same-sex marriage bans in other states within the circuit. <P1-S5>  However, it paved the way for same-sex marriage bans to be struck down in the entire circuit due to the precedent it set for district courts within the circuit to follow. <P1-S6>  In some states, same-sex marriage was already legal before a federal circuit court ruled on the matter. <P1-S7>  The Sixth Circuit ruled that same-sex marriage bans were not unconstitutional and reversed the district court rulings that struck down same-sex marriage bans. <P1-S8>  Since this was the only circuit court to rule this way post-"Windsor", this created a circuit split which ultimately led to the Supreme Court of the United States deciding to resolve the issue once and for all. <P1-S9>  They ruled that same-sex marriage bans violate the constitution in the landmark ruling "Obergefell v. Hodges" which was the consolidated case that covered each state in the Sixth Circuit. <P1-S10>  Some circuit courts have not ruled on the constitutionality of same-sex marriage bans at all. <P1-S11>  Many circuit courts had pending same-sex marriage cases, but decided to hold off on litigation until the Supreme Court ruled on the matter. <SEP> <P2-S0> Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___ (2015) ( ), is a landmark civil rights case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in a 5–4 decision. <SEP> <P3-S0> On April 28, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States heard oral arguments for "Obergefell v. Hodges" (Ohio), which was consolidated with three other same-sex marriage cases from the other states in the Sixth Circuit: "Tanco v. Haslam" (Tennessee), "DeBoer v. Snyder" (Michigan), "Bourke v. Beshear" (Kentucky). <P3-S1>  On June 26, 2015 the Supreme Court reversed the Sixth Circuit's decision, paving the way for same-sex marriage to become legal in those states, and setting a precedent for the entire nation. <P3-S2>  All four states complied with the ruling the same day it was issued before the mandate was actually issued. <P3-S3>  Every state in the circuit had a district court ruling against their states' ban, but they were eventually stayed pending appeal. <P3-S4>  The Sixth Circuit consists of Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee. <P3-S5>  On August 6, 2014, the Sixth Circuit heard oral arguments for same-sex marriage cases from each state within the circuit. <P3-S6>  On November 6, 2014, the Sixth Circuit in a split 2-1 decision, upheld the states' same-sex marriage bans, reversing the district courts' rulings that struck them down. <P3-S7>  The Sixth Circuit was the first and only circuit court since the landmark ruling "United States v. Windsor" to uphold the constitutionality of states' same-sex marriage bans which caused a circuit split.