Question: Harvey Itano used electrophoresis to demonstrate the difference between normal hemoglobin and sickle cell hemoglobin in collaboration with a chemist born in what year?

<P0-S0>  He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics. " <P0-S1> New Scientist" called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time, and as of 2000, he was rated the 16th most important scientist in history. <P0-S2> Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator. <SEP> <P1-S0> "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease" is a 1949 scientific paper by Linus Pauling, Harvey A. Itano, Seymour J. Singer and Ibert C. Wells that established sickle-cell anemia as a genetic disease in which affected individuals have a different form of the metalloprotein hemoglobin in their blood. <P1-S1>  The paper, published in the November 25, 1949 issue of "Science", reports a difference in electrophoretic mobility between hemoglobin from healthy individuals and those with sickle-cell anemia, with those with sickle cell trait having a mixture of the two types. <P1-S2>  The paper suggests that the difference in electrophoretic mobility is probably due to a different number of ionizable amino acid residues in the protein portion of hemoglobin (which was confirmed in 1956 by Vernon Ingram), and that this change in molecular structure is responsible for the sickling process. <P1-S3>  It also reports the genetic basis for the disease, consistent with the simultaneous genealogical study by James V. Neel: those with sickle-cell anemia are homozygous for the disease gene, while heterozygous individuals exhibit the usually asymptomatic condition of sickle cell trait. <SEP> <P2-S0> Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a blood test that can detect different types of hemoglobin. <P2-S1>  It uses the principles of gel electrophoresis to separate out the various types of hemoglobin and is a type of native gel electrophoresis. <P2-S2>  The test can detect abnormal levels of HbS, the form associated with sickle-cell disease, as well as other abnormal hemoglobin-related blood disorders, such as beta thalassaemia and hemoglobin C. <P2-S3>  It can also be used to determine whether there is a deficiency of any normal form of hemoglobin, as in the group of diseases known as thalassemias. Different hemoglobins have different charges, and according to those charges and the amount, hemoglobins move at different speeds in the gel whether in alkaline gel or acid gel.The hemoglobin electrophoresis is also known to be thalessemia screening, this also can be helpful for the patient who is frequently need of fresh blood transfusion. <P2-S4>  The patient needs blood transfusion because the body is unable to produce enough hemoglobin to satisfy the body's requirement. <P2-S5> (See Migration Patterns). <P2-S6>  Electrophoresis is done by the use of cellulose acetate. <P2-S7>  After running electrophoresis at 150 to 200 volt, stain the cellulose acetate gel with Ponceau red. <P2-S8>  Thalassemia major Hb F level and Hb A2 levels increase. <SEP> <P3-S0> Harvey Akio Itano (November 3, 1920 – May 8, 2010) was an American biochemist best known for his work on the molecular basis of sickle cell anemia and other diseases. <P3-S1>  In collaboration with Linus Pauling, Itano used electrophoresis to demonstrate the difference between normal hemoglobin and sickle cell hemoglobin; their 1949 paper "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease" (coauthored also with S. J. Singer and Ibert C. Wells) was a landmark in both molecular medicine and protein electrophoresis.