Question: when did the 16th amendment to the constitution legalize the levying of income tax by the governing body with power to remove a justice from the highest tier?

<P0-S0> The Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census. <P0-S1> The amendment was adopted on February 3, 1913. <P0-S2> This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes, after income taxes on rents, dividends, and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in the court case of Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895). <SEP> <P1-S0> Israel has a three-tier court system. <P1-S1> At the lowest level are magistrate courts, situated in most cities across the country. <P1-S2> Above them are district courts, serving as both appellate courts and courts of first instance; they are situated in five of Israel's six districts. <P1-S3> The third and highest tier is the Supreme Court, located in Jerusalem; it serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and the High Court of Justice. <P1-S4> In the latter role, the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, allowing individuals, both citizens and non-citizens, to petition against the decisions of state authorities. <P1-S5> Although Israel supports the goals of the International Criminal Court, it has not ratified the Rome Statute, citing concerns about the ability of the court to remain free from political impartiality. <SEP> <P2-S0> california, from 1991 to 2012 and since 2017, has a base sales tax of 7.25% (composed of a 6% state tax and a 1.25% uniform local tax) -- the highest statewide sales tax rate in the nation. <P2-S1> the tax can total up to 10.25% with local sales tax included, depending on the city in which the purchase is made. <P2-S2> sales and use taxes in the state of california are collected by the publicly elected board of equalization, whereas income and franchise taxes are collected by the franchise tax board. <P2-S3> many cities have a combined total sales tax of at least 8.75%. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Constitution provides that justices ``shall hold their offices during good behavior ''(unless appointed during a Senate recess). <P3-S1> Only one justice has been impeached by the House of Representatives (Samuel Chase, March 1804), but he was acquitted in the Senate (March 1805). <P3-S2> The term`` good behavior'' is understood to mean justices may serve for the remainder of their lives, unless they are impeached and convicted by Congress, resign, or retire. <P3-S3> Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently (for example, William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice, in 1953 and again in 1970; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969), but they did not reach a vote in the House. <P3-S4> No mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, but unable (or unwilling) to resign. <SEP> <P4-S0> in political philosophy, limited government is where the government is empowered by law from a starting point of having no power, or where governmental power is restricted by law, usually in a written constitution. <P4-S1> it is a key concept in the history of liberalism. <P4-S2> the united states constitution presents an example of the federal government not possessing any power except what is delegated to it by the constitution - with the tenth amendment to the united states constitution specifically stating that powers not specifically delegated to the federal government is reserved for the people and the states. <P4-S3> the magna carta and the united states constitution also represents important milestones in the limiting of governmental power. <P4-S4> the earliest use of the term limited government dates back to king james vi and i in the late 16th century. <P4-S5> limited government put into practice often involves the protection of individual liberty from government intrusion.