Question: In what year was formed the company that owns the publisher to whom Marvel first licensed its characters for novelization?

<P0-S0> Marvel first licensed two prose novels to Bantam Books, who printed The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder (1967) and Captain America: The Great Gold Steal by Ted White (1968). <P0-S1> Various publishers took up the licenses from 1978 to 2002. <P0-S2> Also, with the various licensed films being released beginning in 1997, various publishers put out movie novelizations. <P0-S3> In 2003, following publication of the prose young adult novel Mary Jane, starring Mary Jane Watson from the Spider-Man mythos, Marvel announced the formation of the publishing imprint Marvel Press. <P0-S4> However, Marvel moved back to licensing with Pocket Books from 2005 to 2008. <P0-S5> With few books issued under the imprint, Marvel and Disney Books Group relaunched Marvel Press in 2011 with the Marvel Origin Storybooks line. <SEP> <P1-S0> with the new millennium, marvel comics emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. <P1-S1> in 2001, marvel withdrew from the comics code authority and established its own marvel rating system for comics. <P1-S2> the first title from this era to not have the code was x-force #119 (october 2001). <P1-S3> marvel also created new imprints, such as max (an explicit-content line) and marvel adventures (developed for child audiences). <P1-S4> in addition, the company created an alternate universe imprint, ultimate marvel, that allowed the company to reboot its major titles by revising and updating its characters to introduce to a new generation. <SEP> <P2-S0> event comics was an american independent comic book publisher founded by veteran artists jimmy palmiotti and joe quesada. <P2-S1> the company published during the years 1994 to 1999, at which point it was contracted to form the marvel knights imprint for marvel comics. <SEP> <P3-S0> Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial is Random House's Spanish-language division, targeting markets in Spain and South and Central America. <P3-S1> It is headquartered in Barcelona with locations in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay, and the United States. <P3-S2> From 2001 until November 2012, it was a joint venture with Italian publisher Mondadori (Random House Mondadori). <P3-S3> Upon Bertelsmann's acquisition of Mondadori's stake in the JV, the name was kept temporarily four months. <P3-S4> Some authors published by Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial include Dr. César Lozano, Yordi Rosado, Dr. Nancy Alvarez and Alberto Sardiñas. <SEP> <P4-S0> It was formed in 1945 by Walter B. Pitkin, Jr., Sidney B. Kramer, and Ian and Betty Ballantine, with funding from Grosset & Dunlap and Curtis Publishing Company. <P4-S1> It has since been purchased several times by companies including National General, Carl Lindner's American Financial and, most recently, Bertelsmann; it became part of Random House in 1998, when Bertelsmann purchased it to form Bantam Doubleday Dell. <P4-S2> Bantam Books is an American publishing house owned entirely by parent company Random House, a subsidiary of Penguin Random House; it is an imprint of the Random House Publishing Group. <P4-S3> It began as a mass market publisher, mostly of reprints of hardcover books, with some original paperbacks as well. <P4-S4> It expanded into both trade paperback and hardcover books, including original works, often reprinted in house as mass-market editions.