Question: The empire in which Jews had freedoms similar to those granted by Charlemagne reached its greatest extent under an emperor whose mother was called what?

<P0-S0> The imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era. <P0-S1> The first two centuries of the empire's existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana, or ``Roman Peace ''. <P0-S2> Following Octavian's victory, the size of the empire was dramatically increased. <P0-S3> The empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan, the second in this line. <P0-S4> After the assassination of Caligula in AD 41, the Senate briefly considered restoring the republic, but the Praetorian Guard proclaimed Claudius emperor instead. <P0-S5> Under Claudius, the empire invaded Britannia, its first major expansion since Augustus. <P0-S6> After Claudius' successor, Nero, committed suicide in AD 68, the empire suffered a series of brief civil wars, as well as a concurrent major rebellion in Judea, during which four different legionary generals were proclaimed emperor. <P0-S7> Vespasian emerged triumphant in AD 69, establishing the Flavian dynasty, before being succeeded by his son Titus, who opened the Colosseum shortly after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. <P0-S8> His short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian, who was eventually assassinated. <P0-S9> The Senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors. <SEP> <P1-S0> charlemagne (/ ˈʃɑːrlɪmeɪn /) or charles the great (2 april 742 -- 28 january 814), numbered charles i, was king of the franks from 768, king of the lombards from 774 and emperor of the romans from 800. he united much of europe during the early middle ages. <P1-S1> he was the first recognised emperor in western europe since the fall of the western roman empire three centuries earlier. <P1-S2> the expanded frankish state that charlemagne founded is called the carolingian empire. <SEP> <P2-S0> Marcus Ulpius Traianus was born on 18 September 53AD in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica (in what is now Andalusia in modern Spain), in the city of Italica (now in the municipal area of Santiponce, in the outskirts of Seville). <P2-S1> Although frequently designated the first provincial emperor, and dismissed by later writers such as Cassius Dio (himself of provincial origin) as "an Iberian, and neither an Italian nor even an Italiot", Trajan appears to have hailed on his father's side from the area of Tuder (modern Todi) in Umbria, at the border with Etruria, and on his mother's side from the Gens Marcia, of an Italic family of Sabine origin. <P2-S2> Trajan's birthplace of Italica was founded as a Roman military colony of "Italian" settlers in 206BC, though it is unknown when the Ulpii arrived there. <P2-S3> It is possible, but cannot be substantiated, that Trajan's ancestors married local women and lost their citizenship at some point, but they certainly recovered their status when the city became a municipium with Latin citizenship in the mid-1st century BC. <SEP> <P3-S0> on 25 december 800, pope leo iii crowned the frankish king charlemagne as emperor, reviving the title in western europe, more than three centuries after the fall of the earlier ancient western roman empire in 476. the title continued in the carolingian family until 888 and from 896 to 899, after which it was contested by the rulers of italy in a series of civil wars until the death of the last italian claimant, berengar i, in 924. the title was revived again in 962 when otto i was crowned emperor, fashioning himself as the successor of charlemagne and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. <P3-S1> some historians refer to the coronation of charlemagne as the origin of the empire, while others prefer the coronation of otto i as its beginning. <P3-S2> scholars generally concur, however, in relating an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, describing a gradual assumption of the imperial title and role. <SEP> <P4-S0> Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. <P4-S1> This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. <P4-S2> In addition, Jews from southern Italy, fleeing religious persecution, began to move into central Europe. <P4-S3> [citation needed] Returning to Frankish lands, many Jewish merchants took up occupations in finance and commerce, including money lending, or usury. <P4-S4> Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once enjoyed under the Roman Empire. <P4-S5> (Church legislation banned Christians from lending money in exchange for interest.) <P4-S6> From Charlemagne's time to the present, Jewish life in northern Europe is well documented. <P4-S7> By the 11th century, when Rashi of Troyes wrote his commentaries, Jews in what came to be known as "Ashkenaz" were known for their halakhic learning, and Talmudic studies. <P4-S8> They were criticized by Sephardim and other Jewish scholars in Islamic lands for their lack of expertise in Jewish jurisprudence (dinim) and general ignorance of Hebrew linguistics and literature. <P4-S9> Yiddish emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars in the medieval period. <P4-S10> It was written with Hebrew letters, and heavily influenced by Hebrew and Aramaic.