Question: What was the year of birth of the mathematician that is credited with developing infinitesimal calculus and using Jean Picard's measurement of earth to create his theory of universal gravitation?

<P0-S0> API Calculus is a program that solves calculus problems using operating systems within a device that solves calculus problems. <P0-S1>  In 1989 the PI- Calculus was created by Robin Milner and was very successful throughout the years. <P0-S2>  The PI Calculus is an extension of the extension of the process algebra CCS, a tool that has algebraic languages that are specific to processing and formulating statements. <P0-S3>  The PI Calculus provides a formal theory for modeling systems and reasoning about their behaviors. <P0-S4>  In the PI Calculus there are two specific variables such as name and processes. <P0-S5>  But it was not until 2002 when Shahram Rahimi decided to create an upgraded version of the PI- Calculus and call it the API Calculus. <P0-S6>  Milner claimed the detailed characteristics of the API Calculus to be its "Communication Ability, Capacity for Cooperation, Capacity for Reasoning and Learning, Adaptive Behavior and Trustworthiness." <P0-S7>  The main purpose of creating this mobile advancement is to better network and communicate with other operators while completing a task. <P0-S8>  Unfortunately, the API Calculus is not perfect and has faced a problem with its security system. <P0-S9>  The language has seven features that was created within the device that the PI Calculus does not have. <P0-S10>  Since this program is so advanced by the way the software was created and the different abilities that are offered in the program, it is required to be converted to other programming languages so it can be used on various devices and other computing languages. <P0-S11>  Although the API Calculus is currently being used by various other programming languages, modifications are still being done since the security on the API Calculus is causing problems to users. <SEP> <P1-S0> Field theory, the study of dynamical fields in physics, was originally a powerful mathematical formulation of Newtonian mechanics. <P1-S1>  The success of Newtonian physics since the publication of the "Principia" provided a strong framework with which to investigate the motion and forces associated with electricity and magnetism. <P1-S2>  Charles-Augustin de Coulomb showed in 1785 that the repulsive force between two electrically charged spheres obeys the same (up to a sign) force law as Newton's law of universal gravitation: the force between two bodies is directed along the line separating the bodies and its magnitude is proportional to the product of their charges (for gravitation, their masses) divided by the square of their distance apart. <P1-S3>  André-Marie Ampère then showed in 1823 that the force between infinitesimal lengths of current-carrying wires similarly obeys an inverse-square law such that the force is directed along the line of separation between the wire elements. <SEP> <P2-S0>  His book "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical mechanics. <P2-S1>  Newton also made pathbreaking contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing the infinitesimal calculus. <P2-S2> Sir Isaac Newton {'1': ", '2': ", '3': ", '4': "} ( ; 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution. <SEP> <P3-S0> Jean-Félix Picard (21 July 1620 – 12 July 1682) was a French astronomer and priest born in La Flèche, where he studied at the Jesuit Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand. <P3-S1>  He died in Paris, France. <P3-S2>  He was the first person to measure the size of the Earth to a reasonable degree of accuracy in a survey conducted in 1669–70, for which he is honored with a pyramid at Juvisy-sur-Orge. <P3-S3>  Guided by Maurolycus's methodology and Snellius's mathematics for doing so, Picard achieved this by measuring one degree of latitude along the Paris Meridian using triangulation along thirteen triangles stretching from Paris to the clocktower of Sourdon, near Amiens. <P3-S4>  His measurements produced a result of 110.46 km for one degree of latitude, which gives a corresponding terrestrial radius of 6328.9 km. <P3-S5>  The polar radius has now been measured at just over 6357 km. <P3-S6>  This was an error only 0.44% less than the modern value. <P3-S7>  Isaac Newton was to use this value in his theory of universal gravitation. <P3-S8>  This was another example of advances in astronomy and its tools making possible advances in cartography. <P3-S9>  Picard was the first to attach a telescope with crosswires (developed by William Gascoigne) to a quadrant, and one of the first to use a micrometer screw on his instruments. <P3-S10>  The quadrant he used to determine the size of the Earth had a radius of 38 inches and was graduated to quarter-minutes. <P3-S11>  The sextant he used to find the meridian had a radius of six feet, and was equipped with a micrometer to enable minute adjustments. <P3-S12>  These equipment improvements made the margin of error only ten seconds, as opposed to Tycho Brahe's four minutes of error. <P3-S13>  This made his measurements 24 times as accurate.