Question: when did marriage become a sacrament in the church of the most predominant religion in the country where the revolutions began?

<P0-S0> Like the rest of France, Paris has been predominantly Roman Catholic since the early Middle Ages, though religious attendance is now low. <P0-S1> A majority of Parisians are still nominally Roman Catholic. <P0-S2> According to 2011 statistics, there are 106 parishes and curates in the city, plus separate parishes for Spanish, Polish and Portuguese Catholics. <P0-S3> There are an additional 10 Eastern Orthodox parishes, and bishops for the Armenian and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches. <P0-S4> In addition there are eighty male religious orders and 140 female religious orders in the city, as well as 110 Catholic schools with 75,000 students. <SEP> <P1-S0> transubstantiation (in latin, transsubstantiatio, in greek μετουσίωσις metousiosis) is, according to the teachings of the catholic church, the change of substance by which the bread and wine offered in the sacrifice of the sacrament of the eucharist during the mass, become, in reality, the body and blood of jesus. <SEP> <P2-S0> the pagan slavic populations were christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries. <P2-S1> orthodox christianity is predominant in the east and south slavs, while roman catholicism is predominant in west slavs and the western south slavs. <P2-S2> the religious borders are largely comparable to the east–west schism which began in the 11th century. <P2-S3> the majority of contemporary slavic populations who profess a religion are orthodox, followed by catholic, while a small minority are protestant. <P2-S4> there are minor slavic muslim groups. <P2-S5> religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. <P2-S6> some slavs are atheist or agnostic: only 19% of czechs professed belief in god/s in the 2005 eurobarometer survey. <SEP> <P3-S0> With the development of sacramental theology, marriage was included in the select seven to which the term ``sacrament ''was applied. <P3-S1> In 1208, Pope Innocent III required members of another religious movement, that of the Waldensians, to recognize that marriage is a sacrament as a condition for being received back into the Catholic Church. <P3-S2> In 1254, Catholics accused Waldensians of condemning the sacrament of marriage,`` saying that married persons sin mortally if they come together without the hope of offspring''. <P3-S3> Explicit classification of marriage in this way came in reaction to the contrary teaching of Catharism that marriage and procreation are evil: the first official declaration that marriage is a sacrament was made at the 1184 Council of Verona as part of a condemnation of the Cathars. <P3-S4> The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 had already stated in response to the teaching of the Cathars: ``For not only virgins and the continent but also married persons find favour with God by right faith and good actions and deserve to attain to eternal blessedness. <P3-S5> ''Marriage was also included in the list of the seven sacraments at the Second Council of Lyon in 1274 as part of the profession of faith required of Michael VIII Palaiologos. <P3-S6> The sacraments of marriage and holy orders were distinguished as sacraments that aim at the`` increase of the Church'' from the other five sacraments, which are intended for the spiritual perfection of individuals. <P3-S7> The Council of Florence in 1439 again recognised marriage as a sacrament. <SEP> <P4-S0> Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe. <P4-S1> The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. <P4-S2> Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed. <P4-S3> While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching.