winkelee/scaling-down huggingface dataset:
Question: In what year was the city that was the center of imperial life in the place where the term the west came from conquered?

<P0-S0> For almost a thousand years, Rome was the most politically important, richest and largest city in Europe. <P0-S1> Around 100 CE, it had a population of about 450,000, and declined to a mere 20,000 during the Early Middle Ages, reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation. <SEP> <P1-S0> The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. <P1-S1> Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. <P1-S2> Italy unified into a nation state. <P1-S3> The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. <P1-S4> Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire. <SEP> <P2-S0> the nian rebellion () was an armed uprising that took place in northern china from 1851 to 1868, contemporaneously with taiping rebellion (1851–1864) in south china. <P2-S1> the rebellion failed to topple the qing dynasty, but caused immense economic devastation and loss of life that became major long-term factors in the collapse of the qing regime in the early 20th century. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Eastern Mediterranean was home to the highly urbanized cultures that had Greek as their common language (owing to the older empire of Alexander the Great and of the Hellenistic successors), whereas the West was much more rural in its character and more readily adopted Latin as its common language. <P3-S1> After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Western and Central Europe were substantially cut off from the East where Byzantine Greek culture and Eastern Christianity became founding influences in the Arab / Muslim world and among the Eastern and Southern Slavic peoples. <P3-S2> Roman Catholic Western and Central Europe, as such, maintained a distinct identity particularly as it began to redevelop during the Renaissance. <P3-S3> Even following the Protestant Reformation, Protestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of the perceived civilized world. <P3-S4> The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of East and West originated in the Roman Empire. <SEP> <P4-S0> the term "great plains", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the rocky mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. <P4-S1> nevin fenneman's 1916 study, physiographic subdivision of the united states, brought the term great plains into more widespread usage. <P4-S2> before that the region was almost invariably called the high plains, in contrast to the lower prairie plains of the midwestern states. <P4-S3> today the term "high plains" is used for a subregion of the great plains.
Question: When was the Circus Maximus built in the city that was the center of imperial life during the regime from which the term the west originated?

<P0-S0> the circus of carthage is a roman circus in carthage, in present-day tunisia. <P0-S1> used for chariot racing, it was modeled on the circus maximus in rome and other circus buildings throughout the roman empire. <P0-S2> measuring more than 470 m in length and 30 m in width, it could house up to 45,000 spectators, roughly one third of the circus maximus. <SEP> <P1-S0> the southern portion of the point loma peninsula was set aside for military purposes as early as 1852. over the next several decades the army set up a series of coastal artillery batteries and named the area fort rosecrans. <P1-S1> significant u.s. navy presence began in 1901 with the establishment of the navy coaling station in point loma, and expanded greatly during the 1920s. <P1-S2> by 1930, the city was host to naval base san diego, naval training center san diego, san diego naval hospital, camp matthews, and camp kearny (now marine corps air station miramar). <P1-S3> the city was also an early center for aviation: as early as world war i, san diego was proclaiming itself "the air capital of the west". <P1-S4> the city was home to important airplane developers and manufacturers like ryan airlines (later ryan aeronautical), founded in 1925, and consolidated aircraft (later convair), founded in 1923. charles a. lindbergh's plane the spirit of st. louis was built in san diego in 1927 by ryan airlines. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Eastern Mediterranean was home to the highly urbanized cultures that had Greek as their common language (owing to the older empire of Alexander the Great and of the Hellenistic successors), whereas the West was much more rural in its character and more readily adopted Latin as its common language. <P2-S1> After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Western and Central Europe were substantially cut off from the East where Byzantine Greek culture and Eastern Christianity became founding influences in the Arab / Muslim world and among the Eastern and Southern Slavic peoples. <P2-S2> Roman Catholic Western and Central Europe, as such, maintained a distinct identity particularly as it began to redevelop during the Renaissance. <P2-S3> Even following the Protestant Reformation, Protestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of the perceived civilized world. <P2-S4> The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of East and West originated in the Roman Empire. <SEP> <P3-S0> Around 100 CE, it had a population of about 450,000, and declined to a mere 20,000 during the Early Middle Ages, reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation. <P3-S1> For almost a thousand years, Rome was the most politically important, richest and largest city in Europe. <SEP> <P4-S0> Circus Maximus Modern (1978) view of the Circus site from the south - east Location Regio XI Circus Maximus Built in Old Kingdom era Type of structure Circus Circus Maximus
Question: In what year was the conquest of the city where the Perugia Altarpiece creator died?

<P0-S0> In 1445 Pope Eugene IV summoned him to Rome to paint the frescoes of the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament at St Peter's, later demolished by Pope Paul III. <P0-S1> Vasari claims that at this time Fra Angelico was offered the Archbishopric of Florence by Pope Nicholas V, and that he refused it, recommending another friar for the position. <P0-S2> The story seems possible and even likely. <P0-S3> However, if Vasari's date is correct, then the pope must have been Eugene IV and not Nicholas, who was elected Pope only on 6 March 1447. <P0-S4> Moreover, the archbishop in 1446–1459 was the Dominican Antoninus of Florence (Antonio Pierozzi), canonized by Pope Adrian VI in 1523. <P0-S5> In 1447 Fra Angelico was in Orvieto with his pupil, Benozzo Gozzoli, executing works for the Cathedral. <P0-S6> Among his other pupils were Zanobi Strozzi. <SEP> <P1-S0> The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. <P1-S1> Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. <P1-S2> Italy unified into a nation state. <P1-S3> The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. <P1-S4> Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire. <SEP> <P2-S0> the gothic altarpiece of santes creus is an altarpiece painted by guerau gener and lluís borrassà between 1407 and 1411. it is one of the key works of the international gothic altarpieces in catalonia, created for the santes creus monastery. <P2-S1> the mnac museum retains the "nativity", crowned by the figure of "st. john the evangelist", and the resurrection of christ, while the rest of the tables are kept in one of the chapels of the cathedral of tarragona. <P2-S2> the altarpiece was commissioned to pere serra but apparently died without starting it. <P2-S3> guerau gener, a connoisseur of valència international gothic, replaced him, but his untimely death made lluís borrassà, one of the major figures in the painting of the first international catalan gothic, to complete the project. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Perugia Altarpiece (Italian: "Pala di Perugia") is a painting by the Italian early Renaissance painter Fra Angelico, housed in the Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria of Perugia, Italy. <SEP> <P4-S0> the republic had a checkered history of coups and counter-coups against various factions. <P4-S1> the medici faction gained governance of the city in 1434, upon cosimo de 'medici's counter-coup against the faction that had sent him into exile the previous year. <P4-S2> the medici kept control of florence until 1494. giovanni de' medici (later pope leo x) re-conquered the republic in 1512.
Question: When did the city where the creator of the Perugia Altarpiece died become monotheistic?

<P0-S0> the gothic altarpiece of santes creus is an altarpiece painted by guerau gener and lluís borrassà between 1407 and 1411. it is one of the key works of the international gothic altarpieces in catalonia, created for the santes creus monastery. <P0-S1> the mnac museum retains the "nativity", crowned by the figure of "st. john the evangelist", and the resurrection of christ, while the rest of the tables are kept in one of the chapels of the cathedral of tarragona. <P0-S2> the altarpiece was commissioned to pere serra but apparently died without starting it. <P0-S3> guerau gener, a connoisseur of valència international gothic, replaced him, but his untimely death made lluís borrassà, one of the major figures in the painting of the first international catalan gothic, to complete the project. <SEP> <P1-S0> The Perugia Altarpiece (Italian: "Pala di Perugia") is a painting by the Italian early Renaissance painter Fra Angelico, housed in the Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria of Perugia, Italy. <SEP> <P2-S0> In 380, under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. <P2-S1> Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, though Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. <SEP> <P3-S0> sealing the tomb is a great altarpiece triptych by william hogarth in the english city of bristol. <P3-S1> it was commissioned for st mary redcliffe in 1755. in the 19th century attempts were made to sell it, but it was given to the bristol fine art academy, which became the royal west of england academy. <P3-S2> its size made it difficult to display and it was rolled up and stored in the basement. <P3-S3> in 1973 it was displayed in the ecclesiastical museum created in the war-damaged church of st nicholas. <P3-S4> when the museum closed it was converted to offices; however the triptych remains in the building. <P3-S5> it will be on display to the public again when the church is re-consecrated in 2018. <SEP> <P4-S0> Vasari claims that at this time Fra Angelico was offered the Archbishopric of Florence by Pope Nicholas V, and that he refused it, recommending another friar for the position. <P4-S1> The story seems possible and even likely. <P4-S2> However, if Vasari's date is correct, then the pope must have been Eugene IV and not Nicholas, who was elected Pope only on 6 March 1447. <P4-S3> In 1445 Pope Eugene IV summoned him to Rome to paint the frescoes of the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament at St Peter's, later demolished by Pope Paul III. <P4-S4> Moreover, the archbishop in 1446–1459 was the Dominican Antoninus of Florence (Antonio Pierozzi), canonized by Pope Adrian VI in 1523. <P4-S5> In 1447 Fra Angelico was in Orvieto with his pupil, Benozzo Gozzoli, executing works for the Cathedral. <P4-S6> Among his other pupils were Zanobi Strozzi.
Question: What was the pantheon in the city where the creator of The Last Judgment died used for?

<P0-S0> Vasari claims that at this time Fra Angelico was offered the Archbishopric of Florence by Pope Nicholas V, and that he refused it, recommending another friar for the position. <P0-S1> The story seems possible and even likely. <P0-S2> In 1445 Pope Eugene IV summoned him to Rome to paint the frescoes of the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament at St Peter's, later demolished by Pope Paul III. <P0-S3> However, if Vasari's date is correct, then the pope must have been Eugene IV and not Nicholas, who was elected Pope only on 6 March 1447. <P0-S4> Moreover, the archbishop in 1446–1459 was the Dominican Antoninus of Florence (Antonio Pierozzi), canonized by Pope Adrian VI in 1523. <P0-S5> In 1447 Fra Angelico was in Orvieto with his pupil, Benozzo Gozzoli, executing works for the Cathedral. <P0-S6> Among his other pupils were Zanobi Strozzi. <SEP> <P1-S0> mvp voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the world series. <P1-S1> the bbwaa began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. the bbwaa does not offer a clear - cut definition of what ``most valuable ''means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters. <SEP> <P2-S0> although the acronym pide was only formally used from 1945 to 1969, the set of successive secret polices that existed during the 40 years of the "estado novo" regime are commonly referred to as the pide. <P2-S1> historically, this set of police agencies is also often referred as pide/dgs, from the acronyms of its two last designations. <P2-S2> it is referred to in this last way in article 293 of the portuguese constitution, which states its criminalization and judgment of its former officers. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Last Judgment (tempera on panel) is a painting by the Renaissance artist Fra Angelico. <P3-S1> It was commissioned by the Camaldolese Order for the newly elected abbot, the humanist scholar Ambrogio Traversari. <P3-S2> It is variously dated to c1425, 1425–30 and 1431. <P3-S3> It was originally sited in the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli and now is in the museum of San Marco, Florence. <P3-S4> It is not to be confused with another Fra Angelico "Last Judgement" in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin. <SEP> <P4-S0> The present building was completed by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated about 126 AD. <P4-S1> The Pantheon (/ ˈpænθiən / or US: / ˈpænθiɒn /; Latin: Pantheum, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheion, ``(temple) of all the gods '') is a former Roman temple, now a church, in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC -- 14 AD). <P4-S2> He retained Agrippa's original inscription, which has caused confusion over its date of construction as the original Pantheon burned down, so it is not certain when the present one was built.
Question: In what year was the city where the painter of The Last Judgment died conquered?

<P0-S0> the history of new york city has been influenced by the prehistoric geological formation during the last glacial period of the territory that is today new york city. <P0-S1> the area was long inhabited by the lenape; after initial european exploration in the 16th century, the dutch established new amsterdam in 1626. in 1664, the english conquered the area and renamed it new york. <SEP> <P1-S0> The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. <P1-S1> The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. <P1-S2> Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. <P1-S3> Italy unified into a nation state. <P1-S4> Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is known as The Age of Empire. <SEP> <P2-S0> mvp voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the world series. <P2-S1> the bbwaa began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. the bbwaa does not offer a clear - cut definition of what ``most valuable ''means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters. <SEP> <P3-S0> Vasari claims that at this time Fra Angelico was offered the Archbishopric of Florence by Pope Nicholas V, and that he refused it, recommending another friar for the position. <P3-S1> The story seems possible and even likely. <P3-S2> However, if Vasari's date is correct, then the pope must have been Eugene IV and not Nicholas, who was elected Pope only on 6 March 1447. <P3-S3> Moreover, the archbishop in 1446–1459 was the Dominican Antoninus of Florence (Antonio Pierozzi), canonized by Pope Adrian VI in 1523. <P3-S4> In 1445 Pope Eugene IV summoned him to Rome to paint the frescoes of the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament at St Peter's, later demolished by Pope Paul III. <P3-S5> In 1447 Fra Angelico was in Orvieto with his pupil, Benozzo Gozzoli, executing works for the Cathedral. <P3-S6> Among his other pupils were Zanobi Strozzi. <SEP> <P4-S0> It was commissioned by the Camaldolese Order for the newly elected abbot, the humanist scholar Ambrogio Traversari. <P4-S1> It is variously dated to c1425, 1425–30 and 1431. <P4-S2> It was originally sited in the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli and now is in the museum of San Marco, Florence. <P4-S3> The Last Judgment (tempera on panel) is a painting by the Renaissance artist Fra Angelico. <P4-S4> It is not to be confused with another Fra Angelico "Last Judgement" in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.
Question: Who was the first Emperor of the city where The Last Judgment creator died?

<P0-S0> Vasari claims that at this time Fra Angelico was offered the Archbishopric of Florence by Pope Nicholas V, and that he refused it, recommending another friar for the position. <P0-S1> The story seems possible and even likely. <P0-S2> However, if Vasari's date is correct, then the pope must have been Eugene IV and not Nicholas, who was elected Pope only on 6 March 1447. <P0-S3> In 1445 Pope Eugene IV summoned him to Rome to paint the frescoes of the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament at St Peter's, later demolished by Pope Paul III. <P0-S4> Moreover, the archbishop in 1446–1459 was the Dominican Antoninus of Florence (Antonio Pierozzi), canonized by Pope Adrian VI in 1523. <P0-S5> In 1447 Fra Angelico was in Orvieto with his pupil, Benozzo Gozzoli, executing works for the Cathedral. <P0-S6> Among his other pupils were Zanobi Strozzi. <SEP> <P1-S0> The ambitious Octavian built a power base of patronage and then launched a campaign against Mark Antony. <P1-S1> At the naval Battle of Actium off the coast of Greece, Octavian decisively defeated Antony and Cleopatra. <P1-S2> Octavian was granted a series of special powers including sole "imperium" within the city of Rome, permanent consular powers and credit for every Roman military victory, since all future generals were assumed to be acting under his command. <P1-S3> However, civil war flared again when the Second Triumvirate of Octavian, Lepidus and Mark Antony failed. <P1-S4> In 27 BC Octavian was granted the use of the names "Augustus" and "Princeps", indicating his primary status above all other Romans, and he adopted the title "Imperator Caesar" making him the first Roman Emperor. <SEP> <P2-S0> roland corbineau (24 february 1928 – 7 may 1954) was a french army officer who served during the first indochina war. <P2-S1> he was one of the last to die during the battle of dien bien phu. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Last Judgment (tempera on panel) is a painting by the Renaissance artist Fra Angelico. <P3-S1> It was commissioned by the Camaldolese Order for the newly elected abbot, the humanist scholar Ambrogio Traversari. <P3-S2> It is variously dated to c1425, 1425–30 and 1431. <P3-S3> It was originally sited in the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli and now is in the museum of San Marco, Florence. <P3-S4> It is not to be confused with another Fra Angelico "Last Judgement" in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin. <SEP> <P4-S0> ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. <P4-S1> they were unable to capitalise on the manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. <P4-S2> in april 1644, the capital at beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by li zicheng, a former minor ming official, who established a short-lived shun dynasty. <P4-S3> the last ming ruler, the chongzhen emperor, committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the dynasty.
Question: When was the circus maximus built in the city being the center of imperial life in the early fifth century in the government inspiring the Carolingian Empire?

<P0-S0> Circus Maximus Modern (1978) view of the Circus site from the south - east Location Regio XI Circus Maximus Built in Old Kingdom era Type of structure Circus Circus Maximus <SEP> <P1-S0> the circus of carthage is a roman circus in carthage, in present-day tunisia. <P1-S1> used for chariot racing, it was modeled on the circus maximus in rome and other circus buildings throughout the roman empire. <P1-S2> measuring more than 470 m in length and 30 m in width, it could house up to 45,000 spectators, roughly one third of the circus maximus. <SEP> <P2-S0> the empire state building stood as the world's tallest building for nearly 40 years, from its completion in early 1931 until the topping out of the original world trade center's north tower in late 1970. following the september 11 attacks in 2001, the empire state building was again the tallest building in new york, until one world trade center reached a greater height in april 2012. the empire state building is currently the fifth - tallest completed skyscraper in the united states and the 35th - tallest in the world. <P2-S1> it is also the fifth - tallest freestanding structure in the americas. <P2-S2> when measured by pinnacle height, it is the fourth - tallest building in the united states. <SEP> <P3-S0> Under Charlemagne the Franks reached the height of their power. <P3-S1> The Carolingian Empire was a conscious effort to recreate a central administration modeled on that of the Roman Empire,[13] but the motivations behind military expansion differed. <P3-S2> After campaigns against Lombards, Avars, Saxons, and Basques, the resulting Carolingian Empire stretched from the Pyrenees to Central Germany, from the North Sea to the Adriatic. <P3-S3> In 800 the Pope made Charlemagne Emperor of the West in return for protection of the Church. <P3-S4> Charlemagne hoped to provide his nobles an incentive to fight by encouraging looting on campaign. <P3-S5> Plunder and spoils of war were stronger temptations than imperial expansion, and several regions were invaded over and over in order to bolster the coffers of Frankish nobility. <P3-S6> [14] Cavalry dominated the battlefields, and while the high costs associated with equipping horses and horse-riders helped limit their numbers, Carolingian armies maintained an average size of 20,000 by recruiting infantry from imperial territories near theaters of operation. <P3-S7> [15] The Empire lasted from 800 to 843, when, following Frankish tradition, it was split between the sons of Louis the Pious by the Treaty of Verdun. <SEP> <P4-S0> For almost a thousand years, Rome was the most politically important, richest and largest city in Europe. <P4-S1> Around 100 CE, it had a population of about 450,000, and declined to a mere 20,000 during the Early Middle Ages, reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation.
Question: When did the country that the director for Aybolit-66 held a citizenship break up?

<P0-S0> On December 25, 1991, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the republic was renamed the Russian Federation, which it remains to this day. <P0-S1> This name and "Russia" were specified as the official state names in the April 21, 1992 amendment to the existing constitution and were retained as such in the 1993 Constitution of Russia. <SEP> <P1-S0> The film is based on a story by the director's father, Yuri German. <P1-S1> The screenplay was written by Eduard Volodarsky. <P1-S2> "Trial on the Road" was censored and taken out of circulation in the Soviet Union for 15 years after its release due to its controversial depiction of Soviet soldiers. <SEP> <P2-S0> kenneth dale eoff (born october 3, 1951 in artesia, new mexico) is an american country music artist, known professionally as kenny dale. <P2-S1> active in the 1970s, he recorded two albums for capitol records and charted several country hits. <P2-S2> his biggest hit was a cover version of gene pitney's "only love can break a heart", which peaked at no. 7. <P2-S3> dale retired from the country music business in the early 1980s and took up residence in nashville, tennessee. <P2-S4> he now works as a school bus driver in texas. <SEP> <P3-S0> the rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in burma for over three generations)—the rohingya have been denied burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. <P3-S1> the law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. <P3-S2> citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as kachin, kayah (karenni), karen, chin, burman, mon, rakhine, shan, kaman, or zerbadee. <P3-S3> associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in myanmar before 1823, but can prove they have one grandparent, or pre-1823 ancestor, who was a citizen of another country, as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws. <P3-S4> naturalized citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of burmese citizenship or can provide "conclusive evidence" that their parents entered and resided in burma prior to independence in 1948. the burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel rohingya and bring in non-rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 rohingya from burma, while the rohingya people have been described as "among the world's least wanted" and "one of the world's most persecuted minorities." <P3-S5> but the origin of ‘most persecuted minority’ statement is unclear. <SEP> <P4-S0> Aybolit-66 () is a 1966 Soviet comedy film for children directed by Rolan Bykov. <P4-S1> It is based on a story by Kornei Chukovsky. <P4-S2> The film features Oleg Yefremov as the good "Aibolit" and Rolan Bykov as the evil "Barmalei".
Question: Who publicly wanted peace with the country that the director of Aybolit-66 was a citizen of?

<P0-S0> In Die Welt, a communist newspaper published in Stockholm[e] the exiled communist leader Walter Ulbricht opposed the allies (Britain representing "the most reactionary force in the world") and argued: "The German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union, whereas the English–French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union. <P0-S1> The Communist Party of Germany featured similar attitudes. <P0-S2> The Soviet people and the working people of Germany have an interest in preventing the English war plan." <SEP> <P1-S0> It is based on a story by Kornei Chukovsky. <P1-S1> Aybolit-66 () is a 1966 Soviet comedy film for children directed by Rolan Bykov. <P1-S2> The film features Oleg Yefremov as the good "Aibolit" and Rolan Bykov as the evil "Barmalei". <SEP> <P2-S0> in the 1860s, the copperheads were a vocal faction of democrats in the northern united states of the union who opposed the american civil war and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the confederates. <SEP> <P3-S0> The film is based on a story by the director's father, Yuri German. <P3-S1> The screenplay was written by Eduard Volodarsky. <P3-S2> "Trial on the Road" was censored and taken out of circulation in the Soviet Union for 15 years after its release due to its controversial depiction of Soviet soldiers. <SEP> <P4-S0> the rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in burma for over three generations)—the rohingya have been denied burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. <P4-S1> the law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. <P4-S2> citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as kachin, kayah (karenni), karen, chin, burman, mon, rakhine, shan, kaman, or zerbadee. <P4-S3> associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in myanmar before 1823, but can prove they have one grandparent, or pre-1823 ancestor, who was a citizen of another country, as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws. <P4-S4> naturalized citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of burmese citizenship or can provide "conclusive evidence" that their parents entered and resided in burma prior to independence in 1948. the burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel rohingya and bring in non-rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 rohingya from burma, while the rohingya people have been described as "among the world's least wanted" and "one of the world's most persecuted minorities." <P4-S5> but the origin of ‘most persecuted minority’ statement is unclear.
Question: In which century did the country of citizenship of the director of Aybolit-66 invade Afghanistan?

<P0-S0> "Trial on the Road" was censored and taken out of circulation in the Soviet Union for 15 years after its release due to its controversial depiction of Soviet soldiers. <P0-S1> The film is based on a story by the director's father, Yuri German. <P0-S2> The screenplay was written by Eduard Volodarsky. <SEP> <P1-S0> support for the u.s. cooled when america made clear its determination to invade iraq in late 2002. even so, many of the "coalition of the willing" countries that unconditionally supported the u.s.-led military action have sent troops to afghanistan, particular neighboring pakistan, which has disowned its earlier support for the taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. <P1-S1> pakistan was also engaged in the war in north-west pakistan (waziristan war). <P1-S2> supported by u.s. intelligence, pakistan was attempting to remove the taliban insurgency and al-qaeda element from the northern tribal areas. <SEP> <P2-S0> in afghanistan, the mujahideen's victory against the soviet union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords, making afghanistan one of the poorest countries on earth. <P2-S1> in 1992, the democratic republic of afghanistan ruled by communist forces collapsed, and democratic islamist elements of mujahdeen founded the islamic state of afghanistan. <P2-S2> in 1996, a more conservative and anti-democratic islamist movement known as the taliban rose to power, defeated most of the warlords and took over roughly 80% of afghanistan. <SEP> <P3-S0> The dominance of the nomads ended in the 16th century as firearms allowed settled people to gain control of the region. <P3-S1> The Russian Empire, the Qing dynasty of China, and other powers expanded into the area and seized the bulk of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. <P3-S2> After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviet Union incorporated most of Central Asia; only Mongolia and Afghanistan remained nominally independent, although Mongolia existed as a Soviet satellite state and Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in the late 20th century. <P3-S3> The Soviet areas of Central Asia saw much industrialisation and construction of infrastructure, but also the suppression of local cultures and a lasting legacy of ethnic tensions and environmental problems. <SEP> <P4-S0> Aybolit-66 () is a 1966 Soviet comedy film for children directed by Rolan Bykov. <P4-S1> It is based on a story by Kornei Chukovsky. <P4-S2> The film features Oleg Yefremov as the good "Aibolit" and Rolan Bykov as the evil "Barmalei".
Question: Who was the president of the country where an oblast was broken up in 1943 in 1971?

<P0-S0> Leonid Brezhnev (1906 -- 1982) 14 October 1964 ↓ 10 November 1982 † 23rd -- 26th Congress Served as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, was later renamed General Secretary, and was co-equal with premier Alexei Kosygin until the 1970s. <P0-S1> To consolidate his power he later assumed the title of Chairman of the Presidium. <SEP> <P1-S0> It was formed by the split of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast in 1926, creating Karachay and Cherkess Autonomous Oblast. <P1-S1> Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved during World War II, when the Karachay people were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans. <P1-S2> Karachay Autonomous Oblast was an autonomous oblast in the Soviet Union created on 26 April 1926. <P1-S3> During this time, part of the territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR. <P1-S4> In 1957 it and the Cherkess Autonomous Oblast merged to reinstate the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast. <SEP> <P2-S0> vicente enrique y tarancón (14 may 1907 – 28 november 1994), known in his country as cardenal tarancón or tarancón, was a spanish cardinal of the roman catholic church who served as archbishop of madrid from 1971 to 1983, and as president of the spanish episcopal conference from 1971 to 1981, during the difficult years of the spanish transition to democracy. <P2-S1> he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969. <SEP> <P3-S0> In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR. <SEP> <P4-S0> aleksander hellat ( in tartu – 28 november 1943 in kemerovo oblast) was an estonian politician and a former minister of foreign affairs of estonia. <P4-S1> after estonia had been annexed by the soviet union, hellat was arrested on 24 september 1940 by the nkvd and deported to a prison camp in siberia, where he died three years later.
Question: In what century did the country where the oblast that was broken up in 1943 located invade Afghanistan?

<P0-S0> russia entered the cwc with the largest declared stockpile of chemical weapons. <P0-S1> by 2010 the country had destroyed 18,241 tonnes at destruction facilities located in gorny (saratov oblast) and kambarka (udmurt republic), where operations have finished, and shchuchye (kurgan oblast), maradykovsky (kirov oblast), leonidovka (penza oblast) while installations are under construction in pochep (bryansk oblast) and kizner (udmurt republic). <P0-S2> by 2016, russia destroyed around 94% of its chemical weapons, planning to completely destroy its remaining stockpile by the end of 2018. on september 27, 2017 russia announced the destruction of the last batch of chemical weapons, completing the total destruction of its chemical arsenal, ahead of schedule.on march 4, 2018, russia was alleged to have conducted a chemical attack in salisbury, uk that left 5 injured including the alleged target of the attack, sergei skripal. <SEP> <P1-S0> It was formed by the split of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast in 1926, creating Karachay and Cherkess Autonomous Oblast. <P1-S1> Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved during World War II, when the Karachay people were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans. <P1-S2> Karachay Autonomous Oblast was an autonomous oblast in the Soviet Union created on 26 April 1926. <P1-S3> During this time, part of the territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR. <P1-S4> In 1957 it and the Cherkess Autonomous Oblast merged to reinstate the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast. <SEP> <P2-S0> donetsk oblast is located in southeastern ukraine. <P2-S1> the area of the oblast (26,517 km²), comprises about 4.4% of the total area of the country. <P2-S2> the oblast borders the dnipropetrovsk and zaporizhia oblasts on the southwest, the kharkiv oblast on the north, the luhansk oblast on the northeast, the rostov oblast in russia on the east, and with the sea of azov on the south. <SEP> <P3-S0> In 1943, Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved by Joseph Stalin, when the Karachays were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans and territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR. <SEP> <P4-S0> The dominance of the nomads ended in the 16th century as firearms allowed settled people to gain control of the region. <P4-S1> The Russian Empire, the Qing dynasty of China, and other powers expanded into the area and seized the bulk of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. <P4-S2> After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviet Union incorporated most of Central Asia; only Mongolia and Afghanistan remained nominally independent, although Mongolia existed as a Soviet satellite state and Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in the late 20th century. <P4-S3> The Soviet areas of Central Asia saw much industrialisation and construction of infrastructure, but also the suppression of local cultures and a lasting legacy of ethnic tensions and environmental problems.
Question: When did the country having the performer of Shabash invade Manchuria?

<P0-S0> the prague spring (czech: pražské jaro, slovak: pražská jar) was a period of political liberalization in czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the soviet union after world war ii. <P0-S1> it began on 5 january 1968, when reformist alexander dubček was elected first secretary of the communist party of czechoslovakia (ksč), and continued until 21 august when the soviet union and other members of the warsaw pact invaded the country to halt the reforms. <SEP> <P1-S0> in 1274, the mongol-founded yuan dynasty in china sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade japan in northern kyūshū. <P1-S1> japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. <P1-S2> the invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. <P1-S3> the yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion was called off. <P1-S4> the mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in japan. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Pacific War saw the Allied powers pitted against the Empire of Japan, the latter briefly aided by Thailand and to a much lesser extent by its Axis allies, Germany and Italy. <P2-S1> The war culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and other large aerial bomb attacks by the United States Army Air Forces, accompanied by the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 8 August 1945, resulting in the Japanese announcement of intent to surrender on 15 August 1945. <P2-S2> The formal and official surrender of Japan took place aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. <P2-S3> Following its defeat, Japan's Shinto Emperor stepped down as the divine leader through the Shinto Directive, because the Allied Powers believed this was the major political cause of Japan's military aggression and deconstruction process soon took place to install a new liberal-democratic constitution to the Japanese public as the current Constitution of Japan. <SEP> <P3-S0> It was released on 25 April 1991. <P3-S1> The album was recorded at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 28 October 1990. <P3-S2> Shabash () is a live album by Russian rock band Alisa. <P3-S3> The concert was part of the "Shabash" Tour, which ran between 1989 and 1991. <SEP> <P4-S0> It was the first release of Russian rock music into the United States. <P4-S1> Red Wave: 4 Underground Bands from the Soviet Union was a split double album released in 1986 and featuring Russian rock bands Aquarium, Kino, Alisa, and Strannye Igry (Strange Games), all from Leningrad.
Question: In 1971, who was the president of the country that held the territory that was transferred in 1957, along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic?

<P0-S0> On January 9, 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR. <SEP> <P1-S0> many regions in russia were affected by the soviet famine of 1932–1933: volga; central black soil region; north caucasus; the urals; the crimea; part of western siberia; and the kazak assr. <P1-S1> with the adoption of the 1936 soviet constitution on december 5, 1936, the size of the rsfsr was significantly reduced. <P1-S2> the kazakh assr and kirghiz assr were transformed into the kazakh and kirghiz soviet socialist republics. <P1-S3> the karakalpak autonomous socialist soviet republic was transferred to the uzbek ssr. <SEP> <P2-S0> To consolidate his power he later assumed the title of Chairman of the Presidium. <P2-S1> Leonid Brezhnev (1906 -- 1982) 14 October 1964 ↓ 10 November 1982 † 23rd -- 26th Congress Served as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, was later renamed General Secretary, and was co-equal with premier Alexei Kosygin until the 1970s. <SEP> <P3-S0> Karachay Autonomous Oblast was an autonomous oblast in the Soviet Union created on 26 April 1926. <P3-S1> It was formed by the split of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast in 1926, creating Karachay and Cherkess Autonomous Oblast. <P3-S2> Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved during World War II, when the Karachay people were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans. <P3-S3> During this time, part of the territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR. <P3-S4> In 1957 it and the Cherkess Autonomous Oblast merged to reinstate the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast. <SEP> <P4-S0> under the 1977 constitution of the union of soviet socialist republics (ussr), the chairman of the council of ministers was the head of government and the chairman of the presidium of the supreme soviet was the head of state. <P4-S1> the office of the chairman of the council of ministers was comparable to a prime minister in the first world, whereas the office of the chairman of the presidium was comparable to a president in the first world. <P4-S2> in the soviet union's seventy - year history there was no official leader of the soviet union office, but during most of that era there was a de facto top leader who usually led the country through the office of the premier or the office of the general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union (cpsu). <P4-S3> in the ideology of vladimir lenin the head of the soviet state was a collegiate body of the vanguard party (see what is to be done? <P4-S4> ).
Question: What was the trade route between german and the country where the territory that was transferred along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is located?

<P0-S0> Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. <P0-S1> The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. <P0-S2> In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a million tons of wheat, 900,000 tons of oil, 100,000 tons of cotton, 500,000 tons of phosphates and considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria. <P0-S3> [citation needed] These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories. <P0-S4> The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser, the plans to the battleship Bismarck, heavy naval guns, other naval gear and thirty of Germany's latest warplanes, including the Me-109 and Me-110 fighters and Ju-88 bomber. <P0-S5> The Soviets would also receive oil and electric equipment, locomotives, turbines, generators, diesel engines, ships, machine tools and samples of German artillery, tanks, explosives, chemical-warfare equipment and other items. <SEP> <P1-S0> On January 9, 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR. <SEP> <P2-S0> cherepovets governorate (, "cherepovetskaya guberniya") was a governorate ("guberniya") of the russian soviet federative socialist republic from 1918 to 1927. its seat was in the city of cherepovets. <P2-S1> the governorate was located in the north of european russia, and its territory is currently divided between vologda, novgorod, and leningrad oblasts. <SEP> <P3-S0> It was formed by the split of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast in 1926, creating Karachay and Cherkess Autonomous Oblast. <P3-S1> Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved during World War II, when the Karachay people were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans. <P3-S2> Karachay Autonomous Oblast was an autonomous oblast in the Soviet Union created on 26 April 1926. <P3-S3> During this time, part of the territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR. <P3-S4> In 1957 it and the Cherkess Autonomous Oblast merged to reinstate the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast. <SEP> <P4-S0> with an area of 2,700,000 square kilometres (1,000,000 sq mi) – equivalent in size to western europe – kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. <P4-S1> while it was part of the soviet union, kazakhstan lost some of its territory to china's xinjiang autonomous region and some to uzbekistan's karakalpakstan autonomous republic.
Question: In which century did the country where the territory transferred along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic can be found invade Afghanistan?

<P0-S0> On January 9, 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR. <SEP> <P1-S0> Karachay Autonomous Oblast was an autonomous oblast in the Soviet Union created on 26 April 1926. <P1-S1> It was formed by the split of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast in 1926, creating Karachay and Cherkess Autonomous Oblast. <P1-S2> Karachay Autonomous Oblast was dissolved during World War II, when the Karachay people were exiled to Central Asia for their alleged collaboration with the Germans. <P1-S3> During this time, part of the territory was incorporated into the Georgian SSR. <P1-S4> In 1957 it and the Cherkess Autonomous Oblast merged to reinstate the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast. <SEP> <P2-S0> with an area of 2,700,000 square kilometres (1,000,000 sq mi) – equivalent in size to western europe – kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. <P2-S1> while it was part of the soviet union, kazakhstan lost some of its territory to china's xinjiang autonomous region and some to uzbekistan's karakalpakstan autonomous republic. <SEP> <P3-S0> in afghanistan, the mujahideen's victory against the soviet union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity, due to a vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords, making afghanistan one of the poorest countries on earth. <P3-S1> in 1992, the democratic republic of afghanistan ruled by communist forces collapsed, and democratic islamist elements of mujahdeen founded the islamic state of afghanistan. <P3-S2> in 1996, a more conservative and anti-democratic islamist movement known as the taliban rose to power, defeated most of the warlords and took over roughly 80% of afghanistan. <SEP> <P4-S0> The dominance of the nomads ended in the 16th century as firearms allowed settled people to gain control of the region. <P4-S1> After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviet Union incorporated most of Central Asia; only Mongolia and Afghanistan remained nominally independent, although Mongolia existed as a Soviet satellite state and Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in the late 20th century. <P4-S2> The Russian Empire, the Qing dynasty of China, and other powers expanded into the area and seized the bulk of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. <P4-S3> The Soviet areas of Central Asia saw much industrialisation and construction of infrastructure, but also the suppression of local cultures and a lasting legacy of ethnic tensions and environmental problems.