Question: When did the colonizer of Belal Fadi's country end and start?

<P0-S0> Fadl has roots from Alexandria. <P0-S1> Belal Fadl () (born 1974) is a screenplay writer, ex-journalist and a column writer at Almasry Alyoum born and raised in Cairo, Egypt. <SEP> <P1-S0> In 332 BC, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt as he toppled the Achaemenids and established the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom, whose first ruler was one of Alexander's former generals, Ptolemy I Soter. <P1-S1> The death of Cleopatra ended the nominal independence of Egypt resulting in Egypt becoming one of the provinces of the Roman Empire. <P1-S2> The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome. <SEP> <P2-S0> the roman republic (latin: res publica romana; classical latin: [ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na]) was the period of ancient roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the roman kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 bc, and ending in 27 bc with the establishment of the roman empire. <P2-S1> it was during this period that rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire mediterranean world. <P2-S2> during the first two centuries of its existence, the roman republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, from central italy to the entire italian peninsula. <P2-S3> by the following century, it included north africa, spain, and what is now southern france. <P2-S4> two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century bc, it included the rest of modern france, greece, and much of the eastern mediterranean. <P2-S5> by this time, internal tensions led to a series of civil wars, culminating with the assassination of julius caesar, which led to the transition from republic to empire. <P2-S6> the exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation. <P2-S7> historians have variously proposed julius caesar's crossing of the rubicon river in 49 bc, caesar's appointment as dictator for life in 44 bc, and the defeat of mark antony and cleopatra at the battle of actium in 31 bc. <P2-S8> however, most use the same date as did the ancient romans themselves, the roman senate's grant of extraordinary powers to octavian and his adopting the title augustus in 27 bc, as the defining event ending the republic. <SEP> <P3-S0> the history of new york begins around 10,000 bc, when the first native peoples arrived. <P3-S1> by 1100 ad, new york's main native cultures, the iroquoian and algonquian, had developed. <P3-S2> european discovery of new york was led by the french in 1524 and the first land claim came in 1609 by the dutch. <P3-S3> as part of new netherland, the colony was important in the fur trade and eventually became an agricultural resource thanks to the patroon system. <P3-S4> in 1626 the dutch bought the island of manhattan from native americans. <P3-S5> in 1664, england renamed the colony new york, after the duke of york (later james ii & vii.) <P3-S6> new york city gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the thirteen colonies. <SEP> <P4-S0> The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Rōmānum, Classical Latin: (ɪmˈpɛ. <P4-S1> ri. <P4-S2> ũː roːˈmaː. <P4-S3> nũː); Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr. <P4-S4> Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, with a government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. <P4-S5> The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it had been severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. <P4-S6> Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. <P4-S7> Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus, effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic. <P4-S8> The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC -- c. AD 400, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around AD 500, and the Empire's population grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time).