winkelee/scaling-down huggingface dataset:
Question: What took place first, The Korean War or The Western Allied invasion of Germany?

<P0-S0>  The Allied invasion of Germany started with the Western Allies crossing the Rhine River in March 1945 before fanning out and overrunning all of western Germany from the Baltic in the north to Austria in the south before the Germans surrendered on 8 May 1945. <P0-S1> The Western Allied invasion of Germany was coordinated by the Western Allies during the final months of hostilities in the European theatre of World War II. <P0-S2>  This is known as the "Central Europe Campaign" in United States military histories. <SEP> <P1-S0> The Korean War (in South Korean Hangul: 한국전쟁 ; Hanja: 韓國戰爭 ; RR: "Hanguk Jeonjaeng " , "Korean War"; in North Korean Chosŏn'gŭl: 조국해방전쟁 ; Hancha: 祖國解放戰爭 ; MR: "Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng " , "Fatherland Liberation War"; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the principal support of the United States). <P1-S1>  The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea. <P1-S2>  The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, came to the aid of South Korea. <P1-S3>  China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North. <SEP> <P2-S0> The 21st Army Group was a World War II British headquarters formation, in command of two field armies and other supporting units, consisting primarily of the British Second Army and the First Canadian Army. <P2-S1>  Established in London during July 1943, under the command of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), it was assigned to Operation Overlord, the Western Allied invasion of Europe, and was an important Allied force in the European Theatre. <P2-S2>  The 21st Army Group operated in Northern France, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany from June 1944 until the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, after which it was redesignated the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR). <SEP> <P3-S0> Operation Epsom, also known as the First Battle of the Odon, was a British Second World War offensive that took place between 26 and 30 June 1944, during the Battle of Normandy. <P3-S1>  The offensive was intended to outflank and seize the German-occupied city of Caen, an important Allied objective, in the early stages of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of north-west Europe.
Question: With whom did this American singer, songwriter and record producer, who contributed to the single "Marvin Gaye" with Julie Frost, co-produced and performed the 2015 song for a movie soundtrack?

<P0-S0> Marvin Gaye ( ; born Marvin Pentz Gay Jr.; April 2, 1939 – April 1, 1984) was an American singer, songwriter and record producer. <P0-S1>  Gaye helped to shape the sound of Motown in the 1960s, first as an in-house session player and later as a solo artist with a string of hits, including "Ain't That Peculiar", "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)" and "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", and duet recordings with Mary Wells, Kim Weston, Diana Ross and Tammi Terrell, later earning the titles "Prince of Motown" and "Prince of Soul". <SEP> <P1-S0> "Marvin Gaye" is the debut single recorded, produced, and co-written by American singer Charlie Puth. <P1-S1>  It was released on February 10, 2015 by Atlantic Records as a single from Puth's third EP, "Some Type of Love" as well as the lead single from his debut album, "Nine Track Mind", it features guest vocals by Meghan Trainor. <P1-S2>  Puth co-wrote the song with Julie Frost, Jacob Luttrell and Nick Seeley. <SEP> <P2-S0> Charles Otto Puth Jr. ( ) (born December 2, 1991) is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. <P2-S1>  He is known for his 2015 song "See You Again", which he wrote, co-produced, and performed with Wiz Khalifa for the "Furious 7" soundtrack as a tribute to Paul Walker. <SEP> <P3-S0> Julie Frost is an American songwriter, singer, guitar player and music producer. <P3-S1>  She is also the founder of the non-profit "Songs For Elephants", with the mission to help mobilize the music and entertainment industry in support of the world's elephants. <P3-S2>  She is the second American songwriter to win the Eurovision Song Contest, as co-writer of the song "Satellite", which won the contest for Germany. <P3-S3>  Frost wrote the hook for Black Eyed Peas' multi-platinum single "Just Can't Get Enough", the hook for Pitbull's "Castle Made of Sand", and Flo Rida's "Sweet Spot". <P3-S4>  She also co-wrote Beyoncé's single "Countdown", Ed Sheeran's "Kiss Me", Marina and the Diamonds's "Primadonna", and Madonna's song "Masterpiece", from the soundtrack of her movie "W.E.", and won a Golden Globe award for best original song in a soundtrack. <P3-S5>  Most recently, Frost wrote the end credit song and lead single for the "Endless Love" Soundtrack performed by Tegan and Sara and co-wrote "Lift Me Up" featuring Nico and Vinz and Ladysmith Black Mambazo on Guetta's album "Listen", and co-wrote Charlie Puth's single "Marvin Gaye" with Charlie Puth featuring Meghan Trainor.
Question: In what year did the Guild of Music Supervisors Awards recognize a British-American romantic drama film based on the 1952 romance novel "The Price of Salt" starring Cate Blanchett?

<P0-S0> "Carol" is a 2015 British-American romantic drama film directed by Todd Haynes. <P0-S1>  The screenplay, written by Phyllis Nagy, is based on Patricia Highsmith's 1952 romance novel "The Price of Salt". <P0-S2>  The film stars Cate Blanchett and Rooney Mara as Carol Aird and Therese Belivet, two women from different classes and backgrounds embarking on a lesbian relationship in early 1950s New York City. <P0-S3>  Sarah Paulson, Kyle Chandler, and Jake Lacy feature in supporting roles. <P0-S4>  "Carol" premiered in May at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Queer Palm and Mara tied for the Best Actress award. <P0-S5>  It received a platform release in the United States, opening in four theaters on November 20, 2015 and going into wide release on January 15, 2016. <P0-S6>  Its $62,037 per theater average was the third-highest opening average of the year and the best opening weekend of Haynes' films. <P0-S7>  The film earned $40.3 million at worldwide box office on a production budget of $11.8 million. <SEP> <P1-S0>  The screenplay, written by Phyllis Nagy, is based on the 1952 romance novel "The Price of Salt" (also known as "Carol") by Patricia Highsmith. <P1-S1>  The film stars Cate Blanchett, Rooney Mara, Sarah Paulson, Jake Lacy, and Kyle Chandler. <P1-S2>  Set in New York City during the early 1950s, "Carol" tells the story of a forbidden affair between an aspiring female photographer and an older woman going through a difficult divorce. <P1-S3> Carol is a 2015 British-American romantic drama film directed by Todd Haynes. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Price of Salt (later republished under the title Carol) is a 1952 romance novel by Patricia Highsmith, first published under the pseudonym "Claire Morgan". <P2-S1>  Highsmith—known as a suspense writer based on her psychological thriller "Strangers on a Train"—used an alias because she did not want to be tagged as "a lesbian-book writer", and because of the use of her own life references for characters and occurrences in the story. <P2-S2>  Though Highsmith had many sexual and romantic relationships with women and wrote over 22 novels and numerous short stories, "The Price of Salt" is her only novel about an unequivocal lesbian relationship and its relatively happy ending was unprecedented in lesbian literature. <P2-S3>  It is also notable for being the only one of her novels with not only "a conventional 'happy ending but in which her characters also had "more explicit sexual existences". <SEP> <P3-S0> The Guild of Music Supervisors Awards recognize music supervisors in 14 categories, representing movies, television, games and trailers. " <P3-S1> Compton", "Carol" and "Furious 7" were among the winners of the 2016 ceremony, while "La la land" of the 2017 ceremony. <P3-S2>  The seventh annual ceremony took place at The Theatre at the Ace Hotel Los Angeles.
Question: Who has released more studio albums, Candlelight Red or Motion City Soundtrack?

<P0-S0> The following is the discography of Motion City Soundtrack, an American rock band that formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1997. <P0-S1>  The band's line-up consisted of vocalist and guitarist Justin Pierre, lead guitarist Joshua Cain, keyboardist Jesse Johnson, bassist Matthew Taylor, and drummer Tony Thaxton. <P0-S2>  Over the course of their nearly twenty-year career, the group toured heavily and released six studio albums, the majority on independent label Epitaph Records. <P0-S3>  The band's sound, at times described as pop punk or emo, made notable use of the Moog synthesizer. <SEP> <P1-S0> Panic Stations is the sixth and final studio album by American rock band Motion City Soundtrack. <P1-S1>  Produced by John Agnello, the album was released on September 18, 2015 by Epitaph Records. <P1-S2>  Following an extended touring cycle in which the group performed several past albums in full, Motion City Soundtrack lost one of its longest-serving members: drummer Tony Thaxton, who resigned from the group in 2013. <P1-S3>  The band continued to tour with new drummer Claudio Rivera over the ensuing year while writing new material for a sixth album. <SEP> <P2-S0>  The band's line-up consisted of vocalist and guitarist Justin Pierre, lead guitarist Joshua Cain, keyboardist Jesse Johnson, bassist Matthew Taylor, and drummer Tony Thaxton. <P2-S1>  Over the course of their nearly twenty-year career, the group toured heavily and released six studio albums, the majority on independent label Epitaph Records. <P2-S2> Motion City Soundtrack was an American rock band that formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1997. <P2-S3>  The band's sound, at times described as pop punk or emo, made notable use of the Moog synthesizer. <SEP> <P3-S0> Candlelight Red is a rock band from Williamsport, Pennsylvania. <P3-S1>  Their EP "Demons" and album "Reclamation" was produced by Morgan Rose of Sevendust. <P3-S2>  They have produced two studio albums and an EP.
Question: What number president was Annie Caputo nominated by to become a member of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission?

<P0-S0> David A. Wright is an American businessman, politician, and energy policy advisor. <P0-S1>  In May 2017, he was nominated by President Donald Trump to become a member of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for the remainder of a five-year term expiring on June 30, 2020. <SEP> <P1-S0> Special nuclear material is a term used by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission of the United States to classify fissile materials. <P1-S1>  The NRC divides special nuclear material (SNM) into three main categories, according to the risk and potential for its direct use in a clandestine nuclear weapon or for its use in the production of nuclear material for use in a nuclear weapon. <SEP> <P2-S0>  Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality. <P2-S1> Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current President of the United States, in office since January 20, 2017. <SEP> <P3-S0> Annie Caputo is an American political advisor and government official. <P3-S1>  Currently serving as senior policy advisor for Chairman John Barrasso (R-WY) on the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, she is President Donald Trump's nominee to become a member of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for the remainder of a five-year term expiring on June 30, 2021.
Question: Southeastern Illinois College offers an undergraduate academic degree considered to be greater level of education than what?

<P0-S0> An associate degree (or associate's degree) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study intended to usually last two years. <P0-S1>  It is considered to be greater level of education than a high school diploma or GED. <SEP> <P1-S0> A Bachelor of Independent Studies is an undergraduate academic degree. <P1-S1>  Its program of studies is unique to each student, and the individual curricula are largely determined by each student. <P1-S2>  It may focus in any field, and generally has two phases: a pre-thesis phase, in which the student takes courses or reading courses, and a thesis phase, in which the student completes a substantial thesis. <P1-S3>  A similarly name Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies is also awarded by some universities. <P1-S4>  The degree can be considered akin to a degree in general studies. <SEP> <P2-S0> The School of Education at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign was founded in 1905. <P2-S1>  It was later renamed the College of Education in 1918. <P2-S2>  The college offers undergraduate, graduate, and online programs in areas including elementary education, early childhood education, special education, and Educational Organization and Leadership. <P2-S3>  It began with six departments; three of them merged and formed the largest department in the college. <P2-S4>  All departments offer masters and doctoral degrees. <P2-S5>  However, only two departments offer undergraduate degree programs: Special Education and Curriculum & Instruction. <P2-S6>  The college also offers 16 online programs. <P2-S7>  Students seeking an undergraduate degree in the college must meet the minimum graduation requirement set forth by the university. <P2-S8>  To obtain a certification, students must also meet the requirements of the Council on Teacher Education, a professional educational administration at the University of Illinois. <P2-S9>  The total enrollment is 1,361 students as of 2015. <SEP> <P3-S0>  The college was founded in 1960 and offers Associate degrees. <P3-S1> Southeastern Illinois College is a public community college located approximately halfway between Harrisburg and Equality in Saline County, Illinois, United States. <P3-S2>  A secondary campus, the David L. Stanley White County Center, is located in Carmi, White County. <P3-S3>  Approximately 5,000 students enroll each year.
Question: The American Sweetgum is the hostplant of what kind of bug?

<P0-S0>  Sweet gum is one of the main valuable forest trees in the southeastern United States, and is a popular ornamental tree in temperate climates. <P0-S1> American sweetgum ("Liquidambar styraciflua"), also known as American storax, hazel pine, bilsted, redgum, satin-walnut, star-leaved gum, alligatorwood, or simply sweetgum, is a deciduous tree in the genus "Liquidambar" native to warm temperate areas of eastern North America and tropical montane regions of Mexico and Central America. <P0-S2>  It is recognizable by the combination of its five-pointed star-shaped leaves and its hard, spiked fruits. <P0-S3>  It is currently classified in the plant family Altingiaceae, but was formerly considered a member of the Hamamelidaceae. <SEP> <P1-S0>  The hostplant for the species is "Liquidambar styraciflua". <P1-S1> Phyllocnistis liquidambarisella is a moth of the Gracillariidae family, known from the United States (New York, Maryland, Kentucky, Georgia, Texas, Florida). <P1-S2>  They mine the leaves of their host plant. <P1-S3>  The mine has the form of a long, winding, linear mine on the upperside of the leaf. <P1-S4>  It is rather indistinct, without any central line of frass. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Love Bug is a 1997 American made-for-television comedy adventure film and a sequel/remake of the 1968 film of the same name produced by Walt Disney Television which premiered on ABC as part of "The Wonderful World of Disney" on November 30, 1997. <P2-S1>  The remake starred Bruce Campbell and included a special appearance by Dean Jones, star of the original "The Love Bug", tying it to the previous films and introduced an evil black Volkswagen named Horace, "The Hate Bug", giving the film a much darker tone than the other "Herbie" films. <SEP> <P3-S0> Stenodema laevigatum, or sometimes Stenodema laevigata (also called Grass bug), is a carnivorous species of bug from Miridae family. <P3-S1>  The species have a gray to brown elongated body, with the eyes located backwards in the head. <P3-S2>  Sometimes they might come in green colour. <P3-S3>  They are 8 - in length, which makes it a rather big species of its kind. <P3-S4>  They are common in the United Kingdom, and throughout the rest of Europe.
Question: What was the highest ranking in the United States for a single written by an English multi-instrumentalist?

<P0-S0>  His career with the Who spans over 50 years, during which time the band grew to be considered one of the most influential bands of the 20th century. <P0-S1> Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend (born 19 May 1945) is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist, best known as the lead guitarist, backing vocalist, and main songwriter for the rock band the Who. <SEP> <P1-S0> "Man in the Rain" is a pop song written and performed by English multi-instrumentalist Mike Oldfield. <P1-S1>  It was included on the album "Tubular Bells III" and released as a single on 5 October 1998 by Warner Music. <P1-S2>  The vocals were performed by Irish folk singer Cara Dillon. <SEP> <P2-S0> "Moonlight Shadow" is a song written and performed by English multi-instrumentalist Mike Oldfield, released as a single in May 1983 by Virgin Records, and included in the album "Crises" of the same year. <P2-S1>  The vocals were performed by Scottish vocalist Maggie Reilly, who had collaborated with Mike Oldfield since 1980. <P2-S2>  It is Oldfield's most successful single, reaching number one on a number of charts around Europe. <SEP> <P3-S0> "Magic Bus" is a song written by Pete Townshend during the time that "My Generation" was being recorded in 1965. <P3-S1>  However, it was not recorded by The Who until 1968 and released in the UK on 18 September 1968. <P3-S2>  It has become one of the band's most popular songs and has been a concert staple, although when released, the record only reached number 26 in the United Kingdom and number 25 in the United States.
Question: Who is the psychologist who wrote about the disciple of the person known as the "Wild Woman of Buttle"?

<P0-S0> The Pas de la Dame Sauvage (French; "Passage of arms of the wild lady") was a "pas d'armes" held at Ghent in 1470 by the Burgundian knight Claude de Vauldray in the presence of Duke Charles the Bold and his court. <P0-S1>  The "wild lady" ("dame sauvage") of the hastilude (a series of jousts defending a certain pass) was allegorical. <P0-S2>  In the epistle circulated by Claude to announce the games, he describes a romantic tale of a knight who "left the wealthy kingdom of "Enfance" (Childhood), and came to a wild poor and sterile land called "Jeunesse" (Youth)." <P0-S3>  The knight must make a "wild woman" his lady in the land of Youth, just as a young knight must prove himself through feats of arms (the "pas d'armes") in order to merit a lady. <P0-S4>  The wild woman of the allegory is described as naked and covered only by her long blonde hair and a floral garland. <P0-S5>  In fact, Claude was led into the lists by a fleet of "wild" men and women. <SEP> <P1-S0>  Jonathan Ned Katz, historian of the American gay and lesbian experience, cites Kiernan's initial attribution of perversion to the term "heterosexual." <P1-S1>  Kiernan went on to write of a variety of topics, e.g. Mary MacLane's disciple Viola Larsen, who stole a horse and wrote romantic letters to other girls, as an example of child precocity and possible genius. <P1-S2> James G. Kiernan was an American psychologist, prominent in American gay history for the first recorded use of the terms "heterosexual" and "homosexual" in 1892. <SEP> <P2-S0>  MacLane was known as the "Wild Woman of Butte". <P2-S1> Mary MacLane (May 1, 1881 – "c". <P2-S2>  August 6, 1929) was a controversial Canadian-born American writer whose frank memoirs helped usher in the confessional style of autobiographical writing. <SEP> <P3-S0> Ralph Austin Bard (July 29, 1884 – April 5, 1975) was a Chicago financier who served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1941–1944, and as Under Secretary, 1944–1945. <P3-S1>  He is noted for a memorandum he wrote to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson in 1945 urging that Japan be given a warning before the use of the atomic bomb on a strategic city. <P3-S2>  He was "the only person known to have formally dissented from the use of the atomic bomb without advance warning."
Question: On what date will the comedy film directed by Kevin Tent and starring the Bulgarian-Canadian actress known for portraying the role of Mia Jones be released on video on demand services?

<P0-S0> Nina Dobrev ( ; born Nikolina Konstantinova Dobreva; Bulgarian: Николина Константинова Добрева ; January 9, 1989) is a Bulgarian-Canadian actress. <P0-S1>  She is known for portraying the role of Mia Jones in the drama series "" and then Elena Gilbert on The CW's supernatural drama series "The Vampire Diaries". <SEP> <P1-S0> Lucy Alexis Liu (born Lucy Liu; December 2, 1968) is an American actress, voice actress, director, producer, singer and artist. <P1-S1>  She became known for playing the role of the vicious and ill-mannered Ling Woo in the television series "Ally McBeal" (1998–2002), for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series. <P1-S2>  Liu's film work includes starring as one of the heroines (Alex Munday) in "Charlie's Angels" (2000), portraying O-Ren Ishii in "Kill Bill" (2003), and starring roles in the main casts of "Payback" (as Pearl; 1999), "Chicago" (as Kitty Baxter; 2002), and the animated film series "Kung Fu Panda" (2008–present) portraying the character Master Viper. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Babymakers is a 2012 American comedy film directed by Jay Chandrasekhar, and starring Paul Schneider, Olivia Munn and Kevin Heffernan. <P2-S1>  Chandrasekhar and Heffernan are both members of Broken Lizard. <P2-S2>  The film received a limited release on August 3, 2012 in theaters and on video on demand services. <P2-S3>  It received a DVD and Blu-ray release September 18, 2012. <SEP> <P3-S0>  It stars Domhnall Gleeson, Christina Applegate, Thomas Haden Church, and Nina Dobrev. <P3-S1> Crash Pad is an upcoming American comedy film directed by Kevin Tent, from a screenplay by Jeremy Catalino. <P3-S2>  It will be released on video on demand services on September 25, 2017 and will then be released by Vertical Entertainment in select theaters on October 27, 2017. <P3-S3>  A hopeless romantic who thinks he's found true love with an older woman, only to learn that she's married and that his fling is merely an instrument of revenge against her neglectful husband.
Question: The Company They Keep is a book written by Diana Pavlac Glyer, who is a professor at a university in Azusa, California, that was founded in 1899, and is under the auspices of what religion?

<P0-S0> Diana L. Eck (born 1945 in Bozeman, Montana) is a scholar of religious studies who is Professor of Comparative Religion and Indian Studies at Harvard University, as well as a Master of Lowell House and the Director of The Pluralism Project at Harvard. <P0-S1>  Among other works, she is the author of "Banaras, City of Light", "Darsan: Seeing the Divine Image in India", "Encountering God: A Spiritual Journey from Bozeman to Banaras", and "A New Religious America: How a Christian Country Became the World's Most Religiously Diverse Nation". <P0-S2>  At Harvard, she is in the Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, the Committee on the Study of Religion, and is also a member of the Faculty of Divinity. <P0-S3>  She has been reappointed the chair for the Committee on the Study of Religion, a position which she held from 1990 to 1998. <P0-S4>  In March 2012, Diana authored her book "India: A Sacred Geography". <SEP> <P1-S0> Diana Pavlac Glyer (born 21 January 1956 in Aberdeen, Maryland) is a United States author, speaker, and teacher whose work centers on C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and the Inklings. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Company They Keep: C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien as Writers in Community (2007) is a non-fiction book written by Diana Pavlac Glyer, an Inklings scholar and English professor at Azusa Pacific University. <P2-S1>  "The Company They Keep" challenges the commonly held belief that the Inklings did not influence each other through a detailed and engaging examination of both published and unpublished works, papers, and letters written by J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield, Warren Lewis and the lesser-known writers who comprised the Inklings. <SEP> <P3-S0>  The university was founded in 1899, with classes opening on March 3, 1900, in Whittier, California, and began offering degrees in 1939. <P3-S1> Azusa Pacific University (APU) is a private, evangelical Christian university located near Los Angeles in suburban Azusa, California, United States. <P3-S2>  The university's seminary, the Graduate School of Theology, holds to a Wesleyan-Arminian doctrinal theology. <P3-S3>  APU offers more than 100 associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral programs on campus, online, and at seven regional locations across Southern California.
Question: What was the release date and price for the release of Mac OS X that has the software for creating WWF files?

<P0-S0> Mac OS X version 10.0, code named Cheetah, is the first major release of Mac OS X (later named OS X and then macOS), Apple’s desktop and server operating system. <P0-S1>  Mac OS X 10.0 was released on March 24, 2001 for a price of US$129. <P0-S2>  It was the successor of the Mac OS X Public Beta and the predecessor of Mac OS X 10.1. <SEP> <P1-S0> QuickDraw is the 2D graphics library and associated Application Programming Interface (API) which is a core part of the classic Mac OS operating system. <P1-S1>  It was initially written by Bill Atkinson and Andy Hertzfeld. <P1-S2>  QuickDraw still existed as part of the libraries of Mac OS X, but had been largely superseded by the more modern Quartz graphics system. <P1-S3>  In Mac OS X v10.4, QuickDraw has been officially deprecated. <P1-S4>  In Mac OS X v10.5 applications using QuickDraw cannot make use of the added 64-bit support. <P1-S5>  In Mac OS X v10.8, QuickDraw header support was removed from the operating system. <P1-S6>  Applications using QuickDraw will still run under OS X 10.8 through macOS 10.12; however, the current versions of Xcode and the macOS SDK do not contain the header files to compile such programs. <SEP> <P2-S0>  Tiger was released to the public on April 29, 2005 for US$129.95 as the successor to Mac OS X 10.3 Panther. <P2-S1> Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger is the fifth major release of Mac OS X (now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system for Mac computers. <P2-S2>  Some of the new features included a fast searching system called Spotlight, a new version of the Safari web browser, Dashboard, a new ‘Unified’ theme, and improved support for 64-bit addressing on Power Mac G5s. Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance. <SEP> <P3-S0>  The WWF format is promoted as being more environmentally friendly than other comparable document exchange formats (e.g. PDF or DOC) since documents in this format are designed to be more difficult to print. <P3-S1>  The motivation behind the use of the format is to prevent unnecessary printing of documents. <P3-S2> WWF is a modification of the open standard PDF format for document exchange endorsed by the World Wide Fund for Nature (also abbreviated WWF) Germany. <P3-S3>  The website claims that the file format will be able to be read by most programs that can open ordinary PDF files. <P3-S4>  At present, the software for creating WWF files is available for Mac OS X 10.4 and for Windows XP and later. <P3-S5>  An Open Source equivalent is available for Linux and for Windows XP and later.
Question: When did the tour begin for the album Taylor Swift released on October 22, 2012?

<P0-S0> "Begin Again" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for her fourth studio album, "Red" (2012). <P0-S1>  Swift co-produced the song with Nathan Chapman and Dann Huff. <P0-S2>  Initially released as a promotional single on September 25, 2012 by Big Machine Records, the song served as the second single from "Red" on October 1, 2012. <P0-S3>  "Begin Again" is a country song, with the lyrical content finds Swift falling in love again after a failed relationship. <SEP> <P1-S0>  Launched in support of Swift's fourth studio album, "Red" (2012), the tour began on March 13, 2013 in Omaha, Nebraska and concluded on June 12, 2014 in Singapore. <P1-S1> The Red Tour was the third concert tour by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection, originally titled Sounds of the Season: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection, is a Christmas EP by American singer Taylor Swift. <P2-S1>  The EP was first released on October 14, 2007 by Big Machine Records exclusively to Target stores in the United States and online. <P2-S2>  The release was originally a limited release for the 2007 holiday season, but was re-released to iTunes and Amazon.com on December 2, 2008 and again in October 2009 to Target stores. <P2-S3>  "The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection" features cover versions of Christmas songs and two original tracks written by Swift, "Christmases When You Were Mine" and "Christmas Must Be Something More", all of which have a country pop sound. <SEP> <P3-S0> Red is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. <P3-S1>  It was released on October 22, 2012, by Big Machine Records, as the follow-up to her third studio album, "Speak Now". <P3-S2>  The album title was inspired by the "semi-toxic relationships" that Swift experienced during the process of conceiving this album, which Swift described the emotions she felt as "red emotions" due to their intense and tumultuous nature. <P3-S3>  "Red" touches on Swift's signature themes of love and heartbreak, however, from a more mature perspective while exploring other themes such as fame and the pressure of being in the limelight. <P3-S4>  The album features collaborations with producers and guest artists such as Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol and Ed Sheeran and is noted for Swift's experimentation with new musical genres. <P3-S5>  Swift completed The Red Tour in support of the album on June 12, 2014, which became the highest-grossing tour of all time by a country artist, grossing over $150 million.
Question: My Secret Hotel is a television series starring a South Korean DJ who rose to fame as the lead actress in what?

<P0-S0>  It aired on tvN from August 18 to October 14, 2014 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 23:00 for 16 episodes. <P0-S1> My Secret Hotel () is a 2014 South Korean mystery-romantic comedy television series starring Yoo In-na, Jin Yi-han, Namkoong Min and Lee Young-eun. <SEP> <P1-S0>  After supporting roles in "High Kick! <P1-S1>  Through the Roof" (2009-2010) and "Secret Garden" (2010), she rose to fame as the lead actress in "Queen In-hyun's Man" (2012), which led to a supporting role in the hit fantasy-romance drama "My Love from the Star" (2013-2014). <P1-S2> Yoo In-na (born June 5, 1982) is a South Korean actress and DJ. <P1-S3>  She is also the DJ of the highly rated radio program "Let's Crank Up the Volume". <P1-S4>  Most recently, she starred in the hit fantasy drama "" (2016-2017), one of the highest rated cable television series in South Korea. <SEP> <P2-S0> Kim Ji-Han (born Kim Hyun-Joong on October 10, 1978) also known as Jin Yi-Han (Hangul : 진이한) is a South Korean actor. <P2-S1>  He began his acting career in 2002 in musical theatre, notably in "Footloose". <P2-S2>  Jin soon branched out into television, and among his leading roles were in critically acclaimed "Conspiracy in the Court" (2007), family drama "My Life's Golden Age" (2008), daily drama "A Good Day for the Wind to Blow" (2010), sitcom "You're Here, You're Here, You're Really Here" (2011), and mystery-romance "My Secret Hotel" (2014). <P2-S3>  He also played supporting roles in "Who Are You? <P2-S4> " (2008), "Hooray for Love" (2011), "Dr. Jin" (2012), and "Empress Ki" (2013). <SEP> <P3-S0> Bang Eun-hee (born Bang Min-seo on December 1, 1967) is a South Korean actress. <P3-S1>  Bang made her acting debut in 1988, and rose to fame after being cast as the lead actress in Im Kwon-taek's "General's Son" (1990). <P3-S2>  She has starred in films and television dramas such as "The Day a Pig Fell into the Well" (1996), "No. 3" (1997), "3PM Paradise Bath House" (1997), "Shadows of an Old Love" (1998), "Legend of Hyang Dan" (2007), "Daebak Life" (2008), and "All My Love" (2010).
Question: What foundation do scholars give for the likelihood of collaboration on a William Shakespeare Play written between 1588 and 1593?

<P0-S0> Like most playwrights of his period, William Shakespeare did not always write alone. <P0-S1>  Some of the following attributions, such as "The Two Noble Kinsmen", have well-attested contemporary documentation; others, such as "Titus Andronicus", are dependent on linguistic analysis by modern scholars; recent work on computer analysis of textual style (word use, word and phrase patterns) has given reason to believe that parts of some of the plays ascribed to Shakespeare are actually by other writers. <P0-S2>  A number of his surviving plays are collaborative, or were revised by others after their original composition, although the exact number is open to debate. <SEP> <P1-S0> Titus Andronicus", probably written between 1588 and 1593, appeared in three quarto editions from 1594 to 1601 with no named author. <P1-S1>  It was first published under William Shakespeare's name in the 1623 First Folio of his plays. <P1-S2>  However, as with some of his early and late plays, scholars have long surmised that Shakespeare might have collaborated with another playwright. <P1-S3> The authorship of "Titus Andronicus" has been debated since the late 17th century. " <P1-S4>  Other plays have also been examined for evidence of co-authorship, but none has been as closely scrutinised or as consistently questioned than "Titus". <P1-S5>  The principal contender for the co-authorship is George Peele. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Battle of Morella (14 August 1084×88), southwest of Tortosa, was fought between Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon and Navarre, and Yusuf al-Mu'tamin, King of Zaragoza, while the former was engaged in a campaign of conquest against the latter. <P2-S1>  All surviving sources for the battle are either later by a generation or literary in character, and they are confused on the chronology and dating of the event. <P2-S2>  The encounter was a defeat for Sancho and sparked a brief reversal of fortunes in the Navarro-Aragonese "Reconquista". <P2-S3>  The Castilian hero, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, the Cid, was a general for al-Mu'tamin at the time. <P2-S4>  According to the Aragonese "Crónica de San Juan de la Peña" ("c".1370), Sancho later sought out the Cid, who had also defeated his father in the Battle of Graus (1063), and defeated him in the year 1088. <P2-S5>  However, the "Crónica" is the only source mentioning such an encounter and, as it was written three hundred years later, most leading scholars give no credence to this claim, which was probably intended to justify the prerogatives of Peter IV of the Crown of Aragon. <SEP> <P3-S0> Titus Andronicus is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1588 and 1593, probably in collaboration with George Peele. <P3-S1>  It is thought to be Shakespeare's first tragedy, and is often seen as his attempt to emulate the violent and bloody revenge plays of his contemporaries, which were extremely popular with audiences throughout the 16th century.
Question: Which country borders the Central African Republic and is south of Libya and east of Niger?

<P0-S0>  It is bordered by the countries of Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. <P0-S1> The Central African Republic is a landlocked nation within the interior of the African continent. <P0-S2>  Much of the country consists of flat, or rolling plateau savanna, about 1640 ft above sea level. <P0-S3>  In the northeast are the Fertit Hills, and there are scattered hills in the southwestern part of the country. <P0-S4>  To the northwest are the Karre Mountains (also known as Yade Massif), a granite plateau with an altitude of 3750 ft . <SEP> <P1-S0>  It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest and Niger to the west. <P1-S1>  It is the fifth largest country in Africa in terms of area. <P1-S2> Chad ( ; Arabic: تشاد‎ ‎ "Tshād "; French: "Tchad" ] ), officially the Republic of Chad (Arabic: جمهورية تشاد‎ ‎ "Jumhūrīyat Tshād "; French: "République du Tchad" "Republic of the Chad"), is a landlocked country in Central Africa. <SEP> <P2-S0> The history of the Central African Republic is roughly composed of four distinct periods. <P2-S1>  The earliest period of settlement began around 10,000 years ago when nomadic people first began to settle, farm and fish in the region. <P2-S2>  The next period began around 1,000 to 3,000 years ago when several non-indigenous groups began to migrate into the region from other parts of the continent. <P2-S3>  The third period involved the colonial conquest and rule of the country by France and Germany which spanned from the late 1800s until 1960 when the Central African Republic became an independent state. <P2-S4>  The final period has been the era during which the Central African Republic has been an independent state. <SEP> <P3-S0> Wildlife in the Central African Republic is in the vast natural habitat located between the Congo Basin's rain forests and large savannas, where the human density was smaller than 0.5 per km prior to 1850. <P3-S1>  The forest area of 22.755 million has, considered as one of the richest storehouses of wild life spread over national parks, hunting reserves and community hunting areas, underwent a change over to an alarming situation of loss of wild life due to greed for ivory and bushmeat exploitation by the hunters, mostly Arab slavers from across the borders of the Central African Republic (Central African Republic) with Chad and Sudan.
Question: Which piece did Ludwig van Beethoven publish in 1801 that was dedicated to Count Moritz von Fries? 

<P0-S0>  It is often known as the "Spring Sonata" ("Frühlingssonate"), and was published in 1801. <P0-S1> The Violin Sonata No. 5 in F major, Opus 24, is a violin sonata by Ludwig van Beethoven. <P0-S2>  Its dedicatee was Count Moritz von Fries, a patron to whom Beethoven also dedicated two other works of the same year—the C major string quintet and the fourth violin sonata—as well as his later seventh symphony. <SEP> <P1-S0> Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 27 in E minor, Op. <P1-S1>  90 was written in the summer of 1814 – Beethoven's late Middle period – and was dedicated to Prince Moritz von Lichnowsky, a friend and benefactor who was also the dedicatee of the famous "Eroica Variations". <SEP> <P2-S0>  The work is dedicated to Count Moritz von Fries. <P2-S1> The Symphony No. 7 in A major, Op. 92, is a symphony in four movements composed by Ludwig van Beethoven between 1811 and 1812, while improving his health in the Bohemian spa town of Teplice. <SEP> <P3-S0> The Violin Sonata No. 4 of Ludwig van Beethoven in A minor, his Opus 23, was composed in 1801, published in October that year, and dedicated to Count Moritz von Fries. <P3-S1>  It followed by one year the composition of his first symphony, and was originally meant to be published alongside Violin Sonata No. 5, however it was published on different sized paper, so the opus numbers had to be split. <P3-S2>  Unlike the three first sonatas, Sonata No. 4 received a favourable reception from critics.
Question: The American restaurant chain, the Original House of Pies, is also responsible for an American chain of fruit drink beverage stores with an eponymous beverage consisting of what?

<P0-S0> Big Boy Restaurants International, LLC is an American restaurant chain headquartered in Warren, Michigan, in Metro Detroit. <P0-S1>  Frisch's Big Boy Restaurants is a restaurant chain with its headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio. <P0-S2>  The Big Boy name, design aesthetic, and menu were previously licensed to a number of regional franchisees. <SEP> <P1-S0> Orange Julius is an American chain of fruit drink beverage stores. <P1-S1>  It has been in business since the late 1920s. <P1-S2>  The eponymous beverage is a mixture of ice, orange juice, sweetener, milk, powdered egg whites and vanilla flavoring, similar to a morir soñando or orange Creamsicle. <SEP> <P2-S0> The Original House of Pies is an American restaurant chain, started c. 1965 by Al Lapin Jr., an early franchise system designer also responsible for International House of Pancakes, Copper Penny Coffee Shops, Orange Julius, and others. <SEP> <P3-S0> Bambolino's is an Italian American restaurant in Houston, Texas. <P3-S1>  The original Bambolino's Inc. restaurant chain was established by Ninfa Laurenzo and her family, who had established the Ninfa's restaurant chain. <P3-S2>  The original Bambolino's was controlled by the holding company RioStar Corp.
Question: Which band has released the most studio albums, Blonde Redhead or Rob Zombie's band White Zombie?

<P0-S0>  The band's earliest albums were noted for their noise rock influences, though their sound evolved by the early 2000s with the releases of "Misery is a Butterfly" (2004) and "23" (2007), which both incorporated elements of dream pop, shoegaze and other genres. <P0-S1> Blonde Redhead is an alternative rock band composed of Kazu Makino (vocals, rhythm guitar) and twin brothers Simone and Amedeo Pace (drums and lead guitar/vocals, respectively) that formed in New York City in 1993. <P0-S2>  They have released nine regular studio albums and have toured internationally. <SEP> <P1-S0> Rob Zombie (born Robert Bartleh Cummings; January 12, 1965) is an American musician, filmmaker and screenwriter. <P1-S1>  Zombie rose to fame as a founding member of the heavy metal band White Zombie, releasing four studio albums with the band. <P1-S2>  He is the older brother of Spider One, lead vocalist for American rock band Powerman 5000. <SEP> <P2-S0> "Super-Charger Heaven" (sometimes referred to as "Devil Man" due to its chorus) is the third and final single off White Zombie's 1995 studio album, "". <P2-S1>  The song can also be found on Rob Zombie's "Past, Present & Future", the greatest hits album "The Best of Rob Zombie", and a remix can be found on "Supersexy Swingin' Sounds". <P2-S2>  The artwork for the single contains the Japanese superhero Devilman, which is also referenced in the chorus of the song. <SEP> <P3-S0> Kazu Makino (Japanese: カズ牧野; July 2, 1964) is a Japanese vocalist, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist known for her work as vocalist and guitarist in the New York-based alternative rock band Blonde Redhead. <P3-S1>  Since forming Blonde Redhead in 1993 with twin brothers Simone and Amedeo Pace, Makino has released nine studio albums with the band.
Question: Where was the movement that August Brancart published literature from centerd?

<P0-S0> This List of Colombian writers is an alphabetical list of writers born or brought up in Colombia, who already have Wikipedia pages in the English or Spanish Wikipedia. <P0-S1>  References for information given in the list appear on the Wikipedia pages concerned. <P0-S2>  This is a subsidiary list to the List of Colombian people. <P0-S3>  The list is far from exhaustive, so please help to expand it by adding Wikipedia page-owning published writers who have written in any genre or field, including science and scholarship, but does not include those whose sole body of work lies outside conventional published literature such as: print journalists, bloggers, editors, librettists, lyricists, songwriters, playwrights, or screenwriters. <P0-S4>  Please follow the entry format: use Spanish naming customs by listing both surnames of the person, use "italics" for authors who are best known under a pseudonym, indicate only the year of birth or the years of birth and death, and do not include place of birth or works associated with the writer, as that information should be found in their actual page. <SEP> <P1-S0> The Decadent Movement was a late 19th-century artistic and literary movement, centered in Western Europe, that followed an aesthetic ideology of excess and artificiality. <P1-S1>  The visual artist Félicien Rops's body of work and Joris-Karl Huysmans's novel "Against Nature" (1884) are considered the prime examples of the decadent movement. <P1-S2>  It first flourished in France and then spread throughout Europe and to the United States. <P1-S3>  The movement was characterized by self-disgust, sickness at the world, general skepticism, delight in perversion and employment of crude humor and a belief in the superiority of human creativity over logic and the natural world. <SEP> <P2-S0> Townes–Brocks syndrome (TBS) is a rare genetic disease that has been described in approximately 200 cases in the published literature. <P2-S1>  It affects both males and females equally. <P2-S2>  The condition was first identified in 1972. <P2-S3>  by Philip L. Townes, MD, PhD, who was at the time a human geneticists and Professor of Pediatrics, and Eric Brocks, MD, who was at the time a medical student, both at the University of Rochester. <SEP> <P3-S0>  was a Belgian publisher of pornographic literature, credited with the first publication of "My Secret Life". <P3-S1>  He published translations of English pornography into French and vice versa for English publishers such as Edward Avery. <P3-S2> August or Auguste Brancart (21 July 1851 - 1894?) <P3-S3>  He also published work of the Decadent movement such as "Monsieur Vénus" by Rachilde.
Question: Caste starred what English character actress who was nominated for an Academ Award for her performance in Room at the Top?

<P0-S0> Kate Duchêne ( (born Catherine Anne Purves Duchêne, 5 January 1959) is an English character actress best known for her role as the teacher Miss Hardbroom in the adaptation of the children's books "The Worst Witch". <SEP> <P1-S0>  It was made at Walton Studios. <P1-S1> Caste is a 1930 British drama film directed by Campbell Gullan and starring Hermione Baddeley, Nora Swinburne and Alan Napier. <P1-S2>  Michael Powell worked on the screenplay and (uncredited) was involved with the technical side of direction. <SEP> <P2-S0> Hermione Youlanda Ruby Clinton-Baddeley, known as Hermione Baddeley (13 November 1906 – 19 August 1986), was an English character actress of theatre, film and television. <P2-S1>  She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in "Room at the Top" (1959) and a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play for "The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore" in 1963. <P2-S2>  She typically played brash, vulgar characters, often referred to as "brassy" or "blowsy". <P2-S3>  She found her milieu in revue, in which she played from the 1930s to the 1950s, co-starring several times with Hermione Gingold. <SEP> <P3-S0> Susan Tyrrell (born Susan Jillian Creamer; March 18, 1945 in San Francisco, California – June 16, 2012 in Austin, Texas) was a film, stage and television character actress. <P3-S1>  Tyrrell's career began in theater in New York City in the 1960s in Broadway and off Broadway productions. <P3-S2>  Her first film was "Shoot Out" (1971). <P3-S3>  She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Oma in John Huston's "Fat City" (1972). <P3-S4>  In 1978, Tyrrell received the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in "Andy Warhol's Bad" (1977). <P3-S5>  Her "New York Times" obituary described her as "a whiskey-voiced character actress (with) talent for playing the downtrodden, outré and grotesque."