Input (grade 12): In the early years of Latvia's independence from the USSR he held the posts of education minister from 1990 to 1993, and finance minister from 1994 to 1995.
Output (grade 12): After Latvia became independent from the USSR he was education minister (in charge of schools) from 1990 to 1993, and finance minister (in charge of money) from 1994 to 1995. He was Latvia's ambassador to Estonia from 1995 to 1997, and to the European Union from 1998 to 2003, when he helped Latvia join the EU.