Input (grade 11): The logarithm of the ratio is the difference of the two. Moreover, the logarithm of the power (root, respectively) of a number is p times the logarithm of that number (logarithm of that number divided by p, respectively).
Output (grade 11): The logarithm to base b of a number a is the same as the logarithm of a divided by the logarithm of b/O. That is,