death_date regent birth_date reign father house death_place coronation spouse image name caption predecessor succession birth_place moretext issue type successor mother article_title
16 november 1272 william -- 1219 -rrb- hubert de burgh , 1st earl of marshal kent -lrb- 1219 -- 1227 -rrb- , 1st earl of pembroke -lrb- 1216 1 october 1207 19 1272 october 1216 & nbsp ; -- 16 november john , king of england house of plantagenet westminster , london 28 westminster abbey october 1216 , gloucester 17 may 1220 , eleanor of provence henry iii funeral head.jpg henry iii effigy c. & nbsp ; 1272 of king henry iii in westminster abbey , john king of england winchester castle , hampshire -lrb- more ... -rrb- edward beatrice , countess of richmond edmund crouchback katherine of england i of england margaret , queen of scots monarch edward i isabella , countess of angoulême henry iii of england

henry iii of england

henry iii -lrb- 1 october 1207 -- 16 november 1272 -rrb- , also known as henry of winchester , was king of england , lord of ireland and duke of aquitaine from 1216 until his death .
the son of king john and isabella of angoulême , henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the first barons ' war .
cardinal guala declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and henry 's forces , led by william marshal , defeated the rebels at the battles of lincoln and sandwich in 1217 .
henry promised to abide by the great charter of 1225 , which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons .
his early rule was dominated first by hubert de burgh and then peter des roches , who reestablished royal authority after the war .
in 1230 the king attempted to reconquer the provinces of france that had once belonged to his father , but the invasion was a debacle .
a revolt led by william marshal 's son , richard , broke out in 1232 , ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the church .
following the revolt , henry ruled england personally , rather than governing through senior ministers .
he travelled less than previous monarchs , investing heavily in a handful of his favourite palaces and castles .
he married eleanor of provence , with whom he had five children .
henry was known for his piety , holding lavish religious ceremonies and giving generously to charities ; the king was particularly devoted to the figure of edward the confessor , whom he adopted as his patron saint .
he extracted huge sums of money from the jews in england , ultimately crippling their ability to do business , and as attitudes towards the jews hardened , he introduced the statute of jewry , attempting to segregate the community .
in a fresh attempt to reclaim his family 's lands in france , he invaded poitou in 1242 , leading to the disastrous battle of taillebourg .
after this , henry relied on diplomacy , cultivating an alliance with holy roman emperor frederick ii .
henry supported his brother richard in his bid to become king of the romans in 1256 , but was unable to place his own son edmund on the throne of sicily , despite investing large amounts of money .
he planned to go on crusade to the levant , but was prevented from doing so by rebellions in gascony .
by 1258 , henry 's rule was increasingly unpopular , the result of the failure of his expensive foreign policies and the notoriety of his poitevin half-brothers , the lusignans , as well as the role of his local officials in collecting taxes and debts .
a coalition of his barons , initially probably backed by eleanor , seized power in a coup d'état and expelled the poitevins from england , reforming the royal government through a process called the provisions of oxford .
henry and the baronial government enacted a peace with france in 1259 , under which henry gave up his rights to his other lands in france in return for king louis ix of france recognising him as the rightful ruler of gascony .
the baronial regime collapsed but henry was unable to reform a stable government and instability across england continued .
in 1263 one of the more radical barons , simon de montfort , seized power , resulting in the second barons ' war .
henry persuaded louis to support his cause and mobilised an army .
the battle of lewes occurred in 1264 , where henry was defeated and taken prisoner .
henry 's eldest son , edward , escaped from captivity to defeat de montfort at the battle of evesham the following year and freed his father .
henry initially enacted a harsh revenge on the remaining rebels , but was persuaded by the church to mollify his policies through the dictum of kenilworth .
reconstruction was slow and henry had to acquiesce to various measures , including further suppression of the jews , to maintain baronial and popular support .
henry died in 1272 , leaving edward as his successor .
he was buried in westminster abbey , which he had rebuilt in the second half of his reign , and was moved to his current tomb in 1290 .
some miracles were declared after his death but he was not canonised .
