lieutenant predecessor successor death_date birth_place party office birth_date term_start order image article_title term_end
caesar antoine william p. kellogg francis t. nicholls 31 january 1922 auburn , maine republican governor of louisiana 25 april 1839 january 8 , 1877 27th stephen b. packard - history of iowa.jpg stephen b. packard
 april 24 , 1877
stephen b. packard

stephen bennett packard -lrb- april 25 , 1839 -- january 31 , 1922 -rrb- , a native of maine , emerged as an important republican politician in louisiana during the era of reconstruction .
he was the unsuccessful republican gubernatorial nominee in 1876 .
a captain in the union army during the american civil war , packard was appointed united states marshal in new orleans in 1871 during the administration of u.s. president ulysses s. grant .
he emerged as a leader of what was called the `` customhouse ring '' , a faction of the republican party opposed to governor henry clay warmoth .
by 1872 warmoth had allied with anti-grant republicans and some democrats , supporting election of democratic candidate john mcenery .
in 1872 , packard directed the successful gubernatorial campaign of republican william pitt kellogg .
packard supported the impeachment of outgoing governor warmoth .
a returning board appointed by warmoth certified mcenery as victor , but the republicans , outraged by election violence and fraud , appointed their own returning board .
both parties claimed victory .
the legislature impeached warmoth as governor , on charges of having sold the election .
packard obtained federal recognition of the african american p.b.s. pinchback as acting governor for the thirty-five days left in warmoth 's term .
kellogg was ultimately recognized by president grant as the legitimate authority in charge , but violence related to the election resulted in 80-150 deaths of blacks in the colfax massacre of 1873 , and the paramilitary white league takeover of the state buildings in new orleans in september 1874 , at the cost of nearly 100 casualties among city police and militia .
federal troops restored order for a time , but in january 1875 the democrats started meeting separately as a legislature at the odd fellows hall .
in 1876 packard was the republican candidate for governor .
in another disputed election , both packard and his democratic opponent , francis t. nicholls , held separate inaugurations .
every election since 1868 had had increasing levels of political violence .
the paramilitary white league , effectively an arm of the democratic party , had conducted open campaigns of intimidation and physical attacks , to keep freedmen and other republicans away from the polls .
nicholls had led in the balloting by some 8,000 votes , but the republican-controlled state returning board cited fraud and declared packard the victor .
pinchback refused to support packard and endorsed nicholls .
president grant did not recognize republicans in louisiana or south carolina , which also had disputed elections .
on january 9 , 1877 , federal troops were withdrawn from new orleans , as grant gave up on the state , leaving it to its own devices .
the `` new york times '' reported in an article dated february 16 , 1877 , the headline `` the democratic assassin .
gov. packard 's attempted murder . ''
at that time in new york , packard was still perceived to be governor of louisiana .
the article describes the assassin william h. weldon being wounded in the attempt against packard .
after the contested election of 1876 , the democratic-backed legislature , allied with democratic governor francis t. nicholls , selected henry m. spofford as united states senator -lrb- this was before the popular election of senators -rrb- .
the republican-dominated legislature , allied with republican governor packard , had separately selected william pitt kellogg as senator .
the united states senate , then dominated by the so-called radical faction of the republican party , refused to seat spofford .
in the compromise of 1877 , the incoming republican president rutherford b. hayes recognized nicholls as the legitimate louisiana governor .
in exchange , the louisiana electoral votes were cast for the hayes-william wheeler ticket .
similarly , hayes had recognized the `` redeemer '' democrat , wade hampton , iii , a confederate general , as governor of south carolina , rather than the incumbent republican daniel h. chamberlain .
as a result of the national compromise , the us government removed remaining federal troops from louisiana and south carolina , despite the patterns of violence and assassinations related to elections .
packard was appointed as united states consul at liverpool , as `` compensation for surrendering his claim to the governorship . ''
when he returned to the united states in 1885 , packard purchased 1,100 acres of land near marshalltown , iowa .
he developed it for livestock breeding and worked at that for the next twenty-five years , being recognized for his success in that field .
after more years of election violence , in the late 19th century , the democrat-dominated louisiana legislature passed jim crow laws and ultimately a new constitution , which effectively disfranchised blacks in the state , a situation that was maintained into the 1960s , excluding blacks from the political process , juries , and local offices .
it was a one-party state controlled by democrats .
packard 's was the last strong republican campaign for governor of louisiana until 1964 .
that year charlton h. lyons , sr. , a former democrat , launched a campaign to rejuvenate the long-moribund gop in louisiana , in part in reaction to federal civil rights legislation passed that year by the national democratic party .
in 1965 , congress passed the voting rights act of 1965 , authorizing the federal government to enforce constitutional rights to vote , and blacks began to register and vote in high numbers throughout the south , often allying with the democratic party .
stephen b. packard is interred beside the remains of his son , stephen b. packard , jr. , at the washelli columbarium at evergreen washelli memorial park in seattle , washington .
