death_date death_place influenced birth_place era school_tradition influences name birth_date image article_title birth_name region
01 july 1876 bern , switzerland kropotkin , malatesta , chomsky pryamukhino , russian empire , tver governorate -lrb- present-day kuvshinovsky district -rrb- 19th century philosophy anarchism -lrb- collectivist anarchism -rrb- hegel , lelewel , proudhon , marx mikhail bakunin 30 may 1814 bakunin.png mikhail bakunin
 mikhail alexandrovich bakunin russian philosophy western philosophy
mikhail bakunin

mikhail alexandrovich bakunin -lrb- ; ; -- 1 july 1876 -rrb- was a russian revolutionary anarchist , and founder of collectivist anarchism .
he is considered among the most influential figures of anarchism , and one of the principal founders of the `` social anarchist '' tradition .
bakunin 's enormous prestige as an activist made him one of the most famous ideologues in europe , and he gained substantial influence among radicals throughout russia and europe .
bakunin grew up in pryamukhino , a family estate in tver governorate , where he moved to study philosophy and began to read the french encyclopédistes , leading to enthusiasm for the philosophy of fichte .
from fichte , bakunin went on to immerse himself in the works of hegel , the most influential thinker among german intellectuals at the time .
that led to his embrace of hegelianism , bedazzled by hegel 's famous maxim , `` everything that exists is rational . ''
in 1840 , bakunin traveled to st. petersburg and berlin with the intention of preparing himself for a professorship in philosophy or history at the university of moscow .
in 1842 , bakunin moved from berlin to dresden .
eventually he arrived in paris , where he met pierre-joseph proudhon and karl marx .
bakunin 's increasing radicalism -- including staunch opposition to imperialism in east and central europe by russia and other powers -- changed his life , putting an end to hopes of a professorial career .
he was eventually deported from france for speaking against russia 's oppression of poland .
in 1849 , bakunin was apprehended in dresden for his participation in the czech rebellion of 1848 , and turned over to russia where he was imprisoned in the peter-paul fortress in saint petersburg .
he remained there until 1857 , when he was exiled to a work camp in siberia .
escaping to japan , the us and finally ending up in london for a short time , he worked with herzen on the journal `` kolokol '' -lrb- `` the bell '' -rrb- .
in 1863 , he left to join the insurrection in poland , but he failed to reach his destination and instead spent some time in switzerland and italy .
in 1868 , bakunin joined the socialist international working men 's association , a federation of trade unions and workers ' organizations , which had sections in many european countries , as well as in latin america and -lrb- after 1872 -rrb- in north africa and the middle east .
the `` bakuninist '' or anarcho-socialist trend rapidly expanded in influence , especially in spain which constituted the largest section of the international at the time .
a showdown loomed with marx , who was a key figure in the general council of the international .
the 1872 hague congress was dominated by a struggle between marx and his followers , who argued for the use of the state to bring about socialism , and the bakunin/anarchist faction , which argued instead for the replacement of the state by federations of self-governing workplaces and communes .
bakunin could not attend the congress , as he could not reach the netherlands .
bakunin 's faction present at the conference lost , and bakunin was -lrb- in marx 's view -rrb- expelled for supposedly maintaining a secret organisation within the international .
however , the anarchists insisted the congress was unrepresentative and exceeded its powers , and held a rival conference of the international at saint-imier in switzerland in 1872 .
this repudiated the hague meeting , including bakunin 's supposed expulsion .
the great majority of sections of the international affiliated to the st. imier body , making marx 's victory rather more illusory than pro-marxist accounts suggest .
the far larger bakuninist international outlasted its small marxist rival , which was isolated in new york ; it also greatly facilitated the global spread of anarcho-socialism .
in the international , as well as in his writings , bakunin articulated the basic ideas of syndicalism and of anarchism , and developed the basic anarchist analysis and strategy .
he had by this stage abandoned the anti-imperialist nationalism of his youth .
from 1870 to 1876 , bakunin wrote some of his longer works , such as `` statism and anarchy '' and `` god and the state '' .
bakunin remained , however , a direct participant in struggles .
in 1870 , he was involved in an insurrection in lyon , france , which foreshadowed the paris commune .
the paris commune closely corresponded to many elements of bakunin 's anarchist programme -- self-management , mandates delegates , a militia system with elected officers , and decentralisation .
anarchists like Élisée reclus , and those in the tradition of pierre-joseph proudhon -- who had greatly influenced bakunin -- were key figures in the commune .
despite declining health , much a result of his years of imprisonment , bakunin also sought to take part in a communal insurrection involving anarchists in bologna , italy , but was forced to return to switzerland in disguise , where he settled in lugano .
he remained active in the worker 's and peasant 's movements of europe and was also a major influence on movements in egypt and latin america .
