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{ "normal_article_id": 41918715, "normal_article_title": "Lata Mondal", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41918715", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-41918715-0-0", "normal-41918715-0-1", "normal-41918715-1-0", "normal-41918715-2-0", "normal-41918715-3-0", "normal-41918715-3-1", "normal-41918715-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Lata Mondal ( ; born: 16 January 1993, Dhaka) is a Bangladeshi cricketer who plays for the Bangladesh national women's cricket team.", "She is a right handed batter.", "Mondal was born on January 16, 1993 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.", "Mondal made her ODI career against the Ireland women's cricket team on November 26, 2011.", "Mondal made her T20I career against the Ireland women's cricket team on August 28, 2012.", "In October 2018, she was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies.", "Mondal was a member of the team that won a silver medal in cricket against the China national women's cricket team at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, China." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 702227, "simple_article_title": "Lata Mondal", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=702227", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-702227-0-0", "simple-702227-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Lata Mondal (born: 16 January 1993) is a Bangladeshi cricketer who plays for the Bangladesh national women's cricket team.", "She is a right handed bat." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 60918445, "normal_article_title": "Tuulikki Ukkola", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60918445", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-60918445-0-0", "normal-60918445-0-1", "normal-60918445-0-2", "normal-60918445-0-3", "normal-60918445-0-4", "normal-60918445-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Lahja Tuulikki Ukkola (\"née\" Parviainen; 28 November 1943 – 28 May 2019) was a Finnish politician and journalist.", "Born in Taivalkoski, she began working for the newspaper \"Kaleva\" in 1962.", "As a member of the Liberal People's Party, she served as an MP for the Oulu constituency from 1991 to 1995.", "She was also the leader of the party between 1993 and 1995.", "Following the 2007 national parliamentary election, Ukkola was again elected as an MP for Oulu, this time for the National Coalition Party, serving until 2011.", "Ukkola died on 28 May 2019 in Oulu, at the age of 75." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 697879, "simple_article_title": "Tuulikki Ukkola", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=697879", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-697879-0-0", "simple-697879-0-1", "simple-697879-0-2", "simple-697879-0-3", "simple-697879-0-4", "simple-697879-1-0", "simple-697879-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Lahja Tuulikki Ukkola (\"née\" Parviainen; 28 November 1943 – 28 May 2019) was a Finnish politician and journalist.", "She started working for the newspaper \"Kaleva\" in 1962.", "She served as an MP for the Oulu constituency for the Liberal People's Party from 1991 to 1995.", "She was also the leader of the party between 1993 and 1995.", "In 2007, Ukkola was again elected as an MP for Oulu, this time for the National Coalition Party, serving until 2011.", "Ukkola was born in Taivalkoski.", "She died on 28 May 2019 in Oulu, at the age of 75." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 14570332, "normal_article_title": "Kot Sarang", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14570332", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-14570332-0-0", "normal-14570332-0-1", "normal-14570332-1-0", "normal-14570332-1-1", "normal-14570332-1-2", "normal-14570332-2-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Kot Sarang is a village and union council of Pakistan, an administrative subdivision, of the Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil.", "The Sawan River and the village of Jisial are nearby.", "Many are farmers dependent upon rain for irrigation.", "One or more members of every family work in foreign countries.", "OGDCL is another source of employment.", "Kot Sarang benefits from good sewerage and water supply systems and has paved streets" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 120452, "simple_article_title": "Kot Sarang", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=120452", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-120452-0-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Kot Sarang is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil and is located at 33°2'14N 72°23'11E." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 946890, "normal_article_title": "Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=946890", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-946890-0-0", "normal-946890-0-1", "normal-946890-0-2", "normal-946890-1-0", "normal-946890-1-1", "normal-946890-1-2", "normal-946890-1-3", "normal-946890-1-4", "normal-946890-1-5", "normal-946890-1-6", "normal-946890-1-7", "normal-946890-1-8", "normal-946890-2-0", "normal-946890-2-1", "normal-946890-2-2", "normal-946890-3-0", "normal-946890-3-1", "normal-946890-3-2", "normal-946890-3-3", "normal-946890-4-0", "normal-946890-4-1", "normal-946890-4-2", "normal-946890-4-3", "normal-946890-4-4", "normal-946890-5-0", "normal-946890-6-0", "normal-946890-6-1", "normal-946890-7-0", "normal-946890-7-1", "normal-946890-7-2", "normal-946890-7-3", "normal-946890-7-4", "normal-946890-7-5", "normal-946890-7-6", "normal-946890-7-7", "normal-946890-7-8", "normal-946890-8-0", 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"normal-946890-20-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Princess Elisabeth Charlotte ( ; nicknamed \"Lieselotte\", 27 May 1652 – 8 December 1722) was a German princess and, as \"Madame\", the second wife of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, younger brother of Louis XIV of France, and mother of France's ruler during the Regency.", "Louis invoked her hereditary claim to the Palatinate as pretext to launch the Nine Years' War in 1688.", "Her vast, frank correspondence provides a detailed account of the personalities and activities at the court of her brother-in-law, Louis XIV, for half a century, from the date of her marriage in 1672.", "Princess Elisabeth Charlotte was born on 27 May 1652 in Heidelberg Castle, to Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine of the Simmern branch of the House of Wittelsbach, and Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel.", "She is directly related to several iconic European monarchs.", "Her grandmother Elizabeth Stuart was a Scottish and later English princess, daughter of James I of England and granddaughter of Mary, Queen of Scots.", "Her first cousin became George I, the first Hanover King of England.", "Through her daughter, she was the great-grandmother of Marie Antoinette.", "In childhood she became known as \"Liselotte\"—a portmanteau of her names.", "Her parents were in an unhappy dynastic marriage and in 1653 her father began an affair with Marie Luise von Degenfeld, one of his wife's attendants.", "He purported to marry Marie Luise \"motu proprio\" as a prince-elector of the Empire, without benefit of a judicial divorce, and claimed to have done so to legitimise the bastard children.", "Liselotte was five years old when she was sent to live with her father's sister, Sophia, wife of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover.", "She always remembered her time with her aunt as the happiest of her life, although she became close enough to her younger half-sisters to correspond with them at least weekly after she married.", "In 1663, Liselotte had to move back to Heidelberg where she lived with her stepmother, fifteen half-siblings, and brother, the future Charles II, Elector Palatine.", "She had purportedly desired to marry her cousin William III of Orange, who would later become King of England, though her family believed that sacrifices needed to be made in order to make a more beneficial marriage with the recently widowed brother of the King of France, formerly married to her father's first cousin, Princess Henrietta Anne of England.", "On 16 November 1671, she was married by proxy at Metz to Philippe I, Duke of Orléans.", "By prearrangement, after leaving her father's realm but prior to arriving in France, she formally converted to Roman Catholicism.", "The arranged marriage was conceived by the bride's aunt, Anna Gonzaga, a close friend of her future husband and his deceased first wife, who negotiated the marriage contract, including the secret Catholic instruction and subsequent public conversion of the fiancée.", "At the French court, her husband Philippe was known by the traditional honorific of \"Monsieur\".", "Described in the marriage contract as \"the Electoral Princess Palatine of the Rhine\" (\"Kurpfalzprinzessin\"), as Orléans' wife, Elisabeth Charlotte assumed the style of \"Madame\".", "Elisabeth Charlotte was very close to her two stepdaughters Marie Louise and Anne Marie.", "When Marie Louise left France to marry Charles II of Spain in 1679, Liselotte accompanied her to Orléans.", "The homosexual proclivities of her husband were well known at court.", "Elisabeth Charlotte confided that he needed \"rosaries and holy medals draped in the appropriate places to perform the necessary act\" with her.", "Elisabeth Charlotte objected to money spent on his favourites and the exercise of their influence with him to enrich themselves.", "I could put up with it if \"Monsieur\" only squandered his money in gaming, but sometimes he gives away as much as 100,000 francs at one swoop, and all the economies fall upon me and the children.", "That is not at all pleasant, besides putting me in a position where, as God is my witness, we would have to live entirely on the King's charity, which is a miserable thing.", "Elisabeth Charlotte had apartments at Versailles, use of the Palais-Royal in Paris, and her favourite residence, the beautiful Château de Saint-Cloud on the outskirts of Paris, which was the couple's main residence when not at the Palace of Versailles.", "Liselotte also had an apartment at the King's private residence, the Château de Marly.", "In her dowager years she would stay at the Grand Trianon built by her brother-in-law.", "The marriage at first proved to be comfortable enough, with the birth of two male heirs.", "The couple had three children.", "After the death of the couple's first son, the Duke of Valois, she experienced depression and worried about her third pregnancy (with Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans).", "After this birth, the relationship between husband and wife was never as close as it had been.", "After the birth of their daughter Élisabeth Charlotte, the couple mutually agreed to cease conjugal relations.", "Philippe turned to his minions, and Elisabeth Charlotte to writing.", "Her letters to her aunt, Sophia of Hanover, and others, created not only a vivid picture of life during the reign of Louis XIV, but also of the regency era of her son, Philippe.", "They reflect her alienation from her husband and other family members, as well as her warm relations with the king, and with her son, daughter and her two stepdaughters.", "As the king's only brother and sister-in-law, the couple were expected to be in usual attendance at court, where her husband's rank as a \"fils de France\" ensured her precedence before all save the queen, the wives of the king's son and grandsons—and his \"maîtresse-en-titre\".", "This last position rankled her, and she disliked the king's illegitimate children, especially Louis-Auguste, Duke of Maine.", "Madame de Montespan's youngest daughter, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, would eventually marry her son.", "No inducements ever reconciled Elisabeth Charlotte to the marriage.", "When she discovered that her son had agreed to it at the king's insistence, she slapped his face in front of the whole court, and turned her back on the king as he greeted her with a bow.", "Later, writing on the subject she admitted:If, by shedding my own blood, I could have prevented my son's marriage, I would willingly have done so; but since the thing was done, I have had no other wish than to preserve harmony.", "After the king transferred his affections from \"La Montespan\" to \"La Maintenon\", Elisabeth Charlotte became obsessively resentful toward and suspicious of the latter.", "In her correspondence, Elisabeth Charlotte refers to her as the \"King's old drab\", the \"old witch\", and the \"old whore\".", "In addition to letters to her aunt Sophia and her morganatic half-sisters the Raugravines, she also corresponded with the former's courtier Gottfried Leibniz, although they never met.", "After he died, she insisted that the \"Académie des Sciences\", of which he had been a member, honour his passing.", "The resulting eulogy to Leibniz, by Fontenelle, was the only one ever delivered anywhere.", "When the Simmern branch of the Wittelsbach dynasty became extinct in the male line with the death of her brother Karl II in 1685, Louis XIV sent troops to claim the Palatinate in his sister-in-law's name, initiating the War of the Palatine Succession (1688–1697), which would decimate much of the Rhineland.", "On 9 June 1701, her husband, just under 60 years old, died of a stroke at the Château de Saint-Cloud.", "Earlier, he had a heated argument with his brother at the Château de Marly about the conduct of his son — who was also the king's son-in-law.", "After her husband's death, Elisabeth Charlotte feared that the king would send her to a convent, as stipulated in her marriage contract.", "Instead she was confronted with secretly-made excerpts of her all-too-candid letters to correspondents abroad.", "She was warned to change her attitude toward Madame de Maintenon.", "She remained welcome at court.", "She was allowed to keep her apartments at all the royal residences and retained her rank.", "From her husband, she inherited 40,000 livres a year.", "Louis XIV added 250,000 livres, and her son promised her another 200,000.", "Some time after Philippe's death, she wrote:If those who are in the next world could know what was happening in this one, I think His Grace, the late \"Monsieur\", would be most pleased with me, for I have gone through his boxes to find all the letters written to him by his boyfriends and have burnt them unread, so that they will not fall into other people's hands... \"then\" ...I receive great comfort from the King, otherwise I could not endure my position.", "When the King speaks about \"Monsieur\" he is quite moved.", "In 1715, Louis XIV died aged 77 at the Palace of Versailles.", "In his will, he divided the regnal prerogatives among relatives and courtiers, allocating to his legitimised son, the Duke of Maine, guardianship of the new king, Louis XV, who was 5 years old.", "The Parlement of Paris overturned the will's provisions at the request of Elisabeth Charlotte's son, Philippe II, who thus became regent.", "In her memoirs, Elisabeth Charlotte describes the new era of the Regency.", "Although no longer outranked by any woman at court and freed from the imagined persecutions of Madame de Maintenon, she did not cease daily complaints to her correspondents about the antics of what she regarded as an increasingly decadent court, about which she wrote:I believe that the histories that will be written about this court after we are gone will be better and more entertaining than any novel, and I am afraid that those who come after us will not be able to believe them and think they are just fairy tales.", "Elisabeth Charlotte died at age 70 on 8 December 1722, at the Château de Saint-Cloud, near Paris.", "She and her husband, the Duke of Orléans, were the founders of the modern House of Orléans.", "Their only surviving son, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, was the Regent of France during the minority of Louis XV of France.", "She became the ancestress of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, Emperor Pedro II of Brazil, and France's Citizen-King Louis Philippe.", "Through her daughter, the Duchess of Lorraine, she was the paternal great-grandmother of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France.", "Elisabeth Charlotte was described as stolid and mannish.", "She possessed the stamina to hunt all day, refusing to wear the mask that Frenchwomen were accustomed to use to protect their skin while watching their men hunt.", "Her face developed a ruddy and weather-beaten look.", "She walked too rapidly for most courtiers to keep up, save the king.", "She had a \"no-nonsense\" attitude.", "Her hearty appetite caused her to gain weight as the years went by, and when describing herself she once commented that she would be as good to eat as a roasted suckling pig.", "Raised a Protestant, she was not fond of lengthy Latin masses.", "She remained virtuous and at times outraged by the open infidelity practised by the aristocracy.", "Her views were frequently the opposite of those prevalent at the French court.", "The dynastic titles to which she was entitled were \"Countess Palatine of the Rhine at Simmern\" and \"Duchess of Bavaria\".", "At the royal court of France she was known, prior to marriage, as the \"Princess Palatine Elisabeth Charlotte\", and afterwards, although her official title was \"Her Royal Highness, Madame, Duchess of Orléans\", she was entitled to and invariably accorded the unique designation of \"Madame\" as wife of the king's younger brother.", "She was played by Renate Müller in the 1935 German film \"The Private Life of Louis XIV\", Heidelinde Weis in the 1966 West German film \"Liselotte of the Palatinate\", Paula Paulisib in the 2014 British film \"A Little Chaos\" and Jessica Clark in the BBC series \"Versailles\" in 2017." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 276895, "simple_article_title": "Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=276895", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-276895-0-0", "simple-276895-0-1", "simple-276895-0-2", "simple-276895-1-0", "simple-276895-1-1", "simple-276895-1-2", "simple-276895-2-0", "simple-276895-2-1", "simple-276895-2-2", "simple-276895-2-3", "simple-276895-2-4", "simple-276895-2-5", "simple-276895-3-0", "simple-276895-3-1", "simple-276895-3-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Daughter of France by marriage (27 May 1652 - 8 December 1722) was a German princess and the wife of Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, younger brother of Louis XIV.", "She is best known for her vast correspondence detailing the court of her brother in law.", "She was referred to at court as simply Madame, as well as La Palatine and the Princess Palatine (\"Princesse Palatine\")", "Elisabeth Charlotte was born at the Heidelberg Castle as the only daughter of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine and Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel.", "In childhood she was known as \"Liselotte\".", "She grew up at the court of her aunt and would remain in contact with her aunt all her life.", "On 16 November 1671, she was married by proxy at Metz.", "In order to marry she had to convert to Roman Catholicism.", "Elisabeth Charlotte would be very close to her two stepdaughters Marie Louise and Anne Marie.", "Her husband was gay but the couple still had three children but one died in infancy.", "After the birth of their daughter Élisabeth Charlotte, the couple mutually agreed to cease conjugal relations.", "Philippe turned to his lovers, and Elisabeth Charlotte to her writing.", "After her husband's death, Elisabeth Charlotte feared that the king would send her to a convent but he insisted she stay at Versailles.", "Elisabeth Charlotte died at the age of seventy on 8 December 1722 at Saint-Cloud.", "She was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis." ] } }

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"normal-2656347-39-0", "normal-2656347-39-1", "normal-2656347-39-2", "normal-2656347-39-3", "normal-2656347-39-4", "normal-2656347-40-0", "normal-2656347-40-1", "normal-2656347-40-2", "normal-2656347-41-0", "normal-2656347-41-1", "normal-2656347-41-2", "normal-2656347-42-0", "normal-2656347-42-1", "normal-2656347-43-0", "normal-2656347-44-0", "normal-2656347-44-1", "normal-2656347-44-2", "normal-2656347-45-0", "normal-2656347-46-0", "normal-2656347-46-1", "normal-2656347-47-0", "normal-2656347-47-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Roderick James Nugent Stewart (born 3 January 1973) is a British Conservative Party politician who has been Member of Parliament for Penrith and The Border since 2010.", "He served in several ministerial roles, including as Secretary of State for International Development in 2019.", "After education at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford, Stewart became a diplomat, working in Indonesia and Montenegro.", "He left the civil service to undertake a two-year walk across Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, India and Nepal.", "He later wrote a best-selling book, \"The Places in Between\", about his experiences.", "He subsequently served as a Deputy Governor for the Coalition Provisional Authority following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and wrote a second book covering this period, \"\".", "He later lectured at Harvard and worked for several non-governmental organizations, including as executive chairman of the Turquoise Mountain Foundation.", "In 2009, Stewart joined the Conservative Party and was selected as the parliamentary candidate for Penrith and The Border.", "He was elected to the House of Commons the following year, and was later elected as Chair of the Defence Select Committee.", "In 2015, he was appointed to the Cameron Government as Minister of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.", "From 2016 to 2019, Stewart served in the May Government as Minister of State for International Development, Minister of State for Africa, and Minister of State for Prisons.", "On 1 May 2019, he was promoted to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for International Development.", "Stewart stood as a candidate for Leader of the Conservative Party in the 2019 leadership contest, finishing fifth.", "Stewart was born in Hong Kong, the son of Brian Stewart and his wife Sally Elizabeth Acland Nugent.", "Stewart's father, born in Edinburgh, Scotland, was a colonial official and diplomat who, in the 1970s, was a candidate to become the director of the British Secret Intelligence Service, also known as MI6.", "His family is from Broich House (built in 1770), which is near Crieff in Perth and Kinross, Scotland.", "He was brought up in Malaysia and in Scotland and educated at the Dragon School in Oxford, and at Eton College.", "As a teenager, he was a member of the Labour Party and he has spoken about this in a number of interviews, including on BBC Radio 4's \"Political Thinking\" with Nick Robinson.", "During his gap year in 1991, he was commissioned (\"short service limited commission\") in the Black Watch for five months as second lieutenant (on probation).", "He then attended Balliol College, Oxford University, where he read Modern History for one year, before switching to Philosophy, Politics and Economics.", "While a student at Oxford, Stewart was a private tutor to Prince William and Prince Harry during the summer.", "After graduating, Stewart joined the Foreign Office.", "He served in the British embassy in Indonesia from 1997 to 1999, working on issues related to East Timor independence, and was appointed at the age of 26 as the British Representative to Montenegro in the wake of the Kosovo campaign.", "Some have suggested that Stewart was an employee of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) at this time.", "Stewart has said that his career progression and his father's work for MI6 might \"give the appearance\" that he worked for MI6, but says he did not work for MI6 while a diplomat.", "After the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Stewart became the Coalition Provisional Authority Deputy Governorate Co-ordinator in Maysan and Deputy Governorate Co-ordinator/Senior Advisor in Dhi Qar in 2003, both of which are provinces in southern Iraq.", "He was posted initially to the KOSB Battlegroup then to the Light Infantry.", "His responsibilities included holding elections, resolving tribal disputes, and implementing development projects.", "He faced growing unrest and an incipient civil war from his base in a Civil-Military Co-operation (CIMIC) compound in Al Amarah, and in May 2004 was in command of his compound in Nasiriyah when it was besieged by Sadrist militia.", "He was awarded an OBE for his services during this period.", "While Stewart initially supported the Iraq War, the international coalition's inability to achieve a more humane, prosperous state led him in retrospect to believe the invasion had been a mistake.", "In late 2004, Stewart became a fellow at the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, and in July 2008, he was appointed Ryan Family Professor of Human Rights at Harvard and director of the Carr Center.", "Stewart left his position at Harvard in 2010 in order to campaign for Parliament.", "W.W. Norton published his book \"Can Intervention Work?\"", "Stewart has frequently been called on to provide advice on Afghanistan and Iraq to policy-makers, particularly in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada.", "In an article in \"The Daily Telegraph\" he was described an advisor on Afghan issues to U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and the U.S. Special Envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan Richard Holbrooke.", "In late 2005 he joined the Turquoise Mountain Foundation, a human development NGO established by Charles, Prince of Wales, and Hamid Karzai, in Afghanistan.", "For this role he relocated to Kabul for the next three years, working to restore historic buildings in the old city of Kabul, managing its finances, installing water supply, electricity, and establishing a clinic, a school and an institute for traditional crafts.", "Stewart was awarded the Royal Scottish Geographical Society's Livingstone medal in 2009 \"in recognition of his work in Afghanistan and his travel writing, and for his distinguished contribution to geography\".", "Stewart stepped down as executive chairman of the Turquoise Mountain Foundation in May 2010.", "Stewart served for a time on the board of governors of the International Development Research Centre of Canada.", "Stewart had considered a parliamentary career in the past but only decided to stand when, in the aftermath of the expenses scandal, David Cameron decided to \"reopen the Conservative candidates' list to anybody who wants to apply\".", "Stewart tried for selection for the Bracknell constituency in the 2010 general election, but the place went to Dr Phillip Lee.", "Stewart was then shortlisted for the Penrith and the Border constituency and, at an open caucus, selected as the Conservative Party Candidate on 25 October 2009.", "He was returned as the MP for the constituency on 6 May 2010.", "At the 2015 general election, Stewart almost doubled his majority in Penrith and the Border from 11,241 to 19,894, the highest majority since the seat was created.", "In the 2017 general election, he received 60.4% of the vote.", "Upon joining the House of Commons, Stewart was elected a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee, serving until 2014.", "In this capacity, he made a notable contribution to the committee's report on Afghanistan.", "Stewart also served as the chairman of the APPG for Mountain Rescue and the APPG for Local Democracy and was an officer of the APPG for Rural Services.", "He was elected Chairman of the Defence Select Committee in May 2014.", "He left these positions upon his appointment as Minister for the Environment.", "On 25 July 2010, Stewart apologised to his constituents after blogging about the relative poverty of rural areas and need for more public services.", "He was quoted in the \"Scottish Sun\" as saying that \"Some areas around here are pretty primitive, people holding up their trousers with bits of twine.\"", "A light-hearted \"Guardian\" article, \"In praise of ... binder twine\", whilst acknowledging the \"serious effort\" Stewart had made \"walking hundreds of miles\" to get to know his constituency believed he had simply underestimated the importance of the \"ubiquitous and indispensable\" twine to the rural community.", "His speech about hedgehogs in Parliament in 2015 was named by \"The Times\" and \"The Daily Telegraph\" as the best parliamentary speech of 2015 and described by the Deputy Speaker as \"one of the best speeches she had ever heard in Parliament\".", "Stewart supported Remain in the 2016 referendum on the UK's continued membership of the European Union but fully accepted the result, writing that \"the decision is made, and we should be energetic and optimistic about it\".", "Stewart has emerged as a prominent supporter of the Brexit withdrawal agreement negotiated by Prime Minister Theresa May, arguing that the agreement respects the result of the referendum \"by leaving EU political institutions...and by taking back control over immigration\" while also addressing \"the concerns of the more than 16 million who voted Remain\" and protecting the British economy.", "Stewart led the first backbench motion for expanding broadband and mobile coverage, securing what was then the largest number of cross-party endorsements for a backbench motion.", "In a report published in 2011, Stewart won support from the House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Committee in calling for mobile phone companies to be forced to provide coverage to 98% of the population, and in 2012, his campaign achieved its goal when regulator Ofcom announced its plans for the auction of fourth generation (4G) bandwidth for mobile phone services.", "In March 2018, Ofcom announced that the 98% target had been met.", "Stewart was successful in securing the Cumbrian broadband pilot in 2011, and in November 2013, broadband provider EE cited the support of Government and regulatory policy in announcing that over 2,000 residents and businesses in rural Cumbria were to have access to superfast home and office broadband for the first time.", "In February 2015 Stewart secured more funding in order to continue the broadband roll-out in Cumbria.", "In July 2014 Stewart launched Hands Across The Border, a project to construct a cairn called 'The Auld Acquaintance' as \"a testament to the Union\".", "Built by members of the public it is close to the Scotland–England border near Gretna.", "During the run up to the Scottish independence referendum.", "Stewart said of the project: \"We wanted to come up with a lasting marker of our union, something that future generations will look back at and remember, with deep gratitude, the moment we chose to stay together.\"", "The campaign received support from several notable public figures in the UK, including actress Joanna Lumley, explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes, mountaineers Alan Hinkes and Doug Scott, and historians Simon Schama and David Starkey.", "Approximately 100,000 stones were laid on the cairn, many with personal messages.", "At the same time, Stewart hosted a two-part documentary on BBC Two about the cross-border history of what he called \"Britain's lost middleland\", covering the kingdoms of Northumbria and Strathclyde and the Debatable Lands of the Scottish Marches on the Anglo-Scottish border.", "In January 2014, Stewart was asked by Chris Grayling, Secretary of State for Justice, to lead a Government review into the reasons why a number of British veterans become criminal offenders after returning to civilian life.", "The review looked at ways in which support and prevention for veterans in the justice system can be improved.", "Following his election to Chairman of the Defence Select Committee, Stewart handed over the lead for the review to Stephen Phillips QC MP.", "In May 2014, Stewart was elected by MPs from all parties as Chairman of the Defence Select Committee.", "He was the youngest Chair of a select committee in parliamentary history, as well as the first MP of the 2010 intake to be elected to chair a committee.", "Following the Conservatives' return with an outright majority at the 2015 UK General Election, Stewart was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA), with responsibilities including the natural environment, national parks, floods and water, resource and environmental management, rural affairs, lead responsibility for the Environment Agency, Natural England and the Forestry Commission, and acting as the Secretary of State's deputy on the Environment Council.", "In July 2015, in his capacity as Resource Minister, he announced a review into the regulatory and enforcement barriers to growth and innovation in the waste sector.", "Stewart as 'Floods Minister' joined the National Flood Resilience Review, formed in 2016 and chaired by the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Oliver Letwin.", "Stewart initiated the Cumbria Floods Partnership in response to Storm Desmond, with a focus on long-term flood defence.", "UK House of Commons cross-party Environment Audit Committee criticised Floods Minister Stewart \"that the extra £700m newly allocated flood defence monies was the result of a 'political calculation' and that it might not be spent according to the strict value-for-money criteria currently used.\"", "As Environment Minister he introduced the plastic bag tax which dropped use of personal bags by 85% in 6 months; and he was responsible for bringing the first draft of the 25 year environment plan in which he emphasised alongside biodiversity and ecosystems, the importance of human cultural features in the landscape, and particularly the conservation of small family sheep farms.", "As Minister responsible for the National Parks, Stewart secured five years of increased funding for National Parks and AOBs.", "He also ensured the extension of the Lake District and Yorkshire Dales National Park and supported the UNESCO World Heritage bid for the Lake District.", "As Floods Minister, Stewart oversaw the government's response to the 2015–16 Great Britain and Ireland floods, including the post-Storm Desmond floods, including the reopening of the A591 and the bridge at Pooley Bridge in the Lake District.", "After Theresa May replaced David Cameron as Prime Minister, Stewart was promoted to Minister of State for International Development on 17 July 2016.", "Stewart was promoted to become joint Minister for Africa, taking over responsibility for the Foreign Office and its embassies in Africa, as well as DfID in Africa.", "In this capacity he has visited Nigeria, Uganda, Botswana, Zambia, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Somalia, Rwanda, DRC, South Sudan, Kenya, Zimbabwe and to the United National General Assembly in New York (UNGA).", "During these trips he held personal meetings with President Kagame of Rwanda, President Kabila of DRC, President Lungu of Zambia, President Magufuli of Tanzania, and President Mnangagwa of Zimbabwe.", "In this role Stewart was the driving force behind the British Government's new Africa Strategy and pushed for more resources to go into the Foreign Office network in Africa.", "His most notable trip was to Zimbabwe where he was the first foreign dignitary to be received by President Mnangagwa.", "His Zimbabwe policy pressed for political reform, and free and fair elections.", "Stewart was appointed Minister of State with responsibility for prisons and probation in England and Wales in January 2018.", "He was appointed in the aftermath of a highly critical leaked report on the state of HMP Liverpool, in which the inspector described it as the \"worst prison he had ever seen\" with piles of rubbish, rats, soaring violence and drug use and poor health provision.", "Stewart immediately visited the prison and, testifying before the Justice Select Committee, announced his determination to clean up prisons in England and Wales.", "This advocacy of a \"back to basics\" approach was recorded in \"The Guardian\", with Stewart writing an opinion piece in the publication, entitled \"I strongly believe we can improve our prisons and make progress\".", "In April 2018 Stewart took the Assaults on Emergency Workers (Offences) Private Member's Bill through the House of Commons, on behalf of the government, which doubled the maximum sentences for those who attack emergency services personnel and introduced sexual assault as an aggravating factor in sentencing.", "In August 2018, during an interview with \"BBC Breakfast\", Stewart announced the launch of the Ten Prisons Project.", "He argued that, despite five years of continuous rise in violence in prisons, it was possible to turn it around.", "Stewart argued that it could be done through improving perimeter gate security (to catch drugs) and by improving training and support of staff.", "The key, he said, was to get the basics right.", "He undertook to create a new Prison Officer handbook and a new course at the training college for prison officers.", "Stewart pledged, in the same interview, that he would resign if this project was not successful.", "Though he was promoted to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for International Development before the twelve months elapsed, significant progress was made in reducing violence in prisons, with reductions reported within six months of the project's launch.", "The twelve months statistics showed a continuing positive trend when, in August 2019, the results from the 10 Prisons Project were published.", "These showed a 16% drop in the rate of assaults, and a 17% drop in the number of assaults, almost 10% greater than the national trend.", "At the same time, the percentage of positive results from random mandatory drug tests dropped by 50%.", "In May 2019, Stewart was promoted to the Cabinet after the dismissal of Gavin Williamson from Cabinet, replacing the new Defence Secretary Penny Mordaunt in the Department for International Development.", "This position includes membership of the Political Cabinet, the National Security Council and saw Stewart serve as a Governor of the World Bank, the African Development Bank, the Caribbean Development Bank and the Inter-African Development Bank.", "He was also an Alternative Governor to the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.", "On 24 July 2019, Stewart resigned as International Development Secretary.", "Stewart was a candidate in the 2019 Conservative leadership election, announcing his intention to stand in an interview in \"The Times.\"", "His candidacy was not initially taken seriously, with a piece in the \"New Statesman's\" diary stating that he had a single supporter: himself.", "As \"The Guardian\" noted: 'his campaign benefited at the start from low expectations, and for days leading up to the first vote his tally of supporters was in single figures.", "When he met the threshold he looked like the insurgent because so many had assumed he would be knocked out'.", "Adopting an unconventional campaigning style, Stewart did not focus his attention on Westminster but, instead, went on a series of filmed walkabouts (dubbed 'RoryWalks'), which saw him take to the streets of Britain, talking to voters, to understand their priorities and concerns.", "These were then uploaded onto social media, with significant success.On 1 June, Kenneth Clarke was announced as one of Stewart's MP backers, with other supporters including David Lidington, David Gauke, Nicholas Soames, Tobias Ellwood, Gillian Keegan and Victoria Prentis.", "Against expectations, on 13 June 2019, Stewart made it through the first parliamentary ballot, gaining 19 votes, two more than the elimination threshold.", "On 16 June he appeared, as one of the six remaining candidates, in a televised debate on Channel 4.", "He was widely judged to have won the debate, with Michael Deacon writing in \"The Daily Telegraph\" that 'If you were to judge it by the response of the studio audience, Channel 4’s debate had only one winner.", "Rory Stewart got more rounds of applause than any other candidate – and, at the end, when each took turns to sum up, he was the only candidate to get a round of applause at all'.", "On 18 June 2019, he also made it through the second parliamentary ballot, with 37 votes from a threshold of 33, but, following a lacklustre performance in that evening's BBC debate, he polled just 27 votes in the next day's ballot and was eliminated as the last-placed candidate.", "It was revealed on the same day that Stewart was in talks with Michael Gove to stop Boris Johnson becoming Prime Minister.", "His first book, \"The Places in Between\", was an account of his 32-day solo walk across Afghanistan in early 2002.", "It was a \"New York Times\" best-seller, with the newspaper also naming it one of its 10 notable books of 2006 and hailing it as a \"flat-out masterpiece\".", "It won the Royal Society of Literature Ondaatje Prize, a Scottish Arts Council prize, the Spirit of Scotland award, and the .", "It was short-listed for a Scottish Arts Council prize, the Guardian First Book Award and the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize.", "The book was adapted into a radio play by Benjamin Yeoh and was broadcast in 2007 on BBC Radio 4.", "Stewart's second book, \"The Prince of the Marshes: and other Occupational Hazards of a Year in Iraq\", also published as \"Occupational Hazards: My Time Governing in Iraq\", describes his experiences as a Deputy Governorate Co-ordinator in Iraq.", "The \"New York Times\" critic William Grimes commented that Stewart \"seems to be living one of the more extraordinary lives on record\", but for him the \"real value of the new book is Mr. Stewart's sobering picture of the difficulties involved in creating a coherent Iraqi state based on the rule of law\".", "Stewart's books have been translated into multiple languages.", "Stewart's reflections on the circumstances under which outside military and political intervention in countries' internal affairs may or may not hope to achieve positive results were distilled in a 2011 book, \"Can Intervention Work?\",", ", co-authored with Gerald Knaus and part of the Amnesty International Global Ethics Series.", "He has also written about theory and practice of travel writings in prefaces to Wilfred Thesiger's \"Arabian Sands\", Charles Doughty's \"Arabia Deserta\" and Robert Byron's \"The Road to Oxiana\".", "In 2016, he published \"The Marches: Border Walks With My Father\" a travelogue about a 1,000-mile walk in the borderlands separating England and Scotland, known as the Scottish Marches, and an extended essay on his father, Brian Stewart.", "\"The Marches\" was long listed for the Orwell Prize, won the Hunter Davies Lakeland Book of the Year, was a Waterstones Book of the Month, and became a Sunday Times top ten bestseller.", "Stewart is a columnist for the \"Cumberland and Westmorland Herald\", contributing a monthly column, and has been a columnist for \"The New York Times\", in addition to a contributor to the New York Review of Books, and the London Review of Books.", "In 2012 he married American Shoshana Clark, a former employee.", "They had their first child in November 2014 — a son whom Stewart delivered at home in the absence of medical assistance — and their second child was born in April 2017.", "Shoshana and her former husband were volunteering at the Turquoise Mountain Foundation in Afghanistan when she met Stewart.", "In 2012, \"The Daily Telegraph\" reported that in 2008, Brad Pitt bought the rights to make a film about Stewart, particularly his time in Afghanistan, with Orlando Bloom expected to play the leading role.", "During the 2019 Conservative leadership election, Stewart admitted he had smoked opium during a wedding in Iran.", "Several other candidates admitted to previous illegal drug use during the leadership contest.", "Stewart lives at Dufton in Cumbria.", "He is a member of the The Athenaeum Club and the Special Forces Club." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 697649, "simple_article_title": "Rory Stewart", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=697649", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-697649-0-0", "simple-697649-0-1", "simple-697649-1-0", "simple-697649-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Roderick James Nugent \"Rory\" Stewart (born 3 January 1973) is a British Conservative Party politician.", "He was the Secretary of State for International Development from May 2019 to July 2019, and has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Penrith and The Border since 2010.", "From 2016 to 2018, Stewart was Minister of State at the Department for International Development and Minister of State for Africa, and on 9 January 2018 he was appointed Minister of State for Prisons.", "Stewart was a candidate in the 2019 Conservative leadership election." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1808380, "normal_article_title": "Not Without My Daughter (film)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1808380", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1808380-0-0", "normal-1808380-0-1", "normal-1808380-0-2", "normal-1808380-1-0", "normal-1808380-1-1", "normal-1808380-2-0", "normal-1808380-2-1", "normal-1808380-2-2", "normal-1808380-2-3", "normal-1808380-3-0", "normal-1808380-3-1", "normal-1808380-3-2", "normal-1808380-4-0", "normal-1808380-4-1", "normal-1808380-4-2", "normal-1808380-5-0", "normal-1808380-5-1", "normal-1808380-5-2", "normal-1808380-6-0", "normal-1808380-6-1", "normal-1808380-7-0", "normal-1808380-7-1", "normal-1808380-8-0", "normal-1808380-8-1", "normal-1808380-8-2", "normal-1808380-9-0", "normal-1808380-9-1", "normal-1808380-10-0", "normal-1808380-10-1", "normal-1808380-10-2", "normal-1808380-10-3", "normal-1808380-11-0", "normal-1808380-11-1", "normal-1808380-11-2", "normal-1808380-12-0", "normal-1808380-13-0", "normal-1808380-13-1", "normal-1808380-14-0", "normal-1808380-15-0", "normal-1808380-16-0", "normal-1808380-16-1", "normal-1808380-16-2", "normal-1808380-17-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Not Without My Daughter is a 1991 American drama film based on the book of the same name, depicting the escape of American citizen Betty Mahmoody and her daughter from her abusive husband in Iran.", "The film was shot in the United States, Turkey and Israel, and the main characters Betty Mahmoody and Sayyed Bozorg \"Moody\" Mahmoody are played by Sally Field and Alfred Molina, respectively.", "Sheila Rosenthal and Roshan Seth star as Mahtob Mahmoody and Houssein the smuggler, respectively.", "In 1984, an Iranian physician, Sayyed Bozorg \"Moody\" Mahmoody wants to visit Iran with his American family.", "He claims that his Iranian family wants to meet his wife Betty and daughter Mahtob, and asks them to come with him for a two-week visit.", "Despite her deep fears about visiting Iran, particularly due to the Iranian Hostage Crisis of several years earlier, Betty reluctantly agrees.", "Upon their arrival, they are all greeted warmly by Moody's family, but shortly before their flight back to the United States, Moody announces to his wife that he wishes for them to stay in Iran.", "Betty realizes that she has been deceived by her husband, even though Moody took an oath that they would return to the United States, swearing on the sacred Quran.", "When she protests, Moody strikes her, and nobody in Moody's family sympathises with her.", "Moody becomes more hostile and abusive, preventing her from leaving the house or using the telephone.", "Betty briefly manages to visit the American Interests Section of the Swiss Embassy, but is told that she is now an Iranian citizen since she is married to an Iranian, and as long as she lives in Iran, she cannot leave the country without her husband's written consent and has no parental rights over her daughter.", "Moody, alarmed by Betty's absence from the house, threatens to kill her if she tries anything again.", "Knowing that her chances of escape are minuscule, Betty conforms to her husband's wishes in order to gain Moody's trust.", "By chance, during a trip to the marketplace, she meets a sympathetic shopkeeper who overhears her telephone conversations with the Swiss Embassy and puts her in contact with a pair of humanitarian Iranians, Hossein and his sister, who offer to help Betty and Mahtob in their passage back to the United States.", "Betty accepts Hossein's assistance, especially after he mentions that Mahtob could be at risk of being forced into marriage at nine years old or be chosen to serve in the military as a child soldier.", "The plan becomes complicated when Betty receives news from the U.S that her father is seriously ill and may be dying.", "Moody allows Betty to return to see her dying father, but will not let Mahtob go with her.", "Betty decides to wait to return to the United States with Mahtob, but Moody unknowingly foils her by having her booked on a flight several days early thanks to his relatives' contacts in the airport.", "Betty eventually gets what seems to be her last chance to escape when Moody is suddenly called to the clinic for an emergency.", "On the pretense of going to buy presents for her father, Betty takes Mahtob and they contact Hossein, who manages to send Betty and Mahtob off with some Iranian smugglers, and using fake identity documents, they make their way past the checkpoints.", "Despite the difficult and very dangerous journey, Betty and Mahtob are eventually dropped off in a street in Ankara, where they see the flag of the American Embassy in the distance.", "The film's end title cards reveal that Betty and Mahtob eventually made it back home to the United States, and Betty became a successful author and dedicates herself to helping those in need.", "The movie was based on a book with the same title, written by Betty Mahmoody and William Hoffer and based on Betty's version of events.", "The screenplay was written by David W. Rintels.", "The film was directed by Brian Gilbert and filmed in Israel, at GG Studios, Neve Ilan, and in Atlanta.", "The movie debuted poorly and grossed less than $15 million in ticket sales.", "The movie plummeted in its second week.", "\"Not Without My Daughter\" was poorly received, and has been criticized for its misrepresentation of Muslim Iranians and of their culture.", "Caryn James of \"The New York Times\", in a review, states that the movie \"exploits the stereotype of the demonic Iranian...it is an utter artistic failure, and its reliance on cultural stereotype is a major cause\".", "Moody, she writes, seems to be a \"pure product of his culture, a mysterious, misogynist Easterner...the film views fanaticism as the Iranian national character\".", "A review in the \"Los Angeles Times\" described the movie as \"unbalanced and distorted\" which \"fails to distinguish between the (Iranian) state and the people\".", "Roger Ebert stated the film made \"moral and racial assertions that are deeply troubling\" and that it \"does not play fair with its Muslim characters.", "If a movie of such a vitriolic and spiteful nature were to be made in America about any other ethnic group, it would be denounced as racist and prejudiced.\"", "While Iranians are not shown in a completely negative light, as the film depicts generous and brave Iranians who contact Betty Mahmoody and arrange for the escape of her and her daughter, these \"good\" Iranians are high-born opponents of the Islamic Republic regime, shown listening to European classical music.", "As of December 2018, the film holds an approval rating of 50% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 16 reviews.", "The score by Jerry Goldsmith was also not well received.", "Jay Boyar of the \"Orlando Sentinel\" called it \"TV-movie manipulative\", while Jason Ankeny of AllMusic wrote, \"Jerry Goldsmith's score does little to refute its opponents' charges of racism.\"", "Sheila Rosenthal won the Young Artist Award for Best Actress.", "Sally Field was nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress of 1991, where she lost to Sean Young for \"A Kiss Before Dying\".", "In response to \"Not Without My Daughter\", a Finnish documentary, titled \"Without My Daughter\" was made by director Alexis Kouros.", "It is composed of interviews with Dr. Mahmoody regarding his life in Iran and attempts to contact his daughter Mahtob.", "Kouros said that the intention of the 90-minute documentary was to \"show the lies in the American film and present the real story\".", "Alfred Molina confirmed in an interview with \"Time Out\" that he was punched by a man who apparently hated his brutal portrayal of Dr. Mahmoody in the film." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 413275, "simple_article_title": "Not Without My Daughter", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=413275", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-413275-0-0", "simple-413275-0-1", "simple-413275-0-2", "simple-413275-1-0", "simple-413275-1-1", "simple-413275-2-0", "simple-413275-2-1", "simple-413275-2-2", "simple-413275-2-3", "simple-413275-2-4", "simple-413275-2-5", "simple-413275-3-0", "simple-413275-3-1", "simple-413275-3-2", "simple-413275-3-3", "simple-413275-3-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Not Without My Daughter is a 1991 American drama movie by director Brian Gilbert.", "It plays Sally Field and Alfred Molina.", "It is based on Betty Mahmoody's 1987 book by telling the story about the escape with her daughter from her husband from Iran.", "American Betty Lover marries Iranian doctor Sayeed Bozorg Mahmoody (nicknamed: Moody).", "They have a daughter called Mahtab (Persian: \"Moonlight\").", "Moody wants to see his family in Tehran, Iran, because he has not seen his family for ten years.", "Betty doesn't want to go to Iran, because she thinks that it is dangerous.", "Moody persuades Betty, that she goes to Iran for a two week holiday.", "But Moody has hidden the termination of his job in a hospital in the USA from Betty and Mahtab and tells his family, that they will stay in Iran for ever.", "Because a man has the say in Iran, they have to stay here and Betty cannot take her daughter Mahtab out of the country without her husband's permission.", "She searches for help to escape from the country with Mahtab, for example from the Swiss embassy.", "She has major problems to adapt to the strict laws and customs of the country, because as an American she is much-hated in Iran.", "Moody often abuses Betty, because she does not obey him.", "After 18 months, Betty succeeds to escape Iran with her daughter Mahtab.", "They flee over the Zagros mountains in the northwest of Iran to Turkey.", "They fly back to USA from there." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 150698, "normal_article_title": "NBC Symphony Orchestra", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=150698", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-150698-0-0", "normal-150698-0-1", "normal-150698-0-2", "normal-150698-0-3", "normal-150698-0-4", "normal-150698-1-0", "normal-150698-1-1", "normal-150698-1-2", "normal-150698-1-3", "normal-150698-1-4", "normal-150698-1-5", "normal-150698-2-0", "normal-150698-2-1", "normal-150698-2-2", "normal-150698-2-3", "normal-150698-2-4", "normal-150698-3-0", "normal-150698-3-1", "normal-150698-3-2", "normal-150698-3-3", "normal-150698-3-4", "normal-150698-3-5", "normal-150698-4-0", "normal-150698-4-1", "normal-150698-4-2", "normal-150698-5-0", "normal-150698-5-1", "normal-150698-5-2", "normal-150698-5-3", "normal-150698-6-0", "normal-150698-6-1", "normal-150698-6-2", "normal-150698-6-3", "normal-150698-6-4", "normal-150698-6-5", "normal-150698-7-0", "normal-150698-7-1", "normal-150698-7-2", "normal-150698-7-3", "normal-150698-7-4", "normal-150698-7-5", "normal-150698-7-6", "normal-150698-7-7", "normal-150698-7-8", "normal-150698-7-9", "normal-150698-8-0", "normal-150698-8-1", "normal-150698-9-0", "normal-150698-9-1", "normal-150698-9-2", "normal-150698-9-3", "normal-150698-9-4", "normal-150698-9-5", "normal-150698-10-0", "normal-150698-10-1", "normal-150698-10-2", "normal-150698-10-3", "normal-150698-10-4", "normal-150698-11-0", "normal-150698-11-1", "normal-150698-11-2", "normal-150698-11-3", "normal-150698-11-4", "normal-150698-12-0", "normal-150698-12-1", "normal-150698-13-0", "normal-150698-13-1", "normal-150698-13-2", "normal-150698-13-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The NBC Symphony Orchestra was a radio orchestra established by David Sarnoff, the president of the Radio Corporation of America, especially for the celebrated conductor Arturo Toscanini.", "The NBC Symphony performed weekly radio concert broadcasts with Toscanini and other conductors and served as house orchestra for the NBC network.", "The orchestra's first broadcast was on November 13, 1937 and it continued until disbanded in 1954.", "A new ensemble, independent of the network, called the \"'Symphony of the Air'\" followed.", "It was made up of former members of the NBC Symphony Orchestra and performed from 1954 to 1963, notably under Leopold Stokowski.", "Tom Lewis, in the \"Organization of American Historians Magazine of History\", described NBC's plan for cultural programming and the origin of the NBC Symphony: Sarnoff devoted considerable effort and resources to create an orchestra of the first rank for Toscanini and NBC.", "Artur Rodziński, a noted orchestra builder and musical task master in his own right, was engaged to mold and train the new orchestra in anticipation of the arrival of Toscanini.", "It offered the highest salaries of any orchestra at the time and a 52-week contract.", "Prominent musicians from major orchestras around the country were recruited and the conductor Pierre Monteux was hired as well to work with the orchestra in its formative months.", "A new large broadcast studio was built for the orchestra at NBC's Radio City Studios in Rockefeller Center, New York, \"Studio 8-H\".", "In addition to creating prestige for the network, there has been speculation that one of the reasons NBC created the orchestra was to deflect a Congressional inquiry into broadcasting standards.", "The orchestra's first broadcast concert aired on November 13, 1937 under the direction of Monteux.", "Toscanini conducted ten concerts that first season, making his NBC debut on December 25, 1937.", "In addition to weekly broadcasts on the NBC Red and Blue networks, the NBC Symphony Orchestra made many recordings for RCA Victor.", "Televised concerts began in March 1948 and continued until March 1952.", "During the summer of 1950, NBC converted Studio 8-H into a television studio (the broadcast home of NBC's late-night comedy program \"Saturday Night Live\" since 1975) and moved the broadcast concerts to Carnegie Hall, where many of the orchestra's recording sessions and special concerts had already taken place.", "Leopold Stokowski served as principal conductor from 1941-1944 on a three-year contract following a dispute between Toscanini and NBC.", "During this time Toscanini continued to lead the orchestra in a series of public benefit concerts for war relief.", "He returned as Stokowski's co-conductor for the 1942-43 and 1943-44 seasons, resuming full control thereafter.", "Upon Toscanini's retirement in the spring of 1954, NBC officially disbanded the orchestra, much to Toscanini's distress, though it continued for several years independent of NBC, as the Symphony of the Air.", "Toscanini's final broadcast concert with the orchestra took place at Carnegie Hall on April 4, 1954, and he conducted the orchestra for the last time during RCA Victor recording sessions held June 3 and 5, 1954.", "Some notable musicians who were members of the orchestra include violinists Samuel Antek, Henry Clifton, Felix Galimir, Josef Gingold, Daniel Guilet (concertmaster 1952-54), Harry Lookofsky, Mischa Mischakoff (concertmaster 1937-1952), Albert Pratz, David Sarser, Oscar Shumsky, Benjamin Steinberg, Herman Spielberg, Boris Koutzen and Andor Toth; violists Carlton Cooley, Milton Katims, William Primrose, and Tibor Serly; cellists Frank Miller, Leonard Rose, Harvey Shapiro, Alan Shulman, George Koutzen and David Soyer; double bassists Homer Mensch and Oscar G. Zimmerman; flutists Carmine Coppola, Arthur Lora and Paul Renzi; clarinetists Augustin Duques, Al Gallodoro, David Weber and Alexander Williams; trombonist Norberto (Robert) Paolucci; saxophonist Frankie Trumbauer; oboists Robert Bloom and Paolo Renzi; bassoonists Elias Carmen, Benjamin Kohon, William Polisi, Leonard Sharrow and Arthur Weisberg; French horn players Arthur Berv, Harry Berv, Jack Berv and Albert Stagliano; Harry Glantz, Bernard Baker, and Raymond Crisara trumpets and tuba player William Bell, among others.", "Not all of the NBC Symphony performers were under full-time contracts to NBC.", "In the early 1950s, for example, only about 55 of these musicians were salaried; the rest were hired under per-service contracts (in line with Local 802 American Federation of Musicians wage scales) to bring the Orchestra's performing and recording strength up to the 85-100 seen in period photographs and video footage.", "Even for the salaried members, NBC Symphony duties constituted barely half of their work obligations for NBC; these musicians played in orchestras for other NBC radio and television programs, with many of the wind players also serving with the Cities Service \"Band of America\" conducted by Paul Lavalle.", "In the first several seasons the NBC Symphony broadcasts were \"sustaining\" programs, meaning that they were paid for and presented by NBC itself.", "In later years the broadcasts were commercially sponsored, primarily by General Motors.", "Under GM's sponsorship the NBC Symphony broadcasts went out under the title of General Motors Symphony of the Air, not to be confused with the later orchestra of the same name.", "Other sponsors included the House of Squibb, the Reynolds Metals Company, and the Socony Vacuum Oil Company (Mobil).", "RCA Victor began making studio recordings of the NBC Symphony for commercial release early in 1938; Mozart's \"Symphony No. 40\", Joseph Haydn's \"Symphony No. 88\" and the second and third movements from Beethoven's \"Op. 135 String Quartet\" were among the first works to be recorded.", "The orchestra recorded initially in Studio 8-H, but RCA Victor producer Charles O'Connell soon decided to hold most of the studio recording sessions in Carnegie Hall.", "However, many live broadcast performances originating in Studio 8H were also released on records, and subsequently on CD.", "The infamous dry acoustics of Studio 8-H, designed for broadcasting, were found to be less than ideal for recording.", "Acoustical modifications in 1939 were thought to have greatly improved the sound of Studio 8H; although most NBC Symphony recording sessions were shifted to Carnegie Hall in 1940, some sessions were held there as late as June 1950, when 8-H was converted into a television studio.", "From the autumn of 1950 until 1954, all NBC Symphony radio broadcasts and RCA Victor recording sessions took place in Carnegie Hall.", "RCA Victor released the orchestra's recordings on its flagship Red Seal label on the then-standard 78-rpm records.", "In 1950, a 1945 recording of Ferde Grofé's \"Grand Canyon Suite\" became the NBC Symphony's first LP release (LM-1004).", "A mainstay of RCA Victor's Red Seal catalog through the 1950s, most of the Toscanini/NBC Symphony recordings were reissued on the lower-priced RCA Victrola label to celebrate Toscanini's centenary in 1967.", "In the 1980s, RCA began digitally remastering recordings of the orchestra for release on Compact Disc.", "A complete reissue of all Toscanini's RCA Victor recordings was released on CD and cassette between 1990 and 1992 and again in 2012.", "Later advances in digital technology has led RCA (now owned by Sony Music) to claim further enhancement of the sound of the magnetic tapes for later reissues, changing original equalization balances and adding acoustical enhancement, but critics are divided in their judgment.", "RCA has only reissued recordings that were personally approved by Toscanini, including some broadcast performances such as the seven complete operas he conducted at NBC between 1944 and 1954; however, several other labels have released discs taken from off-the-air recordings of NBC broadcast concerts.", "Toscanini's final two broadcast programs, in the spring of 1954, were experimentally recorded in stereo, but he did not approve their release; many years passed before they were finally issued by labels other than RCA Victor.", "Recorded in rather primitive and \"minimalist\" two-channel sound, the stereo antiphonal effect is striking (if crude); but unfortunately the complete performance from March 21, 1954 of the Tchaikovsky Symphony No. 6 (\"Pathetique\") is not entirely stereo as the master 2-track tape of the entire 'Allegro molto vivace' third movement had apparently not survived; an artificial stereo synthesis is substituted.", "The missing portion of the stereo recording of the third movement was later found and included in the version now available on YouTube.", "The complete series of ten NBC Symphony telecasts has been issued on VHS and LaserDisc by RCA in 1990 and on DVD by Testament in 2006.", "While the videos are taken from primitive kinescope films, the sound tracks were carefully synchronized from the highest fidelity transcriptions and tapes that exist.", "One of the NBC Symphony Orchestra's most ambitious projects was the recording of the 13-hour musical score for NBC Television's 1952-53 series \"Victory at Sea.\"", "Robert Russell Bennett conducted the orchestra in his arrangements of Richard Rodgers' musical themes for the 26 documentary programs (recorded in Rockefeller Center's Center Theatre).", "The series is currently available on DVD.", "The first RCA Victor LP of excerpts was recorded by Bennett and the NBC SO musicians in July 1953.", "Bennett would later lead stereo recordings of \"Volume 2\" in 1957, a re-make of \"Volume 1\" in 1959, and a concluding \"Volume 3\" in 1961, conducting the \"RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra\" (members of the Symphony of the Air).", "RCA has reissued all of these recordings on CD.", "In 1954, shortly after the orchestra's final concerts with Toscanini, Stokowski made stereo recordings for RCA Victor of excerpts from Prokofiev's ballet \"Romeo and Juliet\" and Gian Carlo Menotti's ballet \"Sebastian\".", "The recordings were originally issued (monophonically) as \"Leopold Stokowski and his orchestra,\" but reissued as \"members of the NBC Symphony Orchestra.\"", "On April 6, 1954, just two days after Toscanini's final concert with the orchestra, Guido Cantelli made a recording in Carnegie Hall of César Franck's \"Symphony in D minor\".", "Though the performance was recorded in stereo, RCA Victor initially issued the recording in mono.", "The label finally issued the stereo version in 1978.", "After the NBC Symphony Orchestra disbanded, some members went on to play with other orchestras, notably Frank Miller (principal cello) and Leonard Sharrow (principal bassoon) with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.", "However, many former NBC Symphony members, in an attempt to stay together and preserve the orchestra, regrouped as a new ensemble called the \"Symphony of the Air\".", "They made their first recording on September 21, 1954, and gave their first public concert at the United Nations 9th Anniversary Celebration on October 24.", "On November 14 they appeared on the acclaimed \"Omnibus\" TV program in which Leonard Bernstein, making his first television appearance, discussed Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, and Bernstein led the Symphony of the Air during its first season.", "With an Asian tour under the auspices of the State Department and an attendance of 60,000 at concerts in the Catskills that summer, the first season was a huge success.", "In 1960, the CBS Television network also featured the \"Symphony of the Air\" in its televised prime-time special \"Spring Festival of Music\" under the direction of the conductor Alfredo Antonini.", "In collaboration with the concert pianist John Browning, producer Robert Herridge and director Roger Englander, the orchestra presented a virtuoso live presentation of Sergei Rachmaninoff's Second Piano Concerto.", "For nearly a decade, the Symphony of the Air performed many concerts led by Stokowski, the orchestra's music director from 1955.", "The orchestra recorded widely (on RCA Victor, Columbia, Vanguard and United Artists) under leading conductors, including Stokowski, Bernstein, Monteux, Fritz Reiner, Bruno Walter, Kirill Kondrashin, Sir Thomas Beecham, Alfred Wallenstein and Josef Krips.", "Only once more did they use their old name, the NBC Symphony Orchestra, in the 1963 telecast of Gian Carlo Menotti's written-for television opera, \"Amahl and the Night Visitors\", with an all-new cast.", "The orchestra disbanded in 1963." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 256064, "simple_article_title": "NBC Symphony Orchestra", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=256064", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-256064-0-0", "simple-256064-0-1", "simple-256064-0-2", "simple-256064-0-3", "simple-256064-0-4", "simple-256064-0-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The NBC Symphony Orchestra was a radio orchestra.", "It was made by David Sarnoff of the National Broadcasting Company mostly for conductor Arturo Toscanini.", "The NBC Symphony performed weekly radio concert broadcasts with Toscanini and other conductors.", "It was the house orchestra for the network.", "It began November 13, 1937.", "It ended in 1954." ] } }

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"normal-838950-43-18", "normal-838950-43-19", "normal-838950-44-0", "normal-838950-44-1", "normal-838950-44-2", "normal-838950-44-3", "normal-838950-44-4", "normal-838950-44-5", "normal-838950-44-6", "normal-838950-44-7", "normal-838950-44-8", "normal-838950-44-9", "normal-838950-45-0", "normal-838950-45-1", "normal-838950-45-2", "normal-838950-45-3", "normal-838950-46-0", "normal-838950-46-1", "normal-838950-46-2", "normal-838950-46-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Priyanka Chopra Jonas (] ; born 18 July 1982) is an Indian actress, singer, film producer, and the winner of the Miss World 2000 pageant.", "One of India's highest-paid and most popular celebrities, Chopra has received numerous awards, including one National Film Awards and five Filmfare Awards.", "In 2016, the Government of India honoured her with the Padma Shri, and \"Time\" named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world.", "In 2017 and 2018, \"Forbes\" listed her among the World's 100 Most Powerful Women.", "Although Chopra initially aspired to study aeronautical engineering, she accepted offers to join the Indian film industry, which came as a result of her pageant wins, making her Bollywood debut in \"\" (2003).", "She played the leading lady in the box-office hits \"Andaaz\" (2003) and \"Mujhse Shaadi Karogi\" (2004) and received critical acclaim for her breakout role in the 2004 thriller \"Aitraaz\".", "In 2006, Chopra established herself as a leading actress of Indian cinema with starring roles in the top-grossing productions \"Krrish\" and \"Don\", and she later reprised her role in their sequels.", "Following a brief setback, her career was revived in 2008 for playing a troubled model in the drama \"Fashion\", which won her the National Film Award for Best Actress, and a glamorous journalist in \"Dostana\".", "Chopra gained wider recognition for portraying a range of characters in the films \"Kaminey\" (2009), \"7 Khoon Maaf\" (2011), \"Barfi!\"", "(2012), \"Mary Kom\" (2014), and \"Bajirao Mastani\" (2015).", "From 2015 to 2018, she starred as Alex Parrish in the ABC thriller series \"Quantico\", becoming the first South Asian to headline an American network drama series.", "Chopra has since played supporting roles in the Hollywood comedies \"Baywatch\" (2017) and \"Isn't It Romantic\" (2019).", "As a philanthropist, Chopra has worked with UNICEF since 2006 and was appointed as the national and global UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for Child Rights in 2010 and 2016, respectively.", "She promotes social causes such as environment, health and education, and women's rights, and is vocal about gender equality and feminism.", "As a recording artist, she has released three singles.", "She is also the founder of the production company Purple Pebble Pictures, which released the acclaimed Marathi film \"Ventilator\" (2016).", "Despite maintaining privacy, Chopra's off-screen life is the subject of substantial media coverage.", "She is married to the American singer and actor Nick Jonas.", "Priyanka Chopra was born on 18 July 1982 in Jamshedpur, Bihar (present-day Jharkhand), to Ashok and Madhu Chopra, both physicians in the Indian Army.", "Her father was a Punjabi Hindu from Ambala.", "Her mother, from Jharkhand, is the eldest daughter of Madhu Jyotsna Akhouri, a former member of Bihar Legislative Assembly, and Dr. Manohar Kishan Akhouri, a former Congress veteran.", "Her late maternal grandmother was a practicing Jacobite Syrian Christian originally named Mary John, belonging to the Kavalappara family of Kumarakom, Kottayam district, Kerala before her marriage.", "Chopra has a brother, Siddharth, who is seven years her junior and actresses Parineeti Chopra, Meera Chopra and Mannara Chopra are her cousins.", "Due to her parents' occupations the family relocated to a number of places in India, including Delhi, Chandigarh, Ambala, Ladakh, Lucknow, Bareilly, and Pune.", "Among the schools she attended were La Martiniere Girls' School in Lucknow and St. Maria Goretti College in Bareilly.", "In an interview published in \"Daily News and Analysis\", Chopra said that she did not mind travelling regularly and changing schools; she welcomed it as a new experience and a way to discover India's multicultural society.", "Among the many places that she lived, Chopra has fond memories as a child of playing in the valleys of Leh, in the cold northwestern Indian desert region of Jammu and Kashmir.", "She has said, \"I think I was in Class 4 when I was in Leh.", "My brother was just born.", "My dad was in the army and was posted there.", "I stayed in Leh for a year and my memories of that place are tremendous ... We were all army kids there.", "We weren't living in houses, we were in bunkers in the valley and there was a stupa right on top of a hill which used to overlook our valley.", "We used to race up to the top of the stupa\".", "She now considers Bareilly her home town, and maintains strong connections there.", "At the age of thirteen, Chopra moved to the United States to study, living with her aunt, and attending schools in Newton, Massachusetts, and Cedar Rapids, Iowa, after a stop in Queens, New York, as her aunt's family also moved frequently.", "While in Massachusetts, she participated in several theatre productions and studied Western classical music, choral singing and Kathak dance.", "During her teenage years in the United States, Chopra sometimes faced racial issues and was bullied for being Indian by an African-American classmate.", "She has said, \"I was a gawky kid, had low self-esteem, came from a modest middle-class background, had white marks on my legs ... But I was damn hard working.", "Today, my legs sell 12 brands.\"", "After three years, Chopra returned to India, finishing the senior year of her high-school education at the Army Public School in Bareilly.", "During this period, she won the local \"May Queen\" beauty pageant, after which she was pursued by admirers, leading her family to equip their home with bars for her protection.", "Her mother then entered her in the Femina Miss India contest of 2000; she finished second, winning the Femina Miss India World title.", "Chopra then went on to the Miss World pageant, where she was crowned Miss World 2000 and Miss World Continental Queen of BeautyAsia & Oceania at the Millennium Dome in London on 30 November 2000.", "Chopra was the fifth Indian contestant to win Miss World, and the fourth to do so in seven years.", "She had enrolled in college, but left after winning the Miss World pageant.", "Chopra said that the Miss India and Miss World titles brought her recognition, and she then began receiving offers for film roles.", "After winning Miss India World, Chopra was cast as the female lead in Abbas-Mustan's romantic thriller \"Humraaz\" (2002), in which she was to make her film debut.", "However, this fell through for various reasons: she stated the production conflicted with her schedule, while the producers said they re-cast because Chopra took on various other commitments.", "Her screen debut occurred in the 2002 Tamil film \"Thamizhan\" as the love interest of the protagonist, played by Vijay.", "A review published in \"The Hindu\" was appreciative of the film for its wit and dialogue, however it felt that Chopra's role was limited from an acting viewpoint.", "In 2003, Chopra made her Bollywood film debut as the second female lead opposite Sunny Deol and Preity Zinta in Anil Sharma's \"\".", "Set against the backdrop of the Indian Army in Kashmir, the film tells the story of an agent and his fight against terrorism.", "\"The Hero\" was one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films that year, but received mixed reviews from critics.", "Derek Elley from \"Variety\" said that \"mega-looker Chopra makes a solid screen debut.\"", "Later that year she appeared in Raj Kanwar's box-office success \"Andaaz\" with Akshay Kumar, again sharing the female lead (this time with the debuting Lara Dutta).", "Chopra played a vivacious young girl who falls in love with Kumar's character.", "The \"Hindustan Times\" noted the glamour that she brought to the role; Kunal Shah of Sify praised her performance and stated she had \"all the qualities to be a star.\"", "Her performance earned her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut (along with Dutta) and a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.", "Chopra's first three releases in 2004—\"Plan\", \"Kismat\", and \"Asambhav\"—performed poorly at the box office.", "Chopra was typically cast during this earlier period as a \"glamour quotient\", in roles that were considered \"forgettable\" by film critic Joginder Tuteja.", "Later that year she starred with Salman Khan and Akshay Kumar in David Dhawan's romantic comedy \"Mujhse Shaadi Karogi\", which became the third-highest-grossing film of the year in India and emerged as a commercial success.", "In late 2004, she starred opposite Kumar and Kareena Kapoor in Abbas-Mustan's thriller \"Aitraaz\".", "Chopra considers her first role as an antagonist, portraying Soniya Roy, an ambitious woman who accuses her employee of sexual harassment, as the \"biggest learning experience of her career.\"", "The film was a critical and commercial success, and Chopra's performance received critical acclaim.", "Author Rini Bhattacharya credited her with bringing back the seductress to the silver screen.", "The \"Hindustan Times\" cited it as the film that changed her career significantly.", "A reviewer writing for the BBC said, \"\"Aitraaz\" is Priyanka Chopra's film.", "As the deliciously wicked, gold digging, scheming seductress, she chews up every scene she is in with her magnetic screen presence.\"", "She won a Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role, becoming the second and final actress to win the award after Kajol (the category was discontinued in 2008).", "Chopra also received a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress, and the Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.", "In 2005, Chopra appeared in six films.", "Her first two releases, the action thrillers \"Blackmail\" and \"Karam\", were commercially unsuccessful.", "Shilpa Bharatan-Iyer of Rediff.com considered \"Blackmail\" to be a very predictable film and believed that her role as a police commissioner's wife was very limited from an acting point of view.", "Her performance in \"Karam\" was better received, Subhash K. Jha wrote that Chopra \"with her poised interpretation of high drama, flies high creating a character whose vulnerability and beauty are endorsed by both the inner and outer worlds created for her character.\"", "Later that year Chopra played the wife of Akshay Kumar in Vipul Amrutlal Shah's family drama \"\", the story of a small businessman (played by Amitabh Bachchan) who, hiding his illness, wants to teach his irresponsible son some lessons before he dies.", "During production, Chopra revisited Leh, a favourite childhood haunt, for the shooting of the song \"Subah Hogi\".", "She suffered an accident during the filming for the song \"Do Me A Favour Let's Play Holi\" when she electrocuted herself, spending a day recovering in hospital.", "The film was well received by critics, and was a commercial success.", "She next starred opposite Arjun Rampal in the romantic mystery thriller \"Yakeen\", portraying the role of a possessive lover.", "Critical reaction towards the film was mixed, but her performance received praise.", "Taran Adarsh wrote that Chopra \"is bound to win laurels yet again ... the actor is emerging as one of the finest talents in these fast-changing times\".", "Her next release was Suneel Darshan's romance \"Barsaat\", co-starring Bobby Deol and Bipasha Basu.", "The film was a critical and commercial failure in India but fared better in the overseas market.", "Chopra's performance received mixed reviews, with Bollywood Hungama describing it as \"mechanical\".", "However, Rediff.com considered Chopra to be an \"epitome of calm intelligence, who underplayed her role to perfection\".", "Later that year, Rohan Sippy cast her with Abhishek Bachchan, Ritesh Deshmukh and Nana Patekar in the comedy \"Bluffmaster!\"", "Chopra played independent working woman Simran Saxena, Bachchan's love interest.", "The film proved to be a box-office success.", "After starting 2006 with special appearances in three films, Chopra starred in Rakesh Roshan's superhero film \"Krrish\" (a sequel to the 2003 science-fiction film \"Koi... Mil Gaya\").", "Co-starring with Hrithik Roshan, Rekha and Naseeruddin Shah, Chopra played a young television journalist who schemes to take advantage of an innocent young man with remarkable physical abilities, but eventually falls in love with him.", "The film was the second-highest-grossing film of the year in India and grossed over worldwide attaining a blockbuster status.", "Her next film was Dharmesh Darshan's romantic comedy \"Aap Ki Khatir\", co-starring Akshaye Khanna, Ameesha Patel and Dino Morea.", "Neither the film nor Chopra's performance were well received.", "Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com stated that Chopra's portrayal of Anu was \"erratically sketched\" and that her character was never consistent: \"first flaky, then cool, and later, sensitive\".", "Chopra's final release of 2006 was Farhan Akhtar's action-thriller \"Don\" (a remake of the 1978 film of the same name), with Shah Rukh Khan.", "Chopra portrayed Roma (played by Zeenat Aman in the original film), who joins the underworld to avenge Don for killing her brother.", "Chopra received martial-arts training for her role in the movie, and performed her own stunts.", "The film was declared a box-office success in India and overseas, with revenues of .", "Raja Sen of Rediff.com found Chopra to be film's \"big surprise\"; he believed that Chopra convincingly portrayed Roma, \"looking every bit the competent woman of action\" and wrote \"This is an actress willing to push herself, and has definite potential for screen magic.", "Not to mention a great smile.\"", "In 2007, Chopra had two leading roles.", "Her first film was Nikhil Advani's \"\", a romantic comedy in six chapters with an ensemble cast.", "She was featured opposite Salman Khan in the first chapter as Kamini, an item girl and aspiring actress who tries to land the lead role in a Karan Johar film with a publicity gimmick.", "Film critic Sukanya Verma praised her flair for comedy, especially her impressions of Meena Kumari, Nargis and Madhubala.", "Both \"Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love\" and her next film, \"Big Brother\", proved unsuccessful at the domestic box office.", "In 2008, Chopra starred opposite Harman Baweja in his father's \"Love Story 2050\".", "Chopra played a double role, so she coloured her hair twice; once red to portray the girl from the future and then black for the girl of the past.", "Her performance was poorly received; Rajeev Masand was unimpressed with Chopra's chemistry with her co-star, remarking that her character \"fails to inspire either affection or sympathy\".", "She next appeared in the comedy \"God Tussi Great Ho\", portraying a TV anchor opposite Salman Khan, Sohail Khan and Amitabh Bachchan.", "Chopra next starred as a kindergarten teacher in \"Chamku\" opposite Bobby Deol and Irrfan Khan, and played the role of Sonia in Goldie Behl's fantasy superhero film \"Drona\" opposite Abhishek Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan.", "\"Drona\", widely criticised for its extensive use of special effects, marked Chopra's sixth film in succession which had failed at both the box-office and critically, although Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com stated that Chopra displayed convincing action heroine skills.", "Critics generally perceived at this time that her career was over.", "The string of poorly received films ended when Chopra starred in Madhur Bhandarkar's \"Fashion\", a drama about the Indian fashion industry which followed the lives and careers of several fashion models.", "She portrayed the ambitious supermodel Meghna Mathur, a role which she initially thought was out of her depth, but after six months' consideration she accepted the role, inspired by Bhandarkar's confidence in her.", "For the role, Chopra had to gain 6 kg and steadily shed the weight during the production as the character progressed in the film.", "Both the film and her performance received critical acclaim, becoming a major turning point in her career.", "Rajeev Masand wrote, \"Priyanka Chopra turns in a respectable performance, one that will inevitably go down as her best.\"", "For her performance, she won several awards, including the National Film Award for Best Actress, the Filmfare Award for Best Actress, the IIFA Award for Best Actress, the Screen Award for Best Actress, the Stardust Award for Actor of the Year - Female (with Dostana) and the Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.", "With a worldwide revenue of million , \"Fashion\" emerged as a commercial success, and was listed by Subhash K. Jha as one of the best films of the decade with women protagonists.", "It was noted for being commercially successful despite being a women-centric film with no male lead.", "She said in retrospect, \"I think actually \"Fashion\" kick started ... the process of female dominated films.", "Today you have so many other films which have done well with female leads.\"", "Chopra's final film of the year was Tarun Mansukhani's romantic comedy \"Dostana\", with Abhishek Bachchan and John Abraham.", "Set in Miami, the film tells the story of a friendship between her character and two men who pretend to be gay to share an apartment with her.", "Chopra played a stylish young fashion-magazine editor Neha, who is trying to deal with professional pressures in her life.", "Produced by Dharma Productions, the film was a financial success with worldwide revenues of over million .", "Chopra's performance and look in the film were praised.", "In 2009, Chopra played a feisty Marathi woman named Sweety in Vishal Bhardwaj's caper thriller \"Kaminey\" (co-starring Shahid Kapoor), about twin brothers and the journey in their life linked with the underworld.", "The film received critical acclaim and became successful at the box-office with the worldwide gross earnings of million .", "Nikhat Kazmi of \"The Times of India\" thought that Chopra's role completely reinvented her, and Rajeev Masand wrote: \"Springing a delightful surprise in a smaller part is Chopra, who sprinkles her lines with a smattering of fluent Marathi and emerges one of the film's most lovable characters.\"", "Raja Sen of Rediff.com named Chopra's performance as the best by an actress that year.", "Her role earned her several awards and nominations, including a second consecutive Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role after \"Fashion\" and Best Actress nominations at the Filmfare, Screen and IIFA awards.", "Chopra subsequently appeared in Ashutosh Gowariker's romantic comedy \"What's Your Raashee?\",", ", based on the novel \"Kimball Ravenswood\" by Madhu Rye.", "The film depicts the story of a US-based Gujrati NRI in search of his soulmate among 12 girls (all played by Chopra) associated with the 12 zodiac signs.", "She received the Screen Best Actress Award nomination for her performance in the film.", "She was also considered for inclusion in the \"Guinness World Records\" book for being the first film actress to portray 12 distinct characters in one film.", "Chopra's heavy workloadfilming for several productions, travelling for endorsements and performing at live shows (including the Miss India pageant)took its toll; she fainted during filming, and was admitted to hospital.", "In 2010, Chopra starred with Uday Chopra in Jugal Hansraj's unremarkable romantic comedy \"Pyaar Impossible!\"", "as Alisha, a beautiful college girl (and later a working mother) who falls in love with a nerdy boy.", "Later that year, she co-starred with Ranbir Kapoor in Siddharth Anand's romantic comedy \"Anjaana Anjaani\".", "The film, set in New York and Las Vegas, follows the story of two strangers, both trying to commit suicide, who eventually fall in love with each other.", "The film was a moderate commercial success, and received mixed reviews from critics.", "She starred as a femme fatale in her first film of 2011, Vishal Bhardwaj's black comedy \"7 Khoon Maaf\".", "Based on the short story \"Susanna's Seven Husbands\" by Ruskin Bond, \" 7 Khoon Maaf\" centers on Susanna Anna-Marie Johannes, an Anglo-Indian woman (played by Chopra) who murders her seven husbands in an unending quest for love.", "The film and her performance received acclaim from critics.", "Nikhat Kazmi remarked, \"\"7 Khoon Maaf\" would undoubtedly end up as a milestone in Priyanka Chopra's career graph.", "The actor displays exquisite command over a complex character that is definitely a first in Indian cinema.\"", "Aniruddha Guha of \"Daily News and Analysis\" wrote: \"Priyanka Chopra takes on a character that most of her contemporaries would shy away from and enacts it in a way that only she possibly can.", "For a woman with as many shades as Susanna, Chopra gets a crack at the role of a lifetime and she sparkles like never before.\"", "Chopra's performance earned her the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress and a nomination for the Filmfare Award, IIFA Award, Producers Guild Film Award, and Screen Award for Best Actress.", "Chopra's final release of the year saw her reprising her role as Roma in the second installment of the \"Don\" franchise, \"Don 2\".", "Although the film received mixed reviews, Chopra's performance earned positive feedback from critics.", "According to \"The Express Tribune\", \"Chopra ... seems to be the perfect choice for an action heroine.", "As you watch her effortlessly beat up some thugs in the movie, you come to the realisation that she may be the first proper female action hero in Bollywood.\"", "\"Don 2\" was a major success in India and overseas, earning over worldwide.", "Chopra's first film of 2012 was Karan Malhotra's action drama \"Agneepath\", in which she starred with Hrithik Roshan, Sanjay Dutt and Rishi Kapoor.", "Produced by Karan Johar, the film is a remake of his father's 1990 production of the same name.", "In one of several accidents to happen during production, Chopra's \"lehenga\" (a traditional skirt) caught fire while filming a sequence for an elaborate Ganpati festival song.", "She featured as Kaali Gawde, Roshan's loquacious love interest in the film.", "Mayank Shekhar noted how much Chopra stood out in the male-dominated film.", "\"Agneepath\" broke Bollywood's highest opening-day earnings record, and had a worldwide gross of .", "Chopra next co-starred with Shahid Kapoor in Kunal Kohli's romance, \"Teri Meri Kahaani\".", "The film relates the stories of three unconnected couples (each played by Kapoor and Chopra), born in different eras..", ", with Ranbir Kapoor and Ileana D'Cruz, was her final appearance of 2012.", "Set in the 1970s, the film tells the story of three people, two of whom are physically disabled.", "Chopra played Jhilmil Chatterjee, an autistic woman who falls in love with a deaf, mute man (Kapoor).", "Rituparno Ghosh, an acclaimed director, considered it a \"very, very brave\" role to accept given how demanding it is for an actor to convincingly portray a woman with autism.", "To prepare for the role, Chopra visited several mental institutions and spent time with autistic people.", "The film received critical acclaim and was a major commercial success, earning worldwide.", "Rachit Gupta of \"Filmfare\" found Chopra to be the film's \"surprise package\" and found her performance to be \"the best representation of autism on Indian celluloid\".", "Pratim D. Gupta of \"The Telegraph\" noted that Kapoor and Chopra turn in two of the finest performances seen on the Indian screen, although he found her to be a \"tad showy\" in her part.", "Chopra received Best Actress nominations at the Filmfare, Screen, IIFA and Producers Guild Film Awards.", "The film was chosen as India's entry for the 85th Academy Awards.", "\"Don 2\", \"Agneepath\" and \"Barfi!\"", "ranked among the highest grossing Bollywood films of all time up until then.", "In 2013, she lent her voice to the character of Ishani, the reigning Pan-Asian champion from India and the love interest of the main protagonist in the Disney Animation Studios's film \"Planes\", a spinoff of Pixar's \"Cars\" franchise.", "Chopra, a fan of Disney films, had fun voicing the character saying \"The closest I could come to being a Disney princess, I think, was Ishani\".", "The film was a commercial success, grossing approximately US$240 million worldwide.", "She played an NRI girl in the Apoorva Lakhia's bilingual action drama \"Zanjeer\" (\"Thoofan\" in Telugu), a remake of the 1973 Hindi film of the same name, which met with poor reactions from critics and was unsuccessful at the box office.", "Chopra next reprised her role of Priya in Rakesh Roshan's \"Krrish 3\"a sequel to the 2006 superhero film \"Krrish\"with Hrithik Roshan, Vivek Oberoi and Kangana Ranaut.", "Critics opined that Chopra's role in the film was small, with Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV writing that she \"is saddled with a sketchily written role and is reduced to the status of a hanger-on waiting for things to unfold\".", "The feature became a box office success, earning over worldwide, to become Chopra's biggest commercial success to that point and her fourth major hit in the last two years.", "She also appeared in an item number titled \"Ram Chahe Leela\" for Sanjay Leela Bhansali's \"Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela\".", "The song, which took four days to rehearse, saw Chopra execute a contemporary mujra, that incorporated complicated dance steps.", "In 2014, Chopra played the lead female role in Yash Raj Films's romantic action drama \"Gunday\" directed by Ali Abbas Zafar, alongside Ranveer Singh, Arjun Kapoor and Irrfan Khan.", "She portrayed Nandita, a cabaret dancer in Calcutta.", "Set in the 1970s, the film tells the story of two best friends who fall in love with Nandita.", "\"Gunday\" proved to be a box-office success, grossing over worldwide.", "Chopra next starred as the title character in \"Mary Kom\", a biographical film of the five time world boxing champion and Olympic bronze medalist Mary Kom.", "To prepare for the role, she spent time with Kom and received four months of boxing training.", "The film premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival, received positive reviews from critics, and her performance received critical acclaim.", "Deborah Young of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" criticised the film's screenplay but praised Chopra's \"grit as an actress that she overcomes trashy set-ups like these and, punch after punch, fills the screen with real emotion\".", "Namrata Joshi from \"Outlook\" opined that Chopra's sincere and earnest performance brings out Kom's \"determination as well as her vulnerabilities, and insecurities\", \"Mary Kom\" emerged as a commercial success, with revenues of at the box office.", "Chopra won the Screen Award for Best Actress, the Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and received another nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.", "In 2015, Chopra starred in Zoya Akhtar's \"Dil Dhadakne Do\", an ensemble comedy-drama alongside Anil Kapoor, Shefali Shah, Ranveer Singh, Anushka Sharma and Farhan Akhtar.", "The film tells the story of a dysfunctional Punjabi family (the Mehras), who invite their family and friends on a cruise trip to celebrate the parents' 30th wedding anniversary.", "She portrayed the role of Ayesha Mehra, a successful entrepreneur and the eldest child.", "Pratim D. Gupta from \"The Telegraph\" wrote of Chopra, \"From the propah body language to the measured speech ... shows the kind of depth she is able to bring to her lines and characters these days.", "Conversely, Shubhra Gupta of \"The Indian Express\" commented that it was time for her \"to being a little messy: all these not-a-hair-out-place roles are making her constrained.\"", "The cast of \"Dil Dhadakne Do\" won the Screen Award for Best Ensemble Cast, and Chopra was nominated for a Screen Award, IIFA Award, and Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress.", "Chopra signed a talent holding deal with ABC Studios and was later cast in the American thriller series \"Quantico\" as the character Alex Parrish.", "The series premiered on 27 September 2015 on ABC, making Chopra the first South Asian to headline an American network drama series.", "The series received positive reviews from television critics and Chopra was praised for her performance.", "James Poniewozik of \"The New York Times\" described Chopra as the \"strongest human asset\" of the show, and added that \"she is immediately charismatic and commanding.\"", "She received the People's Choice Award for Favourite Actress In A New TV Series for her role in \"Quantico\", becoming the first South Asian actress to win a People's Choice Award.", "The following year, Chopra won a second People's Choice Award for Favorite Dramatic TV Actress.", "\"Quantico\" was cancelled after three seasons in 2018.", "Chopra next portrayed Kashibai, the first wife of the Maratha general Peshwa Bajirao I, in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's epic historical romance drama \"Bajirao Mastani\".", "The feature opened to positive reviews, and Chopra received praise for her portrayal which several reviewers regarded as her best performance to date.", "Rajeev Masand wrote \"the film benefits from a nice touch of playfulness and humor in Priyanka Chopra's Kashibai.", "Chopra brings grace to the character, and practically steals the film.\"", "Film critic Raja Sen thought that Chopra, despite not being in the title role, owned the film, and wrote \"Chopra's terrific in the part, her intelligently expressive eyes speaking volumes and her no-nonsense Marathi rhythm bang-on.\"", "A major commercial success, \"Bajirao Mastani\" grossed at the box office, becoming one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time.", "For her performance, she won the Filmfare Award, IIFA Award, and Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress, and received a nomination for the Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.", "In 2016, Chopra starred as a police officer in Prakash Jha's social drama \"Jai Gangaajal\".", "Writing for \"The Hindu\", Namrata Joshi thought that she \"looks off-colour, disinterested and uninvolved with the goings on through most of the film\".", "It did not perform well commercially.", "She next produced the Marathi comedy-drama \"Ventilator\" under her production company Purple Pebble Pictures, which went on to win three awards at the 64th National Film Awards.", "The following year, Chopra made her Hollywood live-action film debut by playing the antagonist Victoria Leeds in Seth Gordon's action comedy \"Baywatch\" opposite Dwayne Johnson and Zac Efron.", "The feature received unfavorable reviews.", "Scott Mendelson of \"Forbes\" wrote \"Chopra has fun as the baddie, but she stays in the background until the end of the movie and really only gets one big scene at the end of the picture.\"", "\"Baywatch\" was not a commercial success in North America but the film performed better in the overseas markets.", "The 2018 Sundance Film Festival marked the release of Chopra's next American film, \"A Kid Like Jake\", a drama about gender variance, starring Jim Parsons and Claire Danes.", "Amy Nicholson of \"Variety\" commended her \"charming presence\" but thought that her role added little value to the film.", "A year later, Chopra had another supporting part, as a yoga ambassador, in Todd Strauss-Schulson's comedy \"Isn't It Romantic\", which starred Rebel Wilson in the lead role.", "Dana Schwartz of \"Entertainment Weekly\" considered her to be \"perfectly cast\" but Benjamin Lee of \"The Guardian\" thought that she was \"not quite interesting enough\".", "Chopra will next reunite with Farhan Akhtar to play the parents of Aisha Chaudhary, a teenage motivational speaker who died of pulmonary fibrosis, in Shonali Bose's biographical drama \"The Sky Is Pink\".", "Chopra has also committed to star alongside Mindy Kaling in a comedy about an Indian-American wedding, and will portray the lawyer Vanita Gupta in Gordan's courtroom drama \"Tulia\", an adaptation of a non-fiction book \"Tulia: Race, Cocaine, and Corruption\" (2005) based on the 1999 racial injustice case that took place in the city of the same name.", "She is also producing over a dozen regional films in various languages under her production company, and is developing a sitcom for ABC based on the life of Madhuri Dixit, for which she will serve as an executive producer.", "Chopra's main vocal influence was her father, who helped develop her interest in singing.", "She used her vocal talent early in her pageantry career.", "Her first recording, the song \"Ullathai Killathe\" in the Tamil film \"Thamizhan\" (2002), was made at the urging of her director and co-star, Vijay (who had noticed her singing on the set).", "She declined to sing playback for \"Tinka Tinka\" in her film \"Karam\" (2005), preferring to concentrate on her acting career, but later sang the song live on the television programme \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pa\".", "Chopra recorded an unreleased song for \"Bluffmaster!\"", "In August 2011, Universal Music Group signed Chopra to a worldwide recording agreement with DesiHits.", "The deal indicated that her first studio album would be released by Interscope Records in North America and by Island Records elsewhere.", "In July 2012, Chopra became the first Bollywood star signed by Creative Artists Agency, an entertainment and sports agency based in Los Angeles.", "Travelling to the United States to work on her album, Chopra collaborated with Sam Watters, Matthew Koma and Jay Sean.", "The album was produced by RedOne.", "Her first single, \"In My City\", debuted in the US on 13 September 2012 in a TV spot for the NFL Network's Thursday Night Football, 12 hours after the full song debuted in India; a shortened version of the song was used to open each show of the season.", "\"In My City\" features rapper will.i.am; according to Chopra, a co-writer, the song was inspired by her unsettled childhood and her journey from a small-town girl to a celebrity.", "The song received mixed reviews from critics, and was a commercial success in India; it sold more than 130,000 copies in its first week, topped the Hindi pop chart and was certified triple platinum.", "In the United States the single was unsuccessful, with 5,000 digital downloads in its first week according to Nielsen SoundScan, and did not receive radio play.", "In October 2012, the single won her the Best International Debut award at the People's Choice Awards India.", "In December 2012, she received three nominations: Best Female Artist, Best Song and Best Video (for \"In My City\") at the World Music Awards.", "She also received the Trailblazer Award from the South Asian Media, Marketing and Entertainment Association for becoming the first Bollywood actor to win a major record deal in the U.S. Chopra was also featured on \"Erase\", an EDM song produced by the American DJ and producer duo The Chainsmokers.", "In July 2013, Chopra released her second single \"Exotic\" featuring American rapper Pitbull, along with its music video.", "\"Exotic\" debuted at number 16 on the \"Billboard\" Dance/Electronic Songs and number 11 on the Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart in 27 July 2013 issue.", "The single also entered at number 74 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart.", "\"Exotic\" debuted at number 44 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance Club Songs chart and peaked at number 12.", "Her third single, a cover of Bonnie Raitt's \"I Can't Make You Love Me\" was released in April 2014.", "The song's accompanying video was released around the same time.", "The song peaked at number 28 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart.", "Chopra's first song as a playback singer in Bollywood was \"Chaoro\", a lullaby from \"Mary Kom\" (2014).", "In 2015, she sang the title song, a duet with Farhan Akhtar, for \"Dil Dhadakne Do\".", "She recorded a promotional song for \"Ventilator\" (2016), making her Marathi language playback singing debut with \"Baba\".", "In 2017, Chopra collaborated with the Australian DJ Will Sparks for \"Young and Free\", an EDM song which she also wrote.", "Chopra supports various causes through her foundation \"The Priyanka Chopra Foundation for Health and Education\", which works towards providing support to unprivileged children across the country in the areas of Education and Health.", "She donates ten percent of her earnings to fund the foundation's operations, and pays for educational and medical expenses for seventy children in India, fifty among whom are girls.", "She often speaks out on women's issues: against female infanticide and foeticide, and in support of education for girls.", "A believer in feminism, Chopra has always been vocal about women's rights, gender equality, and gender pay inequality.", "In 2006, a \"day with Chopra\" was auctioned on eBay; the proceeds were donated to an NGO, Nanhi Kali, which helps educate girls in India.", "She has made appearances in support of other charities, such as the 2005 HELP!", "Telethon Concert to raise funds for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.", "She has worked with UNICEF since 2006, recording public-service announcements and participating in media panel discussions promoting children's rights and the education of girls, and also participated in celebrating the 20th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "She was appointed as the national UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for Child Rights on 10 August 2010.", "UNICEF Representative Karin Hulshof said of the appointment: \"She is equally passionate about her work on behalf of children and adolescents.", "We are proud of the work she has done with us so far on child rights, and, we are thrilled about all what we will be doing together so that no child gets left behind.\"", "In 2009, she shot a documentary for the organisation Alert India to increase understanding of leprosy.", "She modelled for designer Manish Malhotra and Shaina NC's charity fashion show to raise funds for the Cancer Patients Aid Association (CPAA) NGO.", "In 2010 Chopra was one of several celebrities who created promotional messages for Pearls Wave Trust, which campaigns against violence and abuse of women and girls.", "Chopra also launched the \"Save the Girl Child\" campaign, which aims to change the attitudes of Indians towards girls.", "In 2012 Chopra spoke at the launch of Awakening Youth, an anti-addiction programme.", "Chopra is a supporter of environmental charities and is brand ambassador for NDTV Greenathon, an initiative to support eco-friendliness and provide solar power to rural villages without electricity supplies.", "She appeared with children in an animated video to support the cause, and removed rubbish from the banks of the Yamuna river in Agra to increase awareness of environmental issues.", "During the third and fourth editions of Greenathon, She adopted up to seven villages to provide with a regular supply of electricity.", "She adopted a tigress in 2011 and a lioness in 2012 at the Birsa biological park, paying for both animals upkeep for a year.", "To promote organ donation, Chopra pledged to donate her own organs after death and was co-keynote speaker at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center's Bollywood-themed 20th-anniversary celebration of its liver-transplant programme in 2012.", "She donated million to Nanavati hospital to build a cancer ward.", "The ward, which is named after her late father, was inaugurated by her in 2013.", "The same year, she provided voice-over in English and Hindi for the documentary film \"Girl Rising\" for the organisation of the same name.", "She was invited as one of the speakers alongside Gordon Brown, Steve Wozniak, Bill Clinton, and Charlie Baker for the 50th anniversary of the World Leaders Conference at the Hynes Convention Center, Boston.", "She spoke about women empowerment through education, discussing inequality and the challenges of education for women, and received a standing ovation for her speech.", "Chopra also lent her voice to a music video of John Lennon's \"Imagine\".", "The video featuring her along with other singers, including Katy Perry, and The Black Eyed Peas was created as part of a global campaign by UNICEF to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "Indian prime minister Narendra Modi selected Chopra as one of his nine nominees called \"Navratna\" in 2014 for the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, a national cleanliness campaign by the Government of India.", "She lent her support to the campaign by cleaning and rehabilitating a garbage-laden neighbourhood in Mumbai, and urged people to maintain the cleanliness.", "In 2015, she voiced People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA's) life-size robotic elephant named \"Ellie\", who visited schools across the United States and Europe to educate kids about elephants and captivity, and to urge people to boycott circuses.", "Chopra was appointed as the global UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in December 2016.", "In 2017, she received the Mother Teresa Memorial Award for Social Justice for her contribution towards social causes.", "At a public event in 2019, an activist criticised Chopra for a tweet in which she hailed India's military forces while tensions amid Pakistan and India were escalating.", "The main line of argument was that she was warmongering and that was incompatible with her job as UN Peace Ambassador.", "Chopra's response at the event was that she is patriotic; she was also fast to silence the activist criticising her.", "Pakistan asked for Chopra being sacked from her UN job but UN supported Chopra's right to talk for herself.", "In 2007, Chopra was on the judges' panel of the Miss India pageant.", "She stated, \"Miss India will always remain special.", "That's where it all started for me.", "And maybe that's where it would've ended if I hadn't won the crown.\"", "She also served as a judge at Miss World 2009.", "She visited Jawan troops in Tenga, in eastern India, for a special episode of the NDTV show \"Jai Jawan\" celebrating the 60th anniversary of India's independence.", "In 2010, she hosted the third season of the reality show \"\" on the Colors channel, taking over from previous host Akshay Kumar.", "According to contestants, in hosting the series, Chopra had \"transformed into quite a whip-wielding dictator\", relentlessly pushing the contestants to work.", "She performed most of her own stunts, adamant to prove that she could rival Akshay Kumar, who had hosted the previous two seasons.", "The opening ratings of the show topped those of the two previous seasons.", "The show was praised by critics, and earned her the Indian Telly Award for Most Impactful Debut on Television.", "In February 2016, Chopra presented the award for Best Film Editing at the 88th Academy Awards.", "Chopra has participated in a number of world tours and concerts.", "She took part in a world concert tour, \"Temptations 2004\", and performed with other Bollywood actors (including Shah Rukh Khan, Saif Ali Khan, Rani Mukerji, Preity Zinta and Arjun Rampal) in 19 stage shows.", "In 2011, she participated (with Shahid Kapoor and Shah Rukh Khan) in a concert in Durban, South Africa celebrating 150 years of India–South Africa friendship.", "In 2012, she performed at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai in the opening ceremony of the fifth season of cricket's Indian Premier League with Amitabh Bachchan, Salman Khan, Kareena Kapoor and Katy Perry.", "The same year, she performed at Dubai Festival City's Ahlan Bollywood Concert with other Bollywood stars such as Salman Khan and Sophie Choudry.", "Chopra began writing an opinion column, \"The Priyanka Chopra Column\", for the \"Hindustan Times\" in 2009.", "She wrote a total of fifty columns for the newspaper.", "She said after her first year of writing: \"I'm a private person and never thought that I could express my feelings.", "But strangely enough, whenever I sat down to write this column, my inner most thoughts came to the fore.\"", "In March 2009, she met several readers who had submitted feedback on her weekly column.", "She continued to write sporadically for newspapers.", "In August 2012 she wrote a column published in \"The Times of India\" titled \"No woman in Mumbai feels safe any longer\", discussing the murder of 25-year-old Pallavi Purkayastha, whom she met while working on \"Don\".", "In the article, Chopra expressed her views about the safety of women in cities.", "In a July 2014 article published in \"The Guardian\", Chopra criticised female genital mutilation and child marriage.", "Later that year, Chopra wrote an op-ed for \"The New York Times\" titled \"What Jane Austen Knew\" about the importance of education for girls.", "She praised and quoted Nobel Peace Prize winners Malala Yousafzai and Kailash Satyarthi, and described how her desire to help others was triggered when, at just nine years old, she joined her parents while they volunteered their spare time to offer modern health care to the rural poor.", "In late 2014, Chopra began writing a monthly column, \"Pret-a-Priyanka\", for \"Elle\".", "In an article published in January 2015, she expressed her views on diversity and being a global citizen.", "In June 2018, it was announced that Chopra will publish her memoir titled \"Unfinished\", which is scheduled to be released in 2019 by Penguin Books in India, Ballantine Books in the United States and Michael Joseph in the United Kingdom.", "Chopra has maintained a strong relationship with her family, including her younger brother, Siddharth, and lives in an apartment on the same floor as her family.", "She was especially close to her father, who died in June 2013; in 2012, she got a tattoo reading \"Daddy's lil girl\", in his handwriting.", "Having not come from a film background, she describes herself as a self-made woman.", "Her mother, a well-established gynaecologist in Bareilly, gave up her practice to support Chopra as she embarked upon a film career.", "A practicing Hindu, Chopra performs a puja every morning at a small shrine consisting of various murtis of Hindu deities in her home, which she even travels with.", "Although she is known for her media-friendly attitude, Chopra is publicly reticent about her personal life.", "She had signed on to play one of the leading ladies in \"Bharat\", but opted out days before filming her scenes.", "Nikhil Namit, a producer of the film, said that she quit due to her engagement to Nick Jonas and accused her of being \"a little unprofessional\".", "Chopra and Jonas became engaged in August 2018 in a Punjabi Roka ceremony in Mumbai.", "In December 2018, the couple married at Umaid Bhawan Palace, Jodhpur in traditional Hindu and Christian ceremonies.", "Analysing Chopra's career highlights, Bollywood Hungama noted: \"Despite a career that has seen a constant flip-flop ... the performer in her has seen a constant growth with every passing year.\"", "After playing strong characters in a series of films, she gained recognition for portraying a range of unconventional roles, leading CNN-IBN to describe her \"as one of the most powerful actresses in the current lot and someone who doesn't shy away from experimenting with roles within the realms of popular cinema\".", "\"The Times of India\" called her a \"game changer\" for changing \"the age-old demarcation between a hero and heroine\".", "In 2012, film critic Subhash K. Jha labelled her \"the best actress in the post-Sridevi generation\" and listed her character in \"Barfi!\"", "as being \"one of the finest inwardly ravaged characters in Bollywood.\"", "Chopra has often featured on Rediff.com's annual listing of \"Bollywood's Best Actresses\", and was featured in their list of \"Top 10 Actresses of 2000–2010\".", "Chopra is one of the highest-paid and high-profile celebrities in India.", "She is described as a sex symbol and a style icon.", "Her figure, eyes, lips and exotic looks have been cited by the media as her distinctive physical features.", "Designers Falguni and Shane Peacock wrote, \"She is comfortable in her own skin and looks ravishing in whatever she wears, be it a bikini, short or long dress or even a sari.\"", "She ranks high on lists of the most beautiful, influential, powerful, and attractive celebrities in the World.", "In 2006, 2012, 2014 and 2015, the UK magazine \"Eastern Eye\" ranked her first on their \"World's Sexiest Asian Women\" list, and she was featured on \"Verve\"' s list of most powerful women in 2009 and 2010.", "She was named \"India's Best-Dressed Woman of the Year\" by \"People\" in 2011, and \"Maxim\" selected her thrice (2011, 2013 and 2016) as \"Hottest Girl of the Year\".", "In 2015, \"People\" featured her as one of the \"Most Intriguing People of the Year\".", "In 2016, \"Time\" named her one of the \"100 Most Influential People in the World\" and also featured on the cover of the issue.", "The same year, she was ranked fourth on AskMen's Top 99 Women and \"Forbes\" named her the world's eight-highest-paid TV actress.", "In 2017, Buzznet named her World's second \"Most Beautiful Women\", after Beyonce.", "The same year, Chopra was named one of \"People\" magazine's Most Beautiful Women in the World.", "In 2017, \"Variety\" honoured her with the Power of Women award for her philanthropic work with UNICEF, and \"Forbes\" listed her among the World's 100 Most Powerful Women in 2017 and 2018.", "In 2018, Chopra was named one of the 500 most influential business leaders by \"Variety\" and the market research firm YouGov named her the world's twelfth most admired woman.", "Chopra was ranked second in the list of brand ambassadors of 2008 (only after Shah Rukh Khan) in a survey conducted by TAM AdEx.", "The following year, she topped their list, becoming the first woman to in India to do so.", "Chopra has represented many brands, including TAG Heuer, Pepsi, Nokia, Garnier and Nestlé; she was the first female representative of Hero Honda.", "She and three other Bollywood actors (Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol and Hrithik Roshan) had their likenesses made into a series of miniature dolls for Hasbro and the UK-based Bollywood Legends Corporation.", "In 2009, Chopra became the first Indian actress to cast a foot impression at the Salvatore Ferragamo Museum in Florence, Italy, and she received custom-designed shoes from the Ferragamo house.", "In 2013, she became the first Indian model to represent Guess, whose CEO Paul Marciano called her \"the young Sophia Loren\".", "The actress became the first Indian actress to feature in a school textbook.", "Her life is described in a chapter of \"Roving Families, Shifting Homes\", a book taught at Springdales School.", "The book also includes pictures of her family and the moment she was crowned Miss World in 2000.", "Biography of the actress named \"Priyanka Chopra: The Incredible Story of a Global Bollywood Star\" written by the journalist Aseem Chhabra, was released in 2018.", "Chopra is known in the Indian media and film industry for her professionalism and is often referred to as \"Piggy Chops\", a nickname given her by co-stars on the set of \"Bluffmaster!\"", "She is popularly referred to by the media and the film industry as \"PeeCee\" or \"PC\".", "Chopra has had a Twitter account since January 2009, and is one of the most followed Indian actresses on the platform.", "In 2012, she was declared the most influential Indian on the social-media circuit in a survey conducted by Pinstorm and in 2015, Chopra appeared in \"HuffPost\"' s \"100 Most Influential Women on Twitter\" list, in which she was ranked first among Indians.", "Chopra has won a National Film Award for Best Actress for \"Fashion\" (2008) and five Filmfare Awards: Best Female Debut for \"Andaaz\" (2003), Best Performance in a Negative Role for \"Aitraaz\" (2004), Best Actress for \"Fashion\" (2008), Critics Award for Best Actress for \"7 Khoon Maaf\" (2011), and Best Supporting Actress for \"Bajirao Mastani\" (2015).", "She has also won two People's Choice Awards: \"Favourite Actress In A New TV Series\", and \"Favorite Dramatic TV Actress\" for \"Quantico\".", "She is the first South Asian actress to win a People's Choice Award.", "In 2016, she was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, by the Government of India for her contribution to arts." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 966394, "normal_article_title": "Michigan International Speedway", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=966394", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-966394-0-0", "normal-966394-0-1", "normal-966394-0-2", "normal-966394-0-3", "normal-966394-0-4", "normal-966394-0-5", "normal-966394-1-0", "normal-966394-1-1", "normal-966394-1-2", "normal-966394-1-3", "normal-966394-1-4", "normal-966394-1-5", "normal-966394-2-0", "normal-966394-2-1", "normal-966394-2-2", "normal-966394-2-3", "normal-966394-3-0", "normal-966394-3-1", "normal-966394-3-2", "normal-966394-3-3", "normal-966394-3-4", "normal-966394-3-5", "normal-966394-3-6", "normal-966394-3-7", "normal-966394-3-8", "normal-966394-3-9", "normal-966394-4-0", "normal-966394-5-0", "normal-966394-5-1", "normal-966394-5-2", "normal-966394-5-3", "normal-966394-5-4", "normal-966394-6-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Michigan International Speedway (MIS) is a 2 mi moderate-banked D-shaped speedway located off U.S. Highway 12 on more than 1400 acre approximately 4 mi south of the village of Brooklyn, in the scenic Irish Hills area of southeastern Michigan.", "The track is used primarily for NASCAR events.", "It is sometimes known as a \"sister track\" to Texas World Speedway, and was used as the basis of Auto Club Speedway.", "The track is owned by International Speedway Corporation (ISC).", "Michigan International Speedway is recognized as one of motorsports' premier facilities because of its wide racing surface and high banking (by open-wheel standards; the 18-degree banking is modest by stock car standards).", "Michigan is the fastest track in NASCAR due to its wide, sweeping corners, long straightaways, and lack of a restrictor plate requirement; typical qualifying speeds are in excess of 200 mph and corner entry speeds are anywhere from 215 to after the 2012 repaving of the track.", "Groundbreaking took place on September 28, 1967.", "Over 2.5 e6cuyd of dirt were moved to form the D-shaped oval.", "The track opened in 1968 with a total capacity of 25,000 seats.", "The track was originally built and owned by Lawrence H. LoPatin, a Detroit-area land developer who built the speedway at an estimated cost of $4–6 million.", "Financing was arranged by Thomas W Itin.", "Its first race took place on Sunday, October 13, 1968, with the running of the USAC 250 mile Championship Car Race won by Ronnie Bucknum.", "In 1972, Roger Penske purchased the speedway for an estimated $2 million.", "During Penske's ownership the track was upgraded several times from the original capacity to 125,000 seating capacity.", "From 1996 to 2000, the track was referred to as Michigan Speedway.", "This was to keep consistency with other tracks owned by Roger Penske's Motorsports International before its merger with ISC.", "In 1999, the speedway was purchased by International Speedway Corporation (ISC) and in 2000 the track was renamed to its original name of Michigan International Speedway.", "In 2000 10,800 seats were added via a turn 3 grandstand bringing the speedway to its current capacity.", "In 2004-2005 the largest renovation project in the history of the facility was ready for race fans when it opened its doors for the race weekend.", "The AAA Motorsports Fan Plaza—a reconfiguration of over 26 acre behind the main grandstand.", "A new, three-story viewing tower housing the Champions Club presented by AAA and 16 new corporate suites targeted VIP guests, while a press box and a race operations facility high above the 2 mi oval welcomed the media and race officials.", "Michigan was repaved prior to the 2012 season.", "This marks the first time since 1995 that the oval was resurfaced, along with 1967, 1975, and 1986.", "Also new for 2012 was the addition of a new 20-space trackside luxury campsite to be known as APEX.", "Situated in turn 3, each site will offer a 20 by area.", "To accommodate these new campsites, the remaining silver grandstands in turns 3 and 4 were removed.", "On January 28, 2019, it was revealed on ISC's 2018 annual report that the speedway's track seating was reduced from 71,000 to 56,000.", "In addition to motor racing, the venue hosts a number of events including the Michigan High School Athletic Association cross country finals for the Lower Peninsula and the annual Make-A-Wish Bicycle Tour.", "The track also hosts concerts in conjunction with its race weekends.", "Driving schools are held throughout the year.", "The Formula SAE competition is now held at MIS, after previously being held in the parking lot of the Pontiac Silverdome.", "Since 2010, it has hosted the Michigan Wine and Beer Festival, and since 2013, the venue has hosted the country music festival Faster Horses.", "* from minimum 5 starts." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 103132, "simple_article_title": "Michigan International Speedway", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=103132", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-103132-0-0", "simple-103132-0-1", "simple-103132-0-2", "simple-103132-0-3", "simple-103132-0-4", "simple-103132-1-0", "simple-103132-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Michigan International Speedway (or MIS) is a two-mile (3.22 km) long racetrack.", "It contains more than 1,400 acres, near Brooklyn, Michigan.", "The track is used mostly for NASCAR events.", "It is sometimes known as the \"sister track\" of Texas World Speedway.", "Construction for the track began on September 28, 1967, and opened October 13, 1968 with budget of around $4–6 million.", "Michigan is now one of the fastest tracks in NASCAR due to its wide, sweeping corners and long straightaways.", "It normal speeds of more than 190 mph, but corner entry speeds easily pass 200 mph (~320 Km/h)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1570429, "normal_article_title": "Loneliness", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1570429", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1570429-0-0", "normal-1570429-0-1", "normal-1570429-0-2", "normal-1570429-0-3", "normal-1570429-1-0", "normal-1570429-1-1", "normal-1570429-1-2", "normal-1570429-1-3", "normal-1570429-2-0", "normal-1570429-2-1", "normal-1570429-3-0", "normal-1570429-3-1", "normal-1570429-3-2", "normal-1570429-4-0", "normal-1570429-4-1", "normal-1570429-4-2", "normal-1570429-4-3", "normal-1570429-4-4", "normal-1570429-4-5", "normal-1570429-4-6", "normal-1570429-5-0", "normal-1570429-5-1", "normal-1570429-5-2", "normal-1570429-6-0", "normal-1570429-6-1", "normal-1570429-6-2", "normal-1570429-6-3", "normal-1570429-6-4", "normal-1570429-6-5", "normal-1570429-6-6", "normal-1570429-6-7", "normal-1570429-6-8", "normal-1570429-7-0", "normal-1570429-7-1", "normal-1570429-7-2", "normal-1570429-7-3", "normal-1570429-8-0", "normal-1570429-8-1", "normal-1570429-8-2", "normal-1570429-9-0", "normal-1570429-9-1", "normal-1570429-9-2", "normal-1570429-10-0", "normal-1570429-10-1", "normal-1570429-10-2", "normal-1570429-10-3", "normal-1570429-10-4", "normal-1570429-10-5", "normal-1570429-11-0", "normal-1570429-11-1", "normal-1570429-11-2", "normal-1570429-12-0", "normal-1570429-12-1", "normal-1570429-13-0", "normal-1570429-13-1", "normal-1570429-13-2", "normal-1570429-14-0", "normal-1570429-14-1", "normal-1570429-14-2", "normal-1570429-14-3", "normal-1570429-14-4", "normal-1570429-14-5", "normal-1570429-14-6", "normal-1570429-14-7", "normal-1570429-15-0", "normal-1570429-15-1", "normal-1570429-16-0", "normal-1570429-16-1", "normal-1570429-17-0", "normal-1570429-17-1", "normal-1570429-18-0", "normal-1570429-18-1", "normal-1570429-18-2", "normal-1570429-18-3", "normal-1570429-18-4", "normal-1570429-19-0", "normal-1570429-19-1", "normal-1570429-19-2", "normal-1570429-20-0", "normal-1570429-20-1", "normal-1570429-20-2", "normal-1570429-20-3", "normal-1570429-20-4", "normal-1570429-21-0", "normal-1570429-22-0", "normal-1570429-22-1", "normal-1570429-22-2", "normal-1570429-23-0", "normal-1570429-24-0", "normal-1570429-25-0", "normal-1570429-25-1", "normal-1570429-25-2", "normal-1570429-26-0", "normal-1570429-26-1", "normal-1570429-26-2", "normal-1570429-27-0", "normal-1570429-27-1", "normal-1570429-28-0", "normal-1570429-28-1", "normal-1570429-28-2", "normal-1570429-29-0", "normal-1570429-29-1", "normal-1570429-29-2", "normal-1570429-29-3", "normal-1570429-29-4", "normal-1570429-29-5", "normal-1570429-29-6", "normal-1570429-30-0", "normal-1570429-30-1", "normal-1570429-30-2", "normal-1570429-31-0", "normal-1570429-31-1", "normal-1570429-31-2", "normal-1570429-31-3", "normal-1570429-31-4", "normal-1570429-31-5", "normal-1570429-31-6", "normal-1570429-31-7", "normal-1570429-32-0", "normal-1570429-32-1", "normal-1570429-32-2", "normal-1570429-32-3", "normal-1570429-32-4", "normal-1570429-32-5", "normal-1570429-32-6", "normal-1570429-33-0", "normal-1570429-34-0", "normal-1570429-34-1", "normal-1570429-35-0", "normal-1570429-35-1", "normal-1570429-35-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Loneliness is a complex and usually unpleasant emotional response to isolation.", "Loneliness typically includes anxious feelings about a lack of connection or communication with other beings, both in the present and extending into the future.", "As such, loneliness can be felt even when surrounded by other people and one who feels lonely, is lonely.", "The causes of loneliness are varied and include social, mental, emotional, and physical factors.", "Research has shown that loneliness is prevalent throughout society, including people in marriages, relationships, families, veterans, and those with successful careers.", "It has been a long explored theme in the literature of human beings since Classical antiquity.", "Loneliness has also been described as social pain—a psychological mechanism meant to motivate an individual to seek social connections.", "Loneliness is often defined in terms of one's connectedness to others, or more specifically as \"the unpleasant experience that occurs when a person's network of social relations is deficient in some important way\".", "People can experience loneliness for many reasons, and many life events may cause it, such as a lack of friendship relations during childhood and adolescence, or the physical absence of meaningful people around a person.", "At the same time, loneliness may be a symptom of another social or psychological problem, such as chronic depression.", "Many people experience loneliness for the first time when they are left alone as infants.", "It is also a very common, though normally temporary, consequence of a breakup, divorce, or loss of any important long-term relationship.", "In these cases, it may stem both from the loss of a specific person and from the withdrawal from social circles caused by the event or the associated sadness.", "The loss of a significant person in one's life will typically initiate a grief response; in this situation, one might feel lonely, even while in the company of others.", "Loneliness may also occur after the birth of a child (often expressed in postpartum depression), after marriage, or following any other socially disruptive event, such as moving from one's home town into an unfamiliar community, leading to homesickness.", "Loneliness can occur within unstable marriages or other close relationships of a similar nature, in which feelings present may include anger or resentment, or in which the feeling of love cannot be given or received.", "Loneliness may represent a dysfunction of communication, and can also result from places with low population densities in which there are comparatively few people to interact with.", "Loneliness can also be seen as a social phenomenon, capable of spreading like a disease.", "When one person in a group begins to feel lonely, this feeling can spread to others, increasing everybody's risk for feelings of loneliness.", "People can feel lonely even when they are surrounded by other people.", "A twin study found evidence that genetics account for approximately half of the measurable differences in loneliness among adults, which was similar to the heritability estimates found previously in children.", "These genes operate in a similar manner in males and females.", "The study found no common environmental contributions to adult loneliness.", "There is a clear distinction between feeling lonely and being socially isolated (for example, a loner).", "In particular, one way of thinking about loneliness is as a discrepancy between one's necessary and achieved levels of social interaction, while solitude is simply the lack of contact with people.", "Loneliness is therefore a subjective experience; if a person thinks they are lonely, then they are lonely.", "People can be lonely while in solitude, or in the middle of a crowd.", "What makes a person lonely is the fact that they need more social interaction or a certain type of social interaction that is not currently available.", "A person can be in the middle of a party and feel lonely due to not talking to enough people.", "Conversely, one can be alone and not feel lonely; even though there is no one around that person is not lonely because there is no desire for social interaction.", "There have also been suggestions that each person has their own optimal level of social interaction.", "If a person gets too little or too much social interaction, this could lead to feelings of loneliness or over-stimulation.", "Solitude can have positive effects on individuals.", "One study found that, although time spent alone tended to depress a person's mood and increase feelings of loneliness, it also helped to improve their cognitive state, such as improving concentration.", "Furthermore, once the alone time was over, people's moods tended to increase significantly.", "Solitude is also associated with other positive growth experiences, religious experiences, and identity building such as solitary quests used in rites of passages for adolescents.", "Loneliness can also play an important role in the creative process.", "In some people, temporary or prolonged loneliness can lead to notable artistic and creative expression, for example, as was the case with poets Emily Dickinson and Isabella di Morra, and numerous musicians .", "This is not to imply that loneliness itself ensures this creativity, rather, it may have an influence on the subject matter of the artist and more likely be present in individuals engaged in creative activities.", "The other important typology of loneliness focuses on the time perspective.", "In this respect, loneliness can be viewed as either transient or chronic.", "It has also been referred to as state and trait loneliness.", "Transient (state) loneliness is temporary in nature, caused by something in the environment, and is easily relieved.", "Chronic (trait) loneliness is more permanent, caused by the person, and is not easily relieved.", "For example, when a person is sick and cannot socialize with friends would be a case of transient loneliness.", "Once the person got better it would be easy for them to alleviate their loneliness.", "A person who feels lonely regardless of if they are at a family gathering, with friends, or alone is experiencing chronic loneliness.", "It does not matter what goes on in the surrounding environment, the experience of loneliness is always there.", "The existentialist school of thought views loneliness as the essence of being human.", "Each human being comes into the world alone, travels through life as a separate person, and ultimately dies alone.", "Coping with this, accepting it, and learning how to direct our own lives with some degree of grace and satisfaction is the human condition.", "Some philosophers, such as Sartre, believe in an epistemic loneliness in which loneliness is a fundamental part of the human condition because of the paradox between people's consciousness desiring meaning in life and the isolation and nothingness of the universe.", "Conversely, other existentialist thinkers argue that human beings might be said to actively engage each other and the universe as they communicate and create, and loneliness is merely the feeling of being cut off from this process.", "In his recent text, \"Evidence of Being: The Black Gay Cultural Renaissance and the Politics of Violence,\" Darius Bost draws from Heather Love's theorization of loneliness to delineate the ways in which loneliness structures black gay feeling and literary, cultural productions.", "Bost limns, “As a form of negative affect, loneliness shores up the alienation, isolation, and pathologization of black gay men during the 1980s and early 1990s.", "But loneliness is also a form of bodily desire, a yearning for an attachment to the social and for a future beyond the forces that create someone’s alienation and isolation.\"", "There are several estimates and indicators of loneliness.", "It has been estimated that approximately 60 million people in the United States, or 20% of the total population, feel lonely.", "Another study found that 12% of Americans have no one with whom to spend free time or to discuss important matters.", "Other research suggests that this rate has been increasing over time.", "The \"General Social Survey\" found that between 1985 and 2004, the number of people the average American discusses important matters with decreased from three to two.", "Additionally, the number of Americans with no one to discuss important matters with tripled (though this particular study may be flawed).", "In the UK research by Age UK shows half a million people more than 60 years old spend each day alone without social interaction and almost half a million more see and speak to no one for 5 or 6 days a week.", "On the other hand, the \"Community Life Survey, 2016 to 2017\", by the UK's Office for National Statistics, found that young adults in England aged 16 to 24 reported feeling lonely more often than those in older age groups.", "Loneliness appears to have intensified in every society in the world as modernization occurs.", "A certain amount of this loneliness appears to be related to greater migration, smaller household sizes, a larger degree of media consumption (all of which have positive sides as well in the form of more opportunities, more choice in family size, and better access to information), all of which relates to social capital.", "Within developed nations, loneliness has shown the largest increases among two groups: seniors and people living in low-density suburbs.", "Seniors living in suburban areas are particularly vulnerable, for as they lose the ability to drive, they often become \"stranded\" and find it difficult to maintain interpersonal relationships.", "Loneliness is prevalent in vulnerable groups in society.", "In New Zealand the fourteen surveyed groups with the highest prevalence of loneliness most/all of the time in descending order are: disabled, recent migrants, low income households, unemployed, single parents, rural (rest of South Island), seniors aged 75+, not in the labour force, youth aged 15–24, no qualifications, not housing owner-occupier, not in a family nucleus, Māori, and low personal income.", "Americans seem to report more loneliness than any other country, though this finding may simply be an effect of greater research volume.", "A 2006 study in the \"American Sociological Review\" found that Americans on average had only two close friends in which to confide, which was down from an average of three in 1985.", "The percentage of people who noted having no such confidant rose from 10% to almost 25%, and an additional 19% said they had only a single confidant, often their spouse, thus raising the risk of serious loneliness if the relationship ended.", "The modern office environment has been demonstrated to give rise to loneliness.", "This can be especially prevalent in individuals prone to social isolation who can interpret the business focus of co-workers for a deliberate ignoring of needs.", "Whether a correlation exists between Internet usage and loneliness is a subject of controversy, with some findings showing that Internet users are lonelier and others showing that lonely people who use the Internet to keep in touch with loved ones (especially seniors) report less loneliness, but that those trying to make friends online became lonelier.", "On the other hand, studies in 2002 and 2010 found that \"Internet use was found to decrease loneliness and depression significantly, while perceived social support and self-esteem increased significantly\" and that the Internet \"has an enabling and empowering role in people's lives, by increasing their sense of freedom and control, which has a positive impact on well-being or happiness.\"", "The one apparently unequivocal finding of correlation is that long driving commutes correlate with dramatically higher reported feelings of loneliness (as well as other negative health impacts).", "Loneliness has been linked with depression, and is thus a risk factor for suicide.", "Émile Durkheim has described loneliness, specifically the inability or unwillingness to live for others, i.e. for friendships or altruistic ideas, as the main reason for what he called \"egoistic suicide\".", "In adults, loneliness is a major precipitant of depression and alcoholism.", "People who are socially isolated may report poor sleep quality, and thus have diminished restorative processes.", "Loneliness has also been linked with a schizoid character type in which one may see the world differently and experience social alienation, described as \"the self in exile\".", "While the long term effects of extended periods of loneliness are little understood, it has been noted that people who are isolated or experience loneliness for a long period of time fall into a “ontological crisis” or “ontological insecurity,” where they are not sure if they or their surroundings exist, and if they do, exactly who or what they are, creating torment, suffering, and despair to the point of palpability within the thoughts of the person.", "In children, a lack of social connections is directly linked to several forms of antisocial and self-destructive behavior, most notably hostile and delinquent behavior.", "In both children and adults, loneliness often has a negative impact on learning and memory.", "Its disruption of sleep patterns can have a significant impact on the ability to function in everyday life.", "Research from a large-scale study published in the journal Psychological Medicine, showed that \"lonely millennials are more likely to have mental health problems, be out of work and feel pessimistic about their ability to succeed in life than their peers who feel connected to others, regardless of gender or wealth.”", "In 2004, the United States Department of Justice published a study indicating that loneliness increases suicide rates profoundly among juveniles, with 62% of all suicides that occurred within juvenile facilities being among those who either were, at the time of the suicide, in solitary confinement or among those with a history of being housed thereof.", "Pain, depression, and fatigue function as a symptom cluster and thus may share common risk factors.", "Two longitudinal studies with different populations demonstrated that loneliness was a risk factor for the development of the pain, depression, and fatigue symptom cluster over time.", "These data also highlight the health risks of loneliness; pain, depression, and fatigue often accompany serious illness and place people at risk for poor health and mortality.", "Chronic loneliness can be a serious, life-threatening health condition.", "It has been found to be associated with an increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease.", "Loneliness shows an increased incidence of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity.", "Loneliness is shown to increase the concentration of cortisol levels in the body.", "Prolonged, high cortisol levels can cause anxiety, depression, digestive problems, heart disease, sleep problems, and weight gain.", "′′Loneliness has been associated with impaired cellular immunity as reflected in lower natural killer (NK) cell activity and higher antibody titers to the Epstein Barr Virus and human herpes viruses\".", "Because of impaired cellular immunity, loneliness among young adults shows vaccines, like the flu vaccine, to be less effective.", "Data from studies on loneliness and HIV positive men suggests loneliness increases disease progression.", "There are a number of potential physiological mechanisms linking loneliness to poor health outcomes.", "In 2005, results from the American \"Framingham Heart Study\" demonstrated that lonely men had raised levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6), a blood chemical linked to heart disease.", "A 2006 study conducted by the \"Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience\" at the University of Chicago found loneliness can add thirty points to a blood pressure reading for adults over the age of fifty.", "Another finding, from a survey conducted by John Cacioppo from the University of Chicago, is that doctors report providing better medical care to patients who have a strong network of family and friends than they do to patients who are alone.", "Cacioppo states that loneliness impairs cognition and willpower, alters DNA transcription in immune cells, and leads over time to high blood pressure.", "Lonelier people are more likely to show evidence of viral reactivation than less lonely people.", "Lonelier people also have stronger inflammatory responses to acute stress compared with less lonely people; inflammation is a well known risk factor for age-related diseases.", "When someone feels left out of a situation, they feel excluded and one possible side effect is for their body temperature to decrease.", "When people feel excluded blood vessels at the periphery of the body may narrow, preserving core body heat.", "This class protective mechanism is known as vasoconstriction.", "There are many different ways used to treat loneliness, social isolation, and clinical depression.", "The first step that most doctors recommend to patients is therapy.", "Therapy is a common and effective way of treating loneliness and is often successful.", "Short-term therapy, the most common form for lonely or depressed patients, typically occurs over a period of ten to twenty weeks.", "During therapy, emphasis is put on understanding the cause of the problem, reversing the negative thoughts, feelings, and attitudes resulting from the problem, and exploring ways to help the patient feel connected.", "Some doctors also recommend group therapy as a means to connect with other sufferers and establish a support system.", "Doctors also frequently prescribe anti-depressants to patients as a stand-alone treatment, or in conjunction with therapy.", "It may take several attempts before a suitable anti-depressant medication is found.", "Alternative approaches to treating depression are suggested by many doctors.", "These treatments include exercise, dieting, hypnosis, electro-shock therapy, acupuncture, and herbs, amongst others.", "Many patients find that participating in these activities fully or partially alleviates symptoms related to depression.", "Another treatment for both loneliness and depression is pet therapy, or animal-assisted therapy, as it is more formally known.", "Studies and surveys, as well as anecdotal evidence provided by volunteer and community organizations, indicate that the presence of animal companions such as dogs, cats, rabbits, and guinea pigs can ease feelings of depression and loneliness among some sufferers.", "Beyond the companionship the animal itself provides there may also be increased opportunities for socializing with other pet owners.", "According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention there are a number of other health benefits associated with pet ownership, including lowered blood pressure and decreased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.", "Nostalgia has also been found to have a restorative effect, counteracting loneliness by increasing perceived social support.", "A 1989 study found that the social aspect of religion had a significant negative association with loneliness among elderly people.", "The effect was more consistent than the effect of social relationships with family and friends, and the subjective concept of religiosity had no significant effect on loneliness.", "One study compared the effectiveness of four interventions: improving social skills, enhancing social support, increasing opportunities for social interaction, addressing abnormal social cognition (faulty thoughts and patterns of thoughts).", "The results of the study indicated that all interventions were effective in reducing loneliness, possibly with the exception of social skill training.", "Results of the meta-analysis suggest that correcting maladaptive social cognition offers the best chance of reducing loneliness." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 425394, "simple_article_title": "Loneliness", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=425394", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-425394-0-0", "simple-425394-0-1", "simple-425394-1-0", "simple-425394-1-1", "simple-425394-1-2", "simple-425394-1-3", "simple-425394-1-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Loneliness is a sad emotion that a person can feel if they are isolated or feel a sense of lack of friends and family members.", "Loneliness can make people feel anxious.", "People can feel lonely even if they are surrounded by a lot of other people.", "Loneliness can occur even to people in marriages, relationships, families and successful jobs.", "One cause of loneliness is a lack of friends during childhood and teenage years.", "Loneliness can also be caused by chronic depression.", "Loneliness can also be caused when a relationship or marriage ends." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 779478, "normal_article_title": "Changdeokgung", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=779478", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-779478-0-0", "normal-779478-0-1", "normal-779478-0-2", "normal-779478-1-0", "normal-779478-1-1", "normal-779478-1-2", "normal-779478-1-3", "normal-779478-2-0", "normal-779478-2-1", "normal-779478-2-2", "normal-779478-2-3", "normal-779478-2-4", "normal-779478-2-5", "normal-779478-3-0", "normal-779478-3-1", "normal-779478-3-2", "normal-779478-3-3", "normal-779478-3-4", "normal-779478-3-5", "normal-779478-3-6", "normal-779478-4-0", "normal-779478-4-1", "normal-779478-5-0", "normal-779478-5-1", "normal-779478-5-2", "normal-779478-6-0", "normal-779478-6-1", "normal-779478-6-2", "normal-779478-6-3", "normal-779478-7-0", "normal-779478-7-1", "normal-779478-7-2", "normal-779478-7-3", "normal-779478-7-4", "normal-779478-7-5", "normal-779478-7-6", "normal-779478-8-0", "normal-779478-8-1", "normal-779478-9-0", "normal-779478-9-1", "normal-779478-9-2", "normal-779478-9-3", "normal-779478-10-0", "normal-779478-10-1", "normal-779478-10-2", "normal-779478-11-0", "normal-779478-11-1", "normal-779478-12-0", "normal-779478-13-0", "normal-779478-13-1", "normal-779478-13-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Changdeokgung (Hangul, 창덕궁, 昌德宮; literally, \"Prospering Virtue Palace\"), also known as Changdeokgung Palace or Changdeok Palace, is set within a large park in Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea.", "It is one of the \"Five Grand Palaces\" built by the kings of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897).", "As it is located east of Gyeongbok Palace, Changdeokgung—along with Changgyeonggung—is also referred to as the \"East Palace\" (동궐, 東闕, \"Donggwol\").", "Changdeokgung was the most favored palace of many Joseon princes and retained many elements dating from the Three Kingdoms of Korea period that were not incorporated in the more contemporary Gyeongbokgung.", "One such element is the fact that the buildings of Changdeokgung blend with the natural topography of the site instead of imposing themselves upon it.", "It, like the other Five Grand Palaces in Seoul, was heavily damaged during the Japanese occupation of Korea (1910–1945).", "Currently, only about 30% of the pre-Japanese structures of the East Palace Complex (Changdeokgung together with Changgyeonggung) survive.", "Changdeokgung was the second palace after Gyeongbokgung which had been established in 1395 as a primary palace.", "In the midst of strife for the throne between princes and vassals, authority of Gyeongbokgung was deteriorated.", "King Jeongjong enthroned by Prince Jeong-an (Yi Bang-won, later became King Taejong) moved the capital to Gaegyeong, the one of Goryeo Dynasty, again in 1400 on the pretext of superior geographical features of it, in fact, in order to avert the power struggle.", "King Taejong (Yi Bang-won) soon taking over the throne returned to Hanseong(present-day Seoul) had a new palace named \"Changdeokgung\" instead of Gyeongbokgung because he had killed his half brothers in Gyeongbokgung whose construction was led by Jeong Do-jeon, the king's rival before.", "Construction of Changdeok Palace began in 1405, and was completed in 1412.", "King Seonjo expanded the palace grounds by about 500,000 square meters, including \"Huwon\" (see below).", "The Palace was burnt to the ground during the Japanese invasion in 1592 and reconstructed in 1609 by King Seonjo and King Gwanghaegun.", "The palace burnt down again in 1623 because of King Injo a political Revolt against Gwanghaegun.", "The palace was also attacked by the Manchu Qing but throughout its history of reconstruction and repair has remained faithful to its original design.", "Changdeokgung was the site of the royal court and the seat of government until 1868, when the neighboring Gyeongbokgung was rebuilt.", "Korea's last Emperor, Sunjong lived here until his death in 1926.", "Other members of the former Royal family were permitted to live in parts of the palace such as former Crown Prince Yi Un who lived in the Nakseon- jae (hall) Buildings with his wife Princess Bangja and sister Princess Deokhye until their respective deaths; this arrangement was periodically interrupted by differing Presidential orders supporting and objecting to their use of the historic facilities.", "The son of Yi-Un, Yi-Gu also lived in the Palace for variant intervals prior to moving to semi-permanent residence in Tokyo due to mental health issues having been unable to fully adapt to the new Korea.", "Today there are 13 buildings remaining on the palace grounds and 28 pavilions in the gardens, occupying 110 acres (45 hectares) in all and the area is designated as Historical Site No. 122.", "Buildings of note include Donhwamun (built in 1412, rebuilt in 1607, with a copper bell weighing 9 short tons or 8 metric tons), Injeongjeon (main hall), Seongjeongjeon (auxiliary office in the main hall), Huijeongdang (the king's private residence, later used as a conference hall), Daejojeon (living quarters), and Nakseon-jae.", "The palace was built between Peak Maebong of Mt. Bugaksan in the back and River Geumcheon having flowing in the front influenced by the principle \"baesanimsu\" (배산임수) in Feng Shui theory.", "Contrary to Gyeongbokgung whose main buildings are arranged in accurate architectural principle, however, buildings in Changdeokgung are disposed more freely without a regular system.", "Though its structure seems chaotic at a glance, all buildings are in harmony with the environment surrounding them.", "Changdeokgung consists of governmental area (치조, 治朝, \"chijo\") centering on Injeongjeon and Seonjeongjeon, royal private area (침전, 寢殿, \"chimjeon\", meaning 'a house of king's bedroom'), Nakseonjae area in the east, and Huwon beyond the north hills.", "Most of major official buildings such as Injeongjeon, main hall of Changdeokgung, Seonjeongjeon, king's office, and many of government offices (궐내각사, 闕內各司, \"gwollaegaksa\") are placed in the front parts of the palace, beyond which there are royal private court for king and queen.", "King's houses like Seonjeongjeon, Huijeongdang, and Nakseonjae are surrounded in many folds of buildings and courts in case any outsider break through.", "The architectural style of Changdeokgung overall features simplicity and frugality because of Confucian ideology.", "Behind the palace lies the 78-acre (32 ha) Huwon (후원, 後苑, \"Rear garden\") which was originally constructed for the use of the royal family and palace women.", "The garden incorporates a lotus pond, pavilions, and landscaped lawns, trees, and flowers.", "There are over 26,000 specimens of a hundred different species of trees in the garden and some of the trees behind the palace are over 300 years old.", "The garden for the private use of the king had been called 'Geumwon' (금원, 禁苑, \"Forbidden garden\") because even high officials were not allowed to enter without the king's permission.", "It had also been called 'Naewon' (내원, 內苑, 'Inner garden').", "Today Koreans often call it 'Biwon' (비원, 秘院, \"Secret garden\") which derived from the office of same name in the late 19th century.", "Though the garden had many other names, the one most frequently used through Joseon dynasty period was 'Huwon'.", "In September 2012, the Buyongjeong pavilion in the garden was re-opened after a year-long restoration project.", "The pavilion was restored based on the Donggwoldo from 1820, National Treasures of South Korea No. 249.", "A variety of ceremonies hosted by the king were held in Huwon.", "In the early period of the Joseon dynasty, military inspections in which the king participated were often held here.", "King Sejo had troops parade and array before him or commanded them by himself in the garden.", "In addition, feasts were given, archery tournaments held, and fireworks enjoyed in Huwon.", "The Ongnyucheon (옥류천, 玉流川, \"Jade Stream\") area is of particular interest.", "It contains a U-shaped water channel carved in 1636 for floating wine cups, with a small waterfall and an inscribed poem on the boulder above it.", "The area also contains five small pavilions.", "Changdeokgung was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997.", "The UNESCO committee stated the place was an \"outstanding example of Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design\" being exceptional because the buildings are \"integrated into and harmonized with the natural setting\" and adapted \"to the topography and retaining indigenous tree cover.\"", "Portions of the palace were used to film the hugely popular Korean drama \"Dae Jang Geum\" in the first decade of the 21st century.", "From April to October 2018, Changdeok Palace will host the 2018 Changdeok Palace moonlight tour.", "Changdeok Palace moonlight tours are a special time event to experience life in the palace.", "It takes about two hours and starts at Donhwamun Gate, the main gate of Changdeok Palace, at 8 p.m." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 186334, "simple_article_title": "Changdeokgung", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=186334", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-186334-0-0", "simple-186334-0-1", "simple-186334-0-2", "simple-186334-0-3", "simple-186334-0-4", "simple-186334-0-5", "simple-186334-1-0", "simple-186334-1-1", "simple-186334-1-2", "simple-186334-2-0", "simple-186334-2-1", "simple-186334-2-2", "simple-186334-2-3", "simple-186334-3-0", "simple-186334-3-1", "simple-186334-3-2", "simple-186334-3-3", "simple-186334-3-4", "simple-186334-3-5", "simple-186334-4-0", "simple-186334-4-1", "simple-186334-4-2", "simple-186334-4-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Changdeokgung is one of the five grand palaces in South Korea.", "They are Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung, Deoksugung, Changgyunggung, and Gyeonghuigung.", "The five grand palaces were not built at the same time.", "Changdeokgung was built as the secondary palace next to Gyeongbokgung.", "The construction began by King Taejong, the Third King of the Joseon Dynasty, in 1405.", "Taking 7 years to complete, it was finished in the year 1412.", "In the word Changdeokgung, Changdeok means 'Prospering Virtue', and gung means 'palace'.", "So the word Changdeokgung means 'the palace of prospering virtue'.", "Because of the meaning of the name of the palace, the kings of Joseon Dynasty chose mostly Changdeokgung to live in.", "The palace had been the home of 14 kings of Joseon Dynasty until it was totally destroyed by the Japanese army in the year 1592.", "After the Japanese were driven back by the combined forces of Korea and China, Changdeokgung was rebuilt in 1612.", "After the reconstruction, the palace had suffered little damage and became the primary royal court of the Joseon Dynasty.", "This was because Gyeongbokgung was also destroyed by the Japanese but the Joseon Dynasty did not rebuild it for some reason and the Changdeokgung became the biggest palace in Korea.", "However, Changdeokgung had suffered some damage for 350 years after the reconstruction.", "As a result, a large scale restoration took palace from 1990 to 1999.", "This restoration shows how much the Korean people loved Changdeokgung.", "Apparently, the UNESCO saw its value as well.", "Seeing Changdeokgung as a vital global asset, UNESCO listed it as a World Cultural Heritage.", "The UNESCO said that Changdukgung 'was outstanding example of Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design'.", "Changdeokgung is in a park in Seoul, the capital city of South Korea.", "There are total of 13 buildings remaining in all and the area is designated as Historical Site No. 122.", "Tourists from all around the world visit this historic site.", "Changdeokgung is also an enjoyable park for families to spend their weekends." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 105097, "normal_article_title": "Codeshare agreement", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=105097", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-105097-0-0", "normal-105097-0-1", "normal-105097-1-0", "normal-105097-1-1", "normal-105097-1-2", "normal-105097-2-0", "normal-105097-2-1", "normal-105097-3-0", "normal-105097-3-1", "normal-105097-3-2", "normal-105097-3-3", "normal-105097-4-0", "normal-105097-4-1", "normal-105097-5-0", "normal-105097-6-0", "normal-105097-6-1", "normal-105097-7-0", "normal-105097-7-1", "normal-105097-7-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A codeshare agreement, also known as codeshare, is a business arrangement, common in the aviation industry, in which two or more airlines publish and market the same flight under their own airline designator and flight number (the “airline flight code”) as part of their published timetable or schedule.", "Typically, a flight is operated by one airline (technically called an \"administrating carrier\") while seats are sold for the flight by all cooperating airlines using their own designator and flight number.", "The term \"code\" refers to the identifier used in flight schedule, generally the two-character IATA airline designator code and flight number.", "Thus, XX123 (flight number 123 operated by the airline XX), might also be sold by airline YY as YY456 and by ZZ as ZZ9876.", "Airlines YY and ZZ are in this case called \"Marketing airlines\" (sometimes abbreviated MKT CXR for \"marketing carrier\").", "Most of the major airlines today have code sharing partnerships with other airlines, and code sharing is a key feature of the major airline alliances.", "Typically, code-sharing agreements are also a part of the commercial agreements between airlines in the same airline alliances.", "In 1967, Richard A. Henson joined with US Airways predecessor Allegheny Airlines in the nation's first codeshare relationship.", "The term \"code sharing\" or \"codeshare\" was coined in 1989 by Qantas and American Airlines, and in 1990 the two firms provided their first codeshare flights between an array of Australian cities and U.S. domestic cities.", "Code sharing has become widespread in the airline industry since that time, particularly in the wake of the formation of large airline alliances.", "These alliances have extensive codesharing and networked frequent flyer programs.", "Under a code sharing agreement, the airline that administrates the flight (the one holding the operational permissions, airport slots and planning/controlling the flight and responsible for the ground handling services) is commonly called the \"operating carrier\", often abbreviated OPE CXR, even though the IATA SSIM term \"Administrating carrier\" is more precise.", "The reason for this is that a third carrier may be involved, typically in the case that the airline originally planning to operate the flight needs to hire a subcontractor to operate the flight on their behalf (typically a wet lease, meaning an aircraft is leased with crew and all facilities to fly, commonly due to capacity limitations, technical problems etc.) In this case, the airline carrying the passenger should be designated the operating carrier, since it is the one carrying the passengers/cargo.", "When a flight is sold under several designators and flight numbers as described above, the one published by the \"Administrating carrier\" is commonly called a \"prime flight\" (as opposed to a codeshare marketing flight).", "Much competition in the airline industry revolves around ticket sales (also known as \"seat booking\") strategies (revenue management, variable pricing, and geo-marketing).", "Criticism has been leveled against code sharing by consumer organizations and national departments of trade since it is claimed it is confusing and not transparent to passengers.", "There are also code sharing arrangements between airlines and railway companies, formally known as air-rail alliances, and commonly marketed as \"Rail & Fly\" due to the popularity of the Deutsche Bahn codeshare with many airlines.", "They involve some integration of both types of transport, e.g., in finding the fastest connection and allowing the transfer between plane and train using a single ticket.", "This allows passengers to book a whole journey at the same time, often for a discounted price compared to separate tickets." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 225125, "simple_article_title": "Codeshare agreement", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225125", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-225125-0-0", "simple-225125-0-1", "simple-225125-0-2", "simple-225125-1-0", "simple-225125-1-1", "simple-225125-1-2", "simple-225125-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Codesharing is a type of partnership that airlines have.", "Airlines agree to sell each other's tickets on some routes.", "This means that both airlines sell more tickets.", "Sometimes, airlines join groups (called alliances) which all agree to sell each other's tickets.", "For example, both United Airlines and Lufthansa are part of Star Alliance.", "This means that Lufthansa can sell tickets for United Airlines and United Airlines can sell Lufthansa's tickets.", "Because airlines sell each other's tickets, some flights will have more than one flight number." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1666997, "normal_article_title": "Hal Greer", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1666997", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1666997-0-0", "normal-1666997-0-1", "normal-1666997-0-2", "normal-1666997-0-3", "normal-1666997-0-4", "normal-1666997-1-0", "normal-1666997-1-1", "normal-1666997-1-2", "normal-1666997-1-3", "normal-1666997-2-0", "normal-1666997-2-1", "normal-1666997-2-2", "normal-1666997-2-3", "normal-1666997-2-4", "normal-1666997-2-5", "normal-1666997-2-6", "normal-1666997-3-0", "normal-1666997-3-1", "normal-1666997-3-2", "normal-1666997-3-3", "normal-1666997-3-4", "normal-1666997-3-5", "normal-1666997-3-6", "normal-1666997-3-7", "normal-1666997-4-0", "normal-1666997-4-1", "normal-1666997-4-2", "normal-1666997-4-3", "normal-1666997-5-0", "normal-1666997-5-1", "normal-1666997-6-0", "normal-1666997-6-1", "normal-1666997-6-2", "normal-1666997-6-3", "normal-1666997-7-0", "normal-1666997-7-1", "normal-1666997-7-2", "normal-1666997-7-3", "normal-1666997-8-0", "normal-1666997-8-1", "normal-1666997-8-2", "normal-1666997-8-3", "normal-1666997-8-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Harold Everett Greer (June 26, 1936 – April 14, 2018) was an American professional basketball player.", "He played for the Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1958 through 1973.", "A guard, Greer was a 10-time NBA All-Star and was named to the All-NBA Second Team seven times.", "He was named to the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team and he had his uniform number retired by the 76ers.", "Greer is a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame.", "Born in Huntington, West Virginia, Greer attended Douglass Junior and Senior High School in Huntington.", "Douglass was an all-black school.", "He played as a guard for Douglass' men's basketball team.", "He enrolled at Marshall University and played college basketball for the Marshall Thundering Herd's basketball team, becoming the first African American to play for a public college in West Virginia.", "With the Thundering Herd, Greer scored 1,377 points with a .545 field goal percentage, setting a Marshall record.", "In 1956, Marshall won the Mid-American Conference championship, and made their first NCAA men's basketball tournament appearance.", "Greer was named All-Mid-American Conference in 1957 and 1958.", "He was named an All-American in 1958 as well.", "Greer finished his Marshall career averaging 19.4 points per game and 10.8 rebounds per game.", "In 1958, his senior year, Greer averaged 23.6 points per game.", "Greer also played for the school's baseball team in his sophomore year as a first baseman.", "The Syracuse Nationals selected Greer with the 13th selection in the 1958 NBA draft.", "Greer played for Syracuse for five seasons, raising his scoring average to 22.8 points a game in 1961.", "He was selected for the NBA All-Star team that year.", "In 1963, the Syracuse Nationals moved to Philadelphia to become the Philadelphia 76ers.", "There, Greer teamed with Wilt Chamberlain on the 1966–67 team that won the NBA championship.", "In the 76ers' 15 playoff games that season, Greer averaged a team-best 27.7 points.", "Greer had an unusual but highly effective free throw technique, shooting a jump shot from the charity stripe.", "He is usually considered the third-best guard of the 1960s, behind Oscar Robertson and fellow West Virginia native Jerry West.", "Greer played in 10 NBA All-Star Games and was the MVP of the 1968 game when he went 8-for-8 from the field and scored 21 points, a record-breaking 19 in one quarter.", "He also was chosen to the All-NBA Second Team seven times, and scored 21,586 points during his NBA career.", "When he retired after the 1972-73 season, he ranked as the all-time leader in games played and was in the top ten in both points scored and field goals made.", "As of his death, Greer is the franchise record holder for points scored, field goals, field goal attempts, games played, and minutes played.", "In 1980, Greer coached the Philadelphia Kings of the Continental Basketball League.", "He also coached the basketball team for Germantown Academy in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania.", "Greer's hometown has honored his success by holding \"Hal Greer Day\" in 1966, and by renaming 16th Street, which carries West Virginia Route 10 as the main artery between the campus/downtown area and Interstate 64, as \"Hal Greer Boulevard\" in 1978.", "The 76ers retired Greer's uniform number, No. 15, in 1976; he was the first player the 76ers honored in this way.", "Marshall's men's basketball team retired Greer's No. 16.", "Marshall University inducted Greer into its Athletics Hall of Fame for his career in basketball and baseball in 1985.", "In 1982, Greer was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame along with Slater Martin, Frank Ramsey, Willis Reed, coach Clarence Gaines, and contributor Alva Duer.", "Greer is recognized as one of the first African-American athletes enshrined in a major sports hall of fame from West Virginia.", "He was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996.", "The 76ers installed a statue of Greer at their training complex in 2017.", "Greer and his wife, Mayme, had a son and two daughters.", "Greer died on April 14, 2018, following a brief illness.", "The 76ers announced his death on April 16.", "They honored Greer prior to Game 2 of the 2018 NBA Playoffs vs the Miami Heat.", "For the remainder of the playoffs, the Sixers wore a black armband on the sleeve of their jersey with a small patch with the number 15." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 631349, "simple_article_title": "Hal Greer", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=631349", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-631349-0-0", "simple-631349-0-1", "simple-631349-0-2", "simple-631349-1-0", "simple-631349-1-1", "simple-631349-1-2", "simple-631349-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Harold Everett Greer (June 26, 1936 – April 14, 2018) was an American professional basketball player.", "He was born in Huntington, West Virginia.", "He played for the Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1958 through 1973.", "Greer was a guard and a 10-time NBA All-Star.", "He was named to the All-NBA Second Team seven times.", "He was named to the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team and he had his uniform number retired by the 76ers.", "Greer died of a short-illness in Phoenix, Arizona on April 14, 2018 at the age of 81." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 15415422, "normal_article_title": "Thiel-sur-Acolin", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15415422", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-15415422-0-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Thiel-sur-Acolin is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 27086567, "normal_article_title": "Masayuki Ochiai (footballer)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27086567", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-27086567-0-0", "normal-27086567-1-0", "normal-27086567-1-1", "normal-27086567-1-2", "normal-27086567-1-3", "normal-27086567-1-4", "normal-27086567-1-5", "normal-27086567-1-6", "normal-27086567-1-7", "normal-27086567-1-8", "normal-27086567-1-9", "normal-27086567-1-10", "normal-27086567-1-11", "normal-27086567-1-12", "normal-27086567-1-13", "normal-27086567-1-14" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Masayuki Ochiai (落合 正幸 , Ochiai Masayuki , born July 11, 1981) is a former Japanese football player.", "Ochiai was born in Uki on July 11, 1981.", "After graduating from high school, he joined J1 League club Kashiwa Reysol in 2000.", "On November 23, 2002, he debuted as defensive midfielder against Sanfrecce Hiroshima.", "Although he played many matches as defensive midfielder in 2003, he could hardly play in the match in 2004.", "In September 2004, he moved to J2 League club Sagan Tosu on loan.", "He became a regular player as defensive midfielder.", "However he lost his regular position in April 2005 and he could hardly play in the match after that.", "In 2006, he returned to Kashiwa Reysol was relegated to J2 from 2006.", "However he could not play many matches.", "In 2007, he moved to J1 club Kawasaki Frontale.", "However he could not play many matches.", "In 2008, he moved to Japan Football League club Tochigi SC.", "He became a regular player and the club was promoted to J2 from 2008.", "Although he also played many matches as center back not only defensive midfielder until 2009, his opportunity to play decreased from 2010.", "He retired end of 2011 season." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 211959, "simple_article_title": "Masayuki Ochiai", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=211959", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-211959-0-0", "simple-211959-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Masayuki Ochiai (born 11 July 1981) is a Japanese football player.", "He plays for Tochigi." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1136376, "normal_article_title": "Fernando del Paso", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1136376", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1136376-0-0", "normal-1136376-1-0", "normal-1136376-1-1", "normal-1136376-2-0", "normal-1136376-3-0", "normal-1136376-3-1", "normal-1136376-3-2", "normal-1136376-4-0", "normal-1136376-4-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Fernando del Paso Morante (April 1, 1935 - November 14, 2018) was a Mexican novelist, essayist and poet.", "Del Paso was born in Mexico City and took two years in economics at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).", "He lived in London for 14 years, where he worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation and in France, where he worked for Radio France Internationale and briefly served as Consul General of Mexico.", "He has been a member of El Colegio Nacional de México since 1996 and won several international awards, including the Premio Miguel de Cervantes (2015), Alfonso Reyes International Prize (2013), the FIL Literature Prize (2007) Guadalajara International Book Fair), the Rómulo Gallegos Prize (1982), the Best Novel Published in France Award (1985) for \"Palinurus of Mexico\", the Xavier Villaurrutia Award (1966) and the Mexico Novel Award (1976).", "\"Noticias del Imperio\" (1986) is an important contribution to the Latin American new historical novel.", "The novel, based upon the lives of Maximilian and Carlota and the French Intervention in Mexico, is called by the author a \"historiographic\" novel.", "This encyclopedic novel is remarkable in that, instead of trying to discover the \"truth\" about \"what really happened,\" the author presents a number of possible versions of important and controversial events.", "On May 14, 2007, the Universidad de Guadalajara paid homage to Fernando del Paso by naming the library and media center in Ocotlán, Jalisco, the \"Biblioteca Fernando del Paso\".", "This library is the largest in the western region of Mexico with a collection of 120,000 volumes and a capacity for 800 simultaneous users." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 143338, "normal_article_title": "Land (economics)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=143338", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-143338-0-0", "normal-143338-0-1", "normal-143338-0-2", "normal-143338-1-0", "normal-143338-1-1", "normal-143338-1-2", "normal-143338-1-3", "normal-143338-2-0", "normal-143338-3-0", "normal-143338-4-0", "normal-143338-5-0", "normal-143338-6-0", "normal-143338-6-1", "normal-143338-7-0", "normal-143338-7-1", "normal-143338-8-0", "normal-143338-8-1", "normal-143338-9-0", "normal-143338-10-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "In economics, land comprises all naturally occurring resources as well as geographic land.", "Examples include particular geographical locations, mineral deposits, forests, fish stocks, atmospheric quality, geostationary orbits, and portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.", "Supply of these resources is fixed.", "Land is considered one of the three factors of production (also sometimes called the three producer goods) along with capital, and labor.", "Natural resources are fundamental to the production of all goods, including capital goods.", "While the particular role of land in the economy was extensively debated in classical economics it played a minor role in the neoclassical economics dominant in the 20th century.", "Income derived from ownership or control of natural resources is referred to as rent.", "Because no man created the land, it does not have a definite original proprietor, owner or user.", "As a consequence, conflicting claims on geographic locations and mineral deposits have historically led to disputes over their economic rent and contributed to many civil wars and revolutions.", "In the context of geographic locations the resulting conflict is regularly understood as the land question (see e.g. United Kingdom, South Africa, Canada).", "Land reform programs are designed to redistribute possession and/or use of geographic land.", "Georgists hold that this implies a perfectly inelastic supply curve (i.e., zero elasticity), suggesting that a land value tax that recovers the rent of land for public purposes would not affect the opportunity cost of using land, but would instead only decrease the value of owning it.", "This view is supported by evidence that although land can come on and off the market, market inventories of land show if anything an inverse relationship to price (i.e., negative elasticity).", "Land plays an important role in advanced economies.", "In the UK the \"non-produced asset of land\" accounts for 51% of the country's total net worth, implying that it plays a more important role in the economy than capital.", "Some United Kingdom and commonwealth universities offer a courses in \"land economy\", where economics is studied alongside law, business regulation, surveying and the built and natural environments.", "This mode of study at Cambridge dates back to 1917 when William Cecil Dampier suggested the creation of a school of rural economy at the university.", "As a tangible asset land is represented in accounting as a fixed asset or a capital asset.", "The sustainable use of land is the focus of some economic theories." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1844207, "normal_article_title": "Landi Kotal", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1844207", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1844207-0-0", "normal-1844207-0-1", "normal-1844207-0-2", "normal-1844207-1-0", "normal-1844207-1-1", "normal-1844207-1-2", "normal-1844207-1-3", "normal-1844207-2-0", "normal-1844207-3-0", "normal-1844207-3-1", "normal-1844207-3-2", "normal-1844207-3-3", "normal-1844207-4-0", "normal-1844207-4-1", "normal-1844207-5-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Lanḍī Kōtal ( ; ) or Lwargai ( \"Lwāṛgai\") is a town in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, and the administrative capital of Khyber Agency.", "It is one of the largest towns in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and is located 1072 m above sea level, on the route across the mountains to the city of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.", "Landi Kotal is at the western edge of the Khyber Pass that marks the entrance to the Nangarhar Province of Afghanistan, which is located just 5 km to the west.", "Landi Kotal is a tourist destination.", "It was the terminus railway station of Khyber Pass Railway.", "A tourist train, the Khyber train safari was run on this railway.", "However, the train was closed down in 2006 due to washing away of the railway track and bridges by flood.", "Landi Kotal is the main shopping centre for the Shinwari, Afridi, and Mulagori tribes of Khyber Agency.", "Landi Kotal was the westernmost part of the Khyber held by the British during their rule of the subcontinent.", "In 1897 the Afridis attacked Landi Kotal and other posts in the Khyber Pass.", "Although the Khyber Rifles put up a stiff defence, Landi Kotal was overrun, as the Rifles lacked water.", "The British counter-attacked with a force of 34,500 men under Sir William Lockhart, defeating the Afridis, although the Afridis took the town again during the second Anglo-Afghan War.", "The Landi Kotal fort during the period of British rule was of the ordinary type, consisting of a keep and an outer fort with accommodation for 5 British officers and 500 native officers and men.", "From 1899, like the other posts in the Khyber, it had been garrisoned by the Khyber Rifles, an irregular corps of militia recruited from the tribes of the Khyber Agency.", "In 1925 the heavily engineered Khyber Pass Railway was opened linking Jamrud to the Landi Kotal." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 119660, "simple_article_title": "Landi Kotal Tehsil", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=119660", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-119660-0-0", "simple-119660-0-1", "simple-119660-0-2", "simple-119660-1-0", "simple-119660-2-0", "simple-119660-2-1", "simple-119660-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Landi Kotal or Landikotal in Pakistan is the highest point on the Khyber Pass, 1,072 metres above sea level.", "It is on a route across the mountains from the near-border city, Peshawar.", "Landi Kotal is often visited by tourists and can be reached by train or road.", "Landi Kotal is the main shopping centre for both the Shinwari and Afridi tribes.", "In 1897, during British rule, the Afridis attacked Landi Kotal and other posts in the Khyber Pass.", "The British counter-attacked with a force of 34,500 men under Sir William Lockhart, defeating the Afridis.", "In 1925 work began on a railway line linking Jamrud to Landi Kotal." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 9710417, "normal_article_title": "Cape May Bird Observatory", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=9710417", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-9710417-0-0", "normal-9710417-0-1", "normal-9710417-0-2", "normal-9710417-1-0", "normal-9710417-1-1", "normal-9710417-1-2", "normal-9710417-2-0", "normal-9710417-2-1", "normal-9710417-3-0", "normal-9710417-3-1", "normal-9710417-4-0", "normal-9710417-5-0", "normal-9710417-5-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Cape May Bird Observatory was founded in 1975 in Cape May, New Jersey, United States and is sponsored by the New Jersey Audubon Society.", "The purpose of the Cape May Bird Observatory is to conduct research, encourage conservation, and organize educational and recreational birding activities.", "It consists of two separate centers: the Center for Research and Education in Cape May Court House in the central part of Cape May County, and the Northwood Center in Cape May Point.", "Cape May is at a crossroads for bird migration.", "Every spring and fall, thousands of migrating birds pass through the area.", "Subsequently, birders from all over the world have flocked to Cape May to witness the migrations.", "Former Cape May Bird Observatory Director Paul Kerlinger published landmark studies on ecotourism in the 1990s, showing the impact of ecotourism dollars on Cape May and several other tourist areas with wildlife refuges.", "The United States Fish and Wildlife Service honored his work with a special citation by then director Molly Beattie.", "The Cape May Bird Observatory, as part of the New Jersey Audubon Society, also helps to organize the World Series of Birding each May.", "The World Series, as well as other birding festivals, such as the Cape May Fall Weekend, bring hundreds of people to the Cape May area, who enjoy its rich avifauna and support the local economy.", "The Cape May area is home to many birding authors, including Dunne, Kerlinger, Pat and Clay Sutton, Michael O'Brien, Richard Crossley and Kevin Karlson.", "Author David Allen Sibley was also a Cape May birder.", "Sibley wrote his classic field guide, \"The Sibley Guide to Birds\", while he was living and birding in Cape May Point." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 220564, "simple_article_title": "Cape May Bird Observatory", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=220564", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-220564-0-0", "simple-220564-0-1", "simple-220564-0-2", "simple-220564-0-3", "simple-220564-1-0", "simple-220564-1-1", "simple-220564-1-2", "simple-220564-2-0", "simple-220564-3-0", "simple-220564-3-1", "simple-220564-3-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Cape May Bird Observatory was founded in 1975 in Cape May, New Jersey, United States.", "The purpose of the Cape May Bird Observatory is to do research, encourage conservation, and create educational and recreational birding activities.", "It has two separate centers: the Center for Research and Education in Cape May Court House in the central part of Cape May County, and the Northwood Center in Cape May Point.", "The current director is Pete Dunne, a well-known birding author.", "Cape May is a great place for bird migration.", "Every spring and fall, thousands of migrating birds pass through the area.", "Birders from all over the world have come to Cape May to see the migrations.", "The Cape May area is home to many birding authors, including Dunne, Kerlinger, Pat and Clay Sutton, Michael O'Brien, Richard Crossley and Kevin Karlson.", "The most notable former Cape May birder is author David Allen Sibley.", "Sibley wrote the field guide \"The Sibley Guide to Birds\".", "He wrote it while he was living and birding in Cape May Point." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2644288, "normal_article_title": "Terry Gannon", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2644288", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2644288-0-0", "normal-2644288-0-1", "normal-2644288-0-2", "normal-2644288-0-3", "normal-2644288-0-4", "normal-2644288-0-5", "normal-2644288-0-6", "normal-2644288-1-0", "normal-2644288-1-1", "normal-2644288-1-2", "normal-2644288-2-0", "normal-2644288-2-1", "normal-2644288-2-2", "normal-2644288-2-3", "normal-2644288-3-0", "normal-2644288-3-1", "normal-2644288-3-2", "normal-2644288-4-0", "normal-2644288-4-1", "normal-2644288-4-2", "normal-2644288-4-3", "normal-2644288-5-0", "normal-2644288-5-1", "normal-2644288-5-2", "normal-2644288-6-0", "normal-2644288-6-1", "normal-2644288-6-2", "normal-2644288-6-3", "normal-2644288-6-4", "normal-2644288-7-0", "normal-2644288-7-1", "normal-2644288-7-2", "normal-2644288-7-3", "normal-2644288-7-4", "normal-2644288-7-5", "normal-2644288-7-6", "normal-2644288-8-0", "normal-2644288-8-1", "normal-2644288-9-0", "normal-2644288-9-1", "normal-2644288-9-2", "normal-2644288-9-3", "normal-2644288-10-0", "normal-2644288-10-1", "normal-2644288-10-2", "normal-2644288-10-3", "normal-2644288-10-4", "normal-2644288-11-0", "normal-2644288-11-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Terrance Patrick Gannon (born November 1, 1963, in Joliet, Illinois) is a sportscaster for NBC Sports and the Golf Channel, currently announcing golf and figure skating.", "Gannon announces for a wide variety of sporting events and has been called one of the \"most versatile\" announcers in TV sports and \"the man who knows every game\".", "He was a member, under coach Jim Valvano, of the 1983 Wolfpack \"Cardiac Pack\" national championship-winning team.", "He was recognized as an Academic All-American twice, was NC State's all-time leading free throw shooter in 1983, and was ranked the second all-time Wolfpack player in career free throw accuracy.", "Gannon began his early broadcasting career announcing for a variety of sports, mostly on cable outlets.", "In 1991, he began working for ABC; in the early 1990s, he started announcing for figure skating.", "In 2010, he began working for the Golf Channel; by 2016, he had become the lead play-by-play announcer for figure skating at NBC.", "Gannon was born in Joliet, Illinois, where he also grew up, to Jim, a high school basketball coach, and Mary Fran, a tap dancing instructor.", "Upon his father's recommendation, he took four years of dancing lessons from his mother.", "Gannon began his basketball career at Joliet Catholic High School, where his father was a coach.", "Gannon attended North Carolina State University (NC State) in Raleigh, North Carolina, where he played college basketball as part of the Wolfpack team under coach Jim Valvano, where he was recognized as an Academic All-American twice and NC State's all-time leading free throw shooter.", "In 1983, he was a part of the \"Cardiac Pack\", which upset the Houston Cougars for the NCAA title.", "In 1983, Gannon was the leading three-point shooter in the United States.", "He hit almost 59 percent of his free throw attempts, and was ranked the second all-time Wolfpack player in career free throw accuracy.", "After graduating with a degree in history from NC State in 1985, he worked as a graduate assistant for Valvano for a year, intending to become a basketball coach.", "He briefly played professional basketball in Europe, but on the advice of Valvano, left the sport for broadcasting.", "In 2018, on the 35th anniversary of their win, NC State inducted the entire 1983 men's basketball team into its Athletic Hall of Fame.", "In 1986, Gannon began broadcasting on Valvano's TV and radio shows for regionally televised basketball games.", "He served as a regular college basketball game analyst for Raycom Sports, Prime Network, Jefferson-Pilot Sports, Sports South, and Home Team Sports between 1987 and 1994, and as a play-by-play announcer for Prime Sports and Jefferson-Pilot's coverage of college baseball.", "Gannon credits Valvano for his career, noting that the coach had told his players that basketball \"shouldn't be your entire life, it shouldn't consume you\".", "From 1990 to 1994, Gannon was the announcer for the Charlotte Knights, a Minor League Baseball team in Charlotte.", "In 1991, Gannon started working for ABC as a commentator for college basketball.", "He also was an announcer on the weekly show \"Wide World of Sports\".", "While working at \"Wide World of Sports\", Gannon said that his biggest broadcasting influences were Harry Caray and Al Michaels.", "Starting in the early 1990s, after being asked to travel to Tokyo, Japan, to cover a professional figure skating event, Gannon served as host for ABC's figure skating coverage, teaming with former Olympic skaters Peggy Fleming and Dick Button at most major competitions.", "As sports reporter Barry Jacobs stated, figure skating was \"a sport he had not followed\", but like every new sport, he approached it with \"scholarly zeal\" and \"as if it was a history project\".", "He would learn a sport's rules, key figures from its past and present, and for the purpose of sounding authentic to its fans, its \"idiosyncratic language\".", "Gannon told reporter Barry Wilner that he would also talk about what he knew about the new sport and avoid unfamiliar topics until he learned more about it.", "Eventually, although he was most closely associated with figure skating and golf, with what Jacobs called \"his warm, authoritative voice and understated manner\", Gannon announced for a wide variety of sporting events and has been called one of the \"most versatile\" announcers in TV sports and \"the man who knows every game\".", "In 1993, Gannon began broadcasting for ESPN and ABC (which was ), covering play-by-play coverage for college basketball and football; by 2001, he had covered three post-season bowl games.", "He was an announcer on ABC's coverage of the PGA Tour and the Champions Tour.", "He announced the Tour de France, which Jacobs called \"perhaps his greatest challenge\", three times.", "In 2001, ABC reported that Gannon hosted the Belmont Stakes once, and three times called the play-by-play at the Little League World Series.", "By the time he left ABC, Gannon had also covered the NBA, WNBA, horse racing, tennis, beach volleyball, skiing, supercross motorcycle racing, mountain biking, and golf.", "He announced for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup, WTA professional tennis, the 2004 Indianapolis 500, 2006 Belmont Stakes, the Special Olympics, the Goodwill Games, and hosted ABC’s college football studio show.", "For six years, he hosted the Tournament of Roses Parade.", "In 2018, Gannon told sports reporter Helen Ross that out of all the sports he has called, he found golf the hardest, even though he played it and had been a fan of the sport since childhood.", "He played golf in clubs near his home in Los Angeles, but most of his golf was played on the road, with former golf pros and fellow broadcasters like his Golf Channel broadcast partner, six-time major champion Nick Faldo, as well as with Craig Perks, Billy Kratzert, Matt Gogel, Jim Gallagher Jr., and Curt Byrum.", "In 2010, Gannon joined the broadcast team of the Golf Channel, which is owned by the NBC Sports Group.", "NBC Sports called him one of their \"most versatile voices\".", "He served as play-by-play announcer on the PGA Tour, the LPGA Tour, Olympic figure skating and gymnastics, and college basketball.", "He has covered five Olympic Games, including serving as studio host and play-by-play commentator for figure skating, short track, rowing, canoeing, and golf.", "In 2014, Gannon was enlisted as a play-by-play commentator for figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia.", "NBC needed backup announcers for their daytime broadcasts of figure skating, and so at first, he was slotted to work with 1998 Olympic champion Tara Lipinski and three-time U.S. national champion Johnny Weir separately.", "The trio recognized their chemistry and requested that they call the competition together; the result was the 10 best weekday daytime ratings in NBC's history.", "They were promoted to the network's lead figure skating announcing team the following season.", "In 2017, Gannon signed a five-year contract extension with NBC and the Golf Channel.", "In 2018, Gannon, Lipinski, and Weir announced figure skating and the Closing Ceremony at the Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea.", "Gannon also called ice dancing with former ice dancer Tanith White." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1068923, "normal_article_title": "William Demarest", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1068923", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1068923-0-0", "normal-1068923-0-1", "normal-1068923-0-2", "normal-1068923-1-0", "normal-1068923-1-1", "normal-1068923-2-0", "normal-1068923-3-0", "normal-1068923-3-1", "normal-1068923-3-2", "normal-1068923-3-3", "normal-1068923-4-0", "normal-1068923-4-1", "normal-1068923-4-2", "normal-1068923-4-3", "normal-1068923-4-4", "normal-1068923-4-5", "normal-1068923-5-0", "normal-1068923-6-0", "normal-1068923-6-1", "normal-1068923-6-2", "normal-1068923-7-0", "normal-1068923-7-1", "normal-1068923-8-0", "normal-1068923-9-0", "normal-1068923-9-1", "normal-1068923-10-0", "normal-1068923-11-0", "normal-1068923-11-1", "normal-1068923-11-2", "normal-1068923-11-3", "normal-1068923-12-0", "normal-1068923-13-0", "normal-1068923-13-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Carl William Demarest (February 27, 1892 – December 27, 1983) was an American character actor, known for playing Uncle Charley in \"My Three Sons\".", "A veteran of World War I, Demarest became a prolific film and television actor, appearing in over 140 films, beginning in 1927 and ending in the 1970s.", "He frequently played crusty but good-hearted roles.", "Carl William Demarest was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, the son of Samuel and Wilhelmina (née Lindgren) Demarest.", "They moved to New Bridge, a hamlet in Bergen County, New Jersey (coincidentally, near a town named Demarest), during his infancy.", "Demarest served in the United States Army during World War I.", "Demarest started in show business working in vaudeville, appearing with his wife Estelle Collette (real name Esther Zychlin) as \"Demarest and Colette\", then moved on to Broadway.", "Demarest worked regularly with director Preston Sturges, becoming part of a \"stock\" troupe of actors that Sturges repeatedly cast in his films.", "He appeared in ten films written by Sturges, eight of which were under his direction, including \"The Lady Eve\", \"Sullivan's Travels\" and \"The Miracle of Morgan's Creek\".", "Demarest was such a familiar figure at the Paramount studio that just his name was used in the movie \"Sunset Boulevard\" as a potential star for William Holden's unsold baseball screenplay.", "Demarest appeared with veteran western film star Roscoe Ates in the 1958 episode \"And the Desert Shall Blossom\" of CBS's \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\".", "In the story line, Ates and Demarest appear as old timers living in the Nevada desert.", "The local sheriff, played by Ben Johnson, appears with an eviction notice, but he agrees to let the pair stay on their property if they can make a dead rosebush bloom within the next month.", "In 1959 Demarest was named the lead actor of the 18-week sitcom \"Love and Marriage\" on NBC in the 1959–1960 season.", "Demarest played William Harris, the owner of a failing music company who refuses to handle popular rock and roll music, which presumably might save the firm from bankruptcy.", "Joining Demarest on the series were Jeanne Bal, Murray Hamilton and Stubby Kaye.", "Demarest appeared as Police Chief Aloysius of the Santa Rosita Police Department in the film \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" (1963), as well as on a memorable episode (\"What's in the Box\") of Rod Serling's \"The Twilight Zone\" as a hen-pecked husband driven to the murder of his wife.", "His most famous television role was in the ABC and then CBS sitcom \"My Three Sons\" from 1965 to 1972, playing Uncle Charley O'Casey.", "He replaced William Frawley, whose failing health had made procuring insurance impossible.", "Demarest had worked with Fred MacMurray previously in the films \"Hands Across the Table\" (1935), \"Pardon My Past\" (1945), \"On Our Merry Way\" (1948), and \"The Far Horizons\" (1955) and was a personal friend of MacMurray.", "Demarest received a single Academy Award nomination, for his supporting role in \"The Jolson Story\" (1946), playing Al Jolson's fictional mentor.", "He had previously shared the screen with the real Al Jolson in \"The Jazz Singer\".", "Demarest also received an Emmy nomination for the 1968–1969 season of \"My Three Sons\" as Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Role.", "Demarest has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to motion pictures, bestowed upon him on August 8, 1979, by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce.", "In attendance at the ceremony and then later at Musso & Frank Grill for celebrations were his \"My Three Sons\" co-stars Fred MacMurray and wife June Haver, Tina Cole, Stanley Livingston, Barry Livingston, and Dawn Lyn.", "In 1998 a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.", "Demarest was married twice.", "His first wife was his vaudeville partner Estelle Collette (October 26, 1886 – November 19, 1968), born Esther Zichlin.", "Demarest helped raise her daughter from her earlier marriage to poet and novelist Samuel Gordon (September 10, 1871 – January 10, 1927), author Phyllis Gordon Demarest (March 31, 1908 – December 20, 1969).", "His second wife was Lucile Thayer (September 30, 1912 – October 16, 2009), born Lucile Theurer, daughter of Herman Theurer and Lillie Sjoberg, who due to her activism on health issues in the motion picture industry in October 1960 was named California lay-chairman of the ANA fundraising campaign.", "Demarest's favorite recreations were hunting, fishing, golf, and playing the cello.", "He died in Palm Springs, California, and was interred in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park.", "At the time of his death, he was suffering from prostate cancer and pneumonia." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3448896, "normal_article_title": "Charles Cyphers", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3448896", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3448896-0-0", "normal-3448896-0-1", "normal-3448896-0-2", "normal-3448896-1-0", "normal-3448896-2-0", "normal-3448896-2-1", "normal-3448896-2-2", "normal-3448896-2-3", "normal-3448896-3-0", "normal-3448896-4-0", "normal-3448896-4-1", "normal-3448896-4-2", "normal-3448896-5-0", "normal-3448896-5-1", "normal-3448896-5-2", "normal-3448896-6-0", "normal-3448896-6-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Charles Cyphers (born July 28, 1939) is an American actor who has starred in many films and on television.", "He is known in the horror movie community for his work in the films of John Carpenter, especially his role as Sheriff Leigh Brackett in Carpenter's 1978 hit horror movie \"Halloween\".", "He reprised this role in the 1981 sequel \"Halloween II\".", "Cyphers's first feature film was the 1974 movie \"Truck Turner\", and he first worked with Carpenter in the 1976 action film \"Assault on Precinct 13\", in which he played Starker, one of the ill-fated police officers gunned down by gang members.", "He later appeared as Sheriff Leigh Brackett in the 1978 hit horror movie \"Halloween\".", "Cyphers worked with Carpenter two years later, playing Dan O'Bannon in \"The Fog\", a 1980 horror film which also starred Tom Atkins, Cyphers's fellow \"Halloween\" cast member Jamie Lee Curtis, his \"Assault on Precinct 13\" co-star Darwin Joston, and Nancy Kyes, who worked with Cyphers in both \"Assault on Precinct 13\" and \"Halloween\".", "He then played the Secretary of State in Carpenter's popular 1981 film \"Escape from New York\", in which he appeared with Atkins and \"Halloween\" actress Nancy Stephens.", "He reprised the role of Sheriff Brackett in \"Halloween II\".", "In 2005, he appeared in the movie \"Dead Calling\", and in 2007 he appeared as a Sheriff in Ethan Dettenmaier's forthcoming film, Sin-Jin Smyth, and in the film \"Methodic\" in a role which paid homage to his character in \"Halloween\".", "Cyphers has appeared in numerous television productions.", "During the 1970s, he had a recurring role, as Hugo Muncy, in \"The Betty White Show\", and he guest-starred in an episode of \"Gibbsville\" in 1976.", "In addition, he had guest roles in popular television series such as \"Barnaby Jones\" and \"The Dukes of Hazzard\", and he played Drake in the 1977 mini series \"Roots\".", "More recently, he has appeared in \"Sliders\", \"ER\", \"Seinfeld\", \"JAG\", and \"Any Day Now\".", "From 1996 to 1998, Cyphers played Al Yaroker in the 1990s series \"\".", "He has also acted in various made-for-television movies.", "Cyphers' roles on the stage, both on- and off-Broadway, include 12 Angry Men, in which he portrayed \"Juror #3\" to Julie Cobb's \"#2\" (her father portrayed \"#3\" in the 1957 movie).", "Cyphers appeared on \"The Dating Game\" in 1967 to compete for a date with Yvonne Craig (\"Batgirl\" from the 1960s \"Batman\" TV series)." ] } }

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Chicago's metropolitan area, encompasses over 65% of the state's population.", "The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes: from the Great Lakes, via the Saint Lawrence Seaway, to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River, via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River.", "The Mississippi River, the Ohio River, and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois.", "For decades, Chicago's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world's busiest airports.", "Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and, through the 1980s, in politics.", "The capital of Illinois is Springfield, which is located in the central part of the state.", "Although today's Illinois' largest population center is in its northeast, the state's European population grew first in the west as the French settled the vast Mississippi of the Illinois Country of New France.", "Following the American Revolutionary War, American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River, and the population grew from south to north.", "In 1818, Illinois achieved statehood.", "Following increased commercial activity in the Great Lakes after the construction of the Erie Canal, Chicago was founded in the 1830s on the banks of the Chicago River at one of the few natural harbors on the southern section of Lake Michigan.", "John Deere's invention of the self-scouring steel plow turned Illinois's rich prairie into some of the world's most productive and valuable farmland, attracting immigrant farmers from Germany and Sweden.", "The Illinois and Michigan Canal (1848) made transportation between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River valley faster and cheaper, and new railroads carried immigrants to new homes in the country's west and shipped commodity crops to the nation's east.", "The state became a transportation hub for the nation.", "By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe.", "Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars.", "The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in the state, including Chicago, who founded the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.", "Chicago, the center of the Chicago Metropolitan Area, is now recognized as a global alpha-level city.", "Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Barack Obama.", "Additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was born and raised in the state.", "Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official state slogan \"Land of Lincoln\", which has been displayed on its license plates since 1954.", "The state is the site of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield and the future home of the Barack Obama Presidential Center in Chicago.", "\"Illinois\" is the modern spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers' name for the Illinois Native Americans, a name that was spelled in many different ways in the early records.", "American scholars previously thought the name \"Illinois\" meant \"man\" or \"men\" in the Miami-Illinois language, with the original \"iliniwek\" transformed via French into Illinois.", "This etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for \"man\" is \"ireniwa\", and plural of \"man\" is \"ireniwaki\".", "The name \"Illiniwek\" has also been said to mean \"tribe of superior men\", which is a false etymology.", "The name \"Illinois\" derives from the Miami-Illinois verb \"irenwe·wa\" - \"he speaks the regular way\".", "This was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into \"ilinwe·\" (pluralized as \"ilinwe·k\").", "The French borrowed these forms, changing the /we/ ending to spell it as \"-ois\", a transliteration for its pronunciation in French of that time.", "The current spelling form, \"Illinois\", began to appear in the early 1670s, when French colonists had settled in the western area.", "The Illinois's name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was \"Inoka\", of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms.", "American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans.", "The Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation.", "Cahokia, the largest regional chiefdom and urban center of the Pre-Columbian Mississippian culture, was located near present-day Collinsville, Illinois.", "They built an urban complex of more than 100 platform and burial mounds, a 50 acre plaza larger than 35 football fields, and a woodhenge of sacred cedar, all in a planned design expressing the culture's cosmology.", "Monks Mound, the center of the site, is the largest Pre-Columbian structure north of the Valley of Mexico.", "It is 100 ft high, 951 ft long, 836 ft wide, and covers 13.8 acre .", "It contains about 814000 cuyd of earth.", "It was topped by a structure thought to have measured about 105 ft in length and 48 ft in width, covered an area 5000 sqft , and been as much as 50 ft high, making its peak 150 ft above the level of the plaza.", "The finely crafted ornaments and tools recovered by archaeologists at Cahokia include elaborate ceramics, finely sculptured stonework, carefully embossed and engraved copper and mica sheets, and one funeral blanket for an important chief fashioned from 20,000 shell beads.", "These artifacts indicate that Cahokia was truly an urban center, with clustered housing, markets, and specialists in toolmaking, hide dressing, potting, jewelry making, shell engraving, weaving and salt making.", "The civilization vanished in the 15th century for unknown reasons, but historians and archeologists have speculated that the people depleted the area of resources.", "Many indigenous tribes engaged in constant warfare.", "According to Suzanne Austin Alchon, \"At one site in the central Illinois River valley, one third of all adults died as a result of violent injuries.\"", "The next major power in the region was the Illinois Confederation or Illini, a political alliance.", "As the Illini declined during the Beaver Wars era, members of the Algonquian-speaking Potawatomi, Miami, Sauk, and other tribes including the Fox (Mesquakie), Ioway, Kickapoo, Mascouten, Piankashaw, Shawnee, Wea, and Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) came into the area from the east and north around the Great Lakes.", "French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet explored the Illinois River in 1673.", "Marquette soon after founded a mission at the Grand Village of the Illinois in Illinois Country.", "In 1680, French explorers under René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonti constructed a fort at the site of present-day Peoria, and in 1682, a fort atop Starved Rock in today's Starved Rock State Park.", "French Empire Canadiens came south to settle particularly along the Mississippi River, and Illinois was part of first New France, and then of La Louisiane until 1763, when it passed to the British with their defeat of France in the Seven Years' War.", "The small French settlements continued, although many French migrated west to Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis, Missouri, to evade British rule.", "A few British soldiers were posted in Illinois, but few British or American settlers moved there, as the Crown made it part of the territory reserved for Indians west of the Appalachians, and then part of the British Province of Quebec.", "In 1778, George Rogers Clark claimed Illinois County for Virginia.", "In a compromise, Virginia ceded the area to the new United States in 1783 and it became part of the Northwest Territory, to be administered by the federal government and later organized as states.", "Connecticut ceded northern Illinois in 1786 (see Connecticut Western Reserve).", "The Illinois-Wabash Company was an early claimant to much of Illinois.", "The Illinois Territory was created on February 3, 1809, with its capital at Kaskaskia, an early French settlement.", "During the discussions leading up to Illinois's admission to the Union, the proposed northern boundary of the state was moved twice.", "The original provisions of the Northwest Ordinance had specified a boundary that would have been tangent to the southern tip of Lake Michigan.", "Such a boundary would have left Illinois with no shoreline on Lake Michigan at all.", "However, as Indiana had successfully been granted a 10 mi northern extension of its boundary to provide it with a usable lakefront, the original bill for Illinois statehood, submitted to Congress on January 23, 1818, stipulated a northern border at the same latitude as Indiana's, which is defined as 10 miles north of the southernmost extremity of Lake Michigan.", "However, the Illinois delegate, Nathaniel Pope, wanted more, and lobbied to have the boundary moved further north.", "The final bill passed by Congress included an amendment to shift the border to 42° 30' north, which is approximately 51 mi north of the Indiana northern border.", "This shift added 8500 sqmi to the state, including the lead mining region near Galena.", "More importantly, it added nearly 50 miles of Lake Michigan shoreline and the Chicago River.", "Pope and others envisioned a canal that would connect the Chicago and Illinois rivers and thus connect the Great Lakes to the Mississippi.", "In 1818, Illinois became the 21st U.S. state.", "The capital remained at Kaskaskia, headquartered in a small building rented by the state.", "In 1819, Vandalia became the capital, and over the next 18 years, three separate buildings were built to serve successively as the capitol building.", "In 1837, the state legislators representing Sangamon County, under the leadership of state representative Abraham Lincoln, succeeded in having the capital moved to Springfield, where a fifth capitol building was constructed.", "A sixth capitol building was erected in 1867, which continues to serve as the Illinois capitol today.", "Though it was ostensibly a \"free state\", there was slavery in Illinois.", "The ethnic French had owned black slaves since the 1720s, and American settlers had already brought slaves into the area from Kentucky.", "Slavery was nominally banned by the Northwest Ordinance, but that was not enforced for those already holding slaves.", "When Illinois became a sovereign state in 1818, the Ordinance no longer applied, and about 900 slaves were held in the state.", "As the southern part of the state, later known as \"Egypt\" or \"Little Egypt\", was largely settled by migrants from the South, the section was hostile to free blacks.", "Settlers were allowed to bring slaves with them for labor, but, in 1822, state residents voted against making slavery legal.", "Still, most residents opposed allowing free blacks as permanent residents.", "Some settlers brought in slaves seasonally or as house servants.", "The Illinois Constitution of 1848 was written with a provision for exclusionary laws to be passed.", "In 1853, John A. Logan helped pass a law to prohibit all African Americans, including freedmen, from settling in the state.", "The winter of 1830–1831 is called the \"Winter of the Deep Snow\"; a sudden, deep snowfall blanketed the state, making travel impossible for the rest of the winter, and many travelers perished.", "Several severe winters followed, including the \"Winter of the Sudden Freeze\".", "On December 20, 1836, a fast-moving cold front passed through, freezing puddles in minutes and killing many travelers who could not reach shelter.", "The adverse weather resulted in crop failures in the northern part of the state.", "The southern part of the state shipped food north, and this may have contributed to its name: \"Little Egypt\", after the Biblical story of Joseph in Egypt supplying grain to his brothers.", "In 1832, the Black Hawk War was fought in Illinois and current-day Wisconsin between the United States and the Sauk, Fox (Meskwaki), and Kickapoo Indian tribes.", "It represents the end of Indian resistance to white settlement in the Chicago region.", "The Indians had been forced to leave their homes and move to Iowa in 1831; when they attempted to return, they were attacked and eventually defeated by U.S. militia.", "The survivors were forced back to Iowa.", "By 1839, the Latter Day Saints had founded a utopian city called Nauvoo.", "Located in Hancock County along the Mississippi River, Nauvoo flourished, and soon rivaled Chicago for the position of the state's largest city.", "But in 1844, the Latter Day Saint movement founder Joseph Smith was killed in the Carthage Jail, about 30 miles away from Nauvoo.", "Following a succession crisis (Latter Day Saints), Brigham Young led most Latter Day Saints out of Illinois in a mass exodus to present-day Utah; after close to six years of rapid development, Nauvoo rapidly declined afterward.", "After it was established in 1833, Chicago gained prominence as a Great Lakes port, and then as an Illinois and Michigan Canal port after 1848, and as a rail hub soon afterward.", "By 1857, Chicago was Illinois's largest city.", "With the tremendous growth of mines and factories in the state in the 19th century, Illinois was the ground for the formation of labor unions in the United States.", "In 1847, after lobbying by Dorothea L. Dix, Illinois became one of the first states to establish a system of state-supported treatment of mental illness and disabilities, replacing local almshouses.", "Dix came into this effort after having met J. O. King, a Jacksonville, Illinois businessman, who invited her to Illinois, where he had been working to build an asylum for the insane.", "With the lobbying expertise of Dix, plans for the Jacksonville State Hospital (now known as the Jacksonville Developmental Center) were signed into law on March 1, 1847.", "During the American Civil War, Illinois ranked fourth in men who served (more than 250,000) in the Union Army, a figure surpassed by only New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio.", "Beginning with President Abraham Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Illinois mustered 150 infantry regiments, which were numbered from the 7th to the 156th regiments.", "Seventeen cavalry regiments were also gathered, as well as two light artillery regiments.", "The town of Cairo, at the southern tip of the state at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, served as a strategically important supply base and training center for the Union army.", "For several months, both General Grant and Admiral Foote had headquarters in Cairo.", "During the Civil War, and more so afterwards, Chicago's population skyrocketed, which increased its prominence.", "The Pullman Strike and Haymarket Riot, in particular, greatly influenced the development of the American labor movement.", "From Sunday, October 8, 1871, until Tuesday, October 10, 1871, the Great Chicago Fire burned in downtown Chicago, destroying 4 sqmi .", "At the turn of the 20th century, Illinois had a population of nearly 5 million.", "Many people from other parts of the country were attracted to the state by employment caused by the then-expanding industrial base.", "Whites were 98% of the state's population.", "Bolstered by continued immigration from southern and eastern Europe, and by the African-American Great Migration from the South, Illinois grew and emerged as one of the most important states in the union.", "By the end of the century, the population had reached 12.4 million.", "The Century of Progress World's Fair was held at Chicago in 1933.", "Oil strikes in Marion County and Crawford County led to a boom in 1937, and by 1939, Illinois ranked fourth in U.S. oil production.", "Illinois manufactured 6.1 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking seventh among the 48 states.", "Chicago became an ocean port with the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959.", "The seaway and the Illinois Waterway connected Chicago to both the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean.", "In 1960, Ray Kroc opened the first McDonald's franchise in Des Plaines (which still exists as a museum, with a working McDonald's across the street).", "Illinois had a prominent role in the emergence of the nuclear age.", "In 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, the University of Chicago conducted the first sustained nuclear chain reaction.", "In 1957, Argonne National Laboratory, near Chicago, activated the first experimental nuclear power generating system in the United States.", "By 1960, the first privately financed nuclear plant in the United States, Dresden 1, was dedicated near Morris.", "In 1967, Fermilab, a national nuclear research facility near Batavia, opened a particle accelerator, which was the world's largest for over 40 years.", "With eleven plants currently operating, Illinois leads all states in the amount of electricity generated from nuclear power.", "In 1961, Illinois became the first state in the nation to adopt the recommendation of the American Law Institute and pass a comprehensive criminal code revision that repealed the law against sodomy.", "The code also abrogated common law crimes and established an age of consent of 18.", "The state's fourth constitution was adopted in 1970, replacing the 1870 document.", "The first Farm Aid concert was held in Champaign to benefit American farmers, in 1985.", "The worst upper Mississippi River flood of the century, the Great Flood of 1993, inundated many towns and thousands of acres of farmland.", "Illinois is located in the Midwest Region of the United States and is one of the eight states and Canadian province in the bi-national Great Lakes region of North America.", "Illinois's eastern border with Indiana consists of a north-south line at 87° 31′ 30′′ west longitude in Lake Michigan at the north, to the Wabash River in the south above Post Vincennes.", "The Wabash River continues as the eastern/southeastern border with Indiana until the Wabash enters the Ohio River.", "This marks the beginning of Illinois's southern border with Kentucky, which runs along the northern shoreline of the Ohio River.", "Most of the western border with Missouri and Iowa is the Mississippi River; Kaskaskia is an exclave of Illinois, lying west of the Mississippi and reachable only from Missouri.", "The state's northern border with Wisconsin is fixed at 42° 30' north latitude.", "The northeastern border of Illinois lies in Lake Michigan, within which Illinois shares a water boundary with the state of Michigan, as well as Wisconsin and Indiana.", "Though Illinois lies entirely in the Interior Plains, it does have some minor variation in its elevation.", "In extreme northwestern Illinois, the Driftless Area, a region of unglaciated and therefore higher and more rugged topography, occupies a small part of the state.", "Southern Illinois includes the hilly areas around the Shawnee National Forest.", "Charles Mound, located in this region, has the state's highest elevation above sea level at 1235 ft .", "Other highlands include the Shawnee Hills in the south, and there is varying topography along its rivers; the Illinois River bisects the state northeast to southwest.", "The floodplain on the Mississippi River from Alton to the Kaskaskia River is known as the American Bottom.", "Illinois has three major geographical divisions.", "Northern Illinois is dominated by Chicago metropolitan area, or Chicagoland, which is the city of Chicago and its suburbs, and the adjoining exurban area into which the metropolis is expanding.", "As defined by the federal government, the Chicago metro area includes several counties in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, and has a population of over 9.8 million people.", "Chicago itself is a cosmopolitan city, densely populated, industrialized, the transportation hub of the nation, and settled by a wide variety of ethnic groups.", "The city of Rockford, Illinois's third-largest city and center of the state's fourth largest metropolitan area, sits along Interstates 39 and 90 some 75 mi northwest of Chicago.", "The Quad Cities region, located along the Mississippi River in northern Illinois, had a population of 381,342 in 2011.", "The midsection of Illinois is the second major division, called Central Illinois.", "It is an area of mainly prairie and known as the Heart of Illinois.", "It is characterized by small towns and medium-small cities.", "The western section (west of the Illinois River) was originally part of the Military Tract of 1812 and forms the conspicuous western bulge of the state.", "Agriculture, particularly corn and soybeans, as well as educational institutions and manufacturing centers, figure prominently in Central Illinois.", "Cities include Peoria; Springfield, the state capital; Quincy; Decatur; Bloomington-Normal; and Champaign-Urbana.", "The third division is Southern Illinois, comprising the area south of U.S. Route 50, including Little Egypt, near the juncture of the Mississippi River and Ohio River.", "Southern Illinois is the site of the ancient city of Cahokia, as well as the site of the first state capital at Kaskaskia, which today is separated from the rest of the state by the Mississippi River.", "This region has a somewhat warmer winter climate, different variety of crops (including some cotton farming in the past), more rugged topography (due to the area remaining unglaciated during the Illinoian Stage, unlike most of the rest of the state), as well as small-scale oil deposits and coal mining.", "The Illinois suburbs of St. Louis, such as East St. Louis, are located in this region, and collectively, they are known as the Metro-East.", "The other somewhat significant concentration of population in Southern Illinois is the Carbondale-Marion-Herrin, Illinois Combined Statistical Area centered on Carbondale and Marion, a two-county area that is home to 123,272 residents.", "A portion of southeastern Illinois is part of the extended Evansville, Indiana, Metro Area, locally referred to as the Tri-State with Indiana and Kentucky.", "Seven Illinois counties are in the area.", "In addition to these three, largely latitudinally defined divisions, all of the region outside the Chicago Metropolitan area is often called \"downstate\" Illinois.", "This term is flexible, but is generally meant to mean everything outside the influence of the Chicago area.", "Thus, some cities in \"Northern\" Illinois, such as DeKalb, which is west of Chicago, and Rockford—which is actually north of Chicago—are sometimes incorrectly considered to be 'downstate'.", "Illinois has a climate that varies widely throughout the year.", "Because of its nearly 400-mile distance between its northernmost and southernmost extremes, as well as its mid-continental situation, most of Illinois has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification \"Dfa\"), with hot, humid summers and cold winters.", "The southern part of the state, from about Carbondale southward, has a humid subtropical climate (Koppen \"Cfa\"), with more moderate winters.", "Average yearly precipitation for Illinois varies from just over 48 in at the southern tip to around 35 in in the northern portion of the state.", "Normal annual snowfall exceeds 38 in in the Chicago area, while the southern portion of the state normally receives less than 14 in .", "The all-time high temperature was 117 F , recorded on July 14, 1954, at East St. Louis, and the all-time low temperature was -38 F , recorded on January 31, 2019 during the January 2019 North American cold wave at a weather station near Mount Carroll, and confirmed on March 5, 2019.", "This followed the previous record of -36 F recorded on January 5, 1999 near Congerville.", "Prior to the Mount Carroll record, a temperature of -37 F was recorded on January 15, 2009, at Rochelle, but at a weather station not subjected to the same quality control as official records.", "Illinois averages approximately 51 days of thunderstorm activity a year, which ranks somewhat above average in the number of thunderstorm days for the United States.", "Illinois is vulnerable to tornadoes, with an average of 35 occurring annually, which puts much of the state at around five tornadoes per 10000 sqmi annually.", "While tornadoes are no more powerful in Illinois than other states, some of Tornado Alley's deadliest tornadoes on record have occurred in the state.", "The Tri-State Tornado of 1925 killed 695 people in three states; 613 of the victims died in Illinois.", "Other significant high-casualty tornadoes include the 1896 St. Louis – East St. Louis tornado, which killed 111 people in East St. Louis and a May 1917 tornado that killed 101 people in Charleston and Mattoon.", "Modern developments in storm forecasting and tracking have caused death tolls from tornadoes to decline dramatically, with the 1967 Belvidere – Oak Lawn – Chicago South Side tornado outbreak (58 fatalities) and 1990 Plainfield tornado (29 fatalities) standing out as exceptions.", "On November 17, 2013, an EF4 tornado touched down and ripped through Washington, Illinois.", "There were three fatalities.", "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Illinois was 12,741,080 in 2018, moving from the fifth-largest state to the sixth-largest state (losing out to Pennsylvania).", "Illinois's population declined by 60,943 people from July 2017 to July 2018, making it the worst decline of any state in the U.S. in raw terms.", "Illinois is the most populous state in the Midwest region.", "Chicago, the third-most populous city in the United States, is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area or Chicagoland, as this area is nicknamed, comprises only 9% of the land area of the state, but contains 65% of the state's residents.", "In the same year 15.8% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).", "The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 83.5% in 1970 to 63.3% in 2011.", "s of 2011 , 49.4% of Illinois's population younger than age 1 were minorities (Note: Children born to white Hispanics are counted as minority group).", "At the 2007 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau, there were 1,768,518 foreign-born inhabitants of the state or 13.8% of the population, with 48.4% from Latin America, 24.6% from Asia, 22.8% from Europe, 2.9% from Africa, 1.2% from Canada, and 0.2% from Oceania.", "Of the foreign-born population, 43.7% were naturalized U.S. citizens, and 56.3% were not U.S. citizens.", "In 2007, 6.9% of Illinois's population was reported as being under age 5, 24.9% under age 18 and 12.1% were age 65 and over.", "Females made up approximately 50.7% of the population.", "According to the 2007 estimates, 21.1% of the population had German ancestry, 13.3% had Irish ancestry, 8% had British ancestry, 7.9% had Polish ancestry, 6.4% had Italian ancestry, 4.6% listed themselves as American, 2.4% had Swedish ancestry, 2.2% had French ancestry, other than Basque, 1.6% had Dutch ancestry, and 1.4% had Norwegian ancestry.", "Illinois also has large numbers of African Americans and Latinos (mostly Mexicans and Puerto Ricans).", "Chicago, along the shores of Lake Michigan, is the nation's third largest city.", "In 2000, 23.3% of Illinois's population lived in the city of Chicago, 43.3% in Cook County, and 65.6% in the counties of the Chicago metropolitan area: Will, DuPage, Kane, Lake, and McHenry counties, as well as Cook County.", "The remaining population lives in the smaller cities and rural areas that dot the state's plains.", "As of 2000, the state's center of population was at , located in Grundy County, northeast of the village of Mazon.", "\"Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.\"", "Chicago is the largest city in the state and the third-most populous city in the United States, with its 2010 population of 2,695,598.", "The U.S. Census Bureau currently lists seven other cities with populations of over 100,000 within Illinois.", "Based upon the Census Bureau's official 2010 population: Aurora, a Chicago satellite town that eclipsed Rockford for the title of second-most populous city in Illinois; its 2010 population was 197,899.", "Rockford, at 152,871, is the third-largest city in the state, and is the largest city in the state not located within the Chicago suburbs.", "Joliet, located in metropolitan Chicago, is the fourth-largest city in the state, with a population of 147,433.", "Naperville, a suburb of Chicago, is fifth with 141,853.", "Naperville and Aurora share a boundary along Illinois Route 59.", "Springfield, the state's capital, comes in as sixth-most populous with 117,352 residents.", "Peoria, which decades ago was the second-most populous city in the state, is seventh with 115,007.", "The eighth-largest and final city in the 100,000 club is Elgin, a northwest suburb of Chicago, with a 2010 population of 108,188.", "The most populated city in the state south of Springfield is Belleville, with 44,478 people at the 2010 census.", "It is located in the Illinois portion of Greater St. Louis (often called the Metro-East area), which has a rapidly growing population of over 700,000 people.", "Other major urban areas include the Champaign-Urbana Metropolitan Area, which has a combined population of almost 230,000 people, the Illinois portion of the Quad Cities area with about 215,000 people, and the Bloomington-Normal area with a combined population of over 165,000.", "The official language of Illinois is English, although between 1923 and 1969, state law gave official status to \"the American language\".", "Nearly 80% of people in Illinois speak English natively, and most of the rest speak it fluently as a second language.", "A number of dialects of American English are spoken, ranging from Inland Northern American English and African-American English around Chicago, to Midland American English in Central Illinois, to Southern American English in the far south.", "Over 20% of Illinoians speak a language other than English at home, of which Spanish is by far the most widespread, at more than 12% of the total population.", "A sizeable number of Polish speakers is present in the Chicago Metropolitan Area.", "Roman Catholics constitute the single largest religious denomination in Illinois; they are heavily concentrated in and around Chicago, and account for nearly 30% of the state's population.", "However, taken together \"as a group\", the various Protestant denominations comprise a greater percentage of the state's population than do Catholics.", "In 2010 Catholics in Illinois numbered 3,648,907.", "The largest Protestant denominations were the United Methodist Church with 314,461, and the Southern Baptist Convention, with 283,519 members.", "Illinois has one of the largest concentrations of Missouri Synod Lutherans in the United States.", "Illinois played an important role in the early Latter Day Saint movement, with Nauvoo, Illinois, becoming a gathering place for Mormons in the early 1840s.", "Nauvoo was the location of the succession crisis, which led to the separation of the Mormon movement into several Latter Day Saint sects.", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest of the sects to emerge from the Mormon schism, has over 55,000 adherents in Illinois today.", "A significant number of adherents of other Abrahamic faiths can be found in Illinois.", "Largely concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, followers of the Muslim, Bahá'í, and Jewish religions all call the state home.", "Muslims constituted the largest non-Christian group, with 359,264 adherents.", "Illinois has the largest concentration of Muslims by state in the country, with 2,800 Muslims per 100,000 citizens.", "The largest and oldest surviving Bahá'í House of Worship in the world is located in Wilmette, Illinois, and the oldest standing mosque in the U.S. is the Al-Sadiq Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, located in the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago.", "The Chicago area has a very large Jewish community, particularly in the suburbs of Skokie and Morton Grove.", "Former Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel is the Windy City's first Jewish mayor.", "Chicago is also home to a very large population of Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists.", "The Bahá'í House of Worship in Wilmette is the center of that religion's worship in North America.", "The dollar gross state product for Illinois was estimated to be US$ billion in 2018.", "The state's 2018 per capita gross state product was estimated to be around $70,000, and its per capita personal income was estimated to be US$ in 2009.", "As of February 2019, the unemployment rate in Illinois reached 4.2%.", "Illinois' minimum wage will rise to $15 per hour by 2025, making it one of the highest in the nation.", "Illinois's major agricultural outputs are corn, soybeans, hogs, cattle, dairy products, and wheat.", "In most years, Illinois is either the first or second state for the highest production of soybeans, with a harvest of 427.7 million bushels (11.64 million metric tons) in 2008, after Iowa's production of 444.82 million bushels (12.11 million metric tons).", "Illinois ranks second in U.S. corn production with more than 1.5 billion bushels produced annually.", "With a production capacity of 1.5 billion gallons per year, Illinois is a top producer of ethanol, ranking third in the United States in 2011.", "Illinois is a leader in food manufacturing and meat processing.", "Although Chicago may no longer be \"Hog Butcher for the World\", the Chicago area remains a global center for food manufacture and meat processing, with many plants, processing houses, and distribution facilities concentrated in the area of the former Union Stock Yards.", "Illinois also produces wine, and the state is home to two American viticultural areas.", "In the area of The Meeting of the Great Rivers Scenic Byway, peaches and apples are grown.", "The German immigrants from agricultural backgrounds who settled in Illinois in the mid- to late 19th century are in part responsible for the profusion of fruit orchards in that area of Illinois.", "Illinois's universities are actively researching alternative agricultural products as alternative crops.", "Illinois is one of the nation's manufacturing leaders, boasting annual value added productivity by manufacturing of over $107 billion in 2006.", "s of 2011 , Illinois is ranked as the 4th-most productive manufacturing state in the country, behind California, Texas, and Ohio.", "About three quarters of the state's manufacturers are located in the Northeastern Opportunity Return Region, with 38 percent of Illinois's approximately 18,900 manufacturing plants located in Cook County.", "As of 2006, the leading manufacturing industries in Illinois, based upon value-added, were chemical manufacturing ($18.3 billion), machinery manufacturing ($13.4 billion), food manufacturing ($12.9 billion), fabricated metal products ($11.5 billion), transportation equipment ($7.4 billion), plastics and rubber products ($7.0 billion), and computer and electronic products ($6.1 billion).", "By the early 2000s, Illinois's economy had moved toward a dependence on high-value-added services, such as financial trading, higher education, law, logistics, and medicine.", "In some cases, these services clustered around institutions that hearkened back to Illinois's earlier economies.", "For example, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, a trading exchange for global derivatives, had begun its life as an agricultural futures market.", "Other important non-manufacturing industries include publishing, tourism, and energy production and distribution.", "Venture capitalists funded a total of approximately $62 billion in the US economy in 2016.", "Of this amount, Illinois-based companies received approximately $1.1 billion.", "Similarly, in FY 2016, the US federal government spent $461 billion on contracts in the US.", "Of this amount, Illinois based companies received approximately $8.7 billion.", "Illinois is a net importer of fuels for energy, despite large coal resources and some minor oil production.", "Illinois exports electricity, ranking fifth among states in electricity production and seventh in electricity consumption.", "The coal industry of Illinois has its origins in the middle 19th century, when entrepreneurs such as Jacob Loose discovered coal in locations such as Sangamon County.", "Jacob Bunn contributed to the development of the Illinois coal industry, and was a founder and owner of the Western Coal & Mining Company of Illinois.", "About 68% of Illinois has coal-bearing strata of the Pennsylvanian geologic period.", "According to the Illinois State Geological Survey, 211 billion tons of bituminous coal are estimated to lie under the surface, having a total heating value greater than the estimated oil deposits in the Arabian Peninsula.", "However, this coal has a high sulfur content, which causes acid rain, unless special equipment is used to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions.", "Many Illinois power plants are not equipped to burn high-sulfur coal.", "In 1999, Illinois produced 40.4 million tons of coal, but only 17 million tons (42%) of Illinois coal was consumed in Illinois.", "Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other states and countries.", "In 2008, Illinois exported 3 million tons of coal, and was projected to export 9 million tons in 2011, as demand for energy grows in places such as China, India, and elsewhere in Asia and Europe.", "s of 2010 , Illinois was ranked third in recoverable coal reserves at producing mines in the nation.", "Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other states, while much of the coal burned for power in Illinois (21 million tons in 1998) is mined in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming.", "Mattoon was recently chosen as the site for the Department of Energy's FutureGen project, a 275-megawatt experimental zero emission coal-burning power plant that the DOE just gave a second round of funding.", "In 2010, after a number of setbacks, the city of Mattoon backed out of the project.", "Illinois is a leading refiner of petroleum in the American Midwest, with a combined crude oil distillation capacity of nearly 900000 oilbbl/d .", "However, Illinois has very limited crude oil proved reserves that account for less than 1% of U.S. crude oil proved reserves.", "Residential heating is 81% natural gas compared to less than 1% heating oil.", "Illinois is ranked 14th in oil production among states, with a daily output of approximately 28000 oilbbl in 2005.", "Nuclear power arguably began in Illinois with the Chicago Pile-1, the world's first artificial self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in the world's first nuclear reactor, built on the University of Chicago campus.", "There are six operating nuclear power plants in Illinois: Braidwood, Byron, Clinton, Dresden, LaSalle, and Quad Cities.", "With the exception of the single-unit Clinton plant, each of these facilities has two reactors.", "Three reactors have been permanently shut down and are in various stages of decommissioning: Dresden-1 and Zion-1 and 2.", "Illinois ranked first in the nation in 2010 in both nuclear capacity and nuclear generation.", "Generation from its nuclear power plants accounted for 12 percent of the nation's total.", "In 2007, 48% of Illinois's electricity was generated using nuclear power.", "The Morris Operation is the only de facto high-level radioactive waste storage site in the United States.", "Illinois has seen growing interest in the use of wind power for electrical generation.", "Most of Illinois was rated in 2009 as \"marginal or fair\" for wind energy production by the U.S. Department of Energy, with some western sections rated \"good\" and parts of the south rated \"poor\".", "These ratings are for wind turbines with 50 m hub heights; newer wind turbines are taller, enabling them to reach stronger winds farther from the ground.", "As a result, more areas of Illinois have become prospective wind farm sites.", "As of September 2009, Illinois had 1116.06 MW of installed wind power nameplate capacity with another 741.9 MW under construction.", "Illinois ranked ninth among U.S. states in installed wind power capacity, and sixteenth by potential capacity.", "Large wind farms in Illinois include Twin Groves, Rail Splitter, EcoGrove, and Mendota Hills.", "As of 2007, wind energy represented only 1.7% of Illinois's energy production, and it was estimated that wind power could provide 5–10% of the state's energy needs.", "Also, the Illinois General Assembly mandated in 2007 that by 2025, 25% of all electricity generated in Illinois is to come from renewable resources.", "Illinois is ranked second in corn production among U.S. states, and Illinois corn is used to produce 40% of the ethanol consumed in the United States.", "The Archer Daniels Midland corporation in Decatur, Illinois, is the world's leading producer of ethanol from corn.", "The National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center (NCERC), the world's only facility dedicated to researching the ways and means of converting corn (maize) to ethanol is located on the campus of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville.", "University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign is one of the partners in the Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI), a $500 million biofuels research project funded by petroleum giant BP.", "Illinois's state income tax is calculated by multiplying net income by a flat rate.", "In 1990, that rate was set at 3%, but in 2010, the General Assembly voted in a temporary increase in the rate to 5%; the new rate went into effect on January 1, 2011; the personal income rate partially sunset on January 1, 2015 to 3.75%, while the corporate income tax fell to 5.25%.", "Illinois failed to pass a budget from 2015 - 2017, after the 736-day budget impasse, a budget was passed in Illinois after lawmakers overturned Governor Bruce Rauner's veto; this budget raised the personal income rate to 4.95% and the corporate rate to 7%.", "There are two rates for state sales tax: 6.25% for general merchandise and 1% for qualifying food, drugs, and medical appliances.", "The property tax is a major source of tax revenue for local government taxing districts.", "The property tax is a local—not state—tax, imposed by local government taxing districts, which include counties, townships, municipalities, school districts, and special taxation districts.", "The property tax in Illinois is imposed only on real property.", "On May 1, 2019, the Illinois Senate voted to a approve a constitutional amendment to change from a flat tax rate to a graduated rate, in a 73-44 vote.", "The Governor, J.B. Pritzker, approved the bill on May 27, 2019.", "It was scheduled for a 2020 general election ballot vote and requires 60 percent voter approval.", "It needed 71 votes to pass, with taxpayers making over $250,000 to be impacted.", "It also includes $100 million for property tax relief.", "As of 2017 Chicago had the highest state and local sales tax rate for a U.S. city with a populations above 200,000, at 10.250%.", "The state of Illinois has the second highest rate of real estate tax: 2.31%, which is second only to New Jersey at 2.44%.", "Toll roads are a \"de facto\" user tax on the citizens and visitors to the state of Illinois.", "Illinois ranks seventh out of the 11 states with the most miles of toll roads, at 282.1 miles.", "Chicago ranks fourth in most expensive toll roads in America by the mile, with the Chicago Skyway charging 51.2 cents per mile.", "Illinois also has the 11th highest gasoline tax by state, at 37.5 cents per gallon.", "Illinois has numerous museums; the greatest concentration of these are in Chicago.", "Several museums in Chicago are ranked as some of the best in the world.", "These include the John G. Shedd Aquarium, the Field Museum of Natural History, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Adler Planetarium, and the Museum of Science and Industry.", "The modern Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield is the largest and most attended presidential library in the country.", "The Illinois State Museum boasts a collection of 13.5 million objects that tell the story of Illinois life, land, people, and art.", "The ISM is among only 5% of the nation's museums that are accredited by the American Alliance of Museums.", "Other historical museums in the state include the Polish Museum of America in Chicago; Magnolia Manor in Cairo; Easley Pioneer Museum in Ipava; the Elihu Benjamin Washburne; Ulysses S. Grant Homes, both in Galena; and the Chanute Air Museum, located on the former Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul.", "The Chicago metropolitan area also hosts two zoos: The very large Brookfield Zoo, located approximately 10 miles west of the city center in suburban Brookfield, contains over 2,300 animals and covers 216 acre .", "The Lincoln Park Zoo is located in huge Lincoln Park on Chicago's North Side, approximately 3 mi north of the Loop.", "The zoo covers over 35 acre within the park.", "Illinois is a leader in music education, having hosted the Midwest Clinic International Band and Orchestra Conference since 1946, as well being home to the Illinois Music Educators Association (IMEA), one of the largest professional music educator's organizations in the country.", "Each summer since 2004, Southern Illinois University Carbondale has played host to the Southern Illinois Music Festival, which presents dozens of performances throughout the region.", "Past featured artists include the Eroica Trio and violinist David Kim.", "Chicago, in the northeast corner of the state, is a major center for music in the midwestern United States where distinctive forms of blues (greatly responsible for the future creation of rock and roll), and house music, a genre of electronic dance music, were developed.", "The Great Migration of poor black workers from the South into the industrial cities brought traditional jazz and blues music to the city, resulting in Chicago blues and \"Chicago-style\" Dixieland jazz.", "Notable blues artists included Muddy Waters, Junior Wells, Howlin' Wolf and both Sonny Boy Williamsons; jazz greats included Nat King Cole, Gene Ammons, Benny Goodman, and Bud Freeman.", "Chicago is also well known for its soul music.", "In the early 1930s, Gospel music began to gain popularity in Chicago due to Thomas A. Dorsey's contributions at Pilgrim Baptist Church.", "In the 1980s and 1990s, heavy rock, punk, and hip hop also became popular in Chicago.", "Orchestras in Chicago include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, and the Chicago Sinfonietta.", "John Hughes, who moved from Grosse Pointe to Northbrook, based many films of his in Chicago, and its suburbs.", "Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Home Alone, The Breakfast Club, and all of his films take place in the fictional Shermer, Illinois (the original name of Northbrook was Shermerville, and Hughes's High School, Glenbrook North High School, is on Shermer Road).", "Most locations in his films include Glenbrook North, the former Maine North High School, the Ben Rose House in Highland Park, and the famous Home Alone house in Winnetka, Illinois.", "As one of the United States' major metropolises, all major sports leagues have teams headquartered in Chicago.", "Many minor league teams also call Illinois their home.", "The state features 13 athletic programs that compete in NCAA Division I, the highest level of U.S. college sports.", "The two most prominent are the Illinois Fighting Illini and Northwestern Wildcats, both members of the Big Ten Conference and the only ones competing in one of the so-called \"Power Five conferences\".", "The Fighting Illini football team has won five national championships and three Rose Bowl Games, whereas the men's basketball team has won 17 conference seasons and played five Final Fours.", "Meanwhile, the Wildcats have won eight football conference championships and one Rose Bowl Game.", "The Northern Illinois Huskies from DeKalb, Illinois compete in the Mid-American Conference winning 4 conference championships and earning a bid in the Orange Bowl along with producing Heisman candidate Jordan Lynch at quarterback.", "The Huskies are the state's only other team competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision, the top level of NCAA football.", "Four schools have football programs that compete in the second level of Division I football, the Football Championship Subdivision.", "The Illinois State Redbirds (Normal, adjacent to Bloomington) and Southern Illinois Salukis (the latter representing Southern Illinois University's main campus in Carbondale) are members of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) for non-football sports and the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC).", "The Western Illinois Leathernecks (Macomb) are full members of the Summit League, which does not sponsor football, and also compete in the MVFC.", "The Eastern Illinois Panthers (Charleston) are members of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC).", "The city of Chicago is home to four Division I programs that do not sponsor football.", "The DePaul Blue Demons, with main campuses in Lincoln Park and the Loop, are members of the Big East Conference.", "The Loyola Ramblers, with their main campus straddling the Edgewater and Rogers Park community areas on the city's far north side, compete in the MVC.", "The UIC Flames, from the Near West Side next to the Loop, are in the Horizon League.", "The Chicago State Cougars, from the city's south side, compete in the Western Athletic Conference.", "Finally, two non-football Division I programs are located downstate.", "The Bradley Braves (Peoria) are MVC members, and the SIU Edwardsville Cougars (in the Metro East region across the Mississippi River from St. Louis) compete in the OVC.", "The city was formerly home to several other teams that either failed to survive, or that belonged to leagues that folded.", "The NFL's Arizona Cardinals, who currently play in the Phoenix suburb of Glendale, Arizona, played in Chicago as the Chicago Cardinals, until moving to St. Louis, Missouri after the 1959 season.", "An NBA expansion team known as the Chicago Packers in 1961–1962, and as the Chicago Zephyrs the following year, moved to Baltimore after the 1962–1963 season.", "The franchise is now known as the Washington Wizards.", "The Peoria Chiefs and Kane County Cougars are minor league baseball teams affiliated with MLB.", "The Schaumburg Boomers and Lake County Fielders are members of the North American League, and the Southern Illinois Miners, Gateway Grizzlies, Joliet Slammers, Windy City ThunderBolts, and Normal CornBelters belong to the Frontier League.", "In addition to the Chicago Wolves, the AHL also has the Rockford IceHogs serving as the AHL affiliate of the Chicago Blackhawks.", "The second incarnation of the Peoria Rivermen plays in the SPHL.", "Motor racing oval tracks at the Chicagoland Speedway in Joliet, the Chicago Motor Speedway in Cicero and the Gateway International Raceway in Madison, near St. Louis, have hosted NASCAR, CART, and IRL races, whereas the Sports Car Club of America, among other national and regional road racing clubs, have visited the Autobahn Country Club in Joliet, the Blackhawk Farms Raceway in South Beloit and the former Meadowdale International Raceway in Carpentersville.", "Illinois also has several short tracks and dragstrips.", "The dragstrip at Gateway International Raceway and the Route 66 Raceway, which sits on the same property as the Chicagoland Speedway, both host NHRA drag races.", "Illinois features several golf courses, such as Olympia Fields, Medinah, Midlothian, Cog Hill, and Conway Farms, which have often hosted the BMW Championship, Western Open, and Women's Western Open.", "Also, the state has hosted 13 editions of the U.S. Open (latest at Olympia Fields in 2003), six editions of the PGA Championship (latest at Medinah in 2006), three editions of the U.S. Women's Open (latest at The Merit Club), the 2009 Solheim Cup (at Rich Harvest Farms), and the 2012 Ryder Cup (at Medinah).", "The John Deere Classic is a regular PGA Tour event played in the Quad Cities since 1971, whereas the Encompass Championship is a Champions Tour event since 2013.", "Previously, the LPGA State Farm Classic was an LPGA Tour event from 1976 to 2011.", "The Illinois state parks system began in 1908 with what is now Fort Massac State Park, becoming the first park in a system encompassing over 60 parks and about the same number of recreational and wildlife areas.", "Areas under the protection of the National Park Service include: the Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor near Lockport, the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, the Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, the Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail, the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail, the American Discovery Trail, and the Pullman National Monument.", "The federal government also manages the Shawnee National Forest and the Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie.", "The government of Illinois, under the Constitution of Illinois, has three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial.", "The executive branch is split into several statewide elected offices, with the Governor as chief executive.", "Legislative functions are granted to the Illinois General Assembly.", "The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court and lower courts.", "The Illinois General Assembly is the state legislature, composed of the 118-member Illinois House of Representatives and the 59-member Illinois Senate.", "The members of the General Assembly are elected at the beginning of each even-numbered year.", "The \"Illinois Compiled Statutes\" (ILCS) are the codified statutes of a general and permanent nature.", "The executive branch is composed of six elected officers and their offices as well as numerous other departments.", "The six elected officers are: Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, Comptroller, and Treasurer.", "The government of Illinois has numerous departments, agencies, boards and commissions, but the so-called code departments provide most of the state's services.", "The Judiciary of Illinois is the unified court system of Illinois.", "It consists of the Supreme Court, Appellate Court, and Circuit Courts.", "The Supreme Court oversees the administration of the court system.", "The administrative divisions of Illinois are counties, townships, precincts, cities, towns, villages, and special-purpose districts.", "The basic subdivision of Illinois are the 102 counties.", "Eighty-five of the 102 counties are in turn divided into townships and precincts.", "Municipal governments are the cities, villages, and incorporated towns.", "Some localities possess \"home rule\", which allows them to govern themselves to a certain extent.", "Illinois is a Democratic stronghold, and it is considered one of the most Democratic states in the US.", "Historically, Illinois was a political swing state, with near-parity existing between the Republican and the Democratic parties.", "However, in recent elections, the Democratic Party has gained ground, and Illinois has come to be seen as a solid \"blue\" state in presidential campaigns.", "Votes from Chicago and most of Cook County have long been strongly Democratic.", "However, the \"collar counties\" (the suburbs surrounding Chicago's Cook County, Illinois), can be seen as moderate voting districts.", "College towns like Carbondale, Champaign, and Normal also lean Democratic.", "Republicans continue to prevail in the outlying Chicago exurban areas, as well as rural northern and central Illinois; Republican support is also strong in southern Illinois, outside of East St. Louis.", "From 1920 until 1972, Illinois was carried by the victor of each of these 14 presidential elections.", "In fact, the state was long seen as a national bellwether, supporting the winner in every election in the 20th century, except for 1916 and 1976.", "By contrast, Illinois has trended more toward the Democratic party, and has voted for their presidential candidates in the last six elections; in 2000, George W. Bush became the first Republican to win the presidency without carrying either Illinois or Vermont.", "Local politician and Chicago resident Barack Obama easily won the state's 21 electoral votes in 2008, with 61.9% of the vote.", "In 2010, incumbent Governor Pat Quinn was re-elected with 47% of the vote, while Republican Mark Kirk was elected to the Senate with 48% of the vote.", "In 2012, President Obama easily carried Illinois again, with 58% to Republican candidate Mitt Romney's 41%.", "In 2014, Republican Bruce Rauner defeated Governor Quinn 50% to 46% to become Illinois's first Republican governor in 12 years after being sworn in on January 12, 2015, while Democratic Senator Dick Durbin was re-elected with 53% of the vote.", "In 2016, Hillary Clinton carried Illinois with 55% of the vote, and Tammy Duckworth defeated incumbent Mark Kirk 54% to 40%.", "George W. Bush and Donald Trump are the only Republican presidential candidates to win the US Presidency without carrying either Illinois or Vermont.", "Politics in the state have been infamous for highly visible corruption cases, as well as for crusading reformers, such as governors Adlai Stevenson and James R. Thompson.", "In 2006, former Governor George Ryan was convicted of racketeering and bribery, leading to a six-and-a-half-year prison sentence.", "In 2008, then-Governor Rod Blagojevich was served with a criminal complaint on corruption charges, stemming from allegations that he conspired to sell the vacated Senate seat left by President Barack Obama to the highest bidder.", "Subsequently, on December 7, 2011, Rod Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison for those charges, as well as perjury while testifying during the case, totaling 18 convictions.", "Blagojevich was impeached and convicted by the legislature, resulting in his removal from office.", "In the late 20th century, Congressman Dan Rostenkowski was imprisoned for mail fraud; former governor and federal judge Otto Kerner, Jr. was imprisoned for bribery; Secretary of State Paul Powell was investigated and found to have gained great wealth through bribes, and State Auditor of Public Accounts (Comptroller) Orville Hodge was imprisoned for embezzlement.", "In 1912, William Lorimer, the GOP boss of Chicago, was expelled from the U.S. Senate for bribery and in 1921, Governor Len Small was found to have defrauded the state of a million dollars.", "Illinois has shown a strong presence in presidential elections.", "Three presidents have claimed Illinois as their political base when running for president: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and most recently Barack Obama.", "Lincoln was born in Kentucky, but he moved to Illinois at age 21.", "He served in the General Assembly and represented the 7th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives before his election to the presidency in 1860.", "Ulysses S. Grant was born in Ohio and had a military career that precluded settling down, but on the eve of the Civil War and approaching middle age, he moved to Illinois and thus utilized the state as his home and political base when running for President.", "Barack Obama was born in Hawaii and made Illinois his home after graduating from law school, and later represented Illinois in the U.S. Senate.", "He then became president in 2008, running as a candidate from his Illinois base.", "Ronald Reagan was born in Illinois, in the city of Tampico, raised in Dixon, Illinois, and educated at Eureka College, outside Peoria.", "Reagan later moved to California during his young adulthood.", "He then became an actor, and later became California's Governor before being elected president.", "Hillary Clinton was born and raised in the suburbs of Chicago and became the first (and thus far only) woman to represent a major political party in the general election of the U.S. presidency.", "Clinton ran from a platform based in New York State.", "Nine African-Americans have served as members of the United States Senate.", "Three of them have represented Illinois, the most of any single state: Carol Moseley-Braun, Barack Obama, and Roland Burris, who was appointed to replace Obama after his election to the presidency.", "Moseley-Braun was the first African-American woman to become a U.S. Senator.", "Three families from Illinois have played particularly prominent roles in the Democratic Party, gaining both statewide and national fame.", "The Stevenson family, initially rooted in central Illinois and later based in the Chicago metropolitan area, has provided four generations of Illinois officeholders.", "The Daley family's powerbase was in Chicago.", "The Pritzker family is based in Chicago and have played important roles both in the private and public sectors.", "The Illinois State Board of Education (ISBE) is autonomous of the governor and the state legislature, and administers public education in the state.", "Local municipalities and their respective school districts operate individual public schools, but the ISBE audits performance of public schools with the Illinois School Report Card.", "The ISBE also makes recommendations to state leaders concerning education spending and policies.", "Education is compulsory from ages 7 to 17 in Illinois.", "Schools are commonly, but not exclusively, divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high school, and high school.", "District territories are often complex in structure.", "Many areas in the state are actually located in \"two\" school districts—one for high school, the other for elementary and middle schools.", "And such districts do not necessarily share boundaries.", "A given high school may have several elementary districts that feed into it, yet some of those feeder districts may themselves feed into multiple high school districts.", "Using the criterion established by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, there are eleven \"National Universities\" in the state.", "s of 19 2010 , six of these rank in the \"first tier\" (that is, the top quartile) among the top 500 National Universities in the United States, as determined by the \"U.S. News & World Report\" rankings: the University of Chicago (3), Northwestern University (10), the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (41), Loyola University Chicago (89), the Illinois Institute of Technology (108), DePaul University (123), University of Illinois at Chicago (129), Illinois State University (149), Southern Illinois University Carbondale (153), and Northern Illinois University (194).", "The University of Chicago is continuously ranked as one of the world's top ten universities on various independent university rankings, and its Booth School of Business, along with Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management consistently rank within the top 5 graduate business schools in the country and top 10 globally.", "The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign is often ranked among the best engineering schools in the world and in United States.", "Illinois also has more than 20 additional accredited four-year universities, both public and private, and dozens of small liberal arts colleges across the state.", "Additionally, Illinois supports 49 public community colleges in the Illinois Community College System.", "Because of its central location and its proximity to the Rust Belt and Grain Belt, Illinois is a national crossroads for air, auto, rail, and truck traffic.", "From 1962 until 1998, Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD) was the busiest airport in the world, measured both in terms of total flights and passengers.", "While it was surpassed by Atlanta's Hartsfield in 1998 (as Chicago splits its air traffic between O'Hare and Midway airports, while Atlanta only uses one airport), with 59.3 million domestic passengers annually, along with 11.4 million international passengers in 2008, O'Hare consistently remains one of the two or three busiest airports globally, and in some years still ranks number one in total flights.", "It is a major hub for both United Airlines and American Airlines, and a major airport expansion project is currently underway.", "Midway Airport (MDW), which had been the busiest airport in the world at one point until it was supplanted by O'Hare as the busiest airport in 1962, is now the secondary airport in the Chicago metropolitan area and still ranks as one of the nation's busiest airports.", "Midway is a major hub for Southwest Airlines and services many other carriers as well.", "Midway served 17.3 million domestic and international passengers in 2008.", "Illinois has an extensive passenger and freight rail transportation network.", "Chicago is a national Amtrak hub and in-state passengers are served by Amtrak's Illinois Service, featuring the Chicago to Carbondale \"Illini\" and \"Saluki\", the Chicago to Quincy \"Carl Sandburg\" and \"Illinois Zephyr\", and the Chicago to St. Louis \"Lincoln Service\".", "Currently there is trackwork on the Chicago–St. Louis line to bring the maximum speed up to 110 mph , which would reduce the trip time by an hour and a half.", "Nearly every North American railway meets at Chicago, making it the largest and most active rail hub in the country.", "Extensive commuter rail is provided in the city proper and some immediate suburbs by the Chicago Transit Authority's 'L' system.", "One of the largest suburban commuter rail system in the United States, operated by Metra, uses existing rail lines to provide direct commuter rail access for hundreds of suburbs to the city and beyond.", "In addition to the state's rail lines, the Mississippi River and Illinois River provide major transportation routes for the state's agricultural interests.", "Lake Michigan gives Illinois access to the Atlantic Ocean by way of the Saint Lawrence Seaway.", "The Interstate Highways in Illinois are all segments of the Interstate Highway System that are owned and maintained by the U.S. state of Illinois.", "Illinois has the distinction of having the most primary (two-digit) interstates pass through it among all the 50 states with 13.", "Illinois also ranks third among the fifty states with the most interstate mileage, coming in after California and Texas, which are much bigger states in area.", "Major U.S. Interstate highways crossing the state include: Interstate 24 (I-24), I-39, I-41, I-55, I-57, I-64, I-70, I-72, I-74, I-80, I-88, I-90, and I-94.", "The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) is responsible for maintaining the U.S Highways in Illinois.", "The system in Illinois consists of 21 primary highways.", "Among the U.S. highways that pass through the state, the primary ones are: US 6, US 12, US 14, US 20, US 24, US 30, US 34, US 36, US 40, US 41, US 45, US 50, US 51, US 52, US 54, US 60, US 62, and US 67." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 11192, "simple_article_title": "Illinois", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=11192", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-11192-0-0", "simple-11192-0-1", "simple-11192-0-2", "simple-11192-0-3", "simple-11192-0-4", "simple-11192-1-0", "simple-11192-1-1", "simple-11192-2-0", "simple-11192-2-1", "simple-11192-3-0", "simple-11192-3-1", "simple-11192-3-2", "simple-11192-3-3", "simple-11192-4-0", "simple-11192-4-1", "simple-11192-4-2", "simple-11192-5-0", "simple-11192-5-1", "simple-11192-6-0", "simple-11192-6-1", "simple-11192-7-0", "simple-11192-7-1", "simple-11192-7-2", "simple-11192-7-3", "simple-11192-8-0", "simple-11192-8-1", "simple-11192-8-2", "simple-11192-8-3", "simple-11192-8-4", "simple-11192-8-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Illinois is a state in the United States.", "Its capital is Springfield and its largest city is Chicago.", "It is bordered to the north by Wisconsin, to the west by Iowa and below that, by Missouri (both borders are along the Mississippi River).", "To the south-east, Illinois is bordered along the Ohio River by Kentucky and to the east by Indiana.", "Illinois' northeasternmost boundary is to Lake Michigan.", "Illinois became a state on December 3, 1818.", "Illinois was the first state to ratify the 13th Amendment to the Constitution which helped abolish slavery in the United States.", "Three U.S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and Barack Obama.", "Additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only US President born and raised in Illinois.", "Illinois has a diverse economy.", "Chicago is a major center for transportation and business.", "Central and northern Illinois is mostly used for agriculture.", "The south produces many natural resources such as coal, timber and petroleum.", "Illinois was once known to be a swing state (voted for either Democratic Party or the Republican Party).", "Today, Illinois is known to be a blue state in which it votes for the Democratic Party.", "The last time Illinois voted for a Republican president was in 1988 for George H.W. Bush.", "J. B. Pritzker (D) is the current Governor of Illinois.", "It has two senators; Dick Durbin (D) and Tammy Duckworth (D).", "Illinois has the average population of 12,419,293 people since 2010.", "Most of the people living in Illinois live near the city of Chicago.", "In Illinois, school children voted to select the state bird, state flower, and state tree.", "The state bird is the cardinal.", "The state flower of Illinois is the violet.", "The state tree is the white oak.", "Illinois's seal has an eagle in a prairie.", "Across a river, behind the eagle is a rising sun.", "The eagle stands for the United States.", "The prairie reminds Illinoisans of their land.", "The two dates on the seal, 1818 and 1868, are the year that Illinois became a state and the year that the state seal was designed.", "The state flag includes the state seal." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 234017, "normal_article_title": "The Province", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=234017", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-234017-0-0", "normal-234017-0-1", "normal-234017-1-0", "normal-234017-1-1", "normal-234017-2-0", "normal-234017-2-1", "normal-234017-2-2", "normal-234017-2-3", "normal-234017-2-4", "normal-234017-3-0", "normal-234017-3-1", "normal-234017-4-0", "normal-234017-5-0", "normal-234017-5-1", "normal-234017-6-0", "normal-234017-6-1", "normal-234017-6-2", "normal-234017-6-3", "normal-234017-6-4", "normal-234017-7-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Province is a daily tabloid newspaper published in British Columbia by Pacific Newspaper Group, a division of Postmedia Network Inc., alongside the \"Vancouver Sun\" broadsheet newspaper.", "The two are the only major daily newspapers in British Columbia.", "Formerly a broadsheet, \"The Province\" later became tabloid paper-size.", "It publishes daily except Saturdays and selected holidays.", "In 1923, the Southam family bought \"The Province\".", "By 1945 the paper's printers went out on strike.", "\"The Province\" had been the best selling newspaper in Vancouver, ahead of the \"Vancouver Sun\" and \"News Herald\".", "As a result of the six-week strike, it lost significant market share, at one point falling to third place.", "In 1957, \"The Province\" and the \"Vancouver Sun\" were sold to Pacific Press Limited which was jointly owned by both newspaper companies.", "The Province Empty Stocking Fund is dedicated to making the holidays brighter for many of those in BC who are less fortunate.", "Over the years, the fund has given hundreds of thousands of disadvantaged children and needy families a cause to celebrate – all because of the generosity of supporters who read about the effects of the Empty Stocking Fund in a series of Province newspaper articles in November and December.", "Administration costs for the Province Empty Stocking Fund campaign are covered by The Province Newspaper.", "\"The Province\" has seen, like most Canadian daily newspapers, a decline in circulation.", "Its total circulation dropped by percent to 114,467 copies daily from 2009 to 2015.", "At 2 p.m. on March 23, 1922, the \"Province\" launched radio station CFCB, with news and stock market reports.", "There were news bulletins throughout the day, followed by music.", "Sign off was at 10 p.m.", "The station's name changed to CKCD in 1923 and it moved to 730 kHz in 1925.", "In 1933 the paper turned its operations over to the Pacific Broadcasting Co., while continuing to supply news reports to the station.", "In 1936, the newly formed Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, established to function as both broadcaster and broadcasting regulator (taking over the latter function from previous regulator the Department of Marine and Fisheries), asked CKCD to relinquish its licence, and the station signed off for the last time in February 1940." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 295915, "simple_article_title": "The Province", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=295915", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-295915-0-0", "simple-295915-0-1", "simple-295915-0-2", "simple-295915-0-3", "simple-295915-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Province is a newspaper that serves the British Columbia province in Canada.", "The Province was founded in 1898.", "The paper was bought in 1923 by a Southam family.", "The newspaper runs daily and is the most read newspaper in the province of British Columbia with The Vancouver Sun coming in second place.", "The newspaper also had a radio station named CFCB and it relinquished its licence in February of 1940 after the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation told it to." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4506, "normal_article_title": "Bongo (antelope)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4506", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4506-0-0", "normal-4506-1-0", "normal-4506-1-1", "normal-4506-1-2", "normal-4506-2-0", "normal-4506-3-0", "normal-4506-3-1", "normal-4506-3-2", "normal-4506-4-0", "normal-4506-4-1", "normal-4506-5-0", "normal-4506-5-1", "normal-4506-5-2", "normal-4506-5-3", "normal-4506-5-4", "normal-4506-5-5", "normal-4506-6-0", "normal-4506-6-1", "normal-4506-6-2", "normal-4506-6-3", "normal-4506-7-0", "normal-4506-7-1", "normal-4506-8-0", "normal-4506-8-1", "normal-4506-8-2", "normal-4506-8-3", "normal-4506-9-0", "normal-4506-9-1", "normal-4506-10-0", "normal-4506-10-1", "normal-4506-10-2", "normal-4506-10-3", "normal-4506-11-0", "normal-4506-11-1", "normal-4506-11-2", "normal-4506-11-3", "normal-4506-12-0", "normal-4506-12-1", "normal-4506-12-2", "normal-4506-12-3", "normal-4506-12-4", "normal-4506-13-0", "normal-4506-13-1", "normal-4506-13-2", "normal-4506-14-0", "normal-4506-14-1", "normal-4506-14-2", "normal-4506-14-3", "normal-4506-15-0", "normal-4506-15-1", "normal-4506-15-2", "normal-4506-16-0", "normal-4506-16-1", "normal-4506-16-2", "normal-4506-16-3", "normal-4506-16-4", "normal-4506-16-5", "normal-4506-16-6", "normal-4506-16-7", "normal-4506-16-8", "normal-4506-16-9", "normal-4506-16-10", "normal-4506-16-11", "normal-4506-17-0", "normal-4506-17-1", "normal-4506-17-2", "normal-4506-17-3", "normal-4506-17-4", "normal-4506-18-0", "normal-4506-18-1", "normal-4506-18-2", "normal-4506-19-0", "normal-4506-19-1", "normal-4506-19-2", "normal-4506-20-0", "normal-4506-21-0", "normal-4506-21-1", "normal-4506-22-0", "normal-4506-22-1", "normal-4506-22-2", "normal-4506-22-3", "normal-4506-23-0", "normal-4506-24-0", "normal-4506-24-1", "normal-4506-24-2", "normal-4506-24-3", "normal-4506-24-4", "normal-4506-25-0", "normal-4506-25-1", "normal-4506-26-0", "normal-4506-26-1", "normal-4506-26-2", "normal-4506-26-3", "normal-4506-26-4", "normal-4506-27-0", "normal-4506-27-1", "normal-4506-27-2", "normal-4506-27-3", "normal-4506-27-4", "normal-4506-27-5", "normal-4506-27-6", "normal-4506-28-0", "normal-4506-28-1", "normal-4506-28-2", "normal-4506-29-0", "normal-4506-29-1", "normal-4506-29-2", "normal-4506-30-0", "normal-4506-30-1", "normal-4506-30-2", "normal-4506-31-0", "normal-4506-31-1", "normal-4506-31-2", "normal-4506-32-0", "normal-4506-33-0", "normal-4506-33-1", "normal-4506-33-2", "normal-4506-33-3", "normal-4506-33-4", "normal-4506-34-0", "normal-4506-34-1", "normal-4506-34-2", "normal-4506-35-0", "normal-4506-35-1", "normal-4506-35-2", "normal-4506-35-3", "normal-4506-36-0", "normal-4506-36-1", "normal-4506-37-0", "normal-4506-38-0", "normal-4506-38-1", "normal-4506-38-2", "normal-4506-39-0", "normal-4506-39-1", "normal-4506-40-0", "normal-4506-40-1", "normal-4506-40-2", "normal-4506-40-3", "normal-4506-40-4", "normal-4506-40-5", "normal-4506-40-6", "normal-4506-40-7", "normal-4506-40-8", "normal-4506-41-0", "normal-4506-41-1", "normal-4506-41-2", "normal-4506-41-3", "normal-4506-41-4", "normal-4506-41-5", "normal-4506-42-0", "normal-4506-42-1", "normal-4506-43-0", "normal-4506-43-1", "normal-4506-43-2", "normal-4506-43-3", "normal-4506-44-0", "normal-4506-44-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The bongo (\"Tragelaphus eurycerus\") is a herbivorous, mostly nocturnal forest ungulate.", "Bongos are characterised by a striking reddish-brown coat, black and white markings, white-yellow stripes and long slightly spiralled horns.", "Indeed, bongos are the only tragelaphid in which both sexes have horns.", "They have a complex social interaction and are found in African dense forest mosaics.", "The western or lowland bongo, \"T. e. eurycerus\", faces an ongoing population decline, and the IUCN Antelope Specialist Group considers it to be Near Threatened on the conservation status scale.", "The eastern or mountain bongo, \"T. e. isaaci\", of Kenya, has a coat even more vibrant than that of \"T. e. eurycerus\".", "The mountain bongo is only found in the wild in one remote region of central Kenya.", "This bongo is classified by the IUCN Antelope Specialist Group as Critically Endangered, with more specimens in captivity than in the wild.", "In 2000, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in the USA (AZA) upgraded the bongo to a Species Survival Plan participant and in 2006 added the Bongo Restoration to Mount Kenya Project to its list of the Top Ten Wildlife Conservation Success Stories of the year.", "However, in 2013, it seems, these successes have been negated with reports of possibly only 100 mountain bongos left in the wild due to logging and poaching.", "The scientific name of the bongo is \"Tragelaphus eurycerus\", and it belongs to the genus \"Tragelaphus\" and family Bovidae.", "It was first described by Irish naturalist William Ogilby in 1837.", "The generic name \"Tragelaphus\" is composed of two Greek words: \"tragos\", meaning a male goat; and \"elaphos\", meaning deer.", "The specific name \"eurycerus\" originated from the fusion of \"eurus\" (broad, widespread) and \"keras\" (an animal's horn).", "The common name \"bongo\" originated probably from the Kele language of Gabon.", "The first known use of the name \"bongo\" dates back to 1861.", "Bongos are further classified into two subspecies: \"T. e. eurycerus\", the lowland or western bongo, and the far rarer \"T. e. isaaci\", the mountain or eastern bongo, restricted to the mountains of Kenya only.", "The eastern bongo is larger and heavier than the western bongo.", "Two other subspecies are described from West and Central Africa, but taxonomic clarification is required.", "They have been observed to live up to 19 years.", "Bongos are one of the largest of the forest antelopes.", "In addition to the deep chestnut colour of their coats, they have bright white stripes on their sides to help with camouflage.", "Adults of both sexes are similar in size.", "Adult height is about 1.1 to at the shoulder and length is 2.15 to , including a tail of 45 - .", "Females weigh around 150 – , while males weigh about 220 – .", "Its large size puts it as the third-largest in the Bovidae tribe of Strepsicerotini, behind both the common and greater elands by about 300 kg , and above the greater kudu by about 40 kg .", "Both sexes have heavy spiral horns; those of the male are longer and more massive.", "All bongos in captivity are from the isolated Aberdare Mountains of central Kenya.", "The bongo sports a bright auburn or chestnut coat, with the neck, chest, and legs generally darker than the rest of the body.", "Coats of male bongos become darker as they age until they reach a dark mahogany-brown colour.", "Coats of female bongos are usually more brightly coloured than those of males.", "The eastern bongo is darker in color than the western and this is especially pronounced in older males which tend to be chestnut brown, especially on the forepart of their bodies.", "The pigmentation in the coat rubs off quite easily; anecdotal reports suggest rain running off a bongo may be tinted red with pigment.", "The smooth coat is marked with 10–15 vertical white-yellow stripes, spread along the back from the base of the neck to the rump.", "The number of stripes on each side is rarely the same.", "It also has a short, bristly, brown ridge of dorsal hair from the shoulder to the rump; the white stripes run into this ridge.", "A white chevron appears between the eyes, and two large white spots grace each cheek.", "Another white chevron occurs where the neck meets the chest.", "The large ears are to sharpen hearing, and the distinctive coloration may help bongos identify one another in their dark forest habitats.", "Bongos have no special secretion glands, so rely less on scent to find one another than do other similar antelopes.", "The lips of a bongo are white, topped with a black muzzle.", "Bongos have two heavy and slightly spiralled horns that slope over their backs, and like many other antelope species, both male and female bongos have horns.", "Bongos are the only tragelaphids in which both sexes have horns.", "The horns of bongos are in the form of a lyre and bear a resemblance to those of the related antelope species of nyalas, sitatungas, bushbucks, kudus and elands.", "Unlike deer, which have branched antlers shed annually, bongos and other antelopes have pointed horns they keep throughout their lives.", "Males have massive backswept horns, while females have smaller, thinner, and more parallel horns.", "The size of the horns range between 75 and .", "The horns twist once.", "Like all other horns of antelopes, the core of a bongo's horn is hollow and the outer layer of the horn is made of keratin, the same material that makes up human fingernails, toenails.", "The bongo runs gracefully and at full speed through even the thickest tangles of lianas, laying its heavy spiralled horns on its back so the brush cannot impede its flight.", "Bongos are hunted for their horns by humans.", "Like other forest ungulates, bongos are seldom seen in large groups.", "Males, called bulls, tend to be solitary, while females with young live in groups of six to eight.", "Bongos have seldom been seen in herds of more than 20.", "Gestation is about 285 days (9.5 months), with one young per birth, and weaning occurs at six months.", "Sexual maturity is reached at 24–27 months.", "The preferred habitat of this species is so dense and difficult to operate in, that few Europeans or Americans observed this species until the 1960s.", "As young males mature and leave their maternal groups, they most often remain solitary, although rarely they join an older male.", "Adult males of similar size/age tend to avoid one another.", "Occasionally, they meet and spar with their horns in a ritualised manner and it is rare for serious fights to take place.", "However, such fights are usually discouraged by visual displays, in which the males bulge their necks, roll their eyes, and hold their horns in a vertical position while slowly pacing back and forth in front of the other male.", "They seek out females only during mating time.", "When they are with a herd of females, males do not coerce them or try to restrict their movements as do some other antelopes.", "Although mostly nocturnal, they are occasionally active during the day.", "However, like deer, bongos may exhibit crepuscular behaviour.", "Bongos are both timid and easily frightened; after a scare, a bongo moves away at considerable speed, even through dense undergrowth.", "Once they find cover, they stay alert and face away from the disturbance, but peek every now and then to check the situation.", "The bongo's hindquarters are less conspicuous than the forequarters, and from this position the animal can quickly flee.", "When in distress, the bongo emits a bleat.", "It uses a limited number of vocalisations, mostly grunts and snorts; females have a weak mooing contact-call for their young.", "Females prefer to use traditional calving grounds restricted to certain areas, while newborn calves lie in hiding for a week or more, receiving short visits by the mother to suckle.", "The calves grow rapidly and can soon accompany their mothers in the nursery herds.", "Their horns grow rapidly and begin to show in 3.5 months.", "They are weaned after six months and reach sexual maturity at about 20 months.", "Bongos are found in tropical jungles with dense undergrowth up to an altitude of 4,000 m in Central Africa, with isolated populations in Kenya, and these West African countries: Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, South Sudan.", "Historically, bongos are found in three disjunct parts of Africa: East, Central and West.", "Today, all three populations’ ranges have shrunk in size due to habitat loss for agriculture and uncontrolled timber cutting, as well as hunting for meat.", "Bongos favour disturbed forest mosaics that provide fresh, low-level green vegetation.", "Such habitats may be promoted by heavy browsing by elephants, fires, flooding, tree-felling (natural or by logging), and fallowing.", "Mass bamboo die-off provides ideal habitat in East Africa.", "They can live in bamboo forests.", "Like many forest ungulates, bongos are herbivorous browsers and feed on leaves, bushes, vines, bark and pith of rotting trees, grasses/herbs, roots, cereals, and fruits.", "Bongos require salt in their diets, and are known to regularly visit natural salt licks.", "Examination of bongo feces revealed that charcoal from trees burnt by lightning is consumed.", "This behavior is believed to be a means of getting salts and minerals into their diets.", "This behavior has also been reported in the okapi.", "Another similarity to the okapi, though the bongo is unrelated, is that the bongo has a long prehensile tongue which it uses to grasp grasses and leaves.", "Suitable habitats for bongos must have permanent water available.", "As a large animal, the bongo requires an ample amount of food, and is restricted to areas with abundant year-round growth of herbs and low shrubs.", "Few estimates of population density are available.", "Assuming average population densities of 0.25 animals per km in regions where it is known to be common or abundant, and 0.02 per km elsewhere, and with a total area of occupancy of 327,000 km, a total population estimate of around 28,000 is suggested.", "Only about 60% are in protected areas, suggesting the actual numbers of the lowland subspecies may only be in the low tens of thousands.", "In Kenya, their numbers have declined significantly and on Mt. Kenya, they were within the last decade due to illegal hunting with dogs.", "Although information on their status in the wild is lacking, lowland bongos are not presently considered endangered.", "Bongos are susceptible to diseases such as rinderpest, which almost exterminated the species during the 1890s.", "\"Tragelaphus eurycerus\" may suffer from goitre.", "Over the course of the disease, the thyroid glands greatly enlarge (up to 10 x 20 cm) and may become polycystic.", "Pathogenesis of goiter in the bongo may reflect a mixture of genetic predisposition coupled with environmental factors, including a period of exposure to a goitrogen.", "Leopards and spotted hyenas are the primary natural predators (lions are seldom encountered due to differing habitat preferences); pythons sometimes eat bongo calves.", "Humans prey on them for their pelts, horns, and meat, with the species being a common local source for \"bush meat\".", "Bongo populations have been greatly reduced by hunting, poaching, and animal trapping, although some bongo refuges exist.", "Although bongos are quite easy for humans to catch using snares, many people native to the bongos' habitat believed that if they ate or touched bongo, they would have spasms similar to epileptic seizures.", "Because of this superstition, bongos were less harmed in their native ranges than expected.", "However, these taboos are said no longer to exist, which may account for increased hunting by humans in recent times.", "An international studbook is maintained to help manage animals held in captivity.", "Because of its bright colour, it is very popular in zoos and private collections.", "In North America, over 400 individuals are thought to be held, a population that probably exceeds that of the mountain bongo in the wild.", "In 2000, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) upgraded the bongo to a Species Survival Plan participant, which works to improve the genetic diversity of managed animal populations.", "The target population for participating zoos and private collections in North America is 250 animals.", "Through the efforts of zoos in North America, a reintroduction to the population in Kenya is being developed.", "At least one collaborative effort for reintroduction between North American wildlife facilities has already been carried out.", "In 2004, 18 eastern bongos born in North American zoos gathered at White Oak Conservation in Yulee, Florida for release in Kenya.", "White Oak staff members traveled with the bongos to a Mt. Kenya holding facility, where they stayed until being reintroduced.", "In the last few decades, a rapid decline in the numbers of wild mountain bongo has occurred due to poaching and human pressure on their habitat, with local extinctions reported in Cherangani and Chepalungu hills, Kenya.", "The Bongo Surveillance Programme, working alongside the Kenya Wildlife Service, have recorded photos of bongos at remote salt licks in the Aberdare Forests using camera traps, and, by analyzing DNA extracted from dung, have confirmed the presence of bongo in Mount Kenya, Eburru and Mau forests.", "The programme estimate as few as 140 animals left in the wild – spread across four isolated populations.", "Whilst captive breeding programmes can be viewed as having been successful in ensuring survival of this species in Europe and North America, the situation in the wild has been less promising.", "Evidence exists of bongo surviving in Kenya.", "However, these populations are believed to be small, fragmented, and vulnerable to extinction.", "Animal populations with impoverished genetic diversity are inherently less able to adapt to changes in their environments (such as climate change, disease outbreaks, habitat change, etc.).", "The isolation of the four remaining small bongo populations, which themselves would appear to be in decline, means a substantial amount of genetic material is lost each generation.", "Whilst the population remains small, the impact of transfers will be greater, so the establishment of a \"metapopulation management plan\" occurs concurrently with conservation initiatives to enhance \"in situ\" population growth, and this initiative is both urgent and fundamental to the future survival of mountain bongo in the wild.", "The western/lowland bongo faces an ongoing population decline as habitat destruction and hunting pressures increase with the relentless expansion of human settlement.", "Its long-term survival will only be assured in areas which receive active protection and management.", "At present, such areas comprise about 30,000 km, and several are in countries where political stability is fragile.", "So, a realistic possibility exists whereby its status could decline to Threatened in the near future.", "As the largest and most spectacular forest antelope, the western/lowland bongo is both an important flagship species for protected areas such as national parks, and a major trophy species which has been taken in increasing numbers in Central Africa by sport hunters during the 1990s.", "Both of these factors are strong incentives to provide effective protection and management of populations.", "Trophy hunting has the potential to provide economic justification for the preservation of larger areas of bongo habitat than national parks, especially in remote regions of Central Africa, where possibilities for commercially successful tourism are very limited.", "The eastern/mountain bongo's survival in the wild is dependent on more effective protection of the surviving remnant populations in Kenya.", "If this does not occur, it will eventually become extinct in the wild.", "The existence of a healthy captive population of this subspecies offers the potential for its reintroduction.", "In 2004, Dr. Jake Veasey, the head of the Department of Animal Management and Conservation at Woburn Safari Park and a member of the European Association of Zoos and Aquariums Population Management Advisory Group, with the assistance of Lindsay Banks, took over responsibility for the management and coordination of the European Endangered Species Programme for the eastern bongo.", "This includes some 250 animals across Europe and the Middle East.", "Along with the Rothschild giraffe, the eastern bongo is arguably one of the most threatened large mammals in Africa, with recent estimates numbering less than 140 animals, below a minimum sustainable viable population.", "The situation is exacerbated because these animals are spread across four isolated populations.", "Whilst the bongo endangered species program can be viewed as having been successful in ensuring survival of this species in Europe, it has not yet become actively involved in the conservation of this species in the wild in a coordinated fashion.", "The plan is to engage in conservation activities in Kenya to assist in reversing the decline of the eastern bongo populations and genetic diversity in Africa, and in particular, applying population management expertise to help ensure the persistence of genetic diversity in the free ranging wild populations.", "To illustrate significance of genetic diversity loss, assume the average metapopulation size is 35 animals based on 140 animals spread across four populations (140/4=35).", "Assuming stable populations, these populations will lose 8% of their genetic diversity every decade.", "By managing all four populations as one, through strategic transfers, gene loss is reduced from 8% to 2% per decade, without any increase in bongo numbers in Kenya.", "By managing the European and African populations as one – by strategic exports from Europe combined with \"in situ\" transfers, gene loss is reduced to 0.72% every 100 years, with both populations remaining stable.", "If populations in Kenya are allowed to grow through the implementation of effective conservation, including strategic transfers, gene loss can be effectively halted in this species and its future secured in the wild.", "If effective protection were implemented immediately and bongo populations allowed to expand without transfers, then this would create a bigger population of genetically impoverished bongos.", "These animals would be less able to adapt to a dynamic environment.", "Whilst the population remains small, the impact of transfers will be greater.", "For this reason, the 'metapopulation management plan' must occur concurrently with conservation strategies to enhance \"in situ\" population growth.", "This initiative is both urgent and fundamental to the future survival of the mountain bongo in the wild.", "In 2013, SafariCom telecommunications donated money to the Bongo Surveillance Programme to try to keep tabs on what are thought to be the last 100 eastern bongos left in the wild in the Mau Eburu Forest in central Kenya, whose numbers are still declining due to logging of their habitat and illegal poaching.", "Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy runs a bongo rehabilitation program in collaboration with the Kenya Wildlife Service.", "The Conservancy aims to prevent extinction of the bongo through breeding and release back into the wild.", "In 2002 the IUCN listed the western/lowland species as Near Threatened.", "These bongos may be endangered due to human environmental interaction, as well as hunting and illegal actions towards wildlife.", "CITES lists bongos as an Appendix III species, only regulating their exportation from a single country, Ghana.", "It is not protected by the US Endangered Species Act and is not listed by the USFWS.", "The IUCN Antelope Specialist Group considers the western or lowland bongo, \"T. e. eurycerus\", to be Lower Risk (Near Threatened), and the eastern or mountain bongo, \"T. e. isaaci\", of Kenya, to be Critically Endangered.", "Other subspecific names have been used, but their validity has not been tested." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 302891, "simple_article_title": "Bongo (antelope)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=302891", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-302891-0-0", "simple-302891-0-1", "simple-302891-0-2", "simple-302891-0-3", "simple-302891-0-4", "simple-302891-0-5", "simple-302891-0-6", "simple-302891-1-0", "simple-302891-1-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Bongo (tragelaphus eurycerus) is a nocturnal antelope.", "It has two subspecies: the western or lowland bongo, and the eastern or mountain bongo.", "The western bongo is near threatened and the mountain bongo is critically endangered.", "They live in forests in Africa.", "Kenya is the only place eastern bongos live in the wild.", "Like the west African giraffe, the eastern or mountain bongo is one of the most threatened animals in Africa.", "Bongos live in both captivity and the wild.", "As bongos grow their horns appear.", "Both male and female bongos have horns." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 36894194, "normal_article_title": "Trézéguet (Egyptian footballer)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36894194", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-36894194-0-0", "normal-36894194-0-1", "normal-36894194-1-0", "normal-36894194-1-1", "normal-36894194-1-2", "normal-36894194-1-3", "normal-36894194-2-0", "normal-36894194-2-1", "normal-36894194-2-2", "normal-36894194-3-0", "normal-36894194-3-1", "normal-36894194-3-2", "normal-36894194-3-3", "normal-36894194-3-4", "normal-36894194-3-5", "normal-36894194-3-6", "normal-36894194-4-0", "normal-36894194-5-0", "normal-36894194-5-1", "normal-36894194-5-2", "normal-36894194-5-3", "normal-36894194-6-0", "normal-36894194-7-0", "normal-36894194-7-1", "normal-36894194-7-2", "normal-36894194-8-0", "normal-36894194-8-1", "normal-36894194-8-2", "normal-36894194-8-3", "normal-36894194-9-0", "normal-36894194-9-1", "normal-36894194-10-0", "normal-36894194-10-1", "normal-36894194-10-2", "normal-36894194-11-0", "normal-36894194-11-1", "normal-36894194-11-2", "normal-36894194-11-3", "normal-36894194-12-0", "normal-36894194-12-1", "normal-36894194-12-2", "normal-36894194-12-3", "normal-36894194-13-0", "normal-36894194-13-1", "normal-36894194-13-2", "normal-36894194-14-0", "normal-36894194-14-1", "normal-36894194-14-2", "normal-36894194-14-3", "normal-36894194-14-4", "normal-36894194-14-5", "normal-36894194-14-6", "normal-36894194-15-0", "normal-36894194-16-0", "normal-36894194-16-1", "normal-36894194-16-2", "normal-36894194-16-3", "normal-36894194-17-0", "normal-36894194-17-1", "normal-36894194-17-2", "normal-36894194-17-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Mahmoud Ahmed Ibrahim Hassan ( ; born 1 October 1994), commonly known as Trézéguet, is an Egyptian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Aston Villa and the Egypt national team.", "His nickname derives from the former French footballer David Trezeguet after his former youth coach noticed similarities between the pair in playing style and appearance.", "He began his career with Al Ahly, breaking into the first team at the age of 18 and helping them win the 2012 CAF Champions League and 2013 CAF Champions League.", "In 2015, he joined Belgian team Anderlecht and the move was later made permanent.", "However, he struggled to establish himself in the first team and spent the following two seasons on loan, first with fellow Belgian side Mouscron and later Turkish side Kasımpaşa.", "With Kasımpaşa, he became the highest scoring Egyptian player in the Turkish top flight in a single season which prompted the club to make the transfer permanent in 2018.", "Having represented Egypt at under-20 and under-23 level, Trézéguet made his full debut for the Egyptian senior side in 2014 at the age of 19 in a friendly against Kenya.", "He was named in Egypt's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, playing in all three group matches.", "To date, he has made 40 appearances for his country’s national team, scoring 6 goals.", "Born in Kafr El Sheikh, he was given the nickname Trézéguet at age nine by Badr Ragab, a youth coach at his school team, due to his goalscoring record for the team and resemblance to French international footballer David Trezeguet.", "Playing as a striker, he joined the youth academy at Al Ahly after turning down an offer to move to Qatar.", "He soon converted to playing as a midfielder in the youth academy following the advice of coach Ali Maher.", "After being promoted to the senior squad by manager Manuel José de Jesus, on the advice of Maher, he made his professional debut in the 2012 CAF Champions League as a substitute in place of Mohamed Aboutrika in a match against local rivals Zamalek.", "Jesus later described him as \"one of the best youngsters he’s ever came across.\"", "He made his first start for Al Ahly later in the competition against Ghanian side Berekum Chelsea.", "Al Ahly went on to win the Champions League although Trézéguet did not feature in the final.", "In April 2013, he was offered a trial for French side Nice after establishing himself in the first team at eighteen and playing in the U20 African Youth Cup, postponing the trial for a later date in order to help Al Ahly during an injury crisis that left them short of first team players.", "He was later offered a trial with English side Nottingham Forest but the club pulled out of a potential loan transfer with an option to buy after being unable to meet Al Ahly's valuation, stated at £1 million by Al Ahly's director of football Sayed Abdel-Hafiz.", "In December 2013, he was linked with Scottish club Celtic, who saw a bid of £420,000 rejected.", "However, he later ended speculation over his future by stating his intention to remain with Al Ahly until at least the end of the 2013–14 season.", "In January 2015, he won the Best Egypt-based Player Award at the annual Youth and Sports Broadcasting annual gala.", "After helping Al Ahly win the Egyptian Premier League title in the 2014–15 season, speculation over his future arose again after it was confirmed that they would \"listen to offers\" as the club began to experience financial difficulties The end of his season was disrupted after being ruled out for six weeks with a dislocated shoulder suffered during a 2–1 defeat to Tunisian side Club Africain.", "Despite Al Ahly director of football Wael Gomaa stating his desire for Trézéguet to remain with the club, describing him as \"one of the main elements of the team\", on 6 August 2015, Trézéguet joined Belgian side Anderlecht on loan for a fee of €1 million, with Anderlecht gaining an option to sign him on a permanent basis after the season-long loan for a further €2.5 million.", "His arrival at the club was disrupted by a broken shoulder sustained while training with his national team in the United Arab Emirates, ruling him out for several months after being forced to undergo surgery.", "Anderlecht manager Besnik Hasi stated his disappointment in the disruption of the loan spell and admitted that it had been difficult for the club to analyze Trézéguet's ability.", "Trézéguet returned to training in early December 2015, before making his competitive debut for Anderlecht on 27 December 2015 in a 2–1 victory over Westerlo when he replaced Dodi Lukebakio in the 82nd minute.", "Following his debut, Hasi described him as having \"great ability and the speed, and I can see a bright future for him.\"", "He made his first start for the club a month later in a 2–0 defeat to Gent.", "However, he was dropped from the side soon after with Hasi claiming that the language barrier was making it difficult for Trézéguet to understand the team's tactics, commenting \"He is a diligent player and trains well with us so ... but he rarely understands what we say,\" and that he was no longer considered the star player of the team as he had been with Al Ahly.", "In March 2016, Anderlecht announced they were considering exercising their option to sign Trézéguet permanently from Al Ahly for a reported transfer fee of €2.2 million, despite only making seven league appearances in his first season.", "In May the move was completed, with Trézéguet becoming the second most expensive sale in Al Ahly's history after Flávio Amado.", "He enjoyed a prolific pre-season prior to the 2016–17 season, scoring four times, earning praise from new manager René Weiler.", "However, the signing of Nicolae Stanciu prompted the club to offer Trézéguet out on loan in order to gain playing time, eventually joining fellow Belgian side Royal Excel Mouscron on a season-long loan deal.", "In his first seven appearances for the club, he was directly involved in five goals, scoring two and assisting three including a solo effort against Gent after starting a run from inside his own half, leading manager Glen De Boeck to label him the \"most talented player in our team.\"", "Mouscron became embroiled in a relegation battle but Trézéguet gained praise for his performances from Anderlecht coach Jean-Francois Lenvain, who continued working with him during his loan spell, and led former Anderlecht player Wim De Coninck to call for Trézéguet to be recalled by Anderlecht to replace Stanciu, remarking \"If he (Trézéguet) had the amount of chances Stanciu has now he’d be in a different place.\"", "In the final match of the season, Trézéguet scored the opening goal of a 2–0 victory over KV Kortrijk that saw Mouscron overtake Westerlo to avoid relegation from the Belgian First Division A.", "After featuring in the Europa League playoffs, he returned to Anderlecht at the end of his loan spell having scored seven goals during 28 appearances in all competitions.", "Prior to his return, it was reported that Anderlecht intended to sell Trézéguet due to manager Wilder deeming him \"not tactically disciplined\", an opinion supported by Mouscron manager Mircea Rednic who commented \"he runs in every part of the pitch except the part we need him to go to.\"", "After returning to Anderlecht, Trézéguet was linked with transfers to Turkish side Galatasaray and his former club Al Ahly and even considered terminating his contract with the club.", "He eventually joined Turkish side Kasımpaşa on a season-long loan deal with the club having the option to make the move permanent for €2 million.", "He made his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2017–18 season, scoring the opening goal of a 3–1 victory over Alanyaspor.", "He scored five goals in his first twelve appearances for Kasımpaşa, including a brace against Akhisar Belediyespor in the Turkish Cup, before his run in the first team was interrupted following a three match ban he received after being sent off in a match against Bursaspor.", "On his return, Trézéguet surpassed his previous career high goalscoring record for a single season after scoring his ninth goal on 4 February 2018.", "His tenth goal of the season, scored in the club's following match against Yeni Malatyaspor, saw him become only the seventh Egyptian player to reach double figures in a European league and also saw him surpass Ahmed Hassan's record for the most goals scored by an Egyptian player in the Turkish top flight.", "His performances saw the club activate their clause to make his transfer permanent.", "Despite signing permanently with the club in April, Trézéguet was subject to several transfer offers during the 2018 summer transfer window.", "He held talks with representatives of fellow Turkish side Galatasaray while attending a national team training camp in Italy, later describing the club as his preferred destination.", "A move to Italian side Inter Milan collapsed after the club stalled on completing the deal.", "The deal was to include spending the first year on loan with fellow Serie A side Parma due to Milan already reaching their foreign player quota for the upcoming season.", "A deal was later agreed with Czech side Slavia Prague, after the side met his €5 million release clause, but was placed on hold by Trézéguet despite personal terms being agreed and the player passing a medical.", "The transfer was eventually cancelled with Trézéguet declaring his desire to remain with Kasımpaşa.", "His performances during the 2017–18 season saw him nominated for the Süper Lig Player of the Year award, losing out to Bafétimbi Gomis.", "On 24 July 2019, Trézéguet joined Premier League side Aston Villa for a fee of £8.75 million, subject to work visa and international clearance.", "Trézéguet represented Egypt at U20 level, being named in the squad for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup.", "In his side's final group game, he scored the opening goal during a 2–0 victory over England on 20 June 2013, dribbling past two players before scoring.", "However, despite their victory, Egypt were eliminated in the group stage after finishing third.", "Trézéguet made his debut with the senior national team on 30 August 2014 when he was 19 years and 10 months old in a 1–0 victory over Kenya, before scoring his first senior goal in his third appearance during a 2–0 victory over Equatorial Guinea.", "He was chosen by Héctor Cúper for the squad to play the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, where he was a regular in the team's starting lineup; he helped his nation to reach the final of the tournament, losing 2–1 against Cameroon.", "He later credited Cúper for his improved form in the Cup of Nations and qualifying matches for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, where he came on as a substitute during his country's decisive qualifying victory over DR Congo, stating \"He is a coach who respects those who exert efforts in training and matches.\"", "In May 2018, he was named in Egypt’s preliminary squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.", "After being included in the final 23-man squad, he started all three of Egypt's group matches, defeats to Uruguay, Russia and Saudi Arabia, as they were eliminated in the group stage." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 638789, "simple_article_title": "Mahmoud Hassan (footballer)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=638789", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-638789-0-0", "simple-638789-0-1", "simple-638789-1-0", "simple-638789-1-1", "simple-638789-1-2", "simple-638789-1-3", "simple-638789-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Mahmoud Ibrahim Hassan (; born 1 October 1994), or Trézéguet, is an Egyptian professional footballer.", "He plays as a midfielder for the Egypt national team.", "He began his career with Al Ahly.", "Then, he was loaned to Anderlecht in 2015.", "Anderlecht then bought him permanently.", "He was loaned for the following two seasons to Mouscron and then Kasımpaşa.", "Trézéguet played his first match for Egypt national team in 2014, at age 19." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 21040, "normal_article_title": "Mafic", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21040", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-21040-0-0", "normal-21040-0-1", "normal-21040-0-2", "normal-21040-0-3", "normal-21040-1-0", "normal-21040-1-1", "normal-21040-1-2", "normal-21040-1-3", "normal-21040-2-0", "normal-21040-2-1", "normal-21040-2-2", "normal-21040-2-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Mafic is an adjective describing a silicate mineral or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron, and is thus a portmanteau of magnesium and ferric.", "Most mafic minerals are dark in color, and common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite.", "Common mafic rocks include basalt, diabase and gabbro.", "Mafic rocks often also contain calcium-rich varieties of plagioclase feldspar.", "Chemically, mafic rocks are enriched in iron, magnesium and calcium and typically dark in color.", "In contrast the felsic rocks are typically light in color and enriched in aluminium and silicon along with potassium and sodium.", "The mafic rocks also typically have a higher density than felsic rocks.", "The term roughly corresponds to the older \"basic rock\" class.", "Mafic lava, before cooling, has a low viscosity, in comparison with felsic lava, due to the lower silica content in mafic magma.", "Water and other volatiles can more easily and gradually escape from mafic lava.", "As a result, eruptions of volcanoes made of mafic lavas are less explosively violent than felsic-lava eruptions.", "Most mafic-lava volcanoes are shield volcanoes, like those in Hawaii." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 77037, "simple_article_title": "Mafic", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=77037", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-77037-0-0", "simple-77037-0-1", "simple-77037-1-0", "simple-77037-1-1", "simple-77037-1-2", "simple-77037-2-0", "simple-77037-2-1", "simple-77037-3-0", "simple-77037-3-1", "simple-77037-3-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Mafic is an adjective describing a silicate mineral or igneous rock which is rich in magnesium and iron.", "The term is a portmanteau, made up from \"magnesium\" and \"ferric\".", "Mafic minerals are usually dark in color and have a specific gravity greater than 3.", "Common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite and other micas, augite and the calcium-rich plagioclase feldspars.", "Common mafic rocks include basalt and gabbro.", "In terms of chemistry, mafic rocks are on the other side of the rock spectrum from the so-called felsic rocks.", "The term roughly corresponds to the older \"basic\" rock class.", "Mafic lava, before cooling, has a lower viscosity than felsic lava due to its lower silica content.", "Water and other volatiles can more easily and gradually escape from mafic lava, so eruptions of volcanoes made of mafic lavas are less explosively violent than felsic lava eruptions.", "Most mafic lava volcanoes are oceanic volcanoes, like Hawaii." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 272536, "normal_article_title": "North London line", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=272536", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-272536-0-0", "normal-272536-0-1", "normal-272536-1-0", "normal-272536-1-1", "normal-272536-1-2", "normal-272536-2-0", "normal-272536-2-1", "normal-272536-3-0", "normal-272536-4-0", "normal-272536-4-1", "normal-272536-4-2", "normal-272536-5-0", "normal-272536-5-1", "normal-272536-5-2", "normal-272536-5-3", "normal-272536-6-0", "normal-272536-6-1", "normal-272536-6-2", "normal-272536-7-0", "normal-272536-7-1", "normal-272536-7-2", "normal-272536-7-3", "normal-272536-8-0", "normal-272536-8-1", "normal-272536-8-2", "normal-272536-8-3", "normal-272536-9-0", "normal-272536-9-1", "normal-272536-9-2", "normal-272536-9-3", "normal-272536-10-0", "normal-272536-10-1", "normal-272536-10-2", "normal-272536-11-0", "normal-272536-11-1", "normal-272536-11-2", "normal-272536-11-3", "normal-272536-12-0", "normal-272536-12-1", "normal-272536-12-2", "normal-272536-12-3", "normal-272536-12-4", "normal-272536-12-5", "normal-272536-12-6", "normal-272536-13-0", "normal-272536-13-1", "normal-272536-13-2", "normal-272536-13-3", "normal-272536-13-4", "normal-272536-14-0", "normal-272536-14-1", "normal-272536-14-2", "normal-272536-14-3", "normal-272536-15-0", "normal-272536-15-1", "normal-272536-15-2", "normal-272536-15-3", "normal-272536-15-4", "normal-272536-15-5", "normal-272536-15-6", "normal-272536-15-7", "normal-272536-15-8", "normal-272536-16-0", "normal-272536-16-1", "normal-272536-17-0", "normal-272536-17-1", "normal-272536-17-2", "normal-272536-17-3", "normal-272536-17-4", "normal-272536-17-5", "normal-272536-17-6", "normal-272536-17-7", "normal-272536-17-8", "normal-272536-18-0", "normal-272536-18-1", "normal-272536-19-0", "normal-272536-19-1", "normal-272536-19-2", "normal-272536-19-3", "normal-272536-20-0", "normal-272536-21-0", "normal-272536-22-0", "normal-272536-22-1", "normal-272536-23-0", "normal-272536-24-0", "normal-272536-24-1", "normal-272536-25-0", "normal-272536-25-1", "normal-272536-26-0", "normal-272536-27-0", "normal-272536-27-1", "normal-272536-27-2", "normal-272536-28-0", "normal-272536-28-1", "normal-272536-29-0", "normal-272536-29-1", "normal-272536-30-0", "normal-272536-31-0", "normal-272536-31-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The North London line (NLL) is a railway line which passes through the inner suburbs of west, north-west and north London, England between Richmond in the south-west and Stratford in the east, avoiding central London.", "Its route is a rough semicircle.", "Although much of it originated as part of the North London Railway, the current route is the result of a series of amalgamations, closures and reopenings, and has a mix of third-rail and overhead electrical power supply.", "It remains heavily used by freight services in addition to the main London Overground (LO) service.", "Between Richmond and Gunnersbury, London Underground's District line shares tracks with London Overground services; the entire route is owned and maintained by Network Rail.", "The line closed in February 2010 between and for the installation of a new signalling system and the rebuilding or extension of platforms to allow four-car trains to run on the line; most NLL platforms had been reduced in usable length (where they had not been originally short) in the late 1960s when services were reduced to three-carriage trains only.", "The line reopened on 1 June 2010 with a reduced service and none on Sundays, and with the upgrade work completed, the full seven-day service resumed on 22 May 2011.", "The line from Broad Street to Kew Bridge and Richmond was electrified by the LNWR in 1916 on the fourth-rail DC system.", "In 1944, passenger services on the NLR Poplar branch ceased.", "Freight traffic continued on the branch to the docks on the Isle of Dogs until 1980.", "The trackbed of the southern part of the branch, from Poplar to Bow, was used for the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) branch to Stratford.", "The service was listed for closure in the 1963 Beeching Report, with losses claimed as being £69,000 per year .", "It was saved after a huge campaign.", "The line was Grant Aided under the Transport Act 1968 and came under threat when the Conservative Government of 1970–71 proposed to reduce Grant Aid funding.", "That threat, eventually lifted, led to the founding of a new campaign group, the North London Line Committee, which tried to work with British Rail management to promote the service.", "In 1979, the North Woolwich to Stratford service was extended to Camden Road as the CrossTown LinkLine service, using the same Cravens-built diesel multiple unit trains.", "There were no intermediate stations until, in 1980, Hackney Wick was opened, near the site of the former Victoria Park station and Hackney Central was re-opened; then Homerton re-opened in 1985 (the two latter stations had closed in 1944).", "New platforms were built at West Ham for interchange with the adjacent Underground station.", "The line was originally operated by steam-hauled trains which were replaced after electrification by London and North Western Railway EMUs built from 1914 and augmented by later EMUs built in the 1930s by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.", "These had all been replaced by the early 1960s with dedicated short-wheelbase trains (shared with the Watford DC line) built by the Southern Region at Eastleigh (using underframes built at Ashford) from 1957 which were later designated by British Railways as Class 501.", "These were succeeded by Southern Region Class 416 EMU for a short period, these units being allocated to Selhurst depot in south London.", "Class 416 trains were in turn succeeded by Class 313 EMUs, which worked the route until 2010 when London Overground introduced Class 378 \"Capitalstar\" four-car dual-voltage electric trains compatible with both 750 V DC third-rail and 25 kV AC overhead power sources, and all of these units were by 2017 operating in 5-car formations to address the additional demand on the route.", "In the 1980s, Broad Street station closed and the Tottenham Hale–Stratford link and the station at Lea Bridge ceased to be used by regular passenger trains.", "The line between Dalston and North Woolwich was electrified on the third-rail system and Broad Street services were diverted to North Woolwich using former Southern Region 2-EPB types built in the 1950s.", "The two-car trains soon proved too small and were replaced by three-car Class 313 electric multiple units.", "The new service was branded by British Rail as the \"North London Link\", and some signs using this name still exist.", "In December 2006, as with the Poplar branch (see above), the line between Stratford and North Woolwich was permanently closed to make a way for a future DLR extension from to Stratford International (opened February 2011).", "The section south of Canning Town was not used by the DLR, as it is largely duplicated by the DLR King George V branch.", "Instead, the section will become part of Crossrail's branch to (opening 2019).", "The section south of Stratford had always been the 'Cinderella' end of the line, in that when there were operating problems it was common for trains to be turned short at Stratford.", "Despite favourable performance figures, the North London line used to be regarded by frequent travellers as offering a poor and unreliable service with extremely congested trains which were often cancelled shortly before they were due to arrive.", "A 2006 London Assembly report described the current service as \"shabby, unreliable, unsafe and overcrowded\", proposing the transfer of the service to Transport for London (TfL) as a solution to improve the quality of the service due to upgrade plans which coincided with the extension of the East London line.", "A report on the line can be found on the London Assembly website.", "The North London line, as part of Silverlink, along with the West London line, Gospel Oak to Barking Line and the Watford DC Line, was transferred to Transport for London (TfL) in 2007 to form its new London Overground service.", "TfL began to remodel stations, integrate lines and following the transfer and extension of the East London line, aims to create an orbital rail service.", "TfL also brought in new trains and the line, which previously appeared on tube maps following a public campaign, gained its own colour.", "TfL extensively refurbished and upgraded the line.", "In addition to the primary - Richmond service, there were services that linked Broad Street with and on the Watford DC line.", "Most of these were routed via the line between and Camden Road, calling at although some travelled via and joined the DC line at .", "Prior to electrification in the 1960s, other services ran as far as Tring on the West Coast Main Line via Primrose Hill and Willesden Junction Main Line (now demolished).", "By the time that Broad Street closed in 1986, the Watford services operated only in the rush hours; they were diverted to Liverpool Street by way of a new link in Hackney, known as the Graham Road Curve.", "Trains were frequently cancelled owing to rolling stock shortages; these circumstances had begun some years earlier with service reductions and scrapping of trains in the late 1960s, followed in later years by closure of depots at Croxley Green and Stonebridge Park preventing stabling of spare stock.", "Along with what eventually became a lack of trains timetabled to serve Liverpool Street to match the needs of rush-hour passengers, this inevitably led to falling patronage.", "British Rail applied to close the service in 1990, and the last trains ran two years later.", "In 2000, Anglia Railways started a service between and , utilising parts of the North London line.", "The service was called London Crosslink and ran up to five times a day at roughly two-hourly intervals.", "The service called only at principal stations such as , and .", "On the North London line, the trains called only at , , Camden Road (some services), and Willesden Junction.", "The service was withdrawn in 2002.", "The AC electrification of the eastern part of the North London line uses the previously unelectrified northern pair of tracks, which were also partially singled at the same time.", "Between and Highbury & Islington, there is a line which links to the East Coast Main Line at .", "This used to carry passenger trains to and from various main line stations (such as Edgware, Alexandra Palace, , and others) over part of the North London line to Broad Street Station; however, with the electrification of the Great Northern Electrics suburban lines in 1976, trains were diverted into and London King's Cross stations, so since then this link has only been used for freight trains.", "It too was singled concurrent with the AC electrification of the eastern part of the North London line.", "Most of the line runs in a curve across north London.", "Only and stations at the western end are south of the River Thames.", "The river crossing is made by Kew Railway Bridge on tracks which are shared with the London Underground District line.", "The location of the eastern extremity has varied over the years.", "Between 1944 and 1986, it was at Broad Street station; then it was switched to .", "Later, it was cut back to .", "A tunnel, the Hampstead Heath tunnel, runs under Hampstead between and .", "The line is double track throughout, with a mix of triple and quadruple track between Camden Road and .", "The former North Woolwich branch included a section of single track between Custom House and North Woolwich stations, and the Broad Street branch was at one time formed of quadruple track.", "During the February–May 2010 blockade, the , and stations were rebuilt to allow the extended East London line to serve Highbury & Islington on fully segregated tracks on the south side of the cutting.", "Under the reinstated four-track arrangement, the North London line moved to the north side of the cutting between Dalston Kingsland and Highbury & Islington, before switching to the inner pair of tracks towards the former Maiden Lane station, leaving the outer pair for freight use only.", "Originally, the line was electrified in 1914–15 using the fourth rail +420 V / -210 V system, as used by London Underground.", "This was changed in the 1970s to +630 V / 0 V; the trains (then EMUs of a design unique to this and the DC line) were modified to the same basic traction supply arrangements as SR 3rd rail EMUs; the centre/negative current rail was removed except where coincident four-rail running was required between Richmond and Gunnersbury for the Underground trains that share this section, the centre rail there being bonded to the running rail used for current return.", "The line is now electrified using that same third rail system from Richmond to , but with overhead lines now used from Acton Central to Stratford.", "The line into Broad Street used third-rail supply and, when the through service to North Woolwich started in 1985, trains used the third rail throughout.", "When the trains were replaced a few years later by dual-voltage Class 313 trains, it became possible to use the overhead line equipment which had been added to parts of the line for the benefit of freight trains; there had been some unexpected difficulties with earth currents from the third rail system which this overcame.", "This use was steadily extended, and trains had to make a number of changes between traction current supplies during their short journey; these were at Hackney Wick, Dalston Kingsland, Camden Road and Acton Central.", "With the final upgrade of the line between Camden Road and Stratford, the need to change traction current systems on this stretch was eliminated, and now the only changeover takes place at Acton Central for the short section to Richmond.", "The line ran on third rail throughout the 1980s until 1996 when it was closed for conversion to overhead lines.", "In 2010, the last of the third-rail sections around Camden Road station were completely removed.", "The line crosses, or comes into contact with, a very large number of other railway lines, especially lines radiating from central London.", "This does provide opportunities to move between different sectors of suburban London without having to enter the central zone.", "Trains run seven days a week, from approximately 06:00 (09:00 Sundays) until 23:30.", "During peak times, there are four trains per hour between Richmond and Stratford.", "Four trains per hour also operate between Clapham Junction and Stratford on the West London line service, making up a total of eight trains per hour between Willesden Junction and Stratford.", "During off-peak times, there are four trains per hour between Richmond and Stratford, and four trains per hour on the West London line between Clapham Junction and Willesden Junction, with two of these per hour continuing to Stratford, making up a total of six trains per hour between Willesden Junction and Stratford.", "The introduction of the new four-car, air-conditioned trains, combined with improved signalling and passenger information, has dramatically overhauled the service, making it an effective alternative to travelling through central London for many orbital journeys.", "From March 2011, the extended East London line connects to the NLL, with ELL services joining the line west of , running to .", "Transport for London extended platforms at some stations along the route to prepare the line for five-car operations in 2015, a project aimed at combating overcrowding on the line.", "The project was successfully completed and the first five-car trains started to run in summer 2015.", "Maiden Lane station may be reopened by Camden Council; however, the Office of Rail Regulation has not included this in the current plans.", "Hounslow council has proposed that part of the North London line be used as a branch of Crossrail to , which would see Crossrail services serving and .", "However, it was not included in the initial Crossrail bill, but could potentially form part of a later extension.", "Under the former government's plans for High Speed 2 line from London Euston to Birmingham, a new station called was to be built by 2025 serving the North London line, West London line, High Speed 2 and Crossrail.", "The new government does support this, after opposing it at first.", "Another new station at is proposed for interchange with the Central line, but this might require the Central line station being moved to the east.", "The planned link between the proposed High Speed 2 line and the existing High Speed 1 line would have used the North London line alignment around Camden Road station, which might have reduced the existing or future capacity of the line.", "Due to its heavy investment in the line and the passenger growth on it, Transport for London is against the alignment's use as a link between the two High Speed lines.", "This link has now been removed from the parliamentary bill.", "The extension closed on 30 June 1986, but although the track was lifted the viaduct remained in place.", "The route was re-opened in 2010 as part of the extended East London line, which, like the North London line, is operated by London Overground.", "On 10 December 2006, the former Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway line between Stratford and North Woolwich was closed to allow building between and of a Docklands Light Railway line to Stratford International.", "Part of the south end of the closed section is to be used for Crossrail.", "DLR and Jubilee line services are not affected at the first three of those stations.", "The DLR line to Stratford International uses the former NLL low-level platforms at Stratford.", "NLL trains now terminate at new platforms on the north side of the high-level station." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 647217, "simple_article_title": "North London line", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=647217", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-647217-0-0", "simple-647217-0-1", "simple-647217-0-2", "simple-647217-0-3", "simple-647217-1-0", "simple-647217-1-1", "simple-647217-1-2", "simple-647217-1-3", "simple-647217-1-4", "simple-647217-1-5", "simple-647217-1-6" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The North London line is a railway line of the London Overground.", "It passes through the inner suburbs of north London, England.", "The route is a rough semicircle between the south-west and the north-east, avoiding Central London.", "The line is owned and maintained by Network Rail and London Overground.", "The line began as a part of the North London Railway but there have been many changes.", "The current route is the result of a series of amalgamations, closures and reopenings.", "There is a mixture of third rail and overhead line electric power supply.", "It is an important freight route and is used by the Richmond to Stratford passenger services of the London Overground.", "It is part of the National Rail network.", "Between Richmond and Gunnersbury, London Underground's District line shares tracks with London Overground services.", "This part is also owned and maintained by Network Rail." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 6978547, "normal_article_title": "Dawson College shooting", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6978547", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-6978547-0-0", "normal-6978547-0-1", "normal-6978547-0-2", "normal-6978547-0-3", "normal-6978547-0-4", "normal-6978547-1-0", "normal-6978547-1-1", "normal-6978547-1-2", "normal-6978547-2-0", "normal-6978547-2-1", "normal-6978547-2-2", "normal-6978547-2-3", "normal-6978547-2-4", "normal-6978547-2-5", "normal-6978547-2-6", "normal-6978547-2-7", "normal-6978547-2-8", "normal-6978547-2-9", "normal-6978547-2-10", "normal-6978547-2-11", "normal-6978547-3-0", "normal-6978547-3-1", "normal-6978547-3-2", "normal-6978547-4-0", "normal-6978547-4-1", "normal-6978547-4-2", "normal-6978547-4-3", "normal-6978547-4-4", "normal-6978547-4-5", "normal-6978547-4-6", "normal-6978547-4-7", "normal-6978547-5-0", "normal-6978547-6-0", "normal-6978547-6-1", "normal-6978547-6-2", "normal-6978547-7-0", 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de Maisonneuve Boulevard entrance to the school, and moved towards the atrium by the cafeteria on the main floor.", "One victim died at the scene, while another 19 were injured, eight of whom were listed in critical condition, with six requiring surgery.", "The shooter later committed suicide by shooting himself in the head, after being shot in the arm by a police officer.", "It was the third fatal school shooting in Montreal, after the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989 and the shooting spree at Concordia University in 1992.", "At 12:30 p.m. EDT, Gill parked his car on de Maisonneuve Boulevard near the college campus and was seen removing weapons from his trunk by bystanders.", "Gill briefly took a passerby hostage and forced him to carry a bag containing a fourth gun and additional ammunition.", "Gill opened fire at students outside on the steps of Dawson College at its rear entrance with a semi-automatic carbine, and the passerby fled the melee, leaving Gill's bag.", "Gill then entered the school and made his way to the cafeteria, almost directly ahead of the school entrance.", "He positioned himself in the corner of the building, near the microwave oven, and set his bag on the floor.", "He loaded a pistol, fired a shot into the floor and then shot students who were standing in front of him.", "He then raised his weapon and ordered the remaining students to lie down on the floor.", "He continued shooting at students until confronted by two police officers who had been visiting the school at the time regarding an unrelated incident.", "The police officers entered after hearing the gunfire, and rushed to the cafeteria.", "Additional police officers surrounded the campus.", "Confronted by police officers in the school cafeteria, Gill briefly took two more people hostage.", "He was shot in the arm by police officer Denis Côté and then committed suicide via a gunshot wound to the head at 12:48 EDT.", "The police officers attempted to resuscitate him, but failed.", "At 1:30 p.m., police officers dragged his body outside the building, covered it with a yellow bag, then continued the evacuation and the search for possible accomplices.", "Authorities concluded the attack was premeditated, after a short suicide note was found on Gill's body during the autopsy.", "Police cordoned off the campus area with orange police tape and swept the school for students left inside.", "Local radio reports placed the number of police vehicles at approximately 80 and up to 24 ambulances surrounded the building.", "Students and faculty were evacuated from the campus or left the vicinity of the shooting.", "Two shopping centres adjacent to Dawson, Place Alexis Nihon and Westmount Square, directly linked to the Atwater metro station, were evacuated and the green line of the Montreal Metro was shut down for several hours between Lionel-Groulx and McGill.", "The Pepsi Forum entertainment centre, opposite the eastern corner of Dawson, was open when many of the students came running into the premises to seek refuge moments after the shooting began.", "Shortly afterward, the Pepsi Forum went into lockdown under the directives of the Montreal Police.", "Eventually, one of the Forum's entrances onto St. Catherine Street re-opened under police/security guard to allow monitored access and egress.", "A large number of the evacuees were also directed to the nearby Concordia University, where the Concordia Student Union (CSU) is located.", "The CSU cancelled all remaining Orientation activities, and instead used its venues to temporarily shelter the evacuated Dawson students and provide them with food, water, blankets, and phones to reach other loved ones.", "A coordination team was put in place from the CSU and the DSU used the Sir George Williams campus as a temporary crisis centre and offered counselling (psychologist, psychiatrist) to traumatized students and staff.", "Claude Dauphin (Mayor of the borough of Lachine and Vice-President of the City of Montreal executive committee) had a very close relationship with both of the student unions during the night of the events; Dauphin went to the CSU office's the night of the shooting to meet with both unions to inform them of what the city was doing, and to ask how he could help.", "The police also established several phone numbers for parents and friends of the students.", "Police reported that they needed a few days to process the crime scene.", "As a result, officials from Dawson College stated that the school would be closed until Monday, September 18, 2006, scheduled to open its doors at 11:00 a.m. and remain open until 7:00 p.m. and have an \"Open House\" feel to the day.", "Classes were scheduled to resume as usual on Tuesday, September 19, 2006.", "During a police search at Gill's home, an apology note to his family was found.", "In addition, police seized firearm accessories including holsters and manuals, including those of the firearm he used during attack; they also found a letter praising the actions of Columbine shooters Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold.", "Gill was armed with a Beretta Cx4 Storm pistol-caliber carbine, a Glock pistol, and a shotgun.", "He fired sixty shots, ten of which were fired outside the school.", "With the exception of five shots from his pistol, including the one to kill himself, all the shots came from the rifle.", "There were reports of an additional firearm in a bag that he forced a hostage to bring along as he arrived near the campus site.", "According to TVA's crime reporter Claude Poirier, Gill briefly held a lawyer hostage and demanded that he bring the bag containing the fourth gun and additional ammunition.", "When the first shots were fired and police arrived, the lawyer fled the scene and hid Gill's bag.", "Gill had a restricted firearm license.", "His firearms were registered with the Canadian gun registry.", "The transportation, storage, and use of his firearms in the incident were not legal as per Gun politics in Canada, despite the acquisition and possession being legal.", "The police confirmed the death of one victim, an 18-year-old woman who was shot in the abdomen and died on the scene.", "Canadian newspapers later identified the woman as Anastasia Rebecca De Sousa.", "The Montreal Police Service later reported that 19 other people had been wounded.", "One victim, who was reportedly at Dawson College to visit friends, suffered two shots to the head.", "He underwent intensive surgery; the doctors removed one bullet, and he remained in a coma for one week after the shooting as doctors determined whether they should try to remove the second bullet.", "After two weeks on a ventilator, he emerged from the coma and as of 03 2006 was recovering.", "Gill was a 25-year-old Canadian born in Lachine, Quebec, Canada.", "His parents were of Punjabi descent, and moved to Saint-Laurent, Quebec from India in early 1981.", "The family later settled in the Fabreville area of Laval, Quebec in 1987.", "Kimveer attended Twin Oaks Elementary School in Laval from 1988 to 1993.", "Gill later attended Rosemere High School, where he was remembered by teachers as quiet and unassuming.", "Despite early media reports, he performed well academically, and most students remember him as having friends and certainly never being bullied.", "Kimveer graduated from Rosemere High School in June 1998.", "He enrolled in Vanier College with his friends Steven Kulczycki, Andrew Page, and Jason Rust.", "However, he dropped out in January 1999.", "Gill briefly received military training from the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, from January 17 to February 16, 1999.", "He had told his friends he wished to eventually become a mercenary.", "He did not complete his basic training for unknown reasons.", "He was deemed unsuitable for military service and was voluntarily discharged before receiving extensive weapons training.", "Gill was a member of a rifle club and visited the Ville Saint-Pierre facility the day prior to the shooting.", "Police initially looked for as many as three suspects, but Montreal Police Chief Yvan Delorme later confirmed that there was only one shooter, who was shot and killed on the scene.", "Many eyewitnesses described a man with a Mohawk hairstyle, wearing a black trenchcoat, black trousers with metal studs, and combat boots.", "The suspect carried three weapons, including a semi-automatic carbine.", "That evening, a Sûreté du Québec spokesperson confirmed to LCN TV reporters that the shooter was a 25-year-old male, born in Québec.", "Police found his car, a black Pontiac Sunfire, parked close to the school, and later searched the house where he lived with his mother, seizing a computer and other belongings.", "Around midnight on Wednesday, police confirmed to the media that the suspect was Kimveer Gill, a 25-year-old Laval resident, a graduate from Rosemere High School.", "An autopsy later revealed that Gill committed suicide after being hit in the arm by police officer Denis Côté's gunfire.", "It was also revealed that the shooting was premeditated, as a short suicide note was then found on Gill's body.", "The killer's profile was discovered on a website called VampireFreaks under the screen name \"fatality666.\"", "The last login was at 10:35 a.m. on the day of the shooting.", "The profile was subsequently restricted to registered users, and then removed entirely.", "The television network TVA reported that security camera footage from Place Alexis Nihon showed Gill staking out the area as far back as August 10, more than a month before the shootings.", "Some student leaders criticized the immediate response of the Dawson College administration.", "\"The Chronicle of Higher Education\" reported that \"if it hadn't been for help from the Student Union at nearby Concordia University... many of the Dawson students would have had no one to turn to for help.\"", "Dawson's director-general Richard Filion called the student charges harsh.", "\"We did our best to evacuate the building.", "We were in a state of shock.", "We were scattered everywhere around the city,\" Filion said, noting many staff members were out on lunch break.", "Dawson does have an emergency plan, he said, but it was designed with fire safety in mind.", "Filion announced that staff and faculty would return to the College on Friday, September 15, and that classes would resume on Tuesday, September 19, 2006.", "The school invited all students to join them on Monday, September 18, 2006 to meet with staff and faculty for information and support, as well as to retrieve belongings that had been left behind.", "It was announced that grief counseling and support services would be available on an ongoing basis.", "In addition, one of the victims, 18-year-old Hayder Kadhim, who received two bullet wounds to the head and neck, challenged Prime Minister Stephen Harper to a gun control debate in a public speech on CBC in response to the shooting.", "An immediate controversy arose about an article regarding the Dawson shootings by journalist Jan Wong, of the Toronto-based \"The Globe and Mail\".", "Three days after the event, Wong, who was born and raised in Montreal and is the daughter of Chinese immigrants, wrote a front-page piece titled \"Get under the desk\", in which she drew a link between all three school shootings in Quebec history (the École Polytechnique, the Concordia University and the Dawson College killings) and the nature of Quebec society under its protective language laws.", "Wong suggested the fact that the three perpetrators were not old-stock French Quebecers (the shooters were Algerian, Belarusian, and Indian in descent) was related to their murderous actions since, she claimed, they were alienated from a Quebec society concerned with \"racial purity.\"", "Accused of \"Quebec bashing,\" Wong's writing soon created public outcry in Quebec and political condemnation.", "Quebec Premier Jean Charest called the article a \"disgrace\", stating that it \"betrays an ignorance of Canadian values and a profound misunderstanding of Québec.\"", "On September 20, 2006, Prime Minister Stephen Harper pronounced it \"prejudiced, absurd, irresponsible and without foundation\"; the same day, the House of Commons of Canada unanimously passed a motion requesting an apology for the column.", "Wong's writing followed the comments of Professor Elliott Leyton, a social-anthropologist who is a widely consulted expert on serial homicide.", "Interviewed by CBC Newsworld on September 14, 2006 about the Dawson College shooting, Leyton stated that because all three such murderous rampages in Quebec involved a killer who was either an immigrant or a child of immigrants, it warranted an examination of government and societal attitudes.", "In 2007, the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council faulted CKNW, a radio station in Vancouver, British Columbia for airing \"potentially dangerous information\" during the Dawson College shooting.", "During the incident, CKNW had simulcast content from its sister stations in Montreal which included students speaking by cellphone from inside the school.", "A Vancouver man complained that the content could have told the gunman where the students were.", "The council said that as a result of modern technology reducing geographic distance as a barrier, CKNW had breached Section 10 (coverage of violent situations) of the broadcast code.", "The station broadcast the decision as required, but did not air an apology.", "Gill mentioned the song \"À Tout le Monde\" by the thrash metal band Megadeth on his blog on VampireFreaks.com on the day of the shooting.", "Megadeth was blamed for the shooting by many news outlets and watchdog groups as a result.", "Later in 2006, Megadeth performed live in Montreal, and responded to the blame that had been placed on the band and their music as a result.", "The guy who went to Dawson College and shot everyone, it's terrible.", "Aside from the fact that what he did was wrong, we have a relationship with Montreal, and that really pissed us off.", "I was so angry that this guy would use my song, and that he would try and turn that beautiful song into something ugly and nasty.", "It's for those who lost their lives, and it's a gift to those who are in the process of healing (...) and Gill was not worthy of being a Megadeth fan.", "This is the ninth mass killing to implicate the movie \"Natural Born Killers\", per the gunman's blog at vampirefreaks.com, which he called one of his favourites.", "At some point prior to September 20, 2006, the blog was deleted.", "A follow-up study conducted by the McGill University Health Centre Research Institute found that 30% of Dawson students at the time of the shooting suffered mental health consequences including post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, alcohol dependence, and social phobia, a level twice that found in the general population.", "Approximately 18% of respondents developed a mental health disorder despite never having had one before." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 432900, "simple_article_title": "Dawson College shooting", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=432900", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-432900-0-0", "simple-432900-1-0", "simple-432900-2-0", "simple-432900-2-1", "simple-432900-2-2", "simple-432900-3-0", "simple-432900-3-1", "simple-432900-3-2", "simple-432900-3-3", "simple-432900-3-4", "simple-432900-4-0", "simple-432900-4-1", "simple-432900-4-2", "simple-432900-4-3", "simple-432900-4-4", "simple-432900-4-5", "simple-432900-4-6" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Dawson College shooting was a school shooting incident on September 13, 2006, which took place at the Dawson College in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.", "Kimveer Gill, a twenty-five year old Indo-Canadian, shot 20 people and killed 1 person as well as himself (suicide) after being shot in the arm by a police officer.", "Gill had a Vampirefreaks.com profile and mentioned the song \"À Tout le Monde\" by thrash metal band Megadeth on the day of the shooting.", "News outlets blamed Megadeth for the shooting.", "Later in 2006, Megadeth performed a live concert in Montreal and responded to the blame they and their music received.", "Gill drove to the college campus and parked his car.", "Bystanders saw that Gill took weapons out of his trunk.", "He took a person as a hostage and forced him to carry a bag which had a fourth gun and more ammunition in it.", "Gill shot at students that were outside on the steps of the college near the rear entrance.", "The hostage ran away with Gill's bag and hid it.", "Gill entered the school and went to cafeteria.", "He walked to the corner of the room and shot students that were standing in front of him.", "He ordered the students to lie on the floor and shot at more students.", "Two police officers that were visiting the school at the time because of an unrelated incident rushed to the cafeteria after hearing the gunfire.", "More officers surrounded the college and Gill took two more people hostage.", "Officer Denis Côté shot him in the arm and Gill killed himself.", "The officers tried to bring him back to life but they failed." ] } }

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"normal-7603861-52-5", "normal-7603861-52-6" ], "normal_sentence": [ "An old master print is a work of art produced by a printing process within the Western tradition.", "The term remains current in the art trade, and there is no easy alternative in English to distinguish the works of \"fine art\" produced in printmaking from the vast range of decorative, utilitarian and popular prints that grew rapidly alongside the artistic print from the 15th century onwards.", "Fifteenth-century prints are sufficiently rare that they are classed as old master prints even if they are of crude or merely workmanlike artistic quality.", "A date of about 1830 is usually taken as marking the end of the period whose prints are covered by this term.", "The main techniques used, in order of their introduction, are woodcut, engraving, etching, mezzotint and aquatint, although there are others.", "Different techniques are often combined in a single print.", "With rare exceptions printed on textiles, such as silk, or on vellum, old master prints are printed on paper.", "This article is concerned with the artistic, historical and social aspects of the subject; the article on printmaking summarizes the techniques used in making old master prints, from a modern perspective.", "Many great European artists, such as Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, and Francisco Goya, were dedicated printmakers.", "In their own day, their international reputations largely came from their prints, which were spread far more widely than their paintings.", "Influences between artists were also mainly transmitted beyond a single city by prints (and sometimes drawings), for the same reason.", "Prints therefore are frequently brought up in detailed analyses of individual paintings in art history.", "Today, thanks to colour photo reproductions, and public galleries, their paintings are much better known, whilst their prints are only rarely exhibited, for conservation reasons.", "But some museum print rooms allow visitors to see their collection, sometimes only by appointment, and large museums now present great numbers of prints online in very high-resolution enlargeable images.", "The oldest technique is woodcut, or woodblock printing, which was invented as a method for printing on cloth in China, and perhaps separately in Egypt in the Byzantine period.", "This had reached Europe via the Byzantine or Islamic worlds before 1300, as a method of printing patterns on textiles.", "Paper arrived in Europe, also from China via Islamic Spain, slightly later, and was being manufactured in Italy by the end of the thirteenth century, and in Burgundy and Germany by the end of the fourteenth.", "Religious images and playing cards are documented as being produced on paper, probably printed, by a German in Bologna in 1395.", "However, the most impressive printed European images to survive from before 1400 are printed on cloth, for use as hangings on walls or furniture, including altars and lecterns.", "Some were used as a pattern to embroider over.", "Some religious images were used as bandages, to speed healing.", "The earliest print images are mostly of a high artistic standard, and were clearly designed by artists with a background in painting (on walls, panels or manuscripts).", "Whether these artists cut the blocks themselves, or only inked the design on the block for another to carve, is not known.", "During the fifteenth century the number of prints produced greatly increased as paper became freely available and cheaper, and the average artistic level fell, so that by the second half of the century the typical woodcut is a relatively crude image.", "The great majority of surviving 15th-century prints are religious, although these were probably the ones more likely to survive.", "Their makers were sometimes called \"Jesus maker\" or \"saint-maker\" in documents.", "As with manuscript books, monastic institutions sometimes produced, and often sold, prints.", "No artists can be identified with specific woodcuts until towards the end of the century.", "The little evidence we have suggests that woodcut prints became relatively common and cheap during the fifteenth century, and were affordable by skilled workers in towns.", "For example, what may be the earliest surviving Italian print, the \"Madonna of the Fire\", was hanging by a nail to a wall in a small school in Forlì in 1428.", "The school caught fire, and the crowd who gathered to watch saw the print carried up into the air by the fire, before falling down into the crowd.", "This was regarded as a miraculous escape and the print was carried to Forlì Cathedral, where it remains, since 1636 in a special chapel, displayed once a year.", "Like the majority of prints before approximately 1460, only a single impression (the term used for a copy of an old master print; \"copy\" is used for a print copying another print) of this print has survived.", "Woodcut blocks are printed with light pressure, and are capable of printing several thousand impressions, and even at this period some prints may well have been produced in that quantity.", "Many prints were hand-coloured, mostly in watercolour; in fact the hand-colouring of prints continued for many centuries, though dealers have removed it from many surviving examples.", "Italy, Germany, France and the Netherlands were the main areas of production; England does not seem to have produced any prints until about 1480.", "However prints are highly portable, and were transported across Europe.", "A Venetian document of 1441 already complains about cheap imports of playing cards damaging the local industry.", "Block-books were a very popular form of (short) book, where a page with both pictures and text was cut as a single woodcut.", "They were much cheaper than manuscript books, and were mostly produced in the Netherlands; the \"Art of Dying\" (Ars moriendi) was the most famous; thirteen different sets of blocks are known.", "As a relief technique (see printmaking) woodcut can be printed easily together with movable type, and after this invention arrived in Europe about 1450 printers quickly came to include woodcuts in their books.", "Some book owners also pasted prints into prayer books in particular.", "Playing cards were another notable use of prints, and French versions are the basis of the traditional sets still in use today.", "By the last quarter of the century there was a large demand for woodcuts for book-illustrations, and in both Germany and Italy standards at the top end of the market improved considerably.", "Nuremberg was the largest centre of German publishing, and Michael Wolgemut, the master of the largest workshop there worked on many projects, including the gigantic Nuremberg Chronicle.", "Albrecht Dürer was apprenticed to Wolgemut during the early stages of the project, and was the godson of Anton Koberger, its printer and publisher.", "Dürer's career was to take the art of the woodcut to its highest development.", "Engraving on metal was part of the goldsmith's craft throughout the Medieval period, and the idea of printing engraved designs onto paper probably began as a method for them to record the designs on pieces they had sold.", "Some artists trained as painters became involved from about 1450–1460, although many engravers continued to come from a goldsmithing background.", "From the start, engraving was in the hands of the luxury tradesmen, unlike woodcut, where at least the cutting of the block was associated with the lower-status trades of carpentry, and perhaps sculptural wood-carving.", "Engravings were also important from very early on as models for other artists, especially painters and sculptors, and many works survive, especially from smaller cities, which take their compositions directly from prints.", "Serving as a pattern for artists may have been a primary purpose for the creation of many prints, especially the numerous series of apostle figures.", "The surviving engravings, though the majority are religious, show a greater proportion of secular images than other types of art from the period, including woodcut.", "This is certainly partly the result of the relative survival rates—although wealthy fifteenth-century houses certainly contained secular images on walls (inside and outside), and cloth hangings, these types of image have survived in tiny numbers.", "The Church was much better at retaining its images.", "Engravings were relatively expensive and sold to an urban middle-class that had become increasingly affluent in the belt of cities that stretched from the Netherlands down the Rhine to Southern Germany, Switzerland and Northern Italy.", "Engraving was also used for the same types of images as woodcuts, notably devotional images and playing cards, but many seem to have been collected for keeping out of sight in an album or book, to judge by the excellent state of preservation of many pieces of paper over five hundred years old.", "Again unlike woodcut, identifiable artists are found from the start.", "The German, or possibly German-Swiss, Master of the Playing Cards was active by at least the 1440s; he was clearly a trained painter.", "The Master E. S. was a prolific engraver, from a goldsmithing background, active from about 1450–1467, and the first to sign his prints with a monogram in the plate.", "He made significant technical developments, which allowed more impressions to be taken from each plate.", "Many of his faces have a rather pudding-like appearance, which reduces the impact of what are otherwise fine works.", "Much of his work still has great charm, and the secular and comic subjects he engraved are almost never found in the surviving painting of the period.", "Like the Otto prints in Italy, much of his work was probably intended to appeal to women.", "The first major artist to engrave was Martin Schongauer (c. 1450–1491), who worked in southern Germany and was also a well-known painter.", "His father and brother were goldsmiths, so he may well have had experience with the burin from an early age.", "His 116 engravings have a clear authority and beauty and became well known in Italy as well as northern Europe, as well as much copied by other engravers.", "He also further developed engraving technique, in particular refining cross-hatching to depict volume and shade in a purely linear medium.", "The other notable artist of this period is known as the Housebook Master.", "He was a highly talented German artist who is also known from drawings, especially the Housebook album from which he takes his name.", "His prints were made exclusively in drypoint, scratching his lines on the plate to leave a much shallower line than an engraver's burin would produce; he may have invented this technique.", "Consequently, only a few impressions could be produced from each plate—perhaps about twenty—although some plates were reworked to prolong their life.", "Despite this limitation, his prints were clearly widely circulated, as many copies of them exist by other printmakers.", "This is highly typical of admired prints in all media until at least 1520; there was no enforceable concept of anything like copyright.", "Many of the Housebook Master's print compositions are only known from copies, as none of the presumed originals have survived — a very high proportion of his original prints are only known from a single impression.", "The largest collection of his prints is at Amsterdam; these were probably kept as a collection, perhaps by the artist himself, from around the time of their creation.", "Israhel van Meckenam was an engraver from the borders of Germany and the Netherlands, who probably trained with Master ES, and ran the most productive workshop for engravings of the century between about 1465 and 1503.", "He produced over 600 plates, most copies of other prints, and was more sophisticated in self-presentation, signing later prints with his name and town, and producing the first print self-portrait of himself and his wife.", "Some plates seem to have been reworked more than once by his workshop, or produced in more than one version, and many impressions have survived, so his ability to distribute and sell his prints was evidently sophisticated.", "His own compositions are often very lively, and take a great interest in the secular life of his day.", "Printmaking in woodcut and engraving both appeared in Northern Italy within a few decades of their invention north of the Alps, and had similar uses and characters, though within significantly different artistic styles, and with from the start a much greater proportion of secular subjects.", "The earliest known Italian woodcut has been mentioned above.", "Engraving probably came first to Florence in the 1440s; Vasari typically claimed that his fellow-Florentine, the goldsmith and nielloist Maso Finiguerra (1426–64) invented the technique.", "It is now clear this is wrong, and there are now considered to be no prints as such that can be attributed to him on anything other than a speculative basis.", "He may never have made any printed engravings from plates, as opposed to taking impressions from work intended to be nielloed.", "There are a number of complex niello religious scenes that he probably executed, and may or may not have designed, which were influential for the Florentine style in engraving.", "Some paper impressions and sulphur casts survive from these.", "These are a number of paxes in the Bargello, Florence, plus one in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York which depict scenes with large and well-organised crowds of small figures.", "There are also drawings in the Uffizi, Florence that may be by him.", "Where German engraving arrived into a still Gothic artistic world, Italian engraving caught the very early Renaissance, and from the start the prints are mostly larger, more open in atmosphere, and feature classical and exotic subjects.", "They are less densely worked, and usually do not use cross-hatching.", "From about 1460–1490 two styles developed in Florence, which remained the largest centre of Italian engraving.", "These are called (although the terms are less often used now) the \"Fine Manner\" and the \"Broad Manner\", referring to the typical thickness of the lines used.", "The leading artists in the Fine Manner are Baccio Baldini and the \"Master of the Vienna Passion\", and in the Broad Manner, Francesco Rosselli and Antonio Pollaiuolo, whose only print was the \"Battle of the Nude Men\" (right), the masterpiece of 15th-century Florentine engraving.", "This uses a new zigzag \"return stroke\" for modelling, which he probably invented.", "A chance survival is a collection of mostly rather crudely executed Florentine prints now in the British Museum, known as the Otto Prints after an earlier owner of most of them.", "This was probably the workshop's own reference set of prints, mostly round or oval, that were used to decorate the inside covers of boxes, primarily for female use.", "It has been suggested that boxes so decorated may have been given as gifts at weddings.", "The subject matter and execution of this group suggests they were intended to appeal to middle-class female taste; lovers and cupids abound, and an allegory shows a near-naked young man tied to a stake and being beaten by several women.", "The other notable early centre was Ferrara, from the 1460s, which probably produced both sets of the so-called \"Mantegna Tarocchi\" cards, which are not playing cards, but a sort of educational tool for young humanists with fifty cards, featuring the Planets and Spheres, Apollo and the Muses, personifications of the Seven liberal arts and the four Virtues, as well as \"the Conditions of Man\" from Pope to peasant.", "Andrea Mantegna who trained in Padua, and then settled in Mantua, was the most influential figure in Italian engraving of the century, although it is still debated whether he actually engraved any plates himself (a debate revived in recent years by Suzanne Boorsch).", "A number of engravings have long been ascribed to his school or workshop, with only seven usually given to him personally.", "The whole group form a coherent stylistic group and very clearly reflect his style in painting and drawing, or copy surviving works of his.", "They seem to date from the late 1460s onwards.", "In the last five years of the fifteenth century, Dürer, then in his late twenties and with his own workshop in Nuremberg, began to produce woodcuts and engravings of the highest quality which spread very quickly through the artistic centres of Europe.", "By about 1505 most young Italian printmakers went through a phase of directly copying either whole prints or large parts of Dürer's landscape backgrounds, before going on to adapt his technical advances to their own style.", "Copying of prints was already a large and accepted part of the printmaking culture but no prints were copied as frequently as Dürer's.", "Dürer was also a painter, but few of his paintings could be seen except by those with good access to private houses in the Nuremberg area.", "The lesson of how he, following more spectacularly in the footsteps of Schongauer and Mantegna, was able so quickly to develop a continent-wide reputation very largely through his prints was not lost on other painters, who began to take much greater interest in printmaking.", "For a brief period a number of artists who began by copying Dürer made very fine prints in a range of individual styles.", "They included Giulio Campagnola, who succeeded in translating the new style Giorgione and Titian had brought to Venetian painting into engraving.", "Marcantonio Raimondi and Agostino Veneziano both spent some years in Venice before moving to Rome, but even their early prints show classicizing tendencies as well as Northern influence.", "The styles of the Florentine Cristofano Robetta, and Benedetto Montagna from Vicenza are still based in Italian painting of the period, and are also later influenced by Giulio Campagnola.", "Giovanni Battista Palumba, once known as \"Master IB with the Bird\" from his monogram, was the major Italian artist in woodcut in these years, as well as an engraver of charming mythological scenes, often with an erotic theme.", "Prints copying prints were already common, and many fifteenth century prints must have been copies of paintings, but not intended to be seen as such, but as images in their own right.", "Mantegna's workshop produced a number of engravings copying his \"Triumph of Caesar\" (now Hampton Court Palace), or drawings for it, which were perhaps the first prints intended to be understood as depicting paintings—called reproductive prints.", "With an increasing pace of innovation in art, and of a critical interest among a non-professional public, reliable depictions of paintings filled an obvious need.", "In time this demand was almost to smother the old master print.", "Dürer never copied any of his paintings directly into prints, although some of his portraits base a painting and a print on the same drawing, which is very similar.", "The next stage began when Titian in Venice, and Raphael in Rome, almost simultaneously began to collaborate with printmakers to make prints to their designs.", "Titian at this stage worked with Domenico Campagnola and others on woodcuts, whilst Raphael worked with Raimondi on engravings, for which many of Raphael's drawings survive.", "Rather later, the paintings done by the School of Fontainebleau were copied in etchings, apparently in a brief organised programme including many of the painters themselves.", "The Italian partnerships were artistically and commercially successful, and inevitably attracted other printmakers who simply copied paintings independently to make wholly reproductive prints.", "Especially in Italy, these prints, of greatly varying quality, came to dominate the market and tended to push out original printmaking, which declined noticeably from about 1530–40 in Italy.", "By now some publisher/dealers had become important, especially Dutch and Flemish operators like Philippe Galle and Hieronymus Cock, developing networks of distribution that were becoming international, and much work was commissioned by them.", "The effect of the development of the print-selling trade is a matter of scholarly controversy, but there is no question that by the mid-century the rate of original printmaking in Italy had declined considerably from that of a generation earlier, if not as precipitously as in Germany.", "Although no artist anywhere from 1500 to 1550 could ignore Dürer, several artists in his wake had no difficulty maintaining highly distinctive styles, often with little influence from him.", "Lucas Cranach the Elder was only a year younger than Dürer, but he was about thirty before he began to make woodcuts, in an intense Northern style reminiscent of Matthias Grünewald.", "He was also an early experimenter in the chiaroscuro woodcut technique.", "His style later softened, and took in the influence of Dürer, but he concentrated his efforts on painting, in which he became dominant in Protestant Germany, based in Saxony, handing over his very productive studio to his son at a relatively early age.", "Lucas van Leyden had a prodigious natural talent for engraving, and his earlier prints were highly successful, with an often earthy treatment and brilliant technique, so that he came to be seen as Dürer's main rival in the North.", "However, his later prints suffered from straining after an Italian grandeur, which left only the technique applied to far less dynamic compositions.", "Like Dürer, he had a \"flirtation\" with etching, but on copper rather than iron.", "His Dutch successors for some time continued to be heavily under the spell of Italy, which they took most of the century to digest.", "Albrecht Altdorfer produced some Italianate religious prints, but he is most famous for his very Northern landscapes of drooping larches and firs, which are highly innovative in painting as well as prints.", "He was among the most effective early users of the technique of etching, recently invented as a printmaking technique by Daniel Hopfer, an armourer from Augsburg.", "Neither Hopfer nor the other members of his family who continued his style were trained or natural artists, but many of their images have great charm, and their \"ornament prints\", made essentially as patterns for craftsmen in various fields, spread their influence widely.", "Hans Burgkmair from Augsburg, Nuremberg's neighbour and rival, was slightly older than Dürer, and had a parallel career in some respects, training with Martin Schongauer before apparently visiting Italy, where he formed his own synthesis of Northern and Italian styles, which he applied in painting and woodcut, mostly for books, but with many significant \"single-leaf\" (i.e. individual) prints.", "He is now generally credited with inventing the coloured chiaroscuro (coloured) woodcut.", "Hans Baldung was Dürer's pupil, and was left in charge of the Nuremberg workshop during Dürer's second Italian trip.", "He had no difficulty in maintaining a highly personal style in woodcut, and produced some very powerful images.", "Urs Graf was a Swiss mercenary and printmaker, who invented the white-line woodcut technique, in which his most distinctive prints were made.", "The Little Masters is a term for a group of several printmakers, who all produced very small finely detailed engravings for a largely bourgeois market, combining in miniature elements from Dürer and from Marcantonio Raimondi, and concentrating on secular, often mythological and erotic, rather than on religious themes.", "The most talented were the brothers Bartel Beham and the longer-lived Sebald Beham.", "Like Georg Pencz, they came from Nuremberg and were expelled by the council for atheism for a period.", "The other principal member of the group was Heinrich Aldegrever, a convinced Lutheran with Anabaptist leanings, who was perhaps therefore forced to spend much of his time producing ornament prints.", "Another convinced Protestant, Hans Holbein the Younger, spent most of his adult career in England, then and for long after too primitive as both a market and in technical assistance to support fine printmaking.", "Whilst the famous blockcutter Hans Lützelburger was alive, he created from Holbein's designs the famous small woodcut series of the \"Dance of Death\".", "Another Holbein series, of ninety-one Old Testament scenes, in a much simpler style, was the most popular of attempts by several artists to create Protestant religious imagery.", "Both series were published in Lyon in France by a German publisher, having been created in Switzerland.", "After the deaths of this very brilliant generation, both the quality and quantity of German original printmaking suffered a strange collapse; perhaps it became impossible to sustain a convincing Northern style in the face of overwhelming Italian productions in a \"commoditized\" Renaissance style.", "The Netherlands now became more important for the production of prints, which would remain the case until the late 18th century.", "Some Italian printmakers went in a very different direction to either Raimondi and his followers, or the Germans, and used the medium for experimentation and very personal work.", "Parmigianino produced some etchings himself, and also worked closely with Ugo da Carpi on chiaroscuro woodcuts and other prints.", "Giorgio Ghisi was the major printmaker of the Mantuan school, which preserved rather more individuality than Rome.", "Much of his work was reproductive, but his original prints are often very fine.", "He visited Antwerp, a reflection of the power the publishers there now had over what was now a European market for prints.", "A number of printmakers, mostly in etching, continued to produce excellent prints, but mostly as a sideline to either painting or reproductive printmaking.", "They include Battista Franco, Il Schiavone, Federico Barocci and Ventura Salimbeni, who only produced nine prints, presumably because it did not pay.", "Annibale Carracci and his cousin Ludovico produced a few influential etchings, while Annibale's brother Agostino engraved.", "Both brothers influenced Guido Reni and other Italian artists of the full Baroque period in the next century.", "The Italian artists known as the School of Fontainebleau were hired in the 1530s by King Francis I of France to decorate his showpiece Chateau at Fontainebleau.", "In the course of the long project, etchings were produced, in unknown circumstances but apparently in Fontainebleau itself and mostly in the 1540s, mostly recording wall-paintings and plasterwork in the Chateau (much now destroyed).", "Technically they are mostly rather poor—dry and uneven—but the best powerfully evoke the strange and sophisticated atmosphere of the time.", "Many of the best are by Leon Davent to designs by Primaticcio, or Antonio Fantuzzi.", "Several of the artists, including Davent, later went to Paris and continued to produce prints there.", "Previously the only consistent printmaker of stature in France had been Jean Duvet, a goldsmith whose highly personal style seems halfway between Dürer and William Blake.", "His plates are extremely crowded, not conventionally well-drawn, but full of intensity; the opposite of the languorous elegance of the Fontainebleau prints, which were to have the greater effect on French printmaking.", "His prints date from 1520 to 1555, when he was seventy, and completed his masterpiece, the twenty-three prints of the Apocalypse.", "Cornelius Cort was an Antwerp engraver, trained in Cock's publishing house, with a controlled but vigorous style, and excellent at depicting dramatic lighting effects.", "He went to Italy and in 1565 was retained by Titian to produce prints of his paintings (Titian having secured his \"privileges\" or rights to exclusively reproduce his own works).", "Titian took considerable trouble to get the effect he wanted; he said that Cort could not work from the painting alone, so he produced special drawings for him to use.", "Eventually, the results were highly effective and successful, and after Titian's death Cort moved to Rome, where he taught a number of the most successful printmakers of the next generation, notably Hendrik Goltzius, Francesco Villamena and Agostino Carracci, the last major Italian artist to resist the spread of etching.", "Goltzius, arguably the last great engraver, took Cort's style to its furthest point.", "Because of a childhood accident, he drew with his whole arm, and his use of the swelling line, altering the profile of the burin to thicken or diminish the line as it moved, is unmatched.", "He was extraordinarily prolific, and the artistic, if not the technical, quality of his work is very variable, but his finest prints look forward to the energy of Rubens, and are as sensuous in their use of line as he is in paint.", "At the same time Pieter Brueghel the elder, another Cort-trained artist, who escaped to paint, was producing prints in a totally different style; beautifully drawn but simply engraved.", "He only etched one plate himself, a superb landscape, the \"Rabbit Hunters\", but produced many drawings for the Antwerp specialists to work up, of peasant life, satires, and newsworthy events.", "Meanwhile, numerous other engravers in the Netherlands continued to produce vast numbers of reproductive and illustrative prints of widely varying degrees of quality and appeal—the two by no means always going together.", "Notable dynasties, often publishers as well as artists, include the Wierix family, the Saenredams, and Aegidius Sadeler and several of his relations.", "Philippe Galle founded another long-lived family business.", "Theodor de Bry specialised in illustrating books on new colonial areas.", "The 17th century saw a continuing increase in the volume of commercial and reproductive printmaking; Rubens, like Titian before him, took great pains in adapting the trained engravers in his workshop to the particular style he wanted, though several found his demands too much and left.", "The generation after him produced a number of widely dispersed printmakers with very individual and personal styles; by now etching had become the normal medium for such artists.", "Rembrandt bought a printing-press for his house in the days of his early prosperity, and continued to produce etchings (always so called collectively, although Rembrandt mixed techniques by adding engraving and drypoint to some of his etchings) until his bankruptcy, when he lost both house and press.", "Fortunately his prints have always been keenly collected, and what seems to be a high proportion of his intermediate states have survived, often in only one or two impressions.", "He was clearly very directly involved in the printing process himself, and probably selectively wiped the plate of ink himself to produce effects \"surface tone\" on many impressions.", "He also experimented continually with the effects of different papers.", "He produced prints on a wider range of subjects than his paintings, with several pure landscapes, many self-portraits that are often more extravagantly fanciful than his painted ones, some erotic (at any rate obscene) subjects, and a great number of religious prints.", "He became increasingly interested in strong lighting effects, and very dark backgrounds.", "His reputation as the greatest etcher in the history of the medium was established in his lifetime, and never questioned since.", "Few of his paintings left Holland whilst he lived, but his prints were circulated throughout Europe, and his wider reputation was initially based on them alone.", "A number of other Dutch artists of the century produced original prints of quality, mostly sticking to the same categories of genre they painted.", "The eccentric Hercules Seghers and Jacob van Ruysdael produced landscapes in very small quantities, Nicolaes Berchem and Karel Dujardin Italianate landscapes with animals and figures, and Adriaen van Ostade peasant scenes.", "None was very prolific, but the Italianate landscape was the most popular type of subject; Berchem had a greater income from his prints than his paintings.", "Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione grew up in Genoa and was greatly influenced by the stays there of Rubens and van Dyck when he was a young artist.", "His etching technique was extremely fluent, and in all mediums he often repeats the same few subjects in a large number of totally different compositions.", "His early prints include a number of bravura treatments of classical and pastoral themes, whilst later religious subjects predominate.", "He also produced a large series of small heads of exotically dressed men, which were often used by other artists.", "He was technically innovative, inventing the monotype and also the oil sketch intended to be a final product.", "He, like Rembrandt, was interested in chiaroscuro effects (contrasts of light and dark), using a number of very different approaches.", "Jusepe de Ribera may have learned etching in Rome, but all his fewer than thirty prints were made in Naples during the 1620s when his career as a painter seems to have been in the doldrums.", "When the painting commissions began to flow again, he all but abandoned printmaking.", "His plates were sold after his death to a Rome publisher, who made a better job of marketing them than Ribera himself.", "His powerful and direct style developed almost immediately, and his subjects and style remain close to those of his paintings.", "Jacques Bellange was a court painter in Lorraine, a world that was to vanish abruptly in the Thirty Years War shortly after his death.", "No surviving painting of his can be identified with confidence, and most of those sometimes attributed to him are unimpressive.", "His prints, mostly religious, are Baroque extravaganzas that were regarded with horror by many 19th century critics, but have come strongly back into fashion—the very different Baroque style of another Lorraine artist Georges de La Tour has enjoyed a comparable revival.", "He was the first Lorraine printmaker (or artist) of stature, and must have influenced the younger Jacques Callot, who remained in Lorraine but was published in Paris, where he greatly influenced French printmaking.", "Callot's technical innovations in improving the recipes for etching ground were crucial in allowing etching to rival the detail of engraving, and in the long term spelt the end of artistic engraving.", "Previously the unreliable nature of the grounds used meant that artists could not risk investing too much effort in an etched plate, as the work might be ruined by leaks in the ground.", "Equally, multiple stoppings-out, enabling lines etched to different depths by varying lengths of exposure to the acid, had been too risky.", "Callot led the way in exploiting the new possibilities; most of his etchings are small but full of tiny detail, and he developed a sense of recession in landscape backgrounds in etching with multiple bitings to etch the background more lightly than the foreground.", "He also used a special etching needle called an \"échoppe\" to produce swelling lines like those created by the burin in an engraving, and also reinforced the etched lines with a burin after biting; which soon became common practice among etchers.", "Callot etched a great variety of subjects in over 1400 prints, from grotesques to his tiny but extremely powerful series \"Les Grandes Misères de la guerre\".", "Abraham Bosse, a Parisian illustrative etcher popularized Callot's methods in a hugely successful manual for students.", "His own work is successful in his declared aim of making etchings look like engravings, and is highly evocative of French life at the middle of the century.", "Wenzel Hollar was a Bohemian (Czech) artist who fled his country in the Thirty Years War, settling mostly in England (he was besieged at Basing House in the English Civil War, and then followed his Royalist patron into a new exile in Antwerp, where he worked with a number of the large publishers there).", "He produced great numbers of etchings in a straightforward realist style, many topographical, including large aerial views, portraits, and others showing costumes, occupations and pastimes.", "Stefano della Bella was something of an Italian counterpart to Callot, producing many very detailed small etchings, but also larger and freer works, closer to the Italian drawing tradition.", "Anthony van Dyck produced only a large series of portrait prints of contemporary notables, the \"Iconographia\" for which he only etched a few of the heads himself, but in a brilliant style, that had great influence on 19th century etching.", "Ludwig von Siegen was a German soldier and courtier, who invented the technique of mezzotint, which in the hands of better artists than he was to become an important, mostly reproductive, technique in the 18th century.", "The last third of the century produced relatively little original printmaking of great interest, although illustrative printmaking reached a high level of quality.", "French portrait prints, most often copied from paintings, were the finest in Europe and often extremely brilliant, with the school including both etching and engraving, often in the same work.", "The most important artists were Claude Mellan, an etcher from the 1630s onwards, and his contemporary , whose combination of engraving and etching influenced many later artists.", "Robert Nanteuil was official portrait engraver to Louis XIV, and produced over two hundred brilliantly engraved portraits of the court and other notable French figures.", "The extremely popular engravings of William Hogarth in England were little concerned with technical printmaking effects; in many he was producing reproductive prints of his own paintings (a surprisingly rare thing to do) that only set out to convey his crowded moral compositions as clearly as possible.", "It would not be possible, without knowing, to distinguish these from his original prints, which have the same aim.", "He priced his prints to reach a middle and even upper working-class market, and was brilliantly successful in this.", "Canaletto was also a highly successful painter, and though his relatively few prints are vedute, they are rather different from his painted ones, and fully aware of the possibilities of the etching medium.", "Piranesi was primarily a printmaker, a technical innovator who extended the life of his plates beyond what was previously possible.", "His \"Views of Rome\"—well over a hundred huge plates—were backed by a serious understanding of Roman and modern architecture and brilliantly exploit the drama both of the ancient ruins and Baroque Rome.", "Many prints of Roman views had been produced before, but Piranesi's vision has become the benchmark.", "Gianbattista Tiepolo, near the end of his long career produced some brilliant etchings, subjectless capricci of a landscape of classical ruins and pine trees, populated by an elegant band of beautiful young men and women, philosophers in fancy dress, soldiers and satyrs.", "Bad-tempered owls look down on the scenes.", "His son Domenico produced many more etchings in a similar style, but of much more conventional subjects, often reproducing his father's paintings.", "The technical means at the disposal of reproductive printmakers continued to develop, and many superb and sought-after prints were produced by the English mezzotinters (many of them in fact Irish) and by French printmakers in a variety of techniques.", "French attempts to produce high quality colour prints were successful by the last part of the century, although the techniques were expensive.", "Prints could now be produced that closely resembled drawings in crayon or watercolours.", "Some original prints were produced in these methods, but few major artists used them.", "The rise of the novel led to a demand for small, highly expressive, illustrations for them.", "Many fine French and other artists specialised in these, but clearly standing out from the pack is the work of Daniel Chodowiecki, a German of Polish origin who produced over a thousand small etchings.", "Mainly illustrations for books, these are wonderfully drawn, and follow the spirit of the times, through the cult of sentiment to the revolutionary and nationalist fervour of the start of the 19th century.", "Goya's superb but violent aquatints often look as though they are illustrating some unwritten work of fiction, but their meaning must be elucidated from their titles, often containing several meanings, and the brief comments recorded by him about many of them.", "His prints show from early on the macabre world that appears only in hints in the paintings until the last years.", "They were nearly all published in several series, of which the most famous are: \"Caprichos\" (1799), \"Los desastres de la guerra\" (\"The Disasters of War\" from after 1810, but unpublished for fifty years after).", "Rather too many further editions were published after his death, when his delicate aquatint tone had been worn down, or reworked.", "William Blake was as technically unconventional as he was in subject-matter and everything else, pioneering a relief etching process that was later to become the dominant technique of commercial illustration for a time.", "Many of his prints are pages for his books, with text and image on the same plate, as in the 15th century block-books.", "The Romantic Movement saw a revival in original printmaking in several countries, with Germany taking a large part once again; many of the Nazarene movement were printmakers.", "In England, John Sell Cotman etched many landscapes and buildings in an effective, straightforward style.", "J. M. W. Turner produced several print series including one, the \"Liber Studiorum\", which consisted of seventy-one etchings with mezzotint that were influential on landscape artists; according to Linda Hults, this series of prints amounts to \"Turner's manual of landscape types, and ... a statement of his philosophy of landscape.\"", "With the relatively few etchings of Delacroix the period of the old master print can be said to come to an end.", "Printmaking was to revive powerfully later in the 19th and 20th centuries, in a great variety of techniques." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 126516, "simple_article_title": "Old master print", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=126516", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-126516-0-0", "simple-126516-0-1", "simple-126516-0-2", "simple-126516-0-3", "simple-126516-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "An old master print is a work of art made by a printing process.", "Most of the old master prints were made by 1830 and no new ones came after.", "The main techniques used to make an old master print are woodcut, engraving and etching.", "Sometimes, old master prints are printed on paper, but rarely.", "Many great European artists, such as Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, and Francisco Goya, were printmakers." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 13033250, "normal_article_title": "Charles Kittel", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13033250", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-13033250-0-0", "normal-13033250-0-1", "normal-13033250-1-0", "normal-13033250-1-1", "normal-13033250-1-2", "normal-13033250-1-3", "normal-13033250-1-4", "normal-13033250-1-5", "normal-13033250-2-0", "normal-13033250-2-1", "normal-13033250-2-2", "normal-13033250-3-0", "normal-13033250-4-0", "normal-13033250-4-1", "normal-13033250-5-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Charles Kittel (July 18, 1916 – May 15, 2019) was an American physicist.", "He was a Professor at University of California, Berkeley from 1951 and was Professor Emeritus from 1978 until his death.", "Charles Kittel was born in New York City in 1916.", "He studied at the University of Cambridge, England, where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 1938.", "He published his thesis, under Gregory Breit, in 1941 at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) between 1945 and 1947.", "During World War II, he joined the Submarine Operations Research Group (SORG).", "He served in the United States Navy as a naval attache.", "From 1947 to 1951, he worked for Bell Laboratories, New Jersey, USA, especially on ferromagnetism.", "From 1951 to 1978, he worked at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught and did research in the field of theoretical solid-state physics, a part of condensed-matter physics.", "He was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1945, 1956 and 1963.", "Many well-known postdoctoral fellows worked with him, including James C. Phillips and Pierre-Gilles de Gennes.", "Among other achievements, Kittel is credited with the theoretical discovery of the RKKY interaction (the first K standing for Kittel) and the Kittel magnon mode in ferromagnets.", "Physics students worldwide study his classic text \"Introduction to Solid State Physics\", now in its 8th edition.", "He was a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, elected in 1957.", "Kittel died on May 15, 2019 at the age of 102." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 695968, "simple_article_title": "Charles Kittel", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=695968", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-695968-0-0", "simple-695968-0-1", "simple-695968-0-2", "simple-695968-0-3", "simple-695968-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Charles Kittel (July 18, 1916 – May 15, 2019) was an American physicist.", "He was a Professor at University of California, Berkeley from 1951 and was Professor Emeritus from 1978 until his death.", "He was born in New York City.", "Kittel was known for his works about RKKY interaction and for his \"Introduction to Solid State Physics\" textbook.", "Kittel died on May 15, 2019 at the age of 102." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 34584857, "normal_article_title": "Gina Raimondo", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34584857", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-34584857-0-0", "normal-34584857-0-1", "normal-34584857-0-2", "normal-34584857-0-3", "normal-34584857-0-4", "normal-34584857-1-0", "normal-34584857-1-1", "normal-34584857-1-2", "normal-34584857-2-0", "normal-34584857-2-1", "normal-34584857-2-2", "normal-34584857-2-3", "normal-34584857-3-0", "normal-34584857-3-1", "normal-34584857-3-2", "normal-34584857-3-3", "normal-34584857-4-0", "normal-34584857-4-1", "normal-34584857-4-2", "normal-34584857-4-3", "normal-34584857-4-4", "normal-34584857-5-0", "normal-34584857-5-1", "normal-34584857-5-2", "normal-34584857-5-3", "normal-34584857-6-0", "normal-34584857-6-1", "normal-34584857-6-2", "normal-34584857-6-3", "normal-34584857-6-4", "normal-34584857-6-5", "normal-34584857-6-6", "normal-34584857-7-0", "normal-34584857-7-1", "normal-34584857-8-0", "normal-34584857-8-1", "normal-34584857-8-2", "normal-34584857-9-0", "normal-34584857-9-1", "normal-34584857-10-0", "normal-34584857-11-0", "normal-34584857-12-0", "normal-34584857-12-1", "normal-34584857-12-2", "normal-34584857-12-3", "normal-34584857-12-4", "normal-34584857-12-5", "normal-34584857-13-0", "normal-34584857-13-1", "normal-34584857-13-2", "normal-34584857-13-3", "normal-34584857-14-0", "normal-34584857-15-0", "normal-34584857-15-1", "normal-34584857-15-2", "normal-34584857-16-0", "normal-34584857-16-1", "normal-34584857-16-2", "normal-34584857-17-0", "normal-34584857-17-1", "normal-34584857-17-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Gina Marie Raimondo ( ; born May 17, 1971) is an American politician and venture capitalist serving as the 75th Governor of Rhode Island since 2015.", "A member of the Democratic Party, she is the first woman to serve as Governor of Rhode Island.", "Prior to her election, she served as General Treasurer of Rhode Island from 2011 to 2015 and was the second woman to hold the office.", "She was selected as the Democratic candidate for Rhode Island's governorship in the 2014 election.", "Raimondo won the election with 41% of the vote, in a three-way race, against the Mayor of Cranston, Republican Allan Fung, and businessman Robert Healey, on November 4, 2014.", "Raimondo was elected to serve as the Vice Chair of the Democratic Governors Association for the 2018 election cycle.", "As of 2019, she is the Chair of the Democratic Governors Association, and is only the second woman to serve in that position.", "Raimondo ran for and won reelection to a second term in 2018, and becoming the first candidate to secure a majority of votes for that office since 2006.", "Gina Marie Raimondo was born May 17, 1971 in Smithfield, Rhode Island, where she later grew up.", "Of Italian descent, she is the youngest of Josephine (Piro) and Joseph Raimondo's three children.", "Her father worked for a watch company.", "Raimondo graduated from LaSalle Academy as one of the first girls allowed to attend the Providence Catholic Institution, where she was valedictorian.", "Raimondo graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (AB) degree \"magna cum laude\" in Economics from Harvard University in 1993, where she served on the staff of \"The Harvard Crimson\".", "She attended New College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, where she received a Master of Arts (MA) degree and Doctor of Philosophy in 2002 in Sociology.", "Her doctoral thesis was on single motherhood and supervised by Stephen Nickell and Anne H. Gauthier while she was a postgraduate student of New College, Oxford.", "Raimondo received her Juris Doctor (JD) degree from Yale Law School in 1998.", "Following her graduation from Yale Law School, Raimondo served as a law clerk to federal Judge Kimba Wood of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.", "Later, Raimondo acted as Senior Vice President for Fund Development at the Manhattan offices of Village Ventures, a venture capital firm based in Williamstown, Massachusetts, and backed by Bain Capital and Highland Capital Groups.", "Raimondo returned to Rhode Island in 2000 to co-found the state's first venture capital firm, Point Judith Capital.", "Point Judith subsequently relocated its offices to Boston, Massachusetts.", "At Point Judith, Raimondo served as a general partner covering health care investments; she retains some executive duties with the firm.", "On November 2, 2010, Raimondo defeated her Republican opponent, Kernan King, for the office of general treasurer.", "She defeated Mr. King by a wide margin of 62 percent to 38 percent.", "She received 201,625 votes, more than any other Rhode Island candidate during the 2010 elections.", "She is the second woman, after Republican Nancy J. Mayer of Bristol, to serve in that capacity since 1940.", "During her first year as General Treasurer, she headed the effort to reform Rhode Island's public employee pension system, which was 48% funded in 2010.", "In April 2011, Raimondo led the state retirement board to reduce the state's assumed rate of return on pension investments from 8.25 percent to 7.5 percent.", "In May 2011, Raimondo released \"Truth in Numbers\", a report that advocated for benefit cuts as the solution to Rhode Island's pension problems, and she helped lead the effort to cut pensions, along with Gordon Fox, who was then speaker of the House.", "The Rhode Island Retirement Security Act (RIRSA) was enacted by the General Assembly on November 17, 2012, with bipartisan support in both chambers.", "The next day, Lincoln Chafee signed RIRSA into law.", "A Brown University poll, conducted in December 2011, found that 60 percent of Rhode Island residents supported the pension reform.", "The legality of RIRSA was challenged in court by the public employee unions, but a settlement was reached in June 2015.", "Under Raimondo's tenure the pension fund was criticized for underperforming its peers.", "Some of Raimondo's critics attributed the underperformance to a sharp increase in fees paid to hedge fund managers, while her supporters argue investments in hedge funds stabilize investments during market downturns for more consistent returns over time.", "Raimondo created the Ocean State Investment Pool (OSIP), a low-cost investment vehicle intended to help the state and municipalities better manage and improve the investment performance of their liquid assets, which are used for day-to-day operations including payroll and operating expenses.", "$500 million in funds could be eligible for the program, which would enable Treasury \"to extend its expertise to municipalities and improve investment returns by creating economies of scale.\"", "The program launched in April 23, 2012.", "In 2011, Raimondo led a review of the state's bond disclosure practices and updated the information statement and related bond disclosure information that will accompany future bond offerings.", "In conjunction with the changes to bond disclosure policies, Raimondo launched the state's first 'Investor Relations Portal', which includes financial information and related reports from the office of the general treasurer, the Employees' Retirement System of Rhode Island, the state budget office, the department of revenue, and the state office of the auditor general.", "After a struggle to get the information in August 2013 \"The Providence Journal\" got info from some funds \"Among the information redacted: what companies the funds invest in, past returns and withdrawal rates, how much the partners earn and their personal stakes in their funds, even such details as the identities of traders and the funds' outside auditing and accounting firms.\"", "On July 11, 2018, the SEC named Raimondo in Pay-to-Play Scheme with Investment Firm Oaktree.", "During the Rhode Island General Assembly's 2012 session, Raimondo advocated for a decrease in the maximum allowable interest rate on payday loans in Rhode Island.", "She hosted a roundtable discussion with then Providence Mayor Angel Taveras and members of the Rhode Island Payday Reform Coalition.", "Raimondo submitted letters to the Senate and House Corporations Committees in support of payday reform legislation.", "She wrote, \"Far too many families are facing financial challenges that might be mitigated or avoided through a greater understanding of personal finance,\" and \"payday loans exploit that lack of understanding....", "With numerous economic challenges, Rhode Island should not permit the sale of a financial product that traps so many customers in a cycle of debt.\"", "Raimondo wrote an op-ed in the edition of May 29, 2012 of \"The Providence Journal\" in support of payday lending reform.", "Raimondo was elected governor of Rhode Island on November 4, 2014, winning 41% of the vote in a three-way race, defeating challengers Allan Fung (R) and Robert J. Healey of the Moderate Party.", "Raimondo is the first female governor of Rhode Island.", "She is also one of nine current female governors of the United States.", "During her first year as governor, she advocated expanding the state's Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), raising the minimum wage, lowering the state's minimum corporate tax rate, and eliminating the tax on commercial energy use.", "Raimondo served as the Vice Chair of the Democratic Governors Association for the 2018 election cycle and became Chair in 2019.", "Raimondo serves as vice chair of the board of directors of Crossroads Rhode Island, the state's largest homeless services organization.", "Until 2011, she was a administrator Women and Infants Hospital and chair of its Quality Committee.", "She has served on the boards of La Salle Academy and Family Service of Rhode Island.", "Raimondo is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and an Aspen Institute Rodel fellow.", "She was awarded an honorary degree from Bryant University, in 2012; and has received awards from the northern Rhode Island chamber of commerce and the YWCA of northern Rhode Island.", "Raimondo was elected alumni fellow at Yale, in 2014.", "On November 1, 2001, Raimondo married Andrew Kind Moffit, in Providence, Rhode Island.", "The couple have two children, Cecilia and Thompson Moffit.", "The family resides on the east side of Providence." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1998004, "normal_article_title": "Chuck Rayner", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1998004", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1998004-0-0", "normal-1998004-0-1", "normal-1998004-1-0", "normal-1998004-2-0", "normal-1998004-2-1", "normal-1998004-2-2", "normal-1998004-3-0", "normal-1998004-3-1", "normal-1998004-4-0", "normal-1998004-4-1", "normal-1998004-4-2", "normal-1998004-5-0", "normal-1998004-5-1", "normal-1998004-6-0", "normal-1998004-6-1", "normal-1998004-7-0", "normal-1998004-8-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Claude Earl \"Charlie, Chuck\" Rayner, \"Bonnie Prince Charlie\" (August 11, 1920 – October 6, 2002) was a Canadian professional hockey goaltender who played nine seasons in the National Hockey League for the New York Americans and New York Rangers.", "He is an honoured member of the Hockey Hall of Fame.", "Rayner was born August 11, 1920 in Sutherland, Saskatchewan.", "Playing his junior career for the Kenora Thistles of the Manitoba junior league, Rayner showed his skill early in backstopping the team to the Memorial Cup championship in 1940.", "The next season, he turned professional for the Americans, spending most of the year with the Amerks' minor league affiliate, the Springfield Indians of the AHL.", "With the Indians, Rayner led the league in shutouts and goals against average and was named to the Second All-Star Team.", "The following season Rayner was the leading goalie for the Americans' final season before the team folded.", "World War II interrupted Rayner's career, however, and he spent the next three years in the Royal Canadian Navy, where he played two seasons for naval teams based out of Victoria.", "After the war, he signed as a free agent in 1945 with the Rangers.", "Rayner was the starting goaltender for New York six of the next seven seasons, earning accolades for his play even though the Rangers' teams of the era were weak, and Rayner never had a winning record.", "He was noted as a puckhandling goalie, attempting several times throughout his career to score a goal.", "Even though he played on poor teams throughout his career, \"Bonnie Prince Charlie\" was one of the best goalies of his era.", "The three years between 1948 and 1951 were his best, and he won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player in 1950, after leading the Rangers to overtime in the seventh game of the Stanley Cup finals.", "In 1953, Rayner suffered a knee injury and lost his job as Rangers' starter to Gump Worsley.", "He played one more season in the minors for the Saskatoon Quakers of the Western Hockey League and a couple of brief stints in the senior leagues the two seasons thereafter before hanging up his skates for good.", "He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1973, the second goaltender in history to be inducted with a losing record.", "Rayner died on October 6, 2002 of a heart attack." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 112107, "simple_article_title": "Chuck Rayner", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=112107", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-112107-0-0", "simple-112107-0-1", "simple-112107-0-2", "simple-112107-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Claude Earl \"Chuck\" Rayner (August 11, 1920 - October 6, 2002) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender.", "He played nine seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL).", "He played for the Brooklyn Americans and New York Rangers.", "He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1973." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 40283398, "normal_article_title": "Bangsamoro Republik", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40283398", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-40283398-0-0", "normal-40283398-0-1", "normal-40283398-1-0", "normal-40283398-1-1", "normal-40283398-2-0", "normal-40283398-2-1", "normal-40283398-3-0", "normal-40283398-3-1", "normal-40283398-4-0", "normal-40283398-4-1", "normal-40283398-4-2", "normal-40283398-5-0", "normal-40283398-6-0", "normal-40283398-6-1", "normal-40283398-7-0", "normal-40283398-7-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Bangsamoro Republik, officially the United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik (UFSBR), was a short-lived, self-proclaimed, unrecognized breakaway state in the Philippines.", "Nur Misuari, chairman of the Moro National Liberation Front, issued the Proclamation of Bangsamoro Independence on July 27, 2013 in Talipao, Sulu and declared the capital of Bangsamoro to be Davao City.", "According to Misuari, the republic's territory encompasses the islands of Basilan, Mindanao, Palawan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi where the Bangsamoro traditionally lived.", "However, according to Misuari's legal counsel, Emmanuel Fontanilla, the state also encompasses the Malaysian state of Sabah and Sarawak.", "This declaration of independence, which was made under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly 1514 resolution of 1960 granting independence to all colonized countries, escalated into the Zamboanga City crisis.", "The MNLF, the group which proclaimed Bangsamoro, is an observer of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.", "As of September 28, 2013, with the defeat in Zamboanga City by the Philippine government, the MNLF no longer controls any territory openly anywhere and the Bangsamoro Republic has been debilitated.", "However, the MNLF has not renounced its bid for the independence of the Bangsamoro Republik.", "The term \"Bangsamoro\" comes from combining the Malayo-Polynesian word \"bansa\" (Manobo and Lumad languages: \"bangsa\"), meaning nation or people, and the Spanish word \"moro\", which was originally applied to the Moors that ruled Spain prior to the Reconquista, and was subsequently applied to predominantly Muslim Malay tribes.", "Bangsa = Nation, Moro = Muslim; Bangsamoro or Muslim Nation.", "Bangsa = In Maranao, \"moro\" also denotes a captor (other nuances: \"myakauro\", \"miyaoro\", \"miadakep\").", "An independent state of Bangsamoro Republik was first declared on April 28, 1974, two months after the siege of Jolo, Sulu after the MNLF first attempted to raise their flag.", "MNLF commander Asamin Hussinhe stated in September 2013 that his group would only release some 200 civilian hostages held in Barangay Kasanyangan once they are allowed to proceed to Zamboanga city hall and hoist their flag in front of it.", "During the crisis, the MNLF did not manage to gain \"de facto\" control of three districts of Zamboanga City.", "Nur Misuari is the UFSBR's Interim President according to the MNLF.", "A government in exile for the Bangsamoro is also considered by Misuari." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 416835, "simple_article_title": "Bangsamoro Republik", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=416835", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-416835-0-0", "simple-416835-0-1", "simple-416835-0-2", "simple-416835-0-3", "simple-416835-1-0", "simple-416835-1-1", "simple-416835-1-2", "simple-416835-1-3", "simple-416835-1-4", "simple-416835-1-5" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Bangsamoro Republik, officially the United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik was a former unrecognized breakaway territory in the Philippines.", "All countries consider the Bangsamoro Republik to be part of the Philippines.", "Nur Misuari, the chaiman of the Moro National Liberation Front declared the independence of the Bangsamoro Republik in Talipao, Sulu.", "Davao City is declared to be the capital of the state.", "It was said to be a federal republic.", "The government was in exile.", "According to Misuari, the republic's territory covers the islands of Basilan, Mindanao, Palawan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi.", "These are places where the Bangsamoro traditionally lived.", "But according to Emmanuel Fontanilla, Bangsamoro Republik also includes the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak.", "Fontanilla is Misuari's legal counsel." ] } }

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"normal-673804-35-2", "normal-673804-36-0", "normal-673804-36-1", "normal-673804-36-2", "normal-673804-36-3", "normal-673804-37-0", "normal-673804-37-1", "normal-673804-37-2", "normal-673804-37-3", "normal-673804-37-4", "normal-673804-37-5", "normal-673804-37-6", "normal-673804-37-7", "normal-673804-38-0", "normal-673804-38-1", "normal-673804-39-0", "normal-673804-39-1", "normal-673804-39-2", "normal-673804-40-0", "normal-673804-40-1", "normal-673804-40-2", "normal-673804-41-0", "normal-673804-41-1", "normal-673804-42-0", "normal-673804-42-1", "normal-673804-42-2", "normal-673804-42-3", "normal-673804-42-4", "normal-673804-42-5", "normal-673804-42-6", "normal-673804-42-7" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Melbourne Storm are a rugby league team based in Melbourne, Victoria in Australia, that participate in the National Rugby League.", "The first fully professional rugby league team based in the state, the Storm entered the competition in 1998.", "The Storm were originally a Super League initiative, created in 1997 during the Super League war, however, following the Super League collapse, the team became a part of the newly formed, united competition.", "The club play their home games at AAMI Park.", "The Storm have won three premierships since their inception, in 1999, 2012 and 2017, have contested several more grand finals and were stripped of the 2007 and 2009 premierships, following salary cap breaches.", "The Storm also competed in the NRL's Under-20s competition (as Melbourne Thunderbolts) from 2008 until its demise in 2017 and now in 2018 have entered the (Victorian Thunderbolts) in the Hastings Deering Colts u20s QLD competition.", "In addition, the club has also expanded into netball with a joint venture with University of the Sunshine Coast.", "The Sunshine Coast Lightning commenced playing in the National Netball League in 2017.", "Following record attendances at State of Origin fixtures in Melbourne of 87,161 in 1994 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the Australian Rugby League (ARL) had planned to establish a Melbourne-based team in the Premiership by 1998.", "However, the disruption caused by the Super League war caused great change to the game in Australia.", "By May 1997, Super League boss John Ribot pushed for a Melbourne-based club for his competition, which was the rival of the ARL.", "Former Brisbane Broncos centre Chris Johns became the CEO of the club and Ribot stepped down from the head of Super League to set up the club.", "In September 1997, Melbourne announced that Chris Anderson would be their foundation coach, and then Super League announced that the new team would be named the Melbourne Storm.", "In their first game, they defeated the Illawarra Steelers, with Glenn Lazarus as their inaugural captain.", "Melbourne, in a complete shock to the rest of the competition, won their first four games, before losing to the Auckland Warriors.", "They went on to make the finals, but were defeated by the eventual premiers, the Brisbane Broncos.", "In January 1999, CEO John Ribot negotiated a deal that saw Melbourne Storm games televised in China every weekend.", "The club won eight of their first eleven games of the 1999 NRL season, and went on to make the finals in third position on the Premiership ladder.", "The team was beaten convincingly 34–10 in the quarter final by St. George Illawarra.", "After narrow victories against the Canterbury Bulldogs and the Parramatta Eels; however, Melbourne once more faced St. George Illawarra, this time winning 20–18 and securing their first Premiership.", "Melbourne's Premiership defence began relatively slowly losing their first four games of the 2000 NRL season, the club went on to make the finals (finishing 6th), but were eventually knocked out by Newcastle Knights in the quarter-finals.", "Between 2001 and 2002, the club's on field performances waned, resulting in a 10th-placed finish in 2002.", "Cracks were starting to appear between John Ribot and Anderson throughout the period, with Anderson quitting as coach after round 7, 2001.", "He was replaced by Mark Murray.", "The Melbourne club failed to make the finals in 2001.", "Johns left the club as CEO at the end of 2002 and coach Murray was sacked due to Melbourne's poor form, with the club missing the finals for the second year in a row.", "Wayne Bennett's assistant coach at the Brisbane Broncos, Craig Bellamy was announced as the new coach of Melbourne for 2003.", "In addition to a new captain in Kiwi international skipper Stephen Kearney, Bellamy's strict coaching would see the Melbourne Storm get back on track from the previous lean years.", "Between 2003 and 2005, Melbourne consistently made the finals, but lost games in the semi-finals that prevented them from reaching the grand final.", "On 17 July 2004, during round 19 of the 2004 NRL season, Danny Williams king-hit Wests Tigers' player Mark O'Neill.", "Williams defended the incident, using four medical experts to argue on his behalf that he was suffering post-traumatic amnesia when the incident occurred, which he claims was the result of a high tackle by O'Neill just prior to the incident.", "Despite Williams' claim, he was suspended for 18 weeks by the NRL judiciary.", "After the decision, Williams stated that he was \"obviously disappointed with the outcome\".", "It was the longest suspension in Australian rugby league since Steve Linnane was suspended for twenty weeks for eye-gouging in 1987.", "In 2005, Storm coach Craig Bellamy, in his third season as an NRL coach, gained representative honours when he was selected to start coaching the Country Origin team.", "Season 2006 saw the retirement of captain Robbie Kearns, the emergence of talented rookie halfback Cooper Cronk, taking the reins from Matt Orford, and the recruitment of hard-man Michael Crocker.", "Contrary to expectation, 2006 was a standout year for the Melbourne team, winning their first Minor Premiership.", "Melbourne only lost four games in the season, making them outright leaders by four wins.", "They went on to win their two finals matches, and were favourites in the 2006 NRL Grand Final, but lost 15–8 to the Brisbane Broncos, in a match where controversial refereeing decisions against Melbourne caused much media coverage.", "In 2007, the Storm finished the season Minor Premiers by finishing on top of the table again.", "They progressed through the finals series with wins over Brisbane, 40–0, and then Parramatta 26–10, in the Preliminary final.", "This secured a berth in the 2007 NRL Grand Final against the Manly Sea Eagles which they won 34–8, with Greg Inglis winning the Clive Churchill Medal for best on ground.", "In 2008, foundation player Matt Geyer became the first player to play 250 games for the club.", "Melbourne finished on top of the ladder after the 26 rounds of regular competition and despite becoming the first minor premiers since the McIntyre Final Eight System was introduced to lose their opening finals game (15–18 to the New Zealand Warriors), they then defeated the Brisbane Broncos 16–14, scoring in the last minute of their semi-final.", "Cameron Smith was suspended for two matches for a grapple tackle on Brisbane's Sam Thaiday in the match, seeing him miss the rest of the finals, and Craig Bellamy was fined $50,000 for making scathing remarks against the judiciary's decision.", "Melbourne convincingly beat the Cronulla Sharks 28–0 to qualify for the Grand Final, but suffered the heaviest Grand Final defeat in league history, beaten 40–0 by Manly.", "Greg Inglis, Billy Slater, Cameron Smith and Israel Folau all won awards at the Dally M Awards, and Slater and Smith finished equal second for the Dally M Medal.", "Billy Slater was awarded the international player of the year Golden Boot award for 2008, following on from Cameron Smith in 2007.", "In the 2009 season, Melbourne finished 4th on the ladder; they defeated Manly 40–12 in the first week of the finals and Brisbane 40–10 in the preliminary finals to qualify for a fourth straight grand final (the first since Parramatta from 1981–1984).", "Against Parramatta, who had finished eighth in the home-and-away season but had won ten of its last eleven matches, the Storm led at one stage by 16 points, before finishing 23–16 winners.", "Slater won the Clive Churchill Medal, and they were named as the NRL Team of the Decade for the 2000s.", "In the late 2000s the Melbourne Storm were still running at a loss of up to $6M per season, however, they were voted the state of Victoria's most popular sports team by a national Roy Morgan Poll in October 2009.", "On 11 January 2010, it was announced that Brian Waldron resigned his position as CEO to take up the same position at the Melbourne Rebels Super Rugby team.", "he was replaced by Matt Hanson who, at the time, was the Chief Operating Officer, however, following the Salary cap revelations Matt Hanson was then stood down and Ron Gauci appointed.", "The Storm's first match of the season was the 2010 World Club Challenge against equally dominant English side, the Leeds Rhinos; in very cold and wet conditions the Storm prevailed 18 – 10.", "2010 also saw the Storm unveiling their new home ground AAMI Park.", "On 22 April 2010 the club admitted that it had committed serious and systematic breaches of the salary cap for the last five years by running a well-organised dual contract and bookkeeping system which left the NRL ignorant of $3.17 million in payments made to players outside of the salary cap, including $550,000 in 2007, $965,000 in 2009 and $1.03 million in 2010.", "As a result of the Melbourne Storm salary cap breach, NRL Chief Executive David Gallop stripped the Melbourne Storm of their 2007 and 2009 Premierships and their 2006, 2007 and 2008 minor Premierships (all of which were withheld, rather than awarded to the runners-up), fined them a then Australian sporting record $1,689,000, deducted all eight Premiership points they had already received in the 2010 season, and barred them from receiving Premiership points for the rest of the season.", "The club had won enough matches to make the finals, but automatically finished in last place due to the penalties.", "The penalty did not have an effect on the players, who remained eligible for Test and State of Origin selection as well as Dally M contention; ultimately, Melbourne did not figure prominently in the latter awards.", "The Storm's 2011 season saw a return to the top of the NRL ladder, winning what after the salary cap penalties was considered the club's first Minor Premiership.", "The season included a club record twelve consecutive wins.", "However, Melbourne did not reach the Grand Final, losing the preliminary final against New Zealand.", "Billy Slater won the Dally M Medal, and Craig Bellamy and Cameron Smith also won awards on Dally M Medal night.", "The Storm's 2012 season started very strongly with nine consecutive wins, the club's best start to a season up to that time.", "A five-game losing streak between Rounds 16 and 21 (the club's second worst losing streak to that time) saw them fall from the top of the ladder.", "However, from Round 22 forward they recovered their winning form and finished the regular season with five straight wins, ending the regular season in second place on the table.", "Storm began their finals campaign with a 24–6 win over South Sydney Rabbitohs.", "Storm played its fifth Preliminary Final in six years, this time defeating Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles 40–12 at AAMI Park.", "Following this they went on to claim their second official Premiership defeating the Canterbury Bulldogs 14 – 4 in the Grand Final.", "The Storm began its 2013 season when they defeated Leeds Rhinos 18–14 in the World Club Challenge, to be crowned World Champions for 2013.", "In round 5, they won their 5th consecutive game for the season and their 13th consecutive overall.", "Setting a new club record, the streak ended at 15 games with a loss in Round 8.", "On 21 May 2013 the Storm announced that, News Limited had sold the club to Holding M.S. Australia Pty Limited, an organisation made up of internationally experienced and successful businessmen.", "This change included replacement of the News Ltd Board and Executive, which included the replacement of Chairman Stephen Rue with Bart Campbell and CEO Ron Gauci with Mark Evans.", "News Limited had owned the Storm since its inception in 1997.", "On 9 June 2013 Captain Cameron Smith played his 250th game for the club.", "The Storm managed to finish 3rd in 2013; however, successive losses to the South Sydney Rabbitohs and Newcastle Knights in the finals saw the Storm miss the Preliminary Finals for the first time since 2005 (excluding 2010).", "The 2014 saw a number of milestones achieved, both Billy Slater and Cooper Cronk played theair 250th games and Craig Bellamy reached 300 games as coach.", "In mid 2014 the Storm also announced a new feeder partnership with the Sunshine Coast Falcons this would complement their existing relationship with Brisbane Easts with a view to establishing a permanent footprint in the Sunshine Coast Area.", "2015 began successfully for the Storm with the club finding itself on top of the ladder by Round 7.", "In April Storm CEO Mark Evans announced that he was returning to England and completed his tenure as CEO in June of that year.", "Dave Donaghy was announced as his replacement.", "In round 19 a major milestone was achieved with Cameron smith playing his 300th game becoming only the 24th player in history to do so.", "In August 2015 the storm announced that they would create an Academy on the Sunshine Coast to develop and nurture developing talent in the region with a view to progressing through the Storm ranks.", "Part of the establishment of this Academy meant that the Melbourne Storm Under 20s Team would play all of its home games at the new facility from 2016 onward.", "The 2016 season began well for the Storm finding themselves in third place on the ladder after 10 rounds.", "In Round 5 they scored their 300th NRL win and in Round 9, Craig Bellamy coached his 350th NRL game.", "On 23 May the Melbourne Storm announced that it had been one of three successful bidders and the only NRL club to gain a licence to field a Netball side in a new expanded Australian Netball League to commence in 2017.", "The Storm were nominated by Netball Australia as a preferred bidder for one of three new team licences under their expansion plans.", "\"Melbourne Storm have partnered with the University of the Sunshine Coast for this project and we're both very proud and excited to have reached the preferred bidder stage for a licence in the new National Netball League,\" Smith said at the announcement press conference on Thursday.", "On 17 August 2016 it was announced that the new team will be called Sunshine Coast Lightning and be based on the Sunshine Coast at the Storm sports Academy and in effect be a second Queensland Team.", "The announcement is to establish the Storm as not just a Rugby League club but a sporting and community club.", "At the conclusion of the 2016 NRL season the Melbourne Storm finished in first place claiming their second legitimate Minor Premiership.", "They qualified for the NRL Finals series winning their first two finals and thus making it through to the 2016 NRL Grand Final against the Cronulla Sharks.", "The game was a very hard-fought match, as the game hung in the balance until the dying second but the Sharks hung on to win.", "2017 was another successful year for the Melbourne Storm, the club's 20th season in the NRL.", "Following on from the heartbreak of losing the Grand final in 2016, the club went from strength to strength recruiting well in the off season and dominated the 2017 NRL season to finish in first place earning them their third legitimate minor premiership.", "The Storm won 20 and lost 4 games throughout the season making it their most dominant season in 10 years.", "Cameron Smith also broke a number of league, club and personal records throughout the 2017 season including the NRL games record for the most games played, league record for the most wins as a captain, a personal best for the most points in a game and also scored his 2000th career point and 1000th career goal, the first time any player has achieved this.", "The Storm continued their success into the 2017 NRL finals and won their first two, a home Qualifying final against the Parramatta Eels 18–16 and a home Preliminary Final against Brisbane Broncos 30–0 to qualify them for their second consecutive Grand Final.", "The 2017 NRL Grand Final was played against the North Queensland Cowboys, which Melbourne Storm dominated to earn them their 3rd official Premiership 34 – 6.", "Billy Slater won his second Clive Churchill medal.", "In December 2017, the NRL announced the formation of a women's competition with Melbourne Storm expressing their interest in applying for a licence to participate in the inaugural NRL Women's season.", "2018 began in successful fashion for the club when on Friday 16 February the Storm beat the Leeds Rhinos to win the 2018 World Club Challenge 38–4.", "In 2018 the club is also celebrating its 20th anniversary and on 2 March announced their team of the first 20 years during a gala evening at Crown Casino.", "The 17-man line-up is made up of the greatest players to have pulled on the purple jersey over the last two decades.", "Originally, the club favoured the name Melbourne Mavericks with a gunslinger logo holding a fistful of dollars.", "The club officials were all set to go with this until News Limited's Lachlan Murdoch told them to go with something else because the Mavericks sounded too American.", "Trams and Flying Foxes were also some ideas that came up.", "However, co-CEOs Chris Johns and John Ribot decided to go with the themes of lightning, power and storm.", "The club then became known as the Melbourne Storm.", "The Storm was always going to go with the colours of their state, Victoria (navy blue with a white 'V'), but club consultant at the time, Peter McWhirter of the JAG fashion house, suggested that they should also have purple and gold to make their merchandise more attractive.", "These colours appear in the logo; however, on the home jersey they have varied.", "Between 1998 and 2004 these four colours also appeared but between 2005 and 2009, gold was completely removed and silver introduced.", "Between 2010–2012, gold returned, silver was omitted and purple became the dominant colour in the jersey.", "For 2013 a new design was announced featuring a deeper V, with more navy blue in the jersey.", "Gold disappeared along with most of the white, and the lightning bolts were changed to purple.", "During 2015 the jersey changed again, for the first time not featuring a V at all, but the V returned somewhat along with the lightning bolts in 2016 with a manufacturer change.", "Over the years and in all variations of the jersey, navy blue and purple always remain the main colours.", "Between 1998–2001, Melbourne was the only club to display player names on the back of jerseys.", "This was because there was no major sponsor for the Storm to display on the chest or back at the time.", "It also helped supporters new to the game identify the players.", "In 2001, Melbourne gained its first major sponsor in Adecco, which was displayed on the jersey chest, while maintaining the players' names on the back until the end of 2001.", "In 2002, the Storm removed the players' names and displayed Adecco's logo on the back.", "Since then the Storm have had varying sponsors adorning the jersey.", "In October 2017, the club began celebrations of its 20th Anniversary, with the announcement that a new logo would feature for the duration of the 20 year celebrations.", "The logo was a shield based logo with the storm man featured above the words \"Melbourne Storm 20 Years\".", "On 17 October 2018, the club replaced the 20th Anniversary logo with a new permanent logo.", "The new permanent Logo is a derivation of the 20 year logo featuring no shield and a more bold \"Melbourne Storm\" and has also dropped the colour Yellow from the logo however it still exists on the collar of the uniform.", "The Melbourne Storm's club song, written by Jon Mol and Phil Wall, is called \"We Are the Storm\".", "The song played over the public address system following each home victory.", "When the team enter the stadium, the AC/DC song \"Thunderstruck\" is played.", "St. George Illawarra Dragons The Dragons – Storm rivalry was at its highest in the years following the 1999 NRL Grand Final.", "In this game the Storm narrowly beat the Dragons, with a late penalty try putting the Storm in front.", "The following year, Anthony Mundine declared that the Storm were not \"worthy premiers\" in the run up to their round 5 rematch.", "The Storm responded by belting the Dragons 70–10.", "However, later that season, the Dragons had a large win defeating the Storm 50–4.", "In 2006, the Storm and Dragons once again met in a Preliminary Final which the Storm won.", "On 21 July 2008, the Storm won at Olympic Park 26–0, in a match highlighted by several ugly brawls.", "In 2009, the Storm defeated the Dragons in Round 1 17–16 with a field goal in Golden Point extra time.", "Since then the rivalry has subsided somewhat and is no longer as strong as it once was.", "Brisbane Broncos The Melbourne Storm has a strong rivalry with Brisbane, built in large part on the large number of finals games played between the teams, including one final in each year from 2004 to 2009, with the Storm winning all but one of them.", "The move of Brisbane assistant coach Craig Bellamy to Melbourne has also been attributed to fueling the rivalry, as well as the wide spread of Queensland Origin players across their squads in the better part of the past decade.", "Every year since Brisbane's victory over Melbourne in the 2006 Grand Final, Melbourne have ended the Broncos' season by knocking them out of the finals.", "Melbourne captain Cameron Smith commented on the rivalry prior to their 2009 Preliminary Final at Etihad Stadium.", "The Brisbane Broncos defeated the Storm 15–8 in the 2006 NRL Grand Final.", "The Storm sought revenge through a 40–0 thrashing in the 2007 Qualifying Final at Olympic Park Stadium.", "The 2008 Semi-Final at Suncorp Stadium ended with Melbourne dramatically winning 16–14 with a try on the final play of the game.", "In 2009 Brisbane were again beaten by eventual premiers Melbourne, this time 40–10 at Etihad Stadium, catapulting the Storm to their 4th consecutive Grand Final Appearance.", "Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles The Storm defeated Manly 34–8 in the 2007 Grand Final but lost to in the 2008 re-match in a 0–40 loss.", "To add to the rivalry, Melbourne beat Manly 40–12 in the opening final of the 2009 finals series, ending their bid to be back-to-back premiers.", "In September 21, 2012, Storm and Manly played each other in the preliminary final for the first time.", "Storm again thrashed Manly 40–12, again ending their chances of winning back-to-back titles.", "In 2011 another major chapter was written in the rivalry of the two clubs in what became known as the \"Battle of Brookvale\".", "This game involved a massive brawl that in the end involved interchange players and officials from both clubs as well.", "Players were red carded and the brawl escalated in the players tunnel as well What made this worse was that the match was attended by then CEO of the NRL David Gallop.", "This is more of a traditional rivalry due to the large number of Kiwi internationals Melbourne has fielded in their history.", "Matches between the two clubs are normally close and low scoring, with the overall head to head (as of 2017) in Melbourne's favour (40 clashes, Storm 22-Warriors 16 and 2 draws).", "These two sides played an annual ANZAC Day clash each year between 2009–2014.", "For 2015 it was played earlier in April before moving back to ANZAC Day for 2016 onwards.", "Both teams play for the Michael Moore Trophy.", "Melbourne's current home ground is AAMI Park and has been since the 2010 season.", "Prior to this the club played the vast majority of their home matches at the city's now demolished Olympic Park Stadium, which was located next door.", "Affectionately coined \"The Graveyard\" by fans due to the incredible 77.2% winning percentage there, it was there that the club played their inaugural home match in the fourth round of the 1998 season on 3 April 1998, having come off the back of three successive away victories.", "The team recorded a 26–16 victory over the North Sydney Bears, and the crowd of 20,522 was the largest attendance for the club at Olympic Park.", "It was also at this time that Melbourne Storm helped set a Rugby League World record attendance figure of 107,999.", "This was during the 1999 NRL Grand final, held at Stadium Australia where they defeated the St George Illawarra Dragons, to win their first NRL premiership.", "As the ground's capacity has since been reduced this record cannot be broken.", "The team remained at Olympic Park until the end of the 2000 season, when it was decided that due to attracting larger home crowds which were now averaging 14,622 spectators, they decided to relocate to the much larger capacity Docklands Stadium for the following season.", "However, due to Docklands stadium being primarily suited to AFL games and in addition the AFL and stadium management being reluctant to reconfigure the seating for Rugby League games and coupled with the team missing the finals that year, crowd numbers declined and it was decided to move the team back to Olympic Park.", "Docklands stadium was still used by the Storm for home finals until 2010 and this allowed a home final attendance record of 33,427 to be set in 2007 in the Preliminary Final against Parramatta.", "From 2002, crowd numbers declined and by 2004 the Storm had their lowest crowd average of 8,886 per home game; however, at this time the Storm also began a strong recruiting drive and with a new and exciting playing roster, crowds steadily rose over the following years, returning to an average of 14,670 by 2010.", "The Storm played their final game at Olympic Park in round 25 of the 2009 season, 29 August 2009, with a 36–4 thrashing of the Sydney Roosters The intention was to relocate to its new home venue next door at AAMI Park; however, delays in construction meant that the first game could not be played at the venue until Round 9 of the 2010 season, therefore, the first three home games of 2010 were played at Etihad Stadium.", "Since then all Storm home games (with the exception of a few homes games played interstate), regular season and finals, have been played at AAMI Park.", "Following winning the 2012 premiership and having sustained onfield success, crowd numbers continued to rise.", "The club's highest regular season attendance at AAMI Park, of 28,716, was set on 25 April 2014 for the ANZAC Day match against New Zealand Warriors.", "The average crowds have continued to increase and by the end of the 2016 season had reached a peak of 18,079.", "The 2016 season also included their highest official \"home\" attendance of 52,347 set during a doubleheader game at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane.", "As of Round 17 in the 2019 NRL season, the Storm have won three legitimate NRL Premierships (1999, 2012, 2017) and four Minor Premierships (2011, 2016, 2017, 2019).", "Their current wins percentage of 65.60% is the best in the league.", "The most capped player is Cameron Smith with 400 NRL appearances thus far.", "Smiths total is currently a league record and he also is currently the only NRL player in history to reach the 400 game mark.", "In addition, Smith is also the leagues highest point scorer with 2516 career points.", "Fullback Billy Slater is the club's most prolific try scorer with 190 tries scored during his career.", "Melbourne Storm players have also won the Dally M medal on five occasions: Cameron Smith twice in 2006 and most recently in 2017, Billy Slater in 2011 and Cooper Cronk twice in 2013 and 2016.", "The Storm have thus far had five Golden Boot award winners, more than any other club (Smith 2007 and 2017, Slater 2008, Greg Inglis 2009 and Cronk in 2016).", "Melbourne Storm's current winning streak record for the most consecutive matches won stands at 15 matches, completed between Round 22 of the 2012 NRL season and Round 7 of the 2013 NRL season; this included winning the 2012 NRL Premiership.", "The club's all-time highest score is 70 points scored against St. George Illawarra on 3 March 2000 but the highest winning margin is 64 points achieved in a 64–0 win over West Tigers in 2001 and equaled in a 68–4 win over Canberra Raiders in 2013.", "As part of their 10-year celebrations in 2007, Melbourne Storm released a team of the decade.", "The 17 man team was selected by former assistant coach Greg Brentnall, foundation CEO John Ribot, and then board member Frank Stanton (all 3 were members of the 1982 Kangaroo tour \"Invincibles\", Brentnall and Ribot as players with Stanton the coach).", "The trio were joined by \"The Daily Telegraph\" (Sydney) journalist Steve Mascord.", "As part of their 20-year celebrations in 2018, Melbourne Storm announced their team of the first 20 years at a gala night at Crown Casino on 2 March 2018.", "The 17-man line-up is made up of the greatest players to have pulled on the purple jersey over the last two decades.", "The team selection panel included Storm football director Frank Ponissi, chief executive Dave Donaghy, inaugural chief executive John Ribot, former assistant coach Greg Brentnall, journalist Roy Masters and current coach Craig Bellamy.", "The Melbourne Storm's supporter base grew from almost 500,000 in 2004 to almost 800,000 in 2009, making them the fourth most popular rugby team.", "The club's supporter group, the \"Graveyard Crew\", make a banner for the team to run through before the start of each game.", "In 1998, the Storm established an affiliation with Queensland Cup side the Norths Devils and used the club as a feeder for their first grade team.", "The relationship would prove to be a fruitful one as 13 of the 17 players to compete for the Storm in the 2006 NRL Grand Final had played for the Devils in previous years.", "In 2005, the Storm also established an affiliation with the North Sydney Bears in the New South Wales Cup.", "Melbourne severed ties with both the Bears and the Devils in 2007 and aligned themselves with the Central Coast Storm in the New South Wales Cup.", "The affiliation lasted three seasons before the Storm decided to establish their own team in the NSW Cup in 2010 which would share its namesake.", "An unsuccessful venture saw the Storm revert to the Queensland Cup in 2011 when it established a feeder relationship with the Easts Tigers.", "Melbourne established a second feeder relationship with the Sunshine Coast Falcons in 2014, also from the Queensland Cup.", "The Storm further committed to the area in 2015 when it was announced their National Youth Competition U20 side would be based out of the Sunshine Coast from 2016." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 460744, "simple_article_title": "Melbourne Storm", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=460744", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-460744-0-0", "simple-460744-0-1", "simple-460744-0-2", "simple-460744-0-3", "simple-460744-0-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Melbourne Storm are an Australian professional rugby league team.", "The team is based in Melbourne, Victoria.", "They were founded in 1997.", "They currently play in the National Rugby League competition.", "They have won three premierships, most recently in 2017." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 25865120, "normal_article_title": "Yukitaka Omi", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25865120", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-25865120-0-0", "normal-25865120-0-1", "normal-25865120-1-0", "normal-25865120-1-1", "normal-25865120-1-2", "normal-25865120-1-3", "normal-25865120-1-4", "normal-25865120-1-5", "normal-25865120-1-6", "normal-25865120-2-0", "normal-25865120-2-1", "normal-25865120-2-2", "normal-25865120-3-0", "normal-25865120-3-1", "normal-25865120-3-2", "normal-25865120-3-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Yukitaka Omi (小見 幸隆 , Omi Yukitaka , born December 15, 1952) is a former Japanese football player and manager.", "He played for Japan national team.", "Omi was born in Tokyo on December 15, 1952.", "He joined new club Yomiuri in 1969.", "The club was promoted to new division Japan Soccer League Division 2 in 1972 and Division 1 in 1978.", "In 1979, the club won their first major title, 1979 JSL Cup.", "The club won the league champions in 1983 and 1984.", "The club also won 1984 Emperor's Cup and 1985 JSL Cup.", "He retired in 1986.", "On May 23, 1978, Omi debuted for Japan national team against Thailand.", "In 1980, he was elected Japan for 1980 Summer Olympics qualification.", "He played 6 games for Japan until 1980.", "After retirement, Omi started coaching career at Yomiuri (later \"Tokyo Verdy\").", "In July 2001, he became a manager as Yasutaro Matsuki successor.", "However, he was sacked in April 2002.", "In April 2005, he signed with Arte Takasaki and managed the club in 1 season." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 249226, "simple_article_title": "Yukitaka Omi", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=249226", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-249226-0-0", "simple-249226-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Yukitaka Omi (小見 幸隆, Omi Yukitaka, born December 15, 1952) is a former Japanese football player.", "He has played for the Japanese national team." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 571933, "normal_article_title": "Cottontail rabbit", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=571933", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-571933-0-0", "normal-571933-0-1", "normal-571933-0-2", "normal-571933-0-3", "normal-571933-0-4", "normal-571933-1-0", "normal-571933-1-1", "normal-571933-1-2", "normal-571933-1-3", "normal-571933-2-0", "normal-571933-3-0", "normal-571933-3-1", "normal-571933-3-2", "normal-571933-4-0", "normal-571933-4-1", "normal-571933-4-2", "normal-571933-5-0", "normal-571933-5-1", "normal-571933-5-2", "normal-571933-5-3", "normal-571933-5-4", "normal-571933-5-5", "normal-571933-6-0", "normal-571933-6-1", "normal-571933-6-2", "normal-571933-6-3", "normal-571933-6-4", "normal-571933-7-0", "normal-571933-7-1", "normal-571933-8-0", "normal-571933-8-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Cottontail rabbits are among the 20 lagomorph species in the genus Sylvilagus, found in the Americas.", "Most cottontails closely resemble the wild European rabbit (\"Oryctolagus cuniculus\").", "Most \"Sylvilagus\" species have stub tails with white undersides that show when they retreat, giving them their characteristic name.", "However, this feature is not present in all cottontails nor is it unique to the genus.", "For example, the European rabbit also has a white tail, and the underside of the brush rabbit's tail is blue.", "The genus is widely distributed across North America, Central America and northern and central South America, though most species are confined to particular regions.", "Most (though not all) species live in nests called forms, and all have altricial young.", "An adult female averages three litters per year, which can occur in any season; occurrence, and litter size depend on several factors including time of the year, weather, and location.", "The average litter size is four but can range from as few as two to as many as eight, most of whom do not go on to survive to adulthood.", "Cottontail rabbits show a greater resistance to myxomatosis than European rabbits.", "The cottontail is one of several species of \"Sylvilagus\"; their closest relative is \"Brachylagus\", the pygmy rabbit.", "They are more distantly related to the European and other rabbits, and more distantly still to the hares.", "The cladogram is from Kraatz et al., 2015, based on nuclear and mitochondrial gene analysis.", "The lifespan of a cottontail averages about two years, depending on the location.", "Almost every living carnivorous creature larger or faster than the lagomorph is its predator.", "That includes: domestic dogs, cats, humans, snakes, coyotes, mountain lions, foxes, and if the cottontail is showing signs of illness, even squirrels.", "The cottontail's biggest threat comes from birds of prey.", "Newborn cottontails are particularly vulnerable to these attacks.", "Cottontail lagomorphs use burrows vacated by other animals.", "Predators such as snakes are well aware of the areas used and reused by the cottontails, and kill the young at will.", "Though cottontails are sexually active, and mated pairs have several offspring many times in all seasons, few survive to adulthood.", "Those that do, grow very quickly and are full grown adults at three months.", "Unlike the squirrel and chipmunk that eat sitting up on their hind legs and can hold food with their front paws while spinning it in circles to devour it quickly, cottontails eat while on all fours.", "Cottontails can only use their nose to move and adjust the position of the food that it places directly in front of its front paws on the ground.", "The cottontail rabbit will turn the food with its nose to find the cleanest part of the vegetation (free of sand and inedible parts) to begin its meal.", "The only time a cottontail uses its front paws to enable eating is when vegetation is above its head on a living plant.", "The cottontail will lift its paw to bend the branch to bring the food within reach.", "Cottontails are rarely found out of their burrows looking for food on windy days, because the wind interferes with their hearing capabilities.", "Hearing an oncoming predator is their primary defense mechanism.", "The subgenera were described in the 19th century based on limited morphological data that have been shown to not be of great use, nor to depict phylogenetic relationships.", "Molecular studies (limited in scope to the mitochondrial 12S gene) have shown that the currently accepted subgeneric structure, while of some heuristic value, is unlikely to withstand additional scrutiny." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 132576, "simple_article_title": "Cottontail rabbit", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=132576", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-132576-0-0", "simple-132576-0-1", "simple-132576-1-0", "simple-132576-1-1", "simple-132576-1-2", "simple-132576-1-3", "simple-132576-2-0", "simple-132576-2-1", "simple-132576-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Cottontail rabbits live in America.", "They are any of several North, Central and South American rabbit species of the genus \"Sylvilagus\".", "Most cottontail rabbits of the genus have a short tail with a white underside that shows when they are running away.", "This gives them their name, \"cottontails.\"", "However, this feature is not present in all cottontails.", "Some can be different.", "The cottontail rabbit lives most across North America, Central America, and South America.", "Most species live in nests called \"forms\".", "Cottontail rabbits do not get the disease myxomatosis as easily as European rabbits." ] } }

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metropolitan area.", "The Bills compete in the National Football League (NFL), as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division.", "The team plays their home games at New Era Field in Orchard Park, New York.", "The Bills are the only NFL team that plays its home games in the state of New York.", "The Bills conduct summer training camp at St. John Fisher College in Pittsford, New York, an eastern suburb of Rochester.", "The Bills began play as an original franchise of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960.", "The club joined the NFL as a result of the AFL–NFL merger for the 1970 season.", "The 1964 and 1965 Bills were the only teams representing Buffalo that won major league professional sports championships (\"back-to-back\" American Football League Championships).", "The Bills are the only team to win four consecutive conference championships and are the only NFL team to lose four consecutive Super Bowl games.", "The team was owned by Ralph Wilson from the team's founding in 1960, until his death in 2014 at the age of 95.", "After his death, Wilson's estate reached an agreement to sell the team to Terry and Kim Pegula, which was approved by the other NFL team owners on October 8, 2014.", "The Bills formerly possessed the longest active playoff drought in any of the four major professional sports in North America: they did not qualify to play in the NFL playoffs from 1999 until 2017 and were the last NFL team (and last team in the major North American professional sports leagues overall) to qualify for the playoffs for the first time in the 21st century.", "On August 29th, 2019, the Buffalo Bills won 4 straight preseason games, the first time in franchise history.", "The Bills began competitive play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League led by head coach Buster Ramsey and joined the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970.", "The Bills won two consecutive American Football League titles in 1964 and 1965 with quarterback Jack Kemp and coach Lou Saban, but the club has yet to win a league championship since.", "Once the AFL–NFL merger took effect, the Bills became the second NFL team to represent the city; they followed the Buffalo All-Americans, a charter member of the league.", "Buffalo had been left out of the league since the All-Americans (by that point renamed the Bisons) folded in 1929; the Bills were no less than the third professional non-NFL team to compete in the city before the merger, following the Indians/Tigers of the early 1940s and an earlier team named the Bills, originally the Bisons, in the late 1940s in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC).", "Following the AFL–NFL merger, the Bills were generally mediocre in the 1970s, but featured All-Pro running back O. J. Simpson.", "After being pushed to the brink of failure in the mid-1980s, the collapse of the United States Football League and a series of highly drafted players such as Jim Kelly (who initially played for the USFL instead of the Bills), Thurman Thomas, and Bruce Smith allowed the Bills to rebuild into a perennial contender in the late 1980s through the mid-1990s, a period in which the team won four consecutive AFC Championships; the team nevertheless lost all four subsequent Super Bowls, records in both categories that still stand.", "The rise of the division rival New England Patriots under Tom Brady, along with numerous failed attempts at rebuilding in the 2000s and 2010s, prevented the Bills from reaching the playoffs in seventeen consecutive seasons between 2000 and 2016, a 17-year drought that was the longest active playoff drought in all major professional sports at the time.", "It was broken when the Bills secured a wild-card berth on December 31, 2017.", "On October 8, 2014, Buffalo Sabres owners Terry and Kim Pegula received unanimous approval to acquire the Bills during the NFL owners' meetings, becoming the second ownership group of the team after team founder Ralph Wilson.", "In 1947 a contest was held to rename the AAFC Bisons, which was owned by James Breuil of the Frontier Oil Company.", "The winning entry suggested \"Bills\", reflecting on the famous western frontiersman, Buffalo Bill Cody.", "Carrying the \"frontier\" theme further, the winning contestant offered the team was being supported by Frontier Oil and was \"opening a new frontier in sports in Western New York.\"", "When Buffalo joined the new American Football League in 1960, the name of the city's earlier pro football entry was adopted.", "The Bills' uniforms in its first two seasons were based on those of the Detroit Lions at the time.", "The team's original colors were Honolulu blue, silver and white, and the helmets were silver with no striping.", "There was no logo on the helmet, which displayed the players' numbers on each side.", "In 1962, the standing red bison was designated as the logo and took its place on a white helmet.", "In 1962, the team's colors also changed to red, white, and blue.", "The team switched to blue jerseys with red and white \"LSU\" stripes on the shoulders.", "The helmets were white with a red center stripe.", "The jerseys again saw a change in 1964 when the shoulder stripes were replaced by a distinctive stripe pattern on the sleeves consisting of four stripes, two thicker inner stripes and two thinner outer stripes all bordered by red piping.", "By 1965, red and blue center stripes were put on the helmets.", "The Bills introduced blue pants worn with the white jerseys in 1973, the last year of the standing buffalo helmet.", "The blue pants remained through 1985.", "The face mask on the helmet was blue from 1974 through 1986 before changing to white.", "The standing bison logo was replaced by a blue charging one with a red slanting stripe streaming from its horn.", "The newer emblem, which is still the primary one used by the franchise, was designed by aerospace designer Stevens Wright in 1974.", "In 1984, the helmet's shell color was changed from white to red, primarily to help Bills quarterback Joe Ferguson distinguish them more readily from three of their division rivals at that time, the Baltimore Colts, the Miami Dolphins, and the New England Patriots, who all also wore white helmets at that point.", "Ferguson said \"Everyone we played had white helmets at that time.", "Our new head coach Kay Stephenson just wanted to get more of a contrast on the field that may help spot a receiver down the field.\"", "(The Patriots now use a silver helmet, the Colts have since been realigned to the AFC South, and the New York Jets have since switched back to green-colored helmets as of the 2019 NFL season.)", "In 2002, under the direction of general manager Tom Donahoe, the Bills' uniforms went through radical changes.", "A darker shade of blue was introduced as the main jersey color, and nickel gray was introduced as an accent color.", "Both the blue and white jerseys featured red side panels.", "The white jerseys included a dark blue shoulder yoke and royal blue numbers.", "The helmet remained primarily red with one navy blue, two nickel, two royal blue, two white stripes, and white face mask.", "A new logo, a stylized \"B\" consisting of two bullets and a more detailed buffalo head on top, was proposed and had been released (it can be seen on a few baseball caps that were released for sale), but fan backlash led to the team retaining the running bison logo.", "The helmet logo adopted in 1974—a charging royal blue bison, with a red streak, white horn and eyeball—remained unchanged.", "In 2005, the Bills revived the standing bison helmet and uniform of the mid-1960s as a throwback uniform.", "The Bills usually wore the all-blue combination at home and the all-white combination on the road when not wearing the throwback uniforms.", "They stopped wearing blue-on-white after 2006, while the white-on-blue was not worn after 2007.", "For the 2011 season, the Bills unveiled a new uniform design, an updated rendition of the 1975–83 design.", "This change includes a return to the white helmets with \"charging buffalo\" logo, and a return to royal blue instead of navy.", "Buffalo sporadically wore white at home in the 1980s, but stopped doing so before their Super Bowl years.", "On November 6, 2011, against the New York Jets, the Bills wore white at home for the first time since 1986.", "Since 2011, the Bills have worn white for a home game either with their primary uniform or a throwback set.", "The Bills' uniform received minor alterations as part of the league's new uniform contract with Nike.", "The new Nike uniform was unveiled on April 3, 2012.", "On November 12, 2015, the Bills and the New York Jets became the first two teams to participate in the NFL's Color Rush uniform initiative, with Buffalo wearing an all-red combination for the first time in team history.", "A notable use of the Bills' uniforms outside of football was in the 2018 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, when the United States men's national junior ice hockey team wore Bills-inspired uniforms in their outdoor game against Team Canada on December 29, 2017.", "The Bills have rivalries with their three AFC East opponents, and also have had occasional or historical rivalries with other teams such as the Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts (a former divisional rival), Kansas City Chiefs, Houston Oilers/Tennessee Titans, Cleveland Browns, and Dallas Cowboys.", "They also play an annual preseason game against the Detroit Lions.", "This is often considered Buffalo's most famous rivalry.", "Though the Bills and Dolphins both originated in the American Football League, the Dolphins did not start playing until 1966 as an expansion team while the Bills were one of the original eight teams.", "The rivalry first gained prominence when the Dolphins won every match-up against the Bills in the 1970s for an NFL-record 20 straight wins against a single opponent.", "Fortunes changed in the following decades with the rise of Jim Kelly as Buffalo's franchise quarterback, and though Kelly and Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino shared a competitive rivalry in the 1980s and 1990s, the Bills became dominant in the 1990s.", "Things have since cooled down after the retirements of Kelly and Marino and the rise of the Belichick/Brady-led Patriots, but Miami remains a fierce rival of the Bills, coming in second place in a recent poll of Buffalo's primary rival, and the two teams have typically been close to each other in win-loss records.", "Miami leads the overall series 60-47-1 as of 2017, but Buffalo has the advantage in the playoffs at 3-1, including a win in the 1992 AFC Championship Game.", "The rivalry with the New England Patriots first started when both teams were original franchises in the American Football League prior to the NFL-AFL merger.", "After the rise of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in New England, the Patriots have dominated the AFC East, including the Bills.", "The Bills-Patriots rivalry in particular has become lopsided as the Patriots are 29-5 against the Bills since Belichick became head coach.", "This has led many fans and players in the 2000s and beyond to replace the Dolphins with the Patriots as Buffalo's most hated rival.", "Overall, the Patriots lead the series 72-43-1 as of 2017.", "The rivalry is also notable as numerous players, including Drew Bledsoe, Doug Flutie, Lawyer Milloy, Brandon Spikes, Scott Chandler, Chris Hogan, Mike Gillislee and Stephon Gilmore have played for both teams at some point in their careers.", "The Bills and Jets both represent the state of New York, though the Jets actually play their games in East Rutherford, New Jersey.", "The series started as the Bills and Jets were both original teams in the AFL.", "Though the rivalry represents the differences between New York City and Upstate New York, it is not as intense as the Bills' rivalries with the Dolphins and Patriots, and the teams' fanbases either have begrudging respect or low-key annoyance for each other when not playing one another.", "Oftentimes the rivalry has become characterized by ugly games and shared mediocrity, but it has had a handful of competitive moments and briefly heated up when former Jets head coach Rex Ryan became head coach of the Bills for two seasons.", "Buffalo leads the series 61-54 as of 2017, including a playoff win in 1981.", "The Tennessee Titans, formerly the Houston Oilers, were another fellow rival from the AFL, sharing extended history with the Bills as well.", "The Oilers were a divisional rival before the NFL-AFL merger as part of the AFL East Division.", "Matchups were intense in the 1990s with quarterback Warren Moon leading the Oilers against Jim Kelly's Bills.", "Memorable playoff moments between the teams include The Comeback, in which the Frank Reich-led Bills overcame a 35-3 deficit to stun the Oilers 41-38 in 1992, and the Music City Miracle, in which the now-Titans scored on a near-last-minute kickoff return with a controversial lateral pass to stun the Bills 22-16 in 1999.", "The Music City Miracle was notable for being Buffalo's last playoff appearance until 2017.", "The Titans currently lead the series 28-18.", "Though the two teams are in different divisions and did not start playing each other until after 1972, match-ups between the Bills and the Cleveland Browns occasionally get heated up due to the proximity and similarity between the cities of Buffalo and Cleveland, though the teams' fanbases share mutual respect for each other otherwise.", "As with the Bills-Jets rivalry, the Bills and Browns often share bad luck and have seen their share of ugly games, including a 6-3 Browns win in which the winning quarterback only completed 2 of 17 passes.", "However, there have been other occasions when both teams have been competitive such as in the 1980s and most recently in 2007 and 2014.", "The rivalry also gained heat when former Bills safety Donte Whitner was with the Browns.", "The Browns currently lead the series 12-9, including a playoff win in 1990, though the Bills have outscored the Browns in the series.", "The Browns shared a rivalry with the Bills' predecessors in the All-America Football Conference, playing them twice in the AAFC playoffs before becoming one of three AAFC teams to join the NFL.", "The Bills were not selected to join the NFL and folded with the rest of the AAFC, leaving Buffalo without professional football until the current Bills were formed in 1959.", "The Bills and the Kansas City Chiefs were also original teams in the AFL and have had a long history against each other, despite never being in the same division.", "This rivalry heated up recently as the Bills and Chiefs met in consecutive years from 2008 to 2015, and again in 2017.", "The teams have played three playoff games against each other, including the AFL Championship game that determined the AFL's (later AFC) representative in the first Super Bowl, with Kansas City winning and going on to face the Green Bay Packers in the Super Bowl.", "However, Buffalo defeated Kansas City in the 1993 AFC championship game to advance to its fourth straight Super Bowl appearance.", "Buffalo currently leads the series 26-21-1.", "In recent years, bitterness has emerged between the Bills and the Jacksonville Jaguars, who had handed Buffalo its first playoff loss in New Era Field in 1996.", "Both teams occupy two of the smallest media markets in the NFL.", "After years of concurrent bottom feeding in the late 2000s and early 2010s, this rivalry has emerged after former Bills head coach Doug Marrone, who had quit on the team after the 2014 season, was hired as a coaching assistant for Jacksonville and rose to become the Jaguars' head coach.", "Since then, the series has featured an embarrassing Bills loss to the Jaguars in London, an ugly, low-scoring playoff game in 2017, trash talk from Jaguars players such as Jalen Ramsey and a brawl between the teams in 2018.", "The Buffalo Bills have retired three numbers in franchise history: No. 12 for Jim Kelly, No. 34 for Thurman Thomas and No. 78 for Bruce Smith.", "Despite the fact that the Bills have only retired three jersey numbers in franchise history, the team has other numbers no longer issued to any player or in reduced circulation.", "Since the earliest days of the team, the number 31 was not supposed to be issued to any other player.", "The Bills had stationery and various other team merchandise showing a running player wearing that number, and it was not supposed to represent any specific person, but the 'spirit of the team.'", "In the first three decades of the team's existence, the number 31 was only seen once: in 1969, when reserve running back Preston Ridlehuber damaged his number 36 jersey during a game, equipment manager Tony Marchitte gave him the number 31 jersey to wear while repairing the number 36.", "The number 31 was not issued again until 1990 when first round draft choice James (J.D.) Williams wore it for his first two seasons; it has since been returned to general circulation, with practice squad safety Dean Marlowe wearing the number in 2018.", "Number 32 had been withdrawn from circulation, but not retired, after O. J. Simpson.", "Former owner Ralph Wilson insisted on not reissuing the number, even after Simpson's highly publicized murder case and later robbery conviction.", "The number was placed back into circulation in 2019, currently worn by Senorise Perry.", "Number 15 was historically only issued sparingly after the retirement of Jack Kemp, but was later returned to general circulation.", "It is not being used as of the 2018 regular season.", "Number 1 has also only rarely been used, for reasons never explained.", "Kicker Mike Hollis, who played one season for the Bills in 2002, was the most recent to wear the number in the regular season; it went 17 years without being reissued before David Sills was assigned it.", "The Buffalo Bills Radio Network is flagshipped at WGR, AM 550 in Buffalo, owned by Entercom.", "John Murphy is the team's current play-by-play announcer; he was a color commentator alongside, and eventually succeeded, longtime voice Van Miller after Miller's retirement at the end of the 2003 NFL season.", "Mark Kelso serves as the color analyst.", "The Bills radio network has approximately seventeen affiliates in upstate New York and one affiliate, CJCL 590AM (The Fan) in Toronto.", "As of early 2012, it is composed mostly of WGR, Entercom's sister stations WCMF (96.5 FM) and WROC-AM 950 in Rochester, and a fleet of independent AM and FM stations across upstate New York from Jamestown east to Albany.", "Previous flagship Citadel Broadcasting was purchased by Cumulus Media, who in turn ceased carrying Bills games at the end of the 2011 season, leaving the network without affiliates in Syracuse, Binghamton, and Erie.", "(The Syracuse affiliations were later picked up by Galaxy Communications.)", "During the preseason, most games are televised on Buffalo's ABC affiliate, WKBW-TV channel 7.", "In 2018, the team signed an agreement with Nexstar Media Group to carry Bills games across its network of stations in the region, which includes WJET-TV in Erie, WROC-TV in Rochester, WSYR-TV in Syracuse, WUTR in Utica, WETM-TV in Elmira and WIVT in Binghamton.", "Following the expiration of its contract with WKBW in 2019, the flagship station will become WIVB-TV.", "CBS analyst and former Bills special teams player Steve Tasker does color commentary on these games; the play-by-play position is rotated between his CBS partner Andrew Catalon and Rob Stone.", "WROC-TV reporter Thad Brown is the sideline reporter.", "Since 2008, preseason games have been broadcast in high definition.", "Beginning in the 2016 season, as per a new rights deal which covers rights to the team as well as its sister NHL franchise, the Buffalo Sabres, most team-related programming, including studio programming and the coach's show, was re-located to MSG Western New York—a joint venture of MSG and the team ownership.", "Preseason games will continue to air in simulcast on WKBW.", "In the event regular season games are broadcast by ESPN, in accordance with the league's television policies, a local Buffalo station simulcasts the game.", "From 2014 to 2017, WKBW-TV held the broadcast rights to that contest, with the station having won back the rights to cable games after WBBZ-TV held the rights for 2012 and 2013.", "The Bills' official mascot is Billy Buffalo, an eight-foot tall, anthropomorphic blue American bison who wears the jersey \"number\" BB.", "The Bills currently do not have cheerleaders.", "The Bills operated a cheerleading squad named the Buffalo Jills from 1967 to 1985; from 1986 to 2013, the Jills operated as an independent organization sponsored by various companies, most recently by Citadel Broadcasting.", "The Jills suspended operations prior to the 2014 season due to legal actions.", "The Bills and Jills are currently involved in a legal battle, in which the Jills allege they were employees, not independent contractors, and are seeking back pay.", "Complicating matters is that Citadel's buyer, Cumulus Media, declared bankruptcy and sought to discharge its remaining Bills-related debts in January 2018.", "The Bills are one of six teams in the NFL to designate an official marching band or drumline (the others being the Baltimore Ravens, Washington Redskins, New York Jets, Carolina Panthers and Seattle Seahawks).", "Since the last game of the 2013 season, this position has been served by the Stampede Drumline, known outside of Buffalo as Downbeat Percussion.", "The Bills have also used the full marching bands from Attica High School, the University of Pittsburgh and Syracuse University at home games in recent years.", "The Bills have several theme songs associated with them.", "One is a variation of the Isley Brothers hit \"Shout\", recorded by Scott Kemper, which served as the Bills' official promotional song from 1987 through 1990s.", "It was officially replaced circa 2000 with \"The Power of the Bills\", although \"Shout\" remains in use.", "The Bills' unofficial fight song, \"Go Bills\", was penned by Bills head coach Marv Levy in the mid-1990s on a friendly wager with his players that he will write the song if the team won a particular game.", "The Bills Backers are the official fan organization of the Buffalo Bills.", "It has over 200 chapters across North America, Europe and Oceania.", "Also notable is the \"Bills Mafia\", a collection of Bills fans organized via Twitter beginning in 2010; the phrase \"Bills Mafia\" had by 2017 grown to unofficially represent the broad community surrounding and encompassing the team as a whole, and players who join the Bills often speak of joining the Bills Mafia.", "Outsiders often treat the Bills' fan base in derogatory terms, especially since the 2010s, in part because of negative press coverage of select fans' wilder antics.", "Bills fans have been noted as much for their boisterous behavior as they have for their generosity; after the Bills received help in breaking their 17-year playoff drought on a last-minute Cincinnati Bengals victory, Bills fans crowdfunded the charities of Bengals players Andy Dalton and Tyler Boyd with hundreds of thousands of dollars as a gesture of thanks.", "The Bills are one of the favorite teams of ESPN announcer Chris Berman, who picked the Bills to reach the Super Bowl nearly every year in the 1990s.", "Berman often uses the catchphrase \"No one circles the wagons like the Buffalo Bills!\"", "Berman gave the induction speech for Bills owner Ralph Wilson when Wilson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009.", "The Bills were also the favorite team of late NBC political commentator Tim Russert, a South Buffalo native, who often referred to the Bills on his Sunday morning talk show, \"Meet the Press\".", "(His son, Luke, is also a notable fan of the team.)", "CNN's Wolf Blitzer, also a Buffalo native, has proclaimed he is also a fan, as has \"CBS Evening News\" lead anchor and Tonawanda native Jeff Glor.", "ESPN anchor Kevin Connors is also a noted Bills fan, dating to his time attending Ithaca College.", "Actor Nick Bakay, a Buffalo native, is also a well-known Bills fan; he has discussed the team in segments of NFL Top 10.", "Character actor William Fichtner, raised in Cheektowaga, is a fan, and did a commercial for the team in 2014.", "In 2015, Fichtner also narrated the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary on the Bills four Super Bowl appearances, \"Four Falls of Buffalo\".", "Former Olympic swimmer Summer Sanders (an in-law to former Bills kicker Todd Schlopy) has professed her fandom of the team.", "Bills fans are particularly well known for their wearing of Zubaz zebra-printed sportswear; so much is the association between Bills fans and Zubaz that when a revival of the company opened their first brick-and-mortar storefront, it chose Western New York as its first location.", "Persons notable almost entirely for their Bills fandom include Ken \"Pinto Ron\" Johnson, whose antics while appearing at every Bills home and away game since 1994 earned enough scrutiny that his tailgate parties were banned from stadium property on order of the league; John Lang, an Elvis impersonator who carries a large guitar that he uses as a billboard; and Ezra Castro, also known as \"Pancho Billa,\" a resident of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex who wears a large sombrero and lucha mask.", "Castro was diagnosed with a spinal tumor that had metastasized in 2017; he was invited on stage during the 2018 NFL Draft to read one of the Bills' selections.", "Castro died May 14, 2019.", "Buffalo's rivalry with the Miami Dolphins is referenced on Steve Martin's 1979 album \"Comedy Is Not Pretty!\"", "on the track \"How To Meet A Girl.\"", "On the track, Martin simulates chatter about football at a party, and one \"partier\" expresses disbelief that Buffalo could beat Miami – at the time of the album's release, the Dolphins had won 18 straight games over the Bills.", "In the 1996 \"X-Files\" episode \"Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man\", the titular character, a member of a shadowy government cabal, states that the Buffalo Bills will not win a Super Bowl while he lives.", "The Buffalo Bills were featured on the direct-to-TV movie \"Second String\", and in the Vincent Gallo drama \"Buffalo 66\".", "Actor Dean Cain was briefly a member of the Bills.", "Because of this, references to the Bills have appeared in the television series \"\", in which Cain played the title character.", "In the , titled \"Lord of the Flys\", Clark picks up a blue Buffalo Bills hat with the Charging Buffalo emblem in the center and uses it to help disguise himself.", "In a later episode, he lets it be known the Metropolis Mammoths are playing the Bills.", "In an April 2011 episode of the television series \"30 Rock\", titled \"100\", Alec Baldwin's character Jack Donaghy discovers that, in an alternate future, he would not only be wealthier and more successful, but he would also be the owner of a \"New York football team.\"", "He later is disappointed to learn the team is not the New York Giants or New York Jets, but the Buffalo Bills.", "The Bills are the team that eventually unseats the Orlando Breakers, the fictional NFL team that serves as the focus of the sitcom \"Coach\" in later seasons, in the playoffs.", "In a March 2014 episode of the television series \"Family Guy\" entitled \"3 Acts of God\", Peter Griffin—along with his family and friends—attends a game between the Buffalo Bills and New England Patriots at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which the Bills win.", "The episode also features Bills players Mario Williams and C. J. Spiller guest starring as themselves.", "Several former Buffalo Bills players have earned a name in politics after their playing careers had ended, almost always as members of the Republican Party.", "The most famous of these was quarterback Jack Kemp, who was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Western New York in 1971—two years after his playing career ended and remained there for nearly two decades, serving as the Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States under Bob Dole in 1996.", "Kemp's backup, Ed Rutkowski, served as county executive of Erie County from 1979 to 1987.", "Former tight end Jay Riemersma, defensive tackle Fred Smerlas and defensive end Phil Hansen have all run for Congress, though all three either lost or withdrew from their respective races.", "Quarterback Jim Kelly and running back Thurman Thomas have also both been mentioned as potential candidates for political office, although both have declined all requests to date." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 106034, "simple_article_title": "Buffalo Bills", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=106034", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-106034-0-0", "simple-106034-0-1", "simple-106034-0-2", "simple-106034-1-0", "simple-106034-1-1", "simple-106034-2-0", "simple-106034-2-1", "simple-106034-2-2", "simple-106034-3-0", "simple-106034-3-1", "simple-106034-3-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Buffalo Bills are a professional American football team in Buffalo, New York.", "They are members of the Eastern Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL).", "The Bills started playing in 1960 as an original member of the American Football League and joined the NFL as part of the AFL-NFL merger.", "The Bills won two American Football League titles in 1964 and 1965, but the team has not won a league championship since the merger.", "Buffalo is also the only team to win four consecutive AFC Championships (1990-93), though they did not win any of the four following Super Bowls.", "Ralph Wilson, the longtime owner who had established the Bills in 1959, died on March 25, 2014.", "On September 9, 2014, Wilson's family announced that it had sold the team to Terry Pegula and his wife, Kim.", "The Pegulas also own the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL.", "The Bills team name is based on the famous \"wild west show\" star known as Buffalo Bill.", "The American bison is the team symbol.", "The term \"buffalo\" is often, though incorrectly, used as a synonym for \"bison\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 31052237, "normal_article_title": "Pipo de Clown", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31052237", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-31052237-0-0", "normal-31052237-0-1", "normal-31052237-0-2", "normal-31052237-0-3", "normal-31052237-1-0", "normal-31052237-2-0", "normal-31052237-2-1", "normal-31052237-2-2", "normal-31052237-2-3", "normal-31052237-3-0", "normal-31052237-3-1", "normal-31052237-3-2", "normal-31052237-3-3", "normal-31052237-4-0", "normal-31052237-4-1", "normal-31052237-5-0", "normal-31052237-5-1", "normal-31052237-6-0", "normal-31052237-6-1", "normal-31052237-6-2", "normal-31052237-6-3", "normal-31052237-6-4", "normal-31052237-6-5", "normal-31052237-6-6", "normal-31052237-7-0", "normal-31052237-7-1", "normal-31052237-8-0", "normal-31052237-8-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Pipo de Clown is a character created by writer and artist Wim Meuldijk, which became famous as the lead character of a popular early Dutch television series also written by Meuldijk, and which was subsequently popularized in movies and on records.", "The best-known of Pipo-actors was Amsterdam actor , who played the part in the television series from 1958 to 1968 and from 1974 to 1980.", "The regular Pipo cast often performed in theaters and for company occasions.", "Pipo returned to the mainstream in the 2003 movie \"Pipo en de p-p-Parelridder\", and in the 2009-2010 theater season with the musical \"Pipo en de Gestolen Stem\".", "The first Pipo episode was televised on 17 September 1958; until 1964 Pipo's adventures were spread out over multiple episodes.", "Pipo and his wife Mamaloe, with daughter Petra, live in a travel trailer and travel the country, performing as a circus act and running into adventures.", "In the first series, the family lives in an attic and travels on foot; in the second series, \"Pipo en de Bibberhaai\", Pipo is given his familiar trailer by the gipsy Felicio.", "In the fifth series, \"Pipo en de Waterlanders\", the two crooks Snuf and Snuitje (the \"pearl thieves\"), played by Rudi Falkenhagen en Will Spoor, make their first appearance.", "Another actor appearing for the first time in that series was Donald Jones, who played Mik in the television series \"Mik & Mak\" (also written by Meuldijk).", "Between 1966 and 1968 the NTS showed five-minute episodes in the series \"Dag vogels, dag bloemen, dag kinderen\".", "Christel Adelaar, pregnant at the time, was replaced by .", "In two years, more than 600 episodes were filmed, after which the , the Dutch agency that regulates child labor, put a stop to Pipo and Mamaloe's daughter, Petra, appearing in the show.", "Pipo also appeared in print: from 1969 to 1973 \"Donald Duck Magazine\" ran a comics version, drawn by Jan van der Voo.", "After 1971 the VARA broadcasting association picked up the show for a number of long adventures, but Cor Witschge had been replaced by Cees van Oyen, and Marijke Bakker by Janine van Wely after a business conflict pertaining to copyright issues.", "The replacement actors turned out not to be popular at all, and the original actors returned the following season, though van Wely also returned, but as Pipo's sister, \"Plom.\"", "The last televised show was on 19 April 1980, after the VARA had judged that the show was too expensive.", "Cor Witschge played Pipo for the last time on 17 February 1990, on the television show \"Rondom tien\", after which he donated the Pipo costume to the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision.", "The return of Pipo was touched upon when television talk show host Ivo Niehe interviewed Belinda Meuldijk, Wim Meuldijk's daughter, and her husband, singer Rob de Nijs.", "Niehe tried to sell the idea to various broadcasters but without success, and the rights were bought by Endemol.", "Auditions were held, and Joep Dorren was chosen as the new Pipo.", "The script for a pilot and for six episodes was written, and the 40-minute-long pilot (filmed in 1999 on Rob de Nijs's estate) proved very popular.", "The public broadcasting corporations, however, had no faith in Pipo's chance of success, and in the end Endemol decided to make the series into a feature movie, \"Pipo en de p-p-parelridder\", directed by Martin Lagestee and with a script by Wim Meuldijk.", "The movie was filmed in Spain for around 3.5 million Euro and premiered in November 2003.", "The role of Snuf was played by Rudi Falkenhagen, age 72, and the last survivor of the original television show; he died two years later.", "For the 2009-2010 season, Raymond Aerts en Gerard Cornelissen (prompted and supervised by Belinda Meuldijk) staged a musical, \"Pipo en de Gestolen Stem\", in which Pipo travels to the empire of Zozonia to retrieve the stolen voice of Mamaloe.", "Belinda Meuldijk wrote the lyrics for the songs.", "The series was adapted into a comic strip, written by Wim Meuldijk and drawn by Jan van der Voo.", "It ran from 1969 to 1973." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 217952, "simple_article_title": "Pipo de Clown", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=217952", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-217952-0-0", "simple-217952-0-1", "simple-217952-0-2", "simple-217952-0-3", "simple-217952-1-0", "simple-217952-1-1", "simple-217952-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Pipo de Clown (English: Pipo the Clown) is a clown who became very popular on Dutch television.", "The character was created by Wim Meuldijk.", "The actor who took the part of Pipo de Clown was Cor Witschge (1925-1991).", "The television series started in 1958 and was shown until 1980.", "In the television programmes Pipo lives with his wife Mamaloe (pronounce: \"Mamaloo\") and their daughter Petra in a gypsy-style caravan.", "They say that they travel all over the world.", "Recently new films have been made about Pipo de Clown." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3639480, "normal_article_title": "Encore", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3639480", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3639480-0-0", "normal-3639480-0-1", "normal-3639480-1-0", "normal-3639480-1-1", "normal-3639480-1-2", "normal-3639480-1-3", "normal-3639480-2-0", "normal-3639480-2-1", "normal-3639480-3-0", "normal-3639480-4-0", "normal-3639480-5-0", "normal-3639480-5-1", "normal-3639480-5-2", "normal-3639480-5-3", "normal-3639480-6-0", "normal-3639480-6-1", "normal-3639480-7-0", "normal-3639480-7-1", "normal-3639480-7-2", "normal-3639480-7-3", "normal-3639480-8-0", "normal-3639480-8-1", "normal-3639480-8-2", "normal-3639480-8-3", "normal-3639480-8-4", "normal-3639480-9-0", "normal-3639480-9-1", "normal-3639480-9-2", "normal-3639480-10-0", "normal-3639480-10-1", "normal-3639480-10-2", "normal-3639480-10-3", "normal-3639480-10-4", "normal-3639480-11-0", "normal-3639480-11-1", "normal-3639480-11-2", "normal-3639480-11-3", "normal-3639480-12-0", "normal-3639480-13-0", "normal-3639480-13-1", "normal-3639480-13-2", "normal-3639480-14-0", "normal-3639480-14-1", "normal-3639480-14-2", "normal-3639480-14-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "An encore is an additional performance given by performers after the planned show has ended, usually in response to extended applause from the audience.", "Multiple encores are not uncommon, and they are originated spontaneously, when audiences continue to applaud and demand additional performance from the artists.", "At the end of a concert, if there is prolonged applause, one more relatively short piece may be performed as an encore.", "In some modern circumstances, encores have come to be expected, and artists often plan their encores.", "Traditionally, in a concert that has a printed set list for the audience, encores are not listed, even when they are planned.", "A well-known example is the performance of the \"Radetzky March\" and \"The Blue Danube\" at the end of the Vienna New Year's Concert by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra; neither piece is ever listed in the official program, but they are traditionally played every year.", "Beginning in the 18th century, if an aria was strongly applauded, it might be repeated.", "For example, at the premiere of Mozart's Marriage of Figaro, 1 May 1786, and other early performances, \"many pieces were encored, almost doubling the length of each performance\".", "For \"Figaro\", on 9 May 1786 Emperor Joseph II of Austria issued an order limiting encores.", "By tradition, some world-class opera houses, such as La Scala and the Metropolitan Opera, officially discourage encores, especially for vocal solos, as encores were associated with less serious performances.", "In the mid-19th century, encores were officially banned in northern Italy, since the Austrian-Italian authorities felt they would lead to public disorder.", "In 1921, encores were forbidden at la Scala (in northern Italy), because the conductor Toscanini felt they would interrupt the pace of the opera and drew attention to individual singers as opposed to the work.", "Toscanini had, in 1887, been challenged to a duel after stubbornly refusing an aria's encore.", "Wagner was similarly against encores.", "The ban at the Metropolitan was explicit in the printed programs at the beginning of the 20th century, but was nevertheless often broken at the insistence of the audience.", "Encores at the Met became rarer later in the century.", "In most circumstances, it has become standard for rock, metal, and pop artists to give an encore; especially in large settings such as stadiums and arenas.", "It is very common for punk bands to perform an encore when in small venues.", "Artists often plan their encores in advance, and they are commonly included on the artist's setlist; one common practice is to leave one or more of their most popular songs for an encore.", "However, encores are usually only performed by the headlining artist, as opening bands almost always have restrictions on how long their set can last, and are prohibited from going over the set time with an encore.", "Some artists include their encore as the second half of the concert.", "For example, the Jamaican reggae musician Bob Marley and his band The Wailers were known to play the concerts of their last two tours in 1979 and 1980 in two halves: after the first half was performed they stopped performing for some minutes to tune their instruments again or to have a break, while the audience was demanding for more.", "They continued to play the concert with the \"encore\" which lasted about an hour.", "Sometimes they even played one or two additional songs (a \"real\" encore in the traditional sense, rather than an inevitable performance staged as an encore) after the planned encore.", "Similarly, former Guided by Voices frontman Robert Pollard generally plays songs from his solo career for the first half of his shows, and then, for the inevitable encore, will play a lengthy selection of Guided by Voices songs, with the two halves generally having roughly equal duration.", "In the early days of modern rock music, Elvis Presley never played encores, a practice his manager Col. Tom Parker intended to leave audiences wanting more.", "The now-famous phrase \"Elvis has left the building\" was used at the beginning of his career when Presley was not the headliner, followed by a plea for the audience to return to their seats so as to watch those artists following Presley.", "Once he became a headliner, it was invariably followed by a polite \"thank you, and good night\", to imply to those present at the concert that there was not going to be an encore.", "Jimmy Buffett is known for his intimate second encores at his concerts.", "He and his band leave the stage after performing their set and return for a typical encore of usually two songs and band introductions.", "Then they leave the stage again and Buffett comes back out on stage by himself for a second encore and performs an acoustic ballad to end the show.", "This final song is usually what his hardcore fans look forward to the most because it's a different song every show and usually an obscure selection; many fans consider Buffett’s ballads to be his best songs despite not being among his famous songs.", "A collection of Buffett’s second encores, entitled \"encores\", was released in 2010.", "Morphine frontman Mark Sandman sometimes mocked the practice.", "At the close of Morphine shows, he would wave and say \"Thank you!", ", but the band would remain in their places, and the lights would not be dimmed.", "After several minutes, the band would begin playing again.", "Boston played multiple shows with four encores throughout the 1980s.", "Both The Cure and Prince have been known to play a large number of songs in their encores, either in a long singular encore or spanning across multiple encores.", "The encore portions of their sets have sometimes lasted longer than the initial shows themselves.", "The Cure have played up to five encores on a handful of occasions and Prince has played up to seven.", "The word \"encore\" comes from the French \"encore\" ] , which means ‘again, some more’; however, it is not used this way in French, nor is \"ancora\" in Italian.", "French speakers commonly use instead either \"une autre\" (‘another’), \"un rappel\" (‘a return, curtain call’) or the Latin \"bis\" (‘second time’) in the same circumstances.", "Italians use \"bis\", too, and, formerly, \"da capo\" (‘from the beginning’).", "In England, \"un'altra volta\" (Italian for ‘another time’) was used in the early nineteenth century, but such usage had been completely supplanted by 1900." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 75079, "simple_article_title": "Encore (concert)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=75079", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-75079-0-0", "simple-75079-0-1", "simple-75079-0-2", "simple-75079-0-3", "simple-75079-0-4", "simple-75079-0-5", "simple-75079-1-0", "simple-75079-1-1", "simple-75079-1-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "An encore is an extra piece that is played at the end a performance.", "It is not on the programme, although the performer may have secretly planned it.", "A performer will play an encore if the audience claps a lot.", "Sometimes the audience shout \"encore!\"", "when they want an encore.", "The word \"encore\" is the French word for \"again\".", "An encore is usually a short piece.", "Often it is a fast piece to finish the performance off happily, but if a musician has just played a very energetic, loud piece, then the encore might be a quiet piece.", "A concert given by a solo performer or small group of performers is more likely to finish with an encore than a concert with an orchestra, but a lot depends on the tradition from one country to another." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 13389143, "normal_article_title": "Vieille-Chapelle", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13389143", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-13389143-0-0", "normal-13389143-1-0", "normal-13389143-1-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Vieille-Chapelle is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.", "Vieille-Chapelle is situated some 7 mi northeast of Béthune and 15 mi west of Lille, at the junction of the D182 and D172 roads.", "The river Lawe flows through the commune." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 154817, "simple_article_title": "Vieille-Chapelle", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=154817", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-154817-0-0", "simple-154817-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Vieille-Chapelle is a commune.", "It is found in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3005488, "normal_article_title": "Foxconn", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3005488", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3005488-0-0", "normal-3005488-0-1", "normal-3005488-0-2", "normal-3005488-0-3", "normal-3005488-1-0", "normal-3005488-1-1", "normal-3005488-1-2", "normal-3005488-2-0", "normal-3005488-2-1", "normal-3005488-3-0", "normal-3005488-3-1", "normal-3005488-4-0", "normal-3005488-4-1", "normal-3005488-5-0", "normal-3005488-5-1", "normal-3005488-5-2", "normal-3005488-6-0", "normal-3005488-6-1", "normal-3005488-7-0", "normal-3005488-8-0", "normal-3005488-8-1", "normal-3005488-8-2", "normal-3005488-9-0", "normal-3005488-9-1", "normal-3005488-10-0", "normal-3005488-11-0", "normal-3005488-12-0", "normal-3005488-12-1", "normal-3005488-13-0", "normal-3005488-13-1", "normal-3005488-14-0", "normal-3005488-15-0", "normal-3005488-15-1", "normal-3005488-16-0", "normal-3005488-16-1", "normal-3005488-17-0", 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"normal-3005488-42-1", "normal-3005488-42-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd., trading as Foxconn Technology Group and better known as Foxconn, is a Taiwanese multinational electronics contract manufacturing company with its headquarters in Tucheng, New Taipei, Taiwan.", "Today, it is the world's largest provider of electronics manufacturing services and the fourth-largest information technology company by revenue.", "The company is the largest private employer in Taiwan and one of the largest employers worldwide.", "Its founder and chairman is Terry Gou.", "Foxconn manufactures electronic products for major American, Canadian, Chinese, Finnish and Japanese companies.", "Notable products manufactured by Foxconn include the BlackBerry, iPad, iPhone, iPod, Kindle, Nintendo 3DS, Nokia devices, Xiaomi devices, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and the TR4 CPU socket on some motherboards.", "As of 2012, Foxconn factories manufactured an estimated 40% of all consumer electronics sold worldwide.", "Foxconn has been involved in several controversies.", "In 2010, following a series of employee suicides at its factory in Shenzhen, Foxconn was criticized by labour activists, who accused the company of providing low wages and allowing employees to work past legal overtime limits.", "Terry Gou established Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. as an electrical components manufacturer in 1974.", "Foxconn's first manufacturing plant in China opened in Longhua Town, Shenzhen, in 1988.", "One of the important milestones for Foxconn occurred in 2001 when Intel selected the company to manufacture its Intel-branded motherboards instead of Asus.", "By November 2007, Foxconn further expanded with an announced plan to build a new US$500 million plant in Huizhou, Southern China.", "In January 2012, Foxconn named Tien Chong (Terry) Cheng chief executive of its subsidiary FIH Mobile Limited.", "He resigned the same year, citing health problems.", "At this time, Foxconn made up approximately forty percent of worldwide consumer electronics production.", "Expansion was further pursued after a March 2012 acquisition of a 10-percent stake in the Japanese electronics company Sharp Corporation for US$806 million and to purchase up to 50 percent of the LCDs produced at Sharp's plant in Sakai, Japan.", "In September 2012, Foxconn announced plans to invest US$494 million in the construction of five new factories in Itu, Brazil, creating 10,000 jobs.", "In 2014, the company purchased Asia Pacific Telecom and won some spectrum licenses at an auction, which allowed it to operate 4G telecommunications equipment in Taiwan.", "In 25 February 2016, Sharp accepted a ¥700 billion (US$6.24 billion) takeover bid from Foxconn to acquire over 66 percent of Sharp's voting stock.", "However, hours later, the deal was put on hold after \"contingent liabilities ... worth perhaps billions of dollars\" were discovered.", "A month later, on 30 March 2016, the deal was announced as finalised in a joint press statement, but at a significantly lower price than before.", "In 2016, Foxconn, together with Tencent and luxury-car dealer Harmony New Energy Auto, founded Future Mobility, a car start up that aims to sell all-electric fully autonomous premium cars by 2020.", "A Foxconn unit, Foxconn Interconnect Technology, announced its intent to acquire Belkin International for $866m on 26 March 2018.", "The majority of Foxconn's factories are located in Asia, with others in Brazil, Europe, and Mexico.", "Foxconn has 12 factories in nine Chinese cities—more than in any other country.", "The largest Foxconn factory is located in Longhua Town, Shenzhen, where hundreds of thousands of workers (varying counts include 230,000, 300,000, and 450,000) are employed at the Longhua Science & Technology Park, a walled campus sometimes referred to as \"Foxconn City\".", "The park produces the bulk of Apple's iPhone line.", "Covering about , the park includes 15 factories, worker dormitories, 4 swimming pools, a fire brigade, its own television network (Foxconn TV), and a city centre with a grocery store, bank, restaurants, book store and hospital.", "While some workers live in surrounding towns and villages, others live and work inside the complex; a quarter of the employees live in the dormitories, and many of them work up to 12 hours a day for 6 days each week.", "Another Foxconn factory \"city\" is located at Zhengzhou Technology Park in Zhengzhou, Henan province, where a reported 120,000 workers are employed as of 2012.", "Foxconn's future expansion include sites at Wuhan in Hubei province, Haizhow, Kunshan in Jiangsu province, Tianjin, Beijing, and Guangzhou in Guangdong province, China.", "A Foxconn branch that primarily manufactures Apple products is Hongfujin.", "On 25 May 2016, the BBC reported that Foxconn fired 60,000 employees because it had automated \"many of the manufacturing tasks associated with their operations\".", "The organization later confirmed those claims.", "All company facilities in South America are located in Brazil, and these include mobile phone factories in Manaus and Indaiatuba as well as production bases in Jundiaí, Sorocaba, and Santa Rita do Sapucaí.", "The company is considering more investments in Brazil.", "Foxconn has factories in Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Turkey.", "It is the second-largest exporter in the Czech Republic.", "The Turkey facility is located 100 km west of Istanbul within European Free Trade Zone in the Corlu district.", "It was established in 2010.", "It covers 14,300 sq. meters.", "As of mid-2015, Foxconn was in talks to manufacture Apple's iPhone in India.", "In 2015, Foxconn announced that it would be setting up twelve factories in India and would create around one million jobs.", "It also discussed its intent to work with the Adani group for expansion in the country.", "In August 2015, Foxconn invested in Snapdeal.", "They also signed an MOU with the state government of Maharashtra to set up an electronics manufacturing plant in Maharashtra with an investment of $5 billion within a 5-year period.", "In September 2016 Foxconn started manufacturing products with Gionee.", "In April 2019 Foxconn reported that they are ready to mass produce newer iPhones in India.", "It’s Chairman Terry Gou said that the manufacturing will take place in the southern city of Chennai.", "Foxconn and Sharp Corporation jointly operate two manufacturing plants specialising in large-screen televisions in Sakai, Osaka.", "In August 2012, it was reported that Sharp, while doing corporate restructuring and downsizing, was considering selling the plants to Foxconn.", "The company was believed to be receptive to the plan.", "As of 2011, Foxconn had at least seven factories in the Johor state, possibly at Kulai, where it is developing an industrial park that will include four factories, once completed.", "Foxconn has a facility in San Jerónimo, Chihuahua that assembles computers, and two facilities in Juárez – a former Motorola production base that manufactures mobile phones, and a set-top box factory acquired from Cisco Systems.", "LCD televisions are also made in the country in Tijuana at a plant acquired from Sony.", "The company invested $377 million in June 2014 to pick up a 4.9 percent shareholding in a South Korean IT services provider, SK C&C.", "Foxconn announced on 26 July 2017 that it would build a $10 billion TV manufacturing plant in southeastern Wisconsin and would initially employ 3,000 workers (set to increase to 13,000).", "As part of the agreement, Foxconn was set to receive subsidies ranging from $3 billion to $4.8 billion (paid in increments if Foxconn met certain targets), which would be by far the largest subsidy ever given to a foreign firm in U.S. history.", "Some estimate that Foxconn is expected to contribute $51.5 billion to Wisconsin's GDP over the next 15 years, which is $3.4 billion annually.", "However, numerous economists have also expressed skepticism that the benefits would exceed the costs of the deal.", "Others have noted that Foxconn has made similar claims about job creation in the past which did not come to fruition.", "Foxconn was also exempted by Governor Scott Walker from filing an environmental impact statement, drawing criticism from environmentalists.", "The plant was estimated to contribute significantly to air pollution in the region.", "Environmentalists criticized the decision to allow Foxconn to draw 7 e6USgal of water per day from Lake Michigan.", "Given water concerns, Foxconn is spending $30 million on zero liquid discharge technology.", "Foxconn is also required to replace wetlands at a higher ratio than other companies; Foxconn must restore 2 acres of wetland for every 1 acre disturbed instead of the ratio of 1.2 to 1 for other companies.", "As of 4 October 2017, Foxconn agreed to locate their plant in Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin, and broke ground for the plant June 28, 2018.", "President Trump was in attendance to promote American manufacturing.", "In January 2019, Foxconn said it was reconsidering its initial plans to manufacture LCD screens at the Wisconsin plant, citing high labor costs in the United States.", "The following list consists of Foxconn's present or past major customers.", "The list is provided in alphabetical order.", "Their country of origin or base of operations is in parentheses.", "FIH Mobile is a subsidiary of Foxconn offering services such as product development and after-sales support.", "It was incorporated in the tax haven of the Cayman Islands in 2000.", "On 18 May 2016, FIH Mobile announced the purchase of Microsoft Mobile's feature phone business.", "Microsoft Mobile Vietnam is also part of the sale to FIH Mobile, which consists of the Hanoi, Vietnam manufacturing facility.", "The rest of the business has been sold to a new Finland-based company HMD Global, who started developing and selling new Nokia-branded devices from early 2017.", "The total sale to both companies amounted to US$350 million.", "FIH Mobile is now manufacturing new Nokia-branded devices developed by HMD.", "Foxconn has been involved in several controversies relating to employee grievances or treatment.", "Foxconn has more than a million employees.", "In China, it employs more people than any other private company as of 2011.", "Allegations of poor working conditions have been made on several occasions.", "News reports highlight the long working hours, discrimination against Chinese workers by their Taiwanese co-workers, and lack of working relationships at the company.", "Although Foxconn was found to be compliant in the majority of areas when Apple Inc. audited the maker of its iPods and iPhones in 2007, the audit did substantiate several of the allegations.", "In May 2010, \"Shanghaiist\" reported that security guards had been caught beating factory workers.", "In reaction to a spate of negative press, particularly that involving worker suicides in which 14 people died from January to May 2010, Steve Jobs defended Apple's relationship with the company in June 2010, citing that its Chinese partner is \"pretty nice\" and is \"not a sweatshop\".", "During this time, however, a report jointly produced by 20 universities in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mainland China described Foxconn factories as labor camps with widespread worker abuse and illegal overtime similar to the Mongolian Government, which nationalized foreign and local company shares by force.", "Concerns increased in early 2012 due to an article published in \"The New York Times\" in October 2011.", "It reported evidences that substantiated some of the criticisms.", "The 2012 audit commissioned by Apple Inc. and performed by the Fair Labor Association found that workers routinely subjected to inhumane bouts of overtime up to 34 hours without a hike in pay and suggested that debilitating workplace accidents and suicides may be common.", "A Hong Kong non-profit organisation, Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior, has written numerous negative reports on Foxconn's treatment of its employees, for example in 2010 and 2011.", "These typically find far worse conditions than the 2012 Fair Labour Association audit did, but they rely on a far smaller number of employee informants, circa 100 to 170.", "The Fair Labour Association audit in 2012 used interviews with 35,000 Foxconn employees.", "In January 2012, about 150 Foxconn employees threatened to commit mass-suicide in protest of their working conditions.", "One worker said the protest resulted from 600 workers being moved into a new \"unbearable\" factory location.", "In September 2012, a fight at worker dormitories in Taiyuan, Shanxi, where a guard allegedly was beating a worker, escalated into a riot involving 2,000 people and was quelled by security.", "In October 2012, the company admitted that 14-year-old children had worked for a short time at a facility in Yantai, Shandong Province as part of an internship programme, in violation of the 16 year age limit for legal workers.", "Foxconn said that the workers had been brought in to help deal with a labour shortage, and \"Xinhua\" quoted an official saying that 56 underage interns would be returned to their schools.", "\"Reuters\" quoted Foxconn saying that 2.7 percent of its workforce in China were long or short-term interns.", "In response to the scrutiny, Foxconn said it would cut overtime from the current 20 hours per week to less than nine hours a week.", "Also in October 2012, there was a crisis concerning an injured worker, when 26-year-old Zhang Tingzhen suffered an electric shock and fell in a factory accident a year earlier.", "His doctors did immediate surgery to remove part of his brain, \"after which he lost his memory and can neither speak, walk\".", "When his father attempted to get compensation in 2012, \"Reuters\" reported that Foxconn told the family that if they did not transport and submit him for a disability assessment in Huizhou 70 km away, they would cut off funding for his treatment.", "His doctors protested the move for fear of a brain haemorrhage en route, and the company stated that it was acting within labour laws.", "His family later sued Foxconn in 2012, arguing in court that Tingzhen had been summoned to the wrong city.", "In 2014, a court ruled that he did have to be assessed in Huizhou to receive compensation, with Foxconn offering a settlement for the father to recant his criticisms, which was refused.", "In February 2015, \"Beijing News\" reported that an official with the All China Federation of Trade Union (ACFTU), Guo Jun, said that Foxconn allegedly forced employees to work overtime, resulting in occasional death by karōshi or suicide.", "Jun also said that the illegal overtime resulted from a lack of investigation and light punishments.", "Foxconn in return issued a statement questioning Guo's allegations, arguing workers wanted to work overtime to earn more money.", "In November 2017, the \"Financial Times\" reported that it had found several students working 11 hour days at the iPhone X plant in Henan province, in violation of the 40-hour-per week mandate for children.", "In response, Foxconn announced that it has stopped the interns' illegal overtime work at the factory, where 3,000 students had been hired that September.", "Suicides among Foxconn workers have attracted the media's attention.", "Among the first cases to attract attention in the press was the death of Sun Danyong, a 25-year-old man who committed suicide in July 2009 after reporting the loss of an iPhone 4 prototype in his possession.", "According to \"The Telegraph\", Sun Danyong had been beaten by security guards.", "There was also a series of suicides which were linked to low pay in 2010.", "In reaction to a spate of worker suicides in which 14 people died in 2010, Foxconn installed suicide-prevention netting at the base of buildings in some facilities and promised to offer substantially higher wages at its Shenzhen production bases.", "By 2011, workers were also forced to sign a legally binding document guaranteeing that neither they nor their descendants would sue the company as a result of unexpected death, self-injury, or suicide.", "In 2011, Foxconn also hired the PR firm Burson-Marsteller to help deal with the negative publicity from the suicides.", "That year, the nets seemed to help lower the death rate, although at least four employees died by throwing themselves off buildings.", "In January 2012, there was a protest by workers about conditions in Wuhan, with 150 workers threatening to commit mass suicide if factory conditions were not improved.", "In 2012 and into 2013, three young Foxconn employees were reported to have died by jumping off buildings.", "In January 2018, another suicide was reported by a factory worker, after 31-year old Li Ming jumped to his death off a building in Zhengzhou, where the iPhone X was being manufactured." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 663103, "simple_article_title": "Foxconn", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=663103", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-663103-0-0", "simple-663103-0-1", "simple-663103-0-2", "simple-663103-0-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Foxconn, also known as Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., is the world's largest contract maker of electronics.", "It has factories across mainland China.", "It is best known for making iPhones and other Apple devices.", "Its long list of customers also includes Sony Corp., Dell Inc. and BlackBerry Ltd." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 24068, "normal_article_title": "Pope Pius I", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24068", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-24068-0-0", "normal-24068-0-1", "normal-24068-1-0", "normal-24068-1-1", "normal-24068-2-0", "normal-24068-2-1", "normal-24068-3-0", "normal-24068-4-0", "normal-24068-4-1", "normal-24068-4-2", "normal-24068-5-0", "normal-24068-5-1", "normal-24068-5-2", "normal-24068-5-3", "normal-24068-6-0", "normal-24068-6-1", "normal-24068-6-2", "normal-24068-6-3", "normal-24068-7-0", "normal-24068-7-1", "normal-24068-8-0", "normal-24068-8-1", "normal-24068-8-2", "normal-24068-8-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Pope Pius I (died c. 155) is said to have been the Bishop of Rome from c. 140 to his death c. 154, according to the \"Annuario Pontificio\".", "His dates are listed as 142 or 146 to 157 or 161, respectively.", "He is considered to have opposed both the Valentinians and Gnostics during his papacy.", "he is considered a saint by the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church with a feast day in 11 July, but it is unclear if he died as a martyr.", "Pius is believed to have been born at Aquileia, in Northern Italy, during the late 1st century.", "His father was an Italian called \"Rufinus\", who was also a native of Aquileia according to the \"Liber Pontificalis\".", "According to the 2nd century Muratorian Canon and the \"Liberian Catalogue\", that he was the brother of Hermas, author of the text known as \"The Shepherd of Hermas\".", "The writer of the later text identifies himself as a former slave.", "This has led to speculation that both Hermas and Pius were freedmen.", "However Hermas' statement that he was a slave may just mean that he belonged to a low-ranking plebeian family.", "According to Catholic tradition, St Pius I governed the Church in the middle of the 2nd century during the reigns of the Emperors Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius.", "He is held to be the ninth successor of Saint Peter, who decreed that Easter should only be kept on a Sunday.", "Although credited with ordering the publication of the \"Liber Pontificalis\", compilation of that document was not started before the beginning of the 6th century.", "He is also said to have built one of the oldest churches in Rome, Santa Pudenziana.", "Saint Justin taught Christian doctrine in Rome during the theoretical pontificate of St Pius I but the account of his martyrdom indicates there was no Roman bishop present there.", "The heretics Valentinus, Cerdon, and Marcion visited Rome during that period.", "Catholic apologists see this as an argument for the primacy of the Roman See during the 2nd century.", "Pope Pius I is believed to have opposed the Valentinians and Gnostics under Marcion, whom he excommunicated.", "There is some conjecture that he was a martyr in Rome, a conjecture that entered earlier editions of the \"Roman Breviary\".", "The study that had produced the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar stated that there were no grounds for his consideration as a martyr, and he is not presented as such in the \"Roman Martyrology\".", "Pius I's feast day is 11 July.", "In the Tridentine Calendar it was given the rank of \"Simple\" and celebrated as the feast of a martyr.", "The rank of the feast was reduced to a Commemoration in the 1955 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII and the General Roman Calendar of 1960.", "Though no longer mentioned in the General Roman Calendar, Saint Pius I may now, according to the rules in the present-day Roman Missal, be celebrated everywhere on his feast day as a Memorial, unless in some locality an obligatory celebration is assigned to that day." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 391968, "simple_article_title": "Pope Pius I", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=391968", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-391968-0-0", "simple-391968-1-0", "simple-391968-2-0", "simple-391968-3-0", "simple-391968-3-1", "simple-391968-3-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Pope Pius I (; died 154) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 10th Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome from 140 until his death in 154.", "Pius was born at Aquileia, in Northern Italy.", "Pius became pope in 140.", "He was the first sole Bishop of Rome during his reign.", "Previously, the Bishop of Rome was a council of Bishops with the Pope being the head of the council.", "His feast day is celebrated on July 11." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 240089, "normal_article_title": "Gay Byrne", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=240089", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-240089-0-0", "normal-240089-0-1", "normal-240089-0-2", "normal-240089-0-3", "normal-240089-1-0", "normal-240089-1-1", "normal-240089-1-2", "normal-240089-1-3", "normal-240089-1-4", "normal-240089-2-0", "normal-240089-2-1", "normal-240089-3-0", "normal-240089-3-1", "normal-240089-3-2", "normal-240089-3-3", "normal-240089-3-4", "normal-240089-4-0", "normal-240089-4-1", "normal-240089-4-2", "normal-240089-4-3", "normal-240089-4-4", "normal-240089-4-5", "normal-240089-4-6", "normal-240089-5-0", "normal-240089-5-1", "normal-240089-5-2", "normal-240089-6-0", "normal-240089-6-1", "normal-240089-6-2", "normal-240089-6-3", "normal-240089-6-4", "normal-240089-7-0", "normal-240089-7-1", "normal-240089-7-2", "normal-240089-7-3", "normal-240089-7-4", "normal-240089-7-5", "normal-240089-7-6", 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"normal-240089-26-0", "normal-240089-26-1", "normal-240089-27-0", "normal-240089-27-1", "normal-240089-27-2", "normal-240089-27-3", "normal-240089-28-0", "normal-240089-28-1", "normal-240089-28-2", "normal-240089-28-3", "normal-240089-28-4", "normal-240089-28-5", "normal-240089-28-6", "normal-240089-28-7", "normal-240089-29-0", "normal-240089-29-1", "normal-240089-30-0", "normal-240089-30-1", "normal-240089-30-2", "normal-240089-31-0", "normal-240089-31-1", "normal-240089-31-2", "normal-240089-31-3", "normal-240089-31-4", "normal-240089-31-5", "normal-240089-31-6", "normal-240089-31-7", "normal-240089-31-8", "normal-240089-31-9", "normal-240089-31-10", "normal-240089-32-0", "normal-240089-33-0", "normal-240089-33-1", "normal-240089-34-0", "normal-240089-35-0", "normal-240089-35-1", "normal-240089-36-0", "normal-240089-36-1", "normal-240089-36-2", "normal-240089-37-0", "normal-240089-37-1", "normal-240089-37-2", "normal-240089-38-0", "normal-240089-38-1", "normal-240089-38-2", "normal-240089-39-0", "normal-240089-39-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Gabriel Mary \"Gay\" Byrne (born 5 August 1934; affectionately known as Uncle Gay, Gaybo or Uncle Gaybo) is an Irish presenter and host of radio and television.", "His most notable role was first host of \"The Late Late Show\" over a 37-year period spanning 1962 until 1999.", "\"The Late Late Show\" is the world's second longest-running chat show.", "His time working in Britain with Granada Television saw him become the first person to introduce The Beatles on screen.", "From 1973 until 1998, Byrne presented \"The Gay Byrne Hour\"—later \"The Gay Byrne Show\" when it expanded to two hours—on RTÉ Radio 1 each weekday morning.", "Since retiring from his long-running radio and television shows, Byrne has presented several other programmes, including \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\",", ", \"The Meaning of Life\" and \"For One Night Only\" on RTÉ One and \"Sunday Serenade\"/\"Sunday with Gay Byrne\" on RTÉ lyric fm.", "In 2006 he was elected Chairman of Ireland's Road Safety Authority.", "Since retiring he has become the \"Elder Lemon of Irish broadcasting\".", "In 2010, \"The Irish Times\" said Byrne was \"unquestionably the most influential radio and television man in the history of the Irish State\".", "In 2011, he was approached to become President of Ireland but declined to run, despite topping opinion polls.", "Byrne is the son of Edward Byrne, who joined the Irish Volunteers in 1912.", "In 1913 Edward Byrne enlisted as a professional trooper with the British Army's 19th (Queen Alexandra's Own Royal) Hussars cavalry regiment, given a background as a horseman from his father's employment by the Earl of Meath as a coachman in County Wicklow.", "On the outbreak of World War 1 he was mobilized and went with his unit to the Western Front, where he took part in heavy fighting in the Ypres Salient and at the Battle of the Somme.", "He was discharged from the British Army at the war's end in 1919.", "He later took part in the Irish War of Independence.", "In the early 1920's Edward Byrne was employed by Guinness' St. James's Gate Brewery, where he worked for most of the rest of his life on the barges that operated on the River Liffey, transporting wooden casks from St. James's Gate Brewery to sea ships at the North Wall in Dublin.", "Byrne's father, Edward, married his mother, Annie Carroll (from Bray), at Belfast, in 1917, when briefly home on leave from the war.", "The two had met near Bray just before the war began.", "Both of them were from County Wicklow.", "Gay Byrne is the youngest of six children from that marriage.", "However, one child, his brother Joseph, died as a one-week-old infant.", "Listed in descending order (according to age), the other children are Edward, Al, Ernest and Mary.", "Byrne was born on 5 August 1934 and grew up in Dublin.", "He first lived with his family at 17 Rialto Street, Rialto, Dublin, before his parents moved to 124 (later renumbered 512) South Circular Road, Dublin, in 1944.", "Byrne's mother, Annie, died in late 1964.", "Byrne attended Rialto National School (since closed) and a number of other schools for short periods.", "Subsequently, he was educated by the Irish Christian Brothers at Synge Street CBS.", "He and two classmates bought a jazz record when Byrne was fourteen years old in January 1948, at a time when Radio Éireann refused to play it because of its \"licentious\" content.", "In December 2009, Byrne returned to his old primary school on Synge Street to launch an online children's book club, and read an extract from Marita Conlon-McKenna's storybook \"In Deep Dark Wood\".", "In 2009, whilst celebrating the 250th anniversary of Guinness, he revealed that he had once tried unsuccessfully to earn a job in the brewery near his childhood home.", "When he was young, Byrne was inspired by the broadcaster Eamonn Andrews, who had a successful career on British television, and \"wanted to be what he was\".", "Andrews was friendly with Byrne's eldest brother.", "In 1958 he moved over to broadcasting when he became a presenter on Radio Éireann.", "He also worked with Granada Television and the BBC in England.", "At Granada, Byrne became the first person to introduce the Beatles on television when they made their small screen debut on local news programme \"People and Places\".", "In 1961, Telefís Éireann (later Radio Telefís Éireann and now Raidió Teilifís Éireann) was set up.", "Byrne finally worked exclusively for the new Irish service after 1969.", "He introduced many popular programmes, with his most popular and successful programme being \"The Late Late Show\".", "Byrne began his broadcasting career on radio.", "Radio Éireann gave him a 15-minute slot on Monday nights which he used to play Jazz, his first broadcast for the station being in 1958.", "He is now best remembered for his two-hour morning show, \"The Gay Byrne Hour\", which was later renamed \"The Gay Byrne Show\" (1972–1999).", "For many years the show was produced by John Caden.", "Joe Duffy was a reporter on \"The Gay Byrne Show\" and subsequently succeeded him as presenter.", "Byrne has featured on radio occasionally since retiring from \"The Gay Byrne Show\" – in 2006, he began presenting a weekly Sunday afternoon show entitled \"Sunday Serenade\" on RTÉ lyric fm.", "Since 2010, he can be heard playing jazz on Sunday afternoons on lyric fm.", "This two-hour show began after an encounter with Head of Lyric FM Aodán Ó Dubhghaill at the National Concert Hall.", "\"Sunday with Gay Byrne\" attracted 55,000 listeners through \"word of mouth\": no advertising and no mention in the \"RTÉ Guide\".", "The show is broadcast weekly approximately from September to March, with a break during the intervening six months.", "On 5 July 1962, the first episode of \"The Late Late Show\" was aired on Irish television.", "Originally the show was scheduled as an eight-week summer filler.", "The programme, which is still broadcast, has become the world's second longest running chat show.", "The show became a forum where controversial topics such as the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, contraception, AIDS, unemployment, homosexuality, abortion, divorce and other hitherto taboo subjects were discussed openly in Ireland, alongside book reviews, celebrity visits, and music acts such as the Boomtown Rats, U2, Sinéad O'Connor, Elkie Brooks, Boyzone and Noel Gallagher.", "Other guests included Presidents of Ireland, successive Archbishops of Armagh, minor members of the British Royal Family, politicians, actors and authors.", "The show had much to do in shaping the new Ireland that was emerging from the 1960s.", "Indeed, it was famously said by politician and Papal Knight, Oliver J. Flanagan that, \"there was no sex in Ireland until Teilifís Éireann went on the air\".", "Bishop of Galway Michael Browne called him \"a purveyor of filth\" after he asked a woman what colour nightie she wore on her wedding night and she had replied that she believed she'd worn nothing.", "However, Byrne saw himself as a presenter, not a radical social reformer, though his style was more challenging and less deferential than the style of his successor as presenter of \"The Late Late Show\", Pat Kenny.", "More than a decade after departing his role as host of \"The Late Late Show\" Byrne is remembered for conducting memorable interviews with former politician Pádraig Flynn and then Bishop of Galway Eamon Casey' s lover Annie Murphy, among others.", "Another memorable moment to occur on \"The Late Late Show\" was when he called the winner of a prize car live on air only to discover the woman's daughter had died since she had entered.", "During the early years of Byrne's time hosting \"The Late Late Show\", prior to about 1978 when the second national Irish TV channel was launched, he was employed by RTÉ on a continuously renewing 3-month contract, lest his employer might want to fire him any time they choose.", "Byrne and \"The Late Late Show\" were central to the development of the careers of figures such as Mary Coughlan.", "He was noted for wearing a \"Bing Crosby sweater\" when presenting \"The Late Late Toy Show\".", "On 21 May 1999, Byrne presented his last edition of \"The Late Late Show\".", "He was presented with a Harley-Davidson motorcycle by Bono and Larry Mullen, Jr.", "Pat Kenny succeeded Byrne as presenter in September 1999, subsequently succeeded by Ryan Tubridy in September 2009.", "Byrne gave Tubridy his blessing upon taking over the role, saying: \"He has all the qualities required, the light deft touch together with a serious mind.", "I think it's a great adventure that he's setting off on\".", "Byrne returned to \"The Late Late Show\" as a guest twice during Tubridy's first season as presenter, the latter appearance on the day of Gerry Ryan's death.", "In April 2009, RTÉ One began broadcasting a series called \"The Meaning of Life\", during which Gay Byrne interviewed public figures about issues of meaning and life.", "He prefers not to discuss his own faith: The programme has contained a number of notable moments, including actor Gabriel Byrne's admission that he had been abused as a child at the start of the second series and Stephen Fry's denunciation of God during the tenth series.", "In the 1960s, Byrne presented \"Lets Dance for Granada Television\" with popular singing star Marion Ryan.", "The programme was filmed in the Ballroom at Belle Vue Manchester and also featured original Come Dancing Stars Syd Perkin and Edna Duffield.", "Byrne compèred the finals of the Castlebar Song Contest in 1966 and 1967.", "He also presented the Rose of Tralee festival for 17 years until 1994.", "Between 1988 and 2001, Byrne hosted the RTÉ People in Need Telethon several times.", "Colleague Mike Murphy, in disguise, conned Byrne into believing he was a French tourist.", "After \"retiring\", Byrne hosted for one season, the Irish version of \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\".", "He also hosted \"The Gay Byrne Music Show\" and \"Make 'Em Laugh\", a series about comedy in Ireland, \"Gaybo's Grumpy Men\" and \"Class Reunion\".", "In the summer season of 2000, Byrne hosted \"The Gay Byrne Music Show\", which was a studio-based show aired on Saturday nights as a summer filler between 8 July and 19 August 2000 and showcased all genres of music in the company of the RTÉ Concert Orchestra.", "In 2011, he presented more summer filler light entertainment in the form of \"For One Night Only\".", "Byrne did not completely retire and continued to feature occasionally on radio and television after leaving \"The Late Late Show\" and \"The Gay Byrne Show\".", "He launched Joe Duffy's autobiography \"Just Joe\" in Harry's Bar in October 2011.", "In March 2006, Byrne was appointed as the chairman of the Irish Road Safety Authority, a public body given the task of improving road safety in the Republic of Ireland.", "The role has seen him visit hospitalised survivors alongside then President of Ireland Mary McAleese.", "In \"retirement\", Byrne has continued to make his political views known, including questioning then Taoiseach Brian Cowen and \"whether you can be Taoiseach and still sit up and have a pint in the local pub.", "You have to dignify the office\".", "In recent years he has become known for his anti-EU stance.", "Bookmakers suggested Byrne might become Mayor of Dublin.", "In August 2011, Byrne was approached by the once dominant political party Fianna Fáil as a possible independent nominee for that year's Irish presidential election.", "The media advised Byrne, who had enjoyed an avuncular relationship with the public as a performer over many decades, against such a move.", "An editorial in the \"Irish Independent\" said: \"\"This isn't some sort of a reality TV show but a contest for the highest office in the land.\"\"", "\"The Irish Times\" queried the distinction between Byrne as a performer versus Byrne as an individual. \"\"", "\"But who is it that the Irish people really love?", "Is it Gaybo or Gabriel Byrne?", "Given they don't really know the man himself – a man who has retained his privacy throughout a lifetime of fame – the love is surely for the persona rather than the person.\"\"", "Byrne topped polls as the candidate people were most likely to vote for.", "On 13 August 2011, Byrne announced that he would not be a candidate for the Presidency.", "Appearing later on TV3's \"Midweek\" programme he called Martin McGuinness, formerly of the IRA who was contesting the election as a representative of Sinn Féin, a \"liar\".", "Byrne performed a one-man show in front of a sold-out audience at the Gate Theatre on 18 September 2011.", "The performance was part of a benefit night to raise funds for the Irish Cancer Society.", "British Ambassador Julian King and Senator David Norris were among those in attendance.", "Byrne is married to Kathleen Watkins, formerly a well-known harpist.", "Byrne first met Kathleen Watkins, a native of Saggart, Co.", "They married in the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Saggart, in 1964.", "The couple have two daughters (both adopted).", "They are called Suzy and Crona.", "The Byrne family lived on Howth Head in Dublin but have, in recent years, lived in Sandymount in Dublin.", "Byrne became a grandfather on 15 September 2004 when Suzy gave birth to a boy at Holles Street Hospital.", "His first grandson is Cian O’Byrne.", "Cian has represented his grandfather at different events.", "Cian also helped launched Byrne's wife, Kathleen's children's book Pigín of Howth.", "He has also appeared on the Ray D’Arcy Show.", "Byrne relied on an accountant friend, Russell Murphy, to manage his finances, and was personally distraught when upon the accountant's death in 1986, it was found that most of his savings had been squandered, and this had been hidden from him.", "His interests include jazz.", "He continues to play the jazz on radio during his \"retirement\".", "He is a qualified private pilot.", "In later years, Byrne revealed he has hearing loss in one ear.", "He thought originally that it was due to working in the television and radio industry for over 50 years that caused his hearing loss, but has since found out it is genetic as his mother, his sister and three brothers all had hearing problems.", "In 2011, Byrne experienced a health scare at his home in Sandymount when he struggled to breathe.", "He was admitted to St Vincent's hospital complaining his lungs felt as if they were \"made of concrete\" and there was \"nothing going in\" and that he expected to die.", "In 2015, after spending Christmas at home with his family, he had a heart attack and was readmitted to hospital.", "On 20 November 2016, he revealed live on his Time Warp radio broadcast on RTÉ Lyric FM, that he was to begin treatment for prostate cancer and that the cancer may have also spread to his lower back.", "He told listeners he would be taking a one-week break before returning to work.", "However, as of August 2019 he has not been back on air.", "Credited with being a catalyst in the transformation of Irish society since the 1960s, Byrne broke several societal taboos by engaging in discourse on subjects like contraception, homosexuality, and abortion.", "For example, when Barry Galvin—then Cork's state solicitor—guested with Byrne on \"The Late Late Show\" in 1992 to discuss Ireland's mounting problems with the illegal drug trade, he was subsequently given the post of first ever head of the important Criminal Assets Bureau.", "Alongside Terry Wogan, Byrne is part of Ireland's bilaterality of broadcast giants, but has been described as solely \"the most famous Irish broadcaster in history\", lauded by the media as \"the man who changed Ireland\".", "According to the \"Irish Examiner\", Byrne has \"had more influence on changing life in this country than any of the political leaders\", including Taoisigh W. T. Cosgrave, Éamon de Valera and John A. Costello, as well as Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, John Charles McQuaid, the Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland for over 30 years.", "A 1998 poll found Byrne level with notorious former Taoiseach Charles Haughey as the most hated public figure in the country, but the same poll found Byrne to be the most popular public figure as well." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 565908, "simple_article_title": "Gay Byrne", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=565908", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-565908-0-0", "simple-565908-0-1", "simple-565908-1-0", "simple-565908-1-1", "simple-565908-1-2", "simple-565908-2-0", "simple-565908-2-1", "simple-565908-2-2", "simple-565908-3-0", "simple-565908-3-1", "simple-565908-4-0", "simple-565908-4-1", "simple-565908-4-2", "simple-565908-5-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Gabriel Mary \"Gay\" Byrne (born 5 August 1934; affectionately known as Uncle Gay, Gaybo or Uncle Gaybo) is a veteran Irish presenter of radio and television for several decades.", "His most known role was first host of \"The Late Late Show\" over a 37-year period spanning 1962 until 1999.", "Byrne was born in Rialto, Dublin.", "He studied at Trinity College, Dublin.", "He was the first person to broadcast The Beatles on television.", "From 1973 until 1998, Byrne presented \"The Gay Byrne Hour\"—later \"The Gay Byrne Show\" when it expanded to two hours—on RTÉ Radio 1 each weekday morning.", "Since retiring from his long-running radio and television shows, Byrne has presented several other programmes, including \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\",", ", \"The Meaning of Life\" and \"For One Night Only\" on RTÉ One and \"Sunday Serenade\"/\"Sunday with Gay Byrne\" on RTÉ lyric fm.", "In 2006 he was elected Chairman of Ireland's Road Safety Authority.", "Since retiring he has become the \"Elder Lemon of Irish broadcasting\".", "Byrne is married to Kathleen Watkins.", "Together they have two adopted daughters.", "He lives in Sandymount, Dublin with his wife.", "On 21 November 2016 he revealed, live on a radio broadcast, that he was to begin treatment for prostate cancer and that the cancer may have also spread to his lower back." ] } }

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"normal-434221-57-1", "normal-434221-57-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST or \"Webb\") is a space telescope that is planned to be the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope.", "The JWST will provide greatly improved resolution and sensitivity over the Hubble, and will enable a broad range of investigations across the fields of astronomy and cosmology, including observing some of the most distant events and objects in the universe, such as the formation of the first galaxies.", "Other goals include understanding the formation of stars and planets, and direct imaging of exoplanets and novas.", "The primary mirror of the JWST, the Optical Telescope Element, is composed of 18 hexagonal mirror segments which combine to create a 6.5 m diameter mirror that is much larger than the Hubble's 2.4 m mirror.", "Unlike the Hubble, which observes in the near ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared (0.1 to 1 μm) spectra, the JWST will observe in a lower frequency range, from long-wavelength visible light through mid-infrared (0.6 to 27 μm), which will allow it to observe high redshift objects that are too old and too distant for the Hubble to observe.", "The telescope must be kept very cold in order to observe in the infrared without interference, so it will be deployed in space near the Earth–Sun L Lagrangian point, and a large sunshield will keep its mirror and instruments below 50 K .", "The JWST is being developed by NASAwith significant contributions from the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agencyand is named for James E. Webb, who was the administrator of NASA from 1961 to 1968 and played an integral role in the Apollo program.", "Development began in 1996 for a launch that was initially planned for 2007, but the project has had numerous delays and cost overruns, and underwent a major redesign in 2005.", "The JWST's construction was completed in late 2016, after which its extensive testing phase began.", "In March 2018, NASA delayed the launch after the telescope's sunshield ripped during a practice deployment.", "Launch was delayed again in June 2018 following recommendations from an independent review board, and is currently scheduled for March 2021.", "The JWST has an expected mass about half of Hubble Space Telescope's, but its primary mirror (a 6.5 meter diameter gold-coated beryllium reflector) will have a collecting area about five times as large (25 m2 vs. 4.5 m2 ).", "The JWST is oriented toward near-infrared astronomy, but can also see orange and red visible light, as well as the mid-infrared region, depending on the instrument.", "The design emphasizes the near to mid-infrared for three main reasons: High-redshift objects have their visible emissions shifted into the infrared, cold objects such as debris disks and planets emit most strongly in the infrared, and this band is difficult to study from the ground or by existing space telescopes such as Hubble.", "Ground-based telescopes must look through the atmosphere, which is opaque in many infrared bands (see figure of atmospheric transmission).", "Even where the atmosphere is transparent, many of the target chemical compounds, such as water, carbon dioxide, and methane, also exist in the Earth's atmosphere, vastly complicating analysis.", "Existing space telescopes such as Hubble cannot study these bands since their mirrors are not cool enough (the Hubble mirror is maintained at about 15 C ) and hence the telescope itself radiates strongly in the infrared bands.", "The JWST will operate near the Earth–Sun L (Lagrange) point, approximately 930000 mi beyond Earth's orbit.", "By way of comparison, Hubble orbits 340 mi above Earth's surface, and the Moon is roughly 250000 mi from Earth.", "This distance makes post-launch repair or upgrade of the JWST hardware virtually impossible.", "Objects near this point can orbit the Sun in synchrony with the Earth, allowing the telescope to remain at a roughly constant distance and use a single sunshield to block heat and light from the Sun and Earth.", "This will keep the temperature of the spacecraft below 50 K , necessary for infrared observations.", "The prime contractor is Northrop Grumman.", "To make observations in the infrared spectrum, the JWST must be kept very cold (under 50 K ), otherwise infrared radiation from the telescope itself would overwhelm its instruments.", "Therefore, it uses a large sunshield to block light and heat from the Sun, Earth, and Moon, and its position near the Earth–Sun L point keeps all three bodies on the same side of the spacecraft at all times.", "Its halo orbit around L avoids the shadow of the Earth and Moon, maintaining a constant environment for the sunshield and solar arrays.", "The shielding maintains a stable temperature throughout the structures on the dark side, which is critical to maintaining precise alignment of the primary mirror segments.", "The five-layer sunshield is constructed from polyimide film, with membranes coated with aluminum on one side and silicon on the other.", "Accidental tears of the delicate film structure during testing are one factor delaying the project.", "The sunshield is designed to be folded twelve times so it will fit within the Ariane 5 rocket's 4.57 m (5 yards) × 16.19 m (17.7 yards) payload fairing.", "Once deployed at the L2 point, it will unfold to 21.197 m (23.18 yards) × 14.162 m (15.55 yards) .", "The sunshield was hand-assembled at ManTech (NeXolve) in Huntsville, Alabama, before it was delivered to Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, California, USA for testing.", "JWST's primary mirror is a 6.5-meter-diameter gold-coated beryllium reflector with a collecting area of 25 m.", "This is too large for existing launch vehicles, so the mirror is composed of 18 hexagonal segments, which will unfold after the telescope is launched.", "Image plane wavefront sensing through phase retrieval will be used to position the mirror segments in the correct location using very precise micro-motors.", "Subsequent to this initial configuration they will only need occasional updates every few days to retain optimal focus.", "This is unlike terrestrial telescopes like the Keck which continually adjust their mirror segments using active optics to overcome the effects of gravitational and wind loading, and is made possible because of the lack of environmental disturbances of a telescope in space.", "JWST's optical design is a three-mirror anastigmat, which makes use of curved secondary and tertiary mirrors to deliver images that are free of optical aberrations over a wide field.", "In addition, there is a fast steering mirror, which can adjust its position many times per second to provide image stabilization.", "Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. is the principal optical subcontractor for the JWST project, led by prime contractor Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems, under a contract from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Maryland.", "Eighteen primary mirror segments, secondary, tertiary and fine steering mirrors, plus flight spares have been fabricated and polished by Ball Aerospace based on beryllium segment blanks manufactured by several companies including Axsys, Brush Wellman, and Tinsley Laboratories.", "The final segment of the primary mirror was installed on February 3, 2016, and the secondary mirror was installed on March 3, 2016.", "The Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) is a framework that provides electrical power, computing resources, cooling capability as well as structural stability to the Webb telescope.", "It is made with bonded graphite-epoxy composite attached to the underside of Webb's telescope structure.", "The ISIM holds the four science instruments and a guide camera.", "NIRCam and MIRI feature starlight-blocking coronagraphs for observation of faint targets such as extrasolar planets and circumstellar disks very close to bright stars.", "The infrared detectors for the NIRCam, NIRSpec, FGS, and NIRISS modules are being provided by Teledyne Imaging Sensors (formerly Rockwell Scientific Company).", "The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) and Command and Data Handling (ICDH) engineering team uses SpaceWire to send data between the science instruments and the data-handling equipment.", "The \"Spacecraft Bus\" is the primary support component of the James Webb Space Telescope, that hosts a multitude of computing, communication, propulsion, and structural parts, bringing the different parts of the telescope together.", "Along with the Sunshield, it forms the Spacecraft Element of the space telescope.", "The other two major elements of the JWST are the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM) and the Optical Telescope Element (OTE).", "Region 3 of ISIM is also inside the \"Spacecraft Bus\"; region 3 includes ISIM Command and Data Handling subsystem and the MIRI cryocooler.", "The Spacecraft Bus is connected to Optical Telescope Element via the Deployable Tower Assembly, which also connects to the sunshield.", "The structure of the Spacecraft Bus must support the 6.5-ton space telescope, while it itself weighs 350 kg (about 770 lb).", "It is made primarily of graphite composite material.", "It was assembled in California by 2015, and after that it had to be integrated with the rest of the space telescope leading up to its planned 2021 launch.", "The bus can provide pointing of one-arcsecond and isolates vibration down to two milliarcseconds.", "The Spacecraft Bus is on the Sun-facing \"warm\" side and operates at a temperature of about 300 K. Everything on the Sun facing side must be able to handle the thermal conditions of JWST's halo orbit, which has one side in continuous sunlight and the other in the shade of the spacecraft sunshield.", "Another important aspect of the Spacecraft Bus is the central computing, memory storage, and communications equipment.", "The processor and software direct data to and from the instruments, to the solid-state memory core, and to the radio system which can send data back to Earth and receive commands.", "The computer also controls the pointing and moment of the spacecraft, taking in sensor data from the gyroscopes and star tracker, and sending the necessary commands to the reaction wheels or thrusters depending.", "The desire for a large infrared space telescope traces back decades; in the United States the \"Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility\" was planned while the Space Shuttle was in development and the potential for infrared astronomy was acknowledged at that time.", "Compared to ground telescopes, space observatories were free from atmospheric absorption of infrared light; this would be a whole \"new sky\" for astronomers.", "However, infrared telescopes have a disadvantagethey need to stay extremely cold and the longer the wavelength of infrared, the colder they need to be.", "If not, the background heat of the device itself overwhelms the detectors, making it effectively blind.", "This can be overcome by careful spacecraft design, in particular by placing the telescope in a dewar with an extremely cold substance, such as liquid helium.", "This has meant most infrared telescopes have a lifespan limited by their coolant, as short as a few months, maybe a few years at most.", "It has been possible to maintain a temperature low enough through the design of the spacecraft to enable near-infrared observations without a supply of coolant, such as the extended missions of Spitzer and NEOWISE.", "Another example is Hubble's NICMOS instrument, which started out using a block of nitrogen ice that depleted after a couple of years, but was then converted to a cryocooler that worked continuously.", "The James Webb Space Telescope is designed to cool itself without a dewar, using a combination of sunshield and radiators with the mid-infrared instrument using an additional cryocooler.", "The telescope's delays and cost increases can be compared to the Hubble Space Telescope.", "When Hubble formally started in 1972, it had an estimated development cost of $300 million (or about $1 billion in 2006 constant dollars), but by the time it was sent into orbit in 1990, the cost was about four times that.", "In addition new instruments and servicing missions increased the cost to at least $9 billion by 2006.", "In contrast to other proposed observatories, most of which have already been canceled or put on hold, including Terrestrial Planet Finder (2011), Space Interferometry Mission (2010), International X-ray Observatory (2011), MAXIM (Microarcsecond X-ray Imaging Mission), SAFIR (Single Aperture Far-Infrared Observatory), SUVO (Space Ultraviolet-Visible Observatory), and the SPECS (Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure), the JWST is the last big NASA astrophysics mission of its generation to be built.", "Early development work for a Hubble successor between 1989 and 1994 led to the Hi-Z telescope concept, a fully baffled 4-meter aperture infrared telescope that would recede to an orbit at 3 AU.", "This distant orbit would have benefited from reduced light noise from zodiacal dust.", "Other early plans called for a NEXUS precursor telescope mission.", "The JWST originated in 1996 as the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST).", "In 2002 it was renamed after NASA's second administrator (1961–1968) James E. Webb (1906–1992), noted for playing a key role in the Apollo program and establishing scientific research as a core NASA activity.", "The JWST is a project of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the United States space agency, with international collaboration from the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.", "In the \"faster, better, cheaper\" era in the mid-1990s, NASA leaders pushed for a low-cost space telescope.", "The result was the NGST concept, with an 8-meter aperture and located at L, roughly estimated to cost $500 million.", "In 1997, NASA worked with the Goddard Space Flight Center, Ball Aerospace, and TRW to conduct technical requirement and cost studies, and in 1999 selected Lockheed Martin and TRW for preliminary concept studies.", "Launch was at that time planned for 2007, but the launch date has subsequently been pushed back many times (see table further down).", "In 2002, NASA awarded the $824.8 million prime contract for the NGST, now renamed the James Webb Space Telescope, to TRW.", "The design called for a descoped 20 ft primary mirror and a launch date of 2010.", "Later that year, TRW was acquired by Northrop Grumman in a hostile bid and became Northrop Grumman Space Technology.", "NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, is leading the management of the observatory project.", "The project scientist for the James Webb Space Telescope is John C. Mather.", "Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems serves as the primary contractor for the development and integration of the observatory.", "They are responsible for developing and building the spacecraft element, which includes both the spacecraft bus and sunshield.", "Ball Aerospace has been subcontracted to develop and build the Optical Telescope Element (OTE).", "Northrop Grumman's Astro Aerospace business unit has been contracted to build the Deployable Tower Assembly (DTA) which connects the OTE to the spacecraft bus and the Mid Boom Assembly (MBA) which helps to deploy the large sunshields on orbit.", "Goddard Space Flight Center is also responsible for providing the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM).", "Cost growth revealed in spring 2005 led to an August 2005 re-planning.", "The primary technical outcomes of the re-planning were significant changes in the integration and test plans, a 22-month launch delay (from 2011 to 2013), and elimination of system-level testing for observatory modes at wavelength shorter than 1.7 micrometers.", "Other major features of the observatory were unchanged.", "Following the re-planning, the project was independently reviewed in April 2006.", "The review concluded the project was technically sound, but that funding phasing at NASA needed to be changed.", "NASA re-phased its JWST budgets accordingly.", "In the 2005 re-plan, the life-cycle cost of the project was estimated at about US$4.5 billion.", "This comprised approximately US$3.5 billion for design, development, launch and commissioning, and approximately US$1.0 billion for ten years of operations.", "ESA is contributing about €300 million, including the launch, and the Canadian Space Agency about $39M Canadian.", "In January 2007, nine of the ten technology development items in the project successfully passed a non-advocate review.", "These technologies were deemed sufficiently mature to retire significant risks in the project.", "The remaining technology development item (the MIRI cryocooler) completed its technology maturation milestone in April 2007.", "This technology review represented the beginning step in the process that ultimately moved the project into its detailed design phase (Phase C).", "By May 2007, costs were still on target.", "In March 2008, the project successfully completed its Preliminary Design Review (PDR).", "In April 2008, the project passed the Non-Advocate Review.", "Other passed reviews include the Integrated Science Instrument Module review in March 2009, the Optical Telescope Element review completed in October 2009, and the Sunshield review completed in January 2010.", "In April 2010, the telescope passed the technical portion of its Mission Critical Design Review (MCDR).", "Passing the MCDR signified the integrated observatory can meet all science and engineering requirements for its mission.", "The MCDR encompassed all previous design reviews.", "The project schedule underwent review during the months following the MCDR, in a process called the Independent Comprehensive Review Panel, which led to a re-plan of the mission aiming for a 2015 launch, but as late as 2018.", "By 2010, cost over-runs were impacting other projects, though JWST itself remained on schedule.", "By 2011, the JWST project was in the final design and fabrication phase (Phase C).", "As is typical for a complex design that cannot be changed once launched, there are detailed reviews of every portion of design, construction, and proposed operation.", "New technological frontiers have been pioneered by the project, and it has passed its design reviews.", "In the 1990s it was unknown if a telescope so large and low mass was possible.", "Assembly of the hexagonal segments of the primary mirror, which was done via robotic arm, began in November 2015 and was completed in February 2016.", "Final construction of the Webb telescope was completed in November 2016, after which extensive testing procedures began.", "In March 2018, NASA delayed the JWST's launch an additional year to May 2020 after the telescope's sunshield ripped during a practice deployment and the sunshield's cables did not sufficiently tighten.", "In June 2018, NASA delayed the JWST's launch an additional 10 months to March 2021, based on the assessment of the independent review board convened after the failed March 2018 test deployment.", "In August 2019, the mechanical integration of the telescope was completed, something that was scheduled to be done 12 years ago in 2007.", "Following this engineers now are working to add a five layer sunshield in place to prevent damage to telescope parts from infra red rays of the sun.", "The JWST has a history of major cost overruns and delays which have resulted in part from outside factors such as delays in deciding on a launch vehicle and adding extra funding for contingencies.", "By 2006, $1 billion had been spent on developing JWST, with the budget at about $4.5 billion at that time.", "A 2006 article in the journal \"Nature\" noted a study in 1984 by the Space Science Board, which estimated that a next generation infrared observatory would cost $4 billion (about $7 billion in 2006 dollars).", "The telescope was originally estimated to cost $1.6 billion, but the cost estimate grew throughout the early development and had reached about $5 billion by the time the mission was formally confirmed for construction start in 2008.", "In summer 2010, the mission passed its Critical Design Review with excellent grades on all technical matters, but schedule and cost slips at that time prompted Maryland US Senator Barbara Mikulski to call for an independent review of the project.", "The Independent Comprehensive Review Panel (ICRP) chaired by J. Casani (JPL) found that the earliest possible launch date was in late 2015 at an extra cost of $1.5bn (for a total of $6.5bn).", "They also pointed out that this would have required extra funding in FY2011 and FY2012 and that any later launch date would lead to a higher total cost.", "On 6 July 2011, the United States House of Representatives' appropriations committee on Commerce, Justice, and Science moved to cancel the James Webb project by proposing an FY2012 budget that removed $1.9bn from NASA's overall budget, of which roughly one quarter was for JWST.", "$3 billion had been spent and 75% of its hardware was in production.", "This budget proposal was approved by subcommittee vote the following day.", "The committee charged that the project was \"billions of dollars over budget and plagued by poor management\".", "In response, the American Astronomical Society issued a statement in support of JWST, as did Maryland US Senator Barbara Mikulski.", "A number of editorials supporting JWST appeared in the international press during 2011 as well.", "In November 2011, Congress reversed plans to cancel the JWST and instead capped additional funding to complete the project at $8 billion.", "Some scientists have expressed concerns about growing costs and schedule delays for the Webb telescope, which competes for scant astronomy budgets and thus threatens funding for other space science programs.", "Because the runaway budget diverted funding from other research, a 2010 \"Nature\" article described the JWST as \"the telescope that ate astronomy\".", "A review of NASA budget records and status reports noted that the JWST is plagued by many of the same problems that have affected other major NASA projects.", "Repairs and additional testing included underestimates of the telescope's cost that failed to budget for expected technical glitches, missed budget projections, and evaluation of components to estimate extreme launch conditions, thus extending the schedule and increasing costs further.", "One reason for the early cost growth is that it is difficult to forecast the cost of development, and in general budget predictability improved when initial development milestones were achieved.", "By the mid-2010s, the U.S. contribution was still expected to cost $8.8 billion.", "In 2007, the expected ESA contribution was about €350 million.", "With the U.S. and international funding combined, the overall cost not including extended operations is projected to be over $10 billion when completed.", "On 27 March 2018, NASA officials announced that JWST's launch would be pushed back to May 2020 or later, and admitted that the project's costs might exceed the $8.8 billion price tag.", "In the March 27 press release announcing the latest delay, NASA said that it will release a revised cost estimate after a new launch window is determined in cooperation with the ESA.", "If this cost estimate exceeds the $8 billion cap Congress put in place in 2011, as is considered unavoidable, NASA will have to have the mission re-authorized by the legislature.", "In February, 2019, despite expressing criticism over cost growth, Congress increased the mission's cost cap by $800 million.", "NASA, ESA and CSA have collaborated on the telescope since 1996.", "ESA's participation in construction and launch was approved by its members in 2003 and an agreement was signed between ESA and NASA in 2007.", "In exchange for full partnership, representation and access to the observatory for its astronomers, ESA is providing the NIRSpec instrument, the Optical Bench Assembly of the MIRI instrument, an Ariane 5 ECA launcher, and manpower to support operations.", "The CSA will provide the Fine Guidance Sensor and the Near-Infrared Imager Slitless Spectrograph plus manpower to support operations.", "A large telescope model has been on display at various places since 2005: in the United States at Seattle, Washington; Colorado Springs, Colorado; Greenbelt, Maryland; Rochester, New York; Manhattan, New York; and Orlando, Florida; and elsewhere at Paris, France; Dublin, Ireland; Montreal, Canada; Hatfield, United Kingdom; and Munich, Germany.", "The model was built by the main contractor, Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems.", "In May 2007, a full-scale model of the telescope was assembled for display at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum on the National Mall, Washington D.C.", "The model was intended to give the viewing public a better understanding of the size, scale and complexity of the satellite, as well as pique the interest of viewers in science and astronomy in general.", "The model is significantly different from the telescope, as the model must withstand gravity and weather, so is constructed mainly of aluminum and steel measuring approximately 24 * and weighs 5.5 t .", "The model was on display in New York City's Battery Park during the 2010 World Science Festival, where it served as the backdrop for a panel discussion featuring Nobel Prize laureate John C. Mather, astronaut John M. Grunsfeld and astronomer Heidi Hammel.", "In March 2013, the model was on display in Austin, Texas for SXSW 2013.", "The JWST's primary scientific mission has four key goals: to search for light from the first stars and galaxies that formed in the Universe after the Big Bang, to study the formation and evolution of galaxies, to understand the formation of stars and planetary systems, and to study planetary systems and the origins of life.", "These goals can be accomplished more effectively by observation in near-infrared light rather than light in the visible part of the spectrum.", "For this reason the JWST's instruments will not measure visible or ultraviolet light like the Hubble Telescope, but will have a much greater capacity to perform infrared astronomy.", "The JWST will be sensitive to a range of wavelengths from 0.6 (orange light) to 28 micrometers (deep infrared radiation at about 100 K ).", "JWST may be used to gather information on the dimming light of star KIC 8462852, which was discovered in 2015, and has some abnormal light-curve properties.", "As of July 2019, launch is planned March 30, 2021, on an Ariane 5 rocket.", "The observatory attaches to the Ariane 5 rocket via a launch vehicle adapter ring which could be used by a future spacecraft to grapple the observatory to attempt to fix gross deployment problems.", "However, the telescope itself is not serviceable, and astronauts would not be able to perform tasks such as swapping instruments, as with the Hubble Telescope.", "Its nominal mission time is five years, with a goal of ten years.", "JWST needs to use propellant to maintain its halo orbit around L2, which provides an upper limit to its designed lifetime, and it is being designed to carry enough for ten years.", "The planned five year science mission begins after a 6-month commissioning phase.", "An L2 orbit is only meta-stable so it requires orbital station-keeping or an object will drift away from this orbital configuration.", "The JWST will be located near the second Lagrange point (L ) of the Earth-Sun system, which is 1500000 km from Earth, directly opposite to the Sun.", "Normally an object circling the Sun farther out than Earth would take longer than one year to complete its orbit, but near the L point the combined gravitational pull of the Earth and the Sun allow a spacecraft to orbit the Sun in the same time it takes the Earth.", "The telescope will circle about the L point in a halo orbit, which will be inclined with respect to the ecliptic, have a radius of approximately 800000 km , and take about half a year to complete.", "Since L is just an equilibrium point with no gravitational pull, a halo orbit is not an orbit in the usual sense: the spacecraft is actually in orbit around the Sun, and the halo orbit can be thought of as controlled drifting to remain in the vicinity of the L point.", "This requires some station-keeping: around 2–4 m/s per year from the total budget of 150 m/s.", "Two sets of thrusters constitute the observatory's propulsion system.", "JWST is the formal successor to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and since its primary emphasis is on infrared observation, it is also a successor to the Spitzer Space Telescope.", "JWST will far surpass both those telescopes, being able to see many more and much older stars and galaxies.", "Observing in the infrared is a key technique for achieving this because of cosmological redshift and because it better penetrates obscuring dust and gas.", "This allows observation of dimmer, cooler objects.", "Since water vapor and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere strongly absorbs most infrared, ground-based infrared astronomy is limited to narrow wavelength ranges where the atmosphere absorbs less strongly.", "Additionally, the atmosphere itself radiates in the infrared, often overwhelming light from the object being observed.", "This makes a space telescope preferable for infrared observation.", "The more distant an object is, the younger it appears: its light has taken longer to reach human observers.", "Because the universe is expanding, as the light travels it becomes red-shifted, and objects at extreme distances are therefore easier to see if viewed in the infrared.", "JWST's infrared capabilities are expected to let it see back in time to the first galaxies forming just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.", "Infrared radiation can pass more freely through regions of cosmic dust that scatter visible light.", "Observations in infrared allow the study of objects and regions of space which would be obscured by gas and dust in the visible spectrum, such as the molecular clouds where stars are born, the circumstellar disks that give rise to planets, and the cores of active galaxies.", "Relatively cool objects (temperatures less than several thousand degrees) emit their radiation primarily in the infrared, as described by Planck's law.", "As a result, most objects that are cooler than stars are better studied in the infrared.", "This includes the clouds of the interstellar medium, brown dwarfs, planets both in our own and other solar systems, comets and Kuiper belt objects that will be observed with the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) requiring an additional cryocooler.", "Some of the missions in infrared astronomy that impacted JWST development were Spitzer and also the WMAP probe.", "Spitzer showed the importance of mid-infrared, such as in its observing dust disks around stars.", "Also, the WMAP probe showed the universe was \"lit up\" at redshift 17, further underscoring the importance of the mid-infrared.", "Both these missions launched in the early 2000s, in time to influence JWST development.", "The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), located in Baltimore, Maryland on the Homewood campus of Johns Hopkins University, was selected as the Science and Operations Center (S&OC) for JWST with an initial budget of $162.2 million intended to support operations through the first year after launch.", "In this capacity, STScI will be responsible for the scientific operation of the telescope and delivery of data products to the astronomical community.", "Data will be transmitted from JWST to the ground via NASA's Deep Space Network, processed and calibrated at STScI, and then distributed online to astronomers worldwide.", "Similar to how Hubble is operated, anyone, anywhere in the world, will be allowed to submit proposals for observations.", "Each year several committees of astronomers will peer review the submitted proposals to select the projects to observe in the coming year.", "The authors of the chosen proposals will typically have one year of private access to the new observations, after which the data will become publicly available for download by anyone from the online archive at STScI.", "Most of the data processing on the telescope is done by conventional single-board computers.", "The conversion of the analog science data to digital form is performed by the custom-built SIDECAR ASIC (System for Image Digitization, Enhancement, Control And Retrieval Application Specific Integrated Circuit).", "NASA stated that the SIDECAR ASIC will include all the functions of a 20 lb instrument box in a 3 cm package and consume only 11 milliwatts of power.", "Since this conversion must be done close to the detectors, on the cool side of the telescope, the low power use of this IC will be crucial for maintaining the low temperature required for optimal operation of the JWST.", "Nearly a month after launch, a trajectory correction will be initiated to place the JWST into a halo orbit at the L lagrangian point.", "JWST observing time will be allocated through a Director's Discretionary Early Release Science (DD-ERS) Program, a Guaranteed Time Observations (GTO) Program, and a General Observers (GO) Program.", "The GTO Program provides guaranteed observing time for scientists who developed hardware and software components for the observatory.", "The GO Program provides all astronomers the opportunity to apply for observing time.", "GO programs will be selected through peer review by a Time Allocation Committee (TAC), similar to the proposal review process used for the Hubble Space Telescope.", "JWST observing time is expected to be highly oversubscribed.", "In November 2017, the Space Telescope Science Institute announced the selection of 13 Director's Discretionary Early Release Science (DD-ERS) Programs, chosen through a competitive proposal process.", "The observations for these programs will be obtained during the first five months of JWST science operations after the end of the commissioning period.", "A total of 460 hours of observing time was awarded to these 13 programs, which span science topics including the Solar System, exoplanets, stars and star formation, nearby and distant galaxies, gravitational lenses, and quasars." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 397931, "simple_article_title": "James Webb Space Telescope", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=397931", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-397931-0-0", "simple-397931-0-1", "simple-397931-0-2", "simple-397931-1-0", "simple-397931-2-0", "simple-397931-2-1", "simple-397931-2-2", "simple-397931-2-3", "simple-397931-2-4", "simple-397931-2-5", "simple-397931-2-6", "simple-397931-2-7", "simple-397931-3-0", "simple-397931-3-1", "simple-397931-3-2", "simple-397931-3-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a telescope that will be put into space.", "It is planned to be launched in 2021.", "It is a replacement for the Hubble Space Telescope which was launched in 1990.", "The telescope is named after , who was a director at NASA and created the Apollo program that put astronauts on the moon.", "It will have a main mirror that is 6.5 m wide.", "This is 6 times larger in area than Hubble.", "It is so large it is made in 18 pieces that fold together during the launch, so that it can fit into a rocket.", "It is mainly an infrared telescope but also works in the red part of the visible light (the pictures will be coded with false color so we can see them).", "It is plated with gold because gold reflects infrared very well.", "It will be able to see things that the Hubble Space Telescope cannot.", "Infrared vision can be used to see heat radiation (like some kinds of night vision goggles), so the telescope itself must be kept as cool as possible.", "It is protected by a large sunshield the size of a tennis court to keep it cool and dark.", "The JWST will be in orbit far from Earth, to avoid heat radiating from the Earth and moon.", "This special orbit is beyond the moon, at the second Lagrange point (L2) of the Sun-Earth system, a place of stable gravity.", "This orbit is 1,500,000 km from Earth, about four times farther away from us than the moon.", "This keeps it in the Earth's shadow most of the time; it does not actually go around the Earth, but goes around the sun at the same speed as the Earth." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2735971, "normal_article_title": "Ned Zelic", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2735971", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2735971-0-0", "normal-2735971-1-0", "normal-2735971-1-1", "normal-2735971-2-0", "normal-2735971-2-1", "normal-2735971-2-2", "normal-2735971-3-0", "normal-2735971-3-1", "normal-2735971-3-2", "normal-2735971-3-3", "normal-2735971-3-4", "normal-2735971-4-0", "normal-2735971-4-1", "normal-2735971-5-0", "normal-2735971-5-1", "normal-2735971-6-0", "normal-2735971-6-1", "normal-2735971-7-0", "normal-2735971-7-1", "normal-2735971-8-0", "normal-2735971-8-1", "normal-2735971-9-0", "normal-2735971-9-1", "normal-2735971-10-0", "normal-2735971-10-1", "normal-2735971-11-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Nedjeljko \"Ned\" Zelic (] ; born 4 July 1971) is an Australian former footballer.", "Zelic started his career in the old Australian National Soccer League, where he played with clubs Sydney Croatia and Sydney Olympic.", "In his junior years he played for Croatia Deakin.", "Zelic spent most of the 1990s playing in Europe, most notably for Borussia Dortmund where he reached the UEFA Cup Final in his first season with the club, losing to Juventus Turin of Italy and won the German Bundesliga title in 1995.", "He had a brief stint in the Premier League for QPR, moving for a club record £1.25 million, which was beset by injury and discontent.", "After just 4 Premier League games for the West London club, he departed to Eintracht Frankfurt in Germany.", "After only a few months he signed for AJ Auxerre of France.", "At Auxerre, he replaced Laurent Blanc who moved to FC Barcelona, and participated in the UEFA Champions League.", "In July 1996, Zelic was selected to play for a World All Star team vs. Brazil at Giants Stadium, New York City.", "The All Star team was coached by Euro 92 winner with Denmark, Richard Moller Nielsen and consisted of such players as Jürgen Klinsmann, George Weah, Marcel Desailly, Lothar Matthäus, David Ginola and Fernando Redondo.", "In 1998, Zelic decided to move back to Germany and went on to make 102 appearances for 1860 Munich in the Bundesliga.", "In 2002, he moved to Japan to play in the J1 League where he stayed for two years and played under Dutch coaches Hans Ooft and Wim Jansen, winning the Japanese Cup with his club Urawa Red Diamonds.", "Zelic signed for FC Wacker Tirol of Austria in July 2004 and stayed there for one season.", "In 2005, Ned Zelic agreed terms to a two-year deal as a marquee to captain the Newcastle Jets in the A-League, where he played out the whole season from central defence.", "The Jets finished fourth on the league table and lost to the Central Coast Mariners 2–1 on aggregate over two legs in the Minor Semi-final.", "Zelic underwent arthroscopic surgery on his knee after the semi-finals.", "Several months later he decided to move back overseas and it was not certain if he would continue his career.", "After being granted a work permit, he signed a one-year deal with Dutch side Helmond Sport in August 2006, working again with his former 1860 Munich teammate Gerald Vanenburg, who was coach there.", "However, he left Helmond after only two months due to knee problems and considered retirement.", "In January 2007, Zelic joined Georgian club FC Dinamo Tbilisi on a free transfer, where he played under former Czech National Team coach Dusan Uhrin.", "He announced his retirement from football in May 2008, after winning the Georgian Championship with Dinamo Tbilisi.", "Zelic now appears as a football analyst for Fox Sports.", "He was selected in \"Four Four Two\" magazine's Top 25 Australian Footballers of All-Time.", "He has played for the Australia youth, Olympic and senior teams, but made himself unavailable in November 1999 after disagreements with coach Frank Farina.", "Zelic was captain of the Australian team that competed and finished 4th at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.", "Zelic is the older brother of former footballer turned actor Ivan Zelic and presenter Lucy Zelic." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 13031021, "normal_article_title": "Galametz", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13031021", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-13031021-0-0", "normal-13031021-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Galametz is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.", "A small village situated some 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Montreuil-sur-Mer on the D340 road." ] } }

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"normal-3986-136-7", "normal-3986-137-0", "normal-3986-137-1", "normal-3986-138-0", "normal-3986-138-1", "normal-3986-138-2", "normal-3986-138-3", "normal-3986-139-0", "normal-3986-139-1", "normal-3986-139-2", "normal-3986-140-0", "normal-3986-140-1", "normal-3986-140-2", "normal-3986-140-3", "normal-3986-140-4", "normal-3986-141-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 O.S. January 6, 1705 April 17, 1790) was an American polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.", "Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, Freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat.", "As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity.", "As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions.", "He founded many civic organizations, including the Library Company, Philadelphia's first fire department and the University of Pennsylvania.", "Franklin earned the title of \"The First American\" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies.", "As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation.", "Franklin was foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment.", "In the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, \"In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat.\"", "To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin \"the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in inventing the type of society America would become.\"", "Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the \"Pennsylvania Gazette\" at the age of 23.", "He became wealthy publishing this and \"Poor Richard's Almanack\", which he authored under the pseudonym \"Richard Saunders\".", "After 1767, he was associated with the \"Pennsylvania Chronicle\", a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of British policies.", "He pioneered and was first president of Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and later became the University of Pennsylvania.", "He organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769.", "Franklin became a national hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act.", "An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations.", "His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France.", "He was promoted to deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies in 1753, having been Philadelphia postmaster for many years, and this enabled him to set up the first national communications network.", "During the revolution, he became the first United States Postmaster General.", "He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, as well as national and international affairs.", "From 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania.", "He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the late 1750s, he began arguing against slavery and became one of the most prominent abolitionists.", "His colorful life and legacy of scientific and political achievement, and his status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers, have seen Franklin honored more than two centuries after his death on coinage and the $100 bill, warships, and the names of many towns, counties, educational institutions, and corporations, as well as countless cultural references.", "Benjamin Franklin's father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, a soaper and candlemaker.", "Josiah was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England on December 23, 1657, the son of blacksmith and farmer Thomas Franklin, and Jane White.", "Benjamin's father and all four of his grandparents were born in England.", "Josiah had seventeen children with his two wives.", "He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and immigrated with her to Boston in 1683; they had three children before immigrating, and four after.", "Following her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9, 1689 in the Old South Meeting House by Samuel Willard.", "Benjamin, their eighth child, was Josiah Franklin's fifteenth child and tenth and last son.", "Abiah Folger was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on August 15, 1667, to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife, Mary Morrell Folger, a former indentured servant.", "She came from a Puritan family that was among the first Pilgrims to flee to Massachusetts for religious freedom, when King Charles I of England began persecuting Puritans.", "They sailed for Boston in 1635.", "Her father was \"the sort of rebel destined to transform colonial America.\"", "As clerk of the court, he was jailed for disobeying the local magistrate in defense of middle-class shopkeepers and artisans in conflict with wealthy landowners.", "Ben Franklin followed in his grandfather's footsteps in his battles against the wealthy Penn family that owned the Pennsylvania Colony.", "Benjamin Franklin was born on Milk Street, in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1706, and baptized at Old South Meeting House.", "He was one of seventeen children born to Josiah Franklin, and one of ten born by Josiah's second wife, Abiah Folger; the daughter of Peter Foulger and Mary Morrill.", "Among Benjamin's siblings were his older brother James and his younger sister Jane.", "Josiah wanted Ben to attend school with the clergy, but only had enough money to send him to school for two years.", "He attended Boston Latin School but did not graduate; he continued his education through voracious reading.", "Although \"his parents talked of the church as a career\" for Franklin, his schooling ended when he was ten.", "He worked for his father for a time, and at 12 he became an apprentice to his brother James, a printer, who taught Ben the printing trade.", "When Ben was 15, James founded \"The New-England Courant\", which was the first truly independent newspaper in the colonies.", "When denied the chance to write a letter to the paper for publication, Franklin adopted the pseudonym of \"Silence Dogood\", a middle-aged widow.", "Mrs. Dogood's letters were published, and became a subject of conversation around town.", "Neither James nor the \"Courant\"'s readers were aware of the ruse, and James was unhappy with Ben when he discovered the popular correspondent was his younger brother.", "Franklin was an advocate of free speech from an early age.", "When his brother was jailed for three weeks in 1722 for publishing material unflattering to the governor, young Franklin took over the newspaper and had Mrs. Dogood (quoting \"Cato's Letters\") proclaim: \"Without freedom of thought there can be no such thing as wisdom and no such thing as public liberty without freedom of speech.\"", "Franklin left his apprenticeship without his brother's permission, and in so doing became a fugitive.", "At age 17, Franklin ran away to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, seeking a new start in a new city.", "When he first arrived, he worked in several printer shops around town, but he was not satisfied by the immediate prospects.", "After a few months, while working in a printing house, Franklin was convinced by Pennsylvania Governor Sir William Keith to go to London, ostensibly to acquire the equipment necessary for establishing another newspaper in Philadelphia.", "Finding Keith's promises of backing a newspaper empty, Franklin worked as a typesetter in a printer's shop in what is now the Church of St Bartholomew-the-Great in the Smithfield area of London.", "Following this, he returned to Philadelphia in 1726 with the help of Thomas Denham, a merchant who employed Franklin as clerk, shopkeeper, and bookkeeper in his business.", "In 1727, Benjamin Franklin, then 21, created the Junto, a group of \"like minded aspiring artisans and tradesmen who hoped to improve themselves while they improved their community.\"", "The Junto was a discussion group for issues of the day; it subsequently gave rise to many organizations in Philadelphia.", "The Junto was modeled after English coffeehouses that Franklin knew well, and which had become the center of the spread of Enlightenment ideas in Britain.", "Reading was a great pastime of the Junto, but books were rare and expensive.", "This did not suffice, however.", "Franklin conceived the idea of a subscription library, which would pool the funds of the members to buy books for all to read.", "This was the birth of the Library Company of Philadelphia: its charter was composed by Franklin in 1731.", "In 1732, Franklin hired the first American librarian, Louis Timothee.", "The Library Company is now a great scholarly and research library.", "Upon Denham's death, Franklin returned to his former trade.", "In 1728, Franklin had set up a printing house in partnership with Hugh Meredith; the following year he became the publisher of a newspaper called \"The Pennsylvania Gazette\".", "The \"Gazette\" gave Franklin a forum for agitation about a variety of local reforms and initiatives through printed essays and observations.", "Over time, his commentary, and his adroit cultivation of a positive image as an industrious and intellectual young man, earned him a great deal of social respect.", "But even after Franklin had achieved fame as a scientist and statesman, he habitually signed his letters with the unpretentious 'B. Franklin, Printer.'", "In 1732, Ben Franklin published the first German-language newspaper in America – \"Die Philadelphische Zeitung\" – although it failed after only one year, because four other newly founded German papers quickly dominated the newspaper market.", "Franklin printed Moravian religious books in German.", "Franklin often visited Bethlehem, Pennsylvania staying at the Moravian Sun Inn.", "In a 1751 pamphlet on demographic growth and its implications for the colonies, he called the Pennsylvania Germans \"Palatine Boors\" who could never acquire the \"Complexion\" of the English settlers and referred to \"Blacks and Tawneys\" as weakening the social structure of the colonies.", "Although Franklin apparently reconsidered shortly thereafter, and the phrases were omitted from all later printings of the pamphlet, his views may have played a role in his political defeat in 1764.", "Franklin saw the printing press as a device to instruct colonial Americans in moral virtue.", "In \"Benjamin Franklin's Journalism\", Ralph Frasca argues he saw this as a service to God, because he understood moral virtue in terms of actions, thus, doing good provides a service to God.", "Despite his own moral lapses, Franklin saw himself as uniquely qualified to instruct Americans in morality.", "He tried to influence American moral life through construction of a printing network based on a chain of partnerships from the Carolinas to New England.", "Franklin thereby invented the first newspaper chain.", "It was more than a business venture, for like many publishers since, he believed that the press had a public-service duty.", "When Franklin established himself in Philadelphia, shortly before 1730, the town boasted two \"wretched little\" news sheets, Andrew Bradford's \"The American Weekly Mercury\", and Samuel Keimer's \"Universal Instructor in all Arts and Sciences, and Pennsylvania Gazette\".", "This instruction in all arts and sciences consisted of weekly extracts from \"Chambers's Universal Dictionary\".", "Franklin quickly did away with all this when he took over the \"Instructor\" and made it \"The Pennsylvania Gazette\".", "The \"Gazette\" soon became Franklin's characteristic organ, which he freely used for satire, for the play of his wit, even for sheer excess of mischief or of fun.", "From the first, he had a way of adapting his models to his own uses.", "The series of essays called \"The Busy-Body\", which he wrote for Bradford's \"American Mercury\" in 1729, followed the general Addisonian form, already modified to suit homelier conditions.", "The thrifty Patience, in her busy little shop, complaining of the useless visitors who waste her valuable time, is related to the ladies who address Mr. Spectator.", "The Busy-Body himself is a true Censor Morum, as Isaac Bickerstaff had been in the \"Tatler\".", "And a number of the fictitious characters, Ridentius, Eugenius, Cato, and Cretico, represent traditional 18th-century classicism.", "Even this Franklin could use for contemporary satire, since Cretico, the \"sowre Philosopher\", is evidently a portrait of Franklin's rival, Samuel Keimer.", "The \"Pennsylvania Gazette\", like most other newspapers of the period, was often poorly printed.", "Franklin was busy with matters outside of his printing office, and never seriously attempted to raise the mechanical standards of his trade.", "Nor did he ever properly edit or collate the chance medley of stale items that passed for news in the \"Gazette.\"", "His influence on the practical side of journalism was minimal.", "On the other hand, his advertisements of books show his very great interest in popularizing secular literature.", "Undoubtedly his paper contributed to the broader culture that distinguished Pennsylvania from her neighbors before the Revolution.", "Like many publishers, Franklin built up a book shop in his printing office; he took the opportunity to read new books before selling them.", "Franklin had mixed success in his plan to establish an inter-colonial network of newspapers that would produce a profit for him and disseminate virtue.", "He began in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1731.", "After the second editor died, his widow Elizabeth Timothy took over and made it a success, 1738–1746.", "She was one of the colonial era's first woman printers.", "For three decades Franklin maintained a close business relationship with her and her son Peter who took over in 1746.", "The \"Gazette\" had a policy of impartiality in political debates, while creating the opportunity for public debate, which encouraged others to challenge authority.", "Editor Peter Timothy avoided blandness and crude bias, and after 1765 increasingly took a patriotic stand in the growing crisis with Great Britain.", "However, Franklin's \"Connecticut Gazette\" (1755–68) proved unsuccessful.", "In 1730 or 1731, Franklin was initiated into the local Masonic lodge.", "He became a Grand Master in 1734, indicating his rapid rise to prominence in Pennsylvania.", "The same year, he edited and published the first Masonic book in the Americas, a reprint of James Anderson's \"Constitutions of the Free-Masons\".", "He was the Secretary of St. John's Lodge in Philadelphia from 1735 to 1738.", "Franklin remained a Freemason for the rest of his life.", "At age 17 in 1723, Franklin proposed to 15-year-old Deborah Read while a boarder in the Read home.", "At that time, Read's mother was wary of allowing her young daughter to marry Franklin, who was on his way to London at Governor Sir William Keith’s request, and also because of his financial instability.", "Her own husband had recently died, and she declined Franklin's request to marry her daughter.", "While Franklin was in London, his trip was extended, and there were problems with Sir William's promises of support.", "Perhaps because of the circumstances of this delay, Deborah married a man named John Rodgers.", "This proved to be a regrettable decision.", "Rodgers shortly avoided his debts and prosecution by fleeing to Barbados with her dowry, leaving her behind.", "Rodgers's fate was unknown, and because of bigamy laws, Deborah was not free to remarry.", "Franklin established a common-law marriage with Deborah Read on September 1, 1730.", "They took in Franklin's recently acknowledged young illegitimate son, William, and raised him in their household.", "They had two children together.", "Their son, Francis Folger Franklin, was born in October 1732 and died of smallpox in 1736.", "Their daughter, Sarah \"Sally\" Franklin, was born in 1743 and grew up to marry Richard Bache, have seven children, and look after her father in his old age.", "Deborah's fear of the sea meant that she never accompanied Franklin on any of his extended trips to Europe, and another possible reason why they spent so much time apart is that he may have blamed her for possibly preventing their son Francis from being inoculated against the disease that subsequently killed him.", "Deborah wrote to him in November 1769 saying she was ill due to \"dissatisfied distress\" from his prolonged absence, but he did not return until his business was done.", "Deborah Read Franklin died of a stroke in 1774, while Franklin was on an extended mission to England; he returned in 1775.", "In 1730, 24-year-old Franklin publicly acknowledged the existence of his son William, who was deemed \"illegitimate,\" as he was born out of wedlock, and raised him in his household.", "His mother's identity is unknown.", "He was educated in Philadelphia.", "Beginning at about age 30, William studied law in London in the early 1760s.", "He fathered an illegitimate son, William Temple Franklin, born February 22, 1762.", "The boy's mother was never identified, and he was placed in foster care.", "Later in 1762, William married Elizabeth Downes, daughter of a planter from Barbados.", "After William passed the bar, his father helped him gain an appointment in 1763 as the last Royal Governor of New Jersey.", "A Loyalist, William and his father eventually broke relations over their differences about the American Revolutionary War.", "The elder Franklin could never accept William's position.", "Deposed in 1776 by the revolutionary government of New Jersey, William was arrested at his home in Perth Amboy at the Proprietary House and imprisoned for a time.", "The younger Franklin went to New York in 1782, which was still occupied by British troops.", "He became leader of the Board of Associated Loyalists—a quasi-military organization, headquartered in New York City.", "They initiated guerrilla forays into New Jersey, southern Connecticut, and New York counties north of the city.", "When British troops evacuated from New York, William Franklin left with them and sailed to England.", "He settled in London, never to return to North America.", "In the preliminary peace talks in 1782 with Britain, \"... Benjamin Franklin insisted that loyalists who had borne arms against the United States would be excluded from this plea (that they be given a general pardon).", "He was undoubtedly thinking of William Franklin.\"", "In 1733, Franklin began to publish the noted \"Poor Richard's Almanack\" (with content both original and borrowed) under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, on which much of his popular reputation is based.", "Franklin frequently wrote under pseudonyms.", "Although it was no secret that Franklin was the author, his Richard Saunders character repeatedly denied it.", "\"Poor Richard's Proverbs\", adages from this almanac, such as \"A penny saved is twopence dear\" (often misquoted as \"A penny saved is a penny earned\") and \"Fish and visitors stink in three days\", remain common quotations in the modern world.", "Wisdom in folk society meant the ability to provide an apt adage for any occasion, and Franklin's readers became well prepared.", "He sold about ten thousand copies per year—it became an institution.", "In 1741, Franklin began publishing \"The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle for all the British Plantations in America\", the first such monthly magazine of this type published in America.", "In 1758, the year he ceased writing for the Almanack, he printed \"Father Abraham's Sermon\", also known as \"The Way to Wealth\".", "Franklin's autobiography, begun in 1771 but published after his death, has become one of the classics of the genre.", "Daylight saving time (DST) is often erroneously attributed to a 1784 satire that Franklin published anonymously.", "Modern DST was first proposed by George Vernon Hudson in 1895.", "Franklin was a prodigious inventor.", "Among his many creations were the lightning rod, glass harmonica (a glass instrument, not to be confused with the metal harmonica), Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and the flexible urinary catheter.", "Franklin never patented his inventions; in his autobiography he wrote, \"... as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours; and this we should do freely and generously.\"", "Franklin started exploring the phenomenon of electricity in 1746 when he saw some of Archibald Spencer's lectures using static electricity for illustrations.", "Franklin proposed that \"vitreous\" and \"resinous\" electricity were not different types of \"electrical fluid\" (as electricity was called then), but the same \"fluid\" under different pressures.", "(The same proposal was made independently that same year by William Watson.)", "Franklin was the first to label them as positive and negative respectively, and he was the first to discover the principle of conservation of charge.", "In 1748, he constructed a multiple plate capacitor, that he called an \"electrical battery\" (not to be confused with Volta's pile) by placing eleven panes of glass sandwiched between lead plates, suspended with silk cords and connected by wires.", "In recognition of his work with electricity, Franklin received the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1753, and in 1756, he became one of the few 18th-century Americans elected as a Fellow of the Society.", "He received honorary degrees from Harvard and Yale universities (his first).", "The cgs unit of electric charge has been named after him: one \"franklin\" (Fr) is equal to one statcoulomb.", "Franklin advised Harvard University in its acquisition of new electrical laboratory apparatus after the complete loss of its original collection, in a fire which destroyed the original Harvard Hall in 1764.", "The collection he assembled would later become part of the Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments, now on public display in its Science Center.", "Franklin briefly investigated electrotherapy, including the use of the electric bath.", "This work led to the field becoming widely known.", "Franklin published a proposal for an experiment to prove that lightning is electricity by flying a kite in a storm that appeared capable of becoming a lightning storm.", "On May 10, 1752, Thomas-François Dalibard of France conducted Franklin's experiment using a 40 ft iron rod instead of a kite, and he extracted electrical sparks from a cloud.", "On June 15, 1752, Franklin may possibly have conducted his well-known kite experiment in Philadelphia, successfully extracting sparks from a cloud.", "Franklin described the experiment in the \"Pennsylvania Gazette\" on October 19, 1752, without mentioning that he himself had performed it.", "This account was read to the Royal Society on December 21 and printed as such in the \"Philosophical Transactions\".", "Joseph Priestley published an account with additional details in his 1767 \"History and Present Status of Electricity\".", "Franklin was careful to stand on an insulator, keeping dry under a roof to avoid the danger of electric shock.", "Others, such as Prof. Georg Wilhelm Richmann in Russia, were indeed electrocuted in performing lightning experiments during the months immediately following Franklin's experiment.", "In his writings, Franklin indicates that he was aware of the dangers and offered alternative ways to demonstrate that lightning was electrical, as shown by his use of the concept of electrical ground.", "Franklin did not perform this experiment in the way that is often pictured in popular literature, flying the kite and waiting to be struck by lightning, as it would have been dangerous.", "Instead he used the kite to collect some electric charge from a storm cloud, showing that lightning was electrical.", "Franklin's electrical experiments led to his invention of the lightning rod.", "He said that conductors with a sharp rather than a smooth point could discharge silently, and at a far greater distance.", "He surmised that this could help protect buildings from lightning by attaching \"upright Rods of Iron, made sharp as a Needle and gilt to prevent Rusting, and from the Foot of those Rods a Wire down the outside of the Building into the Ground; ... Would not these pointed Rods probably draw the Electrical Fire silently out of a Cloud before it came nigh enough to strike, and thereby secure us from that most sudden and terrible Mischief!\"", "Following a series of experiments on Franklin's own house, lightning rods were installed on the Academy of Philadelphia (later the University of Pennsylvania) and the Pennsylvania State House (later Independence Hall) in 1752.", "Franklin had a major influence on the emerging science of demography, or population studies.", "In the 1730s and 1740s, Franklin began taking notes on population growth, finding that the American population had the fastest growth rate on earth.", "Emphasizing that population growth depended on food supplies, Franklin emphasized the abundance of food and available farmland in America.", "He calculated that America's population was doubling every twenty years and would surpass that of England in a century.", "In 1751, he drafted \"Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.\" Four years later, it was anonymously printed in Boston, and it was quickly reproduced in Britain, where it influenced the economist Adam Smith and later the demographer Thomas Malthus, who credited Franklin for discovering a rule of population growth.", "Franklin's predictions how British mercantilism was unsustainable alarmed British leaders who did not want to be surpassed by the colonies, so they became more willing to impose restrictions on the colonial economy.", "Kammen (1990) and Drake (2011) say Franklin's \"Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind\" (1755) stands alongside Ezra Stiles' \"Discourse on Christian Union\" (1760) as the leading works of eighteenth-century Anglo-American demography; Drake credits Franklin's \"wide readership and prophetic insight.\"", "Franklin was also a pioneer in the study of slave demography, as shown in his 1755 essay.", "Benjamin Franklin, in his capacity as a farmer, wrote at least one critique about the negative consequences of price controls, trade restrictions and subsidy of the poor.", "This is succinctly preserved in his letter to the London Chronicle published November 29, 1766 titled 'On the Price of Corn, and Management of the poor'.", "As deputy postmaster, Franklin became interested in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns.", "While in England in 1768, he heard a complaint from the Colonial Board of Customs: Why did it take British packet ships carrying mail several weeks longer to reach New York than it took an average merchant ship to reach Newport, Rhode Island?", "The merchantmen had a longer and more complex voyage because they left from London, while the packets left from Falmouth in Cornwall.", "Franklin put the question to his cousin Timothy Folger, a Nantucket whaler captain, who told him that merchant ships routinely avoided a strong eastbound mid-ocean current.", "The mail packet captains sailed dead into it, thus fighting an adverse current of 3 mph .", "Franklin worked with Folger and other experienced ship captains, learning enough to chart the current and name it the Gulf Stream, by which it is still known today.", "Franklin published his Gulf Stream chart in 1770 in England, where it was completely ignored.", "Subsequent versions were printed in France in 1778 and the U.S. in 1786.", "The British edition of the chart, which was the original, was so thoroughly ignored that everyone assumed it was lost forever until Phil Richardson, a Woods Hole oceanographer and Gulf Stream expert, discovered it in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris in 1980.", "This find received front-page coverage in \"The New York Times\".", "It took many years for British sea captains to adopt Franklin's advice on navigating the current; once they did, they were able to trim two weeks from their sailing time.", "Franklin was, along with his contemporary Leonhard Euler, the only major scientist who supported Christiaan Huygens's wave theory of light, which was basically ignored by the rest of the scientific community.", "In the 18th century, Newton's corpuscular theory was held to be true; only after Young's well-known slit experiment in 1803 were most scientists persuaded to believe Huygens's theory.", "On October 21, 1743, according to popular myth, a storm moving from the southwest denied Franklin the opportunity of witnessing a lunar eclipse.", "Franklin was said to have noted that the prevailing winds were actually from the northeast, contrary to what he had expected.", "In correspondence with his brother, Franklin learned that the same storm had not reached Boston until after the eclipse, despite the fact that Boston is to the northeast of Philadelphia.", "He deduced that storms do not always travel in the direction of the prevailing wind, a concept that greatly influenced meteorology.", "After the Icelandic volcanic eruption of Laki in 1783, and the subsequent harsh European winter of 1784, Franklin made observations connecting the causal nature of these two separate events.", "He wrote about them in a lecture series.", "Though Benjamin Franklin has been most noted kite-wise for his lightning experiments, he has also been noted by many for his using kites to pull humans and ships across waterways.", "The George Pocock in the book \"A TREATISE on The Aeropleustic Art, or Navigation in the Air, by means of Kites, or Buoyant Sails\" noted being inspired by Benjamin Franklin's traction of his body by kite power across a waterway.", "In his later years he suggested using the technique for pulling ships.", "Franklin noted a principle of refrigeration by observing that on a very hot day, he stayed cooler in a wet shirt in a breeze than he did in a dry one.", "To understand this phenomenon more clearly Franklin conducted experiments.", "In 1758 on a warm day in Cambridge, England, Franklin and fellow scientist John Hadley experimented by continually wetting the ball of a mercury thermometer with ether and using bellows to evaporate the ether.", "With each subsequent evaporation, the thermometer read a lower temperature, eventually reaching 7 F .", "Another thermometer showed that the room temperature was constant at 65 F .", "In his letter \"Cooling by Evaporation\", Franklin noted that, \"One may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day.\"", "According to Michael Faraday, Franklin's experiments on the non-conduction of ice are worth mentioning, although the law of the general effect of liquefaction on electrolytes is not attributed to Franklin.", "However, as reported in 1836 by Prof. A. D. Bache of the University of Pennsylvania, the law of the effect of heat on the conduction of bodies otherwise non-conductors, for example, glass, could be attributed to Franklin.", "Franklin writes, \"... A certain quantity of heat will make some bodies good conductors, that will not otherwise conduct ...\" and again, \"... And water, though naturally a good conductor, will not conduct well when frozen into ice.\"", "An aging Franklin accumulated all his oceanographic findings in \"Maritime Observations\", published by the Philosophical Society's \"transactions\" in 1786.", "It contained ideas for sea anchors, catamaran hulls, watertight compartments, shipboard lightning rods and a soup bowl designed to stay stable in stormy weather.", "While traveling on a ship, Franklin had observed that the wake of a ship was diminished when the cooks scuttled their greasy water.", "He studied the effects on a large pond in Clapham Common, London.", "\"I fetched out a cruet of oil and dropt a little of it on the water ... though not more than a teaspoon full, produced an instant calm over a space of several yards square.\"", "He later used the trick to \"calm the waters\" by carrying \"a little oil in the hollow joint of my cane\".", "Franklin is known to have played the violin, the harp, and the guitar.", "He also composed music, notably a string quartet in early classical style.", "While he was in London, he developed a much-improved version of the glass harmonica, in which the glasses rotate on a shaft, with the player's fingers held steady, instead of the other way around.", "He worked with the London glassblower Charles James to create it, and instruments based on his mechanical version soon found their way to other parts of Europe.", "Joesph Haydn (a fan of Franklin's enlightened ideas) had a glass harmonica in his instrument collection.", "Beethoven wrote a sonata for the glass harmonica.", "Franklin was an avid chess player.", "He was playing chess by around 1733, making him the first chess player known by name in the American colonies.", "His essay on \"The Morals of Chess\" in \"Columbian\" magazine in December 1786 is the second known writing on chess in America.", "This essay in praise of chess and prescribing a code of behavior for the game has been widely reprinted and translated.", "He and a friend also used chess as a means of learning the Italian language, which both were studying; the winner of each game between them had the right to assign a task, such as parts of the Italian grammar to be learned by heart, to be performed by the loser before their next meeting.", "Franklin was able to play chess more frequently against stronger opposition during his many years as a civil servant and diplomat in England, where the game was far better established than in America.", "He was able to improve his playing standard by facing more experienced players during this period.", "He regularly attended Old Slaughter's Coffee House in London for chess and socializing, making many important personal contacts.", "While in Paris, both as a visitor and later as ambassador, he visited the famous Café de la Régence, which France's strongest players made their regular meeting place.", "No records of his games have survived, so it is not possible to ascertain his playing strength in modern terms.", "Franklin was inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 1999.", "The Franklin Mercantile Chess Club in Philadelphia, the second oldest chess club in the U.S., is named in his honor.", "In 1736, Franklin created the Union Fire Company, one of the first volunteer firefighting companies in America.", "In the same year, he printed a new currency for New Jersey based on innovative anti-counterfeiting techniques he had devised.", "Throughout his career, Franklin was an advocate for paper money, publishing \"A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency\" in 1729, and his printer printed money.", "He was influential in the more restrained and thus successful monetary experiments in the Middle Colonies, which stopped deflation without causing excessive inflation.", "In 1766 he made a case for paper money to the British House of Commons.", "As he matured, Franklin began to concern himself more with public affairs.", "In 1743, he first devised a scheme for The Academy, Charity School, and College of Philadelphia.", "However, the person he had in mind to run the academy, Rev. Richard Peters, refused and Franklin put his ideas away until 1749, when he printed his own pamphlet, \"Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania.\"", "He was appointed president of the Academy on November 13, 1749; the Academy and the Charity School opened on August 13, 1751.", "In 1743, Franklin founded the American Philosophical Society to help scientific men discuss their discoveries and theories.", "He began the electrical research that, along with other scientific inquiries, would occupy him for the rest of his life, in between bouts of politics and moneymaking.", "During King George's War (1744–1748), Franklin raised a militia called the Association for General Defense, because the legislators of the city decided to take no action to defend Philadelphia \"either by erecting fortifications or building Ships of War\".", "He raised money to create earthwork defenses and buy artillery.", "The largest of these was the \"Association Battery\" or \"Grand Battery\" of 50 guns.", "In 1747, Franklin (already a very wealthy man) retired from printing and went into other businesses.", "He created a partnership with his foreman, David Hall, which provided Franklin with half of the shop's profits for 18 years.", "This lucrative business arrangement provided leisure time for study, and in a few years he had made discoveries that gave him a reputation with educated persons throughout Europe and especially in France.", "Franklin became involved in Philadelphia politics and rapidly progressed.", "In October 1748, he was selected as a councilman, in June 1749 he became a Justice of the Peace for Philadelphia, and in 1751 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly.", "On August 10, 1753, Franklin was appointed deputy postmaster-general of British North America, (see below).", "His most notable service in domestic politics was his reform of the postal system, with mail sent out every week.", "In 1751, Franklin and Thomas Bond obtained a charter from the Pennsylvania legislature to establish a hospital.", "Pennsylvania Hospital was the first hospital in what was to become the United States of America.", "In 1752, Franklin organized the Philadelphia Contributionship, the first homeowner's insurance company in what would become the United States.", "Between 1750 and 1753, the \"educational triumvirate\" of Benjamin Franklin, the American Samuel Johnson of Stratford, Connecticut, and the immigrant Scottish schoolteacher William Smith built on Franklin's initial scheme and created what Bishop James Madison, president of the College of William & Mary, called a \"new-model\" plan or style of American college.", "Franklin solicited, printed in 1752, and promoted an American textbook of moral philosophy by Samuel Johnson, titled \"Elementa Philosophica\", to be taught in the new colleges to replace courses in denominational divinity.", "In June 1753, Johnson, Franklin, and Smith met in Stratford.", "They decided the new-model college would focus on the professions, with classes taught in English instead of Latin, have subject matter experts as professors instead of one tutor leading a class for four years, and there would be no religious test for admission.", "Johnson went on to found King's College (now Columbia University) in New York City in 1754, while Franklin hired Smith as Provost of the College of Philadelphia, which opened in 1755.", "At its first commencement, on May 17, 1757, seven men graduated; six with a Bachelor of Arts and one as Master of Arts.", "It was later merged with the University of the State of Pennsylvania to become the University of Pennsylvania.", "The College was to become influential in guiding : in the Continental Congress, for example, over one third of the college-affiliated men who contributed the \"Declaration of Independence\" between September 4, 1774, and July 4, 1776, were affiliated with the College.", "In 1753, both Harvard and Yale awarded him honorary degrees.", "In 1754, he headed the Pennsylvania delegation to the Albany Congress.", "This meeting of several colonies had been requested by the Board of Trade in England to improve relations with the Indians and defense against the French.", "Franklin proposed a broad Plan of Union for the colonies.", "While the plan was not adopted, elements of it found their way into the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.", "In 1756, Franklin received an honorary master of arts degree from the College of William and Mary.", "Later in 1756, Franklin organized the Pennsylvania Militia (see \"Associated Regiment of Philadelphia\" under heading of Pennsylvania's 103rd Artillery and 111th Infantry Regiment at Continental Army).", "He used Tun Tavern as a gathering place to recruit a regiment of soldiers to go into battle against the Native American uprisings that beset the American colonies.", "Reportedly Franklin was elected \"Colonel\" of the Associated Regiment but declined the honor.", "From the mid 1750s to the mid 1770s, Franklin spent much of his time in London.", "Officially he was there on a political mission, but he used his time to further his scientific explorations as well, meeting many notable people.", "In 1757, he was sent to England by the Pennsylvania Assembly as a colonial agent to protest against the political influence of the Penn family, the proprietors of the colony.", "He remained there for five years, striving to end the proprietors' prerogative to overturn legislation from the elected Assembly, and their exemption from paying taxes on their land.", "His lack of influential allies in Whitehall led to the failure of this mission.", "At this time, many members of the Pennsylvania Assembly were feuding with William Penn's heirs, who controlled the colony as proprietors.", "After his return to the colony, Franklin led the \"anti-proprietary party\" in the struggle against the Penn family, and was elected Speaker of the Pennsylvania House in May 1764.", "His call for a change from proprietary to royal government was a rare political miscalculation, however: Pennsylvanians worried that such a move would endanger their political and religious freedoms.", "Because of these fears, and because of political attacks on his character, Franklin lost his seat in the October 1764 Assembly elections.", "The anti-proprietary party dispatched Franklin to England again to continue the struggle against the Penn family proprietorship.", "During this trip, events drastically changed the nature of his mission.", "In London, Franklin opposed the 1765 Stamp Act.", "Unable to prevent its passage, he made another political miscalculation and recommended a friend to the post of stamp distributor for Pennsylvania.", "Pennsylvanians were outraged, believing that he had supported the measure all along, and threatened to destroy his home in Philadelphia.", "Franklin soon learned of the extent of colonial resistance to the Stamp Act, and he testified during the House of Commons proceedings that led to its repeal.", "With this, Franklin suddenly emerged as the leading spokesman for American interests in England.", "He wrote popular essays on behalf of the colonies.", "Georgia, New Jersey, and Massachusetts also appointed him as their agent to the Crown.", "Franklin lodged in a house in Craven Street, just off The Strand in central London.", "During his stays there, he developed a close friendship with his landlady, Margaret Stevenson, and her circle of friends and relations, in particular her daughter Mary, who was more often known as Polly.", "Their house, which he used on various lengthy missions from 1757 to 1775, is the only one of his residences to survive.", "It opened to the public as the Benjamin Franklin House museum in 2006.", "Whilst in London, Franklin became involved in radical politics.", "He belonged to a gentleman's club (which he called \"the honest Whigs\"), which held stated meetings, and included members such as Richard Price, the minister of Newington Green Unitarian Church who ignited the Revolution Controversy, and Andrew Kippis.", "In 1756, Franklin had become a member of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce (now the Royal Society of Arts or RSA), which had been founded in 1754 and whose early meetings took place in Covent Garden coffee shops.", "After his return to the United States in 1775, Franklin became the Society's Corresponding Member, continuing a close connection.", "The RSA instituted a Benjamin Franklin Medal in 1956 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of his birth and the 200th anniversary of his membership of the RSA.", "The study of natural philosophy (what we would call science) drew him into overlapping circles of acquaintance.", "Franklin was, for example, a corresponding member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, which included such other scientific and industrial luminaries as Matthew Boulton, James Watt, Josiah Wedgwood and Erasmus Darwin; on occasion he visited them.", "In 1759, the University of St Andrews awarded Franklin an honorary doctorate in recognition of his accomplishments.", "He was also awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford University in 1762.", "Because of these honors, Franklin was often addressed as \" Franklin.\"", "Franklin also managed to secure an appointed post for his illegitimate son, William Franklin, by then an attorney, as Colonial Governor of New Jersey.", "While living in London in 1768, he developed a phonetic alphabet in \"A Scheme for a new Alphabet and a Reformed Mode of Spelling\".", "This reformed alphabet discarded six letters Franklin regarded as redundant (c, j, q, w, x, and y), and substituted six new letters for sounds he felt lacked letters of their own.", "This alphabet never caught on, and he eventually lost interest.", "Franklin used London as a base to travel.", "In 1771, he made short journeys through different parts of England, staying with Joseph Priestley at Leeds, Thomas Percival at Manchester and Erasmus Darwin at Lichfield.", "In Scotland, he spent five days with Lord Kames near Stirling and stayed for three weeks with David Hume in Edinburgh.", "In 1759, he visited Edinburgh with his son, and recalled his conversations there as \"the \"densest\" happiness of my life\".", "In February 1759, the University of St Andrews awarded him an honorary Doctor of Laws degree.", "From then he was known as \"Doctor Franklin\".", "In October of the same year he was granted Freedom of the Borough of St Andrews.", "He had never been to Ireland before, and met and stayed with Lord Hillsborough, who he believed was especially attentive.", "Franklin noted of him that \"all the plausible behaviour I have described is meant only, by patting and stroking the horse, to make him more patient, while the reins are drawn tighter, and the spurs set deeper into his sides.\"", "In Dublin, Franklin was invited to sit with the members of the Irish Parliament rather than in the gallery.", "He was the first American to receive this honor.", "While touring Ireland, he was moved by the level of poverty he saw.", "Ireland's economy was affected by the same trade regulations and laws of Britain that governed America.", "Franklin feared that America could suffer the same effects should Britain's \"colonial exploitation\" continue.", "Franklin spent two months in German lands in 1766, but his connections to the country stretched across a lifetime.", "He declared a debt of gratitude to German scientist Otto von Guericke for his early studies of electricity.", "Franklin also co-authored the first treaty of friendship between Prussia and America in 1785.", "In September 1767, Franklin visited Paris with his usual traveling partner, Sir John Pringle.", "News of his electrical discoveries was widespread in France.", "His reputation meant that he was introduced to many influential scientists and politicians, and also to King Louis XV.", "One line of argument in Parliament was that Americans should pay a share of the costs of the French and Indian War, and that therefore taxes should be levied on them.", "Franklin became the American spokesman in highly publicized testimony in Parliament in 1766.", "He stated that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire.", "He said local governments had raised, outfitted and paid 25,000 soldiers to fight France—as many as Britain itself sent—and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so in the French and Indian War alone.", "In 1773, Franklin published two of his most celebrated pro-American satirical essays: , and \"An Edict by the King of Prussia\".", "In 1772, Franklin obtained private letters of Thomas Hutchinson and Andrew Oliver, governor and lieutenant governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, proving that they had encouraged the Crown to crack down on Bostonians.", "Franklin sent them to America, where they escalated the tensions.", "The letters were finally leaked to the public in the \"Boston Gazette\" in mid-June 1773, causing a political firestorm in Massachusetts and raising significant questions in England.", "The British began to regard him as the fomenter of serious trouble.", "Hopes for a peaceful solution ended as he was systematically ridiculed and humiliated by Solicitor-General Alexander Wedderburn, before the Privy Council on January 29, 1774.", "He returned to Philadelphia in March 1775, and abandoned his accommodationist stance.", "Franklin is known to have occasionally attended the Hellfire Club's meetings during 1758 as a non-member during his time in England.", "However, some authors and historians would argue Benjamin Franklin was in fact a British spy.", "As there are no records left (having been burned in 1774), many of these members are just assumed or linked by letters sent to each other.", "One early proponent that Franklin was a member of the Hellfire Club and a double agent was the historian Donald McCormick, who has a history of making controversial claims.", "In 1763, soon after Franklin returned to Pennsylvania from England for the first time, the western frontier was engulfed in a bitter war known as Pontiac's Rebellion.", "The Paxton Boys, a group of settlers convinced that the Pennsylvania government was not doing enough to protect them from American Indian raids, murdered a group of peaceful Susquehannock Indians and marched on Philadelphia.", "Franklin helped to organize a local militia to defend the capital against the mob.", "He met with the Paxton leaders and persuaded them to disperse.", "Franklin wrote a scathing attack against the racial prejudice of the Paxton Boys.", "\"If an \"Indian\" injures me\", he asked, \"does it follow that I may revenge that Injury on all \"Indians\"?\"", "He provided an early response to British surveillance through his own network of counter-surveillance and manipulation.", "\"He waged a public relations campaign, secured secret aid, played a role in privateering expeditions, and churned out effective and inflammatory propaganda.\"", "By the time Franklin arrived in Philadelphia on May 5, 1775, after his second mission to Great Britain, the American Revolution had begun—with fighting between colonials and British at Lexington and Concord.", "The New England militia had trapped the main British army in Boston.", "The Pennsylvania Assembly unanimously chose Franklin as their delegate to the Second Continental Congress.", "In June 1776, he was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.", "Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee, Franklin made several \"small but important\" changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson.", "At the signing, he is quoted as having replied to a comment by John Hancock that they must all hang together: \"Yes, we must, indeed, all hang together, or most assuredly we shall all hang separately.\"", "Well known as a printer and publisher, Franklin was appointed postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737, holding the office until 1753, when he and publisher William Hunter were named deputy postmasters–general of British North America, the first to hold the office.", "(Joint appointments were standard at the time, for political reasons.)", "Franklin was responsible for the British colonies from Pennsylvania north and east, as far as the island of Newfoundland.", "A post office for local and outgoing mail had been established in Halifax, Nova Scotia, by local stationer Benjamin Leigh, on April 23, 1754, but service was irregular.", "Franklin opened the first post office to offer regular, monthly mail in what would later become Canada, at Halifax, on December 9, 1755.", "Meantime, Hunter became postal administrator in Williamsburg, Virginia and oversaw areas south of Annapolis, Maryland.", "Franklin reorganized the service's accounting system, then improved speed of delivery between Philadelphia, New York and Boston.", "By 1761, efficiencies led to the first profits for the colonial post office.", "When the lands of New France were ceded to the British under the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the new British province of Quebec was created among them, and Franklin saw mail service expanded between Montreal, Trois-Rivières, Quebec City, and New York.", "For the greater part of his appointment, Franklin lived in England (from 1757 to 1762, and again from 1764 to 1774)—about three-quarters of his term.", "Eventually, his sympathies for the rebel cause in the American Revolution led to his dismissal on January 31, 1774.", "On July 26, 1775, the Second Continental Congress established the United States Post Office and named Benjamin Franklin as the first United States Postmaster General.", "Franklin had been a postmaster for decades and was a natural choice for the position.", "He had just returned from England and was appointed chairman of a Committee of Investigation to establish a postal system.", "The report of the Committee, providing for the appointment of a postmaster general for the 13 American colonies, was considered by the Continental Congress on July 25 and 26.", "On July 26, 1775, Franklin was appointed Postmaster General, the first appointed under the Continental Congress.", "It established a postal system that became the United States Post Office, a system that continues to operate today.", "In December 1776, Franklin was dispatched to France as commissioner for the United States.", "He took with him as secretary his 16-year-old grandson, William Temple Franklin.", "They lived in a home in the Parisian suburb of Passy, donated by Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont, who supported the United States.", "Franklin remained in France until 1785.", "He conducted the affairs of his country toward the French nation with great success, which included securing a critical military alliance in 1778 and negotiating the Treaty of Paris (1783).", "Among his associates in France was Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau—a French Revolutionary writer, orator and statesman who in early 1791 would be elected president of the National Assembly.", "In July 1784, Franklin met with Mirabeau and contributed anonymous materials that the Frenchman used in his first signed work: \"Considerations sur l'ordre de Cincinnatus\".", "The publication was critical of the Society of the Cincinnati, established in the United States.", "Franklin and Mirabeau thought of it as a \"noble order\", inconsistent with the egalitarian ideals of the new republic.", "During his stay in France, Benjamin Franklin was active as a Freemason, serving as Venerable Master of the Lodge Les Neuf Sœurs from 1779 until 1781.", "He was the 106th member of the Lodge.", "In 1784, when Franz Mesmer began to publicize his theory of \"animal magnetism\" which was considered offensive by many, Louis XVI appointed a commission to investigate it.", "These included the chemist Antoine Lavoisier, the physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly, and Benjamin Franklin.", "In 1781, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.", "Franklin's advocacy for religious tolerance in France contributed to arguments made by French philosophers and politicians that resulted in Louis XVI's signing of the Edict of Versailles in November 1787.", "This edict effectively nullified the Edict of Fontainebleau, which had denied non-Catholics civil status and the right to openly practice their faith.", "Franklin also served as American minister to Sweden, although he never visited that country.", "He negotiated a treaty that was signed in April 1783.", "On August 27, 1783, in Paris, Franklin witnessed the world's first hydrogen balloon flight.", "\"Le Globe\", created by professor Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert, was watched by a vast crowd as it rose from the Champ de Mars (now the site of the Eiffel Tower).", "Franklin became so enthusiastic that he subscribed financially to the next project to build a manned hydrogen balloon.", "On December 1, 1783, Franklin was seated in the special enclosure for honoured guests when \"La Charlière\" took off from the Jardin des Tuileries, piloted by Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert.", "When he returned home in 1785, Franklin occupied a position only second to that of George Washington as the champion of American independence.", "Le Ray honored him with a commissioned portrait painted by Joseph Duplessis, which now hangs in the National Portrait Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.", "After his return, Franklin became an abolitionist and freed his two slaves.", "He eventually became president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society.", "In 1787, Franklin served as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention.", "He held an honorary position and seldom engaged in debate.", "He is the only Founding Father who is a signatory of all four of the major documents of the founding of the United States: the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Alliance with France, the Treaty of Paris and the United States Constitution.", "In 1787, a group of prominent ministers in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, proposed the foundation of a new college named in Franklin's honor.", "Franklin donated £200 towards the development of Franklin College (now called Franklin & Marshall College).", "Between 1771 and 1788, he finished his autobiography.", "While it was at first addressed to his son, it was later completed for the benefit of mankind at the request of a friend.", "Special balloting conducted October 18, 1785, unanimously elected Franklin the sixth president of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, replacing John Dickinson.", "The office was practically that of governor.", "Franklin held that office for slightly over three years, longer than any other, and served the constitutional limit of three full terms.", "Shortly after his initial election he was reelected to a full term on October 29, 1785, and again in the fall of 1786 and on October 31, 1787.", "In that capacity he served as host to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 in Philadelphia.", "Like the other advocates of republicanism, Franklin emphasized that the new republic could survive only if the people were virtuous.", "All his life he explored the role of civic and personal virtue, as expressed in \"Poor Richard's\" aphorisms.", "Franklin felt that organized religion was necessary to keep men good to their fellow men, but rarely attended religious services himself.", "When Franklin met Voltaire in Paris and asked his fellow member of the Enlightenment vanguard to bless his grandson, Voltaire said in English, \"God and Liberty\", and added, \"this is the only appropriate benediction for the grandson of Monsieur Franklin.\"", "Franklin's parents were both pious Puritans.", "The family attended the Old South Church, the most liberal Puritan congregation in Boston, where Benjamin Franklin was baptized in 1706.", "Franklin's father, a poor chandler, owned a copy of a book, \"Bonifacius: Essays to Do Good\", by the Puritan preacher and family friend Cotton Mather, which Franklin often cited as a key influence on his life.", "Franklin's first pen name, Silence Dogood, paid homage both to the book and to a widely known sermon by Mather.", "The book preached the importance of forming voluntary associations to benefit society.", "Franklin learned about forming do-good associations from Cotton Mather, but his organizational skills made him the most influential force in making voluntarism an enduring part of the American ethos.", "Franklin formulated a presentation of his beliefs and published it in 1728.", "It did not mention many of the Puritan ideas regarding salvation, the divinity of Jesus, or indeed much religious dogma.", "He clarified himself as a deist in his 1771 autobiography, although still considered himself a Christian.", "He retained a strong faith in a God as the wellspring of morality and goodness in man, and as a Providential actor in history responsible for American independence.", "The motion met with resistance and was never brought to a vote.", "Franklin was an enthusiastic supporter of the evangelical minister George Whitefield during the First Great Awakening.", "Franklin did not subscribe to Whitefield's theology, but he admired Whitefield for exhorting people to worship God through good works.", "Franklin published all of Whitefield's sermons and journals, thereby earning a lot of money and boosting the Great Awakening.", "Franklin retained a lifelong commitment to the Puritan virtues and political values he had grown up with, and through his civic work and publishing, he succeeded in passing these values into the American culture permanently.", "He had a \"passion for virtue\".", "These Puritan values included his devotion to egalitarianism, education, industry, thrift, honesty, temperance, charity and community spirit.", "The classical authors read in the Enlightenment period taught an abstract ideal of republican government based on hierarchical social orders of king, aristocracy and commoners.", "It was widely believed that English liberties relied on their balance of power, but also hierarchal deference to the privileged class.", "\"Puritanism ... and the epidemic evangelism of the mid-eighteenth century, had created challenges to the traditional notions of social stratification\" by preaching that the Bible taught all men are equal, that the true value of a man lies in his moral behavior, not his class, and that all men can be saved.", "Franklin, steeped in Puritanism and an enthusiastic supporter of the evangelical movement, rejected the salvation dogma, but embraced the radical notion of egalitarian democracy.", "Franklin's commitment to teach these values was itself something he gained from his Puritan upbringing, with its stress on \"inculcating virtue and character in themselves and their communities.\"", "These Puritan values and the desire to pass them on, were one of Franklin's quintessentially American characteristics, and helped shape the character of the nation.", "Franklin's writings on virtue were derided by some European authors, such as Jackob Fugger in his critical work \"Portrait of American Culture\".", "Max Weber considered Franklin's ethical writings a culmination of the Protestant ethic, which ethic created the social conditions necessary for the birth of capitalism.", "One of Franklin's notable characteristics was his respect, tolerance and promotion of all churches.", "Referring to his experience in Philadelphia, he wrote in his autobiography, \"new Places of worship were continually wanted, and generally erected by voluntary Contribution, my Mite for such purpose, whatever might be the Sect, was never refused.\"", "\"He helped create a new type of nation that would draw strength from its religious pluralism.\"", "The evangelical revivalists who were active mid-century, such as Franklin's friend and preacher, George Whitefield, were the greatest advocates of religious freedom, \"claiming liberty of conscience to be an 'inalienable right of every rational creature.'\"", "Whitefield's supporters in Philadelphia, including Franklin, erected \"a large, new hall, that ... could provide a pulpit to anyone of any belief.\"", "Franklin's rejection of dogma and doctrine and his stress on the God of ethics and morality and civic virtue made him the \"prophet of tolerance.\"", "Franklin composed \"A Parable Against Persecution\", an apocryphal 51st chapter of Genesis in which God teaches Abraham the duty of tolerance.", "While he was living in London in 1774, he was present at the birth of British Unitarianism, attending the inaugural session of the Essex Street Chapel, at which Theophilus Lindsey drew together the first avowedly Unitarian congregation in England; this was somewhat politically risky, and pushed religious tolerance to new boundaries, as a denial of the doctrine of the Trinity was illegal until the 1813 Act.", "Although Franklin's parents had intended for him to have a career in the Church, Franklin as a young man adopted the Enlightenment religious belief in deism, that God's truths can be found entirely through nature and reason.", "\"I soon became a thorough Deist.\"", "As a young man he rejected Christian dogma in a 1725 pamphlet \"A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain\", which he later saw as an embarrassment, while simultaneously asserting that God is \"all wise, all good, all powerful.\"", "He defended his rejection of religious dogma with these words: \"I think opinions should be judged by their influences and effects; and if a man holds none that tend to make him less virtuous or more vicious, it may be concluded that he holds none that are dangerous, which I hope is the case with me.\"", "After the disillusioning experience of seeing the decay in his own moral standards, and those of two friends in London whom he had converted to Deism, Franklin turned back to a belief in the importance of organized religion, on the pragmatic grounds that without God and organized churches, man will not be good.", "Moreover, because of his proposal that prayers be said in the Constitutional Convention of 1787, many have contended that in his later life Franklin became a pious Christian.", "According to David Morgan, Franklin was a proponent of religion in general.", "He prayed to \"Powerful Goodness\" and referred to God as \"the infinite\".", "John Adams noted that Franklin was a mirror in which people saw their own religion: \"The Catholics thought him almost a Catholic.", "The Church of England claimed him as one of them.", "The Presbyterians thought him half a Presbyterian, and the Friends believed him a wet Quaker.\"", "Whatever else Franklin was, concludes Morgan, \"he was a true champion of generic religion.\"", "In a letter to Richard Price, Franklin stated that he believed that religion should support itself without help from the government, claiming, \"When a Religion is good, I conceive that it will support itself; and, when it cannot support itself, and God does not take care to support, so that its Professors are oblig'd to call for the help of the Civil Power, it is a sign, I apprehend, of its being a bad one.\"", "On July 4, 1776, Congress appointed a three-member committee composed of Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams to design the Great Seal of the United States.", "Franklin's proposal (which was not adopted) featured the motto: \"Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God\" and a scene from the Book of Exodus, with Moses, the Israelites, the pillar of fire, and George III depicted as pharaoh.", "The design that was produced was never acted upon by Congress, and the Great Seal's design was not finalized until a third committee was appointed in 1782.", "Franklin sought to cultivate his character by a plan of 13 virtues, which he developed at age 20 (in 1726) and continued to practice in some form for the rest of his life.", "Franklin did not try to work on them all at once.", "Instead, he would work on one and only one each week \"leaving all others to their ordinary chance.\"", "While Franklin did not live completely by his virtues, and by his own admission he fell short of them many times, he believed the attempt made him a better man contributing greatly to his success and happiness, which is why in his autobiography, he devoted more pages to this plan than to any other single point; in his autobiography Franklin wrote, \"I hope, therefore, that some of my descendants may follow the example and reap the benefit.\"", "Franklin owned as many as seven slaves, two males who worked in his household and his shop.", "Franklin posted paid ads for the sale of slaves and for the capture of runaway slaves and allowed the sale of slaves in his general store.", "Franklin profited from both the international and domestic slave trade, even criticizing slaves who had run off to join the British Army during the colonial wars of the 1740s and 1750s.", "Franklin, however, later became a \"cautious abolitionist\" and became an outspoken critic of landed gentry slavery.", "In 1758, Franklin advocated the opening of a school for the education of black slaves in Philadelphia.", "Franklin took two slaves to England with him, Peter and King, and King left his service there in 1756: by 1758 he was working for \"a lady in Suffolk\".", "Whether Franklin could have compelled King's return is open to doubt in the light of earlier English Common Law decisions and the subsequent case of Shanley v Harvey, but in any case he did not attempt to do so.", "After returning from England in 1762, Franklin became more anti-slavery.", "By 1770, Franklin had freed his slaves and attacked the system of slavery and the international slave trade.", "Franklin, however, refused to publicly debate the issue of slavery at the 1787 Constitutional Convention.", "Franklin tended to take both sides of the issue of slavery, never fully divesting himself from the institution.", "In his later years, as Congress was forced to deal with the issue of slavery, Franklin wrote several essays that stressed the importance of the abolition of slavery and of the integration of blacks into American society.", "In 1790, Quakers from New York and Pennsylvania presented their petition for abolition to Congress.", "Their argument against slavery was backed by the Pennsylvania Abolitionist Society and its president, Benjamin Franklin.", "Franklin suffered from obesity throughout his middle-aged and later years, which resulted in multiple health problems, particularly gout, which worsened as he aged.", "In poor health during the signing of the US Constitution in 1787, he was rarely seen in public from then until his death.", "Benjamin Franklin died from pleuritic attack at his home in Philadelphia on April 17, 1790.", "He was aged 84 at the time of his death.", "His last words were reportedly \"A dying man can do nothing easy.\",", ", to his daughter after she suggested that he change position in bed and lay on his side so he could breathe more easily.", "Approximately 20,000 people attended his funeral.", "He was interred in Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia.", "Franklin's actual grave, however, as he specified in his final will, simply reads \"Benjamin and Deborah Franklin\".", "A signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, Franklin is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.", "His pervasive influence in the early history of the nation has led to his being jocularly called \"the only President of the United States who was never President of the United States.\"", "Franklin's likeness is ubiquitous.", "Since 1928, it has adorned American $100 bills, which are sometimes referred to in slang as \"Benjamins\" or \"Franklins.\"", "From 1948 to 1963, Franklin's portrait was on the half dollar.", "He has appeared on a $50 bill and on several varieties of the $100 bill from 1914 and 1918.", "Franklin appears on the $1,000 Series EE Savings bond.", "Philadelphia's Benjamin Franklin Parkway (a major thoroughfare) and Benjamin Franklin Bridge (the first major bridge to connect Philadelphia with New Jersey) are named in his honor.", "In 1976, as part of a bicentennial celebration, Congress dedicated a 20 ft marble statue in Philadelphia's Franklin Institute as the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial.", "Many of Franklin's personal possessions are also on display at the Institute, one of the few national memorials located on private property.", "In London, his house at 36 Craven Street, which is the only surviving former residence of Benjamin Franklin, was first marked with a blue plaque and has since been opened to the public as the Benjamin Franklin House.", "In 1998, workmen restoring the building dug up the remains of six children and four adults hidden below the home.", "The Friends of Benjamin Franklin House (the organization responsible for the restoration) note that the bones were likely placed there by William Hewson, who lived in the house for two years and who had built a small anatomy school at the back of the house.", "They note that while Franklin likely knew what Hewson was doing, he probably did not participate in any dissections because he was much more of a physicist than a medical man.", "Franklin bequeathed £1,000 (about $4,400 at the time, or about $125,000 in 2018 dollars) each to the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, in trust to gather interest for 200 years.", "The trust began in 1785 when the French mathematician Charles-Joseph Mathon de la Cour, who admired Franklin greatly, wrote a friendly parody of Franklin's \"Poor Richard's Almanack\" called \"Fortunate Richard\".", "The main character leaves a smallish amount of money in his will, five lots of 100 \"livres\", to collect interest over one, two, three, four or five full centuries, with the resulting astronomical sums to be spent on impossibly elaborate utopian projects.", "Franklin, who was 79 years old at the time, wrote thanking him for a great idea and telling him that he had decided to leave a bequest of 1,000 pounds each to his native Boston and his adopted Philadelphia.", "By 1990, more than $2,000,000 had accumulated in Franklin's Philadelphia trust, which had loaned the money to local residents.", "From 1940 to 1990, the money was used mostly for mortgage loans.", "When the trust came due, Philadelphia decided to spend it on scholarships for local high school students.", "Franklin's Boston trust fund accumulated almost $5,000,000 during that same time; at the end of its first 100 years a portion was allocated to help establish a trade school that became the Franklin Institute of Boston, and the whole fund was later dedicated to supporting this institute.", "Benjamin Franklin is a prominent figure in American history comparable to Washington, Jefferson and Lincoln, and as such he has been honored on U.S. postage stamps many times.", "The image of Franklin, the first Postmaster General of the United States, occurs on the face of U.S. postage more than any other notable American save that of George Washington.", "Franklin appeared on the first U.S. postage stamp (displayed above) issued in 1847.", "From 1908 through 1923, the U.S. Post Office issued a series of postage stamps commonly referred to as the Washington-Franklin Issues where, along with George Washington, Franklin was depicted many times over a 14-year period, the longest run of any one series in U.S. postal history.", "Along with the regular issue stamps Franklin however only appears on a few .", "Some of the finest portrayals of Franklin on record can be found on the engravings inscribed on the face of U.S. postage.", "\"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress\" is a letter written by Benjamin Franklin, dated June 25, 1745, in which Franklin gives advice to a young man about channeling sexual urges.", "Due to its licentious nature, the letter was not published in collections of Franklin's papers during the nineteenth century.", "Federal court decisions from the mid-to-late twentieth century cited the document as a reason for overturning obscenity laws, using it to make a case against censorship.", "\"The Princess and the Patriot: Ekaterina Dashkova, Benjamin Franklin and the Age of Enlightenment\" exhibition opened in Philadelphia in February 2006 and ran through December 2006.", "Benjamin Franklin and Dashkova met only once, in Paris in 1781.", "Franklin was 75, and Dashkova was 37.", "Franklin invited Dashkova to become the first woman to join the American Philosophical Society; she was the only woman so honored for another 80 years.", "Later, Dashkova reciprocated by making him the first American member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.", "As a founding father of the United States, Franklin's name has been attached to many things." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 18773, "simple_article_title": "Benjamin Franklin", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18773", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-18773-0-0", "simple-18773-0-1", "simple-18773-0-2", "simple-18773-0-3", "simple-18773-0-4", "simple-18773-0-5", "simple-18773-1-0", "simple-18773-1-1", "simple-18773-1-2", "simple-18773-1-3", "simple-18773-1-4", "simple-18773-2-0", "simple-18773-2-1", "simple-18773-2-2", "simple-18773-2-3", "simple-18773-3-0", "simple-18773-3-1", "simple-18773-3-2", "simple-18773-3-3", "simple-18773-3-4", "simple-18773-3-5", "simple-18773-3-6", "simple-18773-4-0", "simple-18773-4-1", "simple-18773-4-2", "simple-18773-4-3", "simple-18773-4-4", "simple-18773-5-0", "simple-18773-5-1", "simple-18773-6-0", "simple-18773-6-1", "simple-18773-7-0", "simple-18773-7-1", "simple-18773-8-0", "simple-18773-9-0", "simple-18773-10-0", "simple-18773-10-1", "simple-18773-11-0", "simple-18773-11-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was an American statesman and scientist.", "He has also been known as \"the First American\".", "He was a very important person in the American Revolution and helped make the Thirteen Colonies one nation.", "As a leader of the Enlightenment, he influenced European scientists.", "He even was the first thing many Europeans associated with America at the time.", "His successful diplomacy in France was an important factor in the United States' win over Great Britain.", "Franklin was born in Boston.", "After two years of school he stayed home as an apprentice in his father's candle-making shop.", "Two years after starting to work at his father's shop, he went to work at his brother James' printing shop.", "While working there, Franklin secretly wrote articles for the newspaper and labelled them as being by \"Mrs. Silence Dogood\".", "He quarrelled with his brother and at age 17 ran away to Philadelphia, then to London and then back to Philadelphia.", "Franklin loved books and reading.", "Franklin, at the age of 21, established the colonies' first circulation library for all interested citizens.", "He became rich and famous as a printer, publisher and writer.", "Later, he sold his businesses and became busy with science and politics.", "Benjamin Franklin was very important in Pennsylvanian and early American politics.", "He was a leader in the city of Philadelphia, where he did many important things.", "He was the President of the Academy and College of Philadelphia.", "Later he became a councilman, a Justice of the Peace, later a representative of the city.", "He also started one of the first public libraries in Philadelphia.", "He was for many years the postmaster of Philadelphia, and in 1753 became Postmaster General of the Thirteen Colonies.", "In 1757 he went to live in London as agent for Pennsylvania and later for other colonies.", "He was in the Continental Congress, which led the country during the Revolutionary War, and he helped write the United States Declaration of Independence.", "He controlled the postal service as Postmaster General.", "As ambassador to France he helped persuade the French to join the war against Great Britain.", "He helped negotiate the peace, too.", "Later, he was part of the group that made the Constitution of the United States.", "Franklin called himself a printer, but is also known for his writings.", "Among some of the more well known are Poor Richard's Almanack, and the Pennsylvanian.", "Franklin was a scientist who studied experiments in an effort to improve or correct them.", "One of his greatest contributions was in the theory of electricity.", "Most people see Franklin as one of history's greatest inventors.", "For example, he invented the lightning rod and bifocals, the Franklin stove, and the glass harmonica.", "Franklin died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from pleurisy, April 17, 1790 aged 84.", "Although Franklin owned slaves, he eventually freed them and became an abolitionist.", "The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (where he lived) marked his three hundredth birthday in 2006.", "Many streets and a few towns are named for him.", "A picture of Franklin has been on the United States' hundred-dollar bill since 1928.", "He was also on the fifty-cent coin for 15 years." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 5254428, "normal_article_title": "D-flat minor", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5254428", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-5254428-0-0", "normal-5254428-0-1", "normal-5254428-0-2", "normal-5254428-1-0", "normal-5254428-2-0", "normal-5254428-3-0", "normal-5254428-4-0", "normal-5254428-4-1", "normal-5254428-4-2", "normal-5254428-4-3", "normal-5254428-4-4" ], "normal_sentence": [ "D-flat minor is a theoretical key based on D♭, consisting of the pitches D♭ , E♭, F♭, G♭, A♭, B♭ ♭, and C♭.", "Its key signature has six flats and one double flat.", "Its relative major is F-flat major (usually replaced by E major), its parallel major is D-flat major, its direct enharmonic equivalent is C-sharp minor, which is normally used.", "\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' {", "Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary.", "\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' {", "\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' { D-flat minor is usually notated as the enharmonic key of C-sharp minor, as in the second and third measures of Amy Beach's \"Canticle of the Sun\".", "However, unusually, two of Verdi's most well-known operas, \"La traviata\" and \"Rigoletto\", both end very decisively in D-flat minor (although written with the five-flat key signature of the parallel major).", "Mahler's thematic motif \"der kleine Appell\" (\"call to order\") from his Fourth and Fifth Symphonies uses both notations: in his Symphony No. 4 (first movement) it is in D-flat minor, but in his Symphony No. 5 it is in C-sharp minor.", "In the Adagio of his Symphony No. 9 a solo bassoon interpolation following the main theme appears first in D-flat minor, returning twice more notated in C-sharp minor.", "Likewise, in the Adagio of Bruckner's Symphony No. 8, phrases that are tonally in D-flat minor are notated as C-sharp minor." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 233795, "simple_article_title": "D-flat minor", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233795", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-233795-0-0", "simple-233795-0-1", "simple-233795-1-0", "simple-233795-1-1", "simple-233795-1-2", "simple-233795-1-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "D-flat minor is a theoretical key based on the musical note D♭.", "Its key signature has seven flats and one double flat.", "Because it has so many flats, D♭ minor is usually written as its enharmonic equivalent of C♯ minor.", "For example, Mahler's thematic motif \"der kleine Appell\" (\"call to order\") from his Fourth and Fifth Symphonies is written in D♭ minor in Symphony No.4, but in his Symphony No. 5 it is in C♯ minor.", "In the \"Adagio\" of his Symphony No. 9 a solo bassoon theme appears first in D♭ minor, but comes back two more times notated in C♯ minor.", "The \"Adagio\" of Bruckner's Symphony No. 8, also has phrases that are tonally in D♭ minor but written as C♯ minor." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 622354, "normal_article_title": "Boris Morukov", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=622354", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-622354-0-0", "normal-622354-0-1", "normal-622354-1-0", "normal-622354-1-1", "normal-622354-1-2", "normal-622354-1-3", "normal-622354-1-4", "normal-622354-2-0", "normal-622354-2-1", "normal-622354-2-2", "normal-622354-2-3", "normal-622354-2-4", "normal-622354-2-5", "normal-622354-2-6", "normal-622354-2-7", "normal-622354-2-8", "normal-622354-3-0", "normal-622354-3-1", "normal-622354-3-2", "normal-622354-3-3", "normal-622354-3-4", "normal-622354-3-5", "normal-622354-4-0", "normal-622354-4-1", "normal-622354-4-2", "normal-622354-4-3", "normal-622354-4-4", "normal-622354-5-0", "normal-622354-5-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Boris Vladimirovich Morukov ( ; 1 October 1950 – 1 January 2015) was a Russian physician at the State Research Center RF-Institute for Biomedical Problems (IBMP).", "He trained with the Russian Federal Space Agency as a research-cosmonaut and flew aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-106 as a mission specialist.", "Morukov graduated from high school in 1967 and received his M.D. from the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute (now Russian State Medical University) in 1973.", "He joined the professorate in space, aviation and naval medicine at the Institute for Biomedical Problems in 1978 and received a Ph.D in these disciplines in 1979.", "As a cosmonaut-physician, Morukov completed medical training in cardiology, gastroenterology, otolaryngology, stomatology, ophthalmology, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation between 1989-91.", "In 1995, he took an advanced course in emergency medical care.", "In 1996, he completed a medical training course in endocrinology and hematology.", "From October 1990 to February 1992, Morukov attended a basic space-training course at Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.", "For more than two decades he was involved in providing medical operations support for manned space flights.", "From 1979-80 he provided medical support for the prolonged space missions on the space station \"Salyut 6\" as a member of the staff in Mission Control Center.", "From 1982-87, Morukov coordinated scientific projects dedicated to the development of countermeasures to the negative metabolic changes that occur during hypokinesia and microgravity.", "His specific scientific interest in this area is calcium metabolism correction.", "He organized a series of experiments with prolonged head-down tilt, including a 370-day experiment dedicated to the experimental testing of a countermeasure complex for prolonged space flights.", "He participated in a joint American-Russian medical experiment on STS-60, Mir 18/STS-71 and all other Mir-NASA Project Missions.", "From 1995-98 he served as the Human Life-Sciences Experiments Coordinator for the NASA-Mir scientific program.", "He published more than 100 scientific papers and has patents for four inventions.", "Morukov was first selected for medical-cosmonaut service in 1976.", "Based on his qualifications, he was continually offered medical-cosmonaut selection and was chosen as a cosmonaut-researcher in 1989.", "Upon completion of his basic cosmonaut-training in 1992, he became a cosmonaut-researcher in the Institute for Biomedical Problems.", "From January to July 1993, Morukov completed a technical, medical and scientific training course as a cosmonaut-researcher of the cosmonaut-physician flight on-board Mir Station Project (during Mir 15-17 Missions).", "From November 1997 to February 1998, he completed a regularly scheduled technical training course, which included ISS Russian-segment systems.", "From August 1998 to January 1999, Morukov attended the Flight-Surgeon Training Course at Johnson Space Center.", "Morukov served on the crew of STS-106 (8–20, 2000).", "The STS-106 crew successfully prepared the International Space Station for the arrival of the first permanent crew.", "The five astronauts and two cosmonauts delivered more than 6,600 pounds of supplies and installed batteries, power converters, a toilet and a treadmill on the Space Station.", "Two crew members performed a space walk in order to connect power, data and communications cables to the newly arrived Zvezda Service Module and the Space Station.", "Morukov logged 11 days, 19 hours, and 10 minutes in space.", "Morukov died on 1 January 2015, aged 64, from undisclosed causes.", "He is survived by his wife, Nina, son Ivan, daughter Olga, and mother, Lidia F. Khromova." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 475285, "simple_article_title": "Boris Morukov", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=475285", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-475285-0-0", "simple-475285-0-1", "simple-475285-0-2", "simple-475285-1-0", "simple-475285-1-1", "simple-475285-1-2", "simple-475285-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Boris Vladimirovich Morukov (; 1 October 1950 – 1 January 2015) was a Russian physician and cosmonaut.", "He was best known for flying aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-106 as a mission specialist.", "He also trained with the Russian Federal Space Agency as a research-cosmonaut.", "Morukov was born in Moscow.", "In 1973, he got his M.D. from the Russian State Medical University.", "He was married to Nina and had two children: a son, Ivan, and a daughter, Olga.", "Morukov died on 1 January 2015, aged 64." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2022271, "normal_article_title": "F-sharp minor", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2022271", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2022271-0-0", "normal-2022271-0-1", "normal-2022271-1-0", "normal-2022271-2-0", "normal-2022271-3-0", "normal-2022271-4-0", "normal-2022271-5-0", "normal-2022271-5-1", "normal-2022271-5-2", "normal-2022271-6-0", "normal-2022271-7-0", "normal-2022271-7-1", "normal-2022271-8-0", "normal-2022271-8-1", "normal-2022271-8-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "F-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F♯, consisting of the pitches F♯ , G♯, A, B, C♯, D, and E. Its key signature has three sharps.", "Its relative major is A major and its parallel major is F-sharp major (or enharmonically G-flat major).", "\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' {", "Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary.", "\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' {", "\\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \\relative c' {", "Very few symphonies are written in this key, Haydn's \"Farewell Symphony\" being one famous example.", "George Frederick Bristow and Dora Pejačević also wrote symphonies in this key.", "This key is relatively common , however, in guitar music (an example of this is \"Wonderwall\" by Oasis).", "The few concerti written in this key are usually written for the composer himself to play, including Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 1, Scriabin's Piano Concerto, Wieniawski's Violin Concerto No. 1, Vieuxtemps's Violin Concerto No. 2, and Koussevitzky's Double Bass Concerto.", "In addition to the \"Farewell Symphony\", Haydn's Piano Trio No. 40 (Hob.", "XV:26) and String Quartet Op. 50, No. 4 are in F-sharp minor.", "Handel set the sixth of his eight harpsichord suites of 1720 in F-sharp minor.", "Aside from a prelude and fugue from each of the two books of \"Das Wohltemperierte Klavier\", Bach's only other work in F-sharp minor is the Toccata BWV 910.", "Mozart's only composition in this key is the second movement to his Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 233775, "simple_article_title": "F-sharp minor", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=233775", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-233775-0-0", "simple-233775-0-1", "simple-233775-1-0", "simple-233775-2-0", "simple-233775-2-1", "simple-233775-2-2", "simple-233775-2-3", "simple-233775-3-0", "simple-233775-3-1", "simple-233775-3-2", "simple-233775-4-0", "simple-233775-4-1", "simple-233775-4-2", "simple-233775-4-3", "simple-233775-5-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "F-sharp minor is a minor scale based on F sharp.", "Its key signature has three sharps.", "Its relative major is A major.", "Many people think it is a melancholy and key.", "Harry Farjeon says that F sharp minor is \"light red\", and that it is the key Mendelssohn uses when he is being passionate.", "Johann Mattheson wrote that 'F♯ minor, although it leads to great distress, nevertheless is more and love-sick than lethal.", "Moreover, it has something abandoned, singular, and about it.'", "Very few symphonies are written in this key.", "Haydn's \"Farewell Symphony\" is one famous example.", "George Frederick Bristow and Dora Pejačević also wrote symphonies in this key.", "Many piano pieces have been written in F-sharp minor.", "Mozart's only composition in this key is the second movement to his Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major.", "2 of Chopin's 52 mazurkas, and 1 of his nocturnes are in this key, though he seems to have liked the related key C-sharp minor better.", "Scriabin's Piano Sonata No. 3 is also in this key, and the 3rd movement of Beethoven's \"Hammerklavier\" Piano Sonata is too.", "Both Reger's and Tippett's second string quartets are in this key, and so is Shostakovich's seventh string quartet." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2185939, "normal_article_title": "7 July 2005 London bombings", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2185939", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2185939-0-0", "normal-2185939-1-0", "normal-2185939-1-1", "normal-2185939-2-0", "normal-2185939-3-0", "normal-2185939-3-1", "normal-2185939-3-2", "normal-2185939-4-0", "normal-2185939-4-1", "normal-2185939-4-2", "normal-2185939-4-3", "normal-2185939-4-4", "normal-2185939-4-5", "normal-2185939-4-6", "normal-2185939-5-0", "normal-2185939-6-0", "normal-2185939-6-1", "normal-2185939-6-2", "normal-2185939-6-3", "normal-2185939-6-4", "normal-2185939-6-5", "normal-2185939-7-0", "normal-2185939-7-1", "normal-2185939-8-0", "normal-2185939-8-1", "normal-2185939-8-2", "normal-2185939-8-3", "normal-2185939-9-0", "normal-2185939-9-1", "normal-2185939-9-2", "normal-2185939-9-3", "normal-2185939-9-4", "normal-2185939-9-5", "normal-2185939-10-0", "normal-2185939-10-1", 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"normal-2185939-65-0", "normal-2185939-65-1", "normal-2185939-66-0", "normal-2185939-66-1", "normal-2185939-66-2", "normal-2185939-66-3", "normal-2185939-67-0", "normal-2185939-67-1", "normal-2185939-68-0", "normal-2185939-68-1", "normal-2185939-68-2", "normal-2185939-68-3", "normal-2185939-69-0", "normal-2185939-69-1", "normal-2185939-69-2", "normal-2185939-70-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The 7 July 2005 London bombings, often referred to as 7/7, were a series of coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks in London, England, that targeted commuters travelling on the city's public transport system during the morning rush hour.", "Four radical Islamic terrorists separately detonated three homemade bombs in quick succession aboard London Underground trains across the city and, later, a fourth on a double-decker bus in Tavistock Square.", "The train bombings occurred on the Circle line near and at Edgware Road, and on the Piccadilly line near .", "52 people of 18 different nationalities, all of whom were UK residents, were killed, and more than 700 were injured in the attacks, making it Britain's deadliest terrorist incident since the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 near Lockerbie, Scotland, and England's deadliest since the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings, as well as the country's first Islamist suicide attack.", "The explosions were caused by triacetone triperoxide IEDs packed into backpacks.", "The bombings were followed two weeks later by a series of attempted attacks that failed to cause injury or damage.", "The 7 July attacks occurred the day after London had won its bid to host the 2012 Olympic Games.", "It was originally thought that there had been six, rather than three, explosions on the Underground network.", "The bus bombing brought the reported total to seven; this was clarified later in the day.", "The erroneous reporting can be attributed to the fact that the blasts occurred on trains that were between stations, causing wounded passengers to emerge from both stations, giving the impression that there was an incident at each.", "Police also revised the timings of the tube blasts: initial reports had indicated that they occurred during a period of almost half an hour.", "This was due to initial confusion at London Underground (LU), where the explosions were originally believed to have been caused by power surges.", "An early report, made in the minutes after the explosions, involved a person under a train, while another described a derailment (both of which did occur, but only as a result of the explosions).", "A code amber alert was declared by LU at 09:19, and LU began to cease the network's operations, ordering trains to continue only to the next station and suspending all services.", "Almost one hour after the attacks on the London Underground, a fourth bomb was detonated on the top deck of a number 30 double-decker bus, a Dennis Trident 2 (fleet number 17758, registration LX03 BUF, two years in service at the time) operated by Stagecoach London and travelling its route from Marble Arch to Hackney Wick.", "Earlier, the bus had passed through the King's Cross area as it travelled from Hackney Wick to Marble Arch.", "At its final destination, the bus turned around and started the return route to Hackney Wick.", "It left Marble Arch at 9 am and arrived at Euston bus station at 9:35 am, where crowds of people had been evacuated from the tube and were boarding buses.", "The explosion at 9:47 am in Tavistock Square ripped off the roof and destroyed the rear portion of the bus.", "The blast took place near BMA House, the headquarters of the British Medical Association, on Upper Woburn Place.", "A number of doctors and medical staff in or near that building were able to provide immediate emergency assistance.", "Witnesses reported seeing \"half a bus flying through the air\".", "BBC Radio 5 Live and \"The Sun\" later reported that two injured bus passengers said that they saw a man exploding in the bus.", "The location of the bomb inside the bus meant the front of the vehicle remained mostly intact.", "Most of the passengers at the front of the top deck survived, as did those near the front of the lower deck, including the driver, but those at the rear of the bus suffered more serious injuries.", "The extent of the damage caused to the victims' bodies resulted in a lengthy delay in announcing the death toll from the bombing while the police determined how many bodies were present and whether the bomber was one of them.", "Several passers-by were also injured by the explosion and surrounding buildings were damaged by debris.", "The bombed bus was subsequently covered with tarpaulin and removed by low-loader for forensic examination at a secure Ministry of Defence site.", "The vehicle was ultimately returned to Stagecoach and scrapped thereafter on 15 October 2009.", "A replacement bus, a new Alexander Dennis Enviro400 (fleet number 18500, which has been changed since to 19000, registration LX55 HGC), was named \"Spirit of London\".", "In October 2012, the \"Spirit of London\" bus was set alight in an arson attack.", "It was repaired and refurbished at a cost of £60,000 and re-entered service in April 2013.", "Two 14-year-old girls were charged for the attack.", "The 52 victims were of diverse backgrounds; among them were several foreign-born British nationals and foreign exchange students.", "The majority of the victims lived in or near London.", "Because of train delays before the attacks and subsequent transport problems caused by them, several victims died aboard trains and buses they would not normally have taken.", "Their ages ranged from 20 to 60 years old, with an average age of 34.", "All of the victims were UK residents; 32 of them were British.", "One victim each came from Afghanistan, France, Ghana, Grenada, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Kenya, Mauritius, New Zealand, Nigeria, Romania, Sri Lanka, and Turkey.", "Three victims were Polish nationals, while one victim held dual Australian-Vietnamese citizenship and one held dual American-Vietnamese citizenship.", "Seven of the victims were killed at Aldgate, six at Edgware Road, 26 at King's Cross and 13 at Tavistock Square.", "Three of the bombers were British-born sons of Pakistani immigrants; Lindsay was a convert born in Jamaica.", "Charles Clarke, Home Secretary when the attacks occurred, described the bombers as \"cleanskins\", a term describing them as previously unknown to authorities until they carried out their attacks.", "On the day of the attacks, all four had travelled to Luton, Bedfordshire, by car, then to London by train.", "They were recorded on CCTV arriving at King's Cross station at about 08:30 am.", "Two of the bombers made videotapes describing their reasons for becoming what they called \"soldiers\".", "In a videotape broadcast by Al Jazeera on 1 September 2005, Mohammad Sidique Khan, described his motivation.", "The tape had been edited and mentioned al-Qaeda members Osama Bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, describing them as \"today's heroes\".", "On 6 July 2006, a videotaped statement by Shehzad Tanweer was broadcast by Al-Jazeera.", "Tanweer argued that the non-Muslims of Britain deserve such attacks because they voted for a government which \"continues to oppress our mothers, children, brothers and sisters in Palestine, Afghanistan, Iraq and Chechnya.\"", "Initial reports suggested that a power surge on the Underground power grid had caused explosions in power circuits.", "This was later ruled out by power suppliers National Grid.", "Commentators suggested that the explanation had been made because of bomb damage to power lines along the tracks; the rapid series of power failures caused by the explosions (or power being ended by means of switches at the locations to permit evacuation) looked similar, from the point of view of a control room operator, to a cascading series of circuit breaker operations that would result from a major power surge.", "A couple of hours after the bombings, Home Secretary Charles Clarke confirmed the incidents were terrorist attacks.", "Although there were security alerts at many locations throughout the United Kingdom, no other terrorist incidents occurred outside central London.", "Suspicious packages were destroyed in controlled explosions in Edinburgh, Brighton, Coventry, Southampton, Portsmouth, Darlington and Nottingham.", "Security across the country was increased to the highest alert level.", "\"The Times\" reported on 17 July 2005 that police sniper units were following as many as a dozen al-Qaeda suspects in Britain.", "The covert armed teams were ordered to shoot to kill if surveillance suggested that a terror suspect was carrying a bomb and he refused to surrender if challenged.", "A member of the Metropolitan Police's Specialist Firearms Command said: \"These units are trained to deal with any eventuality.", "Since the London bombs they have been deployed to look at certain people.\"", "Vodafone reported that its mobile telephone network reached capacity at about 10 am on the day of the bombings, and it was forced to initiate emergency procedures to prioritise emergency calls (ACCOLC, the 'access overload control').", "Other mobile phone networks also reported failures, causing for example BBC Radio London reporters to use landline phones and Sky News to use the station ticker for displaying messeges from persons trying to contact their relatives.", "The BBC speculated that the telephone system was shut down by security services to prevent the possibility of mobile phones being used to trigger bombs.", "Although this option was considered, it became clear later that the intermittent unavailability of both mobile and landline telephone systems was due only to excessive usage.", "ACCOLC was activated only in a 1 km radius around Aldgate Tube Station because key emergency personnel did not have ACCOLC-enabled mobile phones.", "The communications failures during the emergency sparked discussions to improve London's emergency communications system.", "For most of the day, central London's public transport system was largely out of service following the complete closure of the Underground, the closure of the Zone 1 bus network, and the evacuation of incident sites such as Russell Square.", "Bus services restarted at 4 pm on 7 July, and most mainline railway stations resumed service soon afterward.", "River vessels were pressed into service to provide a free alternative to overcrowded trains and buses.", "Local lifeboats were required to act as safety boats, including the Sheerness lifeboat from the Isle of Sheppey in Kent.", "Thousands of people chose to walk home or to the nearest Zone 2 bus or railway station.", "Most of the Underground, apart from the stations affected by the bombs, resumed service the next morning, though some commuters chose to stay at home.", "Affected stretches were also closed for police investigations.", "Much of the King's Cross railway station was also closed, with the ticket hall and waiting area being used as a makeshift hospital to treat casualties.", "Although the station reopened later during the day, only suburban rail services were able to use it, with Great North Eastern Railway trains terminating at Peterborough (the service was fully restored on 9 July).", "King's Cross St Pancras tube station remained available only to Metropolitan line services to facilitate the ongoing recovery and investigation for a week, though Victoria line services were restored on 15 July and the Northern line on 18 July.", "All of the damaged trains were removed in stages.", "St. Pancras station, located next to King's Cross, was shut on the afternoon of the attacks, with all Midland Mainline trains terminating at Leicester, causing disruption to services to Sheffield, Nottingham and Derby.", "On 25 July, the Hammersmith & City line was reopened from Baker Street to Barking after the affected train was cleared at Aldgate, together with the stretch from Moorgate to Aldgate of the Metropolitan Line.", "The Hammersmith to Paddington part of the Hammersmith & City line was a shuttle service after the bombings.", "On 29 July, the District line was reopened from High Street Kensington to Edgware Road, after the affected train was cleared.", "On 2 August the Hammersmith & City line resumed normal service; the Circle line was still suspended, though all Circle line stations are also served by other lines.", "The Piccadilly line service resumed on 4 August after the affected train was cleared on 16 July, and enhanced maintenance work was done.", "On 4 August, the Circle line was reopened again.", "There were limited reactions to the attack in the world economy as measured by financial market and exchange rate activity.", "The value of the British pound decreased 0.89 cents to a 19-month low against the US dollar.", "The FTSE 100 Index fell by about 200 points during the two hours after the first attack.", "This was its greatest decrease since the invasion of Iraq, and it triggered the London Stock Exchange's 'Special Measures', restricting panic selling and aimed at ensuring market stability.", "By the time the market closed it had recovered to only 71.3 points (1.36%) down on the previous day's three-year closing high.", "Markets in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain also closed about 1% down on the day.", "US market indexes increased slightly, partly because the dollar index increased sharply against the pound and the euro.", "The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 31.61 to 10,302.29.", "The NASDAQ Composite Index increased 7.01 to 2075.66.", "The S&P 500 increased 2.93 points to 1197.87 after decreasing as much as 1%.", "Every benchmark value gained 0.3%.", "The market values increased again on 8 July as it became clear that the damage caused by the bombings was not as great as thought initially.", "By end of trading the market had recovered fully to above its level at start of trading on 7 July.", "Insurers in the UK tend to reinsure their terrorist liabilities in excess of the first £75,000,000 with Pool Re, a mutual insurer established by the government with major insurers.", "Pool Re has substantial reserves and newspaper reports indicated that claims would easily be funded.", "On 9 July, the Bank of England, HM Treasury and the Financial Services Authority revealed that they had instigated contingency plans immediately after the attacks to ensure that the UK financial markets could keep trading.", "This involved the activation of a \"secret chatroom\" on the British government's Financial Sector Continuity website, which allowed the institutions to communicate with the country's banks and market dealers.", "Continuous news coverage of the attacks was broadcast throughout 7 July, by both BBC One and ITV1, uninterrupted until 7 p.m. Sky News did not broadcast any advertisements for 24 hours.", "ITN confirmed later that its coverage on ITV1 was its longest uninterrupted on-air broadcast of its 50-year history.", "Television coverage was notable for the use of mobile telephone footage sent in by members of the public and live pictures from traffic CCTV cameras.", "The BBC Online website recorded an all-time bandwidth peak of 11 Gb/s at midday on 7 July.", "BBC News received some 1 billion total accesses throughout the course of the day (including all images, text and HTML), serving some 5.5 terabytes of data.", "At peak times during the day there were 40,000-page requests per second for the BBC News website.", "The previous day's announcement of the 2012 Summer Olympics being awarded to London resulted in up to 5 Gb/s.", "The previous all time maximum for the website followed the announcement of the Michael Jackson verdict, which used 7.2 Gb/s.", "On 12 July it was reported that the British National Party released leaflets showing images of the 'No. 30 bus' after it was destroyed.", "The slogan, \"Maybe now it's time to start listening to the BNP\" was printed beside the photo.", "Home Secretary Charles Clarke described it as an attempt by the BNP to \"cynically exploit the current tragic events in London to further their spread of hatred\".", "Some media outside the UK complained that successive British governments had been unduly tolerant towards radical Islamist militants, so long as they were involved in activities outside the UK.", "Britain's alleged reluctance to extradite or prosecute terrorist suspects resulted in London being dubbed \"Londonistan\" by the columnist Melanie Phillips.", "Even before the identity of the bombers became known, former Metropolitan Police commissioner Lord Stevens said he believed they were almost certainly born or based in Britain, and would not \"fit the caricature al-Qaeda fanatic from some backward village in Algeria or Afghanistan\".", "The attacks would have required extensive preparation and prior reconnaissance efforts, and a familiarity with bomb-making and the London transport network as well as access to significant amounts of bomb-making equipment and chemicals.", "Some newspaper editorials in Iran blamed the bombing on British or American authorities seeking to further justify the War on Terror, and claimed that the plan that included the bombings also involved increasing harassment of Muslims in Europe.", "On 13 August 2005, quoting police and MI5 sources, \"The Independent\" reported that the bombers acted independently of an al-Qaeda terror mastermind some place abroad.", "On 1 September it was reported that al-Qaeda officially claimed responsibility for the attacks in a videotape broadcast by the Arab television network Al Jazeera.", "However, an official inquiry by the British government reported that the tape claiming responsibility had been edited after the attacks, and that the bombers did not have direct assistance from al-Qaeda.", "Zabi uk-Taifi, an al-Qaeda commander arrested in Pakistan in January 2009, may have had connections to the bombings, according to Pakistani intelligence sources.", "More recently, documents found by German authorities on a terrorist suspect arrested in Berlin in May 2011 have suggested that Rashid Rauf, a British al Qaeda operative, played a key role in planning the attacks.", "A second claim of responsibility was posted on the Internet by another al-Qaeda-linked group, Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades.", "The group had, however, previously falsely claimed responsibility for events that were the result of technical problems, such as the 2003 London blackout and the US Northeast blackout of 2003.", "A survey of 500 British Muslims undertaken by Channel 4 News in 2007 found that 24% believed the four bombers blamed for the attacks did not perform them.", "There have been various conspiracy theories proposed about the bombings, including the suggestion that the bombers were 'patsies', based on claims about timings of the trains and the train from Luton, supposed explosions underneath the carriages, and allegations of the faking of the one time-stamped and dated photograph of the bombers at Luton station.", "Claims made by one theorist in the Internet video \"7/7 Ripple Effect\" were examined by the BBC documentary series \"The Conspiracy Files\", in an episode titled \"7/7\" first broadcast on 30 June 2009, which debunked many of the video's claims.", "On the day of the bombings Peter Power of Visor Consultants gave interviews on BBC Radio 5 Live and ITV saying that he was working on a crisis management simulation drill, in the City of London, \"based on simultaneous bombs going off precisely at the railway stations where it happened this morning\", when he heard that an attack was going on in real life.", "He described this as a coincidence.", "He also gave an interview to the \"Manchester Evening News\" where he spoke of \"an exercise involving mock broadcasts when it happened for real\".", "After a few days he dismissed it as a \"spooky coincidence\" on Canadian TV.", "Initially, there was much confused information from police sources as to the origin, method, and even timings of the explosions.", "Forensic examiners had thought initially that military-grade plastic explosives were used, and, as the blasts were thought to have been simultaneous, that synchronised timed detonators were employed.", "This hypothesis changed as more information became available.", "Home-made organic peroxide-based devices were used, according to a May 2006 report from the British government's Intelligence and Security Committee.", "The explosive was triacetone triperoxide.", "56 people, including the four suicide bombers, were killed by the attacks and about 700 were injured, of whom about 100 were hospitalised for at least one night.", "The incident was the deadliest single act of terrorism in the United Kingdom since the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, which crashed on Lockerbie and killed 270 people, and the deadliest bombing in London since the Second World War.", "Police examined about 2,500 items of CCTV footage and forensic evidence from the scenes of the attacks.", "The bombs were probably placed on the floors of the trains and bus.", "Investigators identified four men whom they alleged had been the suicide bombers.", "This made the bombings the first ever suicide attack in the British Isles.", "Vincent Cannistraro, former head of the Central Intelligence Agency's anti-terrorism centre, told \"The Guardian\" that \"two unexploded bombs\" were recovered as well as \"mechanical timing devices\"; this claim was explicitly rejected by London's Metropolitan Police Service.", "West Yorkshire Police raided six properties in the Leeds area on 12 July: two houses in Beeston, two in Thornhill, one in Holbeck and one in Alexandra Grove in Hyde Park, Leeds.", "One man was arrested.", "Officers also raided a residential property on Northern Road in the Buckinghamshire town of Aylesbury on 13 July.", "The police service say a significant amount of explosive material was found in the Leeds raids and a controlled explosion was carried out at one of the properties.", "Explosives were also found in the vehicle associated with one of the bombers, Shehzad Tanweer, at Luton railway station and subjected to controlled explosion.", "There was speculation about a possible association between the bombers and another alleged Islamist cell in Luton which was ended during August 2004.", "The Luton group was uncovered after Muhammad Naeem Noor Khan was arrested in Lahore, Pakistan.", "His laptop computer was said to contain plans for tube attacks in London, as well as attacks on financial buildings in New York City and Washington, D.C.", "The group was subject to surveillance but on 2 August 2004 \"The New York Times\" published Khan's name, citing Pakistani sources.", "The news leak forced police in Britain and Canada to make arrests before their investigations were complete.", "The US government later said they had given the name to some journalists as \"background information\", for which Tom Ridge, the United States Secretary of Homeland Security, apologised.", "When the Luton cell was ended, one of the London bombers, Mohammad Sidique Khan (no known relation), was scrutinised briefly by MI5 who determined that he was not a likely threat and he was not surveilled.", "On 22 March 2007, three men were arrested in connection with the bombings.", "Two were arrested at 1 pm at Manchester Airport, attempting to board a flight bound for Pakistan that afternoon.", "They were apprehended by undercover officers who had been following the men as part of a surveillance operation.", "They had not intended to arrest the men that day, but believed they could not risk letting the suspects leave the country.", "A third man was arrested in the Beeston area of Leeds at an address on the street where one of the suicide bombers had lived before the attacks.", "On 9 May 2007 police made four further arrests, three in Yorkshire and one in Selly Oak, Birmingham.", "The widow of the presumed ringleader Mohammed Sidique Khan, was among those arrested for \"commissioning, preparing or instigating acts of terrorism\".", "Three of those arrested, including Khan's widow, were released on 15 May.", "The fourth, Khalid Khaliq, an unemployed single father of three, was charged on 17 July 2007 with possessing an al-Qaeda training manual, but the charge was not related to the 2005 London attacks.", "Conviction for possession of a document containing information likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism carried a maximum ten-year jail sentence.", "Abdullah el-Faisal was deported to Jamaica, his country of origin, from Britain on 25 May 2006 after reaching the parole date in his prison sentence.", "He was found guilty of three charges of soliciting the murder of Jews, Americans and Hindus and two charges of using threatening words to incite racial hatred in 2003 and, despite an appeal, was sentenced to seven years imprisonment.", "In 2006 John Reid alleged to MPs that el-Faisal had influenced Jamaican-born Briton Germaine Lindsay into participating in the 7/7 bombings.", "\"The Guardian\" reported on 3 May 2007 that police had investigated Mohammad Sidique Khan twice during 2005.", "The newspaper said it \"learned that on 27 January 2005, police took a statement from the manager of a garage in Leeds which had loaned Khan a courtesy car while his vehicle was being repaired.\"", "It also said that \"on the afternoon of 3 February an officer from Scotland Yard's anti-terrorism branch carried out inquiries with the company which had insured a car in which Khan was seen driving almost a year earlier\".", "Nothing about these inquiries appeared in the report by Parliament's intelligence and security committee after it investigated the 7 July attacks.", "Scotland Yard described the 2005 inquiries as \"routine\", while security sources said they were related to the fertiliser bomb plot.", "While no warnings before 7 July bombings have been documented officially or acknowledged, the following are sometimes quoted as indications either of the events to come or of some foreknowledge.", "\"The Daily Telegraph\" reported that radical imam Anwar al-Awlaki had inspired the bombers.", "The bombers transcribed lectures of al-Awlaki while plotting the bombings.", "His materials were found in the possession of accused accomplices of the suicide bombers.", "Al-Awlaki was killed by a US drone attack in 2011.", "In 2006, the government refused to hold a public inquiry, stating that \"it would be a ludicrous diversion\".", "Prime Minister Tony Blair said an independent inquiry would \"undermine support\" for MI5, while the leader of the opposition, David Cameron, said only a full inquiry would \"get to the truth\".", "In reaction to revelations about the extent of security service investigations into the bombers prior to the attack, the Shadow Home Secretary, David Davis, said: \"It is becoming more and more clear that the story presented to the public and Parliament is at odds with the facts.\"", "The decision to not hold an independent public inquest was later reversed and in October 2010 an independent coroner's inquest of the bombings began.", "Lady Justice Hallett was appointed to hear the inquest, which would consider how each victim died and whether MI5, if it had worked better, could have prevented the attack, and also the emergency service response.", "After seven months of evidence and deliberation, the verdict of the inquiry was released and read in the Houses of Parliament on 9 May 2011.", "It determined that the 52 victims had been unlawfully killed; their deaths could not have been prevented, and they would probably have died \"whatever time the emergency services reached and rescued them\".", "Hallett concluded that MI5 had not made every possible improvement since the attacks but that it was not \"right or fair\" to say more attention should have been paid to ringleader Mohammad Sidique Khan prior to 7 July.", "She also decided that there should be no public inquiry.", "It was reported in July 2011 that relatives of some of the victims of the bombings may have had their telephones accessed by the \"News of the World\" in the aftermath of the attacks.", "The revelations added to an existing controversy over phone hacking by the tabloid newspaper.", "The fathers of two victims, one in the Edgware Road blast and another at Russell Square, told the BBC that police officers investigating the alleged hacking had warned them that their contact details were found on a target list, while a former firefighter who helped injured passengers escape from Edgware Road also said he had been contacted by police who were looking into the hacking allegations.", "A number of survivors from the bombed trains also revealed that police had warned them their phones may have been accessed and their messages intercepted, and in some cases officers advised them to change security codes and PINs.", "Since the bombings, the United Kingdom and other nations have honoured the victims in several ways.", "Most of these memorials have included moments of silence, candlelit vigils, and the laying of flowers at the attack sites.", "Foreign leaders have also remembered the dead by ordering their flags to be flown at half-mast, signing books of condolences at embassies of the UK, and issuing messages of support and condolences to the British people.", "The government ordered the Union Flag to be flown at half-mast on 8 July.", "The following day, the Bishop of London led prayers for the victims during a service paying tribute to the role of women during the Second World War.", "A vigil, called by the Stop the War Coalition, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and Muslim Association of Britain, was held from 5 pm, at Friends Meeting House on Euston Road.", "A two-minute silence was held on 14 July 2005 throughout Europe.", "Thousands attended a vigil at 6 pm on Trafalgar Square.", "After an initial silence there was a series of speakers for two hours.", "A memorial service was held at St Paul's Cathedral on 1 November 2005.", "To mark the first anniversary of the attack, a two-minute silence was observed at midday across the country.", "A permanent memorial was unveiled in 2009 by Prince Charles in Hyde Park to mark the fourth anniversary of the bombings.", "On the eve of the ninth anniversary of the attacks in 2014 the memorial was defaced with messages including \"Blair lied, thousands died\".", "The graffiti was removed within hours.", "During the opening ceremony of the 2012 Olympic Games in London a minute's silence was held to commemorate those killed in the attacks.", "A memorial service was held in St. Paul's Cathedral on 7 July 2015, to mark the 10th anniversary of the bombings.", "This was broadcast on BBC One.", "US President George W. Bush visited the British embassy the day after the bombings, upon his return from the G8 summit in Scotland, and signed a book of condolence.", "In Washington, D.C., the US Army band played \"God Save the Queen\" (the British national anthem, the melody of which is also used in an American patriotic hymn, \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee\"), a suggestion that US Army veteran John Miska made to Vice Chief of Staff General Cody, outside the British embassy in the city.", "A similar tribute had been made by the Queen in the days following the September 11 attacks in 2001 where the Star Spangled Banner played at Buckingham Palace's Changing the Guard.", "On 12 July, a Detroit Symphony Orchestra brass ensemble played the British national anthem during the pre-game festivities of the Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Comerica Park in Detroit.", "Flags were ordered to fly at half-mast across Australia, New Zealand and Canada.", "The Union Flag was raised to half-mast alongside the Flag of Australia on Sydney Harbour Bridge as a show of \"sympathy between nations\".", "Moments of silence were observed in the European Parliament, the Polish parliament and by the Irish parliament on 14 July.", "The British national anthem was played at the changing of the royal guard at Plaza de Oriente in Madrid in memorial to the victims of the attacks.", "The ceremony was attended by the British ambassador to Spain and members of the Spanish Royal Family.", "After the 2004 Madrid train bombings, the UK had hosted a similar ceremony at Buckingham Palace.", "Mohammed Rehman and Sana Ahmed Khan were sentenced to life imprisonment on 29 December 2015 for preparing an act of terrorism, planning to coincide with the tenth anniversary of the 7/7 attacks.", "They had 10 kg of urea nitrate.", "Rehman called himself the 'silent bomber' and asked his Twitter followers to choose between the Westfield Shopping Centre or the London Underground for the planned suicide bomb.", "Quotations related to at Wikiquote" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 178201, "simple_article_title": "7 July 2005 London bombings", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=178201", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-178201-0-0", "simple-178201-0-1", "simple-178201-1-0", "simple-178201-1-1", "simple-178201-1-2", "simple-178201-1-3", "simple-178201-2-0", "simple-178201-2-1", "simple-178201-2-2", "simple-178201-2-3", "simple-178201-3-0", "simple-178201-3-1", "simple-178201-3-2", "simple-178201-3-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called 7/7) were suicide bomb attacks aimed at London's public transport system during the morning rush hour.", "They were carried out by British Muslim extremists.", "At 08:50, three bombs exploded within fifty seconds of each other on three London Underground trains.", "A fourth exploded an hour later at 09:47 on a bus in Tavistock Square.", "The explosions were caused by home-made bombs.", "The bombs were packed into rucksacks and set off by the bombers themselves.", "A memorial was made in Hyde Park, London on the 7 July 2009.", "This had 52 stainless steel pillars, one for each murder victim.", "They were arranged in four clusters for the four bomb sites.", "52 died and over 700 were injured in the attack.", "After this attack there was a police reform in the UK.", "Many police in London are authorised to carry firearms.", "London is always on high alert for terrorism.", "The police are supported by the Serious Organised Crime Agency and MI6." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1637707, "normal_article_title": "Escherichia", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1637707", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1637707-0-0", "normal-1637707-0-1", "normal-1637707-0-2", "normal-1637707-0-3", "normal-1637707-0-4", "normal-1637707-1-0", "normal-1637707-1-1", "normal-1637707-1-2", "normal-1637707-1-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Escherichia is a genus of Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria from the family Enterobacteriaceae.", "In those species which are inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals, \"Escherichia\" species provide a portion of the microbially derived vitamin K for their host.", "A number of the species of \"Escherichia\" are pathogenic.", "The genus is named after Theodor Escherich, the discoverer of \"Escherichia coli\".", "Physiologically, it is a facultative aerobe, meaning that it can grow happily with or without oxygen, but it cannot grow at extremes of temperature or pH nor can it degrade dangerous pollutants, photosynthesize, or do a variety of other things that interest microbiologists.", "While many \"Escherichia\" are commensal members of the gut microbiota, certain strains of some species, most notably the serotypes of \"Escherichia coli\", are human pathogens, and are the most common cause of urinary tract infections, significant sources of gastrointestinal disease, ranging from simple diarrhea to dysentery-like conditions, as well as a wide range of other pathogenic states classifiable in general as colonic escherichiosis.", "While \"E. coli\" is responsible for the vast majority of \"Escherichia\"-related pathogenesis, other members of the genus have also been implicated in human disease.", "\"Escherichia\" are associated with the imbalance of microbiota of the lower reproductive tract of women.", "These species are associated with inflammation." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 300754, "simple_article_title": "Escherichia", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=300754", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-300754-0-0", "simple-300754-0-1", "simple-300754-0-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Escherichia is a genus of bacteria.", "They are named after the German doctor, Theodor Escherich, who discovered \"Escherichia coli\", a bacterium common in human intestines.", "\"Escherichia\" is similar to \"Enterobacter\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 245719, "normal_article_title": "Creative Commons license", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=245719", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-245719-0-0", "normal-245719-0-1", "normal-245719-0-2", "normal-245719-1-0", "normal-245719-1-1", "normal-245719-1-2", "normal-245719-1-3", "normal-245719-1-4", "normal-245719-2-0", "normal-245719-3-0", "normal-245719-3-1", "normal-245719-4-0", "normal-245719-4-1", "normal-245719-4-2", "normal-245719-5-0", "normal-245719-5-1", "normal-245719-6-0", "normal-245719-6-1", "normal-245719-6-2", "normal-245719-7-0", "normal-245719-8-0", "normal-245719-9-0", "normal-245719-9-1", "normal-245719-10-0", "normal-245719-10-1", "normal-245719-10-2", "normal-245719-11-0", "normal-245719-12-0", "normal-245719-12-1", "normal-245719-12-2", "normal-245719-13-0", "normal-245719-13-1", "normal-245719-13-2", "normal-245719-14-0", "normal-245719-14-1", "normal-245719-15-0", "normal-245719-15-1", "normal-245719-16-0", "normal-245719-16-1", "normal-245719-16-2", "normal-245719-16-3", "normal-245719-16-4", "normal-245719-17-0", "normal-245719-17-1", "normal-245719-18-0", "normal-245719-19-0", "normal-245719-19-1", "normal-245719-19-2", "normal-245719-19-3", "normal-245719-20-0", "normal-245719-20-1", "normal-245719-20-2", "normal-245719-20-3", "normal-245719-21-0", "normal-245719-22-0", "normal-245719-23-0", "normal-245719-24-0", "normal-245719-24-1", "normal-245719-24-2", "normal-245719-25-0", "normal-245719-25-1", "normal-245719-25-2", "normal-245719-25-3", "normal-245719-26-0", "normal-245719-26-1", "normal-245719-26-2", "normal-245719-26-3", "normal-245719-26-4", "normal-245719-26-5", "normal-245719-27-0", "normal-245719-27-1", "normal-245719-27-2", "normal-245719-28-0", "normal-245719-28-1", "normal-245719-29-0", "normal-245719-29-1", "normal-245719-29-2", "normal-245719-29-3", "normal-245719-29-4", "normal-245719-29-5", "normal-245719-30-0", "normal-245719-30-1", "normal-245719-30-2", "normal-245719-31-0", "normal-245719-31-1", "normal-245719-31-2", "normal-245719-31-3", "normal-245719-31-4", "normal-245719-31-5", "normal-245719-31-6", "normal-245719-31-7", "normal-245719-31-8", "normal-245719-32-0", "normal-245719-33-0", "normal-245719-33-1", "normal-245719-33-2", "normal-245719-33-3", "normal-245719-33-4", "normal-245719-34-0", "normal-245719-34-1", "normal-245719-34-2", "normal-245719-35-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted \"work\".", "A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they (the author) have created.", "CC provides an author flexibility (for example, they might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the conditions that are specified in the license by which the author distributes the work.", "There are several types of Creative Commons licenses.", "The licenses differ by several combinations that condition the terms of distribution.", "They were initially released on December 16, 2002 by Creative Commons, a U.S. non-profit corporation founded in 2001.", "There have also been five versions of the suite of licenses, numbered 1.0 through 4.0.", "s of December 2018 , the 4.0 license suite is the most current.", "In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC BY, CC BY-SA and CC0 licenses as conformant with the \"Open Definition\" for content and data.", "Work licensed under a Creative Commons license is governed by applicable copyright law.", "This allows Creative Commons licenses to be applied to all work falling under copyright, including: books, plays, movies, music, articles, photographs, blogs, and websites.", "While Software is also governed by copyright law and CC licenses are applicable, the Creative Commons recommends Free and open-source software software licenses instead of Creative Commons licenses.", "Outside the FOSS licensing use case for software there are to utilize CC licenses to specify a \"Freeware\" license model; examples are The White Chamber, Mari0 or Assault Cube.", "Also the Free Software Foundation recommends the CC0 as the preferred method of releasing software into the public domain.", "There are over 35,000 works that are available in hardcopy and have a registered ISBN number.", "Creative Commons splits these works into two categories, one of which encompasses self-published books.", "However, application of a Creative Commons license may not modify the rights allowed by fair use or fair dealing or exert restrictions which violate copyright exceptions.", "Furthermore, Creative Commons licenses are non-exclusive and non-revocable.", "Any work or copies of the work obtained under a Creative Commons license may continue to be used under that license.", "In the case of works protected by multiple Creative Commons licenses, the user may choose either.", "The CC licenses all grant the \"baseline rights\", such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work worldwide, for non-commercial purposes and without modification.", "The last two clauses are not free content licenses, according to definitions such as DFSG or the Free Software Foundation's standards, and cannot be used in contexts that require these freedoms, such as Wikipedia.", "For software, Creative Commons includes three free licenses created by other institutions: the BSD License, the GNU LGPL, and the GNU GPL.", "Mixing and matching these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not.", "Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the \"nd\" and \"sa\" clauses, which are mutually exclusive; and one includes none of the clauses.", "Of the eleven valid combinations, the five that lack the \"by\" clause have been retired because 98% of licensors requested attribution, though they do remain available for reference on the website.", "For example, the Creative Commons Attribution (BY) license allows one to share and remix (create derivative works), even for commercial use, so long as attribution is given.", "The original non-localized Creative Commons licenses were written with the U.S. legal system in mind; therefore, the wording may be incompatible with local legislation in other jurisdictions, rendering the licenses unenforceable there.", "To address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called \"porting.\"", "As of July 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide.", "The latest version 4.0 of the Creative Commons licenses, released on November 25, 2013, are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports.", "No new ports have been implemented in version 4.0 of the license.", "Version 4.0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license.", "Since 2004, all current licenses other than the CC0 variant require attribution of the original author, as signified by the BY component (as in the preposition \"by\").", "The attribution must be given to \"the best of one's ability using the information available\".", "The \"non-commercial\" option included in some Creative Commons licenses is controversial in definition, as it is sometimes unclear what can be considered a non-commercial setting, and application, since its restrictions differ from the principles of open content promoted by other permissive licenses.", "In 2014 Wikimedia Deutschland published a guide to using Creative Commons licenses as for translations and as PDF.", "Besides licenses, Creative Commons also offers through CC0 a way to release material worldwide into the public domain.", "CC0 is a legal tool for waiving as many rights as legally possible.", "Or, when not legally possible, CC0 acts as fallback as public domain equivalent license.", "Development of CC0 began in 2007 and was released in 2009.", "A major target of the license was the scientific data community.", "In 2010, Creative Commons announced its Public Domain Mark, a tool for labeling works already in the public domain.", "Together, CC0 and the Public Domain Mark replace the Public Domain Dedication and Certification, which took a U.S.-centric approach and co-mingled distinct operations.", "In 2011, the Free Software Foundation added CC0 to its free software licenses, and currently recommends CC0 as the preferred method of releasing software into the public domain.", "In February 2012 CC0 was submitted to Open Source Initiative (OSI) for their approval.", "However, controversy arose over its clause which excluded from the scope of the license any relevant patents held by the copyright holder.", "This clause was added with scientific data in mind rather than software, but some members of the OSI believed it could weaken users' defenses against software patents.", "As a result, Creative Commons withdrew their submission, and the license is not currently approved by the OSI.", "In 2013, \"Unsplash\" began using the CC0 license to distribute free stock photography.", "It now distributes several million photos a month and has inspired a host of similar sites, including CC0 photography companies and CC0 blogging companies.", "Lawrence Lessig, the founder of Creative Commons, has contributed to the site.", "Unsplash moved from using the CC0 licence to their own similar licence in June 2017, but with a restriction added on using the photos to make a competing service which makes it incompatible with the CC0 licence.", "In October 2014 the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC0 as conformant with the \"Open Definition\" and recommend the license to dedicate content to the public domain.", "Rights in an adaptation can be expressed by a CC license that is compatible with the status or licensing of the original work or works on which the adaptation is based.", "The legal implications of large numbers of works having Creative Commons licensing are difficult to predict, and there is speculation that media creators often lack insight to be able to choose the license which best meets their intent in applying it.", "Some works licensed using Creative Commons licenses have been involved in several court cases.", "Creative Commons itself was not a party to any of these cases; they only involved licensors or licensees of Creative Commons licenses.", "When the cases went as far as decisions by judges (that is, they were not dismissed for lack of jurisdiction or were not settled privately out of court), they have all validated the legal robustness of Creative Commons public licenses.", "In early 2006, podcaster Adam Curry sued a Dutch tabloid who published photos from Curry's Flickr page without Curry's permission.", "The photos were licensed under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial license.", "While the verdict was in favor of Curry, the tabloid avoided having to pay restitution to him as long as they did not repeat the offense.", "Professor Bernt Hugenholtz, main creator of the Dutch CC license and director of the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam, commented, \"The Dutch Court's decision is especially noteworthy because it confirms that the conditions of a Creative Commons license automatically apply to the content licensed under it, and binds users of such content even without expressly agreeing to, or having knowledge of, the conditions of the license.\"", "In 2007, Virgin Mobile Australia launched an advertising campaign promoting their cellphone text messaging service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their work to Flickr using a Creative Commons-BY (Attribution) license.", "Users licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity, as long as the original creator was attributed credit, without any other compensation required.", "Virgin upheld this single restriction by printing a URL leading to the photographer's Flickr page on each of their ads.", "However, one picture, depicting 15-year-old Alison Chang at a fund-raising carwash for her church, caused some controversy when she sued Virgin Mobile.", "The photo was taken by Alison's church youth counselor, Justin Ho-Wee Wong, who uploaded the image to Flickr under the Creative Commons license.", "In 2008, the case (concerning personality rights rather than copyright as such) was thrown out of a Texas court for lack of jurisdiction.", "In the fall of 2006, the collecting society Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE) in Spain sued Ricardo Andrés Utrera Fernández, owner of a disco bar located in Badajoz who played CC-licensed music.", "SGAE argued that Fernández should pay royalties for public performance of the music between November 2002 and August 2005.", "The Lower Court rejected the collecting society's claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by the society.", "In February 2006, the Cultural Association Ladinamo (based in Madrid, and represented by Javier de la Cueva) was granted the use of copyleft music in their public activities.", "The sentence said: \"Admitting the existence of music equipment, a joint evaluation of the evidence practiced, this court is convinced that the defendant prevents communication of works whose management is entrusted to the plaintiff SGAE, using a repertoire of authors who have not assigned the exploitation of their rights to the SGAE, having at its disposal a database for that purpose and so it is manifested both by the legal representative of the Association and by Manuela Villa Acosta, in charge of the cultural programming of the association, which is compatible with the alternative character of the Association and its integration in the movement called 'copy left'\".", "On June 30, 2010 GateHouse Media filed a lawsuit against That's Great News.", "GateHouse Media owns a number of local newspapers, including \"Rockford Register Star\", which is based in Rockford, Illinois.", "That's Great News makes plaques out of newspaper articles and sells them to the people featured in the articles.", "GateHouse sued That's Great News for copyright infringement and breach of contract.", "GateHouse claimed that TGN violated the non-commercial and no-derivative works restrictions on GateHouse Creative Commons licensed work when TGN published the material on its website.", "The case was settled on August 17, 2010, though the settlement was not made public.", "The plaintiff was photographer Art Drauglis, who uploaded several pictures to the photo-sharing website Flickr using Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License (CC BY-SA), including one entitled \"Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD.\".", "The defendant was Kappa Map Group, a map-making company, which downloaded the image and used it in a compilation entitled \"Montgomery Co.", "Though there was nothing on the cover that indicated the origin of the picture, the text \"\"Photo: Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD Photographer: Carly Lesser & Art Drauglis, Creative Commoms\" \"sic\" \", CC-BY-SA-2.0\"\" appeared at the bottom of the back cover.", "The validity of the CC BY-SA 2.0 as a license was not in dispute.", "The CC BY-SA 2.0 requires that the licensee to use nothing less restrictive than the CC BY-SA 2.0 terms.", "The atlas was sold commercially and not for free reuse by others.", "The dispute was whether Drauglis' license terms that would apply to \"derivative works\" applied to the entire atlas.", "Drauglis sued the defendants in June 2014 for copyright infringement and license breach, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief, damages, fees, and costs.", "Drauglis asserted, among other things, that Kappa Map Group \"exceeded the scope of the License because defendant did not publish the Atlas under a license with the same or similar terms as those under which the Photograph was originally licensed.\"", "The judge dismissed the case on that count, ruling that the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph in the sense of the license, but rather a collective work.", "Since the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph, Kappa Map Group did not need to license the entire atlas under the CC BY-SA 2.0 license.", "The judge also determined that the work had been properly attributed.", "In particular, the judge determined that it was sufficient to credit the author of the photo as prominently as authors of similar authorship (such as the authors of individual maps contained in the book) and that the name \"CC-BY-SA-2.0\" is sufficiently precise to locate the correct license on the internet and can be considered a valid URI of the license.", "This incident has not been tested in court, but it highlights a potentially disturbing practice.", "In July 2016, German computer magazine LinuxUser reports that a German blogger Christoph Langner used two CC-BY licensed photographs from Berlin photographer Dennis Skley on his private blog Linuxundich.de.", "Langner duly mentioned the author and the license and added a link to the original.", "Langner was later contacted by the \"Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet\" (VGSE) (Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Internet) with a demand for €2300 for failing to provide the full name of the work, the full name of the author, the license text, and a source link, as is apparently required by the fine print in the license.", "Of this sum, €40 goes to the photographer, and the remainder is retained by VGSE.", "Creative Commons maintains a content directory wiki of organizations and projects using Creative Commons licenses.", "On its website CC also provides case studies of projects using CC licenses across the world.", "CC licensed content can also be accessed through a number of content directories and search engines (see CC licensed content directories).", "Due to either disuse or criticism, a number of previously offered Creative Commons licenses have since been retired, and are no longer recommended for new works." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 5852, "simple_article_title": "Creative Commons licenses", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5852", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-5852-0-0", "simple-5852-0-1", "simple-5852-0-2", "simple-5852-1-0", "simple-5852-2-0", "simple-5852-2-1", "simple-5852-2-2", "simple-5852-2-3", "simple-5852-3-0", "simple-5852-3-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Creative Commons licenses relates to the name of copyright licenses released on December 16, 2002.", "The licenses were released by \"Creative Commons\", a United States nonprofit corporation.", "Everybody can put their own creations under these licenses.", "There are four basic license conditions.", "It is possible to combine the license elements.", "For example, a combination of the first and fourth is called \"CC by-sa\".", "This stands for \"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike\".", "With this license other people must give credit to the original creator, and when they make something new with the work they have to give it the \"CC by-sa\" license.", "The Free Software Foundation thinks that the Creative Commons system is confusing, because people often forget to tell which of the licenses they use.", "Instead they suggest to use the Free Art license." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1708638, "normal_article_title": "Bernhard Rensch", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1708638", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1708638-0-0", "normal-1708638-0-1", "normal-1708638-0-2", "normal-1708638-0-3", "normal-1708638-1-0", "normal-1708638-1-1", "normal-1708638-1-2", "normal-1708638-1-3", "normal-1708638-1-4", "normal-1708638-1-5", "normal-1708638-1-6", "normal-1708638-1-7", "normal-1708638-1-8", "normal-1708638-1-9", "normal-1708638-1-10", "normal-1708638-1-11", "normal-1708638-1-12", "normal-1708638-1-13", "normal-1708638-2-0", "normal-1708638-2-1", "normal-1708638-2-2", "normal-1708638-2-3", "normal-1708638-2-4", "normal-1708638-2-5", "normal-1708638-2-6", "normal-1708638-2-7", "normal-1708638-2-8", "normal-1708638-3-0", "normal-1708638-3-1", "normal-1708638-3-2", "normal-1708638-3-3", "normal-1708638-4-0", "normal-1708638-5-0", "normal-1708638-6-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Bernhard Rensch (21 January 1900 – 4 April 1990) was a German evolutionary biologist and ornithologist who did field work in Indonesia and India.", "Starting his scientific career with pro-Lamarckian views, he shifted to selectionism and became one of the architects of the modern synthesis in evolutionary biology, which he popularised in Germany.", "Besides his work on how environmental factors influenced the evolution of geographically isolated populations and on evolution above the species level, which contributed to the modern synthesis, he also worked extensively in the area of animal behavior (ethology) and on philosophical aspects of biological science.", "His education and scientific work were interrupted by service in the German military during both World War I and World War II.", "Rensch was born in Thale and as a young boy, he took an interest in observing the natural world and discovered a talent for drawing and painting.", "He served in the German army from 1917–1920 and began to observe natural phenomena while he was held prisoner in France.", "He returned to Germany and began his studies on feather structure under Valentin Haecker (1864–1927) who had himself studied under August Weismann.", "Until the 1930s Rensch held anti-Darwinian and Lamarckian views.", "Rensch also took an interest in the philosophy of science and was fascinated by Theodor Ziehen (1862–1950).", "Rensch also studied expressionist painting and in later life examined the biological roots of art.", "He received his Ph.D. from the University of Halle in 1922.", "He joined the zoological museum of the University of Berlin as an assistant in 1925.", "In 1927 he participated in a zoological expedition to the Sunda Islands.", "He studied the geographical distribution of subspecies of polytypic species and of complexes of closely related species with attention to how local environmental factors, especially climate, influenced their evolution.", "In 1929 he published the book \"Das Prinzip geographischer Rassenkreise und das Problem der Artbildung\" that discussed the relationship between geography and speciation.", "His work in this area would influence Ernst Mayr, who was also an assistant at the museum from 1927–1930, and would contribute to the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis.", "In 1937 he was forced to leave the museum because he refused to join the Nazi party, and took a position at a zoological garden in Münster.", "In 1940 he was recalled for military service, but was discharged for medical reasons in 1942.", "In 1947 he published a book that would later be translated into English under the title \"Evolution above the species level\".", "The book discussed how the evolutionary mechanisms that drove speciation could also explain the differences between higher taxa.", "He introduced the concept of \"Artenkreis\" (which Mayr translated as a \"superspecies\" and defined as \"a monophyletic group of closely related and largely or entirely allopatric species”).", "It was considered a major document in the modern synthesis.", "That same year he became chairman of the zoology department and director of the zoological institute at the University of Münster.", "In 1953 he would take part in a zoological expedition to India.", "Later in his career he would work extensively in the areas of animal behavior (ethology), learning, and memory.", "Rensch also wrote on human behaviour and he suggested that the human evolutionary connection with organisms would lead to sympathy.", "He published an autobiography in 1979 and remained scientifically active until his death in 1990.", "Rensche sought out universal patterns in biology.", "He was responsible for naming Allen's Rule and Gloger's Rule, and proposed what is now called Rensch's rule in 1950.", "It is an allometric law about the relationship between sexual size dimorphism and which sex is larger.", "It observes that across species size dimorphism increases with increasing body size when the male is the larger sex, and decreases with increasing average body size when the female is the larger sex.", "He was awarded the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1958.", "Since 2004, the Society for Biological Systematics (GfBS, Germany) has awarded the Bernhard Rensch prize for achievements of young scientists, writing in German or English, in the field of systematics and biodiversity research.", "This is a select list of books alone and includes English translations." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 215895, "simple_article_title": "Bernhard Rensch", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=215895", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-215895-0-0", "simple-215895-0-1", "simple-215895-0-2", "simple-215895-0-3", "simple-215895-1-0", "simple-215895-1-1", "simple-215895-2-0", "simple-215895-2-1", "simple-215895-3-0", "simple-215895-3-1", "simple-215895-3-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Bernhard Rensch (21 January 1900–4 April 1990) was a German evolutionary biologist, and ornithologist who did field work in Indonesia and India.", "He is probably best known as one of the architects of the modern evolutionary synthesis, which he popularised in Germany.", "His work on the evolution of geographically isolated populations, and on evolution above the species level, contributed to the modern synthesis.", "He also worked extensively on animal behavior (ethology).", "Rensch's education and scientific work was interrupted by service in the German military during both World War I and World War II.", "His autobiography, published later in life, translates as 'Life of a biologist in a turbulent century'.", "In 1929 he published a classic book on species and speciation in which he proposed ideas which later were to become basic principles of taxonomy.", "He recognised the significance of Moritz Wagner's idea of geographical species-splitting.", "In 1947, Rensch published \"Neuere Probleme der Abstammungslehre: die Transspezifische Evolution\".", "This looked at how the evolutionary mechanisms involved in speciation might be extended to explain the origins of the differences between the higher level taxa.", "His work contributed to the rapid acceptance of the synthesis in Germany." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4589792, "normal_article_title": "Mile Mrkšić", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4589792", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4589792-0-0", "normal-4589792-0-1", "normal-4589792-1-0", "normal-4589792-1-1", "normal-4589792-1-2", "normal-4589792-2-0", "normal-4589792-2-1", "normal-4589792-2-2", "normal-4589792-2-3", "normal-4589792-3-0", "normal-4589792-3-1", "normal-4589792-3-2", "normal-4589792-3-3", "normal-4589792-4-0", "normal-4589792-4-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Mile Mrkšić (; 1 May 1947 – 16 August 2015) was a Colonel of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) in charge of the unit involved in the Battle of Vukovar during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991.", "He was convicted for not preventing the mass killing of 264 Croats that followed the fall of Vukovar, and sentenced to 20 years.", "After the battle of Vukovar, he was promoted to General in the JNA and later Commander in Chief of the Military of Serbian Krajina (SVK) in May 1995.", "After the fall of Krajina in August 1995, he was denied entry into Serbia for a while since many blamed him for the military defeat.", "At one point he was placed under house arrest, sent into early retirement and ended up selling produce at a green market.", "Mrkšić was indicted in 1995, along with Miroslav Radić, Veselin Šljivančanin and Slavko Dokmanović, by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY).", "Dokmanović later committed suicide.", "Mrkšić voluntarily surrendered to the ICTY on 15 May 2002, and was transferred to the court the same day.", "The trial against him commenced in October 2005 and ended proceedings in 2007, where he was convicted.", "On 27 September 2007, the Trial Chamber found Mrkšić guilty of aiding and abetting the murder of civilians and prisoners of war at Ovčara, aiding and abetting their torture, and aiding and abetting the cruel treatment given there.", "He was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment.", "The verdicts caused indignation in Croatia, which had hoped for far more severe sentences.", "State-run radio called the outcome \"shocking\", while the Croatian prime minister said the verdicts were \"shameful\".", "In August 2012, Mrkšić was sentenced to 20 years in prison to be served in the high security prison of Monsanto (in Portugal) for the charges upon which he was convicted.", "He died three years later on 16 August 2015, aged 68." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 511787, "simple_article_title": "Mile Mrkšić", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=511787", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-511787-0-0", "simple-511787-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Mile Mrkšić (; 20 July 1947 – 16 August 2015) was a Serb Colonel of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) in charge of the unit involved in the Battle of Vukovar during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991.", "He was convicted for not preventing the mass killing of 264 Croats that followed the fall of Vukovar, and sentenced to 20 years." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 16038924, "normal_article_title": "Le Bernard", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=16038924", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-16038924-0-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Le Bernard is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 149131, "simple_article_title": "Le Bernard", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=149131", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-149131-0-0", "simple-149131-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Le Bernard is a commune.", "It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendée department in the west of France." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 15782043, "normal_article_title": "Bob Fitzgerald", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15782043", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-15782043-0-0", "normal-15782043-1-0", "normal-15782043-1-1", "normal-15782043-1-2", "normal-15782043-1-3", "normal-15782043-1-4", "normal-15782043-2-0", "normal-15782043-3-0", "normal-15782043-3-1", "normal-15782043-4-0", "normal-15782043-4-1", "normal-15782043-4-2", "normal-15782043-4-3", "normal-15782043-5-0", "normal-15782043-6-0", "normal-15782043-6-1", "normal-15782043-6-2", "normal-15782043-7-0", "normal-15782043-7-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Robert James Fitzgerald (born 1966) is an American sports broadcaster who is currently the TV play-by-play announcer for the NBA's Golden State Warriors on NBC Sports Bay Area and was a co-host of the radio talk show show \"Fitz and Brooks\" on KNBR with Rod Brooks.", "Born in Chicago, Fitzgerald moved to Foster City at age six in 1972.", "Three years later, the local NBA team Golden State Warriors won the NBA championship.", "Fitzgerald graduated from Serra High School in nearby San Mateo and the University of Notre Dame.", "Fitzgerald also earned a master's degree in sports management from Ohio State University.", "While at Notre Dame, he worked as a play-by-play broadcaster for Fighting Irish football and basketball on campus radio station WVFI.", "Bob Fitzgerald gained notoriety on KNBR as the host of the 10:00 p.m. - 12:00 a.m. sports talk show \"Up All Night.\"", "Fitzgerald was a co-host of the \"Fitz and Brooks\" show from 1:00 - 3:00 p.m. on KNBR 680.", "The show had a strong following due to co-host Rod Brooks' silky smooth delivery.", "Fitzgerald is currently in his 22nd season as television play-by-play announcer for the Golden State Warriors.", "In addition to announcing 71 Warriors games on NBC Sports Bay Area, Fitzgerald also continues to maintain an active role on the \"Warriors Weekly Roundtable\" and postgame radio shows throughout the basketball season.", "Since his arrival, the Warriors broadcast team has received 12 nominations and won two Emmys for \"Best Live Sports Broadcast,\" the initial two for the organization.", "Fitzgerald has previously received six Emmy nominations for \"Best On-Camera\" and was awarded the Emmy for \"Best On-Camera, Play-by-Play Sports\" for Northern California in 2007 and 2014.", "Fitzgerald also spent six years as the play-by-play voice for Sega Sports and ESPN's NBA Basketball (now NBA 2K) video game series.", "Fitzgerald has nearly 20 years of experience broadcasting Olympic sports.", "He was the play-by-play basketball announcer covering the London 2012 Summer Olympics for NBC Sports and called NBC Sports coverage of water polo at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics.", "Fitzgerald was the radio broadcaster covering basketball at the Athens 2004 Summer Olympics and also called swimming at the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics.", "Fitzgerald has called National Football League games for the Westwood One and Sports USA radio networks.", "He currently handles San Francisco 49ers preseason broadcasts and served as the play-by-play voice for the Arena Football League's San Jose SaberCats, an organization which is now defunct." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 27003186, "normal_article_title": "Riverside County, California", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27003186", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-27003186-0-0", "normal-27003186-0-1", "normal-27003186-0-2", "normal-27003186-1-0", "normal-27003186-1-1", "normal-27003186-1-2", "normal-27003186-2-0", "normal-27003186-2-1", "normal-27003186-2-2", "normal-27003186-3-0", "normal-27003186-3-1", "normal-27003186-3-2", "normal-27003186-3-3", "normal-27003186-3-4", "normal-27003186-4-0", "normal-27003186-5-0", "normal-27003186-5-1", "normal-27003186-5-2", "normal-27003186-6-0", "normal-27003186-6-1", "normal-27003186-6-2", "normal-27003186-7-0", "normal-27003186-7-1", "normal-27003186-8-0", "normal-27003186-9-0", "normal-27003186-9-1", "normal-27003186-9-2", "normal-27003186-9-3", "normal-27003186-9-4", "normal-27003186-10-0", "normal-27003186-10-1", "normal-27003186-10-2", "normal-27003186-10-3", "normal-27003186-11-0", 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is one of 58 counties in the U.S. state of California.", "As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,189,641, making it the fourth-most populous county in California and the 11th-most populous in the United States.", "The name was derived from the city of Riverside, which is the county seat.", "Riverside County is included in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario Metropolitan Statistical Area, also known as the Inland Empire.", "The county is also included in the Los Angeles-Long Beach Combined Statistical Area.", "A high concentration of sprawling tract housing communities exists around Riverside and along the Interstate 10, 15, and 215 freeways.", "Roughly rectangular, Riverside County covers 7208 sqmi in Southern California, spanning from the greater Los Angeles area to the Arizona border.", "Geographically, the county is mostly desert in the central and eastern portions, but has a Mediterranean climate in the western portion.", "Most of Joshua Tree National Park is located in the county.", "The resort cities of Palm Springs, Palm Desert, Indian Wells, La Quinta, Rancho Mirage, and Desert Hot Springs are all located in the Coachella Valley region of central Riverside County.", "Large numbers of Los Angeles area workers have moved to the county in recent years (data from the US Census Bureau for 2007 through 2011) to take advantage of relatively affordable housing.", "Along with neighboring San Bernardino County, it was one of the fastest growing regions in the state prior to the recent changes in the regional economy.", "In addition, smaller, but significant, numbers of people have been moving into Southwest Riverside County from the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area.", "The cities of Temecula and Murrieta accounted for 20% of the increase in population of the county between 2000 and 2007.", "Riverside County was named for the Santa Ana River in 1870.", "The indigenous peoples of what is now Riverside County are the Luiseño, Cupeño and Cahuilla Indians.", "The Luiseño lived in the Aguanga and Temecula Basins, Elsinore Trough and eastern Santa Ana Mountains and southward into San Diego County.", "The Cahuilla lived to the east and north of the Luiseño in the inland valleys, in the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains and the desert of the Salton Sink.", "The first European settlement in the county was a Mission San Luis Rey de Francia estancia or farm, at the Luiseño village of Temecula.", "Grain and grapes were grown here.", "In 1819, the Mission granted land to Leandro Serrano, mayordomo of San Antonio de Pala Asistencia for the Mission of San Luis Rey for Rancho Temescal.", "Following Mexican independence and the 1833 confiscation of Mission lands, more ranchos were granted.", "Rancho Jurupa in 1838, El Rincon in 1839, Rancho San Jacinto Viejo in 1842, Rancho San Jacinto y San Gorgonio in 1843, Ranchos La Laguna, Pauba, Temecula in 1844, Ranchos Little Temecula, Potreros de San Juan Capistrano in 1845, Ranchos San Jacinto Sobrante, La Sierra (Sepulveda), La Sierra (Yorba), Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero in 1846.", "New Mexican colonists founded the town of La Placita on the east side of the Santa Ana River at the northern extremity of what is now the city of Riverside in 1843.", "When the initial 27 California counties were established in 1850, the area today known as Riverside County was divided between Los Angeles County and San Diego County.", "In 1853, the eastern part of Los Angeles County was used to create San Bernardino County.", "Between 1891 and 1893, several proposals and legislative attempts were put forth to form new counties in Southern California.", "These proposals included one for a Pomona County and one for a San Jacinto County.", "None of the proposals were adopted until a measure to create Riverside County was signed by Governor Henry H. Markham on March 11, 1893.", "The new county was created from parts of San Bernardino County and San Diego County.", "On May 2, 1893, seventy percent of voters approved the formation of Riverside County.", "Voters chose the city of Riverside as the county seat, also by a large margin.", "Riverside County was officially formed on May 9, 1893, when the Board of Commissioners filed the final canvass of the votes.", "Riverside County is the birthplace of lane markings, thanks to Dr. June McCarroll in 1915 when she suggested her idea to the state government.", "The county is also the location of the March Air Reserve Base, one of the oldest airfields continuously operated by the United States military.", "Established as the Alessandro Flying Training Field in February 1918, it was one of thirty-two U.S. Army Air Service training camps established after the United States entry into World War I in April 1917.", "The airfield was renamed March Field the following month for 2d Lieutenant Peyton C. March, Jr., the recently deceased son of the then-Army Chief of Staff, General Peyton C. March, who was killed in an air crash in Texas just fifteen days after being commissioned.", "March Field remained an active Army Air Service, then U.S. Army Air Corps installation throughout the interwar period, later becoming a major installation of the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II.", "Renamed March Air Force Base in 1947 following the establishment of the U.S. Air Force, it was a major Strategic Air Command (SAC) installation throughout the Cold War.", "In 1996, it was transferred to the Air Force Reserve Command and gained its current name as a major base for the Air Force Reserve and the California Air National Guard.", "Riverside county was a major focal point of the Civil Rights Movements in the US, especially the African-American sections of Riverside and heavily Mexican-American communities of the Coachella Valley visited by Cesar Chavez of the farm labor union struggle.", "Riverside county has also been a focus of modern Native American Gaming enterprises.", "In the early 1980s, the county government attempted to shut down small bingo halls operated by the Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians and the Cabazon Band of Mission Indians.", "The tribes joined forces and fought the county all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in the tribes' favor on February 25, 1987.", "In turn, Congress enacted the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act in 1988 to establish a legal framework for the relationship between Indian gaming and state governments.", "Naturally, both tribes now operate large casinos in the county: the Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa and the Fantasy Springs Resort Casino adjacent to Spotlight 29 Casino.", "The county's population surpassed one million people in 1990 (year-round, would be 1980 with seasonal residents) when the current trend of high population growth as a major real estate destination began in the 1970s.", "Once strictly a place for long distance commuters to L.A. and later Orange County, the county and city of Riverside started becoming more of a place to establish new or relocated offices, corporations and finance centers in the late 1990s and 2000s.", "More light industry, manufacturing and truck distribution centers became major regional employers in the county.", "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 7303 sqmi , of which 7206 sqmi is land and 97 sqmi (1.3%) is water.", "It is the fourth-largest county in California by area.", "At roughly 180 mi wide in the east-west dimension, the area of the county is massive.", "Riverside County, California is roughly the size of the State of New Jersey in total area.", "County government documents frequently cite the Colorado River town of Blythe as being a \"three-hour drive\" from the county seat, Riverside.", "Some view the areas west of San Gorgonio Pass as the Inland Empire portion of the county and the eastern part as either the Mojave Desert or Colorado Desert portion.", "There are probably at least three geomorphic provinces: the Inland Empire western portion, the Santa Rosa Mountains communities such as Reinhardt Canyon, and the desert region.", "Other possible subdivisions include tribal lands, the Colorado River communities, and the Salton Sea.", "There is a diversity of flora and fauna within Riverside County.", "Vegetative plant associations feature many desert flora, but there are also forested areas within the county.", "The California endemic Blue oak, \"Quercus douglasii\" is at the southernmost part of its range in Riverside County.", "There are 19 official wilderness areas in Riverside County that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System.", "Some are integral parts of the above protected areas, most (11 of the 19) are managed solely by the Bureau of Land Management, and some share management between the BLM and the relevant other agencies.", "The 2010 United States Census reported that Riverside County had a population of 2,189,641.", "The racial makeup of Riverside County was 1,335,147 (61.0%) White (40.7% Non-Hispanic White), 140,543 (6.4%) African American, 23,710 (1.1%) Native American, 130,468 (6.0%) Asian (2.3% Filipino, 0.8% Chinese, 0.7% Vietnamese, 0.6% Korean, 0.5% Indian, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Cambodian, 0.1% Laotian, 0.1% Pakistani), 6,874 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 448,235 (20.5%) from other races, and 104,664 (4.8%) from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 995,257 persons (45.5%); 39.5% of Riverside County is Mexican, 0.8% Salvadoran, 0.7% Honduran, 0.6% Puerto Rican, 0.3% Cuban, and 0.2% Nicaraguan.", "As of the census of 2000, there were 1,545,387 people, 506,218 households, and 372,576 families residing in the county.", "The population density was 214 people per square mile (83/km2).", "There were 584,674 housing units at an average density of 81 per square mile (31/km2).", "The racial makeup of the county was 65.6% White, 6.2% Black or African American, 1.2% Native American, 3.7% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 18.7% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races.", "36.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.", "9.2% were of German, 6.9% English, 6.1% Irish and 5.0% American ancestry according to Census 2000.", "67.2% spoke English and 27.7% Spanish as their first language.", "In 2006 the county had a population of 2,026,803, up 31.2% since 2000.", "In 2005 45.8% of the population was non-Hispanic whites.", "The percentages of African Americans, Asians and Native Americans remained relatively similar to their 2000 figures.", "The percentage of Pacific Islanders had majorly risen to 0.4.", "Hispanics now constituted 41% of the population.", "There were 506,218 households out of which 38.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families.", "20.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 3.0 and the average family size was 3.5.", "In the county, the population was spread out with 30.3% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 33 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males.", "The median income for a household in the county was $42,887, and the median income for a family was $48,409.", "Males had a median income of $38,639 versus $28,032 for females.", "The per capita income for the county was $18,689.", "About 10.7% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.5% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.", "Riverside County is organized as a General Law County under the provision of the California Government Code.", "The county has five supervisorial districts, and one supervisor is elected from each district every four years.", "In 1999, the County Board of Supervisors approved a multimillion-dollar planning effort to create the Riverside County Integrated Plan (RCIP) which was to encompass a completely new General Plan, regional transportation plan (CETAP) and Habitat Conservation Plan.", "The resultant General Plan adopted in 2003 was considered groundbreaking for its multidisciplinary approach to land use and conservation planning.", "The Riverside Superior Court is the state trial court for Riverside County with 14 courthouses: Riverside Historic Courthouse, Riverside Hall of Justice, Riverside Family Law Court, Riverside Juvenile Court, Southwest Justice Center – Murrieta, Moreno Valley Court, Banning Court, Hemet Court, Corona Court, Temecula Court, Larson Justice Center – Indio, Indio Juvenile Court, Palm Springs Court and Blythe Court.", "The main courthouse is the Riverside Historic Courthouse.", "This landmark, erected in 1903, was modeled after the Grand and Petit Palais in Paris, France.", "The courthouse, designed by Los Angeles architects Burnham and Bliesner, has a classical design – including a great hall that connects all the departments (courtrooms).", "In 1994, the courthouse was closed for seismic retrofits due to the 1992 Landers and 1994 Northridge earthquakes.", "The courthouse was reopened and rededicated in September 1998.", "Riverside County hands down 1 in 6 death sentences in the US, in spite of it having less than 1% of the population.", "The Riverside County Sheriff provides court protection, jail administration, and coroner services for all of Riverside County.", "It provides patrol, detective, and other police services for the unincorporated areas of the county plus by contract to the cities and towns of Coachella, Eastvale, Indian Wells, Jurupa Valley, La Quinta, Lake Elsinore, Menifee, Moreno Valley, Norco, Palm Desert, Perris, Rancho Mirage, San Jacinto, Temecula and Wildomar.", "Municipal departments within the county are Banning, Beaumont, Blythe, Calimesa, Cathedral City, Corona, Desert Hot Springs, Hemet, Indio, Lake Elsinore, Murrieta, Palm Springs, Riverside, Riverside Community College.", "Riverside has historically been regarded as a Republican county in presidential and congressional elections.", "In 1932, it was one of only two counties (the other being Benton County, Oregon) on the entire Pacific coast of the United States to vote for Hoover over Roosevelt.", "In 2008, Barack Obama narrowly carried the county, becoming the first Democrat to do so since Bill Clinton in 1992, and only the fourth to do so since Roosevelt's national landslide of 1936.", "In 2012, Obama again carried the county, this time with a plurality of the vote.", "Riverside County voted 64.8% in favor of Proposition 8 which amended the California Constitution to ban same-sex marriages.", "The following table includes the number of incidents reported and the rate per 1,000 persons for each type of offense.", "Amtrak trains stop in Riverside and Palm Springs, and Amtrak California provides bus connections to the San Joaquins in Riverside, Beaumont, Palm Springs, Thousand Palms, Indio, Moreno Valley, Perris, Sun City, and Hemet.", "Metrolink trains serve nine stations in Riverside County: Riverside-Downtown, Riverside-La Sierra, North Main-Corona, West Corona, Pedley Station, Hunter Park/UCR, March Field-Moreno Valley, Perris-Downtown, and Perris-South.", "These trains provide service to Orange, San Bernardino and Los Angeles counties seven days a week, with a primarily commuter-oriented schedule.", "Riverside County has 12 federally recognized Indian reservations, which ties it with Sandoval County, New Mexico for second most of any county in the United States.", "(Sandoval County, however, has two additional joint-use areas, shared between reservations.", "San Diego County, California has the most, with 18 reservations.)", "The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Riverside County." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1058169, "normal_article_title": "Rod McKuen", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1058169", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1058169-0-0", "normal-1058169-0-1", "normal-1058169-0-2", "normal-1058169-0-3", "normal-1058169-0-4", "normal-1058169-0-5", "normal-1058169-0-6", "normal-1058169-1-0", "normal-1058169-1-1", "normal-1058169-1-2", "normal-1058169-1-3", "normal-1058169-2-0", "normal-1058169-2-1", "normal-1058169-2-2", "normal-1058169-2-3", "normal-1058169-2-4", "normal-1058169-2-5", "normal-1058169-2-6", "normal-1058169-2-7", "normal-1058169-2-8", "normal-1058169-2-9", "normal-1058169-3-0", "normal-1058169-3-1", "normal-1058169-3-2", "normal-1058169-3-3", "normal-1058169-4-0", "normal-1058169-4-1", "normal-1058169-4-2", "normal-1058169-5-0", "normal-1058169-5-1", "normal-1058169-5-2", "normal-1058169-5-3", "normal-1058169-5-4", "normal-1058169-6-0", "normal-1058169-6-1", "normal-1058169-7-0", 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"normal-1058169-19-4", "normal-1058169-19-5", "normal-1058169-20-0", "normal-1058169-20-1", "normal-1058169-20-2", "normal-1058169-21-0", "normal-1058169-22-0", "normal-1058169-23-0", "normal-1058169-23-1", "normal-1058169-24-0", "normal-1058169-24-1", "normal-1058169-24-2", "normal-1058169-25-0", "normal-1058169-25-1", "normal-1058169-25-2", "normal-1058169-25-3", "normal-1058169-25-4", "normal-1058169-25-5", "normal-1058169-25-6", "normal-1058169-25-7", "normal-1058169-26-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Rodney Marvin McKuen (April 29, 1933 – January 29, 2015) was an American poet, singer-songwriter, and actor.", "He was one of the best-selling poets in the United States during the late 1960s.", "Throughout his career, McKuen produced a wide range of recordings, which included popular music, spoken word poetry, film soundtracks and classical music.", "He earned two Academy Award nominations and one Pulitzer nomination for his music compositions.", "McKuen's translations and adaptations of the songs of Jacques Brel were instrumental in bringing the Belgian songwriter to prominence in the English-speaking world.", "His poetry deals with themes of love, the natural world and spirituality.", "McKuen's songs sold over 100 million recordings worldwide, and 60 million books of his poetry were sold as well, according to the Associated Press.", "McKuen was born on April 29, 1933, in a Salvation Army hostel in Oakland, California.", "He never knew his biological father who had left his mother.", "Sexually and physically abused by relatives, raised by his mother and stepfather, who was a violent alcoholic, McKuen ran away from home at the age of 11.", "He drifted along the West Coast, supporting himself as a ranch hand, surveyor, railroad worker, lumberjack, rodeo cowboy, stuntman, and radio disc jockey, always sending money home to his mother.", "To compensate for his lack of formal education, McKuen began keeping a journal, which resulted in his first poetry and song lyrics.", "After dropping out of Oakland Technical High School prior to graduating in 1951, McKuen worked as a newspaper columnist and propaganda script writer during the Korean War.", "He settled in San Francisco, where he read his poetry in clubs alongside Beat poets like Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.", "He began performing as a folk singer at the famed Purple Onion.", "Over time, he began incorporating his own songs into his act.", "He was signed to Decca Records and released several pop albums in the late 1950s.", "McKuen also appeared as an actor in \"Rock, Pretty Baby\" (1956), \"Summer Love\" (1958), and the western \"Wild Heritage\" (1958).", "He also sang with Lionel Hampton's band.", "In 1959, McKuen moved to New York City to compose and conduct music for the TV show \"The CBS Workshop\".", "McKuen appeared on \"To Tell The Truth\" on June 18, 1962 as a decoy contestant, and described himself as \"a published poet and a twist singer.\"", "In the early 1960s, McKuen moved to France, where he first met the Belgian singer-songwriter and chanson singer Jacques Brel.", "McKuen began to translate the work of this composer into English, which led to the song \"If You Go Away\" – an international pop-standard – based on Brel's \"Ne me quitte pas\".", "In the early 1970s, singer Terry Jacks turned McKuen's \"Seasons in the Sun\", based on Brel's \"Le Moribond\", into a best-selling pop hit, and also charted with a cover of \"If You Go Away.\"", "McKuen also translated songs by other French songwriters, including Gilbert Bécaud, Pierre Delanoé, Michel Sardou, and others.", "In 1978, after hearing of Brel's death, McKuen was quoted as saying, \"As friends and as musical collaborators we had traveled, toured and written – together and apart – the events of our lives as if they were songs, and I guess they were.", "When news of Jacques' death came I stayed locked in my bedroom and drank for a week.", "That kind of self-pity was something he wouldn't have approved of, but all I could do was replay our songs (our children) and ruminate over our unfinished life together.\"", "In the late 1960s, McKuen began to publish books of poetry, earning a substantial following among young people with collections like \"Stanyan Street & Other Sorrows\" (1966), \"Listen to the Warm\" (1967), and \"Lonesome Cities\" (1968).", "His \"Lonesome Cities\" album of readings won a Grammy for Best Spoken Word Recording in 1968.", "McKuen's poems were translated into eleven languages and his books sold over 1 million copies in 1968 alone.", "McKuen said that his most romantic poetry was influenced by American poet Walter Benton's two books of poems.", "McKuen sold over 60 million books worldwide, according to the Associated Press.", "McKuen wrote over 1,500 songs, which have accounted for the sale of over 100 million records worldwide according to the Associated Press.", "His songs have been performed by such diverse artists as Robert Goulet, Glenn Yarbrough, Barbra Streisand, Perry Como, Petula Clark, Waylon Jennings, The Boston Pops, Chet Baker, Jimmie Rodgers, Johnny Cash, Pete Fountain, Andy Williams, the Kingston Trio, Percy Faith, the London Philharmonic, Nana Mouskouri, Dusty Springfield, Johnny Mathis, Al Hirt, Greta Keller, Aaron Freeman, and Frank Sinatra.", "In 1959, McKuen released his first novelty single with Bob McFadden, under the pseudonym Dor on the Brunswick label, called \"The Mummy\".", "The McKuen-written song reached No. 39 on the \"Billboard\" pop chart.", "In 1961, he had a hit single titled \"Oliver Twist\".", "He co-wrote it along with Gladys Shelley and the Spiral label-issued single reached No. 76 on the \"Billboard\" pop chart.", "His hoarse and throaty singing voice on these and other recordings was a result of McKuen straining his vocal chords in 1961, due to too many promotional appearances.", "He collaborated with numerous composers, including Henry Mancini, John Williams, and Anita Kerr.", "His symphonies, concertos, and other orchestral works have been performed by orchestras around the globe.", "His work as a composer in the film industry garnered him two Academy Award nominations for \"The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie\" (1969) and \"A Boy Named Charlie Brown\" (1969), and his other film scores have included \"Joanna\" (1968), \"Me, Natalie\" (1969), \"Scandalous John\" (1971), \"The Borrowers\" (1973) and \"Emily\" (1976).", "McKuen's contribution to \"A Boy Named Charlie Brown\", the first feature-length animation based on Charles M. Schulz's comic strip, \"Peanuts\", also included singing the title song.", "McKuen also earned a mention in the \"Peanuts\" strip dated October 3, 1969, in which Sally Brown expresses her frustration that she was sent to the principal's office for an outburst in art class, opining that Pablo Picasso and Rod McKuen surely must have had trouble drawing cows' legs when they were young.", "In 1967, McKuen began collaborating with arranger Anita Kerr and the San Sebastian Strings for a series of albums featuring McKuen's poetry recited over Kerr's mood music, including \"The Sea\" (1967), \"The Earth\" (1967), \"The Sky\" (1968), \"Home to the Sea\" (1969), \"For Lovers\" (1969), and \"The Soft Sea\" (1970).", "Jesse Pearson was the narrator of \"The Sea\" and its followups \"Home to the Sea\" and \"The Soft Sea\", while most other albums in the series had McKuen narrating.", "In 1969, Frank Sinatra commissioned an entire album of poems and songs by McKuen; arranged by Don Costa, it was released under the title \"A Man Alone: The Words and Music of Rod McKuen\".", "The album featured the song \"Love's Been Good to Me\", which became one of McKuen's best-known songs.", "McKuen performed solo in a half-hour special broadcast by NBC on May 10, 1969.", "The program, billed as McKuen's \"first television special\", featured the songs \"The Loner\", \"The World I Used to Know\", \"The Complete Madame Butterfly\", \"I've Been to Town\", \"Kaleidoscope\", \"Stanyan Street\", \"Lonesome Cities\", \"Listen to the Warm\", \"Trashy\", and \"Merci Beaucoup\".", "It was produced by Lee Mendelson, producer of the \"Peanuts\" specials, and directed by Marty Pasetta.", "James Trittipo designed a set that was \"evocative of waterfront pilings\" and Arthur Greenslade conducted the orchestra.", "In 1971, he hosted a series, \"The Rod McKuen Show\", on BBC television in the UK.", "McKuen's Academy Award-nominated composition \"Jean\", sung by Oliver, reached No.1 in 1969 on the \"Billboard\" Adult Contemporary chart and stayed there for four weeks.", "In 1971, his song \"I Think of You\" was a major hit for Perry Como.", "Other popular McKuen compositions included \"The World I Used to Know\", \"Rock Gently\", \"Doesn't Anybody Know My Name\", \"The Importance of the Rose\", \"Without a Worry in the World\", and \"Soldiers Who Want to Be Heroes\".", "In 1971, McKuen became popular in the Netherlands, where the singles \"Soldiers Who Want to Be Heroes\" and \"Without a Worry in the World\" reached number one in the charts, as did the album \"Greatest Hits, Vol.", "All three discs earned him gold records; in 1971 he was voted Holland's most popular entertainer.", "During the 1970s, McKuen began composing larger-scale orchestral compositions, writing a series of concertos, suites, symphonies, and chamber pieces for orchestra.", "His piece \"The City: A Suite for Narrator & Orchestra\" was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in Music.", "He continued publishing a steady stream of poetry books throughout the decade.", "In 1977, he published \"Finding My Father\", a chronicle of his search for information on his biological father.", "The book and its publicity helped make such information more readily available to adopted children.", "He also continued to record, releasing albums such as \"New Ballads\" (1970), \"Pastorale\" (1971), and the country-rock outing \"McKuen Country\" (1976).", "McKuen continued to perform concerts around the world and appeared regularly at New York's Carnegie Hall throughout the 1970s, making sporadic appearances as recently as the early 2000s.", "In 1973, at forty, McKuen radically changed his outward appearance: he no longer bleached his hair and he grew a beard.", "McKuen retired from live performances in 1981.", "The following year, he was diagnosed with clinical depression, which he battled for much of the next decade.", "He continued to write poetry, however, and made appearances as a voice-over actor in \"The Little Mermaid\" and the TV series \"The Critic\".", "2001 saw the publication of McKuen's \"A Safe Place to Land\", which contains 160 pages of new poetry.", "For 10 years he gave an annual birthday concert at Carnegie Hall or the Lincoln Center.", "He released the double CD \"The Platinum Collection\" and was remastering all of his RCA and Warner Bros. recordings for release as CD boxed sets.", "In addition to his artistic pursuits he was the Executive President of the American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA), a post he held longer than any other man or woman elected to the position.", "McKuen lived in Beverly Hills, California with his partner Edward, whom he called his \"brother\", and four cats in a large rambling Spanish house built in 1928, which housed one of the world's largest private record collections.", "He died of respiratory arrest, a result of pneumonia, at a hospital in Beverly Hills, California, on January 29, 2015.", "McKuen refused to identify as gay, straight, or bisexual, but once explained his sexuality saying, \"I can't imagine choosing one sex over the other, that's just too limiting.", "I can't even honestly say I have a preference.\"", "He was active in the LGBT rights movement, and as early as the 1950s, was a key member of the San Francisco chapter of the Mattachine Society, one of the nation's earliest LGBT advocacy organizations.", "The cover of McKuen's 1977 album \"Slide... Easy In\" featured a photo of a man's arm gripping a handful of vegetable shortening; the can was a pastiche of Crisco – then widely used by gay men as a sexual lubricant – with the label instead reading \"Disco\".", "That same year, McKuen spoke out against singer Anita Bryant and her \"Save Our Children\" campaign to repeal an anti-discrimination ordinance in Miami, tagging Bryant with the nickname \"Ginny Orangeseed\", and also including a song on \"Slide... Easy In\" titled \"Don't Drink the Orange Juice\", referencing Bryant's fame as commercial pitchwoman for the Florida Citrus Commission.", "He often gave benefit performances to aid LGBT rights organizations and to fund AIDS research.", "Despite his popular appeal, McKuen's work was never taken seriously by critics or academics.", "Michael Baers observed in Gale Research's \"St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture\" that \"through the years his books have drawn uniformly unkind reviews.", "In fact, criticism of his poetry is uniformly vituperative ...\"", "Frank W. Hoffmann, in \"Arts and Entertainment Fads\", described McKuen's poetry as \"tailor-made for the 1960s ... poetry with a verse that drawled in country cadences from one shapeless line to the next, carrying the rusticated innocence of a Carl Sandburg thickened by the treacle of a man who preferred to prettify the world before he described it\".", "Philosopher and social critic Robert C. Solomon described McKuen's poetry as \"sweet kitsch,\" and, at the height of his popularity in 1969, \"Newsweek\" magazine called him \"the King of Kitsch.\"", "Writer and literary critic Nora Ephron said, \"For the most part, McKuen's poems are superficial and platitudinous and frequently silly.\"", "Pulitzer Prize-winning US Poet Laureate Karl Shapiro said, \"It is irrelevant to speak of McKuen as a poet.\"", "In a \"Chicago Tribune\" interview with McKuen in 2001 as he was \"testing the waters\" for a comeback tour, Pulitzer Prize-winning culture critic Julia Keller claimed that \"Millions more have loathed him ... finding his work so schmaltzy and smarmy that it makes the pronouncements of Kathie Lee Gifford sound like Susan Sontag,\" and that his work \"drives many people crazy.", "They find it silly and mawkish, the kind of gooey schmaltz that wouldn't pass muster in a freshman creative-writing class\" while stating that \"The masses ate him up with a spoon, while highbrow literary critics roasted him on a spit.\"", "She noted that the third concert on his tour had already been canceled because of sluggish ticket sales.", "In May 2019, Backbeat Books published ′′′′ by Barry Alfonso.", "This was the first in-depth biography of McKuen.", "In his introduction to the book, singer and music historian Michael Feinstein wrote that McKuen's life and work held a significant place in pop culture: \"McKuen knew how to create something that made a reader or listener say, 'That’s me.'", "Like Gershwin’s, his work is a document of the time in which it was created.", "But what he did also transcends that time and still speaks fundamentally to the things that matter to people: romance, relationships, the human condition.", "Those things don’t change.", "He used the vernacular of his time to reach the widest audience.", "But at its essence, his work is still valid and, I think, timeless.\"", "Lyrics, book, and musical storylines by Rod McKuen; music composed, arranged, and conducted by Anita Kerr." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 479453, "simple_article_title": "Rod McKuen", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=479453", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-479453-0-0", "simple-479453-0-1", "simple-479453-1-0", "simple-479453-1-1", "simple-479453-2-0", "simple-479453-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Rodney Marvin \"Rod\" McKuen (April 29, 1933 – January 29, 2015) was an American poet, singer-songwriter, and composer.", "He was one of the best-selling poets in the United States during the late 1960s.", "Throughout his career, McKuen produced a wide range of recordings, which included popular music, spoken word poetry, movie soundtracks, and classical music.", "He earned two Oscar nominations and one Pulitzer nomination for his serious music compositions.", "McKuen died of respiratory arrest due to pneumonia.", "Quotations related to at Wikiquote" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 12764579, "normal_article_title": "British Association for Applied Linguistics", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12764579", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-12764579-0-0", "normal-12764579-0-1", "normal-12764579-1-0", "normal-12764579-1-1", "normal-12764579-2-0", "normal-12764579-2-1", "normal-12764579-2-2", "normal-12764579-2-3", "normal-12764579-3-0", "normal-12764579-4-0", "normal-12764579-4-1", "normal-12764579-5-0", "normal-12764579-5-1", "normal-12764579-5-2", "normal-12764579-5-3", "normal-12764579-5-4", "normal-12764579-5-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The British Association for Applied Linguistics (BAAL) is an academic society for professional applied linguists, language teachers and other interested parties, based in the United Kingdom.", "It is an affiliate of the \"Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquee\" (International Association of Applied Linguistics, AILA).", "BAAL organises regular meetings of its approximately 1000 members at various venues in the UK, publishes conference proceedings, issues a regular newsletter and awards student scholarships.", "The current Chair (2018-2021) is Dawn Knight, Reader in the School of English, Communication and Philosophy at Cardiff University.", "BAAL's Annual Meeting is held every year in early September in the UK; the 50th BAAL conference was held in 2017, at the University of Leeds.", "Representatives also attend international conferences.", "BAAL is a registered charity in the UK.", "Meetings usually have a theme; for example, the 40th conference at the University of Edinburgh focused on 'Technology, Ideology and Practice in Applied Linguistics'.", "The Association is regularly consulted over linguistic issues and language teaching in the UK, but has stopped short of active political lobbying; it remains a primarily academic institution, despite occasional forays into campaigning.", "The association first convened in the 1960s, as interest increased in the new science of modern linguistics and particularly in its practical application - for example, in language teaching and learning.", "A group of theoretical linguists, educators and other professionals using language \"as a tool\" would establish much-need cross-disciplinary contacts; also, deepening European integration at the time meant that there was a need for high-quality language teaching across the continent.", "BAAL's creation was the result of a proposal by Peter Strevens, Chair in Applied Linguistics at the University of Essex.", "At a preliminary meeting of interested parties at Birkbeck College in July 1965, a narrower remit was discussed than the wider set of issues that the Association would concern itself with; initially, it was suggested that it might focus on language teaching and machine translation, but the first full meeting in 1967 in Reading, Berkshire agreed to broaden the scope.", "BAAL emerged as the UK affiliate of AILA, with Pit Corder its first Chair.", "Membership was narrowly defined in the early years, as BAAL wished to develop a reputation as a learned society rather than a teachers' meeting; however, a feeling that the Association could afford to widen recruitment was apparent by the early 1970s.", "In 1985, a requirement for formal qualifications, already flexible, was dropped; and today anyone can join.", "In 1980, the Association also began to publish what is now considered the leading journal in the field, \"Applied Linguistics\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 575294, "simple_article_title": "British Association for Applied Linguistics", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=575294", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-575294-0-0", "simple-575294-0-1", "simple-575294-0-2", "simple-575294-0-3", "simple-575294-0-4", "simple-575294-0-5", "simple-575294-0-6", "simple-575294-0-7", "simple-575294-1-0", "simple-575294-1-1", "simple-575294-1-2", "simple-575294-1-3", "simple-575294-2-0", "simple-575294-2-1", "simple-575294-2-2", "simple-575294-2-3", "simple-575294-3-0", "simple-575294-3-1", "simple-575294-3-2", "simple-575294-3-3", "simple-575294-3-4", "simple-575294-3-5", "simple-575294-3-6", "simple-575294-3-7", "simple-575294-3-8" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The British Association for Applied Linguistics (BAAL) is an academic society.", "Members are professional applied linguists, language teachers, and other people interested in these topics.", "BAAL is in the United Kingdom.", "BAAL has more than 800 members.", "They meet at different places in the UK.", "The association publishes conference proceedings and a regular newsletter.", "It also gives scholarships to students.", "Tess Fitzpatrick, Professor of Applied Linguistics in the Centre for Language and Communication Research at Cardiff University, is the chair from 2015-2018.", "BAAL's Annual Meeting happens every September in the UK.", "BAAL is part of the \"Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquee\" (International Association of Applied Linguistics, AILA).", "In the UK, it is a registered charity.", "BAAL meetings usually have a theme.The theme of the 40th conference at the University of Edinburgh was 'Technology, Ideology and Practice in Applied Linguistics'.", "The association started in the 1960s.", "At that time, more people were becoming interested in the new science of modern linguistics and they were especially interested in practical results.", "One important area of applied linguistics is language teaching and learning.", "Also at this time, the European Union was becoming more important, so people in Europe needed better language teaching.", "Peter Strevens, the Chair in Applied Linguistics at the University of Essex first had the idea to start BAAL.", "At a meeting at Birkbeck College in July 1965, the original idea for BAAL was to study mainly language teaching and machine translation.", "However, at the first full meeting in 1967 in Reading, Berkshire the group decided to study many different topics.", "BAAL became the UK member of AILA, and Pit Corder was its first Chair.", "At first, membership was only for academics because BAAL wanted people to think it was a group of experts, not a teachers' meeting.", "However, by the early 1970s it became easier to join BAAL.", "Since 1985, anyone can join.", "There are no requirements to become a member.", "In 1980, the Association began to publish a journal called, \"Applied Linguistics\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 263800, "normal_article_title": "Tadpole", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=263800", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-263800-0-0", "normal-263800-0-1", "normal-263800-0-2", "normal-263800-0-3", "normal-263800-0-4", "normal-263800-1-0", "normal-263800-1-1", "normal-263800-1-2", "normal-263800-2-0", "normal-263800-2-1", "normal-263800-3-0", "normal-263800-3-1", "normal-263800-3-2", "normal-263800-4-0", "normal-263800-4-1", "normal-263800-4-2", "normal-263800-4-3", "normal-263800-4-4", "normal-263800-4-5", "normal-263800-5-0", "normal-263800-5-1", "normal-263800-5-2", "normal-263800-6-0", "normal-263800-6-1", "normal-263800-6-2", "normal-263800-6-3", "normal-263800-6-4", "normal-263800-7-0", "normal-263800-7-1", "normal-263800-7-2", "normal-263800-8-0", "normal-263800-9-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "A tadpole (also called a pollywog) is the larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly that of a frog or toad.", "They are usually wholly aquatic, though some species have tadpoles that are terrestrial.", "When first hatched from the egg they have a more or less globular body, a laterally compressed tail and internal or external gills.", "As they grow they undergo metamorphosis, during which process they grow limbs, develop lungs and reabsorb the tail.", "Most tadpoles are herbivorous and during metamorphosis the mouth and internal organs are rearranged to prepare for an adult carnivorous lifestyle.", "Having no hard parts, it might be expected that fossil tadpoles would not exist.", "However, traces of biofilms have been preserved and fossil tadpoles have been found dating back to the Miocene.", "Tadpoles are eaten in some parts of the world and are mentioned in folk tales and used as a symbol in ancient Egyptian numerals.", "The name \"tadpole\" is from Middle English \" \", made up of the elements \" \", \"toad\", and \" \", \"head\" (modern English \"poll\").", "Similarly, \"pollywog\" / \"polliwog\" is from Middle English \" \", made up of the same \" \", \"head\", and \" \", \"to wiggle\".", "Tadpoles are young amphibians that usually live in the water, though a few tadpoles are semi-terrestrial (\"Indirana beddomii\" and \"Thoropa miliaris\") and terrestrial (\"Indirana semipalmata\" and \"Adenomera andreae\").", "During the tadpole stage of the amphibian life cycle, most respire by means of autonomous external or internal gills.", "They do not usually have arms or legs until the transition to adulthood, and typically have a large, flattened tail with which they swim by lateral undulation, similar to most fish.", "As a tadpole matures, it most commonly metamorphosizes by gradually growing limbs (usually the back legs first, followed by the front legs) and then (most commonly in the case of frogs) outwardly absorbing its tail by apoptosis.", "Lungs develop around the time of leg development, and tadpoles late in development will often be found near the surface of the water, where they breathe air.", "During the final stages of external metamorphosis, the tadpole's mouth changes from a small, enclosed mouth at the front of the head to a large mouth the same width as the head.", "The intestines shorten to accommodate the new diet.", "Most tadpoles are herbivorous, subsisting on algae and plants.", "Some species are omnivorous, eating detritus and, when available, smaller tadpoles.", "Tadpoles vary greatly in size, both during their development and between species.", "For example, in a single family, Megophryidae, length of late-stage tadpoles varies between 33 mm and 106 mm .", "The tadpoles of \"Pseudis paradoxa\" grow to 25 cm , the largest of any frog.", "Despite their soft-bodied nature and lack of mineralised hard parts, fossil tadpoles (around 10 cm in length) have been recovered from Upper Miocene strata.", "They are preserved by virtue of biofilms, with more robust structures (the jaw and bones) preserved as a carbon film.", "In Miocene fossils from Libros, Spain, the brain case is preserved in calcium carbonate, and the nerve cord in calcium phosphate.", "Other parts of the tadpoles' bodies exist as organic remains and bacterial biofilms, with sedimentary detritus present in the gut.", "Tadpole remains with telltale external gills are also known from several labyrinthodont groups.", "Some tadpoles are used as food.", "Tadpoles of megophryid frog \"Oreolalax rhodostigmatus\" are particularly large, more than 10 cm in length, and are collected for human consumption in China.", "In India, \"Clinotarsus curtipes\" are collected for food, and in Peru at least \"Telmatobius mayoloi\" tadpoles are collected for food and medicine.", "According to Sir George Scott, in the origin myths of the Wa people in China and Myanmar, the first Wa originated from two female ancestors \"Ya Htawm\" and \"Ya Htai\", who spent their early phase as tadpoles (\" \") in a lake in the Wa country known as \"Nawng Hkaeo\".", "In the Ancient Egyptian numerals, a hieroglyphic representing a tadpole was used to denote the value of 100,000." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 33015, "simple_article_title": "Tadpole", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33015", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-33015-0-0", "simple-33015-0-1", "simple-33015-0-2", "simple-33015-0-3", "simple-33015-1-0", "simple-33015-1-1", "simple-33015-1-2", "simple-33015-2-0", "simple-33015-2-1", "simple-33015-3-0", "simple-33015-3-1", "simple-33015-3-2", "simple-33015-4-0", "simple-33015-4-1", "simple-33015-4-2", "simple-33015-4-3", "simple-33015-4-4", "simple-33015-4-5", "simple-33015-4-6" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A tadpole or polliwog is a young frog that breathes and lives in the water.", "They hatch from small eggs laid in a pond or lake by their mother.", "Frog eggs are round and toad eggs are laid in long strings.", "There is enough food in each egg to last 21 days.", "After a few weeks, they begin to grow back legs, then front legs.", "Soon after, the froglets begin to breathe air and lose their tails.", "They will grow larger, and in a few months, become adults.", "Most types of tadpole eat only plants.", "Some types of tadpole eat plants and animals, even other smaller tadpoles.", "During the tadpole stage of the amphibian life cycle, most breathe by means of external or internal gills.", "They usually do not have arms or legs until the change to adulthood.", "They have a large, flattened tail with which they swim by 'lateral undulation' (side to side), similar to most fish.", "As a tadpole matures, it changes by gradually growing limbs, usually the back legs first.", "Then it gradually loses its tail by programmed cell death (apoptosis).", "Lungs develop at the time of leg development: tadpoles late in development are often near the surface of the water, where they breathe air.", "During the final stages, the tadpole's mouth changes from a small mouth at the front of the head to a large mouth the same width as the head.", "The intestines shorten to accommodate the new diet.", "Most tadpoles are herbivorous, living on algae and plants.", "Some species are omnivorous, eating detritus and, when available, smaller tadpoles." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 602354, "normal_article_title": "Matthew Henson", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=602354", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-602354-0-0", "normal-602354-0-1", "normal-602354-0-2", "normal-602354-0-3", "normal-602354-1-0", "normal-602354-1-1", "normal-602354-1-2", "normal-602354-1-3", "normal-602354-1-4", "normal-602354-2-0", "normal-602354-2-1", "normal-602354-2-2", "normal-602354-3-0", "normal-602354-3-1", "normal-602354-3-2", "normal-602354-4-0", "normal-602354-4-1", "normal-602354-4-2", "normal-602354-4-3", "normal-602354-4-4", "normal-602354-4-5", "normal-602354-5-0", "normal-602354-5-1", "normal-602354-6-0", "normal-602354-6-1", "normal-602354-6-2", "normal-602354-7-0", "normal-602354-7-1", "normal-602354-7-2", "normal-602354-7-3", "normal-602354-7-4", "normal-602354-7-5", "normal-602354-7-6", "normal-602354-8-0", "normal-602354-8-1", "normal-602354-8-2", "normal-602354-9-0", "normal-602354-9-1", "normal-602354-9-2", "normal-602354-9-3", "normal-602354-10-0", "normal-602354-10-1", "normal-602354-10-2", "normal-602354-10-3", "normal-602354-10-4", "normal-602354-11-0", "normal-602354-11-1", "normal-602354-11-2", "normal-602354-12-0", "normal-602354-12-1", "normal-602354-12-2", "normal-602354-12-3", "normal-602354-13-0", "normal-602354-13-1", "normal-602354-13-2", "normal-602354-14-0", "normal-602354-14-1", "normal-602354-14-2", "normal-602354-15-0", "normal-602354-15-1", "normal-602354-15-2", "normal-602354-16-0", "normal-602354-16-1", "normal-602354-16-2", "normal-602354-16-3", "normal-602354-17-0", "normal-602354-17-1", "normal-602354-17-2", "normal-602354-17-3", "normal-602354-18-0", "normal-602354-18-1", "normal-602354-18-2", "normal-602354-19-0", "normal-602354-19-1", "normal-602354-19-2", "normal-602354-19-3", "normal-602354-19-4", "normal-602354-20-0", "normal-602354-20-1", "normal-602354-20-2", "normal-602354-20-3", "normal-602354-20-4", "normal-602354-20-5", "normal-602354-20-6", "normal-602354-21-0", "normal-602354-21-1", "normal-602354-21-2", "normal-602354-21-3", "normal-602354-22-0", "normal-602354-22-1", "normal-602354-22-2", "normal-602354-22-3", "normal-602354-22-4", "normal-602354-22-5", "normal-602354-23-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Matthew Alexander Henson (August 8, 1866March 9, 1955) was an American explorer who accompanied Robert Peary on seven voyages to the Arctic over a period of nearly 23 years.", "They spent a total of 18 years on expeditions together.", "He is best known for his participation in the 1908-1909 expedition that claimed to have reached the geographic North Pole on April 6, 1909.", "Henson said he was the first of their party to reach the pole.", "Henson was born in Nanjemoy, Maryland, to sharecropper parents who were free people of color before the Civil War.", "He spent most of his early life in Washington, D.C., but left school at the age of twelve to work as a cabin boy.", "He later returned to Washington and worked as a salesclerk at a good department store.", "One of his customers was Robert Peary, who in 1887 hired him as a personal valet.", "At the time, Peary was working on the Nicaragua Canal.", "Their first Arctic expedition together was in 1891–92.", "Henson served as a navigator and craftsman, and was known as Peary's \"first man\".", "Like Peary, he studied Inuit survival techniques.", "During their 1908–09 expedition to Greenland, Henson was one of the six men – including Peary and four Inuit assistants – who claimed to have been the first to reach the geographic North Pole.", "In interviews, Henson identified as the first member of the party to reach what they believed was the pole.", "Their claim had gained widespread acceptance but in 1989, Wally Herbert published research that found that their expedition records were unreliable, indicated an implausibly high speed during their final rush for the pole, and that the men could have fallen 30-60 mi short of the pole due to navigational errors.", "Henson achieved a degree of fame as a result of participating in the expedition, and in 1912 he published a memoir titled \"A Negro Explorer at the North Pole\".", "As he approached old age, his exploits received renewed attention.", "In 1937 he was the first African American to be made a life member of The Explorers Club; in 1948 he was elevated to the club's highest level of membership.", "In 1944 Henson was awarded the Peary Polar Expedition Medal, and he was received at the White House by Presidents Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower.", "In 1988 he and his wife were re-interred at Arlington National Cemetery.", "In 2000 Henson was posthumously awarded the Hubbard Medal by the National Geographic Society.", "Henson was born on August 8, 1866 on his parents' farm east of the Potomac River in Charles County, Maryland, to sharecroppers who had been free people of color before the American Civil War.", "Matthew's parents were subjected to attacks by the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups, who terrorized southern freedmen and former free people of color after the Civil War.", "To escape from racial violence in southern Maryland, in 1867 the Henson family sold the farm and moved to Georgetown, then still an independent town part of Maryland and adjacent to the national capital.", "He had an older sister S., born in 1864, and two younger sisters Eliza and S. Matthew's mother died when Matthew was seven.", "His father Lemuel remarried to a woman named Caroline and had additional children with her, including daughters and a son.", "After his father died, Matthew was sent to live with his uncle, who lived in Washington, D.C. (Georgetown was made part of Washington, DC in 1871.)", "The uncle paid for a few years of education for Matthew but soon died.", "Henson attended a black public school for the next six years, during the last of which he took a summer job washing dishes in a restaurant.", "His early years were marked by one especially memorable event.", "When he was 10 years old, he went to a ceremony honoring Abraham Lincoln, the American president who had fought so hard to preserve the Union during the Civil War and had issued the proclamation that had freed slaves in the occupied Confederate states in 1863.", "At the ceremony, Matthew was greatly inspired by a speech given by Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave and renowned orator, the longtime leading figure in the American black community.", "Douglass called upon blacks to vigorously pursue educational opportunities and battle racial prejudice.", "At the age of twelve, the youth made his way to Baltimore, Maryland, a busy port.", "He went to sea as a cabin boy on the merchant ship \"Katie Hines,\" traveling to ports in China, Japan, Africa, and the Russian Arctic seas.", "The ship's leader, Captain Childs, took Henson under his wing and taught him to read and write.", "While working at a Washington D.C. clothing store, B.H.Stinemetz and Sons, in November 1887, Henson met Commander Robert E. Peary.", "Learning of Henson's sea experience, Peary recruited him as an aide for his planned voyage and surveying expedition to Nicaragua, with four other men.", "Peary supervised 45 engineers on the canal survey in Nicaragua.", "Impressed with Henson's seamanship on that voyage, Peary recruited him as a colleague and he became \"first man\" in his expeditions.", "After that, for more than 20 years, their expeditions were to the Arctic.", "Henson traded with the Inuit and mastered ; they called him \"Mahri-Pahluk.\"", "He was remembered as the only non-Inuit who became skilled in driving the dog sleds and in training dog teams in the Inuit way.", "He was a skilled craftsman, often coming up with solutions for what the team needed in the harsh Arctic conditions; they learned to build igloos out of snow, for mobile housing as they traveled.", "His and Peary's teams covered thousands of miles in dog sleds and reached the \"Farthest North\" point of any Arctic expedition until 1909.", "In 1908–09, Peary mounted his eighth attempt to reach the North Pole.", "The expedition was large, as Peary planned to use his system of setting up cached supplies along the way.", "When he and Henson boarded his ship \"Roosevelt\", leaving Greenland on August 18, 1909, they were accompanied by", "Peary selected Henson and four Inuit as part of the team of six men who would make the final run to the Pole.", "Before the goal was reached, Peary could no longer continue on foot and rode in a dog sled.", "Various accounts say he was ill, exhausted, or had frozen toes.", "He sent Henson ahead as a scout.", "The claim by Peary's team to have reached the North Pole was widely debated in newspapers at the time, as was the competing claim by Frederick Cook.", "The National Geographic Society, as well as, the Naval Affairs Subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives both credited Peary's team with having reached the North Pole.", "A reassessment of Peary's notebook by British polar explorer Wally Herbert in 1988 found it \"lacking in essential data\", thus, renewing doubts about Peary's claim.", "In 1912 Henson published a memoir about his arctic explorations, \"A Negro Explorer at the North Pole\".", "In this, he describes himself as a \"general assistant, skilled craftsperson, interpreter he had learned an Inuit language, and laborer.\"", "He later collaborated with author Bradley Robinson on his 1947 biography, \"Dark Companion\", which told more about his life.", "During the following decades, Admiral Peary received many honors for leading the expedition to the Pole, but Henson's contributions were largely ignored.", "In 1909 he was honored at dinners within the black community.", "Henson spent most of the next 30 years working on staff in the U.S. Customs House in New York, at the suggestion of Theodore Roosevelt.", "He later gained renewed attention.", "In 1937 Henson was admitted as a member to the prestigious Explorers Club in New York City, and made an honorary member in 1948, of whom there are only 20 per year.", "In 1944 Congress awarded him and five other Peary aides duplicates of the Peary Polar Expedition Medal, a silver medal given to Peary.", "Presidents Truman and Eisenhower both honored Henson before he died in 1955.", "Henson died in the Bronx on March 9, 1955, at the age of 88.", "He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery and survived by his wife Lucy.", "After her death in 1968, she was buried with him.", "In 1988, both their bodies were moved for reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery, accompanied by a commemoration ceremony.", "Henson married Eva Flint in 1891, but their marriage did not survive their long periods of separation and they divorced in 1897.", "He later married Lucy Ross in New York City on September 7, 1907.", "They had no children.", "During the extended expeditions to Greenland, Henson and Peary both took Inuit women as \"country wives\" and fathered children with them.", "Henson's concubine, known as \"Akatingwah\", fathered his only child, a son named Anauakaq, born in 1906.", "Anauakaq's children are Henson's only descendants.", "After 1909, Henson never saw Akatingwah or his son again; other explorers sometimes updated him about them.", "The existence of Henson's and Peary's descendants was first made public by French explorer and ethnologist Jean Malaurie who spent a year in Greenland in 1951-52.", "S. Allen Counter, a neuroscientist and director of the Harvard Foundation, had long been interested in Henson's story and traveled in Greenland for research related to it.", "Learning of possible descendants of the explorers, in 1986 he tracked down Henson's and Peary's sons, Anauakaq and Kali, respectively.", "By then the men were octogenarians.", "He arranged a visit for them the following year to the United States, where they met American relatives from both families and visited their fathers' graves.", "Anauakaq died in 1987.", "He and his wife Aviaq had five sons and a daughter, who have children of their own.", "While some still reside in Greenland, others have moved to Sweden or the United States.", "Several Inuit family members returned to Washington, D.C., in 1988 for the ceremony of reinterment of Henson and his wife Lucy at Arlington National Cemetery.", "Counter had petitioned President Ronald Reagan for this honor to gain recognition of Henson's contributions to Arctic exploration.", "Counter wrote a book about his finding Anauakaq and Kali, his research on Henson's life and contributions, historical racial relations, and the Inuits' meeting with Henson and Peary relatives in the United States, entitled \"North Pole Legacy: Black, White and Eskimo\" (1991).", "The material was also adapted and produced as a film documentary by the same name.", "Matthew Henson's only direct descendants were the children of his Inuit son and their children.", "According to S. Allen Counter, in his lifetime Henson had identified families of two nieces as being part of his extended birth family.", "They were Virginia Carter Brannum, daughter of Henson's sister Eliza Henson Carter of Washington, D.C., and Olive Henson Fulton of Boston, daughter of his half-brother.", "In a 1988 article, Counter noted that these two women had letters and photographs certifying their kinship.", "They were the only family members to attend Henson's funeral in 1955, along with his widow Lucy Ross Henson.", "Counter later recommended to the United States Navy and the National Geographic Society that Audrey Mebane, daughter of Virginia Brannum, and Olive Henson Fulton be designated as family representatives for any ceremonies honoring Henson.", "Henson is believed to be a brother of the great-great-grandfather of actress Taraji P. Henson." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 393321, "simple_article_title": "Matthew Henson", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=393321", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-393321-0-0", "simple-393321-1-0", "simple-393321-1-1", "simple-393321-1-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Matthew Alexander Henson (August 8, 1866 – March 9, 1955) was an American explorer and assistant of Robert Peary on various expeditions, the most famous being a 1909 expedition during which he may have been the first person to reach the Geographic North Pole.", "Henson was born on August 8, 1866 in Nanjemoy, Maryland.", "He was married to Lucy Ross from 1906 until his death in 1955.", "Henson died on March 9, 1955 in his home in The Bronx, New York from a stroke, aged 88." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 876994, "normal_article_title": "Island of the Blue Dolphins", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=876994", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-876994-0-0", "normal-876994-0-1", "normal-876994-1-0", "normal-876994-1-1", "normal-876994-1-2", "normal-876994-2-0", "normal-876994-2-1", "normal-876994-2-2", "normal-876994-3-0", "normal-876994-3-1", "normal-876994-3-2", "normal-876994-3-3", "normal-876994-3-4", "normal-876994-3-5", "normal-876994-3-6", "normal-876994-3-7", "normal-876994-3-8", "normal-876994-3-9", "normal-876994-3-10", "normal-876994-4-0", "normal-876994-4-1", "normal-876994-4-2", "normal-876994-5-0", "normal-876994-5-1", "normal-876994-5-2", "normal-876994-5-3", "normal-876994-6-0", "normal-876994-6-1", "normal-876994-6-2", "normal-876994-6-3", "normal-876994-6-4", "normal-876994-6-5", "normal-876994-7-0", "normal-876994-7-1", "normal-876994-7-2", "normal-876994-7-3", "normal-876994-7-4", "normal-876994-8-0", "normal-876994-8-1", "normal-876994-8-2", "normal-876994-8-3", "normal-876994-8-4", "normal-876994-9-0", "normal-876994-9-1", "normal-876994-9-2", "normal-876994-9-3", "normal-876994-9-4", "normal-876994-9-5", "normal-876994-9-6", "normal-876994-9-7", "normal-876994-9-8", "normal-876994-9-9", "normal-876994-9-10", "normal-876994-9-11", "normal-876994-9-12", "normal-876994-9-13", "normal-876994-9-14", "normal-876994-9-15", "normal-876994-9-16", "normal-876994-10-0", "normal-876994-10-1", "normal-876994-10-2", "normal-876994-10-3", "normal-876994-10-4", "normal-876994-10-5", "normal-876994-10-6" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Island of the Blue Dolphins is a 1960 children's novel by American writer Scott O'Dell, which tells the story of a 24-year-old girl named Karana stranded alone for years on an island off the California coast.", "It is based on the true story of Juana Maria, a Nicoleño Native American left alone for 18 years on San Nicolas Island during the 19th century.", "\"Island of the Blue Dolphins\" won the Newbery Medal in 1961.", "It was adapted into a film of the same name in 1964.", "O'Dell later wrote a sequel, \"Zia\", published in 1976.", "The 50th Anniversary edition of \"Island of the Blue Dolphins\" includes a new introduction by Newbery Medalist Lois Lowry and also includes extracts from Father Gonzales Rubio in the Santa Barbara Mission's Book of Burials.", "\"Island of the Blue Dolphins: The Complete Reader's Edition\", a critical edition edited by Sara L. Schwebel, was published in October 2016 by the University of California Press.", "It includes two chapters deleted from the book before publication.", "The novel is based on the true story of \"The Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island,\" a Nicoleño Native Californian left alone for 18 years on San Nicolas Island, one of the Channel Islands off the California coast, before being discovered and taken to the mainland in 1853 by sea otter hunter George Nidever and his crew.", "She is on record under the Christian name Juana Maria, assigned to her by the Santa Barbara Mission where she eventually was brought.", "No one alive at that time spoke her language.", "According to Nidever, the Lone Woman lived in a structure supported by whale ribs and stashed useful objects around the island.", "In 2009, University of Oregon archaeologist Jon Erlandson found two old redwood boxes eroding from an island sea cliff, with a whale bone placed on top of them.", "With colleagues René Vellanoweth, Lisa Barnett-Thomas, and Troy Davis, Erlandson salvaged the boxes and other artifacts before they were destroyed by erosion.", "Vellanoweth and Barnett-Thomas later excavated the interior of the boxes in a San Nicolas Island laboratory and documented nearly 200 artifacts of Nicoleño, Euro-American, and Native Alaskan manufacture.", "The boxes appear to have been cached intentionally some time between 1815 and 1853, quite possibly by Juana Maria herself.", "It was also believed the Lone Woman lived in a cave on the island.", "In 2012, Naval archaeologist Steve Schwartz believed he discovered the buried location of that cave and began an investigation, working with archaeologist René Vellanoweth and his students from California State University, Los Angeles.", "Commanders at the Navy base on the island about 65 miles southwest of Point Mugu ordered Schwartz to halt the dig in 2015.", "The main character is a Native American girl named Won-a-pa-lei, whose secret name is Karana.", "She has a brother named Ramo, whose curiosity usually leads to trouble, and a sister named Ulape.", "Her people live in a village called Ghalas-at and the tribe survives by gathering roots and fishing.", "One day, a ship of Russian fur hunters and Aleut people led by Captain Orlov arrive and persuade the natives to let them hunt sea otter in exchange for other goods.", "However, the Russians attempt to swindle the islanders by leaving without paying.", "When they are confronted by Karana's father Chief Chowig, a battle breaks out.", "Karana's father and many other men in the tribe die in battle against the well-armed Russians, who escape largely unscathed.", "Later, the \"replacement chief\" Chief Kimki leaves the island on a canoe for new land in the East.", "Eventually, he sends a \"giant canoe\" to bring his people to the mainland even though he himself does not return.", "The white missionaries come to Karana's village and tell them to pack their goods and go to the ship.", "Karana's brother Ramo runs off to retrieve his fishing spear.", "Although Karana urges the captain to wait for Ramo to return, the ship must leave before a storm approaches.", "Despite restraint, Karana jumps off the ship and swims to shore and the ship departs without them.", "The siblings live alone on the island, hoping the ship will return.", "However, Ramo is brutally killed by a pack of feral dogs.", "Alone on the island, Karana takes on traditionally male tasks, such as hunting, making spears, and building canoes to survive.", "She vows to avenge her brother's death and kills several of the dogs, but has a change of heart when she encounters the leader of the pack.", "She tames him and names him Rontu (meaning \"Fox Eyes\" in her language).", "Over time, Karana makes a life for herself.", "She builds a home made of whale bones and stocks a cave with provisions in case the Aleuts come back, so she can hide from them.", "As she explores her island, Karana discovers ancient artifacts and a large octopus (which she calls a devilfish).", "As time passes, she decides to hunt the devilfish.", "She also tames some birds and an otter while feeling a close kinship to the animals (the only inhabitants of the island beside herself).", "One summer, the Aleuts return and Karana takes refuge in the cave.", "She observes the Aleuts closely and realizes that a girl named Tutok takes care of the domestic duties including getting water from the pool near Karana's cave.", "Fearful of being discovered, Karana goes out only at night, yet the curious girl stalks Karana and the two meet.", "Karana and Tutok exchange gifts, and she realizes how lonely she has been.", "Karana wishes that Tutok would not leave, yet the next day when Karana makes food for her she does not come.", "Karana goes searching and sees the ship departing.", "Sadly, she returns to her house and starts rebuilding.", "More time passes and Rontu dies.", "Karana soon finds a young dog that looks like Rontu and takes him in naming him Rontu-Aru (meaning \"Son of Rontu\").", "One day, Karana sees the sails of a ship.", "It moors just off-shore, but then leaves.", "Two years later in the spring, the boat returns.", "Karana dresses in her finest attire, a dress of cormorant feathers, and waits on the shore for the boat.", "Her rescuers make a dress for her, as they believe her dress of cormorant feathers is not appropriate for the mainland.", "She does not like the dress, but Karana realizes that it is part of her new life.", "The ship takes Karana and Rontu-Aru to the mission in Santa Barbara, California.", "There, she finds out that the ship that had taken her people away had later sunk before it could return from the mainland for her.", "A film adaptation of \"Island of the Blue Dolphins\" was released on July 3, 1964.", "It was directed by James B. Clark and starred Celia Kaye as Karana.", "Jane Klove and Ted Sherdeman adapted the script from O'Dell's novel, and the film was produced by Robert B. Radnitz and Universal Pictures.", "The film was made on a slight budget but did receive a wide release three months after its New York premiere.", "The New York Times's Howard Thompson gave the film a rather condescending review upon its release, saying it was strictly a children's film.", "However, Kaye won a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year for her performance.", "The film earned an estimated $2 million in rentals in North America." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 165588, "simple_article_title": "Island of the Blue Dolphins", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=165588", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-165588-0-0", "simple-165588-0-1", "simple-165588-0-2", "simple-165588-0-3", "simple-165588-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Island of the Blue Dolphins is an American book written for children by Scott O'Dell.", "It came out in 1960 and that same year won the Newbery Medal (a prize given to books for children).", "It is based on the true story of Juana Maria, the \"Lone Woman of San Nicolas\", a Native American woman left alone for 18 years on San Nicolas Island off the California coast before being rescued in 1853.", "It has been rewritten in 23 languages and was made into a movie by the same name.", "O'Dell wrote a sequel to the story called \"Zia\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 208962, "normal_article_title": "Altoids", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=208962", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-208962-0-0", "normal-208962-0-1", "normal-208962-0-2", "normal-208962-1-0", "normal-208962-1-1", "normal-208962-1-2", "normal-208962-1-3", "normal-208962-1-4", "normal-208962-1-5", "normal-208962-2-0", "normal-208962-2-1", "normal-208962-2-2", "normal-208962-2-3", "normal-208962-2-4", "normal-208962-2-5", "normal-208962-2-6", "normal-208962-3-0", "normal-208962-3-1", "normal-208962-3-2", "normal-208962-4-0", "normal-208962-4-1", "normal-208962-4-2", "normal-208962-5-0", "normal-208962-5-1", "normal-208962-6-0", "normal-208962-6-1", "normal-208962-6-2", "normal-208962-7-0", "normal-208962-7-1", "normal-208962-8-0", "normal-208962-8-1", "normal-208962-8-2", "normal-208962-8-3", "normal-208962-8-4", "normal-208962-9-0", "normal-208962-9-1", "normal-208962-10-0", "normal-208962-10-1", "normal-208962-10-2", "normal-208962-10-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Altoids are a brand of mints.", "The brand was created by the London-based Smith & Company in the 1780s, and became part of the Callard & Bowser company in the 19th century.", "Their advertising slogan is \"The Original Celebrated Curiously Strong Mints\", referring to the high concentration of peppermint oil used in the original flavour lozenge.", "Altoids are less widely available in Britain—their country of origin—than in the US.", "The mints are stocked in Morrisons.", "Marks & Spencer produces a near identical product called \"Curiously Strong Mints\".", "Unlike their marketing in the US, Altoids have never been heavily marketed in the UK.", "Callard & Bowser-Suchard once manufactured Altoids at a plant in Bridgend, Wales, but has since moved production to an existing plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States, in order to manufacture the products closer to where they are primarily marketed.", "They were marketed for a brief period in the 1990s under the \"Nuttall's\" brand when Callard and Bowser was under the ownership of Terry's.", "Altoids mints are currently available in four flavours: peppermint, wintergreen, spearmint, and cinnamon.", "\"Sugar-Free Smalls\", tiny square mints sweetened with sorbitol and sucralose, are also available in peppermint, wintergreen, and cinnamon.", "In 2007, dark chocolate-dipped mints were introduced in three flavours: peppermint, cinnamon and ginger and in 2008, dark chocolate-dipped mints were introduced in crème de menthe.", "The chocolate dipped varieties were discontinued in 2010.", "Also historically made but no longer available were liquorice, cool honey, and (non-chocolate dipped) ginger and crème de menthe varieties.", "Circa early 2011, Altoids altered the ingredients of their Wintergreen mints, adding blue food colouring.", "Altoid mints other than those labeled \"sugar-free smalls\" contain gelatin.", "Sour hard sweets in round tins were introduced in 2004 but were discontinued in 2010 due to low sales.", "Flavours included raspberry, citrus, apple, tangerine, and mango.", "Limited edition passion fruit sours were also released around Valentine's Day in 2005 in a larger 2.3 oz tin instead of the standard 1.76 oz sours tins that had been released up until then.", "The sugar-free chewing gum, introduced in 2003, was made in the United States.", "Flavours include peppermint, cinnamon, spearmint, wintergreen and two sour flavours, cherry and apple.", "The gum has not been seen in stock in US stores since January 2010 and has been discontinued.", "In 2003, breath strips in peppermint and cinnamon flavours were introduced.", "They were discontinued and are no longer available.", "In 2014, Eclipse Mints, another Wrigley product, were re-branded as Altoids Arctic, with the tin remaining identical save for labelling.", "The re-branded mints were released in only Peppermint, Wintergreen, and Strawberry, doing away with the wider varieties of Eclipse such as Cinnamon, Winterfrost and several other flavors, as well as the chewables.", "As before, each tin contains 1.2 oz (34g), or about 50 mints.", "The distinctive tin cases, in which Altoids mints are packaged, are often reused for other purposes.", "They have long served as containers for household items like paper clips, coins, sewing materials and other small items.", "The tins are sometimes used to house electronic projects.", "BeagleBone, a single-board computer made by Texas Instruments, is deliberately shaped with rounded corners to fit inside the tin.", "The CMoy pocket headphone amplifiers also often use Altoid tins as an enclosure.", "A Retrocomputing hobbyist computer, the RCA 1802-based Membership Card microcomputer kit, is designed to fit in an Altoids tin.", "In 2018, Aden Shank even converted an Altoids tin into the smallest-ever functional homemade portable video game system that could play GameCube and Wii games in short sessions.", "Altoids tins have also been popular with outdoor enthusiasts for many years as first-aid or mini survival kit containers.", "A name for these kits is \"Bug-Out Altoids Tins\", or \"BOATs\".", "In 2007 at the grand opening of The New Museum of Contemporary Art Altoids announced the biennial Altoids Award.", "A cash prize of $25,000 is awarded to four individual artists from around the country.", "Winners have their art exhibited at the museum after the rigorous selection process is completed.", "The first winners were chosen by Paul McCarthy, Cindy Sherman, and Rirkrit Tiravanija." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 84358, "simple_article_title": "Altoids", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=84358", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-84358-0-0", "simple-84358-0-1", "simple-84358-1-0", "simple-84358-2-0", "simple-84358-2-1", "simple-84358-3-0", "simple-84358-3-1", "simple-84358-4-0", "simple-84358-4-1", "simple-84358-5-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Altoids are a brand of breath mints and candies that have been sold since the 1800s.", "There are many different flavors for each product.", "Mints are sold in tin boxes, are round, and come in six flavors: Peppermint, Cinnamon, Wintergreen, Spearmint, Ginger, and liquorice.", "Sours are hard candies that are round.", "They come in six flavors: Tangerine, Citrus, Raspberry, Apple, Mango, and Passion Fruit.", "Altoid gum is sugar-free, which means there is no sugar inside the gum.", "They come in six flavors: Peppermint, Spearmint, Cinnamon, Wintergreen, Cherry, and Apple.", "Breath Strips came in two flavors: Cinnamon and Peppermint.", "Since 2007, the product was discontinued, which means that the company is not selling them anymore.", "The official Altoids website" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 416796, "normal_article_title": "Buddy Rich", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=416796", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-416796-0-0", "normal-416796-0-1", "normal-416796-0-2", "normal-416796-1-0", "normal-416796-1-1", "normal-416796-1-2", "normal-416796-1-3", "normal-416796-1-4", "normal-416796-1-5", "normal-416796-1-6", "normal-416796-2-0", "normal-416796-2-1", "normal-416796-2-2", "normal-416796-2-3", "normal-416796-3-0", "normal-416796-3-1", "normal-416796-3-2", "normal-416796-3-3", "normal-416796-4-0", "normal-416796-5-0", "normal-416796-5-1", "normal-416796-5-2", "normal-416796-5-3", "normal-416796-5-4", "normal-416796-6-0", "normal-416796-6-1", "normal-416796-6-2", "normal-416796-6-3", "normal-416796-6-4", "normal-416796-6-5", "normal-416796-6-6", "normal-416796-7-0", "normal-416796-7-1", "normal-416796-8-0", "normal-416796-8-1", "normal-416796-9-0", "normal-416796-9-1", "normal-416796-9-2", 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"normal-416796-21-9", "normal-416796-21-10", "normal-416796-21-11", "normal-416796-21-12", "normal-416796-21-13", "normal-416796-21-14", "normal-416796-21-15", "normal-416796-21-16", "normal-416796-21-17", "normal-416796-21-18", "normal-416796-22-0", "normal-416796-22-1", "normal-416796-22-2", "normal-416796-22-3", "normal-416796-23-0", "normal-416796-23-1", "normal-416796-23-2", "normal-416796-23-3", "normal-416796-23-4", "normal-416796-23-5", "normal-416796-23-6", "normal-416796-23-7", "normal-416796-24-0", "normal-416796-24-1", "normal-416796-24-2", "normal-416796-25-0", "normal-416796-25-1", "normal-416796-26-0", "normal-416796-26-1", "normal-416796-26-2", "normal-416796-26-3", "normal-416796-27-0", "normal-416796-27-1", "normal-416796-27-2", "normal-416796-27-3", "normal-416796-27-4", "normal-416796-28-0", "normal-416796-29-0", "normal-416796-29-1", "normal-416796-30-0", "normal-416796-30-1", "normal-416796-30-2", "normal-416796-30-3", "normal-416796-30-4", "normal-416796-30-5", "normal-416796-30-6", "normal-416796-30-7" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Bernard \"Buddy\" Rich (September 30, 1917 – April 2, 1987) was an American jazz drummer and bandleader.", "He is considered one of the most influential drummers of all time and was known for his virtuoso technique, power, and speed.", "He performed with Tommy Dorsey, Harry James and Count Basie, and led a big band.", "Rich was born in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish-American parents Bess Skolnik and Robert Rich, both vaudevillians.", "As a kid, when he was at a restaurant with his parents, he used the knife and fork as drum sticks.", "Before he turned two, he was part of his parents' act on vaudeville, but on breaks he would sneak into the orchestra pit and try to get the drummer's sticks.", "He was on Broadway as Baby Traps the Drum Wonder at age four, playing \"Stars and Stripes Forever\" on a drum.", "He was a singer and tap dancer.", "In his teens he led a band and toured in the U.S. and Australia.", "At fifteen he became the second highest paid child entertainer behind Jackie Coogan during the 1930s.", "His jazz career began in 1937 with clarinetist Joe Marsala.", "He became a member of big bands led by Bunny Berigan and Artie Shaw.", "When he was home from touring with Shaw, he gave drum lessons to a 14-year-old Mel Brooks for six months.", "At 21, he participated in his first major recording with the Vic Schoen Orchestra who backed the Andrews Sisters.", "In 1942 he joined the United States Marine Corps in which he served as a judo instructor.", "He did not see combat and received a dishonorable discharge.", "After leaving the Marines, he returned to the Dorsey band.", "In 1946, with financial support from Frank Sinatra, he formed a band and continued to lead bands intermittently until the early 1950s.", "In addition to Tommy Dorsey (1939–42, 1945, 1954–55), Rich played with Benny Carter (1942), Harry James (1953–56–62, 1964, 1965), Les Brown, Charlie Ventura, Jazz at the Philharmonic, and Charlie Parker (\"Bird and Diz\", 1950).", "From 1966 until his death, he led successful big bands in an era when their popularity had waned.", "He continued to play clubs but stated in interviews that the majority of his band's performances were at high schools, colleges, and universities rather than clubs.", "He was a session drummer for many recordings, where his playing was often more understated than in his big-band performances.", "Especially notable were sessions for Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong and the Oscar Peterson trio with bassist Ray Brown and guitarist Herb Ellis.", "In 1968, Rich collaborated with the Indian tabla player Ustad Alla Rakha on the album \"Rich à la Rakha\".", "He performed a big-band arrangement of a medley from \"West Side Story\" that was released on the 1966 album \"Swingin' New Big Band\".", "The \"West Side Story Medley\", arranged by Bill Reddie, is a complex big-band arrangement which highlights Rich's ability to blend the rhythm of his drumming into his band's playing of the musical chart.", "Rich received the West Side Story arrangement of Leonard Bernstein's melodies from the famed musical in the mid-1960s and found it challenging.", "It consists of many difficult sections which feature 4/4 and 6/8 time signatures; it took almost a month of constant rehearsals to perfect.", "It later became a staple in all his performances, clocking in at various lengths from seven to fifteen minutes.", "A six minute performance of \"Prologue/Jet Song\" from the suite, performed during Frank Sinatra's portion of the Concert for the Americas, performed in the Alto de Chavon amphitheater in the Dominican Republic on August 20, 1982 is on the DVD \"Frank Sinatra: Concert for the Americas\".", "In 2002, a DVD was released called \"The Lost West Side Story Tapes\" that captured a 1985 performance of this along with other numbers.", "A live recording of the \"Channel One Suite\" is on the album \"Mercy, Mercy\" recorded at Caesars Palace in 1968.", "The album received acclaim as the \"finest all-round recording by Buddy Rich's big band\".", "In the 1950s Rich was a frequent guest on \"The Steve Allen Show\" and other television variety shows, most notably on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.", "Rich and Johnny were lifelong friends and Johnny Carson was also a drum enthusiast himself.", "In 1973 PBS broadcast and syndicated Rich's February 6, 1973, performance at the Top of the Plaza in Rochester, New York.", "It was the first time thousands of drummers were exposed to Buddy in a full-length concert setting, and many drummers continue to name this program as a prime influence on their own playing.", "One of his most widely seen television performances was in a 1981 episode of \"The Muppet Show\" in which he engaged Muppet drummer \"Animal\" (played by Ronnie Verrell) in a drum battle.", "Rich's famous televised drum battles also included Gene Krupa, Ed Shaughnessy and Louie Bellson.", "Rich was married to Marie Allison, a dancer and showgirl on April 24, 1953, until his death in 1987.", "They had a daughter in 1954, Cathy, who later became a vocalist and carried on her father's band.", "Rich was also cousin of actor Jonathan Haze.", "He also lived in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.", "Rich continued touring and performing until the end of his life.", "In early March 1987, he was touring in New York when he was hospitalized after suffering a paralysis on his left side that physicians believed had been caused by a stroke.", "He was transferred to California to UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles for tests, where doctors discovered and removed a brain tumor on March 16.", "He was discharged a week later, but had been receiving daily chemotherapy treatments at the hospital when, on April 2, 1987, he died of unexpected respiratory and cardiac failure after his treatment for the malignant brain tumor.", "His wife Marie and daughter Cathy buried him in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.", "On June 25, 2019, \"The New York Times Magazine\" listed Buddy Rich among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "Rich was notoriously short tempered.", "Singer Dusty Springfield slapped him after several days of \"putting up with Rich's insults and show-biz sabotage\".", "He held a rivalry with Frank Sinatra which sometimes ended in brawls when both were members of Tommy Dorsey's band.", "But they remained lifelong friends, and Sinatra delivered a eulogy at Rich's funeral in 1987.", "Rich held a black belt in karate.", "Billy Cobham said that he met Rich in a club and asked him to sign his snare drum; but Rich “dropped it down the stairs”.", "According to bassist Bill Crow, Rich reacted strongly to Max Roach's increasing popularity when he was the drummer for Charlie Parker, especially when a jazz critic stated Roach had topped Rich as the world's greatest drummer.", "Drummer John JR Robinson told Crow he was with Roach when Rich came driving with a beautiful woman next to him and Rich yelled: \"Hey, Max!", "Nonetheless, the two worked together on the 1959 album \"Rich Versus Roach\", and Roach appeared on the 1994 Rich tribute album \"\".", "Rich preferred to concentrate on jazz and held a low opinion of both country and rock music; during medical therapy before his death, a nurse asked Rich whether he was allergic to anything, to which he replied, \"Yes, country and western music.\"", "Rich's temper was documented in a series of secret recordings made on tour buses and in dressing rooms by pianist Lee Musiker, who concealed a Walkman in his clothing while on tour with Rich in the early 1980s.", "On one recording, Rich threatens to fire trombonist Dave Panichi for having a beard.", "Although he threatened many times to fire members of his band, he seldom did so and for the most part, he praised his musicians in television and print interviews.", "The day before his death, April 1, 1987, Rich was visited by Mel Tormé, who claims that one of Rich's last requests was to hear the tapes of his angry outbursts.", "Tormé was working on an authorized biography of Rich, and included excerpts of the tapes in the book, but he never played the tapes for Rich.", "Rich cited Gene Krupa, Jo Jones, Chick Webb, Ray McKinley, Ray Bauduc and Sid Catlett as influences.", "He usually held his sticks with the traditional grip.", "He used the matched grip when playing floor toms around the drum set while performing cross-stickings (crossing arm over arm), which was one of his party tricks, often leading to loud cheers from the audience.", "Another technique he used to impress was the stick-trick, a fast roll performed by slapping two drumsticks together in a circular motion using \"taps\" or single-stroke stickings.", "He often used contrasting techniques to keep long drum solos from getting mundane.", "Aside from his energetic, explosive displays, he would go into quieter passages.", "One passage he would use in most solos started with a simple single-stroke roll on the snare drum picking up speed and power, then slowly moving his sticks closer to the rim as he got quieter, and eventually playing on the rim itself while still maintaining speed.", "Then he would reverse the effect and slowly move towards the center of the snare while increasing power.", "Though well known as a powerful drummer, he did use brushes.", "On the album \"The Lionel Hampton Art Tatum Buddy Rich Trio\" (1955) he played with brushes almost exclusively.", "In 1942, Rich and his teacher Henry Adler wrote \"Buddy Rich's Modern Interpretation of Snare Drum Rudiments\", which is regarded as one of the more popular snare drum rudiment books.", "Adler met Rich through a former student.", "Adler said, \"The kid told me he played better than Krupa.", "Buddy was only in his teens at the time and his friend was my first pupil.", "Buddy played and I watched his hands.", "Well, he knocked me right out.", "He did everything I wanted to do, and he did it with such ease.", "When I met his folks, I asked them who his teacher was.", "'He never studied', they told me.", "That made me feel very good.", "I realized that it was something physical, not only mental, that you had to have.\"", "Adler denied the rumor that he taught Rich how to play.", "\"Sure, he studied with me, but he didn't come to me to learn how to hold the drumsticks.", "I set out to teach Buddy to read.", "He'd take six lessons, go on the road for six weeks and come back.", "He couldn't, because wherever the guy went, he was followed around by admiring drummers.", "He didn't have time to practice...Tommy Dorsey wanted Buddy to write a book and he told him to get in touch with me.", "I did the book and Tommy wrote the foreword.", "Technically, I was Buddy's teacher, but I came along after he had already acquired his technique.", "When asked if Rich could read music, Bobby Shew, lead trumpeter in Rich's mid-60s big band replied, \"No.", "He'd always have a drummer there during rehearsals to read and play the parts initially on new arrangements.", "Buddy would just sit in the empty audience seats in the afternoon and listen to the band...He'd only have to listen to a chart once and he'd have it memorized.", "We'd run through it and he'd know exactly how it went, how many measures it ran and what he'd have to do to drive it.\"", "In a \"Modern Drummer\" interview, Buddy had this to say about practicing: \"I don't put much emphasis on practice anyhow.", "I think it's a fallacy to believe that the more you practice, the better you become.", "You can only get better by playing.", "You can sit in a basement with a set of drums and practice rudiments all day long, but if you don't play with a band, you won't learn style, technique, and taste, and you won't learn how to play for a band and with a band.", "It's like getting a job, any kind of job, it's an opportunity to develop.", "And practice, besides that, is boring.", "I know teachers who tell their students to practice three, four, six hours a day.", "If you can't get what you want after an hour of practice, you're not going to get it in four days.\"", "In the same article, Rich also discourages playing drums with one's bare hands.", "When asked if he could do such a thing, he replied, 'Yes, but why destroy your hands?", "I could think of a hundred ways to use my hands rather than to break them on the rim of a drum.'\"", "Rich's technique, including speed, smooth execution and precision, is one of the most coveted in drumming and has become a common standard.", "Gene Krupa defined him as \"the greatest drummer ever to have drawn breath\".", "Rich's influence extended from jazz to rock music and jazz fusion.", "He influenced drummers John Bonham of Led Zeppelin, Carl Palmer of Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Ian Paice of Deep Purple, and Bill Ward of Black Sabbath.", "Phil Collins stopped using two bass drums and started playing the hi-hat after reading Rich's opinion on the importance of the hi-hat.", "Roger Taylor, drummer of Queen, acknowledged Rich as the best drummer he ever saw for sheer technique.", "Since Rich's death, a number of memorial concerts have been held.", "In 1994, the Rich tribute album \"\" was released.", "Produced by Rush drummer/lyricist Neil Peart, the album features performances of Rich staples by a number of jazz and rock drummers such as Joe Morello, Steve Gadd, Max Roach, Billy Cobham, Dave Weckl, Simon Phillips, Steve Smith, and Peart himself, accompanied by the Buddy Rich Big Band.", "A was issued in 1997.", "Phil Collins also featured in a DVD tribute organized by Rich's daughter, \"A Salute to Buddy Rich\", which included Steve Smith and Dennis Chambers.", "On September 30, 2017, Rich was honored with a Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars.", "In 2016, readers of \"Rolling Stone\" magazine ranked Rich No. 15 in their list of the 100 Greatest Drummers of all time.", "In a readers' poll in 2011, he ranked No. 6.", "Rich was known as a performer and endorser of Ludwig, Slingerland, and Rogers drums.", "While endorsing Slingerland in the '60s and '70s, Rich sometimes used a Fibes snare drum together with a Slingerland drum kit.", "He switched exclusively to Ludwig in the late 1970s through the early 1980s.", "While recovering from a heart attack in 1983, Rich was presented with a 1940s-vintage Slingerland Radio King set, refurbished by Joe MacSweeney of Eames Drums, which he used until his death in 1987.", "Rich's typical setup included a 14\"×24\" bass drum, a 9\"×13\" mounted tom, two 16\"×16\" floor toms (with the second tom usually serving as a towel holder), and a 5.5\"×14\" snare drum.", "His cymbals were typically Avedis Zildjian: 14\" New Beat hi-hats, 20\" medium ride, 8\" splash, two 18\" crashes (thin and medium-thin).", "Sometimes a 6\" splash and later a 22\" swish.", "He also used Remo drumheads and Slingerland drumsticks." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 448747, "simple_article_title": "Buddy Rich", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=448747", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-448747-0-0", "simple-448747-0-1", "simple-448747-0-2", "simple-448747-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Bernard \"Buddy\" Rich (September 30, 1917 – April 2, 1987) was an American jazz drummer and bandleader.", "Rich was known as \"the world's greatest drummer\" and for his virtuoso technique, power, groove, and speed.", "He was born in Brooklyn, New York.", "Rich died in Los Angeles, California from heart failure, aged 69." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 131986, "normal_article_title": "Vetlanda Municipality", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=131986", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-131986-0-0", "normal-131986-1-0", "normal-131986-1-1", "normal-131986-2-0", "normal-131986-3-0", "normal-131986-3-1", "normal-131986-3-2", "normal-131986-4-0", "normal-131986-5-0", "normal-131986-5-1", "normal-131986-5-2", "normal-131986-5-3", "normal-131986-6-0", "normal-131986-7-0", "normal-131986-7-1", "normal-131986-8-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Vetlanda Municipality (\"Vetlanda kommun\") is a municipality in Jönköping County, in southern Sweden where the town of Vetlanda is the seat.", "The municipality was created in 1971, when the \"City of Vetlanda\" (instituted in 1920) was amalgamated with the surrounding rural municipalities to form a unitary municipality.", "In 1863, when the first local government acts in Sweden came into force, there were more than 20 entities within the area of the present municipality.", "Vetlanda is the birthplace of Johan Franzén, professional ice hockey center playing for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League.", "Vetlanda Municipality is the largest municipality in Jönköping County.", "The municipality is situated on the South Swedish highlands, an area situated some 250 meters above sea level and also includes Eksjö Municipality and Nässjö Municipality.", "It is a sight worthy nature that is visited by tourists for the scenery alone.", "The distance to any of the three largest Swedish cities Malmö (south-west), Gothenburg (west) and Stockholm (north-east) is rather similar; about 300 km.", "The history of Vetlanda goes back to at least the medieval age when it was the seat for the regional assembly called \"þing\" (thing).", "According to the imaginations of Petter Rudebeck (1660–1710), Vetlanda was before that known as Vitala, and the centre of a mythological kingdom.", "However, all later archeological research have failed in finding any evidence of it.", "But the myth was popular during the 18th and 19th century, which displays in the naming of several companies and locations around the municipality.", "There are 12 urban areas (also called a Tätort or locality) in Vetlanda Municipality.", "In the table the localities are listed according to the size of the population as of December 31, 2005.", "The municipal seat is in bold characters.", "Vetlanda boasts successful clubs in bandy (Vetlanda BK) and in motorcycle speedway (Vetlanda Speedway)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 3562458, "normal_article_title": "Jared Staal", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3562458", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-3562458-0-0", "normal-3562458-0-1", "normal-3562458-0-2", "normal-3562458-0-3", "normal-3562458-1-0", "normal-3562458-1-1", "normal-3562458-2-0", "normal-3562458-2-1", "normal-3562458-2-2", "normal-3562458-2-3", "normal-3562458-3-0", "normal-3562458-3-1", "normal-3562458-4-0", "normal-3562458-4-1", "normal-3562458-4-2", "normal-3562458-4-3", "normal-3562458-4-4", "normal-3562458-4-5", "normal-3562458-5-0", "normal-3562458-5-1", "normal-3562458-6-0", "normal-3562458-6-1", "normal-3562458-6-2", "normal-3562458-7-0", "normal-3562458-8-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Jared John Staal (born August 21, 1990) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who last played for the Edinburgh Capitals of the Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL).", "Staal was previously a member of the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL).", "He is the younger brother of Eric Staal of the Minnesota Wild, Marc Staal of the New York Rangers, and Jordan Staal of the Carolina Hurricanes.", "He is also the cousin of Jeff Heerema, formerly of the Nottingham Panthers.", "Jared grew up in his hometown of Thunder Bay, Ontario playing 'AAA' hockey for the Thunder Bay Kings.", "He was drafted in the first round of the 2006 Ontario Hockey League (OHL) Priority Selection Draft by the Sudbury Wolves (11th overall).", "Staal played the 2007–08 season with the Wolves.", "He was selected by the Phoenix Coyotes in the second-round of the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, 49th overall.", "He is the only member of the Staal brothers not to be taken in the first round of the NHL Entry Draft and the only one not to have been drafted by an Eastern Conference team.", "He is the only right shooter of all four brothers.", "On April 3, 2009, Staal signed an amateur tryout contract with the San Antonio Rampage, the AHL affiliate of the Coyotes.", "He appeared in five games for the Rampage in 2009, however he was sent back to the Sudbury Wolves for the remainder of the season.", "On May 13, 2010, the Carolina Hurricanes acquired his rights from the Phoenix Coyotes in exchange for a fifth-round draft pick.", "On May 14, 2010 the Hurricanes signed him to a three-year entry-level contract.", "To start the 2010–11 season, Jared was assigned to the Hurricanes AHL affiliate, the Charlotte Checkers of the AHL.", "Struggling to gain ice time after 12 games, on November 19, 2010, Jared was reassigned to their ECHL affiliate, the Florida Everblades, but was later recalled.", "For the 2011–12 season, Staal returned to the Charlotte Checkers.", "On March 12, 2012, the Hurricanes loaned him to the Boston Bruins' affiliate Providence Bruins of the AHL for the remainder of the 2011–12 season.", "After scoring 3 goals and 4 assists in 52 games with Charlotte in 2012–13, he made his NHL debut with the Hurricanes on April 25, 2013 against the New York Rangers.", "He was in the Hurricanes' starting line-up for the game, starting on a forward line with brothers Eric and Jordan.", "After five seasons within the Hurricanes organization, Staal was released as a free agent in the summer.", "With limited NHL or AHL interest, Staal signed a one-year deal with the Florida Everblades of the ECHL on October 7, 2015.", "Prior to the 2015–16 season, he was traded by the Everblades to the South Carolina Stingrays on October 15, 2015.", "On July 4, 2016, Staal signed abroad to a one-year contract with the Edinburgh Capitals of the EIHL.", "In June 2018, Staal signed a contract to become an assistant coach with OHA Edmonton of the Canadian Sport School Hockey League." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1712716, "normal_article_title": "J. Joseph Curran Jr.", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1712716", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1712716-0-0", "normal-1712716-0-1", "normal-1712716-1-0", "normal-1712716-1-1", "normal-1712716-1-2", "normal-1712716-1-3", "normal-1712716-1-4", "normal-1712716-1-5", "normal-1712716-2-0", "normal-1712716-2-1", "normal-1712716-3-0", "normal-1712716-3-1", "normal-1712716-3-2", "normal-1712716-3-3", "normal-1712716-4-0", "normal-1712716-5-0", "normal-1712716-5-1", "normal-1712716-5-2", "normal-1712716-5-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "J. Joseph Curran Jr. (born July 7, 1931) is an American lawyer and the longest serving elected Attorney General (1987 to 2007) in Maryland history, and previously the fourth Lieutenant Governor of Maryland from 1983 to 1987.", "His son-in-law, Martin J. O'Malley, served as the 61st Governor of Maryland from 2007 to 2015.", "Curran was born in West Palm Beach, Florida, the son of Catherine Mary (Clark) and Baltimore City Council member J. Joseph Curran, Sr.", "He attended Baltimore parochial schools.", "He graduated from Loyola High School and then from the University of Baltimore.", "He served in the U.S. Air Force from 1951 to 1955.", "Curran returned to Baltimore and entered the University of Baltimore School of Law where he earned a LL.B.", "Curran was admitted to the Maryland Bar in 1959 and is a member of the Maryland State Bar Association.", "A Democrat, Curran previously served as the Lieutenant Governor of Maryland from 1983 to 1987 under Governor Harry Hughes.", "Prior to that, Curran was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 1959 to 1963 and the Maryland Senate from 1963–1983.", "In 1986, Curran was elected Attorney General after serving four years as Lieutenant Governor with Governor Harry R. Hughes.", "In 1990, 1994, 1998, and 2002, he won re-election.", "As Attorney General, Curran initiated statewide reform in the areas of consumer protection, criminal investigations, Medicaid fraud prosecution, securities regulation, antitrust enforcement, protection of children and teens, parents, seniors, protection of victims of domestic violence and sexual predators.", "He also worked to strengthen criminal laws against gun violence, prescription drug abuse, and was an opponent of slot machines and casino gambling.", "Citing his age and his long career, Curran decided not to seek re-election in 2006, preventing any conflict of interest that might arise in having O'Malley as governor and his father-in-law as attorney general.", "Curran is the brother of Martin \"Mike\" Curran and Robert W. Curran who both also served on the Baltimore City Council.", "Curran is married with four living children, three daughters and one son.", "His youngest daughter, Katie, is a state district court judge and the wife of former Governor Martin O'Malley, his middle daughter, Alice, is the Chief Financial Officer at Miami Country Day School, a private school in South Florida, and his son, J. Joseph \"Max\" Curran, is a partner at the Saul Ewing law firm.", "His first cousin was Gerald Curran." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 900775, "normal_article_title": "Taipei Metro", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=900775", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-900775-0-0", "normal-900775-1-0", "normal-900775-1-1", "normal-900775-1-2", "normal-900775-1-3", "normal-900775-1-4", "normal-900775-2-0", "normal-900775-2-1", "normal-900775-2-2", "normal-900775-3-0", "normal-900775-3-1", "normal-900775-3-2", "normal-900775-4-0", "normal-900775-4-1", "normal-900775-4-2", "normal-900775-4-3", "normal-900775-4-4", "normal-900775-4-5", "normal-900775-4-6", "normal-900775-5-0", "normal-900775-5-1", "normal-900775-5-2", "normal-900775-5-3", "normal-900775-5-4", "normal-900775-6-0", "normal-900775-6-1", "normal-900775-6-2", "normal-900775-6-3", "normal-900775-7-0", "normal-900775-7-1", "normal-900775-7-2", "normal-900775-8-0", "normal-900775-8-1", "normal-900775-8-2", "normal-900775-8-3", "normal-900775-9-0", "normal-900775-9-1", "normal-900775-9-2", 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"normal-900775-50-0", "normal-900775-51-0", "normal-900775-51-1", "normal-900775-51-2", "normal-900775-52-0", "normal-900775-52-1", "normal-900775-52-2", "normal-900775-52-3", "normal-900775-52-4", "normal-900775-52-5", "normal-900775-52-6", "normal-900775-52-7", "normal-900775-52-8", "normal-900775-52-9", "normal-900775-53-0", "normal-900775-53-1", "normal-900775-53-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Taipei Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), branded as Taipei Metro, is a metro system serving Taipei and New Taipei, Taiwan, operated by government owned Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation, which also operates Maokong Gondola.", "Taipei Metro was the first metro system in Taiwan.", "The initial network was approved for construction in 1986 and work started two years later.", "The first line opened in 1996 and by 2000, 62 stations were in service on three main lines.", "Over the next 9 years the number of passengers had increased by 70%.", "Since 2008, the network has expanded to 117 stations and the passenger count has grown by another 66%.", "The system has often been praised for its safety, reliability and quality.", "It has become effective in relieving traffic congestion in Taipei, with over two million trips made daily.", "The system has also proven effective as a catalyst for urban renewal.", "The idea of constructing the Taipei Metro was first put forth at a press conference on 28 June 1968, where the Minister of Transportation and Communications Sun Yun-suan announced his ministry's plans to begin researching the possibility of constructing a rapid transit network in the Taipei metropolitan area; however, the plan was shelved due to fiscal concerns and the belief that such a system was not urgently needed at the time.", "With the increase of traffic congestion accompanying economic growth in the 1970s, the need for a rapid transit system became more pressing.", "In February 1977, the Institute of Transportation (IOT) of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC) released a preliminary rapid transport system report, with the designs of five lines, including U1, U2, U3, S1, and S2, to form a rough sketch of the planned corridors, resulting in the first rapid transit system plan for Taipei.", "In 1981, the IOT invited British Mass Transit Consultants (BMTC) and China Engineering Consultants, Inc. to form a team and provide in-depth research on the preliminary report.", "In 1982, the Taipei City Government commissioned National Chiao Tung University to do a research and feasibility study on medium-capacity rapid transit systems.", "In January 1984, the university proposed an initial design for a medium-capacity rapid transit system in Taipei City, including plans for Wenhu line and Tamsui–Xinyi line of the medium-capacity metro system.", "On March 1, 1985, the Executive Yuan Council for Economic Planning and Development (CEPD) signed a treaty with the Taipei Transit Council (TTC), composed of three American consultant firms, to do overall research on a rapid transit system in metropolitan Taipei.", "Apart from adjustments made to the initial proposal, Wenhu line of the medium-capacity metro system was also included into the network.", "In 1986, the initial network design of the Taipei Metro by the CEPD was passed by the Executive Yuan, although the network corridors were not yet set.", "A budget of NT$441.7 billion was allocated for the project.", "On 27 June 1986, the Preparatory Office of Rapid Transit Systems was created, which on 23 February 1987 was formally established as the Department of Rapid Transit Systems (DORTS) for the task of handling, planning, design, and construction of the system.", "Apart from preparing for the construction of the metro system, DORTS also made small changes to the metro corridor.", "The 6 lines proposed on the initial network were: Tamsui line and Xindian line (Lines U1 and U2), Zhonghe Line (Line U3), Nangang Line and Banqiao Line (Line S1), and Muzha (now Wenhu) line (Wenhu line medium-capacity), totaling 79 stations and 76.8 km route length, including 34.4 km of elevated rail, 9.5 km at ground level, and 44.2 km underground.", "The Neihu Line corridor was approved later in 1990.", "On 27 June 1994, the Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation (TRTC) was formed to oversee the operation of the Taipei Metro system.", "The Executive Yuan approved the initial network plan for the system on 27 May 1986.", "Ground was broken and construction began on 15 December 1988.", "The growing traffic problems of the time, compounded by road closures due to TRTS construction led to what became popularly known as the \"dark age of Taipei traffic\".", "The TRTS was the center of political controversy during its construction and shortly after the opening of its first line in 1996 due to incidents such as computer malfunction during a thunderstorm, alleged structural problems in some elevated segments, budget overruns, and fare prices.", "The system opened on 28 March 1996, with the 10.5 km elevated , a driverless, medium-capacity line with twelve stations running from to .", "The first high-capacity line, the , began service on 28 March 1997, running from to , then extended to at the end of the year.", "On 23 December 1998, the system passed the milestone of 100 million passengers.", "On 24 December 1999, a section of the was opened between and .", "This section became the first east-west line running through the city, connecting the two previously completed north-south lines.", "On 31 May 2006, the second stage of the Banqiao–Nangang section and the Tucheng section began operation.", "The service was then named Bannan after the districts that it connects (Banqiao and Nangang).", "On 4 July 2007, the Maokong Gondola, a new aerial lift/cable-car system, was opened to the public.", "The system connects the , , and Maokong.", "Service was suspended on 1 October 2008 due to erosion from mudslides under a support pillar following Typhoon Jangmi.", "The gondola officially resumed service as of 31 March 2010, after relocation of the pillar and passing safety inspections.", "On 4 July 2009, with the opening of the Neihu section of , the last of the six core sections was completed.", "Due to controversy on whether to construct a medium-capacity or high-capacity line, construction of the line did not begin until 2002.", "Prior to 2014, only physical lines had official names; services did not.", "In 2008, the and Xiaonanmen services were referred to by termini while Bannan and Wenhu services were referred to by the physical lines on which they operated.", "Following the completion of the core sections of the system in 2014, the naming scheme for services was set and 'lines' started to referred to services.", "Between 2014 and 2016, lines were given alternative number names based on the order of the dates the lines first opened.", "Brown, Red, Green, Orange and Blue lines were named lines 1 to 5 respectively.", "The planned Circular, Wanda–Shulin and Minsheng–Xizhi lines were to be lines 6 to 8 respectively.", "In 2016, the number names were replaced by colour names.", "Today, Chinese announcements use full names while English announcements use colour names.", "The system is designed based on spoke-hub distribution paradigm, with most rail lines running radially outward from central Taipei.", "The MRT system operates daily from 06:00 to 00:00 the following day (the last trains finish their runs by 01:00), with extended services during special events (such as New Year festivities).", "Trains operate at intervals of 1:30 to 15 minutes depending on the line and time of day.", "Smoking is forbidden in the entire metro system, while eating, drinking, and chewing gum and betel nuts are forbidden within the paid area.", "Stations become extremely crowded during rush hours, especially at transfer stations such as , , and .", "Automated station announcements are recorded in Mandarin, English, Hokkien, and Hakka, with Japanese at busy stations.", "Fares range between –65 per trip as of 2018.", "RFID single journey tokens and rechargeable IC cards are used to collect fares for day-to-day use.", "Discounts are given to all IC card users and further for those with welfare cards provided by local governments.", "Children aged 6 or over pay adult fares.", "Other ticket types include passes, joint tickets with other services and tickets for groups and cyclists.", "The Taipei Metro provides an obstacle-free environment within the entire system; all stations and trains are handicap accessible.", "Features include: handicap-capable restrooms, ramps and elevators for wheelchairs and strollers, tactile guide paths, extra-wide faregates, and trains with a designated wheelchair area.", "Beginning in September 2003, the English station names for Taipei Metro stations were converted to use Hanyu pinyin before the end of December, with brackets for Tongyong Pinyin names for signs shown at the station entrances and exits.", "However, after the conversion, many stations were reported to have multiple conflicting English station names caused by inconsistent conversions, even for stations built after enactment of the new naming policy.", "The information brochures (臺北市大眾捷運系統捷運站轉乘公車資訊手冊) printed in September 2004 still used Wade–Giles romanizations.", "To accommodate increasing passenger numbers, all metro stations have replaced turnstiles with speedgates since 2007, and single journey magnetic cards have been replaced by RFID tokens.", "TRTS provides free mobile phone connections in all stations, trains, and tunnels and also provides WiFi WLAN connections at several station hotspots.", "The world's first WiMAX-service metro trains were introduced on the in 2007, allowing passengers to access the internet and watch live broadcasts.", "Several stations are also equipped with mobile charging stations.", "Most stations on high-capacity lines have island platform configurations while a few have side platform configurations, and vice versa for medium-capacity lines (a few stations have island platform configurations but the majority of medium-capacity stations have side platform configurations).", "All high-capacity metro stations have a 150 m long platform to accommodate all six train cars on a typical metro train (with the exception of ).", "The width of the platform and concourse depends on the volume of transit; the largest stations include , , and .", "Some other transfer stations, including , , and , also have wide platforms.", "Each station is equipped with LED displays and LCD TVs both in the concourse and on the platforms which display the time of arrival of the next train.", "At all underground stations, red lights along the platform edge (or on automatic platform gates at stations where they are installed) flash one minute prior to train arrival to alert passengers.", "As of September 2018, all stations have automatic platform gates.", "All the stations on the and , as well as at , are equipped with platform screen doors.", "High-traffic stations, including , , and , have platform gates to prevent passengers and other objects from falling onto the rails.", "All lines and extensions currently under construction will be equipped with platform screen doors.", "A Track Intrusion Detection System has also been installed to improve passenger safety at stations without platform doors.", "The system uses infrared and radio detectors to monitor unusual movement in the track area.", "In the initial network, important stations such as transfer stations, terminal stations, and stations with heavy passenger flow were chosen for the installation of public art.", "The principles behind the locations of public art were visual focus and non-interference with passenger circulation and construction schedules.", "The artworks included murals, children's mosaic collages, sculptures, hung forms, spatial art, interactive art, and window displays.", "The selection methods included open competitions, invitational competitions, direct assignments, and cooperation with children.", "Stations with public art displays include: , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .", "Stations with art galleries include , , , and .", "The promotion for artwork continues today – the Department of Rapid Transit held a bid on providing public large scale artwork for the interiors of .", "The bid is placed at over million.", "As of 2008 there are 102 shops within the stations themselves.", "Transfers to city bus stations are available at all metro stations.", "In 2009, transfer volume between the metro and bus systems reached 444,100 transfers per day (counting only EasyCard users).", "Connections to Taiwan Railway Administration and Taiwan High Speed Rail trains are available at , and .", "Connections to Taipei Bus Station and Taipei City Hall Bus Station are available at and stations, respectively.", "The Maokong Gondola is accessible from .", "Taipei Songshan Airport is served by the station.", "A metro system to connect Taipei to Taoyuan International Airport is also available since February 2017.", "Rolling stocks on the Taipei Metro are multiple unit rolling stocks, using a third rail to provide electricity (750 volts DC) for propulsion.", "Each train is equipped with automatic train operation (ATO) for a partial or complete automatic train piloting and driverless functions.", "The medium-capacity trains are gauge rubber-tired trains with no onboard train operators but are operated remotely by the medium-capacity system operation control center.", "The uses a fixed-block Automatic Train Control (ATC) system.", "Each train consists of two 2-car Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) sets, with a total of 4 cars.", "Each car is a closed end car where passengers cannot walk between cars unless the train stops and the doors are open.", "The was initially operated with VAL 256 trains cars, where two VAL 256 cars in the same set would share the same road number.", "As a result of this numbering scheme, the 102 cars of the VAL fleet have car numbers from 1 to 51.", "On June 2003, Bombardier was awarded a contract to supply the with 202 Innovia 256 train cars , to install the communications-based CITYFLO 650 moving-block ATC system to replace the fixed-block ATC system and also to retrofit the existing 102 VAL 256 cars with the CITYFLO 650 ATC system.", "Integration of Bombardier's trains with the existing proved to be difficult in the beginning, with multiple system malfunctions and failures during the first three months of operation.", "Retrofitting older trains also took longer than expected, as the older trains must undergo several hours of reliability tests during non-service hours.", "The VAL 256 trains resumed operations in December 2010.", "The AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro will be used on the , which will be scheduled to be placed into service in June 2018 with the opening of the first section of the .", "The heavy-capacity trains have steel wheels and are operated by an on-board train operator.", "The trains are computer-controlled.", "The operator, who is both motorman and conductor, is responsible for opening and closing the doors and making announcements.", "ATC controls all train movements, including braking, acceleration and speed control, but can be manually overridden by the operator in the case of an emergency.", "Each train consists of two 3-car Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) sets with a total of 6 cars.", "Each 3-car EMU set is permanently coupled as DM-T-M, where DM is the motor car with full-width cab, T is a trailer car and M is the motor car without cab.", "Each motor car has two AC traction motors.", "The configuration of a 6-car train is DM-T-M-M-T-DM, not interchanged with other car types.", "Like Toronto subway's Toronto Rocket and some of the New York City Subway's R211 subway cars, each train features open gangways, allowing passengers to move freely between cars.", "In Set XXX, the road number of a DM car is 1XXX, the road number of a T car is 2XXX and the road number of an M car is 3XXX.", "The table below shows the set numbers of the heavy-capacity car types, which include Types C301, C321, C341, C371, and C381.", "For example, if the car numbers of a C301 train is 1001-2001-3001-3002-2002-1002, two C301 sets 001 and 002 form this train.", "A single set cannot be in revenue service except C371 single sets 397–399, where their M car is exactly a DM car despite its car number being 3XXX.", "These single sets run exclusively on Xinbeitou branch and Xiaobitan branch.", "Before the C371 single sets were in revenue service on July 22, 2006, the M cars of C301 sets 013-014 were converted to temporary cab cars to run the Xinbeitou branch.", "In 2010, the new C381 was built for Taipei Metro to cope with increasing passenger ridership and the expansion of its network route.", "Upon entering service on 7 October 2012, three C381 trainsets are servicing the Beitou – Taipower Building segment of the Tamsui and Xindian Lines, with the remaining fleet being put into service on October 20, 2012.", "These trains provided much-needed capacity increase when the Xinyi and Songshan extensions opened in late 2013.", "After November 2014, the C381 trains are serving both and .", "In addition to their assigned lines, the C381 sets are more distinctive than earlier heavy capacity models with double blue stripes and the re-positioning of the logo from the driver's door to well below of passenger's windows, right on the stripe; as well as the more \"sleeker\" cab and the new advertising screens (as seen in newer Japanese commuter trains such as the E233 series) to improve energy efficiency, although it retains the same propulsion as the C371s.", "The system currently has 8 depots, with more under construction, including the Xinzhuang Depot, expected to be completed in 2022.", "Taipei Metro is one of the most expensive rapid transit systems ever constructed, with phase one of the system costing US$18 billion and phase two estimated to have cost US$13.8 billion.", "Despite earlier controversy, by the time the first phase of construction was completed in 2000, it was generally agreed that the metro project was a success and has since become an essential part of life in Taipei.", "The system has been effective in reducing traffic congestion in the city and has spurred the revival of satellite towns (like Tamsui) and development of new areas (like Nangang).", "The system has also helped to increase average vehicle speed for routes running from New Taipei into Taipei.", "Property prices along metro routes (both new and existing) tend to increase with the opening of more lines.", "Since the Taipei Metro joined the Nova International Railway Benchmarking Group and the Community of Metros (Nova/CoMET) in 2002, it has started collecting and analysing data of the 33 Key Performance Indicators set by Nova/CoMET in order to compare them with those of other metro systems around the world, as a reference to improve its operation.", "Taipei Metro also has gained keys to success from case studies on different subjects such as safety, reliability, and incidents, and from the operational experiences of other metro systems.", "According to a study conducted by the Railway Technology Strategy Center at Imperial College London, and data gathered by Nova/CoMET, the Taipei Metro has ranked number 1 in the world for four consecutive years in terms of reliability, safety, and quality standards (2004–2007).", "The most congested route sections handle over 38,000 commuters per hour during peak times.", "On New Year's Eve 2009 and New Year's Day 2010, the Metro system transported 2.17 million passengers in 42 consecutive hours.", "On 22 April 2010 after 14 years of service, the system achieved the milestone of 4 billion cumulative riders.", "On December 29, 2010, the system passed the benchmark of 500 million annual passengers for the first time.", "The record for single day ridership hit 2.5 million passengers during the New Year's Eve celebrations on 31 December 2010.", "Following opening of the Xinyi section of , the system reached another record of 2.75 million passengers on 31 December 2013.", "In May 2016, the Singapore Transport Minister, Khaw Boon Wan, said that his country’s rail operators, SBS Transit and SMRT, should emulate the example of Taipei Metro.", "Speaking at a rail engineering forum, he cited the Taipei Metro's timely maintenance and replacement of assets, as well as its fast response to rail network problems.", "Khaw said the Singapore Land Transport Authority (LTA) is working with the TRTC to attach staff from SBS and SMRT to its metro workshops, so they can learn from its asset maintenance practices and engineering improvements.", "On 17 September 2001, Typhoon Nari flooded all underground tracks as well as 16 stations, the heavy-capacity system operation control center, the administration building, and the Nangang Depot.", "The elevated was not seriously affected and resumed operations the next day.", "However, the heavy-capacity lines were not restored to full operational status until three months later.", "Following this incident, TRTS has devoted more resources to flood prevention in the underground system.", "On 21 May 2014, 28 people were stabbed in a mass stabbing by a knife-wielding college student on the .", "The attack occurred on a train near , resulting in 4 deaths and 24 injured.", "It was the first fatal attack on the metro system since it began operations in 1996.", "The suspect was 21-year-old university student Cheng Chieh (鄭捷), who was arrested at immediately after the incident.", "Several lines are planned to be added to the network.", "The Circular line is a metro line under construction in New Taipei, with extensions being planned.", "The first section is scheduled to open in 2019.", "Stage I construction consists of section running from to on and will be about 15.4 km long with 14 stations.", "Ansaldo STS will supply electromechanical equipment for the line, including driverless technology and CBTC Radio signalling.", "Wanda–Zhonghe–Shulin is a metro line under construction.", "The first section will run from to Juguang, Zhonghe, New Taipei.", "Another extension are still on planning stage.", "Minsheng–Xizhi is a planned metro line.", "As of February 2011, New Taipei has been pursuing the construction of the 17.52-km Minsheng–Xizhi line, though the most recent plan was rejected by the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, citing the need for further evidence for the line's viability.", "The city plans to re-submit the proposal, and the project is estimated to cost NT$42.2 billion (US$1.44 billion).", "A possible 4.25-km extension of the line to connect with Keelung's Lightrail Transit System is also being considered.", "The line is planned to be built partially underground and partially elevated.", "It will begin from Dadaocheng Harbour beneath Minsheng West Road in Taipei, run along Minsheng East and West Roads, pass through Minsheng Community and journey under the Keelung River towards the Neihu District.", "The line will then change to an elevated mode and reach its termini at Xintai 5th Road in Xizhi District, New Taipei City.", "As of May 2018, the proposal for this line has been submitted to the Ministry Of Transportation and Communications, but has yet to be approved.", "An LRT system with two routes has been recommended for the Shezi, Shilin, and Beitou areas.", "Additional lines under construction will form a separate New Taipei Metro network.", "Danhai is a light rail transit (LRT) system located in Tamsui District, New Taipei, Taiwan.", "It opened on 24 December 2018.", "The line interchanges with Taipei Metro at .", "Ankeng is getting a light rail line in the shape of a battery powered tram service, similar to those in Kaohsiung.", "Construction started around April 2016 and is well away on the road level part between station K1 and K5, with the first tracks having been laid in November 2018.", "As of December 2018 the project was at a 48.44% completion rate.", "From station K6 to K9 the tracks will be elevated.", "In addition, station K2 will apparently be elevated.", "Work on the bridge across the Xindian river has also started.", "As of June 2018, the entire section from station K1 to K6 is clearly visible on Google maps running down the middle of Anyi Rd and then turning right onto Anjie Rd, passing through a cemetery and going across Ankang Road.", "As of September 2018, work has started on the bridge across the Xindian river to Shisizhang station.", "The line is expected to open in December 2020 and will connect to station Y7 on the Circular line, which is still under construction, but is expected to open in 2019.", "The Department of Rapid Transit Systems has more details on its website in Chinese about the Ankeng light rail.", "Sanying is a metro line under construction, serving Sanxia and Yingge districts.", "The first section is 14.29 km long, has twelve stations and runs through Tucheng, Sanxia and Yingge districts.", "The line shares the same terminus with 's terminal station, ." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 608210, "simple_article_title": "Taipei Metro", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=608210", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-608210-0-0", "simple-608210-0-1", "simple-608210-0-2", "simple-608210-1-0", "simple-608210-1-1", "simple-608210-1-2", "simple-608210-1-3", "simple-608210-2-0", "simple-608210-2-1", "simple-608210-3-0", "simple-608210-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Taipei Metro is a metro system in Taipei, Taiwan.", "It consists of 108 stations (117 stations if transfer stations are double-counted) and 5 main routes and 2 branch lines, operating on 131.1 kilometres (81.5 mi) of revenue track.", "The Taipei Metro is a first metro system in Taiwan before the Taoyuan Metro's Airport Express link opened in March 2017 to connect the Taipei Taoyuan Airport and the main station.", "The system operates according to a spoke-hub distribution paradigm, with most rail lines running radially outward from central Taipei.", "The MRT system operates from 6 am to midnight daily (the last trains finish their runs by 1 am), with extended services during special events (such as New Year festivities).", "Trains operate at intervals of 1.5 to 15 minutes depending on the line and time of day.", "Smoking is forbidden in the entire metro system, while eating or drinking is prohibited in the area.", "Stations become extremely crowded during rush hours, especially at transfer stations such as Taipei Main Station, Zhongxiao Fuxing, and Minquan West Road.", "Automated station announcements are recorded in Mandarin, English, Taiwanese, and Hakka.", "On the November 24, 2013, the section from Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall Station to Xiangshan Station opened and began revenue service.", "On the November 15, 2014, with the opening of Songshan Line, trains run between Songshan and Xindian Stations, forming Green Line." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1935448, "normal_article_title": "Cyprus Turkish Airlines", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1935448", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1935448-0-0", "normal-1935448-0-1", "normal-1935448-1-0", "normal-1935448-1-1", "normal-1935448-2-0", "normal-1935448-2-1", "normal-1935448-2-2", "normal-1935448-3-0", "normal-1935448-3-1", "normal-1935448-4-0", "normal-1935448-5-0", "normal-1935448-5-1", "normal-1935448-6-0", "normal-1935448-6-1", "normal-1935448-7-0", "normal-1935448-7-1", "normal-1935448-8-0", "normal-1935448-9-0", "normal-1935448-9-1", "normal-1935448-10-0", "normal-1935448-10-1", "normal-1935448-11-0", "normal-1935448-12-0", "normal-1935448-12-1", "normal-1935448-12-2", "normal-1935448-13-0", "normal-1935448-13-1", "normal-1935448-13-2", "normal-1935448-14-0", "normal-1935448-14-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Cyprus Turkish Airlines Limited was a Turkish Cypriot airline that served as the flag carrier for Northern Cyprus.", "Until its collapse in June 2010, Cyprus Turkish Airlines was the primary airline flying passengers to Northern Cyprus.", "KTHY operated scheduled flights from Ercan, Northern Cyprus, to several cities in Turkey, the United Kingdom, and Western and Northern Europe.", "Its main base was Ercan Airport, in the Turkish sector of Nicosia.", "The airline was \"de jure\" registered as a Turkish company in Istanbul.", "Day-to-day operations were run from Ercan.", "All flights to Europe were required to make a stop at an airport in mainland Turkey.", "Cyprus Turkish Airlines was established on 4 December 1974 in Nicosia, with shares equally divided between Turkish Airlines and the Cash Development of the Consolidated Fund of the Assembly of the Turkish Cypriot Community (\"Konsolide Fonu Inkisaf Sandigi\").", "The first scheduled flight took place on 3 February 1975.", "In 2005, the Turkish government sold its shares to Ada Havayollari.", "By June 2010, KTHY had incurred a $100 million debt, and its management decided to sell the company to avoid bankruptcy.", "The Turkish carrier Atlasjet was the only bidder.", "On 21 June 2010, the airline announced via its website that it had ceased all operations until further notice.", "On 29 June 2010, it was announced that the airline had gone out of business.", "As of 14 March 2010, the average age of the fleet was 6.5 years.", "According to the \"Cyprus Observer\", KTHY had planned to extend its fleet to 12 aircraft, to be in service by 2012 with the airline's updated livery.", "Most of the fleet parked at Ercan overnight, but some aircraft overnighted at Turkish airports.", "In early 2008, the airline introduced an express check-in service at Ercan for passengers who were not checking any bags.", "There were separate express check-in counters for passengers with only carry-on luggage and for those without any luggage at all.", "The airline had a \"Special Passenger Programme for Frequent Flyers\".", "Participants had priority for seat reservations and an extra baggage allowance, avoided waiting at check-in, and earned points redeemable for travel.", "All Cyprus Turkish Airlines flight attendants were women until the start of the 2008 summer schedule in July, when the airline began using male flight attendants as well.", "On 7 April 2010, starting at 6 a.m., Cyprus Turkish Airlines staff staged a six-hour wildcat strike that grounded all planes.", "Travellers to and from Northern Cyprus were distressed and severely inconvenienced.", "Communication from the airline to travelers about the delays was poor.", "A monthly, in-flight magazine was produced for KTHY, titled \"Caretta\".", "It generally contained information about Northern Cyprus such as cultural background, tourist destinations, and upcoming events.", "The magazine was also available on the airline's website.", "On 30 March 1998, Mehmet Ertürk hijacked a KTHY flight from Ercan to Ankara, using a lighter designed to resemble a hand grenade.", "The plane landed safely in Ankara, and Ertürk was arrested." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 240581, "simple_article_title": "Kıbrıs Türk Hava Yolları", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=240581", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-240581-0-0", "simple-240581-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Its fleet had: one Airbus A320, two Airbus A321 and four Boeing 737-800.", "Due to the complicated political situation in Northern Cyprus all flights that K.T.H.Y operate to Europe must travel via an airport in Turkey (for all German flights that airport was Antalya)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 4206139, "normal_article_title": "Alyque Padamsee", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4206139", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-4206139-0-0", "normal-4206139-0-1", "normal-4206139-0-2", "normal-4206139-1-0", "normal-4206139-1-1", "normal-4206139-1-2", "normal-4206139-1-3", "normal-4206139-2-0", "normal-4206139-2-1", "normal-4206139-2-2", "normal-4206139-2-3", "normal-4206139-2-4", "normal-4206139-2-5", "normal-4206139-2-6", "normal-4206139-3-0", "normal-4206139-3-1", "normal-4206139-3-2", "normal-4206139-3-3", "normal-4206139-3-4", "normal-4206139-3-5", "normal-4206139-4-0", "normal-4206139-4-1", "normal-4206139-4-2", "normal-4206139-4-3", "normal-4206139-4-4", "normal-4206139-4-5", "normal-4206139-5-0", "normal-4206139-5-1", "normal-4206139-5-2", "normal-4206139-5-3", "normal-4206139-6-0", "normal-4206139-7-0", "normal-4206139-7-1", "normal-4206139-7-2", "normal-4206139-8-0", "normal-4206139-8-1", "normal-4206139-8-2", "normal-4206139-9-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Alyque Padamsee (5 March 1928 – 17 November 2018) was an Indian theatre personality and ad film maker.", "He is probably best known in the English-speaking world for playing Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the film \"Gandhi\".", "Besides being involved in Indian theatre as an actor and producer, Padamsee was an advertising professional who once headed the advertising company Lintas Bombay.", "Padamsee was born in 1928 into a traditional Khoja Muslim Ismaili family hailing from the Kutch region of Gujarat.", "Their ancestors had belonged to the \"charan\" caste of bards and court musicians.", "The family had been settled in the nearby Kathiawar region for some generations; Padamsee's grandfather, who had been the \"sarpanch\" (headman) of Vāghnagar, a village in Bhavnagar district, had earned the honorific name \"Padamsee\" (a corruption of \"Padmashree\") after he distributed his entire granary to the village during a famine.", "His original family name was \"Charanyas\", due to their ancestors being court poets.", "Padamsee's father, Jafferseth Padamsee, was an affluent businessman who owned 10 buildings and also ran a glassware and furniture business.", "His mother, Kulsumbai Padamsee, was a home-maker.", "Alyque was one of their eight children; one of his brothers is the painter Akbar Padamsee.", "Although rich, the family was not well-educated, and neither of his parents had received much education.", "Alyque and his brothers (but not his sisters) were the first to attend school and learn English there; the parents later picked up a smattering of the language from their sons.", "Raised in an extremely traditional environment, in a devout Muslim family, Padamsee now describes himself as an agnostic who disclaimed his religion at the age of 18.", "He was educated at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai.", "Padamsee's first wife was Pearl Padamsee, a Christian lady born to a Jewish mother and Christian father.", "They had one daughter, Raell Padamsee.", "Padamsee then had an extended relationship with Dolly Thakore, and for all intents and purposes they were assumed to be man and wife by the world.", "Dolly and Padamsee had a son Quasar Thakore Padamsee.", "Padamsee then married Sharon Prabhakar, with whom he has a daughter, Shazahn Padamsee.", "All three women were connected with the performing arts, specifically with theatre and television.", "For 14 years, Padamsee was the Chief Executive who built Lintas India to be one of the top agencies in the country.", "He went on to become the Regional Co-ordinator of Lintas South Asia.", "Known as the Brand Father of Indian advertising, Padamsee has built over 100 brands.", "He is the only Indian to be voted into the International Clio Hall of Fame, the Oscars of World Advertising.", "He is Chairman of the London Institute of Corporate Training at which he conducts courses on leadership training and ideation.", "His best seller book on Advertising entitled \"A Double Life\" is prescribed in business schools.", "Padamsee created Lalitaji for Surf, Cherry Charlie for Cherry Blossom Shoe Polish, the MRF Muscle Man, the Liril girl in the waterfall, the Kamasutra couple, Hamara Bajaj, the TV detective Karamchand, the Fair & Handsome brand, etc.", "Recently he created the Idea of a Fatwa against Terrorism which was announced by the Grand Mufti of the Deoband Uloom.", "For the Golden Jubilee of The Indian Institute Technology Bombay his idea of starting an initiative to create 10 Great Ideas That Will Change The World In The Next 50 Years caused a great deal of excitement.", "He was also working on AIDS Prevention Idea with the Dept. of Biotechnology.", "He was the CEO of AP Advertising Pvt. Ltd., a firm of Image and Communications Consultants, who have provided consultancy services to a number of national and multinational companies, as Creative Advisor.", "Padamsee is also known for his English language theatre productions in India like \"Evita\", \"Jesus Christ Superstar\", \"Tuglaq\", and his latest, \"Broken Images\", which was invited to the Kennedy Center in Washington, DC in 2011.", "He was conferred the Lifetime Achievement Award for Theatre by the Sangeet Natak Akademi; and this January the Tagore Ratna.", "Internationally, he is known for his portrayal of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in Sir Richard Attenborough's \"Gandhi\".", "He worked for the Citizens for Justice & Peace, the Citizens Action Group, and he was on the Advisory Council of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT Bombay).", "Earlier he worked as Communications Advisor to Chandrababu Naidu, the former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State.", "Recently he was appointed to the Prime Minister's AIDS Task Force (Earlier served as Advisor to Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi on Commercial Television).", "\"A Double Life: My Exciting Years In Theatres and Advertising \" (autobiography)" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 667323, "simple_article_title": "Alyque Padamsee", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=667323", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-667323-0-0", "simple-667323-0-1", "simple-667323-0-2", "simple-667323-0-3", "simple-667323-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Alyque Padamsee (5 March 1928 – 17 November 2018) was an Indian actor.", "He was born in Gujarat, India.", "He is probably best known in the English-speaking world for playing Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the movie \"Gandhi\".", "In 2000, he was awarded the Padma Shri.", "Padamsee died on 17 November 2018 from a long-illness at the age of 90." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 127754, "normal_article_title": "Beaufort, North Carolina", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=127754", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-127754-0-0", "normal-127754-0-1", "normal-127754-0-2", "normal-127754-1-0", "normal-127754-1-1", "normal-127754-2-0", "normal-127754-2-1", "normal-127754-2-2", "normal-127754-3-0", "normal-127754-3-1", "normal-127754-3-2", "normal-127754-3-3", "normal-127754-3-4", "normal-127754-4-0", "normal-127754-4-1", "normal-127754-4-2", "normal-127754-4-3", "normal-127754-5-0", "normal-127754-6-0", "normal-127754-7-0", "normal-127754-7-1", "normal-127754-7-2", "normal-127754-7-3", "normal-127754-7-4", "normal-127754-8-0", "normal-127754-8-1", "normal-127754-8-2", "normal-127754-9-0", "normal-127754-9-1", "normal-127754-9-2", "normal-127754-9-3", "normal-127754-10-0", "normal-127754-10-1", "normal-127754-10-2", "normal-127754-10-3", "normal-127754-11-0", "normal-127754-11-1", "normal-127754-11-2", "normal-127754-12-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Beaufort is a town in and the county seat of Carteret County, North Carolina, United States.", "Established in 1709 and incorporated in 1723, Beaufort is the third-oldest town in North Carolina (after Bath and Edenton).", "On February 1, 2012, Beaufort was ranked as \"America's Coolest Small Town\" by readers of \"Budget Travel Magazine.\"", "The population was 4,039 at the 2010 census.", "It is sometimes confused with a city of the same name in South Carolina; the two are distinguished by different pronunciations.", "Beaufort is located in North Carolina's \"Inner Banks\" region.", "The town is home to the North Carolina Maritime Museum, the Duke University Marine Laboratory (Nicholas School of the Environment), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research.", "It is also the location of the Rachel Carson Coastal Reserve.", "The Beaufort Historic District, Carteret County Home, Gibbs House, Jacob Henry House, and Old Burying Ground are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "In June 1718 Blackbeard the pirate ran his flagship, the \"Queen Anne's Revenge\" and his sloop \"Adventure\", aground near present-day Beaufort Inlet, NC.", "The \"Queen Anne's Revenge\" was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 with the reference number 04000148.", "Thirty two years later, in August 1750, at least three Spanish merchantmen ran aground in North Carolina during a hurricane.", "One of the three, the \"El Salvador\", sank near Cape Lookout.", "Beaufort is located south of the center of Carteret County at (34.7207, −76.6525).", "It is located on Beaufort Inlet, a channel leading south to the Atlantic Ocean.", "To the west is the tidal Newport River, separating the town from Morehead City.", "To the east is the unincorporated neighborhood of Lenoxville, extending to the North River, another tidal river.", "U.S. Route 70 passes through Beaufort, leading west across the Newport River to Morehead City and northeast 31 mi to its end in the town of Atlantic.", "According to the United States Census Bureau, Beaufort has a total area of 14.5 km2 , of which 12.0 km2 is land and 2.6 km2 , or 17.75%, is water.", "As of the census of 2008, there were 4,189 people, 1,780 households, and 1,048 families residing in the town.", "The population density was 1,374.4 people per square mile (531.4/km2).", "There were 2,187 housing units at an average density of 797.1 per square mile (308.2/km2).", "The racial makeup of the town was 75.87% White, 19.99% African American, 0.37% Asian, 0.11% Native American, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 2.39% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races.", "Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.77% of the population.", "There were 1,780 households out of which 21.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.1% were non-families.", "35.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", "The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.65.", "In the town, the population was spread out with 18.3% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older.", "The median age was 43 years.", "For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males.", "For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.", "The median income for a household in the town was $28,763, and the median income for a family was $39,429.", "Males had a median income of $30,859 versus $22,955 for females.", "The per capita income for the town was $19,356.", "About 13.3% of families and 16.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.0% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.", "Beaufort uses a council-manager form of government.", "The community elects a mayor and five council members.", "Mayors serve two-year terms, and council members serve staggered four-year terms.", "Beaufort hosts several annual events, including: Beaufort is also home to the Carteret County main public library." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 209909, "simple_article_title": "Beaufort, North Carolina", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209909", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-209909-0-0", "simple-209909-0-1", "simple-209909-1-0", "simple-209909-1-1", "simple-209909-1-2", "simple-209909-1-3", "simple-209909-2-0", "simple-209909-2-1", "simple-209909-3-0", "simple-209909-4-0", "simple-209909-4-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Beaufort (pronounced ) is a town in Carteret County, North Carolina, United States.", "It was established in 1722, which makes it the third-oldest town in North Carolina.", "In 2000, 771 people lived in Beaufort.", "The town is the county seat of Carteret County.", "It is sometimes confused with Beaufort in South Carolina.", "However, the two names are pronounced differently.", "Beaufort is in North Carolina's Inner Banks region.", "The North Carolina Maritime Museum is in Beaufort.", "Beaufort is at (34.720729, -76.652569).", "According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.5 square miles (9.2 km2).", "About 2.7 square miles (7.1 km2) of it is land and 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2) of it (22.82%) is water." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 24164987, "normal_article_title": "Antonio García-Trevijano", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24164987", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-24164987-0-0", "normal-24164987-0-1", "normal-24164987-0-2", "normal-24164987-1-0", "normal-24164987-1-1", "normal-24164987-2-0", "normal-24164987-2-1", "normal-24164987-2-2", "normal-24164987-3-0", "normal-24164987-3-1", "normal-24164987-3-2", "normal-24164987-3-3", "normal-24164987-3-4", "normal-24164987-3-5", "normal-24164987-4-0", "normal-24164987-4-1", "normal-24164987-4-2", "normal-24164987-5-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Antonio García-Trevijano Forte (18 July 1927 – 28 February 2018) was a Spanish republican, a political activist, and an author.", "He was born in Granada, noted for his activism against the Francoist Spain.", "He was referred to by the University Press of America as \"a leading figure in Spanish politics since the late 1960s and probably one of the most important intellectuals of the 20th century in political and aesthetic theory\".", "In 1974 García-Trevijano organised meetings in Paris between Don Juan de Borbón and the republican groups plus the publishing group Ruedo Ibérico, in which the legitimate heir to the Spanish throne expressed his rejection of Franco's decree appointing his son Juan Carlos as his successor.", "He acts as a promoter of political freedom throughout Spain and is the leader of the Citizens' Movement towards the Constitutional Republic of Spain (MCRC)", "For his work on behalf of political freedom during Franco's lifetime, García-Trevijano was the subject of a defamation campaign in the newspaper \"Pueblo\".", "He was tried for high treason before the Court of Public Order (Marshal of Ghent) because of his intervention in Equatorial Guinea.", "He has had five passports withdrawn, suffered three arrests and two fines, was the victim of a serious attack for his declarations to the BBC when Franco was dying, and was prosecuted by the Public Order Court (Gómez Chaparro) for an offense against the State and imprisoned for four months by order of Manuel Fraga Iribarne.", "García-Trevijano wrote a blog and in the \"Journal of the Constitutional Republic\".", "A political analyst in the Spanish press, he wrote more than 50 articles in the \"Reporter magazine\", over a thousand articles in \"ABC\", \"El País\", \"El Independiente\", \"El Mundo\", and \"La Razón\".", "He has written several monographs in private law, a short book titled \"The Truth of my Intervention in Guinea\".", "He has also written the books \"The Democratic Alternative\", \"The Discourse of the Republic\", \"Confronting the Big Lie\"—which has been published in English with the title \"A Pure Theory of Democracy\" by the University Press of America, \"Passions of servitude\", an art book titled \"Donatello, Sculptor of the Childhood\", and a book on philosophy of art entitled \"From Modernity to Modernism.", "Atheism Aesthetic: Art of the Twentieth Century\".", "He has also written prologues to \"Palace of Injustice\" and \"El País: Culture as Business\".", "García-Trevijano was Professor of Commercial Law at the University of Granada and a notary, and worked as an attorney in Madrid from 1960 until his death.", "He died on 28 February 2018 from natural causes.", "He was 90 years old.", "Articles and audio-visual documents of Antonio García-Trevijano are available to read, listen and watch in the pro Justice & Democracy web Habeas-Corpus.n" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 623674, "simple_article_title": "Antonio García-Trevijano", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=623674", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-623674-0-0", "simple-623674-0-1", "simple-623674-0-2", "simple-623674-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Antonio García-Trevijano Forte (July 18, 1927 – February 28, 2018) was a Spanish political activist, and an author.", "He was Professor of Commercial Law at the University of Granada and a notary, and worked as an attorney in Madrid from 1960 until his death in 2018.", "He was born in Granada, Spain.", "García-Trevijano was called by the University Press of America as \"a leading figure in Spanish politics since the late 1960s and probably one of the most important intellectuals of the 20th century in political and aesthetic theory\"." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 33074071, "normal_article_title": "Sonja Sutter", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33074071", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-33074071-0-0", "normal-33074071-0-1", "normal-33074071-0-2", "normal-33074071-0-3", "normal-33074071-0-4", "normal-33074071-1-0", "normal-33074071-1-1", "normal-33074071-1-2", "normal-33074071-1-3", "normal-33074071-1-4", "normal-33074071-1-5", "normal-33074071-2-0", "normal-33074071-2-1", "normal-33074071-2-2", "normal-33074071-2-3", "normal-33074071-3-0", "normal-33074071-3-1", "normal-33074071-3-2", "normal-33074071-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Sonja Sutter (17 January 1931 – 1 June 2017) was a German film actress.", "She was one of the few actors that was allowed to appear in productions in both East and West Germany.", "She is remembered for her role as Fraulein Rottenmeier in the German TV series \"Heidi\" from 1978.", "This series aired in many countries in Europe during the 1980s and 1990s, and was dubbed into several languages.", "She is also remembered for having had several roles in the TV series \"Derrick\" from 1983 to 1998.", "Sonja Sutter was born in Freiburg, Germany.", "She went on the Rudolf Steiner School in Freiburg but ended with only a limited education but she later studied Greek and Latin.", "At that time she matured into the decision to become an actress.", "Her stage debut was in 1950 at the Municipal Theater.", "Later she worked in Stuttgart, at the Schauspielhaus in Hamburg and at the State Theater in Munich.", "In test shots for a movie by and with Luis Trenker, the DEFA director Slatan Dudow discovered and engaged Sutter for the role as Renate Ludwig in the German movie \"Frauenschicksale\" in 1952.", "After this movie many film offers came from West Germany and Sutter was thus one of the few artists of her time, which worked on two German territories.", "Her big breakthrough came in 1957 with Lissy, an award-winning movie, which gave Sonja Sutter a certain notoriety in East Germany.", "During the 1950s she starred in movies like \"Die Barrings\" (1955), \"Star mit fremden Federn\" (1955), Das Schweigen im Walde (1955), Drei Birken auf der Heide (1956) and Johannisnacht (1956).", "In 1961 she lost, with the construction of the Berlin Wall, the opportunity to participate in further DEFA films.", "From 1961 until her death, she lived in Vienna and worked at the Burgtheater.", "She appeared in 16 TV-movies and in such popular German TV-series like \"Der Kommissar\", \"Tatort\" and \"Derrick\".", "In \"Derrick\" she played in 6 episodes from 1983-98.", "Sutter died on 1 June 2017 in Baden bei Wien, Austria, at the age of 86." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 586641, "simple_article_title": "Sonja Sutter", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=586641", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-586641-0-0", "simple-586641-0-1", "simple-586641-0-2", "simple-586641-1-0", "simple-586641-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Sonja Sutter (17 January 1931 – 1 June 2017) was a German movie and television actress.", "She was one of the few actors that was allowed to appear in productions in both East and West Germany.", "She was born in Freiburg, Germany.", "Sutter was remembered for her role as Fraulein Rottenmeier in the German TV series \"Heidi\" and for her several roles in the TV series \"Derrick\" from 1983 to 1998.", "Sutter died on 1 June 2017 in Baden bei Wien, Austria at the age of 86." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 768080, "normal_article_title": "Sonic Firestorm", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=768080", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-768080-0-0", "normal-768080-0-1", "normal-768080-0-2", "normal-768080-0-3", "normal-768080-1-0", "normal-768080-1-1", "normal-768080-2-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Sonic Firestorm is the second studio album by British power metal band DragonForce, released through Noise Records on 11 May 2004.", "It is the first album to feature bassist Adrian Lambert and drummer Dave Mackintosh.", "The reissue of this album was released on 22 February 2010, along with a remixed and remastered version of the band's first album, \"Valley of the Damned\".", "The re-release also came with the bonus track \"Cry of the Brave\", which was a Japanese bonus track on the original release.", "The recording and mixing for the band's second album took place at Surrey's Thin Ice Studios, from 6 October to 10 December 2003.", "All the guitars were recorded at Herman Li's LamerLuser Studios in London.", "Along with the bonus track \"Cry of the Brave\", which was initially only included as a Japanese bonus track on the original release, the 2010 re-release includes a bonus DVD with an interview from Dave Mackintosh and a commentary from Herman Li and Sam Totman, as well as live \"Fury of the Storm\" and \"Fields of Despair\" performances in Japan from 2005." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 172780, "simple_article_title": "Sonic Firestorm", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=172780", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-172780-0-0", "simple-172780-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Sonic Firestorm is the second studio album by English power metal band DragonForce released through on May 11, 2004.", "All songs arranged by Sam Totman, Herman Li, Vadim Pruzhanov, ZP Theart, and Adrian Lambert." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1017595, "normal_article_title": "Émile Bouchard", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1017595", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1017595-0-0", "normal-1017595-0-1", "normal-1017595-0-2", "normal-1017595-0-3", "normal-1017595-0-4", "normal-1017595-1-0", "normal-1017595-1-1", "normal-1017595-1-2", "normal-1017595-1-3", "normal-1017595-1-4", "normal-1017595-2-0", "normal-1017595-2-1", "normal-1017595-2-2", "normal-1017595-2-3", "normal-1017595-2-4", "normal-1017595-2-5", "normal-1017595-2-6", "normal-1017595-2-7", "normal-1017595-2-8", "normal-1017595-3-0", "normal-1017595-3-1", "normal-1017595-3-2", "normal-1017595-3-3", "normal-1017595-3-4", "normal-1017595-3-5", "normal-1017595-4-0", "normal-1017595-4-1", "normal-1017595-4-2", "normal-1017595-4-3", "normal-1017595-5-0", "normal-1017595-5-1", "normal-1017595-5-2", "normal-1017595-5-3", "normal-1017595-5-4", "normal-1017595-5-5", "normal-1017595-6-0", 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"normal-1017595-23-0", "normal-1017595-23-1", "normal-1017595-23-2", "normal-1017595-24-0", "normal-1017595-24-1", "normal-1017595-25-0", "normal-1017595-25-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Joseph Émile Alcide \"Butch\" Bouchard, CM, CQ (September 4, 1919 – April 14, 2012) was a Canadian ice hockey player who played defence with the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League from 1941 to 1956.", "He is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame, won four Stanley Cups, was captain of the Canadiens for eight years and was voted to the NHL All-Star Team four times.", "Although having a reputation as a clean player, he was also one of the strongest players and best body-checkers of his era.", "He excelled as a defensive defenceman, had superior passing skills and was known for his leadership and mentoring of younger players.", "In his early years in the NHL, Bouchard was one of the players who made a major contribution to reinvigorating what was at the time an ailing Canadien franchise.", "He was born in Montreal, Quebec, and at the time his death resided in Saint-Lambert, Quebec.", "In retirement Bouchard was active with several business interests and contributions to his community.", "In 2008, he received the National Order of Quebec.", "On December 4, 2009, Bouchard's No. 3 was retired by the Canadiens as part of their 100th anniversary celebrations.", "On December 30, 2009, Michaëlle Jean, Governor General of Canada, announced Bouchard as among the appointments to the Order of Canada.", "Bouchard was born September 4, 1919, in Montreal the son of Regina Lachapelle and Calixte Bouchard.", "Growing up poor during the depression, Bouchard did not begin skating until he was 16 and had to learn on rented skates, before borrowing $35 from his brother for a complete set of hockey equipment which included his own pair of skates.", "Bouchard opted for a career in hockey over banking when he was offered $75 a week to play senior hockey and the bank paid $7.", "In the minors Bouchard played with the Verdun Maple Leafs, Montreal Junior Canadiens and Providence Reds.", "It was Verdun teammate Bob Fillion who gave Bouchard the nickname \"Butch\".", "It originated due to the resemblance of his last name to the English word \"butcher\".", "Bouchard was determined, strong and developed enough skills to impress coach Dick Irvin in the Canadiens' 1940–41 training camp after which he was signed as a free agent.", "Bouchard had arrived at training camp in peak condition, which was unusual for National Hockey League (NHL) players of the time.", "To attend this first training camp he rode a bike 50 mi , which also allowed him to pocket the travel expenses the Canadiens had allotted.", "In an era when hockey players were regarded by hockey management as rural and unsophisticated, Bouchard had already developed his entrepreneurial skills.", "While still in high school he was working alongside an inspector with the Department of Agriculture when he came across a bee ranch owned by a priest who had just died.", "Borrowing $500 from his brother he bought the business.", "He turned it into an apiary of 200 hives which was so successful he earned enough to buy his parents a home.", "It was due to this business acuity that prior to signing with the Canadiens he uncovered what Ken Reardon and Elmer Lach, already playing with the Montreal, were currently earning.", "Then, over the course of ten days he negotiated a larger contract than either player had been receiving, $3,750 ($ in dollars).", "Along with a strong work ethic and keen intellect, Bouchard was physically imposing.", "At 6 ft and 205 lb he was considered a giant compared to NHL players of the 1940s, when the average height was 5 ft and average weight was 165 lb .", "Moreover, since he also practiced heavy weight training in an era before NHL players were concerned about upper body strength he became a very effective defensive presence.", "Hockey Hall of Fame leftwinger and teammate Dickie Moore said of Bouchard: \"He appeared to have been chiseled out of stone.\"", "By the time of Bouchard's arrival to the Montreal Canadiens the club had not won the championship for 10 years and attendance at the Forum was very low, often less than 3,000 a game, and there was talk of folding the franchise.", "A few years earlier, in 1935, Canadien owners had seriously considered an offer to sell the team to be moved to Cleveland.", "After finishing last or near the bottom of the league for several years, apathy of the fans was matched by the players themselves who had accepted losing as way of hockey life.", "In his first training camp, he showcased his physical play by body-checking players, including veterans, with abandon.", "When the season started other teams discovered that with Bouchard in the lineup they could no longer push Canadien players around.", "Bouchard's presence reinvigorated the Canadiens and he is credited with playing an important part in keeping the franchise from leaving Montreal.", "However, Bouchard was more than just a physical presence.", "He learned to play good positional hockey and became skilled at passing the puck.", "He also possessed a flair for judging the flow of the game and knew when to join the attack and when to retreat.", "Despite his role as a \"stay-at-home\" defenceman, due to his skills for the long breakout pass, he was a contributor to the style of firewagon hockey for which the Canadiens exemplified.", "Though he had an immediate impact on the team, Bouchard had not scored many points for the team; in his first season, 1941–42, he collected six points in the regular season and scored the first NHL goal of his career in the Canadiens' first-round playoff loss to the Detroit Red Wings.", "The 1942–43 season was Bouchard's breakthrough year as he finished leading all Canadien defencemen in points and was key to the Canadiens' first season in several years without a losing record.", "They finished in fourth place with a record of 19 wins, 19 losses and 12 ties.", "Although they lost in the first round of the playoffs, the team was building in the right direction.", "The 1943–44 season was Maurice Richard's first full season with the Canadiens.", "Richard was not just an exciting player to watch which served to increase attendance, but also had the offensive skills needed to turn the Canadiens into an exceptional team.", "The Canadiens proceeded to dominate the regular season finishing well ahead of second-place Detroit.", "In the playoffs in the first round against Toronto, after losing the opening game, they won the next four straight to win the series.", "Then, in the final they swept Detroit in four games to win their first Stanley Cup in thirteen years.", "While the \"Punch Line\" of Richard, Toe Blake and Lach provided the offensive power it was Bouchard and goal-tender Bill Durnan who kept the goals out.", "During the regular season Montreal had allowed only 109 goals, 68 less than second-place Detroit.", "Bouchard along with Richard and Lach were named to the NHL All Stars' second team and goaltender Bill Durnan made the first team and won the Vezina.", "Bouchard had become one of the most reliable defencemen in the league.", "He would be named to the NHL First All Star team, as one of the best defencemen in the league, for the next three seasons.", "He won his second Stanley Cup in 1945–46.", "As physical on the ice as Bouchard was, he was also regarded as a clean player and only rarely participated in hockey fights.", "Immensely strong, most players avoided engaging him in fights and Bouchard more often would be the person to break up combatants.", "However, it was a fight involving Bouchard which led to a significant change in the role of referees.", "During the 1946–47 season, Bouchard became involved in a prolonged and one-sided fight with Boston's Terry Reardon.", "Due to the fight, Clarence Campbell, president of the NHL, added to the duties of referees; for the first time they had the responsibility of breaking up fights.", "Then there was the time in March 1947, in a game in Boston, as the Canadiens were coming back onto the ice for the beginning of the third period, a female fan attacked Bouchard spearing him with a hat pin.", "Bouchard responded by pushing the woman away forcefully.", "A few moments later, Boston police were leading Bouchard out to a police car.", "According to Bouchard, Pat Egan of the Boston Bruins, interceded and talked the police out of the arrest.", "For the 1947–48 season, defenceman Doug Harvey joined the team.", "Within a couple years Harvey would become the best offensive-oriented defenceman in the NHL and he and Bouchard would form a long-time and very effective defensive pairing.", "Whenever Harvey undertook one of the offensive rushes for which he became famous, he was confident in the knowledge that Bouchard was backing him up if he was to lose the puck.", "In 1948, Bouchard became the first Quebec-born captain of the Canadiens, a position he retained for eight years until his retirement.", "At the time of his retirement no player had served more years as captain of the Canadiens than Bouchard.", "Hall of Famer Jean Béliveau, a teammate of Bouchard for Beliveau's early years with the Canadiens, said Bouchard was the model for his time as captain in the 1960s.", "Bouchard was a well-respected leader and played a role in supporting and mentoring the younger players.", "Never afraid to speak up to management, in 1950 on Bouchard's recommendation to Selke to \"give the kid a shot\", Bernie Geoffrion was given a tryout and eventually joined the Canadiens.", "Geoffrion won the Calder for rookie of the year and would be near the top of league scoring for years to come.", "Bouchard commenting on the fact that he was nominated for captain by his teammates: \"I don't agree with management nominating you.", "I can respond to players, not be a yes-man for the proprietor.\"", "He missed a large part of the 1948–49 season after a severe knee injury which threatened his career.", "Despite medical opinion that he might not be able to continue to play he trained hard and was able to strengthen the knee enough to return to the Canadiens.", "In 1951, Bouchard was involved in a legal first when he was a defendant in a lawsuit brought by a New York Rangers fan.", "The fan claimed Bouchard had struck him with his stick when he was waving to a friend watching the game on TV.", "Bouchard said the fan had actually raised his fist towards a fellow Canadiens player who was being taken off the ice with an injury and his stick hit the fan accidentally as he tried to ward off the blow.", "In what may have been the first time in legal history, evidence was taken during a trial from someone witnessing an event on a television as the fan's friend testified he'd seen Bouchard strike the blow.", "Bouchard won the case when Otis Guernsey, president of Abercrombie and Fitch, who was at the game testified he heard \"vile language\" and saw the fan raise his fist and not wave.", "On February 28, 1953, the Canadiens had a \"Bouchard Night at the Forum\".", "Bouchard was honoured in a ceremony during the second intermission in a game against the Detroit Red Wings.", "It was presided over by Montreal Mayor Camillien Houde and broadcast nationally live over the CBC.", "Among the gifts Bouchard received was a Buick automobile which was driven out onto the ice.", "The organizer's plan was to have Bouchard drive off in the car at the end of the ceremony.", "However, sitting in the car Bouchard discovered the keys were missing.", "To the roar of the crowd Ted Lindsay, captain of the Red Wings, returned the keys he had stolen and congratulated Bouchard on behalf of the Red Wings", "In 1952–53, Montreal and Detroit battled for first place with Detroit coming out on top by the end of the season.", "In the first round of the playoffs the heavily favored Detroit Red Wings were upset by the Boston Bruins and Montreal won a close seven-game series over the Chicago Black Hawks.", "The Canadiens then defeated Boston in five games and Bouchard won his third Stanley Cup.", "Eventually injuries began to take their toll and at the conclusion of the 1954–55 season he considered retirement.", "Toe Blake, who had taken over as coach, talked him into playing one more season to assist the younger players.", "Bouchard recognized Blake's value as a \"player's coach\" and used his leadership as captain to ease the transition and encourage Blake's acceptance by the Canadiens players.", "Due to physical problems Bouchard was forced to miss the last half of the season and the playoffs.", "However, in the deciding game of the Stanley Cup final against Detroit, Blake dressed Bouchard.", "As the final seconds counted down, with Montreal up 3–1, Blake put Bouchard on the ice and he was able to end his career with one more Stanley Cup celebration.", "In 1947, Bouchard married Marie-Claire Macbeth, a painter.", "They had five children, Émile Jr., Jean, Michel, Pierre and Susan.", "In the 1970s, his son Pierre Bouchard, also a defenceman, played for the Montreal Canadiens.", "While father Émile participated in the birth of the Montreal Canadiens' dynasty, thirty years later son Pierre played a part in continuing the Canadien dynasty into the 1970s.", "With Butch's four and Pierre's five they have the distinction of winning the most Stanley Cups of any father-son combination in NHL history.", "Bobby and Brett Hull are the only other father and son to have won the Cup.", "In retirement Bouchard remained as active as he was during his NHL career.", "He received coaching offers soon after his retirement, but his business interests prevented him from leaving Montreal.", "Bouchard owned a popular restaurant Chez Émile Bouchard which operated for many years in Montreal.", "On March 22, 1953, while Bouchard was traveling to Detroit for the last game of the season, the restaurant was gutted by a fire started in a basement at 3:22am soon after employees and patrons had left.", "He was also president of the Montreal Royals Triple-A baseball club, elected to the Longueuil municipal council, on the board of directors of Ste. Jeanne-d'Arc Hospital, president of the Metropolitan Junior \"A\" Hockey League among other activities.", "Bouchard was unafraid to speak his mind when he felt the occasion demanded.", "In 1957, after an International League game in Toronto between his Montreal Royals and the Maple Leafs baseball team President Bouchard complained about Toronto's excessive conference trips to the mound.", "He called the Leafs \"showspoilers\" and then said, for the entire press room to hear, \"They're a lot of punks, just like in hockey!\"", "Bouchard was a tough opponent even outside of hockey.", "When the Mafia of the day in Montreal attempted to intimidate him into hiring their people for his restaurant, Bouchard invited the head man to Chez Butch Bouchard for dinner.", "Bouchard's wife, Marie-Claire, recalled he told them, \"Il lui a dit over my dead body.", "Je n'embaucherai jamais un de tes hommes.\"", "which translates \"Over my dead body, I will never hire one of your men.\"", "A reporter once asked the canny Bouchard what he thought of coaching methods in the NHL.", "He replied, \"Hockey should be more like football, with a coach for the defence, one for the offence and maybe one for the goalies.\"", "Indicative of his usual foresight it would be many years before such practices would become common in the NHL.", "He died in 2012 at the age of 92.", "Bouchard was one of nine players and one builder elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1966.", "On October 15, 2008, the Montreal Canadiens celebrated their 100th season by unveiling the Ring of Honour, an exhibit along the wall of the upper deck of the Bell Centre, paying tribute to their 44 players and 10 builders who are members of the Hockey Hall of Fame.", "Bouchard along with Elmer Lach, the two oldest surviving members, were on hand to drop the ceremonial puck at centre ice.", "In 2008, a grass roots movement had begun to pressure Canadien management to retire Bouchard's #3.", "During the Quebec provincial election Independent candidate Kevin Côté made one of his platforms to force Canadiens into retiring the number.", "By March 2009 it reached the Quebec National Assembly where a motion was presented and carried \"That the National Assembly support the steps taken and supported by the population of Québec in order that Montreal Canadiens management retire the sweater of Émile \"Butch\" Bouchard eminent defenceman from 1941 to 1956.\"", "On December 4, 2009, as part of an 85 minute pre-game ceremony celebrating the Canadiens' 100th anniversary, Bouchard's No. 3 and Elmer Lach's No. 16 were retired.", "They become the 16th and 17th Canadien players to have their numbers retired.", "On June 18, 2008, Bouchard received the National Order of Quebec (L'Ordre national du Québec) presented to him by the Premier of Quebec Jean Charest.", "On December 30th, 2009, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada \"for his contributions to sports, particularly professional hockey, and for his commitment to his community\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 501510, "simple_article_title": "Émile Bouchard", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=501510", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-501510-0-0", "simple-501510-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Joseph Émile Alcide \"Butch\" Bouchard, CM, CQ (September 4, 1919 – April 14, 2012) was a Canadian ice hockey player who played defence with the Montreal Canadiens in the National Hockey League from 1941 to 1956.", "He is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame, won four Stanley Cups, was captain of the Canadiens for eight years and was voted to the NHL All-Star Team four times." ] } }

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"normal-1081-41-1", "normal-1081-41-2", "normal-1081-41-3", "normal-1081-42-0", "normal-1081-42-1", "normal-1081-43-0", "normal-1081-43-1", "normal-1081-43-2", "normal-1081-43-3", "normal-1081-44-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Azerbaijan has an economy that has completed its post-Soviet transition into a major oil based economy (with the completion of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline), from one where the state played the major role.", "The transition to oil production led to remarkable growth figures as projects came online; reaching 26.4% in 2005 (second highest GDP growth in the world in 2005 only to Equatorial Guinea) and 34.6% in 2006 (world highest) before subsiding to 10.8% and 9.3% in 2008 and 2009 respectively.", "The real GDP growth rate for 2011 was expected at 3.7% but had dropped to 0.1%.", "Large oil reserves are a major contributor to the economy.", "The national currency, the Azerbaijani manat, was stable in 2000, depreciating 3.8% against the dollar.", "The budget deficit equaled 1.3% of GDP in 2000.", "Progress on economic reform has generally lagged behind macroeconomic stabilization.", "The government has undertaken regulatory reforms in some areas, including substantial opening of trade policy, but inefficient public administration in which commercial and regulatory interests are co-mingled limit the impact of these reforms.", "The government has largely completed privatization of agricultural lands and small and medium-sized enterprises.", "In August 2000, the government launched a second-stage privatization program, in which many large state enterprises will be privatized.", "Since 2001, the economic activity in the country is regulated by the Ministry of Economic Development of Azerbaijan Republic.", "Through the Soviet period, Azerbaijan had always been less developed industrially than Armenia and Georgia, two neighboring Transcaucasia countries - but also less diversified, as a result of slow investment in non-oil sector.", "With a history of industrial development of more than 100 years, Azerbaijan proved to be a leading nation in Southern Caucasus throughout the turmoil of Soviet Union collapse in early 1990s until nowadays.", "Oil remains the most prominent product of Azerbaijan's economy with cotton, natural gas and agriculture products contributing to its economic growth over the last five years.", "More than $60 billion was invested into Azerbaijan's oil by major international oil companies in AIOC consortium operated by BP.", "Oil production under the first of these PSAs, with the Azerbaijan International Operating Company, began in November 1997 and now is about 500,000 b/d.", "People visit petroleum spas (or \"oil spas\") to bathe in the local crude in Naftalan A leading caviar producer and exporter in the past, Azerbaijan's fishing industry today is concentrated on the dwindling stocks of sturgeon and beluga in the Caspian Sea.", "Azerbaijan shares all the problems of the former Soviet republics in making the transition from a command to a market economy, but its energy resources brighten its long-term prospects.", "Azerbaijan has begun making progress on economic reform, and old economic ties and structures are slowly being replaced.", "An obstacle to economic progress, including stepped up foreign investment, is the continuing conflict with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region.", "In 1992, Azerbaijan became member of the Economic Cooperation Organization.", "In 2002, the Azerbaijani merchant marine had 54 ships.", "In March 2001, Azerbaijan concluded a gas agreement with Turkey, providing a future export market for Azerbaijan.", "Azerbaijan has concluded 21 production-sharing agreements with various oil companies.", "An export pipeline that transports Caspian oil to the Mediterranean from Baku through Tbilisi, Georgia to Ceyhan, Turkey (the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline) became operational in 2006.", "The pipeline is expected to generate as much as $160 billion in revenues for the country over the next 30 years.", "The recent high price of oil is highly beneficial to Azerbaijan's economy as the nation is in the midst of an oil boom.", "Eastern Caspian producers in Kazakhstan also have expressed interest in accessing this pipeline to transport a portion of their production.", "In 2010, Azerbaijan entered into the top eight biggest oil suppliers to EU countries with €9.46 billion.", "In 2011, the amount of foreign investments in Azerbaijan was $20 billion, a 61% increase from 2010.", "According to Minister of Economic Development of Azerbaijan, Shahin Mustafayev, in 2011, \"$15.7 billion was invested in the non-oil sector, while the rest - in the oil sector.\"", "In 2012, because of its economic performance after the Soviet breakup, Azerbaijan was predicted to become \"Tiger of Caucasus\".", "In 2012, Globalization and World Cities Research Network study ranked Baku as a Gamma-level global city.", "In 2015, Turkey and Azerbaijan agreed to boost mutual trade to US$15 billion by 2023.", "The following is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Azerbaijan at market prices with figures in USD.", "For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US dollar was exchanged at 1,565.88 Manats only.", "Currently, the new Manat is in use, with an exchange rate of about 1 manat = $1.10.", "Mean graduate pay was $5.76 per manhour in 2010.", "The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2017.", "For more than a century the backbone of the Azerbaijani economy has been petroleum, which represented 50 percent of Azerbaijan's GDP in 2005, and is projected to double to almost 125 percent of GDP in 2007.", "Now that Western oil companies are able to tap deepwater oilfields untouched by the Soviets because of poor technology, Azerbaijan is considered one of the most important areas in the world for oil exploration and development.", "Proven oil reserves in the Caspian Basin, which Azerbaijan shares with Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, and Turkmenistan, are comparable in size to the North Sea, although exploration is still in the early stages.", "Azerbaijan has the largest agricultural basin in the region.", "About 54,9 percent of Azerbaijan is agricultural lands.", "At the beginning of 2007 there were 4,755,100 hectares of utilized agricultural area.", "In the same year the total wood resources counted 136 million m3.", "Azerbaijan's agricultural scientific research institutes are focused on meadows and pastures, horticulture and subtropical crops, leaf vegetables, viticulture and wine-making, cotton growing and medicinal plants.", "In some lands it is profitable to grow grain, potatoes, sugar beets, cotton and tobacco.", "Livestock, dairy products, and wine and spirits are also important farm products.", "The Caspian fishing industry is concentrated on the dwindling stocks of sturgeon and beluga.", "Some portions of most products that were previously imported from abroad have begun to be produced locally (among them are Coca-Cola by Coca-Cola Bottlers LTD, beer by Baki-Kastel, parquet by Nehir and oil pipes by EUPEC Pipe Coating Azerbaijan).", "New program which is prepared by the Europe Union is aimed to support economic diversification of Azerbaijan.", "Program is considered for southern region Lankaran which has the lowest economic indicator and the lowest income per capita, as well as, the lowest level of investment, but at the same time, high potential for the production of garden products in high quality.", "The program will be focused on the development of the region at the local and international levels.", "In 2007, mining and hydrocarbon industries accounted for well over 95 per cent of the Azerbaijani economy.", "Diversification of the economy into manufacturing industries remain a long-term issue.", "As of late 2000s, the defense industry of Azerbaijan has emerged as an autonomous entity with a growing defense production capability.", "The ministry is cooperating with the defense sectors of Ukraine, Belarus and Pakistan.", "Along with other contracts, Azerbaijani defence industries and Turkish companies, Azerbaijan will produce 40mm revolver grenade launchers, 107mm and 122mm MLRS systems, Cobra 4×4 vehicles and joint modernization of BTR vehicles in Baku.", "The GDP growth rates observed in Azerbaijan during last years made the country one of the fastest growing economies in the world.", "But the banking sector of Azerbaijan has yet to tap the vast growth potential that should be achievable due to the continuation of the high economic growth.", "For this reason the banking sector remains small in relation to the size of the Azerbaijani economy.", "Since 2002, important stages of restructuring of the banking system have started to be carried out.", "Taking into consideration entry of big oil revenues in the country, as a logical result of successful oil strategy, and in this base, as the banks were ready to an effective transfer of their financial resources to the strategic goals, development strategy was made for 2002–2005.", "By 1 April 2010, 47 banks, 631 bank branches function in Azerbaijan.", "One of banks was founded with participation of state capital, 23 of foreign capital.", "To the same date, 98 non-bank credit organizations operate in the republic along with banks.", "Growth of real money incomes of population, development of trust in bank system, improving the legal bases of protection of interests of creditors and depositors, in particular launch of ‘Deposits Insurance Fund’ were the criteria characterizing rapid growth of deposits of population.", "As of 1 April 2010, bank deposits of population were equal to 2,4 billion AZN.", "33,3% of them were long-term deposits (higher than a year).", "As of 1 April 2010, bank credits to customers is 8.5 bn AZN, which makes 70.5% of bank assets.", "Special weight of private sector in structure of credit investments is higher than 82% (7 bn AZN).", "In the 21st century, a new oil and gas boom helped to improve the situation in the Azerbaijan's science and technology sectors, and the government launched a campaign aimed at modernization and innovation.", "The government estimates that profits from the information technology and communication industry will grow and become comparable with those from oil production.", "Azerbaijan has a large and steadily growing Internet sector, mostly uninfluenced by the global financial crisis; rapid growth is forecast for at least five more years.", "The country has also been making progress in developing its telecoms sector.", "The Ministry of Communications & Information Technologies (MCIT), as well as being an operator through its role in Aztelekom, is both a policy-maker and regulator.", "Public pay phones are available for local calls and require the purchase of a token from the telephone exchange or some shops and kiosks.", "Tokens allow a call of indefinite duration.", "As of 2009, there were 1,397,000 main telephone lines and 1,485,000 internet users.", "There are five GSM providers: Azercell, Bakcell, Azerfon (Nar Mobile), Aztrank, Catel mobile network operators and one CDMA.", "Tourism is an important part of the economy of Azerbaijan.", "The country was a well-known tourist spot in the 1980s.", "However, the fall of the Soviet Union, and the Nagorno-Karabakh War during the 1988-1994 period, damaged the tourist industry and the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination.", "It was not until the 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover, and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays.", "In the recent years, Azerbaijan has also becoming a popular destination for religious, spa, and health care tourism.", "During winter, the Shahdag Winter Complex offers skiing.", "The government of Azerbaijan has set the development of Azerbaijan as an elite tourist destination a top priority.", "It is a national strategy to make tourism a major, if not the single largest, contributor to the Azerbaijani economy.", "These activities are regulated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan.", "The Formula One Grand Prix is held in Baku, the capital city and has been held here for years.", "The Azerbaijani manat is the currency of Azerbaijani, denominated as the manat, subdivided into 100 qapik.", "The manat is issued by the Central Bank of Azerbaijan, the monetary authority of Azerbaijan.", "The ISO 4217 abbreviation is AZN.", "The Latinised symbol is .", "The manat is held in a floating exchange-rate system managed primarily against the US dollar.", "The rate of exchange (Azerbaijani manat per US$1) for 28 January 2016, was AZN 1.60.", "There is a complex relationship between Azerbaijan's balance of trade, inflation, measured by the consumer price index and the value of its currency.", "Despite allowing the value of the manat to \"float\", Azerbaijan's central bank has decisive ability to control its value with relationship to other currencies.", "Two thirds of Azerbaijan is rich in oil and natural gas.", "The region of the Lesser Caucasus accounts for most of the country's gold, silver, iron, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, complex ore and antimony.", "In September 1994, a 30-year contract was signed between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) and 13 oil companies, among them Amoco, BP, ExxonMobil, Lukoil and Statoil.", "As Western oil companies are able to tap deepwater oilfields untouched by the Soviet exploitation, Azerbaijan is considered one of the most important spots in the world for oil exploration and development.", "Meanwhile, the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan was established as an extra-budgetary fund to ensure the macroeconomic stability, transparency in the management of oil revenue, and the safeguarding of resources for future generations.", "Azeriqaz, a sub-company of SOCAR, intends to ensure full gasification of the country by 2021.", "The convenient location of Azerbaijan on the crossroad of major international traffic arteries, such as the Silk Road and the South-North corridor, highlights the strategic importance of transportation sector for the country's economy.", "The transport sector in the country includes roads, railways, aviation, and maritime transport.", "Azerbaijan is also an important economic hub in the transportation of raw materials.", "The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (BTC) became operational in May 2006 and extends more than 1,774 kilometers through the territories of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey.", "The BTC is designed to transport up to 50 million tons of crude oil annually and carries oil from the Caspian Sea oilfields to global markets.", "The South Caucasus Pipeline, also stretching through the territory of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey, became operational at the end of 2006 and offers additional gas supplies to the European market from the Shah Deniz gas field.", "Shah Deniz is expected to produce up to 296 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year.", "Azerbaijan also plays a major role in the EU-sponsored Silk Road Project.", "In 2002, the Azerbaijani government established the Ministry of Transport with a broad range of policy and regulatory functions.", "In the same year, the country became a member of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic.", "The highest priority being; upgrading the transport network and transforming transportation services into one of the key comparative advantages of the country, as this would be highly conducive to the development of other sectors of the economy.", "In 2012, the construction of Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway expected to provide transportation between Asia and Europe through connecting the railways of China and Kazakhstan in the east with Turkey's Marmaray to the European railway system in the west.", "Broad gauge railways in 2010 stretched for 2918 km and electrified railways numbered 1278 km .", "By 2010, there were 35 airports and one heliport.", "Single window system shares needed information through a single gateway with all organizations serving in trade field, as well as abolishes useless processes and raises the effectiveness of cooperation among different parties.", "73 economies implement single window system in the world.", "Azerbaijan started to implement this system in 2009.", "It implemented an E-Government portal as well.", "A single-window system was established by a decree of the Azerbaijani President issued in 2007, 30 April, in order to simplify export-import procedures, innovate customs services, and improve the trade environment.", "According to the decree, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of Taxes, Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, State Social Protection Fund, and State Statistics Committee should present a proposal on the organization of entrepreneurial activities by single registration body based on single window principle.", "The president appointed the State Customs Committee as the leading body of controlling goods and transportation passing through the borders of the country in 2008.", "A \"single authority principle\" requires customs officials to be more responsible in dealing with all types of border control operations for other authorities.", "The Netherlands and Sweden were the countries of which practice studied.", "A \"single system\" works on and then shares standardized information accumulated from traders to all entities taking part in international trade.", "The practice of US was explored in this phase.", "An \"automated system\" provides a single electronic statement to responsible agencies submitted by traders to be worked on and confirmed, and after that, these authorities send electronic confirmations and announcements.", "In this case, practice of Mauritius and Singapore was studied.", "The Customs Committee formed a commission to realize the new system.", "Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Healthcare, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Taxes, Ministry of Transportation, Central Bank, State Road Police, State Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Patents, State Maritime Administration were selected as important agencies to implement single window system along with the State Customs Committee.", "The government supported Customs Committee in preparing its staff to deal with the new system by improving recruitment of local customs offices, providing with software and hardware upgrades for the system.", "Azerbaijani government supports financially single window system.", "In the first phase, the government realized customs clearance system on the process of border crossing to country beginning from January 1, 2009.", "This system was free to all users.", "Then it was expanded to Baku and Sumgayit in 2011.", "Customs code of the Republic of Azerbaijan was amended based on the inclusion of the article on single window system which became operative on January 1, 2012.", "After this amendment, all of Azerbaijan's 29 customs checkpoints started to implement new single window system.", "According to the Presidential Decree (11 November 2008), “single window” principle started to be applied from 1 January 2009 on the inspection of goods and transportation at the border checkpoints.", "Customs Committee established a commission working on the implementation of “single window” principle in customs agencies on 18 November 2008 based on the Presidential Decree of 11 November 2008.", "Technological scheme determining the sequence of issuance of “permit” certificates was approved by the Customs Committee on 22 December 2009.", "Scheme provided customs officers to issue “permit” certificates at border checkpoints to vehicles, which perform customs, veterinary, photo-sanitary and sanitary quarantine control activities and international automobile transportation in accordance with legislation.", "The State Migration Service issues appropriate permits for foreigners and stateless persons coming to Azerbaijan to live and work on legal grounds, simplifying the procedure of their registration at the place of residence, and ensuring transparency in these processes.", "The “single window” principle has been applied on migration management processes starting from 1 July 2009 according to the Decree.", "As of October 2014, Azerbaijan holds the highest foreign investment per capita among the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries.", "Germany, for example, has invested approximately $760 million into the Azerbaijani economy, and approximately 177 German companies operate within Azerbaijan.", "Since gaining its independence, companies have invested $174 billion into Azerbaijan.", "Foreign investment accounts for around half of that amount.", "17% of GDP (2011 est.)" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 409649, "simple_article_title": "Economy of Azerbaijan", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=409649", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-409649-0-0", "simple-409649-0-1", "simple-409649-0-2", "simple-409649-1-0", "simple-409649-1-1", "simple-409649-1-2", "simple-409649-1-3", "simple-409649-1-4", "simple-409649-1-5", "simple-409649-1-6", "simple-409649-1-7", "simple-409649-2-0", "simple-409649-2-1", "simple-409649-2-2", "simple-409649-2-3", "simple-409649-2-4", "simple-409649-2-5", "simple-409649-2-6", "simple-409649-3-0", "simple-409649-3-1", "simple-409649-3-2", "simple-409649-3-3", "simple-409649-3-4", "simple-409649-3-5", "simple-409649-3-6", "simple-409649-4-0", "simple-409649-4-1", "simple-409649-4-2", "simple-409649-4-3", "simple-409649-4-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Economy of Azerbaijan is based on industry, agriculture, and on services including tourism.", "The energy sector based on the large reserves of crude oil and natural gas, is the main source of economic growth in Azerbaijan today, though half of the Azerbaijani people earn their income directly or indirectly through services and a third earn their income through agriculture.", "The energy boom has led to massive foreign direct investment and the growth rate of the Azerbaijani economy is one of the world's highest.", "After gaining independence in 1991 with the end of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan made the long and difficult change from a command economy to a market economy.", "The government has largely completed privatization of agricultural lands and small, medium and large state-owned companies.", "Azerbaijan is continuing making economic reforms, and old economic ties and structures have been slowly replaced.", "With independence, Azerbaijan became a member of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Islamic Development Bank and the Asian Development Bank.", "Azerbaijan's currency is the Azerbaijani manat (AZN) which is divided into 100 qəpik.", "It became the national currency in 1992 and replaced the old Soviet ruble.", "The Central Bank of Azerbaijan was created in 1992.", "The Central Bank serves as Azerbaijan's central bank, and is responsible for printing and distributing the national currency, the Azerbaijani manat, and to control all commercial banks.", "Azerbaijan is rich in natural resources which provide energy, especially in crude oil and natural gas, and hydroelectricity and wind power.", "Other natural resources include minerals such as gold, silver, iron, copper, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, complex ore and antimony which are mined.", "Crude oil and natural gas, are the most important products of Azerbaijan's economy and the main sources of export contributing to its economic growth.", "They are also the basis for an widespread system of refineries, which produce gasoline, herbicides, fertilizers, kerosene, synthetic rubber, and plastics.", "The oil and natural gas are carried through pipelines from the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea ports of Novorossiysk in Russia and Suspa in Georgia and to the Mediterranean Sea port Ceyhan in Turkey.", "Hydroelectric power plants supply 20% of the country's electric capacity and wind power production is slowly increasing.", "Other major industries include cement, fertiliser, steel, chemicals, automobiles, and machinery.", "Agriculture is a small part of the economy which contributes only 6% of the GDP of Azerbaijan but employs 38.3% of the workforce.", "21.78% of the total land area is arable land (land where crops can be cultivated (grown)) and 2.1% are used for permanent crops (crops which last for many seasons, rather than being replanted after each harvest).", "16.45% of the total land area, which makes up the majority of Azerbaijan's cultivated lands, is irrigated.", "The major crops for are agricultural cash crops, grapes,cotton, tobacco, citrus fruits, rice, tea and vegetables.", "Livestock, dairy products, and wine and spirits are also important farm products.", "Farms in Azerbaijan are organized as state and cooperative farms which employ many farmers, and small private farms which are owned and run by one farmer and his/her family.", "A leading caviar producer and exporter in the past, Azerbaijan's fishing industry today is concentrated on the dwindling supply of sturgeon and beluga in the Caspian Sea.", "Tourism is an important part of the economy of Azerbaijan.", "The country was a well-known tourist spot in the 1980s, yet, after the fall of the Soviet Union and the Nagorno-Karabakh War during the 1990s, damaged the tourist industry and the image of Azerbaijan as a tourist destination.", "It was not until the 2000s that the tourism industry began to recover, and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays.", "In the recent years, Azerbaijan has also becoming a popular destination for religious, spa, and health care tourism.", "During winter, the ski resorts such as Shahdag Winter Complex are popular with foreign visitors." ] } }

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until 1968, when it became an independent Crown agency of the Government of Ontario.", "Today, the museum is Canada's largest field-research institution, with research and conservation activities around the world.", "With more than 6,000,000 items and 40 galleries, the museum's diverse collections of world culture and natural history contribute to its international reputation.", "The museum contains a collection of dinosaurs, minerals and meteorites; Canadian, and European historical artifacts; as well as African, Near Eastern, and East Asian art.", "It houses the world's largest collection of fossils from the Burgess Shale with more than 150,000 specimens.", "The museum also contains an extensive collection of design and fine art, including clothing, interior, and product design, especially Art Deco.", "The Royal Ontario Museum was formally established on 16 April 1912 and was jointly governed by the Government of Ontario and the University of Toronto.", "Its first assets were transferred from the University and the Ontario Department of Education, coming from its predecessor the Museum of Natural History and Fine Arts at the Toronto Normal School.", "On 19 March 1914, the Duke of Connaught, also the Governor-General of Canada, officially opened the Royal Ontario Museum to the public.", "The museum's location at the edge of Toronto's built-up area, far from the city's central business district, was selected mainly for its proximity to the University of Toronto.", "The original building was constructed on the western edge of the property along the university's Philosopher's Walk, with its main entrance facing out onto Bloor Street housing five separate museums of the following fields: Archaeology, Palaeontology, Mineralogy, Zoology, and Geology.", "It cost CA$ to construct.", "This was the first phase of a two-part construction plan that intended to expand the museum towards Queen's Park Crescent, ultimately creating an H-shaped structure.", "The first expansion to the Royal Ontario Museum publicly opened on 12 October 1933.", "The CA$ -million renovation saw the construction of the east wing fronting onto Queen's Park and required the demolition of Argyle House, a Victorian mansion at 100 Queen's Park.", "As this occurred during the Great Depression, an effort was made to use primarily local building materials and to make use of workers capable of manually excavating the building's foundations.", "Teams of workers alternated weeks of service due to the physically draining nature of the job.", "In 1947, the ROM was dissolved as a body corporate, with all assets transferred to the University of Toronto.", "The museum remained a part of the University until 1968, when the Museum and the McLaughlin Planetarium were separated from the University to form a new corporation.", "On 26 October 1968, the ROM opened the McLaughlin Planetarium on the south end of the property after receiving a CA$ million donation from Colonel Samuel McLaughlin.", "In December 1995, the ROM closed the McLaughlin Planetarium as a result of budgetary cutbacks imposed by the Government of Ontario.", "The space temporarily reopened from 1998 to 2002, after being leased to Children's Own Museum.", "In 2009, the ROM sold the building to the University of Toronto for $22 million and ensured that it would continue to be used for institutional and academic purposes.", "The second major addition to the museum was the Queen Elizabeth II Terrace Galleries on the north side of the building and a curatorial centre built on the south, which started in 1978 and was completed in 1984.", "The new construction meant that a former outdoor \"Chinese Garden\" to the north of the building facing Bloor, along with an adjoining indoor restaurant, had to be dismantled.", "Opened in 1984 by Queen Elizabeth II, the CA$ million expansion took the form of layered terraces, each rising layer stepping back from Bloor Street.", "The design of this expansion won a Governor-General's Award in Architecture.", "In 1989, activists complained about its \"Into the Heart of Africa\" exhibit, which featured stereotypes of Africans, forcing curator Jeanne Cannizzo to resign.", "Beginning in 2002, the museum underwent a major renovation and expansion project dubbed as \"Renaissance ROM.\"", "The Ontario and Canadian governments, both supporters of this venture, contributed $60 million towards the project.", "Michael Lee-Chin donated $30 million to support the project.", "The campaign aimed not only to raise annual visitor attendance from 750,000 to between 1.4 and 1.6 million, but also to generate additional funding opportunities to support the museum's research, conservation, galleries and educational public programs.", "The centrepiece of the project, the Michael Lee-Chin Crystal, was a major addition to the building's original framework.", "The structure was created by architect Daniel Libeskind, whose design was selected from among 50 finalists in an international competition.", "The design saw the Terrace Galleries torn down (the curatorial centre to the south remains) and replaced with a Deconstructivist crystalline-form structure, named after Michael Lee-Chin who pledged CA$ million towards its construction.", "Existing galleries and buildings were also upgraded, along with the installation of multiple new exhibits over a period of months.", "The first phase of the Renaissance ROM project, the \"Ten Renovated Galleries in the Historic Buildings\", opened to the public on 26 December 2005.", "The architectural opening for the Michael Lee-Chin Crystal, however, took place less than 18 months later, on 2 June 2007.", "The final cost of the project was about CA$ million.", "The original building was listed by the municipal government of Toronto on the Municipal Heritage Register on 20 June 1973, designated under Part IV of the \"Ontario Heritage Act\" in 2003, with a Heritage Easement on the buildings.", "Designed by Toronto architects Frank Darling and John A. Pearson, the architectural style of the original building (now the western wing) is a synthesis of Italianate and Neo-Romanesque.", "The structure is heavily massed and punctuated by rounded and segmented arched windows with heavy surrounds and hood mouldings.", "Other features include applied decorative eave brackets, quoins and cornices.", "The eastern wing facing Queen's Park was designed by Alfred H. Chapman and James Oxley.", "Opened in 1933, it included the museum's elaborate art deco, Byzantine-inspired rotunda and a new main entrance.", "The linking wing and rear (west) façade of the Queen's Park wing were originally done in the same yellow brick as the 1914 building, with minor Italianate detailing.", "However, the Queen's Park façade of the expansion broke away from the heavy Italianate style of the original structure.", "It was built in a neo-Byzantine style with rusticated stone, triple windows contained within recessed arches and different-coloured stones arranged in a variety of patterns.", "This development from the Roman-inspired Italianate to a Byzantine-influenced style reflected the historical development of Byzantine architecture from Roman architecture.", "Common among neo-Byzantine buildings in North America, the façade also contains elements of Gothic Revival in its relief carvings, gargoyles and statues.", "The ornate ceiling of the rotunda is covered predominantly in gold back painted glass mosaic tiles, with coloured mosaic geometric patterns and images of real and mythical animals.", "The original building and the 1933 expansion have been listed since 1973 as heritage buildings of Toronto.", "In 2005, a major renovation of the heritage wings saw the galleries made larger, windows uncovered, and the original early 20th-century architecture made more prominent.", "The exteriors of the heritage buildings were cleaned and restored.", "The restoration of the 1914 and 1933 buildings was the largest heritage project undertaken in Canada.", "The renovation also included the newly restored Rotunda with reproductions of the original oak doors, a restored axial view from the Rotunda west through to windows onto Philosophers' Walk and ten renovated galleries comprising a total of 8000 m2 .", "In the master plan designed by Darling and Pearson in 1909, the ROM took a form similar to that of J.N.L. Durand's ideal model of the museum.", "It was envisioned as a square plan with corridors running through the centre of the composition, converging in the middle with a domed rotunda.", "Overall, it referenced the upper-class palaces of the 17th and 18th centuries and aimed at having a strong sense of monumentality.", "All the architectural elements—the deep cornice, decorative top, eave brackets—add to this strength that the ROM possessed, as it was purely a structure with the function of collecting, but not of exhibiting.", "During the mid-2010s, the original entrance was used as a café.", "Since late 2017, the original entrance is undergoing renovation to become an alternate entrance, complete with the addition of ramps to the original entrance.", "Designed by Toronto architect Gene Kinoshita, with Mathers & Haldenby, the curatorial centre forms the southern section of the museum.", "Completed in 1984, it was built during the same expansion as the former Queen Elizabeth II Terrace Galleries, which stood on the north side of the museum.", "The architecture is a simple modernist style of poured concrete, glass, and pre-cast concrete and aggregate panels.", "The curatorial centre houses the museum's administrative and curatorial services and provides storage for artifacts that are not on exhibit.", "In 2006, the curatorial centre was renamed to Louise Hawley Stone Curatorial Centre in honour of the late Louise Hawley Stone, who devoted herself to the ROM throughout her life, having donated a number of artifacts and various collections to the museum.", "In her will, she transferred C$49.7 million to the Louise Hawley Stone Charitable Trust, created to help with the upkeep of the building and to the acquisition of new artifacts.", "The controversial Michael Lee-Chin \"Crystal,\" a multimillion-dollar expansion to the museum designed by Daniel Libeskind, including a new sliding door entrance on Bloor Street, first opened in 2007.", "The Deconstructivist crystalline form is clad in 25 percent glass and 75 percent aluminum, sitting on top of a steel frame.", "\"The Crystal\"'s canted walls do not touch the sides of the existing heritage buildings but are used to close the envelope between the new form and existing walls.", "These walls act as a pathway for pedestrians to travel safely across \"The Crystal.\"", "The building's design is similar to some of Libeskind's other works, notably the Jewish Museum in Berlin, the London Metropolitan University Graduate Centre and the Fredric C. Hamilton Building at the Denver Art Museum.", "The steel framework was manufactured and assembled by Walters Inc. of Hamilton, Ontario.", "The extruded anodized aluminum cladding was fabricated by Josef Gartner in Germany, the only company in the world that can produce the material.", "The company also provided the titanium cladding for Frank Gehry's Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain.", "On 1 June 2007, the Governor-General of Canada, Michaëlle Jean, attended the architectural opening of the \"Michael Lee-Chin Crystal.\"", "This caused controversy because public opinion had been divided concerning the merits of its angular design.", "On its opening, \"Globe and Mail\" architecture critic Lisa Rochon complained that \"the new ROM rages at the world,\" was oppressive, angsty and hellish, while others—perhaps championed by her \"Toronto Star\" counterpart, Christopher Hume—hailed it as a monument.", "Some critics have gone as far as ranking it as one of the ten ugliest buildings in the world.", "The project also experienced budget and construction time over-runs, and drew comparisons to the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao for using so-called \"starchitecture\" to attract tourism.", "The main lobby is a three-story high atrium, named the Hyacinth Gloria Chen Crystal Court.", "The lobby is overlooked by balconies and flanked by the J.P. Driscoll Family Stair of Wonders and the Spirit House, an interstitial space formed by the intersection of the east and west crystals.", "Installation of the permanent galleries of the Lee-Chin Crystal began mid-June 2007, after a ten-day period when all the empty gallery spaces were open to the public.", "Within \"The Crystal,\" there is a gift shop, C5 restaurant lounge (closed until further notice), a cafeteria, seven additional galleries and Canada's largest temporary exhibition hall.", "The galleries added to the Crystal gave different aspects to the ROM: fascinating visuals, architectural artifacts and environment, art, correspondence between object and space and stories within the visuals.", "The C5 restaurant Lounge is an award-winning designs firm lI BY IV Design Associated Inc.", "In October 2007, the Lee-Chin Crystal was reported to have suffered from significant water leakage, causing concerns for the building's resilience to weather, especially in the face of the new structure's proximate first winter.", "Although a two-layer cladding system was incorporated into the design of the Crystal to prevent the formation of dangerous snow loads on the structure, past architectural creations of Daniel Libeskind (including the Denver Art Museum) have also suffered from weather-related complications.", "Collections at the ROM not displayed are stored at various unclassified and offsite locations around the Greater Toronto Area and in the McLaughlin Planetarium", "Originally, there were five major galleries at the ROM, one each for the fields of archaeology, geology, mineralogy, paleontology and zoology.", "In general, the museum pieces were labelled and arranged in a static fashion that had changed little since Edwardian times.", "For example, the insects' exhibit that lasted up until the 1970s housed a variety of specimens from different parts of the world in long rows of glass cases.", "Insects of the same genus were pinned to the inside of the cabinet, with only the species name and location found as a description.", "By the 1960s, more interpretive displays were ushered in, among the first being the original dinosaur gallery, established in the mid-1960s.", "Dinosaur fossils were now staged in dynamic poses against backdrop paintings and models of contemporaneous landscapes and vegetation.", "The displays became more descriptive and interpretive sometimes, as with the extinction of the woolly mammoth, offering several different leading theories on the issue for the visitor to ponder.", "This trend continued and up until the present day, the galleries became less staid and more dynamic or descriptive and interpretive.", "This trend arguably came to a culmination in the 1980s with the opening of The Bat Cave, where a sound system, strobe lights and gentle puffs of air attempts to recreate the experience of walking through a cave as a colony of bats fly out.", "The original galleries were simply named after their subject material, but in more recent years, individual galleries have been named in honour of sponsors who have donated significant funds or collections to the institution.", "There are now two main categories of galleries present in the ROM: the Natural History Galleries and the World Culture Galleries.", "The \"Samuel Hall Currelly Gallery\" is an exhibition space on Level 1, connecting the east wing of the museum with its western half.", "The gallery serves as the building's main lobby past the museum's admission area.", "As opposed to the most galleries at the Royal Ontario Museum, the \"Samuel Hall Currelly Gallery\" is not dedicated to a single subject.", "Instead, the gallery exhibits an assortment of items from the museum's collection.", "The \"Patricia Harris Gallery of Costumes and Textiles\" holds about 200 artifacts from the ROM's textile and costume collections.", "These pieces, which range from the 1st century BC to the present day, are rotated frequently due to their fragility.", "Throughout time, textiles and fashion have been used to establish identity and allow inferences to be drawn about a culture's social customs, economy and survival.", "The gallery is devoted to showcasing transformations in textile design, manufacturing, and cultural relevance throughout the ages.", "Weaving, needlework, printed archaeological textiles and silks are all located in this space.", "The \"CIBC Discovery Gallery\" was designed to be a kids' learning zone.", "It houses three main areas: In the Earth, Around the World and Close to Home.", "The space is inspired by the ROM's collections and enables children to participate in interactive activities involving touchable artifacts and specimens, costumes, digging for dinosaur bones and examining fossils and meteorites.", "There is also a special area for pre-schoolers.", "The \"Patrick and Barbara Keenan Family Gallery of Hands-On Biodiversity\" introduces visitors to the complicated relationships which occur among all living things in a fun and interactive space.", "People of all ages can explore touchable specimens and interactive displays while gallery facilitators help visitors discover the living world around them.", "Mossy frogs, a touchable shark jaw, snake skin, and a replica fox's den are some of the objects that connect visitors to the diversity and interdependence of plants and animals.", "The Roloff Beny Gallery of the Institute for Contemporary Culture (ICC) hosts the Royal Ontario Museum's contemporary art exhibitions.", "This high-ceilinged multimedia gallery of approximately 6000 sqft serves as the ICC's main exhibition space, typically featuring exhibits that tie in contemporary culture and events, with the museum's natural and world collection.", "The gallery has featured exhibitions on fashion photography, street art, modern Chinese urban design and architecture, and contemporary Japanese art.", "The Natural History galleries are all gathered on the second floor of the museum.", "The gallery contains collections and samples of various animals such as bats, birds, and dinosaur bones and skeletons.", "\"The Life in Crisis: Schad Gallery of Biodiversity,\" designed by Reich+Petch and opened in late 2009, features endangered species, including specimens of a polar bear, a giant panda, a white rhinoceros, a Burmese python, Canadian coral, a leatherback sea turtle, a coelacanth, a Rafflesia flower and many other rare species.", "Included among these specimens is Bull, a southern white rhinoceros that became a famous conservation success story for his species.", "There are also recently extinct species displayed, including specimens of a passenger pigeon and a great auk, as well as skeletons of a dodo and a moa with a specimen of a moa egg and many other recently extinct species.", "The gallery presents the need to protect the natural environment and the need to educate the public about the main causes of extinction—overhunting, habitat destruction, and climate change.", "In September 2009, the gallery received an Award of Excellence by the Association of Registered Interior Designers of Ontario.", "In addition to showcasing the museum's natural collection, the Schad Gallery also aims to promote the conservation of Earth's biodiversity.", "The \"Life in Crisis\" gallery is organized into three zones exploring the central themes: Life is Diverse, Life is interconnected, and Life is at Risk.", "\"Interestingly, biodiversity is a relatively new term popularized in 1985 as a contraction of biological diversity,\" said Anthony Reich, Principal at Reich+Petch.", "\"It's a big subject that's become more relevant to everybody.", "The challenge was how to tell this big story in a 10,000 sqft space.", "We decided to design a dynamic, immersive experience with three core themes that hopefully will make a lasting impression on visitors.\"", "The \"Tallgrass Prairies and Savannas\" is a part of the gallery that features one of the most endangered and diverse habitats in Ontario.", "The display features examples of the regions and the efforts by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, to maintain and restore the tallgrass prairies and savannas.", "The \"Gallery of Birds\" has on display many bird specimens from past centuries.", "The Gallery of Birds is dominated by the broad \"Birds in flight\" display where stuffed birds are enclosed in a glass display for visitors to experience.", "Dioramas allow visitors to learn about the many bird species and how environmental and habitual changes have put bird species in danger of extinction.", "Pull-out drawers let visitors examine eggs, feathers, footprints and nests more closely.", "The gallery included exhibits of other extinct species such as the passenger pigeon.", "These exhibits were later moved to the Schad Gallery.", "The Royal Ontario Museum purchased a beached blue whale off the coast of Newfoundland at Trout River and displayed its skeleton and heart.", "It was displayed as a ROM original travelling exhibit until 4 September 2017.", "The Bat Cave is an immersive experience for visitors that presents over 20 bats and 800 models in a recreated habitat, with accompanying educational panels and video.", "Originally opened in 1988, the bat cave reopened on 27 February 2010 after extensive renovations.", "The 1700 sqft exhibit most notably includes a recreation of St. Clair Cave located in central Jamaica.", "The original cave was formed by an underground river that flowed 30 m below ground through the limestone and was three kilometres long.", "This cave was then recreated in the museum based on ROM fieldwork conducted in Jamaica in 1984.", "A large amount of bat research has been conducted with support from the ROM.", "In 2011, the ROM hosted a \"bat workshop\" connected with the 41st Annual North American Symposium on Bat Research.", "The \"Teck Suite of Galleries: Earth's Treasures\" features almost 3,000 specimens of minerals, gems, meteorites and rocks ranging from 4.5 billion years ago to the present.", "These items were found in many different locations including the Earth, Moon and beyond, and represent the world's dynamic geological environment.", "Notable specimens at the \"Teck Suite of Galleries\" include fragments of the Tagish Lake meteorite.", "The Light of the Desert, the world's largest faceted cerussite, is another notable piece displayed in the gallery.", "Galleries that are a part of the \"Teck Suite of Galleries\" include the \"Barrick Gold Corporation Gallery,\" the \"Canadian Mining Hall of Fame Gallery,\" the \"Gallery of Gems and Gold\" and the \"Vale Gallery of Minerals.\"", "The \"Reed Gallery of the Age of Mammals\" explores the rise of mammals through the Cenozoic Era that followed the extinction of the dinosaurs.", "There are over 400 specimens from North America and South America in addition to 30 fossil skeletons of extinct mammals.", "The gallery's entrance begins with mammals that arose shortly after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs.", "A highlight of this gallery is the sabre-toothed nimravid Dinictis.", "The \"James and Louise Temerty Galleries of the Age of Dinosaurs\" and \"Gallery of the Age of Mammals\" feature many examples of complete dinosaur skeletons, as well as those of early birds, reptiles, mammals and marine animals ranging from the Jurassic to Cretaceous periods.", "The highlight of the exhibit is Gordo, one of the most complete examples of the \"Barosaurus\" in North America and the largest dinosaur on display in Canada.", "In its collection, the ROM also has \"Zuul crurivastator\" in its dinosaur collection, which is one of the most complete examples of an ankylosaurid ever found.", "The World Culture galleries display a wide variety of objects from around the world.", "These range from Stone Age implements from China and Africa to 20th-century art and design.", "In July 2011, the museum added to this collection when a number of new permanent galleries were unveiled.", "Both the Government of Canada and the Royal Ontario Museum committed $2.75 million toward the project.", "The galleries are located on the first, third and fourth levels of the museum.", "The \"Shreyas and Mina Ajmera Gallery of Africa, the Americas and Asia-Pacific\" features a collection of 1,400 artifacts that reflect the artistic and cultural traditions of the indigenous peoples from four different geographical areas: Africa, the American continents, the Asia-Pacific region and Oceania.", "On display are objects such as ceremonial masks, ceramics, and a shrunken head.", "The \"Sir Christopher Ondaatje South Asian Gallery\" holds a diverse collection of objects such as decorative art, armour and sculptures that represents the culture of South Asia.", "The gallery has approximately 350 objects that represent over 5,000 years of history.", "Due to the wide range of history and cultures on display, the gallery is split into numerous different sections—the \"Material Remains,\" \"Imagining the Buddha,\" \"Visualizing Divinity,\" \"Passage to Enlightenment,\" \"Courtly Culture,\" \"Cultural Exchange\" and \"Home and the World.\"", "In this gallery, visitors can find one of the ROM's Iconic Objects, the (\"Untitled\") Blue Lady by Navjot Altaf, listed as one of the museum's \"must see\" objects.", "The \"Eaton Gallery of Rome\" is home to a millennium of ancient Roman culture.", "It has the largest collection of classical antiquities in Canada, displaying more than 500 objects that range from marble or painted portraits of historical figures to magnificent Roman jewellery.", "The gallery also features the Bratty Exhibit of Etruria that sheds some light on the Etruscans, a neighbouring civilization.", "The \"Joey and Toby Tanenbaum Gallery of Rome and the Near East\" depicts the lifestyle and culture of societies under Roman rule and their influence in the Near East.", "The \"Joey and Toby Tanenbaum Gallery of Byzantium\" covers the history of the Byzantine Empire from 330 to 1453 AD, during which crucial changes took place in early eastern Christianity.", "There are over 230 artifacts that relate to the dedication of Constantinople, the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Medieval Crusades and the conquest by the Ottoman Turks — items such as jewelry, glass work and coins help to illustrate the vast history of modern-day Istanbul.", "The \"A.G. Leventis Foundation Gallery of Ancient Cyprus\" houses roughly 300 artifacts, focusing on the art created in Cyprus between 2200 and 30 BC.", "The gallery is divided into five sections: \"Cyprus and Commerce,\" \"Ancient Cypriot Pottery Types,\" \"Sculptures,\" \"Ancient Cyprus at a Glance\" and \"Art & Society: Interpretations.\"", "The collection includes a reconstructed open-air sanctuary and a rare bronze relief statue of a man carrying a large copper ingot.", "The \"Gallery of Africa: Egypt\" focuses on the life (and the afterlife) of Ancient Egyptians.", "It includes a wide range of artifacts, ranging from agricultural implements, jewelry, cosmetics, funerary furnishings and more.", "The exhibit includes a number of mummy cases, including the fine gilded and painted coffin and mummy of Djedmaatesankh, who was a female musician at the temple of Amun-Re in Thebes; and the mummy of Antjau, who is thought to have been a wealthy landowner.", "Other items featured in the gallery include the \"Book of the Dead of Amen-em-hat,\" a seven-metre long scroll from c. 320 BC and the \"Bust of Cleopatra\" from c. 47–30 BC.", "The Statue of Sekhmet can also be viewed at the gallery.", "Depicting Sekhmet, one of ancient Egypt's oldest deities, the item dates back to c. 1390–1325 BC.", "The \"Galleries of Africa: Nubia\" feature a collection of objects that explore the once flourishing civilization of Nubia in modern-day Sudan.", "The Nubians were the first urban literary society in Africa south of the Sahara and were Egypt's main rival.", "The \"Gallery of the Bronze Age Aegean\" features over 100 objects that include examples from the Cycladic, Minoan, Mycenaean and Geometric periods of Ancient Greece.", "The collection ranges in age from 3200–700 BC and contains a variety of objects that include a marble head of a female figure and a glass necklace.", "The \"Gallery of Greece\" has a collection of 1,500 artifacts that span the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods.", "The collection consists of items such as sculptures of deities, armour and a coin collection.", "\"The Daphne Cockwell Gallery of Canada: First Peoples\" provides a look inside the culture of Canada's earliest societies: the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada.", "The gallery contains more than 1,000 artifacts that help to reveal the economic and social forces that have influenced Native art.", "The Royal Ontario Museum holds a major but little-known collection of Northwest coast native art and artifacts acquired by the Reverend Dr. Richard Whitfield Large at Bella Bella, British Columbia between 1899 and 1906 known as the \"R.W. Large Collection.\"", "Although the collection is one of the most important Heiltsuk collections in existence because of its unique documentation, there has never been a comprehensive study of it.", "Subject of the book \"Bella Bella: A Season of Heiltsuk Art\", the collection was also part of the Kaxlaya Gvilas (Heiltsuk) exhibit put together collaboratively with the Heiltsuk Nation and the University of British Columbia.", "There is also a rotating display of contemporary Native art, an area dedicated to the works of pioneer artist Paul Kane and a theatre devoted to traditional storytelling.", "Just outside this gallery, the central staircase winds around the Nisga'a and Haida Crest Poles of the Royal Ontario Museum, one of the museum's iconic objects.", "The \"Sigmund Samuel Gallery of Canada\" is located on the Weston Family Wing, displaying collections of early Canadian memorabilia, the majority of which is historical decorative and pictorial arts, but also includes a number of historical artifacts among other things.", "The gallery has approximately 560 artifacts on display and covers the period from early European settlement to the beginning of the modern industrial era.", "The displays are split up into sections to display the strength and weaknesses of the collections reflect the French and British cultural heritage of Canada.", "A notable item from the museum's collection that are featured at the \"Sigmund Samuel Gallery of Canada\" include \"The Death of General Wolfe\" by Benjamin West.", "The Chinese Galleries comprise four sections: the \"Bishop White Gallery of Chinese Temple Art,\" the \"Joey and Toby Tanenbaum Gallery of China,\" the \"Matthews Family Court of Chinese Sculpture\" and the \"ROM Gallery of Chinese Architecture.\"", "The \"Bishop White Gallery of Chinese Temple Art\" gallery contains three of the world's best-preserved temple wall paintings from the Yuan dynasty (AD 1271–1386) and a number of wooden sculptures depicting various bodhisattvas from the 12th to 15th centuries.", "Chinese temple wall paintings featured in this gallery include the \"Homage to the Highest Power,\" a Daoist wall painting dating to c. 1300 and \"Paradise of Maitreya,\" another Chinese wall temple painting from 1298.", "The \"Matthews Family Court of Chinese Sculpture\" has a wide variety of sculptures that span 2,000 years of Chinese sculptural art.", "It also displays a number of smaller objects that explore the development of religions in China from the 3rd to 19th centuries AD.", "The gallery features several notable items from the museum's collection, including Wei Bin's Temple Bell, a ceremonial bell crafted in 1518 and the , two statues that originate from the Tang dynasty.", "The gallery also features one of the Yixian glazed pottery luohans, a glazed sculpture that dates to the 11th century AD.", "The \"Joey and Toby Tanenbaum Gallery of China\" consists of approximately 2,500 objects spanning almost 7,000 years of Chinese history.", "The gallery is divided into five sections: the \"T. T. Tsui Exhibit of Prehistory and Bronze Age\"; the \"Qin and Han Dynasties\"; the \"Michael C.K. Lo Exhibition of North, South, Sui and Tang\"; \"the Song, Yuan and Frontier Dynasties\"; and the \"Ming and Qing Dynasties.\"", "Each section focuses on a different period of Chinese history, displaying objects ranging from jade discs to pieces of furniture.", "The \"ROM Gallery of Chinese Architecture\" houses one of the largest collection of Chinese architectural artifacts outside of China and is the first gallery of Chinese architecture in North America.", "Artifacts held in the gallery include the Tomb of General Zu Dashou.", "The tomb includes an assortment of related artifacts, including the altar, stone burial mound and archway.", "The gallery holds some spectacular exhibits such as a reconstruction of an Imperial Palace building from Beijing's Forbidden City and a Ming-era tomb complex.", "The \"Gallery of Korea\" is the only permanent gallery of Korean art in Canada, showcasing approximately 260 items from the Korean peninsula.", "Furniture, ceramics, metalwork, printing technology, painting and decorative arts, dating from the 3rd to 20th centuries AD, illustrate the many accomplishments to Korean culture.", "The influence of Buddhism on the Korean culture is portrayed with two statues, the first being a Sarira casket which originated in India and were made to enshrine the remains of a Buddha or enlightened masters and the second of a tomb guardian.", "The \"Prince Takamado Gallery of Japan\" contains the largest collection of Japanese artworks in Canada, featuring a rotating display of ukiyo-e prints and the only tea master collection in North America.", "Notable pieces of Japanese art featured in the \"Prince Takamado Gallery of Japan\" include \"Fan print with two bugaku dancers\" and \"Unit 88-9.\"", "The gallery is split into a number of different sections, each home to the collection of objects that the name suggests: the \"Toyota Canada Inc.", "Exhibit of Ukiyo-e Pictures,\" the \"Sony Exhibit of Painting,\" the \"Canon Canada Inc.", "Samurai Exhibit,\" the \"Mitsui and Co.", "Canada Tea Ceremony Exhibit,\" the \"Maple Leaf Foods Exhibit of Lacquers\" and the \"Linamar Corporation Exhibit of Ceramics.\"", "The gallery is named in honour of the late Japanese Prince Takamado (also known as Norihito), who spent several years at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario.", "The \"Herman Herzog Levy Gallery\" is the primary venue for East Asian exhibitions visiting the museum.", "The Portrait of Namjar was previously displayed in the gallery, although it was later removed and taken to storage.", "The \"Samuel European Galleries\" have over 4,600 objects on display that chronicle the development of decorative and other arts in Europe from the Middle Ages to the 20th century.", "The period rooms depict the development of decorative arts in Central and Western Europe by showcasing changes in style during the Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical and Victorian periods.", "Other specialized collections relating to Culture and Context, Judaica, Art Deco and Arms and Armour are also displayed.", "An iconic piece at the \"Samuel European Galleries\" is the Earl of Pembroke's Armour.", "Dating from 1550 to 1570, the armour was crafted for William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke.", "Another notable piece from the museum's European collection is the Otho tazza.", "The piece was one of 12 tazzas that made up the Aldobrandini Tazze, a set of Renaissance-era cups that featured the first 12 Roman emperors whose lives are described in \"The Twelve Caesars.\"", "The \"Wirth Gallery of the Middle East\" explores civilizations from the Palaeolithic Age to 1900 AD found within the Fertile Crescent, which stretches from the Eastern Mediterranean and Persia (Iran) and Iraq to the Arabian Peninsula.", "The over 1,000 artifacts relate to the writing, technology, spirituality, everyday life and warfare of the ancient Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians.", "These civilizations made huge advances in writing, mathematics, law, medicine and religion, which are represented throughout the gallery.", "Pieces from the museum's collection that are featured at the \"Wirth Gallery of the Middle East\" include plastered human skulls made in the Levant circa 8000 BC.", "Another notable piece in the gallery is the Striding Lion, a wall relief from the throne room of Nebuchadnezzar II's palace.", "The ROM provides access for a wide range of communities.", "The ROM offers programs and services in both English and French.", "In 2008, ROMCAN was created to make the ROM more accessible to a variety of communities.", "ROMCAN provides free general admission tickets to participating community and charitable organizations.", "Each year, thousands of general admission tickets are distributed to these communities.", "ROMCAN tries to eliminate barriers that might stand between these communities and the museum.", "Since 2008, ROMCAN developed into a larger community initiative that seeks to enable learning experiences for visitors and organizations.", "A main goal of the program is to give the museum the power to engage, share and inspire a greater diversity of visitors by trying to break through economic and social barriers.", "Partners include United Way of Greater Toronto, Boys & Girls Clubs of Canada, The Hospital for Sick Children and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.", "The novel \"Calculating God\" by Canadian science fiction author Robert J. Sawyer is mainly set in the ROM.", "The novel received nominations for both the Hugo and John W. Campbell Memorial Awards in 2001.", "In the novel \"Bugs Potter Live at Nickaninny\" by Canadian children's author Gordon Korman, one of the primary characters searching for the lost Naka-mee-chee (fictional) tribe was from the ROM.", "A large part of \"Life Before Man,\" a novel by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood, takes place in ROM.", "Three of the four main characters of the novel work there.", "The museum is described in the novel in great detail, including the dinosaur gallery with its exhibits, contemporary to the time when the novel takes place.", "The novel was a finalist for the Governor General's Award.", "The museum was also filmed in several television shows.", "It was featured in \"Zoboomafoo,\" an American-Canadian children's television series in the season 1 episode \"Dinosaurs\", where the Kratt brothers (Chris and Martin) were invited to see the museum's dinosaur bones.", "The museum was also used as a filming location the police procedural \"Flashpoint\" for an episode of the third season.", "List of museums in Toronto" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 121968, "simple_article_title": "Royal Ontario Museum", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=121968", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-121968-0-0", "simple-121968-1-0", "simple-121968-1-1", "simple-121968-1-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Royal Ontario Museum or ROM, is a major museum for culture and natural history in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.", "It is the largest museum in Canada and fifth largest in North America.", "It has more than six million things on display and over 40 galleries.", "It has notable collections of dinosaurs, Near Eastern and African art, East Asian art, European history, and Canadian history." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1446118, "normal_article_title": "Polythene Pam", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1446118", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1446118-0-0", "normal-1446118-0-1", "normal-1446118-0-2", "normal-1446118-1-0", "normal-1446118-1-1", "normal-1446118-1-2", "normal-1446118-1-3", "normal-1446118-2-0", "normal-1446118-2-1", "normal-1446118-2-2", "normal-1446118-2-3", "normal-1446118-2-4", "normal-1446118-2-5", "normal-1446118-2-6", "normal-1446118-3-0", "normal-1446118-3-1", "normal-1446118-3-2", "normal-1446118-3-3", "normal-1446118-3-4", "normal-1446118-3-5", "normal-1446118-4-0", "normal-1446118-4-1", "normal-1446118-4-2", "normal-1446118-4-3", "normal-1446118-4-4", "normal-1446118-5-0", "normal-1446118-5-1", "normal-1446118-5-2", "normal-1446118-5-3", "normal-1446118-5-4", "normal-1446118-5-5", "normal-1446118-6-0", "normal-1446118-6-1", "normal-1446118-6-2", "normal-1446118-6-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "\"Polythene Pam\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1969 album \"Abbey Road\".", "Written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney, it is the fourth song of the album's climactic side-two medley.", "The Beatles recorded the track in July 1969 as a continuous piece with \"She Came In Through the Bathroom Window\", which follows it in the medley.", "Lennon wrote \"Polythene Pam\" during the Beatles' 1968 stay in India.", "While not formally recorded during the sessions for \"The Beatles\" (also known as \"the White Album\"), the song was recorded as a demo at George Harrison's Kinfauns home before the sessions.", "The demo was later released on \"Anthology 3\" and the 2018 super-deluxe edition of \"The Beatles\".", "Lennon dismissed the song, along with \"Mean Mr. Mustard\", in \"The Beatles Anthology\" as \"a bit of crap I wrote in India\".", "In 1980, Lennon said about \"Polythene Pam\": \"That was me, remembering a little event with a woman in Jersey, and a man who was England's answer to Allen Ginsberg ... I met him when we were on tour and he took me back to his apartment and I had a girl and he had one he wanted me to meet.", "He said she dressed up in polythene, which she \"did\".", "She didn't wear jack boots and kilts, I just sort of elaborated.", "Perverted sex in a polythene bag.", "Just looking for something to write about.\"", "The song is sung in a very strong Liverpudlian \"Scouse\" accent.", "He also described the inspiration for the song as a \"mythical Liverpool scrubber dressed in her jackboots and kilt\".", "\"Polythene\" is the British variant of the word polyethylene, a plastic material.", "The name 'Polythene Pam' came from the nickname of an early Beatles fan from the Cavern Club days, named Pat Hodgett (now Dawson), who would often eat polythene.", "She became known as \"Polythene Pat\".", "She said in an interview, \"I used to eat polythene all the time.", "I'd tie it in knots and then eat it.", "Sometimes I even used to burn it and then eat it when it got cold.\"", "On the album \"Abbey Road\", the song is linked with the previous song \"Mean Mr. Mustard\" musically, as the two run together without pause.", "The two songs are also linked narratively, since \"Mean Mr. Mustard\" mentions that the title character Mustard has a sister named Pam.", "Originally, the line \"his sister Pam ...\" in the song was \"his sister Shirley ...\", but Lennon would change the line to contribute to the continuity of the \"Abbey Road\" side two medley.", "The song \"Her Majesty\" was originally set between \"Mean Mr. Mustard\" and \"Polythene Pam\".", "\"Polythene Pam\" then segues into the following song, \"She Came In Through the Bathroom Window\".", "The basic track for \"Polythene Pam\" and \"She Came in Through the Bathroom Window\" was recorded at EMI Studios in London on 25 July.", "The line-up was Lennon on acoustic 12-string guitar, Harrison on lead guitar, Paul McCartney on bass, and Ringo Starr on drums.", "Lennon sang an off-mike guide vocal on his song, while McCartney did the same on \"She Came in Through the Bathroom Window\".", "During the guitar solo on \"Polythene Pam\", Lennon shouted out words of encouragement (\"Fab!", "Real good ...\"), some of which appears on the finished recording.", "In his description of the song, author Ian MacDonald likens Lennon's \"massive\" opening acoustic guitar chords to the Who's \"Pinball Wizard\", which was a single at the time.", "The Beatles carried out overdubs on the track on 28 July, although many of these contributions, such as piano and electric piano, were subsequently cut.", "Recording was completed on 30 July, when the final vocal, guitar and percussion overdubs were taped.", "These included a second lead guitar part by Harrison, playing the descending notes (accompanying Lennon's spoken \"Oh, look out!\")", "into the start of \"She Came in Through the Bathroom Window\"." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 257111, "simple_article_title": "Polythene Pam", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=257111", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-257111-0-0", "simple-257111-1-0", "simple-257111-1-1", "simple-257111-1-2", "simple-257111-1-3", "simple-257111-1-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "\"Polythene Pam\" is a song written by John Lennon, credited to Lennon/McCartney, and performed by The Beatles on their album \"Abbey Road\".", "The name 'Polythene Pam' came from the nickname of an early Beatles' fan from the Cavern Club days, named Pat Hodgett (now Dawson), who would often eat polythene.", "She became known as 'Polythene Pat'.", "She said in an interview, \"I used to eat polythene all the time.", "I'd tie it in knots and then eat it.", "Sometimes I even used to burn it and then eat it when it got cold.\"" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1237407, "normal_article_title": "Anne Shirley (actress)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1237407", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1237407-0-0", "normal-1237407-1-0", "normal-1237407-1-1", "normal-1237407-2-0", "normal-1237407-2-1", "normal-1237407-3-0", "normal-1237407-3-1", "normal-1237407-3-2", "normal-1237407-3-3", "normal-1237407-4-0", "normal-1237407-5-0", "normal-1237407-6-0", "normal-1237407-6-1", "normal-1237407-7-0", "normal-1237407-7-1", "normal-1237407-8-0", "normal-1237407-8-1", "normal-1237407-8-2", "normal-1237407-8-3", "normal-1237407-8-4", "normal-1237407-9-0", "normal-1237407-9-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Anne Shirley (born Dawn Evelyeen Paris, April 17, 1918 – July 4, 1993) was an American actress.", "Beginning her career as a child actress under the stage name Dawn O'Day, Shirley adopted the name of the character she played in the film adaptation of \"Anne of Green Gables\" in 1934, and achieved a successful career in supporting roles.", "Among her films is \"Stella Dallas\" (1937), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.", "She retired from acting in 1944, at the age of 26.", "She remained in Los Angeles, where she died at the age of 75.", "Born in New York City as Dawn Paris, Shirley began acting under the name of Dawn O'Day.", "As a baby she began modeling, and made her film debut with a featured role in 1922's \"Moonshine Valley\".", "Shirley began acting at the age of five as the live action \"Alice\" in Walt Disney's pre-Mickey Mouse silent animated series \"Alice in Cartoonland\".", "She had a highly successful child star career in Pre-Code movies, appearing in such films as \"Liliom\", Tom Mix's \"Riders of the Purple Sage\", \"So Big\", \"Three on a Match\" and \"Rasputin and the Empress\".", "In 1934 she starred as the character of Anne Shirley in \"Anne of Green Gables\", and took that character's name as her stage name.", "After adopting the name Anne Shirley, she starred in \"Steamboat 'Round the Bend\", \"Make Way for a Lady\" and \"Stella Dallas\", for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.", "Later roles were in such movies as \"Vigil in the Night\", \"Anne of Windy Poplars\", \"The Devil and Daniel Webster\" and \"Murder, My Sweet\", her final film.", "Of Shirley's portrayal in \"Saturday's Children\", \"The New York Times\" commented that she \"endows the little wife with heroic integrity and strength of character.\"", "Shirley married actor John Payne on August 22, 1937, in Montecito, California.", "They had a daughter, former actress Julie Payne.", "Her second husband was film producer and screenwriter Adrian Scott.", "When he was blacklisted and decided to move the family to Europe, at the last minute she wrote him a \"Dear John\" letter saying she'd rather stay behind and divorce him.", "Her third husband was Charles Lederer, nephew of Marion Davies.", "They had a son named Daniel Lederer.", "Shirley had also a brief relationship with younger western star Rory Calhoun and another with French movie star Jean-Pierre Aumont.", "Shirley died from lung cancer in Los Angeles, aged 75 on July 4, 1993 and was cremated.", "For her contributions to the motion picture industry, she has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7020 Hollywood Blvd." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 453466, "simple_article_title": "Anne Shirley", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=453466", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-453466-0-0", "simple-453466-0-1", "simple-453466-0-2", "simple-453466-1-0", "simple-453466-2-0", "simple-453466-2-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Dawn Evelyeen Paris (also: Anne Shirley; April 17, 1918 – July 4, 1993) was an American movie actress.", "She played Jeanne in \"Chasing Yesterday\".", "She also played Jenny Yates in \"Chatterbox\".", "Under the name Dawn O'Day, Shirley was a child actress.", "Shirley was born in New York City.", "She died from lung cancer at age seventy-five." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1477019, "normal_article_title": "Mixed government", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1477019", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1477019-0-0", "normal-1477019-0-1", "normal-1477019-1-0", "normal-1477019-2-0", "normal-1477019-2-1", "normal-1477019-2-2", "normal-1477019-3-0", "normal-1477019-3-1", "normal-1477019-3-2", "normal-1477019-3-3", "normal-1477019-3-4", "normal-1477019-4-0", "normal-1477019-5-0", "normal-1477019-5-1", "normal-1477019-5-2", "normal-1477019-5-3", "normal-1477019-6-0", "normal-1477019-6-1", "normal-1477019-7-0", "normal-1477019-7-1", "normal-1477019-7-2", "normal-1477019-7-3", "normal-1477019-7-4", "normal-1477019-7-5", "normal-1477019-7-6", "normal-1477019-8-0", "normal-1477019-8-1", "normal-1477019-8-2", "normal-1477019-8-3", "normal-1477019-8-4", "normal-1477019-8-5", "normal-1477019-8-6", "normal-1477019-8-7", "normal-1477019-8-8", "normal-1477019-8-9", "normal-1477019-8-10", "normal-1477019-8-11", "normal-1477019-8-12", "normal-1477019-9-0", "normal-1477019-9-1", "normal-1477019-9-2", "normal-1477019-10-0", "normal-1477019-10-1", "normal-1477019-11-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Mixed government (or a mixed constitution) is a form of government that combines elements of democracy (polity), aristocracy and monarchy, making impossible their respective degenerations which are conceived as anarchy, oligarchy and tyranny.", "The idea was popularized during classical antiquity in order to describe the stability, the innovation and the success of the republic as a form of government developed under the Roman constitution.", "Unlike classical democracy, aristocracy or monarchy, under a mixed government rulers are elected by citizens rather than acquiring their positions by inheritance or sortition (at the Greco-Roman time, sortition was conventionally regarded as the principal characteristic of classical democracy).", "The concept of a mixed government was studied during the Renaissance and the Age of Reason by Niccolò Machiavelli, Giambattista Vico, Immanuel Kant, Thomas Hobbes and others.", "It was and still is a very important theory among supporters of republicanism.", "Various schools have described modern polities, such as the European Union and the United States, as possessing mixed constitutions.", "Plato found flaws with all existing forms of government and thus concluded that aristocracy, which emphasizes virtue and wisdom, is the purest form of government.", "Aristotle largely embraced Plato's ideas and in his \"Politics\" three types (excluding timocracy) are discussed in detail.", "Aristotle considers constitutional government (a combination of oligarchy and democracy under law) the ideal form of government, but he observes that none of the three are healthy and that states will cycle between the three forms in an abrupt and chaotic process known as the kyklos or anacyclosis.", "In his \"Politics\", he lists a number of theories of how to create a stable government.", "One of these options is creating a government that is a mix of all three forms of government.", "Polybius argued that most states have a government system that is composed of \"more than one\" of these basic principles, which then was called a mixed government system.", "The ideal of a mixed government was popularized by Polybius, who saw the Roman Republic as a manifestation of Aristotle's theory (Millar, 2002).", "Monarchy was embodied by the consuls, the aristocracy by the Senate and democracy by the elections and great public gatherings of the assemblies.", "Each institution complements and also checks the others, presumably guaranteeing stability and prosperity.", "Polybius was very influential and his ideas were embraced by Cicero (Millar, 2002).", "St. Thomas Aquinas argued in his letter \"On Kingship\" that a monarchy, with some limitations set by an aristocracy and democratic elements, was the best and most just form of government.", "He also emphasized the monarch's duty to uphold the divine and natural law and abide by limitations imposed on the monarch by custom and existing law.", "Cicero became extremely well regarded during the Renaissance and many of his ideas were embraced.", "Polybius was also rediscovered and the positive view of mixed governments became a central aspect of Renaissance political science integrated into the developing notion of republicanism.", "In order to minimise the misuse of political power, John Calvin advocated a mixture of aristocracy and democracy as the best form of government.", "He praised the advantages of democracy: \"It is an invaluable gift if God allows a people to elect its overlords and magistrates\".", "To further safeguard the rights and liberties of ordinary men and women, Calvin also favored the distribution of power to several political institutions (separation of powers).", "Mixed government theories became extremely popular in the Enlightenment and were discussed in detail by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Giambattista Vico, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant.", "Apart from his contemporaries, only Montesquieu became widely acknowledged as the author of a concept of separation of powers (although he wrote rather on their \"distribution\").", "According to some scholars, for example, Heinrich August Winkler, the notion also influenced the writers of the United States Constitution who based the idea of checks and balances, in part, upon the ancient theory.", "The constitution of Britain during the Victorian Era with a Parliament composed of the Sovereign (monarchy), a House of Lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (democracy) is a prime example of a mixed constitution in the 19th century.", "This political system had its roots in two closely related developments in seventeenth-century England.", "First, a series of political upheavals—the Civil War (Puritan Revolution), the exclusion crisis of 1679–1681, and the Glorious Revolution of 1688.", "Second, an intense public debate about the best, most liberal and most stable form of government.", "Its main participants were John Milton, John Locke, Algernon Sidney and James Harrington.", "Their thinking became the basis of the radical Whig ideology.", "It \"described two sorts of threats to political freedom: a general decay of the people which would invite the intrusion of evil and despotic rulers, and the encroachment of executive authority upon the legislature, the attempt that power always made to subdue the liberty protected by mixed government.", "The American Revolution revealed that this radical Whig understanding of politics had embedded itself deeply in American minds.", "... Radical Whig perceptions of politics attracted widespread support in America because they revived the traditional concerns of a Protestant culture that had always verged on Puritanism.", "That moral decay threatened free government could not come as a surprise to a people whose fathers had fled England to escape sin\".", "18th-century Whigs, or commonwealthmen, such as John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon and Benjamin Hoadly \"praised the mixed constitution of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, and they attributed English liberty to it; and like Locke they postulated a state of nature from which rights arose which the civil polity, created by mutual consent, guaranteed; they argued that a contract formed government and sovereignty resided in the people\".", "So mixed government is the core of both the British form of modern-era democracy, constitutional monarchy, and the American model: republicanism.", "The \"father\" of the American constitution, James Madison, stated in Federalist Paper No. 40 that the constitutional convention of 1787 created a mixed constitution.", "Madison referred to Polybius in Federalist Paper No. 63.", "However, much more important was that \"most\" ideas that the American Revolutionaries put into their political system \"were a part of the great tradition of the eighteenth-century commonwealthmen, the radical Whig ideology\".", "One school of scholarship based mainly in the United States considers mixed government to be the central characteristic of a republic and holds that the United States has rule by the one (the President) (monarchy), the few (the Senate) (aristocracy) and the many (House of Representatives) (democracy).", "Another school of thought in the United States says the Supreme Court has taken on the role of \"The Best\" in recent decades, ensuring a continuing separation of authority by offsetting the direct election of senators and preserving the mixing of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy.", "According to a view, in the European Union context the Commission President represents the rule by the one while the Council represents the aristocratic dimension and the Parliament represents the democratic dimension." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 207201, "simple_article_title": "Mixed government", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=207201", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-207201-0-0", "simple-207201-0-1", "simple-207201-0-2", "simple-207201-0-3", "simple-207201-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "A Mixed government or mixed constitution is a form of government where different sized groups of people control different types of issues.", "It integrates different forms of government, like democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy.", "Mixed government means that there are some issues where the state is governed by the majority of the people, in some other issues the state is governed by few, in some other issues by a single person, often defined in a constitution.", "Today, this idea is commonly seen as a precursor to that of separation of powers", "Mixed governments was common in Ancient Rome." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 15396496, "normal_article_title": "Berneuil, Somme", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15396496", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-15396496-0-0", "normal-15396496-1-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Berneuil is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.", "Berneuil is situated at the junction of the D216 and the D77 roads, some 20 mi east of Abbeville." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 698537, "simple_article_title": "Berneuil, Somme", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=698537", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-698537-0-0", "simple-698537-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Berneuil is a commune.", "It is in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 19488907, "normal_article_title": "Parides childrenae", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19488907", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-19488907-0-0", "normal-19488907-0-1", "normal-19488907-1-0", "normal-19488907-1-1", "normal-19488907-1-2", "normal-19488907-1-3", "normal-19488907-1-4", "normal-19488907-1-5", "normal-19488907-1-6", "normal-19488907-1-7", "normal-19488907-1-8", "normal-19488907-1-9", "normal-19488907-1-10", "normal-19488907-1-11", "normal-19488907-1-12", "normal-19488907-1-13", "normal-19488907-1-14", "normal-19488907-1-15", "normal-19488907-2-0", "normal-19488907-3-0", "normal-19488907-4-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Parides childrenae, the green-celled cattleheart, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae.", "It is found in southern North America and northern South America.", "The upperside of the wings is black.", "The male has a bright green patch and a small pale yellow subapical spot on the forewing.", "There is a red patch on the hindwing.", "The female has a small white patch on the trailing edge of the forewing and a few pale subapical spots.", "There is a band of red spots across the hindwing.", "The underside of the wings is also black.", "The male has small pale subapical spots on the forewing and a few red spots on the hindwing.", "The female's underside is the same as the upper side.", "The green area of the male is larger than in \"P. sesostris\", covering also a part of the cell.", "The female has a transverse row of spots before the apex of the forewing, as well as two spots on the disc posteriorly.", "Distributed from Guatemala to Ecuador in two subspecies.", "— \"childrenae\" ' Gray (3 a) is the Central American form, which is found from Guatemala to Panama.", "Forewing of the male with a white spot before the apex.", "Band on the hindwing of the female bright red.", "has in the male no white spot before the apex of the forewing, or only a very small one.", "In the female the band on the hindwing is a somewhat yellowish red on the inner side.", "A full description is provided by Rothschild, W. and Jordan, K. (1906)", "\"Parides childrenae\" is a member of the \"sesostris\" species group", "The name honours Mrs Children" ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 225767, "simple_article_title": "Parides childrenae", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=225767", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-225767-0-0", "simple-225767-0-1", "simple-225767-0-2", "simple-225767-1-0", "simple-225767-1-1", "simple-225767-1-2", "simple-225767-1-3", "simple-225767-1-4", "simple-225767-1-5", "simple-225767-1-6", "simple-225767-1-7", "simple-225767-1-8", "simple-225767-1-9" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Green-celled Cattleheart (Parides childrenae) is a species of butterfly.", "It belongs in the family Papilionidae.", "It is found in southern North America and northern South America.", "The upper side of the wings is black.", "The male has a bright green patch on the fore wing (top wing).", "There is a small pale yellow spot near the tip of the fore wing.", "There is a red patch on the hind wing (bottom wing).", "The female has a small white patch on the fore wing.", "There are a few pale spots on the fore wing.", "There is a band of red spots on the hind wing.", "The underside of the wings is also black.", "The male has small pale spots near the tip of the fore wing and a few red spots on the hind wing.", "The female's underside is the same as the upper side." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 457207, "normal_article_title": "Adam Ries", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=457207", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-457207-0-0", "normal-457207-0-1", "normal-457207-1-0", "normal-457207-1-1", "normal-457207-1-2", "normal-457207-1-3", "normal-457207-1-4", "normal-457207-2-0", "normal-457207-2-1", "normal-457207-3-0", "normal-457207-3-1", "normal-457207-4-0", "normal-457207-4-1", "normal-457207-4-2", "normal-457207-5-0", "normal-457207-5-1", "normal-457207-5-2", "normal-457207-5-3", "normal-457207-5-4", "normal-457207-5-5", "normal-457207-5-6", "normal-457207-5-7", "normal-457207-5-8", "normal-457207-6-0", "normal-457207-6-1", "normal-457207-6-2", "normal-457207-6-3", "normal-457207-6-4", "normal-457207-6-5", "normal-457207-7-0", "normal-457207-7-1", "normal-457207-7-2", "normal-457207-8-0", "normal-457207-9-0", "normal-457207-10-0", "normal-457207-10-1", "normal-457207-10-2", "normal-457207-11-0", "normal-457207-12-0", "normal-457207-12-1", "normal-457207-12-2", "normal-457207-12-3", "normal-457207-12-4", "normal-457207-12-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Adam Ries (January 17, 1492 – March 30, 1559) was a German mathematician.", "He is also known by the name Adam Riese.", "Almost nothing is known about Ries' childhood, youth and education.", "It is not even possible to determine the year of his birth with certainty.", "The caption on the only known contemporary portrait of the mathematician reads: ANNO 1550 ADAM RIES SEINS ALTERS IM LVIII.", "So he was in his 58th year of age at the time of the picture, which was made in 1550.", "From this it can be deduced that he was born in 1492, although if he did not turn 58 until the end of 1550, he could alternatively have been born in 1493.", "The location of his birth, Staffelstein, can be determined with certainty, since he gives information about himself in the preface to his book, \"Coß\".", "His father was the owner of the mill there, Contz Ries, and his mother, Eva Kittler, was his father's second wife.", "The first decades after Ries' birth are not documented, so it is not known which schools he attended.", "There is also no information about the studies of the later mathematician in the matriculation registers of the universities which existed at that time.", "The first time that Adam Ries was mentioned in a document was on 22 April 1517, when he appeared before the Council of Staffelstein because of a dispute over an inheritance.", "By 1509, he was already living with his younger brother, Conrad, in Zwickau, who attended the Latin school there.", "In 1518, Ries went to Erfurt, where he ran a mathematics school, and he wrote two of his mathematics books and had them published there.", "In 1522 or 1523, he moved to the newly founded mining town of Annaberg where he spent the rest of his life.", "There he finished work on the manuscript of his algebra textbook, \"Coß\", in 1524, although the book was not published until 1992 by B.G. Teubner.", "During this time, Ries became acquainted with Anna Leuber, the daughter of Freiberg master fitter, Andreas Leuber.", "The wedding of the couple was mentioned in the register of the St. Anne's Church in Annaberg in 1525.", "In the same year, he took the oath of citizenship, purchased a house in \"Johannisgasse\" in Annaberg and settled down.", "He first earned his living as a \"Rezessschreiber\" (a person who checked the calculations of the mines), and later as a \"Gegenschreiber\" (a bookkeeper of the mines) and \"Zehntner\" (regional financial administrator).", "In 1539, he bought \"Riesenburg\", a small castle outside of the town, whose buildings still bear his name today.", "After his last work appeared in print in 1550, Ries died on 30 March 1559.", "Because of scanty information, it is not known where he is buried, whether in Annaberg, the Riesenburg or elsewhere.", "Ries and his wife had at least eight children.", "Three of the five sons, Adam, Abraham, and Jacob, were all active as mathematicians in Annaberg at times.", "While Abraham and Jacob died in their home town in 1604, Adam is supposed to have settled in the Harz mountains.", "The fourth son, Isaac, moved to Leipzig, where he was active as a \"Visierer\" (a master of weights and measures).", "Paul, the fifth son, was a landowner and judge in Wiesa.", "The three daughters, Eva, Anna and Sybilla, all married in Annaberg.", "Adam Ries' descendants are the subject of constant, detailed genealogical research.", "Great numbers of his descendants still live in the upper Ore Mountains today.", "The Adam-Ries-Bund (Adam Ries Association, see external links) has taken on the task of researching all of the descendants of Adam Ries and, to date, has more than 20,000 direct descendants in its continually updated database.", "Ries did not write his works in Latin, as was usual at that time, but in German.", "Since the spelling of names was not as fixed at that time as it is today, the contemporary spellings \"Ris, \"Rise\", \"Ryse\" and even \"Reyeß\" are also sometimes found.", "In today's usage, both variants of his name, \"Ries\" and \"Riese\", can be found.", "The latter is usual in the German expression \"\"nach Adam Riese\"\" which means \"according to Adam Ries\" and it is used when speaking about simple arithmetic, e.g. \"zwei und zwei macht, nach Adam Riese, vier\" (\"two plus two is, according to Adam Ries, four\").", "Furthermore, the German word \"Riese\" can be translated as \"giant\" in English, thus inspiring a common tongue-in-cheek adaptation of the beforementioned saying, \"nach Adam Riese und Eva Zwerg\" (\"according to Adam Giant and Eve Dwarf).", "The Nysa family main-belt asteroid 7655 Adamries was named after him in 1997.", "On the occasion of the 400th birthday of Adam Ries, the Annaberg Historical Society decided in 1891 to put up a monument to the mathematician.", "The sculpture by the Dresden sculptor, Henze, was not dedicated until 5 November 1893 because of financial difficulties.", "In 1943, the bronze bust was melted to make armaments and it was replaced ten years later by a sandstone copy.", "At the end of the 1970s, this was completely removed from the town because of fears that its condition would continue to deteriorate due to the material.", "In 1991, a new sandstone bust was exhibited in its current position.", "After severe damage by vandalism in 1992, it was once again reconstructed through the initiative of the Adam Ries Association, and it was once again placed before the church on the 100th anniversary of the first dedication." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 43664988, "normal_article_title": "Veronika Marchenko (activist)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43664988", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-43664988-0-0", "normal-43664988-0-1", "normal-43664988-1-0", "normal-43664988-1-1", "normal-43664988-1-2", "normal-43664988-2-0", "normal-43664988-2-1", "normal-43664988-2-2", "normal-43664988-2-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Veronika Marchenko is a Russian activist.", "In 2008 she was the head of the NGO Mother's Right Foundation, which she founded as a student in 1988.", "The Mother's Right Foundation works to expose the inhumane conditions that led to the deaths of Russian service members in peacetime, as well as to help families of the dead get compensation and to punish those guilty of deaths.", "It also presses for an end to hazing and bullying.", "This NGO is mainly funded by foreign grants.", "Marchenko has also worked on the journal \"Yunost\".", "In 1986 she was on the show \"12th Storey\", broadcast by Soviet Central TV, and she was in the International Youth Movement \"Next Stop Soviet\" (1987-1990).", "In November 1998 she was awarded the Public Recognition prize, and in December 2002 the Open Society Institute in Russia awarded her the prize For Selfless Work.", "She also received a 2009 International Women of Courage Award." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 537694, "simple_article_title": "Veronika Marchenko", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=537694", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-537694-0-0", "simple-537694-0-1", "simple-537694-1-0", "simple-537694-1-1", "simple-537694-1-2", "simple-537694-2-0", "simple-537694-2-1", "simple-537694-3-0", "simple-537694-3-1", "simple-537694-4-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Veronika Marchenko is a Russian activist.", "In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.", "Marchenko started the “Mother’s Right” Foundation in 1990 to bring attention to the problem of hazing in the Soviet military.", "The organization helps families of soldiers who die in peacetime, and works against corruption.", "Many of the deaths are called suicides, so the families have trouble getting money after the death.", "In 2007, lawyers from Mother’s Right helped 132 families go to court for survivor's benefits.", "They also helped 5,323 families of men who died.", "The organization now helps 5000 people a year.", "They helped a total of 80,000 people.", "Mother's Right Foundation (English)" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 40626711, "normal_article_title": "Razak Khan", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40626711", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-40626711-0-0", "normal-40626711-0-1", "normal-40626711-0-2", "normal-40626711-1-0", "normal-40626711-2-0", "normal-40626711-2-1", "normal-40626711-2-2", "normal-40626711-2-3", "normal-40626711-3-0", "normal-40626711-3-1", "normal-40626711-3-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Abdur Razak Khan or Razzaq Khan (1951 – 1 June 2016) was an Indian film actor appearing in Hindi films.", "Khan was noted for supporting and comic roles.", "He was known for his comic role of Manikchand in the 1999 Abbas-Mustan directed film \"Baadshah\", as Ninja Chacha in the 1999 film \"Hello Brother\", and as Takkar Pehelwan in \"Akhiyon Se Goli Maare\" His noted last film, \"Welcome M1LL10NS\" is set to release in 2018, dates yet to be announced.", "He was born in Byculla, Mumbai.", "Khan began his onscreen journey with a small role in the famous television show, \"Nukkad\" (1986–87) as 'Ullasbhai', and made his Hindi film debut with \"Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja\" (1993).", "He acted in more than 90 films during his 23-year-long career.", "He was last seen in \"Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3\" (2016).", "His other noteworthy performances were in \"Raja Hindustani\" (1996), \"Hello Brother\" (1999), \"Hera Pheri\" (2000), \"Partner\" (2007) and \"Action Jackson\" (2014).", "Khan died around 12:30 AM on 1 June 2016, following a heart attack.", "He was rushed to the Holy Family Hospital in Bandra, where a doctor declared him dead on arrival.", "He was buried at Byculla on 2 June 2016." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 544292, "simple_article_title": "Razak Khan", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=544292", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-544292-0-0", "simple-544292-0-1", "simple-544292-1-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Razak (or Razzak Khan) (1953/1954 – 1 June 2016) was an Indian movie and television actor who was in Bollywood movies.", "He was known for his roles in \"Baadshah\", \"Hello Brother\" and in \"Akhiyon Se Goli Maare\".", "Khan died of a heart attack at his home in Bandra, Maharashtra on 1 June 2016, aged 62." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 63972, "normal_article_title": "Murmansk", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63972", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-63972-0-0", "normal-63972-0-1", "normal-63972-0-2", "normal-63972-0-3", "normal-63972-0-4", "normal-63972-0-5", "normal-63972-1-0", "normal-63972-1-1", "normal-63972-1-2", "normal-63972-2-0", "normal-63972-2-1", "normal-63972-3-0", "normal-63972-3-1", "normal-63972-3-2", "normal-63972-4-0", "normal-63972-4-1", "normal-63972-4-2", "normal-63972-4-3", "normal-63972-4-4", "normal-63972-5-0", "normal-63972-6-0", "normal-63972-6-1", "normal-63972-6-2", "normal-63972-7-0", "normal-63972-7-1", "normal-63972-8-0", "normal-63972-8-1", "normal-63972-8-2", "normal-63972-8-3", "normal-63972-8-4", "normal-63972-9-0", "normal-63972-9-1", "normal-63972-10-0", "normal-63972-10-1", "normal-63972-10-2", "normal-63972-11-0", "normal-63972-11-1", "normal-63972-11-2", "normal-63972-11-3", "normal-63972-12-0", "normal-63972-12-1", "normal-63972-13-0", "normal-63972-14-0", "normal-63972-14-1", "normal-63972-14-2", "normal-63972-14-3", "normal-63972-14-4", "normal-63972-15-0", "normal-63972-15-1", "normal-63972-16-0", "normal-63972-17-0", "normal-63972-17-1", "normal-63972-18-0", "normal-63972-18-1", "normal-63972-18-2", "normal-63972-19-0", "normal-63972-19-1", "normal-63972-19-2", "normal-63972-20-0", "normal-63972-20-1", "normal-63972-21-0", "normal-63972-22-0", "normal-63972-22-1", "normal-63972-22-2", "normal-63972-22-3", "normal-63972-22-4", "normal-63972-23-0", "normal-63972-24-0", "normal-63972-24-1", "normal-63972-24-2", "normal-63972-25-0", "normal-63972-26-0", "normal-63972-27-0", "normal-63972-27-1", "normal-63972-27-2", "normal-63972-28-0", "normal-63972-29-0", "normal-63972-29-1", "normal-63972-30-0", "normal-63972-31-0", "normal-63972-31-1", "normal-63972-32-0", "normal-63972-33-0", "normal-63972-33-1", "normal-63972-34-0", "normal-63972-34-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Murmansk (Russian: , \"Murman lannê\") is a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast in the far northwest part of Russia.", "It sits on both slopes and banks of a modest ria or fjord, Kola Bay, an estuarine inlet of the Barents Sea.", "Its bulk is on the east bank of the inlet.", "It is in the north of the rounded Kola Peninsula which covers most of the oblast (semi-autonomous region).", "The city is 108 km from the border with Norway and 182 km from the Finnish border.", "The city is named for the Murman Coast, an archaic term in Russian for Norway.", "Benefitting from the North Atlantic Current, Murmansk resembles cities of its size across western Russia, with highway and railway access to the rest of Europe, and the northernmost trolleybus system on Earth.", "Its northern latitude of 68°58'N makes Murmansk 2° north of the Arctic Circle at approximately 66°33'N. Its connectivity contrasts to the isolation of Arctic ports like the Siberian Dikson on the shores of the Kara Sea and Iqaluit, Nunavut in Canada on Baffin Island's Frobisher Bay off the Labrador Sea.", "Despite long, snowy winters, Murmansk's climate is moderated by the generally ice-free waters around it.", "Although there was a building boom in the early twentieth century's arms races, Murmansk's population has been in a slow reversal since the Cold War; from (1989 Census) (2002 Census) (2010 Census) to 299,148 (2014 estimate).", "It remains by far the largest city north of the Arctic Circle and is a major port on the Arctic Ocean.", "Murmansk was the last city founded in the Russian Empire.", "In 1915, World War I needs led to the construction of the railroad from Petrozavodsk to an ice-free location on the Murman Coast in the Russian Arctic, to which Russia's allies shipped military supplies.", "The terminus became known as the Murman station and soon boasted a port, a naval base, and an adjacent settlement with a population that quickly grew in size and soon surpassed the nearby towns of Alexandrovsk and Kola.", "On June 29 O.S. July 12 , 1916, Russian Transport Minister Alexander Trepov petitioned to grant urban status to the railway settlement.", "On July 6 O.S. July 19 , 1916, the petition was approved and the town was named Romanov-on-Murman ( , \"Romanov-na-Murmane\"), after the imperial Russian dynasty of Romanovs.", "On September 21 O.S. October 4 , 1916, the official ceremony was performed, and the date is now considered the official date of the city's foundation.", "After the February Revolution of 1917, on April 3 O.S. April 16 , 1917, the town was given its present name.", "In the winter of 1917 the British North Russia Squadron under Rear Admiral Thomas Kemp was established at Murmansk.", "From 1918 to 1920, during the Russian Civil War, the town was occupied by the Western powers, who had been allied in World War I, and by the White Army forces.", "On February 13, 1926, local self-government was organized in Murmansk for the first time, during a plenary session of the Murmansk City Soviet, which elected a Presidium.", "Before this, the city was governed by the authorities of Alexandrovsky Uyezd and later of Murmansk Governorate.", "On August 1, 1927, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) issued two resolutions: \"On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast\" and \"On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast\", which transformed Murmansk Governorate into Murmansk Okrug within Leningrad Oblast and made Murmansk the administrative center of Murmansk Okrug.", "In 1934, the Murmansk Okrug Executive Committee developed a redistricting proposal, which included a plan to enlarge the city by merging the surrounding territories in the north, south, and west into Murmansk.", "While this plan was not confirmed by the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee, in 1935–1937 several rural localities of Kolsky and Polyarny Districts were merged into Murmansk anyway.", "According to the Presidium of the Leningrad Oblast Executive Committee resolution of February 26, 1935, the administrative center of Polyarny District was moved from Polyarnoye to Sayda-Guba.", "However, the provisions of the resolution were not fully implemented, and due to military construction in Polyarnoye, the administrative center was instead moved to Murmansk in the beginning of 1935.", "In addition to being the administrative center of Murmansk Okrug, Murmansk continued to serve as the administrative center of Polyarny District until September 11, 1938.", "On February 10, 1938, when the VTsIK adopted a Resolution changing the administrative-territorial structure of Murmansk Okrug, the city of Murmansk became a separate administrative division of the okrug, equal in status to that of the districts.", "This status was retained when Murmansk Okrug was transformed into Murmansk Oblast on May 28, 1938.", "During World War II, Murmansk was a link to the Western world for the Soviet Union with large quantities of goods important to the respective military efforts traded with the Allies: primarily seeing military equipment, manufactured goods and raw materials brought into the Soviet Union.", "The supplies were brought to the city in the Arctic convoys.", "German forces in Finnish territory launched an offensive against the city in 1941 as part of Operation Silver Fox.", "Murmansk suffered extensive destruction, the magnitude of which was rivaled only by the destruction of Leningrad and Stalingrad.", "However, fierce Soviet resistance and harsh local weather conditions with the bad terrain prevented the Germans from capturing the city and cutting off the vital Karelian railway line and the ice-free harbor.", "For the rest of the war, Murmansk served as a transit point for weapons and other supplies entering the Soviet Union from other Allied nations.", "This unyielding, stoic resistance was commemorated at the 40th anniversary of the victory over the Germans in the formal designation of Murmansk as a Hero City on May 6, 1985.", "During the Cold War Murmansk was a center of Soviet submarine and icebreaker activity.", "After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the nearby city and naval base of Severomorsk remains the headquarters of the Russian Northern Fleet.", "In 1974, a massive 35.5 m tall statue \"Alyosha\", depicting a Russian World War II soldier, was installed on a 7 m high foundation.", "In 1984, the Hotel Arctic, now known as Azimut Hotel Murmansk, opened and became the tallest building above the Arctic Circle.", "On January 1, 2015, the territory of Murmansk was expanded when the urban-type settlement of Roslyakovo, previously under the jurisdiction of the closed administrative-territorial formation of Severomorsk, was abolished and its territory merged into Murmansk.", "Murmansk features a subarctic climate (Köppen \"Dfc\"), with long and cold winters and short, cool summers.", "In the city, freezing temperatures are routinely experienced from October to May.", "Average temperatures exceed 0 degrees Celsius only from May through October.", "The average low during the coldest part of the year in Murmansk is approximately -14 C .", "However, temperatures routinely plunge below -20 C during the winter.", "Murmansk's brief summer is mild, with average highs in July exceeding +17 C .", "The city is slightly wetter during the summer than the winter and receives an annual average of just under 500 mm of precipitation.", "The \"midnight sun\" is above the horizon from 22 May to 23 July (63 days), and the period with continuous darkness lasts a bit shorter, polar night from 2 December to 10 January (40 days).", "Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the City of Murmansk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.", "As a municipal division, the City of Murmansk is incorporated as Murmansk Urban Okrug.", "City districts were established in Murmansk for the first time by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR of April 20, 1939; at the time, three city districts (Kirovsky, Leninsky, and Mikoyanovsky) were created.", "They were abolished on June 2, 1948.", "The same city districts were created for the second time on June 23, 1951.", "Mikoyanovsky City District was renamed Oktyabrsky on October 30, 1957, but on September 30, 1958, all three city districts were again abolished.", "On June 10, 1967, two city districts were created (Leninsky and Oktyabrsky); Pervomaysky City District was split from Oktyabrsky on February 21, 1975.", "In the Charter of the Hero City of Murmansk, adopted on December 17, 1995, the districts started to be referred to as administrative okrugs.", "The population of the city, according to the 2010 Census, was 307,257, of these, 141,130 men (45.9%) and 166,127 women (54.1%), down from 468,039 recorded in the 1989 Census.", "Ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population, but Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities also live in the city.", "In November 2010 direct mayoral election was abolished; it was reinstituted in January 2014, with the most recent elections for mayor and city council taking place in September 2014.", "Murmansk has two main museums: Murmansk Oblast Museum and Murmansk Oblast Art Museum; there are also several small museums.", "There are three professional theaters, libraries, and an aquarium in Murmansk.", "Murmansk is the venue of the decommissioned \"Lenin\" which is now a museum ship.", "Alyosha Monument, Murmansk or Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War monument is also located in Murmansk.", "The main square of Murmansk is Five Corners, Murmansk.", "The city's association football team, FC Sever Murmansk, played in the Russian Second Division until 2014 when it folded due to financial difficulties.", "Bandy club Murman has played in the Russian Bandy Super League, last in 2011–2012.", "Between 2012 and 2018 they were playing in the second tier Russian Bandy Supreme League, but will from the 2018-19 season be a Super League team again.", "Their home arena, Stadium Stroitel, has an audience capacity of 5,000.", "The city is one of only three places with representation in the female league, through the team Arktika.", "To commemorate the 85th anniversary of the city's foundation, the snow-white church of the Savior-on-the-Waters was modeled after the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal and built on the shore for the sailors of Murmansk.", "15 religious associations have been registered in Murmansk.", "The largest is the Russian Orthodox Church, Murmansk is the center of its Murmansk and Monchegorsk diocese, as well as the Murmansk Metropolis.", "The city has about a dozen Orthodox churches, the department of the head of the diocese and the metropolis of Metropolitan Simon is located in St. Nicholas Cathedral.", "Murmansk's evening newspaper is \"Vecherniy Murmansk\", published since 1991.", "The port of Murmansk remains ice-free year round due to the warm North Atlantic Current and is an important fishing and shipping destination.", "It is home port to Atomflot, the world's only fleet of nuclear-powered icebreakers.", "The Port of Murmansk is the headquarters of Sevmorput (Northern Sea Route) and the administration of Russian Arctic maritime transport.", "Murmansk is linked by the Kirov Railway to St. Petersburg and is linked to the rest of Russia by the M18 Kola Motorway.", "Murmansk Airport provides air links to Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as an international connection to Tromsø, Norway.", "Buses and trolleybuses provide local transport.", "Murmansk is set to be the Russian terminus of the Arctic Bridge, a sea route linking it to the Canadian port of Churchill, Manitoba.", "Even though the passage has not been fully tested for commercial shipping yet, Russian interest in this project (along with the Northwest Passage) is substantial, as the bridge will serve as a major trade route between North America, Europe and Asia.", "Murmansk is home to Murmansk State Technical University, the Murmansk Arctic State University (formerly Murmansk State Pedagogical University), the Murmansk Institute of Humanities and the Murmansk College of Arts (the only Art School of the Kola Peninsula, formerly the 'Murmansk Music School').", "The city has 86 primary schools and 56 secondary schools, two boarding schools, and three reform schools." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 590274, "simple_article_title": "Murmansk", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=590274", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-590274-0-0", "simple-590274-0-1", "simple-590274-0-2", "simple-590274-1-0", "simple-590274-1-1", "simple-590274-1-2", "simple-590274-1-3", "simple-590274-1-4", "simple-590274-2-0", "simple-590274-3-0", "simple-590274-3-1", "simple-590274-3-2", "simple-590274-3-3", "simple-590274-4-0", "simple-590274-4-1", "simple-590274-5-0", "simple-590274-5-1", "simple-590274-5-2", "simple-590274-5-3", "simple-590274-6-0", "simple-590274-7-0", "simple-590274-8-0", "simple-590274-8-1", "simple-590274-8-2", "simple-590274-8-3", "simple-590274-9-0", "simple-590274-9-1", "simple-590274-10-0", "simple-590274-10-1", "simple-590274-10-2" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Murmansk (Russian: Му́рманск) is a port city in northwestern Russia.", "It is located within the Murmansk Oblast.", "As of 2010, the city has a population of 307,257 people.", "The first Murmansk settlement was founded in 1915.", "It was founded during World War I to make it easier for Russia to ship supplies to its allies.", "The location soon had a naval base and port.", "The settlement became an official city in 1916, and was named Romanov-on-Murman (Russian: Рома́нов-на-Му́рмане, Romanov-na-Murmane).", "The city was given it's current name on 16 April 1917.", "From 1918 to 1920, during the Russian Civil War, the city was occupied by the White army and the Triple Entente.", "During World War II, the city was an important link to the Western world for the Soviet Union.", "They traded supplies during the war.", "In 1941, the German and Finnish forces launched Operation Silver Fox with the goal of capturing Murmansk.", "The Soviets defeated the invaders, but Murmansk suffered a lot of destruction.", "Murmansk is headquarters of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy.", "During the Cold War it was a center for Soviet submarine activity.", "In 1974, a large 36 meter (118 feet) tall monument was built in the city.", "It is called the Alyosha Monument.", "It was built in remembrance of all who fought for Murmansk in World War II.", "On 6 May 1985, Murmansk was formally called a Hero City (which is a title awarded to cities in the Soviet Union that performed outstanding heroism during WW2).", "The Arctic Hotel opened in 1984, and became the tallest building above the Arctic Circle.", "The main industries in Murmansk are fishing, sea transport, rail and road transportation, marine geology, etc.", "The city's population has been shrinking since 1992.", "At it's peak, the city had a population of around 489,000 people in 1989.", "Between 1989 and 1992, more than 28,000 people left the city.", "This was because of the sudden deterioration in the economic situation.", "In 2016, 16.5% of the population was under 15 years of age, while 54.7% was between 16 and 56, and 28.7% of the population was older than 56.", "This means that the city has a older population compared to the entire Murmansk Oblast.", "Murmansk has a subarctic climate.", "This means that the city has long and cold winters and short, cool summers.", "Murmansk is above the arctic circle, so the city experiences polar nights." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 2563894, "normal_article_title": "Mario Adorf", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2563894", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-2563894-0-0", "normal-2563894-0-1", "normal-2563894-0-2", "normal-2563894-1-0", "normal-2563894-1-1", "normal-2563894-1-2", "normal-2563894-1-3", "normal-2563894-1-4", "normal-2563894-2-0", "normal-2563894-2-1", "normal-2563894-2-2", "normal-2563894-2-3", "normal-2563894-2-4", "normal-2563894-3-0", "normal-2563894-3-1", "normal-2563894-3-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Mario Adorf (born 8 September 1930) is a German actor, considered to be one of the great veteran character actors of European cinema.", "Since 1954, he has played both leading and supporting roles in over 200 film and television productions, among them the 1979 Oscar-winning film \"The Tin Drum\".", "He is also the author of several successful mostly autobiographical books.", "Adorf was born in Zürich, Switzerland, the illegitimate child of an Italian surgeon and a German medical assistant.", "He grew up in his maternal grandfather's hometown, Mayen, where he was raised by his unmarried mother.", "He rose to fame in Europe, and particularly Germany, and also made appearances in international films, including \"Ten Little Indians\" and \"Smilla's Sense of Snow\".", "He also played a small role in the BBC adaptation of John le Carré's \"Smiley's People\" as a German club owner.", "In Italy he also played in a number of movies.", "In the 60's, he married Lis Verhoeven.", "The couple had a child, Stella, prior to their divorce.", "He starred with Barbara Bouchet in \"Milano Calibro 9\" in 1972.", "In 1985, he married Monique Faye.", "Adorf remains very active in German shows, television and theatre.", "Adorf still regrets that he refused parts in Francis Ford Coppola's \"The Godfather\" (1972) and Billy Wilder's \"One, Two, Three\" (1961).", "He also turned down the role of General Mapache in Sam Peckinpah's \"The Wild Bunch\" (1969), because he felt the character was too violent.", "In 1996, he provided the German dubbing voice for the character Draco in \"Dragonheart\", a role performed by Sean Connery." ] } }

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"normal-20537-68-2", "normal-20537-68-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Mainz ( , ] is the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.", "The city is located on the Rhine river at its confluence with the Main river, opposite Wiesbaden on the border with Hesse.", "Mainz is an independent city with a population of 217,118 (2018) and forms part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region.", "Mainz was founded as Mogontiacum by the Romans in the 1st Century BC during Classical antiquity, serving as a military fortress on the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire and as the provincial capital of Germania Superior.", "Mainz became an important city in the 8th Century AD as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the capital of the Electorate of Mainz and seat of the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, the Primate of Germany.", "Mainz is famous as the home of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the movable-type printing press, who in the early 1450s manufactured his first books in the city, including the Gutenberg Bible.", "Historically, before the 20th century, the city was known in English as Mentz and in French as Mayence.", "Mainz was heavily damaged during World War II, with more than 30 air raids destroying about 80 percent of the city's center, including most of the historic buildings.", "Today, Mainz is a transport hub and a center of wine production.", "Mainz is located on the 50th latitude, on the left bank of the river Rhine, opposite the confluence of the Main with the Rhine.", "The population in the early 2012 was 200,957, an additional 18,619 people maintain a primary residence elsewhere but have a second home in Mainz.", "The city is part of the Rhein Metro area comprising 5.8 million people.", "Mainz can easily be reached from Frankfurt International Airport in 25 minutes by commuter railway (Line S8).", "Mainz is a river port city as the Rhine which connects with its main tributaries, such as the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle and thereby continental Europe with the Port of Rotterdam and thus the North Sea.", "Mainz's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to the Rhine historically handling much of the region's waterborne cargo.", "Today's huge container port hub allowing trimodal transport is located on the North Side of the town.", "The river also provides another positive effect, moderating Mainz's climate; making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.", "After the last ice age, sand dunes were deposited in the Rhine valley at what was to become the western edge of the city.", "The Mainz Sand Dunes area is now a nature reserve with a unique landscape and rare \"steppe\" vegetation for this area.", "While the Mainz legion camp was founded in 13/12 BC on the Kästrich hill, the associated vici and canabae were erected in direction to the Rhine.", "Historical sources and archaeological findings both prove the importance of the military and civilian Mogontiacum as a port city on the Rhine.", "Mainz experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification \"Cfb\").", "The Roman stronghold or \"castrum Mogontiacum\", the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general Drusus perhaps as early as 13/12 BC.", "As related by Suetonius the existence of \"Mogontiacum\" is well established by four years later (the account of the death and funeral of Nero Claudius Drusus), though several other theories suggest the site may have been established earlier.", "Although the city is situated opposite the mouth of the Main, the name of Mainz is not from Main, the similarity being perhaps due to diachronic analogy.", "Main is from Latin \"Menus\", the name the Romans used for the river.", "Linguistic analysis of the many forms that the name \"Mainz\" has taken on make it clear that it is a simplification of \"Mogontiacum\".", "The name appears to be Celtic and ultimately it is.", "However, it had also become Roman and was selected by them with a special significance.", "The Roman soldiers defending Gallia had adopted the Gallic god Mogons (Mogounus, Moguns, Mogonino), for the meaning of which etymology offers two basic options: \"the great one\", similar to Latin magnus, which was used in aggrandizing names such as \"Alexander magnus\", \"Alexander the Great\" and \"Pompeius magnus\", \"Pompey the great\", or the god of \"might\" personified as it appears in young servitors of any type whether of noble or ignoble birth.", "Mogontiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine.", "The town of \"Mogontiacum\" grew up between the fort and the river.", "The castrum was the base of Legio XIV \"Gemina\" and XVI \"Gallica\" (AD 9–43), XXII \"Primigenia\", IV \"Macedonica\" (43–70), I \"Adiutrix\" (70–88), XXI \"Rapax\" (70–89), and XIV \"Gemina\" (70–92), among others.", "Mainz was also a base of a Roman river fleet, the Classis Germanica.", "Remains of Roman troop ships (navis lusoria) and a patrol boat from the late 4th century were discovered in 1982/86 and may now be viewed in the \"Museum für Antike Schifffahrt\".", "A Sanctuary of Isis and Magna Mater dedicated to Isis Panthea and Magna Mater was discovered in 2000 and is open to the public.", "The city was the provincial capital of Germania Superior, and had an important funeral monument dedicated to Drusus, to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away as Lyon.", "Among the famous buildings were the largest theatre north of the Alps and a bridge across the Rhine.", "The city was also the site of the assassination of emperor Severus Alexander in 235.", "Alemanni forces under Rando sacked the city in 368.", "From the last day of 405 or 406, the Siling and Asding Vandals, the Suebi, the Alans, and other Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine, possibly at Mainz.", "Christian chronicles relate that the bishop, Aureus, was put to death by the Alemannian Crocus.", "The way was open to the sack of Trier and the invasion of Gaul.", "Throughout the changes of time, the Roman castrum never seems to have been permanently abandoned as a military installation, which is a testimony to Roman military judgement.", "Different structures were built there at different times.", "The current citadel originated in 1660, but it replaced previous forts.", "It was used in World War II.", "One of the sights at the citadel is still the cenotaph raised by legionaries to commemorate their Drusus.", "Through a series of incursions during the 4th century Alsace gradually lost its Belgic ethnic character of formerly Germanic tribes among Celts ruled by Romans and became predominantly influenced by the Alamanni.", "The Romans repeatedly reasserted control; however, the troops stationed at Mainz became chiefly non-Italic and the emperors had only one or two Italian ancestors in a pedigree that included chiefly peoples of the northern frontier.", "The last emperor to station troops serving the western empire at Mainz was Valentinian III (reigned 425–455), who relied heavily on his \"Magister militum per Gallias\", Flavius Aëtius.", "By that time the army included large numbers of troops from the major Germanic confederacies along the Rhine, the Alamanni, the Saxons and the Franks.", "The Franks were an opponent that had risen to power and reputation among the Belgae of the lower Rhine during the 3rd century and repeatedly attempted to extend their influence upstream.", "In 358 the emperor Julian bought peace by giving them most of Germania Inferior, which they possessed anyway, and imposing service in the Roman army in exchange.", "European factions in the time of master Aëtius included Celts, Goths, Franks, Saxons, Alamanni, Huns, Italians, and Alans as well as numerous other minor peoples.", "Aëtius played them all off against one another in a masterly effort to keep the peace under Roman sovereignty.", "He used Hunnic troops a number of times.", "At last a day of reckoning arrived between Aëtius and Attila, both commanding polyglot, multi-ethnic troops.", "Attila went through Alsace in 451, devastating the country and destroying Mainz and Triers with their Roman garrisons.", "Shortly after he was thwarted by Flavius Aëtius at the Battle of Châlons, the largest of the ancient world.", "Aëtius was not to enjoy the victory long.", "He was assassinated in 454 by the hand of his employer, who in turn was stabbed to death by friends of Aëtius in 455.", "As far as the north was concerned this was the effective end of the Roman empire there.", "After some sanguinary but relatively brief contention a former subordinate of Aëtius, Ricimer, became commander in chief, and was named Patrician.", "His father was a Suebian; his mother, a princess of the Visigoths.Ricimer did not rule the north directly but set up a client province there, which functioned independently.", "The capital was at Soissons.", "Even then its status was equivocal.", "Many insisted it was the Kingdom of Soissons.", "which extended across northern France and was ruled in the name of Rome by Aegidius, an ally of emperor Majorian, 457–461, who died about 464.", "He was succeed by his son, Syagrius, who was defeated by Clovis in 486.", "Previously the first of the Merovingians, Clodio, had been defeated by Aëtius at about 430.", "His son, Merovaeus, fought on the Roman side against Attila, and his son, Childeric, served in the domain of Soissons.", "Meanwhile, the Franks were gradually infiltrating and assuming power in this domain from Txxandria (northern Belgium which had been given to them by the Romans to protect as allies).", "They also moved up the Rhine and created a domain in the region of the former Germania Superior with capital at Cologne.", "They became known as the Ripuarian Franks as opposed to the Salian Franks.", "Events moved rapidly in the late 5th century.", "After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, the Franks under the rule of Clovis I gained control over western Europe by the year 496.", "Clovis, son of Childeric, became king of the Salians in 481, ruling from Tournai.", "In 486 he defeated Syagrius, last governor of the Soissons domain, and took northern France.", "He extended his reign to Cambrai and Tongeren in 490–491, and repelled the Alamanni in 496.", "Also in that year he converted to Catholic from non-Arian Christianity.", "Clovis annexed the kingdom of Cologne in 508.", "Thereafter, Mainz, in its strategic position, became one of the bases of the Frankish kingdom.", "Mainz had sheltered a Christian community long before the conversion of Clovis.", "His successor Dagobert I reinforced the walls of Mainz and made it one of his seats.", "A solidus of Theodebert I (534–548) was minted at Mainz.", "Charlemagne (768–814), through a succession of wars against other tribes, built a vast Frankian empire in Europe.", "Mainz from its central location became important to the empire and to Christianity.", "Meanwhile, language change was gradually working to divide the Franks.", "Mainz spoke a dialect termed Ripuarian.", "On the death of Charlemagne, distinctions between France and Germany began to be made.", "Mainz was not central any longer but was on the border, creating a question of the nationality to which it belonged, which descended into modern times as the question of Alsace-Lorraine.", "In the early Middle Ages, Mainz was a centre for the Christianisation of the German and Slavic peoples.", "The first archbishop in Mainz, Boniface, was killed in 754 while trying to convert the Frisians to Christianity and is buried in Fulda.", "Boniface held a personal title of archbishop; Mainz became a regular archbishopric see in 781, when Boniface's successor Lullus was granted the pallium by Pope Adrian I. Harald Klak, king of Jutland, his family and followers, were baptized at Mainz in 826, in the abbey of St. Alban's.", "Other early archbishops of Mainz include Rabanus Maurus, the scholar and author, and Willigis (975–1011), who began construction on the current building of the Mainz Cathedral and founded the monastery of St. Stephan.", "From the time of Willigis until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Archbishops of Mainz were archchancellors of the Empire and the most important of the seven Electors of the German emperor.", "Besides Rome, the diocese of Mainz today is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see that is called a Holy See (\"sancta sedes\").", "The Archbishops of Mainz traditionally were \"primas germaniae\", the substitutes of the Pope north of the Alps.", "In 1244, Archbishop Siegfried III granted Mainz a city charter, which included the right of the citizens to establish and elect a city council.", "The city saw a feud between two archbishops in 1461, namely Diether von Isenburg, who was elected Archbishop by the cathedral chapter and supported by the citizens, and Adolf II von Nassau, who had been named archbishop for Mainz by the pope.", "In 1462, the Archbishop Adolf raided the city of Mainz, plundering and killing 400 inhabitants.", "At a tribunal, those who had survived lost all their property, which was then divided between those who promised to follow Adolf.", "Those who would not promise to follow Adolf (amongst them Johannes Gutenberg) were driven out of the town or thrown into prison.", "The new archbishop revoked the city charter of Mainz and put the city under his direct rule.", "Ironically, after the death of Adolf II his successor was again Diether von Isenburg, now legally elected by the chapter and named by the Pope.", "The Jewish community of Mainz dates to the 10th century AD.", "It is noted for its religious education.", "Rabbi Gershom ben Judah (960–1040) taught there, among others.", "He concentrated on the study of the Talmud, creating a German Jewish tradition.", "Mainz is also the legendary home of the martyred Rabbi Amnon of Mainz, composer of the Unetanneh Tokef prayer.", "The Jews of Mainz, Speyer and Worms created a supreme council to set standards in Jewish law and education in the 12th century.", "The city of Mainz responded to the Jewish population in a variety of ways, behaving, in a sense, in a bipolar fashion towards them.", "Sometimes they were allowed freedom and were protected; at other times, they were persecuted.", "The Jews were expelled in 1012, 1462 (after which they were invited to return), and in 1474.", "Jews were attacked in 1096 and by mobs in 1283.", "Outbreaks of the Black Death were usually blamed on the Jews, at which times they were massacred, such as the burning of about 6,000 Jews alive in 1349.", "Nowadays the Jewish community is growing rapidly, and a new synagogue by the architect Manuel Herz was constructed in 2010 on the site of the one destroyed by the Nazis on \"Kristallnacht\" in 1938.", "The community itself has 1,034 members, according to the Central Council of Jews in Germany, and at least twice as many Jews altogether since many are unaffiliated with Judaism.", "During the French Revolution, the French Revolutionary army occupied Mainz in 1792; the Archbishop of Mainz, Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal, had already fled to Aschaffenburg by the time the French marched in.", "On 18 March 1793, the Jacobins of Mainz, with other German democrats from about 130 towns in the Rhenish Palatinate, proclaimed the 'Republic of Mainz'.", "Led by Georg Forster, representatives of the Mainz Republic in Paris requested political affiliation of the Mainz Republic with France, but too late: Prussia was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on German soil (although the French dominated Mainz was neither free nor democratic).", "Prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged Mainz by the end of March, 1793.", "After a siege of 18 weeks, the French troops in Mainz surrendered on 23 July 1793; Prussians occupied the city and ended the Republic of Mainz.", "It came to the Battle of Mainz in 1795 between Austria and France.", "Members of the Mainz Jacobin Club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason.", "In 1797, the French returned.", "The army of Napoléon Bonaparte occupied the German territory to the west of the Rhine, and the Treaty of Campo Formio awarded France this entire area.", "On 17 February 1800, the French \"Département du Mont-Tonnerre\" was founded here, with Mainz as its capital, the Rhine being the new eastern frontier of la Grande Nation.", "Austria and Prussia could not but approve this new border with France in 1801.", "However, after several defeats in Europe during the next years, the weakened Napoléon and his troops had to leave Mainz in May 1814.", "In 1816, the part of the former French Département which is known today as Rhenish Hesse was awarded to the Hesse-Darmstadt, Mainz being the capital of the new Hessian province of Rhenish Hesse.", "From 1816 to 1866, to the German Confederation Mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against France, and had a strong garrison of Austrian, Prussian and Bavarian troops.", "In the afternoon of 18 November 1857, a huge explosion rocked Mainz when the city's powder magazine, the \"Pulverturm\", exploded.", "Approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured; 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as the \"Powder Tower Explosion\" or \"Powder Explosion\".", "During the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Mainz was declared a neutral zone.", "After the founding of the German Empire in 1871, Mainz no longer was as important a stronghold, because in the war of 1870/71 France had lost the territory of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany (which France had occupied piece by piece 1630/1795), and this defined the new border between the two countries.", "For centuries the inhabitants of the fortress of Mainz had suffered from a severe shortage of space which led to disease and other inconveniences.", "In 1872 Mayor Carl Wallau and the council of Mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract to expand the city.", "Beginning in 1874, the city of Mainz assimilated the \"Gartenfeld\", an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the banks of the Rhine to the north of the rampart.", "The city expansion more than doubled the urban area which allowed Mainz to participate in the industrial revolution which had previously avoided the city for decades.", "Eduard Kreyßig was the man who made this happen.", "Having been the master builder of the city of Mainz since 1865, Kreyßig had the vision for the new part of town, the \"Neustadt\".", "He also planned the first sewer system for the old part of town since Roman times and persuaded the city government to relocate the railway line from the Rhine side to the west end of the town.", "The main station was built from 1882 to 1884 according to the plans of Philipp Johann Berdellé.", "The Mainz master builder constructed a number of state-of-the-art public buildings, including the Mainz town hall – which was the largest of its kind in Germany at that time – as well a synagogue, the Rhine harbour and a number of public baths and school buildings.", "Kreyßig's last work was Christ Church (\"Christuskirche\"), the largest Protestant church in the city and the first building constructed solely for the use of a Protestant congregation.", "In 1905 the demolition of the entire circumvallation and the Rheingauwall was taken in hand, according to imperial order of Wilhelm II.", "During the German Revolution of 1918 the Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council was formed which ran the city from 9 November until the arrival of French troops under the terms of the occupation of the Rhineland agreed in the Armistice.", "The French occupation was confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles which went into effect 28 June 1919.", "The Rhineland (in which Mainz is located) was to be a demilitarized zone until 1935 and the French garrison, representing the \"Triple Entente\", was to stay until reparations were paid.", "In 1923 Mainz participated in the Rhineland separatist movement that proclaimed a republic in the Rhineland.", "It collapsed in 1924.", "The French withdrew on 30 June 1930.", "Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in January, 1933 and his political opponents, especially those of the Social Democratic Party, were either incarcerated or murdered.", "Some were able to move away from Mainz in time.", "One was the political organizer for the SPD, Friedrich Kellner, who went to Laubach, where as the chief justice inspector of the district court he continued his opposition against the Nazis by recording their misdeeds in a 900-page diary.", "In March, 1933, a detachment from the National Socialist Party in Worms brought the party to Mainz.", "They hoisted the swastika on all public buildings and began to denounce the Jewish population in the newspapers.", "In 1936, the Nazis remilitarized the Rhineland with great fanfare, the first move of Nazi Germany's meteoric expansion.", "The former Triple Entente took no action.", "During World War II the citadel at Mainz hosted the Oflag XII-B prisoner of war camp.", "The Bishop of Mainz, Albert Stohr, formed an organization to help Jews escape from Germany.", "During World War II, more than 30 air raids destroyed about 80 percent of the city's center, including most of the historic buildings.", "Mainz was captured on 22 March 1945 against uneven German resistance (staunch in some sectors and weak in other parts of the city) by the 90th Infantry Division under William A. McNulty, a formation of the XII Corps under Third Army commanded by General George S. Patton, Jr.", "Patton used the ancient strategic gateway through \"Germania Superior\" to cross the Rhine south of Mainz, drive down the Danube towards Czechoslovakia and end the possibility of a Bavarian redoubt crossing the Alps in Austria when the war ended.", "From 1945 to 1949, the city was part of the French zone of occupation.", "When the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate was founded on 30 August 1946 by the commander of the French army on the French occupation zone Marie Pierre Kœnig, Mainz became capital of the new state.", "In 1962, the diarist, Friedrich Kellner, returned to spend his last years in Mainz.", "His life in Mainz, and the impact of his writings, is the subject of the Canadian documentary \"\".", "Following the withdrawal of French forces from Mainz, the United States Army Europe occupied the military bases in Mainz.", "Today USAREUR only occupies McCulley Barracks in Wackernheim and the Mainz Sand Dunes for training area.", "Mainz is home to the headquarters of the \"Bundeswehr\"'s \"Landeskommando\" Rhineland-Palatinate and other units.", "The destruction caused by the bombing of Mainz during World War II led to the largest building boom in the history of the town.", "During the last war in Germany, more than 30 air raids destroyed about 80 percent of the city's center, including most of the historic buildings.", "The destructive attack on the afternoon of 27 February 1945 remains the most destructive of all 33 bombings that Mainz has suffered in World War II in the collective memory of most of the population living then.", "The air raid caused most of the dead and made an already hard-hit city largely leveled.", "Nevertheless, the post-war reconstruction took place very slowly.", "While cities such as Frankfurt had been rebuilt fast by a central authority, only individual efforts were initially successful in rebuilding Mainz.", "The reason for this was that the French wanted Mainz to expand and to become a model city.", "Mainz lay within the French-controlled sector of Germany and it was a French architect and town-planner, Marcel Lods, who produced a Le Corbusier-style plan of an ideal architecture.", "But the very first interest of the inhabitants was the restoration of housing areas.", "Even after the failure of the model city plans it was the initiative of the French (founding of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, elevation of Mainz to the state capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, the early resumption of the Mainz carnival) driving the city in a positive development after the war.", "The City Plan of 1958 by Ernst May allowed a regulated reconstruction for the first time.", "In 1950, the seat of the government of Rhineland-Palatinate had been transferred to the new Mainz and in 1963 the seat of the new ZDF, notable architects were Adolf Bayer, Richard Jörg and Egon Hartmann.", "At the time of the two-thousand-years-anniversary in 1962 the city was largely reconstructed.", "During the 1950s and 1960s the Oberstadt had been extended, Münchfeld and Lerchenberg added as suburbs, the Altstadttangente (intersection of the old town), new neighbourhoods as Westring and Südring contributed to the extension.", "By 1970 there remained only a few ruins.", "The new town hall of Mainz had been designed by Arne Jacobsen and finished by Dissing+Weitling.", "The town used Jacobsens activity for the Danish Novo erecting a new office and warehouse building to contact him.", "The urban renewal of the old town changed the inner city.", "In the framework of the preparation of the cathedrals millennium, pedestrian zones were developed around the cathedral, in northern direction to the Neubrunnenplatz and in southern direction across the Leichhof to the Augustinerstraße and Kirschgarten.", "The 1980s brought the renewal of the façades on the Markt and a new inner-city neighbourhood on the Kästrich.", "During the 1990s the Kisselberg between Gonsenheim and Bretzenheim, the \"Fort Malakoff Center\" at the site of the old police barracks, the renewal of the Main Station and the demolition of the first post-war shopping center at the Markt followed by the erection of a new historicising building at the same place.", "The city of Mainz is divided into 15 local districts according to the main statute of the city of Mainz.", "Each local district has a district administration of 13 members and a directly elected mayor, who is the chairman of the district administration.", "This local council decides on important issues affecting the local area, however, the final decision on new policies is made by the Mainz's municipal council.", "In accordance with section 29 paragraph 2 Local Government Act of Rhineland-Palatinate, which refers to municipalities of more than 150,000 inhabitants, the city council has 60 members.", "Districts of the town are: Until 1945, the districts of Bischofsheim (now an independent town), Ginsheim-Gustavsburg (which together are an independent town) belonged to Mainz.", "The former districts Amöneburg, Kastel, and Kostheim – (in short, \"AKK\") are now administrated by the city of Wiesbaden (on the north bank of the river).", "The AKK was separated from Mainz when the Rhine was designated the boundary between the French occupation zone (the later state of Rhineland-Palatinate) and the U.S. occupation zone (Hesse) in 1945.", "The coat of arms of Mainz is derived from the coat of arms of the Archbishops of Mainz and features two six-spoked silver wheels connected by a silver cross on a red background.", "Mainz is home to a Carnival, the \"Mainzer Fassenacht\" or \"Fastnacht\", which has developed since the early 19th century.", "Carnival in Mainz has its roots in the criticism of social and political injustices under the shelter of cap and bells.", "Today, the uniforms of many traditional Carnival clubs still imitate and caricature the uniforms of the French and Prussian troops of the past.", "The height of the carnival season is on Rosenmontag (\"rose Monday\"), when there is a large parade in Mainz, with more than 500,000 people celebrating in the streets.", "The first ever Katholikentag, a festival-like gathering of German Catholics, was held in Mainz in 1848.", "Johannes Gutenberg, credited with the invention of the modern printing press with movable type, was born here and died here.", "Since 1968 the Mainzer Johannisnacht commemorates the person Johannes Gutenberg in his native city.", "The Mainz University, which was refounded in 1946, is named after Gutenberg; the earlier University of Mainz that dated back to 1477 had been closed down by Napoleon's troops in 1798.", "Mainz was one of three important centers of Jewish theology and learning in Central Europe during the Middle Ages.", "Known collectively as \"Shum\", the cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz played a key role in the preservation and propagation of Talmudic scholarship.", "The city is the seat of Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (literally, \"Second German Television\", ZDF), one of two federal nationwide TV broadcasters.", "There are also a couple of radio stations based in Mainz.", "The local football club 1.", "FSV Mainz 05 has a long history in the German football leagues.", "Since 2004 it has competed in the Bundesliga (First German soccer league) except a break in second level in 2007–08 season.", "Mainz is closely associated with renowned coach Jürgen Klopp, who spent the vast majority of his playing career at the club and was also the manager for seven years, leading the club to Bundesliga football for the first time.", "After leaving Mainz Klopp went on to win two Bundesliga titles and reaching a Champions League final with Borussia Dortmund, before eventually winning the Champions League with English club Liverpool in 2019.", "In the summer 2011 the club opened its new stadium called Coface Arena.", "Further relevant football clubs are TSV Schott Mainz, SV Gonsenheim, Fontana Finthen, FC Fortuna Mombach and FVgg Mombach 03.", "The local wrestling club ASV Mainz 1888 is currently in the top division of team wrestling in Germany, the Bundesliga.", "In 1973, 1977 and 2012 the ASV Mainz 1888 won the German championship.", "In 2007 the Mainz Athletics won the German Men's Championship in baseball.", "As a result of the 2008 invasion of Georgia by Russian troops, Mainz acted as a neutral venue for the Georgian Vs Republic of Ireland football game.", "The biggest basketball club in the city is the ASC Theresianum Mainz.", "Its men's team is playing in the Regionalliga and its women's team is playing in the 2.D", "Universitäts-Sportclub Mainz (University Sports Club Mainz) is a German sports club based in Mainz.", "It was founded on 9 September 1959 by Berno Wischmann primarily for students of the University of Mainz.", "It is considered one of the most powerful Athletics Sports clubs in Germany.", "50 athletes of USC have distinguished themselves in a half-century in club history at Olympic Games, World and European Championships.", "In particular in the decathlon dominated USC athletes for decades: Already at the European Championships in Budapest in 1966 Mainz won three (Werner von Moltke, Jörg Mattheis and Horst Beyer) all decathlon medals.", "In the all-time list of the USC, there are nine athletes who have achieved more than 8,000 points – at the head of Siegfried Wentz (8762 points in 1983) and Guido Kratschmer (1980 world record with 8667 points).", "Most successful athlete of the association is more fighter, sprinter and long jumper Ingrid Becker (Olympic champion in 1968 in the pentathlon and Olympic champion in 1972 in the 4 × 100 Metres Relay and European champion in 1971 in the long jump).", "Most famous athletes of the present are the sprinter Marion Wagner (world champion in 2001 in the 4 × 100 Metres Relay) and the pole vaulters Carolin Hingst (Eighth of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing) and Anna Battke.", "Three world titles adorn the balance of USC Mainz.", "For the discus thrower Lars Riedel attended (1991 and 1993) and the already mentioned sprinter Marion Wagner (2001).", "Added to 5 titles at the European Championships, a total of 65 international medals and 260 victories at the German Athletics Championships.", "The players of USC's basketball section played from the season 1968/69 to the season 1974/75 in the National Basketball League (BBL) of the German Basketball Federation (DBB).", "As a finalist to winning the DBB Cup in 1971 USC Mainz played in the 1971–72 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup against the Italian Cup winners of Fides Napoli.", "The Baseball and Softball Club Mainz Athletics is a German baseball and softball club located in the city of Mainz in Rhineland-Palatinate.", "The Athletics is one of the largest clubs in the Baseball-Bundesliga Süd in terms of membership, claiming to have hundreds of active players.", "The club has played in the Baseball-Bundesliga for more than two decades, and has won the German Championship in 2007 and 2016.", "Mainz is one of the centers of the German wine economy as a center for wine trade and the seat of the state's wine minister.", "Due to the importance and history of the wine industry for the federal state, Rhineland-Palatinate is the only state to have such a department.", "Since 2008, the city is also member of the Great Wine Capitals Global Network (GWC), an association of well-known wineculture-cities of the world.", "Many wine traders also work in the town.", "The sparkling wine producer Kupferberg produced in Mainz-Hechtsheim and even Henkell – now located on the other side of the river Rhine – had been founded once in Mainz.", "The famous Blue Nun, one of the first branded wines, had been marketed by the family Sichel.", "Mainz had been a wine growing region since Roman times and the image of the wine town Mainz is fostered by the tourist center.", "The \"Haus des Deutschen Weines\" (English: House of German Wine), is located in beside the theater.", "The Mainzer Weinmarkt (wine market) is one of the great wine fairs in Germany.", "The Schott AG, one of the world's largest glass manufactures, as well as the Werner & Mertz, a large chemical factory, are based in Mainz.", "Other companies such as IBM, QUINN Plastics, or Novo Nordisk have their German administration in Mainz as well.", "Johann-Joseph Krug, founder of France's famous Krug champagne house in 1843, was born in Mainz in 1800.", "Mainz is a major transport hub in southern Germany.", "It is an important component in European distribution, as it has the fifth largest inter-modal port in Germany.", "The Port of Mainz, now handling mainly containers, is a sizable industrial area to the north of the city, along the banks of the Rhine.", "In order to open up space along the city's riverfront for residential development, it was shifted further northwards in 2010.", "Mainz Central Station or \"Mainz Hauptbahnhof\", is frequented by 80,000 travelers and visitors each day and is therefore one of the busiest 21 stations in Germany.", "It is a stop for the S-Bahn line S8 of the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund.", "Additionally, the Mainbahn line to Frankfurt Hbf starts at the station.", "It is served by 440 daily local and regional trains (StadtExpress, RE and RB) and 78 long-distance trains (IC, EC and ICE).", "Intercity-Express lines connect Mainz with Frankfurt (Main), Karlsruhe Hbf, Worms Hauptbahnhof and Koblenz Hauptbahnhof.", "It is a terminus of the West Rhine Railway and the Mainz–Ludwigshafen railway, as well as the Alzey–Mainz Railway erected by the Hessische Ludwigsbahn in 1871.", "Access to the East Rhine Railway is provided by the Kaiserbrücke, a railway bridge across the Rhine at the north end of Mainz.", "The station is an interchange point for the Mainz tramway network, and an important bus junction for the city and region (RNN, ORN and MVG).", "Mainz offers a wide array of bicycle transportation facilities and events, including several miles of on-street bike lanes.", "The Rheinradweg (Rhine Cycle Route) is an international cycle route, running from the source to the mouth of the Rhine, traversing four countries at a distance of 1300 km .", "Another cycling tour runs towards Bingen and further to the Middle Rhine, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002).", "Mainz is served by Frankfurt Airport, the busiest airport by passenger traffic in Germany by far, the third busiest in Europe and the ninth busiest worldwide in 2009.", "Located about 10 mi east of Mainz, it is connected to the city by an S-Bahn line.", "The small Mainz Finthen Airport, located just 3 mi southwest of Mainz, is used by general aviation only.", "Another airport, Frankfurt-Hahn Airport located about 50 mi west of Mainz, is served by a few low-cost carriers.", "Mainz is twinned with: Mainz has a number of different names in other languages and dialects.", "In Latin it is known as \" \" or \" \" and, in the local West Middle German dialect, it is \"Määnz\" or \"Meenz\".", "It is known as \" \" in French, \" \" in Italian, \" \" in Spanish, \" \" in Portuguese, \" \" in Polish, \"Magentza\" in Yiddish, and \" \" in Czech and Slovakian.", "Its former English name Mentz is shared by two American cities named in its honor." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 10330, "simple_article_title": "Mainz", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=10330", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-10330-0-0", "simple-10330-0-1", "simple-10330-1-0", "simple-10330-1-1", "simple-10330-1-2", "simple-10330-1-3" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Mainz is a German city.", "It is the capital of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.", "Mainz is on the left side of the river Rhine, on the right side is the city Wiesbaden.", "Mainz has about 203,000 people.", "Its main economic product is wine.", "It has an oceanic climate (\"Cfb\" in the Koeppen climate classification)." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 921240, "normal_article_title": "Snake River Plain", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=921240", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-921240-0-0", "normal-921240-0-1", "normal-921240-0-2", "normal-921240-0-3", "normal-921240-1-0", "normal-921240-2-0", "normal-921240-2-1", "normal-921240-2-2", "normal-921240-2-3", "normal-921240-2-4", "normal-921240-3-0", "normal-921240-3-1", "normal-921240-3-2", "normal-921240-3-3", "normal-921240-4-0", "normal-921240-5-0", "normal-921240-5-1", "normal-921240-5-2", "normal-921240-5-3", "normal-921240-5-4", "normal-921240-5-5", "normal-921240-6-0", "normal-921240-6-1", "normal-921240-6-2", "normal-921240-6-3", "normal-921240-6-4", "normal-921240-6-5", "normal-921240-6-6", "normal-921240-6-7", "normal-921240-6-8", "normal-921240-7-0", "normal-921240-7-1", "normal-921240-7-2" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The Snake River Plain is a geologic feature located primarily within the U.S. state of Idaho.", "It stretches about 400 mi westward from northwest of the state of Wyoming to the Idaho-Oregon border.", "The plain is a wide, flat bow-shaped depression and covers about a quarter of Idaho.", "Three major volcanic buttes dot the plain east of Arco, the largest being Big Southern Butte.", "Most of Idaho's major cities are in the Snake River Plain, as is much of its agricultural land.", "The Snake River Plain can be divided into three sections: western, central, and eastern.", "The western Snake River Plain is a large tectonic graben or rift valley filled with several kilometers of lacustrine (lake) sediments; the sediments are underlain by rhyolite and basalt, and overlain by basalt.", "The western plain began to form around 11–12 Ma with the eruption of rhyolite lavas and ignimbrites.", "The western plain is not parallel to North American Plate motion and lies at a high angle to the central and eastern Snake River Plains.", "Its morphology is similar to other volcanic plateaus such as the Chilcotin Group in south-central British Columbia, Canada.", "The eastern Snake River Plain traces the path of the North American Plate over the Yellowstone hotspot, now centered in Yellowstone National Park.", "The eastern plain is a topographic depression that cuts across Basin and Range mountain structures, more or less parallel to North American Plate motion.", "It is underlain almost entirely by basalt erupted from large shield volcanoes.", "Beneath the basalts are rhyolite lavas and ignimbrites that erupted as the lithosphere passed over the hotspot.", "The central Snake River plain is similar to the eastern plain but differs by having thick sections of interbedded lacustrine (lake) and fluvial (stream) sediments, including the Hagerman fossil beds.", "Island Park and Yellowstone Calderas formed as the result of enormous rhyolite ignimbrite eruptions, with single eruptions producing up to 600 cumi of ash.", "Henry's Fork Caldera, measuring 18 mi by 23 mi , may be the largest symmetrical caldera in the world.", "The caldera formed when a dome of magma built up and then drained away.", "The center of the dome collapsed, leaving a caldera.", "Henry's Fork Caldera lies within the older and larger Island Park Caldera, which is 50 mi by 65 mi .", "Younger volcanoes that erupted after passing over the hotspot covered the plain with young basalt lava flows in places, including Craters of the Moon National Monument.", "The Snake River Plain has a significant effect on the climate of Yellowstone National Park and the adjacent areas to the south and west of Yellowstone.", "Over time, the Yellowstone hotspot left a 70 mi wide channel through the Rocky Mountains.", "This channel is in line with the gap between the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada.", "The result is a moisture channel extending from the Pacific Ocean to Yellowstone.", "Moisture from the Pacific Ocean streams onshore in the form of clouds and humid air.", "It passes through the gap between the Sierra and Cascades and into the Snake River Plain where it is channeled through most of the Rocky Mountains with no high plateaus or mountain ranges to impede its progress.", "It finally encounters upslope conditions at the head of the Snake River Valley at Ashton, Idaho, and at Island Park, Idaho, at the Teton Range east of Driggs, Idaho, and at the Yellowstone Plateau of Yellowstone National Park where the channeled moisture precipitates out as rain and snow.", "The result is a localized climate on the eastern side of the Rockies that is akin to a climate on the west slope of the Cascades or the northern Sierras.", "The head of the Snake River Valley, the Tetons, and the Yellowstone Plateau receive much more precipitation than other areas of the region, and the area is known for being wet, green, having many streams, and having abundant snow in winter.", "Although the topography of the Plain has largely gone unchanged for several million years, this region's climate has not been so constant.", "Current climatic conditions began to characterize the region in the early Pleistocene (approximately 2.5 million years ago).", "However, the arid climate of today was born from the gradual dissipation of a climate defined by greater moisture and narrower ranges of annual temperatures." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 209753, "simple_article_title": "Snake River Plain", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=209753", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-209753-0-0", "simple-209753-0-1", "simple-209753-0-2", "simple-209753-0-3", "simple-209753-0-4", "simple-209753-0-5", "simple-209753-0-6", "simple-209753-0-7", "simple-209753-0-8" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The Snake River Plain is a valley in the U.S. state of Idaho.", "It covers most of the southern part of the state and is transected by the Snake River.", "The Snake River Plain was formed by magma rising up below the North American Plate.", "As the plate moved westward, the magma melted rock under the plate.", "This melting caused the surface to drop and form the Snake River Plain.", "Underneath the plain is the Snake River Aquifer.", "The aquifer is fed by the Snake River and its tributaries.", "Much of the soil in the Snake River Plain is fertile.", "As a result, today the primary human purpose of the plain is for agriculture." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1140111, "normal_article_title": "1957 Formula One season", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1140111", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1140111-0-0", "normal-1140111-0-1", "normal-1140111-0-2", "normal-1140111-0-3", "normal-1140111-0-4", "normal-1140111-1-0", "normal-1140111-1-1", "normal-1140111-1-2", "normal-1140111-2-0", "normal-1140111-2-1", "normal-1140111-2-2", "normal-1140111-3-0", "normal-1140111-3-1", "normal-1140111-3-2", "normal-1140111-4-0", "normal-1140111-4-1", "normal-1140111-4-2", "normal-1140111-4-3", "normal-1140111-4-4", "normal-1140111-4-5", "normal-1140111-4-6", "normal-1140111-4-7", "normal-1140111-4-8", "normal-1140111-4-9", "normal-1140111-5-0", "normal-1140111-5-1", "normal-1140111-5-2", "normal-1140111-5-3", "normal-1140111-5-4", "normal-1140111-5-5", "normal-1140111-6-0", "normal-1140111-6-1", "normal-1140111-6-2", "normal-1140111-6-3", "normal-1140111-6-4", "normal-1140111-6-5", 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"normal-1140111-12-2", "normal-1140111-12-3", "normal-1140111-12-4", "normal-1140111-12-5", "normal-1140111-12-6", "normal-1140111-13-0", "normal-1140111-13-1", "normal-1140111-13-2", "normal-1140111-13-3", "normal-1140111-14-0", "normal-1140111-14-1", "normal-1140111-15-0", "normal-1140111-15-1", "normal-1140111-15-2", "normal-1140111-15-3", "normal-1140111-15-4", "normal-1140111-15-5", "normal-1140111-15-6", "normal-1140111-15-7", "normal-1140111-15-8", "normal-1140111-15-9", "normal-1140111-16-0", "normal-1140111-16-1", "normal-1140111-16-2", "normal-1140111-16-3", "normal-1140111-16-4", "normal-1140111-16-5", "normal-1140111-17-0", "normal-1140111-17-1", "normal-1140111-17-2", "normal-1140111-17-3", "normal-1140111-17-4", "normal-1140111-17-5", "normal-1140111-17-6", "normal-1140111-17-7", "normal-1140111-17-8", "normal-1140111-18-0", "normal-1140111-18-1", "normal-1140111-19-0", "normal-1140111-19-1", "normal-1140111-20-0", "normal-1140111-21-0", "normal-1140111-21-1", "normal-1140111-21-2", "normal-1140111-22-0", "normal-1140111-22-1", "normal-1140111-23-0", "normal-1140111-23-1", "normal-1140111-24-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The 1957 Formula One season was the 11th season of FIA Formula One motor racing.", "It featured the 1957 World Championship of Drivers which commenced on 13 January 1957 and ended on 8 September after eight races.", "Juan Manuel Fangio won his fourth consecutive title, his fifth in total, in his final Championship.", "A feat that would not be beaten until Michael Schumacher in 2003.", "The season also included numerous non-championship races for Formula One cars.", "Fangio chose to switch teams again, joining Maserati before the start of the season.", "The decision to switch proved to be a masterstroke, with Ferrari's line-up of Peter Collins, Eugenio Castellotti and the returning Mike Hawthorn failing to win a race.", "Castellotti and Alfonso de Portago were killed during the season (neither in Formula One crashes), making this a truly disastrous year for Ferrari.", "The man Fangio replaced at Maserati, Stirling Moss, moved to Vanwall, a team beginning to fulfill their promise.", "Between them Fangio and Moss won every championship race of the season with the exception of the Indianapolis 500, with Fangio taking four victories to Moss' three.", "Fangio's drive at the Nürburgring, where he overtook Collins and Hawthorn on the penultimate lap after a pit stop had put him nearly a minute behind, is regarded as a particularly notable one.", "At the end of the year it was announced Fangio would not return for another season.", "Maserati also pulled out, citing financial reasons.", "This was also the final year in which points were awarded for shared drives.", "The first race of the season was in January at the Buenos Aires Autodrome in Argentina's capital city.", "Briton Moss took pole ahead of Fangio, ahead of Behra, and Ferrari drivers Castellotti, Collins, Musso and Hawthorn.", "At the start of the race Behra took the lead from Fangio and Castellotti.", "Moss was taken by surprise and a juddering start damaged the throttle mechanism and he pitted at the end of the first lap.", "While Moss sat in the pits, Castellotti led but was then overtaken by Behra.", "Soon afterwards Collins worked his way to the front but within a few laps he was in trouble with his clutch and had to pit.", "This left Behra in the lead again but he was soon passed by Fangio.", "Castelotti had lost his third position after a spin, so now Hawthorn was leading the charge although both he and Musso would retire after a while with clutch problems.", "Castellotti remained the only challenge to the Maseratis at the front but his race ended when a wheel fell off with 24 laps to go.", "Menditeguy and Schell were promoted to third and fourth when Castellotti went out and so Maserati started the season by romping home with a 1-2-3-4 result, with Fangio winning his 4th Argentine Grand Prix in a row ahead of Behra.", "Argentina '57 would be Castellotti's last Grand Prix.", "He was killed testing a Ferrari at the Modena Aerodrome in March.", "A non-championship race was held in Syracuse on the southern Italian island of Sicily; this race was won by Peter Collins for Ferrari.", "The Pau Grand Prix, held on the city streets of the southwestern French town of Pau was won by home favorite Behra in a Maserati, while on the same day, the Glover Trophy at the Goodwood circuit in southern England was won by Briton Stuart Lewis-Evans in a Connaught-Alta.", "6 days after these two events, Collins won the Naples Grand Prix.", "Another works Ferrari driver, Spaniard Alfonso de Portago, was killed in May while contesting the Mille Miglia sportscar race in Italy for Ferrari.", "Four months after the Argentine round and a number of non-championship races, the teams assembled in Monaco for the second championship round of the season.", "Moss had joined Vanwall from Maserati, driving a car designed by Colin Chapman and financed by Tony Vanderwell, a wealthy British industrialist, leaving Fangio as the undisputed team leader at Maserati.", "Fangio took pole position, however Moss took the lead at the first corner with Fangio behind him but on the second lap Collins got ahead of the Argentine driver.", "Moss went off and crashed at the chicane on lap 4, and Collins swerved to avoid the crash and ended up hitting a stone wall.", "Fangio managed to get through without a problem and Brooks braked hard only to be rammed from behind by Hawthorn.", "Only Brooks was able to keep going, but he was five seconds behind Fangio by the time he was up to speed again.", "Von Trips was third with Menditeguy fourth and Schell fifth.", "Menditeguy would have to stop early for new tyres after hitting a curb so Schell moved to fourth until his suspension broke.", "Brabham was next in the little Cooper with Trintignant chasing him but the Frenchman soon dropped away with a stop to cure a misfire.", "After a number or retirements, Australian Jack Brabham was up to third as a result of this but a fuel pump failure left him to push the car to the line.", "He was classified sixth, and Fangio won again ahead of Brooks, Masten Gregory in a Maserati, Lewis-Evans and Trintignant.", "The Indianapolis 500 was the 3rd round of the championship but since that race was not run to Formula One rules, no competitors who raced in Formula One raced at the Indy 500, and vice versa.", "The Belgian and Dutch Grands Prix, which had been scheduled for June 2 and June 16, were both canceled because of disputes over money affected by the Suez crisis in Egypt, so there was a six-week break between Monaco and the French GP, which was to be held at the Rouen-Les-Essarts public road circuit in northern France, extended from its previous layout used in 1952.", "In practice Fangio was fastest with Behra and Musso alongside on the front row.", "Behind them were Schell and Collins with the third row consisting of Salvadori, Hawthorn and Trintignant.", "At the start Behra went into the lead but Musso soon got ahead.", "Fangio followed in third with Collins and Schell giving chase.", "Then came a fast-starting McKay-Fraser.", "Fangio worked his way past Behra on the second lap and took Musso for the lead on lap four.", "BRM suffered a setback when Flockhart seriously damaged his car in a high-speed accident, although he himself was not hurt.", "Collins worked his way past Behra and the order remained unchanged at the front all the way to the flag with Fangio winning from Musso and Collins.", "Behra slipped behind Hawthorn, allowing the Englishman to give the Lancia-Ferraris a 2-3-4 finish behind Fangio.", "McKay-Fraser's promising run ended with a transmission failure at one-third distance but the American would not be seen again in F1.", "He was to die a few days later in the annual Formula 2 race at the Reims public road circuit before the Reims Grand Prix, which was won by Musso in a Lancia-Ferrari.", "The British Grand Prix was held at the Aintree circuit in Liverpool as opposed to being held at the Silverstone circuit between London and Birmingham the previous year.", "The Aintree circuit was located in the middle of the horse-racing course where the famous Grand National was held.", "Both Vanwall drivers missed the French Grand Prix, and were back in action for their home race.", "This was to be a landmark race for British motorsports.", "At the start of the race, Behra took off into the lead with Moss in hot pursuit and it was the Englishman who emerged ahead at the end of the lap, to the delight of the partisan crowd.", "Brooks was third with Hawthorn fourth and Collins fifth.", "There were four British drivers in the top five positions.", "Then came Schell, Musso and Fangio.", "Moss was able to build up his lead but then the car began to sound rough and he pitted.", "Behra took the lead with Brooks behind him but the second Vanwall driver was soon called into the pits to give his car to Moss who rejoined in ninth position.", "He began to work his way through the field.", "Behra remained ahead with Hawthorn unable to challenge him.", "Then came Lewis-Evans and Collins.", "Moss was quickly back up to fifth.", "The field was thinned out by a series of mechanical failures including Fangio and Collins.", "Moss caught Lewis-Evans but then on lap 69 the whole race changed when Behra's clutch exploded.", "Hawthorn ran over some of the wreckage and suffered a puncture.", "Lewis-Evans took the lead but was passed almost immediately by Moss.", "The dream of a Vanwall 1–2 was punctured when Lewis-Evans suffered a broken throttle linkage which dropped him to seventh place.", "Moss duly won the race, claiming the first World Championship victory for a British car.", "Musso was second with Hawthorn third.", "The Caen Grand Prix, another important non-championship Formula One race held in the town of Caen in northern France (further west of Rouen), held between the British and German Grand Prixs was won by Behra in a BRM.", "At the Nürburgring in Germany the field was as normal with Lancia-Ferrari fielding Mike Hawthorn, Peter Collins and Luigi Musso and Maserati running Juan Manuel Fangio, Jean Behra and Harry Schell in their leading cars.", "The field was bolstered for the first time by Formula 2 machinery which included a trio of Porsches and various Cooper-Climaxes; the length of the circuit allowed for these cars to run alongside each other.", "Pole position went to Fangio with Hawthorn, Behra and Collins completing the front row.", "Then came Brooks, Schell and Moss.", "At the start Hawthorn and Collins went into a battle for the lead with Fangio and Behra giving chase.", "On the third lap Fangio passed Collins and was soon able to take the lead.", "Collins then passed Hawthorn and chased after Fangio but the Argentine driver was edging gradually away.", "A slow mid-race pit stop lasting 1 minute and 18 seconds (originally supposed to be 30 seconds) dropped Fangio one whole minute behind the two Lancia-Ferraris but he chased back hard, broke the lap record 10 times and passed both first Collins and then Hawthorn on the penultimate lap.", "Fangio thus won the race and his fifth World title.", "The cancellation of the Belgian and Dutch GPs earlier in the season enabled the FIA to include the Coppa Acerbo Pescara GP in the World Championship for the first time, although it had been taking place since 1924– it was around during the 1930s Grand Prix days of Mercedes, Auto Union and Alfa Romeo, and was continued to be used as a non-championship race throughout the 1950s.", "The 25.6 km public road circuit, the longest ever used for a Formula One race (even longer than the Nürburgring), was very dangerous.", "Practice was limited and Enzo Ferrari did not bother to send cars for Mike Hawthorn and Peter Collins, partly because the World Championship had already been won by Juan Manuel Fangio and partly in protest against Italian government moves to ban road racing, following Alfonso de Portago's accident earlier in the year in the Mille Miglia.", "Luigi Musso managed to convince Ferrari to lend him a car and entered the race as a privateer.", "Maserati's Fangio set the fastest time in qualifying with Stirling Moss second in his Vanwall.", "The second row of the 3–2–3 grid featured the Maseratis of Jean Behra and Harry Schell while row three had Vanwall's Tony Brooks and Stuart Lewis-Evans split by the Scuderia Centro Sud Maserati of Masten Gregory.", "The weather was hot and at the start, Musso took the lead.", "Maserati privateer Horace Gould hit a mechanic who was slow to get off the grid.", "Vanwall's challenge was blunted on the first lap when Brooks retired with mechanical troubles.", "Moss took the lead from Musso on lap two but the two cars remained together.", "Fangio ran third but the field thinned out quickly as the hot temperatures took their toll with Lewis-Evans losing nearly a lap because of two tyre failures and Behra suffering an engine failure.", "On lap 10, Musso disappeared when his engine blew, the oil causing Fangio to have a spin which damaged one of his wheels.", "By the time Fangio rejoined, Moss was un-catchable.", "Moss's lead was even able to stop for a drink and to have his oil topped up, and he won the race ahead of Fangio.", "Schell finished third with Gregory fourth and Lewis-Evans grabbing fifth at the end of the race from the fourth Maserati factory driver Giorgio Scarlatti.", "The Coppa Acerbo was never again to be used for a Formula One championship race; the race was last held in 1961 as a sportscar race.", "The Italian Grand Prix at Monza was held only on the road circuit without the poorly constructed concrete banking this year, as it had caused problems for the Italian constructors the year before.", "The track used was very like the Monza of today, although without the chicanes.", "Ferrari was back in action for this most important of Italian races after boycotting Pescara and so it was a three-way fight between the Lancia-Ferraris, the Maseratis and the Vanwalls.", "The British cars were strong with pole position going to Stuart Lewis-Evans with Stirling Moss and Tony Brooks alongside him.", "Juan Manuel Fangio put his Maserati on the outside of the 4-3-4 grid while his teammates Jean Behra and Harry Schell shared row two with Peter Collins's Lancia-Ferrari.", "There were three more of the cars on row three with Wolfgang von Trips, Luigi Musso and Mike Hawthorn alongside the Scuderia Centro Sud Maserati of Masten Gregory.", "Although the Vanwalls went away from the grid at the front Behra moved up to second on the first lap.", "Fangio attached himself to the train of cars ahead of him and the five began to pull away from the rest of the field while indulging in a traditional Monza slipstreaming battle which saw the lead constantly changing between Moss and Behra.", "On lap seven Fangio took the lead but he was soon toppled in favor of Moss, Brooks and then Lewis-Evans.", "On lap 20 Brooks dropped out of the fight with a sticking throttle.", "Then Lewis-Evans ran into trouble and pitted.", "This left Moss in the lead with Fangio and Behra behind him, although Behra would pit soon afterwards for new tyres.", "This moved Schell into third place but he disappeared with an oil leak which meant that third was passed on to Collins.", "At two-thirds distance Collins ran into engine trouble and pitted.", "This promoted Hawthorn to third but a split fuel pipe dropped him to sixth in the closing laps, leaving third place to Von Trips.", "3 more non-championship races were held, all of which were won by Jean Behra.", "The BRDC International Trophy at Silverstone in England, won driving a BRM; the Modena Grand Prix at the Modena Aerodrome (where Eugenio Castellotti had been killed previously) and the Moroccan Grand Prix at the Ain-Diab public road circuit in Casablanca, both won in a Maserati.", "All 7 of the FIA-mandated championship races had been won by 2 drivers in 1957: Argentine Juan Manuel Fangio and Briton Stirling Moss.", "Although Moss took over an ill Tony Brooks's car during the British Grand Prix, he won with it on the road at that event.", "The 1957 World Championship of Drivers comprised the following eight races.", "All Grand Prix races were run for Formula One cars, while the Indianapolis 500 was run for USAC National Championship cars and also counted towards the 1957 USAC Championship.", "The ongoing Suez crisis, which affected oil tankers delivering oil to their respective countries, affected a number of countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, and Spain.", "These countries were to each have Grands Prix but they were all cancelled because of the very high oil prices in those countries.", "The following teams and drivers competed in the 1957 World Championship of Drivers.", "The list does not include those who only contested the Indianapolis 500.", "Championship points were awarded on an 8–6–4–3–2 basis for the first five placings in each race.", "An additional point was awarded for the fastest race lap.", "The following Formula One races, also held in 1957, did not count towards the World Championship of Drivers." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 82425, "simple_article_title": "1957 Formula One season", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=82425", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-82425-0-0", "simple-82425-0-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The 1957 Formula One season was the 8th of the championship.", "The champion was Juan Manuel Fangio in a close battle." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 5347951, "normal_article_title": "Miguel Montero", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5347951", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-5347951-0-0", "normal-5347951-0-1", "normal-5347951-0-2", "normal-5347951-1-0", "normal-5347951-2-0", "normal-5347951-2-1", "normal-5347951-2-2", "normal-5347951-2-3", "normal-5347951-3-0", "normal-5347951-4-0", "normal-5347951-4-1", "normal-5347951-5-0", "normal-5347951-5-1", "normal-5347951-6-0", "normal-5347951-6-1", "normal-5347951-7-0", "normal-5347951-8-0", "normal-5347951-8-1", "normal-5347951-8-2", "normal-5347951-8-3", "normal-5347951-8-4", "normal-5347951-8-5", "normal-5347951-8-6", "normal-5347951-8-7", "normal-5347951-8-8", "normal-5347951-8-9", "normal-5347951-9-0", "normal-5347951-9-1", "normal-5347951-9-2", "normal-5347951-9-3", "normal-5347951-9-4", "normal-5347951-10-0", "normal-5347951-10-1", "normal-5347951-10-2", "normal-5347951-11-0", "normal-5347951-11-1", "normal-5347951-11-2", "normal-5347951-11-3", "normal-5347951-12-0", "normal-5347951-13-0", "normal-5347951-14-0", "normal-5347951-14-1", "normal-5347951-14-2", "normal-5347951-15-0", "normal-5347951-15-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Miguel Angel Montero Fernandez (born July 9, 1983) is a Venezuelan-American former professional baseball catcher.", "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Chicago Cubs, Toronto Blue Jays, and Washington Nationals.", "Montero is a two-time MLB All-Star.", "The Arizona Diamondbacks signed Montero as an undrafted free agent in 2001 for a $13,000 signing bonus.", "Since his arrival in the United States, Montero was coached by veteran manager and former catcher Bill Plummer throughout his time with the Diamondbacks organization.", "Montero made his major league debut on September 6, 2006, against the Florida Marlins.", "In that same game, Aníbal Sánchez of the Marlins would throw a no-hitter against the Diamondbacks.", "Montero played in a total of six games that year, recording a .250 batting average.", "In 2007 and 2008, Montero platooned with Chris Snyder at the catching position for the D-Backs and batted a .224 average with 10 home runs in 2007 and batting .255 with five home runs in 2008.", "Montero began the 2009 season slowly, hitting just three home runs and having just a .200 batting average through the first two months.", "However, when Snyder was put on the disabled list in June, Montero's playing time increased markedly and he finished the season with a career-high .294 batting average.", "Montero caught Edwin Jackson's no-hitter on June 25, 2010.", "He finished the season with a .266 batting average and nine home runs.", "In 2011, after hitting .272 with 10 home runs and 45 RBI, Montero was selected to his first All-Star Game.", "He also threw out 40% of baserunners trying to steal, a career high.", "Montero was named to his second All-Star game in July 2014, replacing the injured Yadier Molina for the National League.", "Following the 2014 season, the Diamondbacks traded Montero to the Chicago Cubs for minor leaguers Jeferson Mejia and Zack Godley.", "Before a hand injury in mid-July, Montero had appeared in 73 games for the Cubs with 217 at bats.", "He had 10 home runs and 32 runs-batted-in with a batting average of .230.", "On August 30, 2015, Montero caught Jake Arrieta's no-hitter against the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "During Game 1 of the 2016 NLCS, Montero hit a pinch-hit grand slam in the 8th inning to break a 3-3 tie and led the Cubs to an 8-4 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "It was the third pinch-hit grand slam in postseason history.", "Montero entered Game 7 of the 2016 World Series in the bottom of the 9th inning as a defensive replacement for Cubs backup catcher David Ross.", "In the top of the 10th inning, having batted only .091 (1-for-11) in the postseason to that point, Montero hit a single to left field which drove in Cubs first baseman Anthony Rizzo and improved the team's lead to 8-6.", "Since the Cleveland Indians only scored one run in the bottom of the 10th inning to make the score 8-7, Montero's RBI provided the game's decisive run and sealed the Cubs' victory.", "After the series, Montero expressed his disappointment in losing playing time to Willson Contreras and David Ross.", "In a game on June 27, 2017, the Washington Nationals went seven-for-seven in stolen bases against Montero.", "After the game, he said that it was the fault of pitcher Jake Arrieta, who took too long to deliver his pitches and failed to hold the runners at their bases.", "The next day, the Cubs designated Montero for assignment.", "Montero apologized to Arrieta after the incident.", "It was reported this was done because management felt he was a disruption in the clubhouse; Anthony Rizzo considered Montero's comments to the media unprofessional.", "On July 3, 2017, Montero was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for cash considerations or a player to be named later.", "He was placed on the disabled list with a groin strain on August 4.", "After a one-game rehab assignment with the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons, Montero was activated on August 16.", "On February 1, 2018, Montero signed a minor league contract with the Washington Nationals.", "He was added to the major-league roster on March 27, 2018.", "After Montero appeared in four games for Washington and went 0-for-11 at the plate, the Nationals designated him for assignment on April 11, 2018.", "He was released on April 14, 2018.", "On December 10, 2018, Montero announced his retirement.", "He was selected Venezuela national baseball team at the 2013 World Baseball Classic.", "Montero is married to Vanessa.", "Together, in 2017, the couple created the Miguel and Vanessa Montero Foundation, which aims to provide medical assistance to seriously ill children from Venezuela.", "On May 1, 2017, Montero and his wife both became United States citizens.", "Montero grew up in Venezuela, the youngest of three children.", "He credits his parents with encouraging him to stay positive and always try." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 670666, "normal_article_title": "Derby Museum and Art Gallery", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=670666", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-670666-0-0", "normal-670666-0-1", "normal-670666-0-2", "normal-670666-0-3", "normal-670666-1-0", "normal-670666-1-1", "normal-670666-1-2", "normal-670666-1-3", "normal-670666-1-4", "normal-670666-1-5", "normal-670666-1-6", "normal-670666-1-7", "normal-670666-1-8", "normal-670666-2-0", "normal-670666-2-1", "normal-670666-2-2", "normal-670666-2-3", "normal-670666-2-4", "normal-670666-3-0", "normal-670666-3-1", "normal-670666-3-2", "normal-670666-4-0", "normal-670666-4-1", "normal-670666-4-2", "normal-670666-4-3", "normal-670666-5-0", "normal-670666-5-1", "normal-670666-5-2", "normal-670666-5-3", "normal-670666-6-0", "normal-670666-6-1", "normal-670666-6-2", "normal-670666-6-3", "normal-670666-7-0", "normal-670666-7-1", "normal-670666-7-2", "normal-670666-7-3", "normal-670666-8-0", "normal-670666-8-1", "normal-670666-8-2", "normal-670666-8-3", "normal-670666-8-4", "normal-670666-8-5", "normal-670666-9-0", "normal-670666-9-1", "normal-670666-9-2", "normal-670666-9-3", "normal-670666-9-4", "normal-670666-9-5", "normal-670666-10-0", "normal-670666-10-1", "normal-670666-11-0", "normal-670666-11-1", "normal-670666-12-0", "normal-670666-12-1", "normal-670666-12-2", "normal-670666-13-0", "normal-670666-13-1", "normal-670666-13-2", "normal-670666-13-3", "normal-670666-14-0", "normal-670666-15-0", "normal-670666-16-0", "normal-670666-16-1", "normal-670666-16-2", "normal-670666-16-3", "normal-670666-17-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Derby Museum and Art Gallery was established in 1879 in Derby, England, along with Derby Central Library, in a new building designed by Richard Knill Freeman and given to Derby by Michael Thomas Bass.", "The collection includes a gallery displaying many paintings by Joseph Wright of Derby; there is also a large display of Royal Crown Derby and other porcelain from Derby and the surrounding area.", "Further displays include archaeology, natural history, geology, military collections and world cultures.", "The Art Gallery was opened in 1882.", "The museum can trace its start to the formation of the Derby Town and County Museum and Natural History Society on 10 February 1836.", "The society was housed by Full Street Public Baths but it was a private society funded by its members' subscriptions.", "Its collections were created by donations initially from Dr Forrester who had been a President of Derby Philosophical Society.", "The patron of the Museum Society was William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, and the President was Sir George Crewe who was a keen naturalist.", "Col. George Gawler contributed a collection of minerals and exotic stuffed birds which included an albatross from his time as governor in South Australia.", "In 1839 a major exhibition was held at the Mechanics' Institute which contained many items including those from Joseph Strutt's collection.", "Many of these made their way into Derby Museum's collection.", "The society moved in 1840 to the Athenaeum in Victoria Street.", "The society's collections grew in 1856 and they were first offered for incorporation into the town by William Mundy, but the offer was rejected.", "In 1857, Llewellyn Jewitt became secretary and the museum was opened to the general public on Saturday mornings.", "In 1858 the Derby Philosophical Society moved to a house on the Wardwick in Derby as it merged with what was called the Derby Town and County Museum and the Natural History Society.", "This move included the society's library of 4,000 volumes, mathematical and scientific apparatus and its collection of fossils.", "In 1863 the botanist Alexander Croall was appointed the first Librarian and Curator and the following year the museum and library were joined together.", "Croall left in 1875 to become the curator of the Smith Institute in Stirling.", "The Derby Town and County Museum was finally transferred into the ownership of Derby Corporation in 1870, but there were difficulties in finding space to display the collections.", "After placing all the artefacts into storage for three years, the museum was finally opened to the public on 28 June 1879.", "The Art Gallery opened in 1882 and in 1883 the museum had electricity supplied for new lighting.", "In 1936 the museum was given a substantial collection of paintings by Alfred E. Goodey who had been collecting art for 50 years.", "At his death in 1945 he left £13,000 to build an extension to the museum.", "The extension, which now houses the museum, was completed in 1964.", "Refurbishment to parts of both the new and old buildings were undertaken in 2010–11.", "In 2012, over 1,000 items were stolen from the museum's storage facility between 2 May and 19 June.", "The museum did not know about the theft until they accessed the facility to remove an item from storage.", "Stolen items included coins, medals, and watches.", "A man was charged with receiving stolen goods in connection with the theft in January 2013.", "Derby was significant in the eighteenth century for its role in the Enlightenment, a period in which science and philosophy challenged the divine right of kings to rule.", "The enlightenment has many strands, including the largely philosophical \"Scottish enlightenment\" centred around the philosopher David Hume, and political changes that culminated in the French revolution, but the English Midlands was an area where many key figures of industry and science came together.", "The Lunar Society included Erasmus Darwin, Matthew Boulton, Joseph Priestley and Josiah Wedgwood with Benjamin Franklin corresponding from America.", "Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Charles Darwin, started the Derby Philosophical Society when he moved to Derby in 1783.", "Some of the paintings by Joseph Wright of Derby, which are renowned for their use of light and shade, are of Lunar Society members.", "The Derby Gallery possesses over 300 sketches and 34 oil paintings by Wright, and also holds a document collection.", "One of the paintings is entitled \"The Alchymist in Search of the Philosopher's Stone\" (1771) and it depicts the discovery of the element phosphorus by German alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669.", "A flask into which a large quantity of urine has been boiled down is seen bursting into light as the phosphorus, which is abundant in urine, ignites spontaneously in air.", "\"A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery\" shows an early mechanism for demonstrating the movement of the planets around the sun, and an actual orrery is on display in the centre of the gallery in front of the painting.", "The Scottish scientist, astronomer and lecturer James Ferguson undertook a series of lectures in Derby in July 1762.", "They were based on his book \"Lectures on Select Subjects in Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Pneumatics, Optics &c.\", published in 1760.", "In order to illustrate his lectures he used various machines, models and instruments.", "Wright possibly attended Ferguson’s lecture, especially as tickets for the event were available from John Whitehurst, his close neighbour, the clockmaker and scientist.", "The artist could also have drawn on Whitehurst's practical knowledge to find out more about the orrery and its operation.", "These factual paintings are considered to have metaphorical meaning too, the bursting into light of the phosphorus in front of a praying figure signifying the problematic transition from faith to scientific understanding and enlightenment, and the various expressions on the figures around the bird in the airpump indicating concern over the possible inhumanity of the coming age of science.", "These paintings represent a high point in scientific enquiry which began the undermining of the power of religion in Western societies.", "Some ten years later scientists worldwide would find themselves persecuted, or even put to death in the backlash to the French Revolution of 1789, itself the culmination of enlightenment thinking.", "Joseph Priestley, member of the Lunar Society and discoverer of oxygen would flee Britain after his laboratory in Birmingham was smashed and his house burned down in the Birmingham riots of 1791, by a mob objecting to his outspoken support for the French Revolution; and his colleague Lavoisier in France would be executed at the guillotine.", "The politician and philosopher Edmund Burke, in his famous \"Reflections on the Revolution in France\" (1790), tied natural philosophers, and specifically Priestley, to the French Revolution, writing that radicals who supported science in Britain \"considered man in their experiments no more than they do mice in an air pump\".", "In the light of this comment, Wright's painting of the bird in the air pump, completed over twenty years earlier, seems particularly prescient.", "Because of this web of connections related to science, and the tensions it created which were so subtly illustrated by the art of the painter Joseph Wright of Derby, Derby Museum and Art Gallery, far from being just a collection of fine paintings as the casual visitor might imagine, is significant for being in a place that some would see as having a very significant role in the birth of modern science and industry worldwide.", "Birmingham, with its science and industry, has been described as the 'silicon valley' of the eighteenth century.", "Erasmus Darwin has only a small display.", "Herbert Spencer, friend of Charles Darwin and originator of the phase \"the survival of the fittest\", who was born in Derby and has been described as the founder of sociology, does not appear to be mentioned at all.", "In 2011, Derby City Council announced that it was to use Joseph Wright of Derby to brand the city of Derby.", "At the same time, the Museum announced that it was \"joining forces\" with Wikipedia to improve the quality of its information.", "In February 2011 the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA) announced that it had awarded Designated status to Derby Museum and Art Gallery for its nationally significant holdings of paintings and drawings by Joseph Wright.", "A replica of the room in Derby where Bonnie Prince Charlie held his council of war in 1745, while on his way south to seize the British crown.", "The paneling is from the original Exeter House, which was demolished in 1854.", "At the time of demolition, the panels were brought to the museum, which then received related objects as donations.", "Queen Victoria provided an original letter of Bonnie Prince Charlie from her own collection.", "Besides the Wright collection there are also works by Benjamin West, E.E. Clark, Robert Priseman, Harold Gresley, Alfred John Keene, Georg Holtzendorff, David Payne, George and William Lakin Turner, William Wood, Ernest Townsend, Samuel and Louise Rayner.", "The Soldier’s Story gallery is dedicated to the history of the 9th/12th Royal Lancers, the Sherwood Foresters and the Derbyshire Yeomanry.", "A fragment of a cross shaft from Repton includes on one face a carved image of a mounted man which, it has been suggested, may be a memorial to Æthelbald of Mercia.", "The figure is of a man wearing mail armour and brandishing a sword and shield, with a diadem bound around his head.", "In 757, Æthelbald was killed at Seckington, Warwickshire, near the royal seat of Tamworth and buried at Repton, Derbyshire.", "If this is Æthelbald, it would make it the earliest large-scale pictorial representation of an English monarch.", "The museum has a large collection of items from the Bretby Art Pottery." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 309686, "normal_article_title": "Enoshima", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=309686", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-309686-0-0", "normal-309686-0-1", "normal-309686-0-2", "normal-309686-1-0", "normal-309686-1-1", "normal-309686-1-2", "normal-309686-2-0", "normal-309686-2-1", "normal-309686-2-2", "normal-309686-3-0", "normal-309686-4-0", "normal-309686-5-0", "normal-309686-5-1", "normal-309686-6-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Enoshima (江の島 ) is a small offshore island, about 4 km in circumference, at the mouth of the Katase River which flows into the Sagami Bay of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.", "Administratively, Enoshima is part of the mainland city of Fujisawa, and is linked to the Katase section of that city by a 600 m bridge.", "Home to some of the closest sandy beaches to Tokyo and Yokohama, the island and adjacent coastline are the hub of a local resort area.", "Benzaiten, the goddess of music and entertainment, is enshrined on the island.", "The island in its entirety is dedicated to the goddess, who is said to have caused it to rise from the bottom of the sea in the sixth century.", "The island is the scene of the \"Enoshima Engi\", a history of shrines on Enoshima written by the Japanese Buddhist monk Kōkei in 1047 AD.", "In 1880, after the Shinto and Buddhism separation order of the new Meiji government had made the land available, much of the uplands was purchased by Samuel Cocking, a British merchant, in his Japanese wife's name.", "He developed a power plant and extensive botanical gardens including a very large greenhouse.", "Although the original greenhouse was destroyed in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, the botanical garden (now the Samuel Cocking Garden) remains an attraction with over half a million visitors a year.", "Enoshima is now the center of Shōnan, a resort area along the coast of Sagami Bay.", "Enoshima is served by three nearby railway stations: Katase-Enoshima Terminus on the Odakyū Enoshima Line, Enoshima Station on the Enoshima Electric Railway (\"Enoden\"), and Shōnan-Enoshima Station on the Shonan Monorail.", "Enoshima was the Olympic harbor for the 1964 Summer Olympics.", "Enoshima will also be the sailing venue for the 2020 Summer Olympics.", "While the bridge and town area of Enoshima are wheelchair accessible, anything past the main gate of the shrine (including the observation tower, caves, etc.) is inaccessible to those with mobility difficulties." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 330224, "simple_article_title": "Enoshima", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=330224", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-330224-0-0", "simple-330224-0-1", "simple-330224-1-0", "simple-330224-1-1", "simple-330224-2-0", "simple-330224-3-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Enoshima (江の島) is a small island in Sagami Bay on the Pacific Coast of the Japanese island of Honshu.", "It is part of Fujisawa in Kanagawa Prefecture.", "Enoshima has an area of about 0.2 km2.", "It is linked to the mainland by a bridge.", "The island is at the mouth of the Katase River.", "In 1927, Enoshima was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best showed Japan and its culture in the Shōwa period." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1870645, "normal_article_title": "Number 1's (video)", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1870645", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1870645-0-0", "normal-1870645-0-1", "normal-1870645-0-2", "normal-1870645-1-0", "normal-1870645-1-1" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The DVD does not include the official music videos for \"Vision of Love\", \"Love Takes Time\", and \"Someday,\" as she admitted that she did not like some of her early music videos.", "They are replaced by live performances culled from previous DVD/video releases.", "The video for \"I Don't Wanna Cry\" presented on this release is a director's cut, which removes sepia sequences that were originally aired and that Carey also disliked.", "\"#1's\" was re-released in 2008 as part of \"Mariah Carey: DVD Collection\", a 2DVD set including also \"\".", "The video features a shortened version from the original, without the introductory sections per track." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 511679, "simple_article_title": "Number 1's (video)", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=511679", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-511679-0-0", "simple-511679-0-1", "simple-511679-1-0", "simple-511679-1-1", "simple-511679-2-0" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The DVD does not include the official music videos for \"Vision of Love\", \"Love Takes Time\", and \"Someday\".", "They are replaced by live performances culled from previous DVD/video releases.", "\"#1's\" was re-released in 2008 as part of \"Mariah Carey: DVD Collection\", a 2DVD set including also \"\".", "The video features a shortened version from the original, without the introductory sections per track.", "taken from the Columbia Music Video release \"MTV Unplugged +3\" taken from the Columbia Music Video release \"Here Is Mariah Carey\" edited version taken from the Columbia Music Video release \"\"" ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1064397, "normal_article_title": "Carter G. Woodson", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1064397", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1064397-0-0", "normal-1064397-0-1", "normal-1064397-0-2", "normal-1064397-0-3", "normal-1064397-1-0", "normal-1064397-1-1", "normal-1064397-1-2", "normal-1064397-1-3", "normal-1064397-2-0", "normal-1064397-2-1", "normal-1064397-2-2", "normal-1064397-2-3", "normal-1064397-3-0", "normal-1064397-3-1", "normal-1064397-3-2", "normal-1064397-3-3", "normal-1064397-3-4", "normal-1064397-3-5", "normal-1064397-3-6", "normal-1064397-4-0", "normal-1064397-4-1", "normal-1064397-4-2", "normal-1064397-4-3", "normal-1064397-4-4", "normal-1064397-5-0", "normal-1064397-5-1", "normal-1064397-5-2", "normal-1064397-5-3", "normal-1064397-5-4", "normal-1064397-6-0", "normal-1064397-6-1", "normal-1064397-6-2", "normal-1064397-7-0", "normal-1064397-7-1", "normal-1064397-7-2", "normal-1064397-7-3", "normal-1064397-8-0", "normal-1064397-8-1", "normal-1064397-9-0", "normal-1064397-10-0", "normal-1064397-10-1", "normal-1064397-11-0", "normal-1064397-12-0", "normal-1064397-12-1", "normal-1064397-12-2", "normal-1064397-13-0", "normal-1064397-13-1", "normal-1064397-13-2", "normal-1064397-13-3", "normal-1064397-13-4", "normal-1064397-13-5", "normal-1064397-13-6", "normal-1064397-14-0", "normal-1064397-14-1", "normal-1064397-14-2", "normal-1064397-14-3", "normal-1064397-14-4", "normal-1064397-15-0", "normal-1064397-15-1", "normal-1064397-15-2", "normal-1064397-16-0", "normal-1064397-16-1", "normal-1064397-17-0", "normal-1064397-17-1", "normal-1064397-17-2", "normal-1064397-18-0", "normal-1064397-18-1", "normal-1064397-18-2", "normal-1064397-18-3", "normal-1064397-19-0", "normal-1064397-19-1", "normal-1064397-19-2", "normal-1064397-19-3", "normal-1064397-20-0", "normal-1064397-20-1", "normal-1064397-21-0", "normal-1064397-21-1", "normal-1064397-21-2", "normal-1064397-21-3", "normal-1064397-21-4", "normal-1064397-21-5", "normal-1064397-22-0", "normal-1064397-22-1", "normal-1064397-22-2", "normal-1064397-22-3", "normal-1064397-22-4", "normal-1064397-22-5", "normal-1064397-22-6", "normal-1064397-23-0", "normal-1064397-23-1", "normal-1064397-23-2", "normal-1064397-23-3" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Carter Godwin Woodson (December 19, 1875April 3, 1950) was an American historian, author, journalist and the founder of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History.", "He was one of the first scholars to study African-American history.", "A founder of \"The Journal of Negro History\" in 1916, Woodson has been cited as the \"father of black history\".", "In February 1926 he launched the celebration of \"Negro History Week\", the precursor of Black History Month.", "Born in Virginia, the son of former slaves, Woodson had to put off schooling while he worked in the coal mines of West Virginia.", "He made it to Berea College, becoming a teacher and school administrator.", "He gained graduate degrees at the University of Chicago and was the second African American to obtain a PhD degree from Harvard University.", "Most of his academic career was spent at Howard University in Washington, D.C., where Woodson eventually served as the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences.", "Carter G. Woodson was born in New Canton, Virginia on December 19, 1875, the son of former slaves, Anne Eliza (Riddle) and James Henry Woodson.", "His parents were both illiterate and his father, who had helped the Union soldiers during the Civil War, supported the family as a carpenter and farmer.", "Woodson was often unable to regularly attend primary school so as to help out on the farm.", "Nonetheless, through self-instruction, he was able to master most school subjects.", "At the age of seventeen, Woodson followed his brother to Huntington, where he hoped to attend the brand new secondary school for blacks, Douglass High School.", "However, Woodson, forced to work as a coal miner, was able to devote only minimal time each year to his schooling.", "In 1895, the twenty-year-old Woodson finally entered Douglass High School full-time, and received his diploma in 1897.", "From 1897 to 1900, Woodson taught at Winona.", "In 1900 he was selected as the principal of Douglass High School.", "He earned his Bachelor of Literature degree from Berea College in Kentucky in 1903 by taking classes part-time between 1901 and 1903.", "From 1903 to 1907, Woodson was a school supervisor in the Philippines.", "Woodson later attended the University of Chicago, where he was awarded an A.B. and A.M. in 1908.", "He was a member of the first black professional fraternity Sigma Pi Phi and a member of Omega Psi Phi.", "He completed his PhD in history at Harvard University in 1912, where he was the second African American (after W. E. B. Du Bois) to earn a doctorate.", "His doctoral dissertation, \"The Disruption of Virginia\", was based on research he did at the Library of Congress while teaching high school in Washington, D.C.", "After earning the doctoral degree, he continued teaching in public schools, later joining the faculty at Howard University as a professor, and served there as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences.", "Convinced that the role of his own people in American history and in the history of other cultures was being ignored or misrepresented among scholars, Woodson realized the need for research into the neglected past of African Americans.", "Along with William D. Hartgrove, George Cleveland Hall, Alexander L. Jackson, and James E. Stamps, he founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History on September 9, 1915, in Chicago.", "That was the year Woodson published \"The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861\".", "His other books followed: \"A Century of Negro Migration\" (1918) and \"The History of the Negro Church\" (1927).", "His work \"The Negro in Our History\" has been reprinted in numerous editions and was revised by Charles H. Wesley after Woodson's death in 1950.", "In January 1916, Woodson began publication of the scholarly \"Journal of Negro History\".", "It has never missed an issue, despite the Great Depression, loss of support from foundations, and two World Wars.", "In 2002, it was renamed the \"Journal of African American History\" and continues to be published by the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH).", "Woodson stayed at the Wabash Avenue YMCA during visits to Chicago.", "His experiences at the Y and in the surrounding Bronzeville neighborhood inspired him to create the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History in 1915.", "The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (now the Association for the Study of African American Life and History), which ran conferences, published \"The Journal of Negro History\", and \"particularly targeted those responsible for the education of black children\".", "Another inspiration was John Wesley Cromwell's 1914 book, \"The Negro in American History: Men and Women Eminent in the Evolution of the American of African Descent\".", "Woodson believed that education and increasing social and professional contacts among blacks and whites could reduce racism and he promoted the organized study of African-American history partly for that purpose.", "He would later promote the first Negro History Week in Washington, D.C., in 1926, forerunner of Black History Month.The Bronzeville neighborhood declined during the late 1960s and 1970s like many other inner-city neighborhoods across the country, and the Wabash Avenue YMCA was forced to close during the 1970s, until being restored in 1992 by The Renaissance Collaborative.", "He served as Academic Dean of the West Virginia Collegiate Institute, now West Virginia State University, from 1920 to 1922.", "He studied many aspects of African-American history.", "For instance, in 1924, he published the first survey of free black slaveowners in the United States in 1830.", "Woodson became affiliated with the Washington, D.C. branch of the NAACP, and its chairman Archibald Grimké.", "Du Bois added the proposal to divert \"patronage from business establishments which do not treat races alike,\" that is, boycott businesses.", "Woodson wrote that he would cooperate as one of the twenty-five effective canvassers, adding that he would pay the office rent for one month.", "Grimké did not welcome Woodson's ideas.", "I am not afraid of being sued by white businessmen.", "In fact, I should welcome such a law suit.", "It would do the cause much good.", "Let us banish fear.", "We have been in this mental state for three centuries.", "I am a radical.", "I am ready to act, if I can find brave men to help me.", "His difference of opinion with Grimké, who wanted a more conservative course, contributed to Woodson's ending his affiliation with the NAACP.", "Woodson devoted the rest of his life to historical research.", "He worked to preserve the history of African Americans and accumulated a collection of thousands of artifacts and publications.", "He noted that African-American contributions \"were overlooked, ignored, and even suppressed by the writers of history textbooks and the teachers who use them.\"", "Race prejudice, he concluded, \"is merely the logical result of tradition, the inevitable outcome of thorough instruction to the effect that the Negro has never contributed anything to the progress of mankind.\"", "In 1926, Woodson pioneered the celebration of \"Negro History Week\", designated for the second week in February, to coincide with marking the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass.", "The Black United Students and Black educators at Kent State University expanded this idea to include an entire month beginning on February 1, 1970.", "Beginning in 1976 every US president has designated February as Black History Month.", "Woodson believed in self-reliance and racial respect, values he shared with Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican activist who worked in New York.", "Woodson became a regular columnist for Garvey's weekly \"Negro World\".", "Woodson's political activism placed him at the center of a circle of many black intellectuals and activists from the 1920s to the 1940s.", "He corresponded with W. E. B. Du Bois, John E. Bruce, Arturo Alfonso Schomburg, Hubert H. Harrison, and T. Thomas Fortune, among others.", "Even with the extended duties of the Association, Woodson was able to write academic works such as \"The History of the Negro Church\" (1922), \"The Mis-Education of the Negro\" (1933), and others which continue to have wide readership.", "Woodson did not shy away from controversial subjects, and used the pages of \"Black World\" to contribute to debates.", "One issue related to West Indian/African-American relations.", "He summarized that \"the West Indian Negro is free\", and observed that West Indian societies had been more successful at properly dedicating the necessary amounts of time and resources needed to educate and genuinely emancipate people.", "Woodson approved of efforts by West Indians to include materials related to Black history and culture into their school curricula.", "Woodson was ostracized by some of his contemporaries because of his insistence on defining a category of history related to ethnic culture and race.", "At the time, these educators felt that it was wrong to teach or understand African-American history as separate from more general American history.", "According to these educators, \"Negroes\" were simply Americans, darker skinned, but with no history apart from that of any other.", "Thus Woodson's efforts to get Black culture and history into the curricula of institutions, even historically Black colleges, were often unsuccessful.", "Woodson died suddenly from a heart attack in the office within his home in the Shaw, Washington, D.C. neighborhood on April 3, 1950, at the age of 74.", "He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in Suitland, Maryland.", "The time that schools have set aside each year to focus on African-American history is Woodson's most visible legacy.", "His determination to further the recognition of the Negro in American and world history, however, inspired countless other scholars.", "Woodson remained focused on his work throughout his life.", "Many see him as a man of vision and understanding.", "Although Woodson was among the ranks of the educated few, he did not feel particularly sentimental about elite educational institutions.", "The Association and journal that he started are still operating, and both have earned intellectual respect.", "Woodson's other far-reaching activities included the founding in 1920 of the Associated Publishers, the oldest African-American publishing company in the United States.", "This enabled publication of books concerning blacks that might not have been supported in the rest of the market.", "He founded Negro History Week in 1926 (now known as Black History Month).", "He created the \"Negro History Bulletin\", developed for teachers in elementary and high school grades, and published continuously since 1937.", "Woodson also influenced the Association's direction and subsidizing of research in African-American history.", "He wrote numerous articles, monographs and books on Blacks.", "\"The Negro in Our History\" reached its 11th edition in 1966, when it had sold more than 90,000 copies.", "Dorothy Porter Wesley recalled: \"Woodson would wrap up his publications, take them to the post office and have dinner at the YMCA.", "He would teasingly decline her dinner invitations saying, 'No, you are trying to marry me off.", "I am married to my work'\".", "Woodson's most cherished ambition, a six-volume \"Encyclopedia Africana\", was incomplete at the time of his death." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 1644120, "normal_article_title": "Samuel Wesley", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1644120", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-1644120-0-0", "normal-1644120-0-1", "normal-1644120-1-0", "normal-1644120-2-0", "normal-1644120-2-1", "normal-1644120-2-2", "normal-1644120-2-3", "normal-1644120-2-4", "normal-1644120-3-0", "normal-1644120-3-1", "normal-1644120-3-2", "normal-1644120-3-3", "normal-1644120-4-0", "normal-1644120-4-1", "normal-1644120-5-0", "normal-1644120-5-1", "normal-1644120-5-2", "normal-1644120-5-3", "normal-1644120-6-0", "normal-1644120-6-1", "normal-1644120-6-2", "normal-1644120-6-3", "normal-1644120-6-4", "normal-1644120-6-5", "normal-1644120-7-0", "normal-1644120-7-1", "normal-1644120-7-2", "normal-1644120-7-3", "normal-1644120-7-4", "normal-1644120-7-5", "normal-1644120-8-0", "normal-1644120-8-1", "normal-1644120-8-2", "normal-1644120-9-0", "normal-1644120-10-0", "normal-1644120-10-1", "normal-1644120-11-0", "normal-1644120-11-1", "normal-1644120-12-0", "normal-1644120-13-0", "normal-1644120-13-1", "normal-1644120-13-2", "normal-1644120-14-0" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Samuel Wesley (24 February 1766 – 11 October 1837) was an English organist and composer in the late Georgian period.", "Wesley was a contemporary of Mozart (1756–1791) and was called by some \"the English Mozart\".", "Born in Bristol, he was the son of noted Methodist and hymnodist Charles Wesley, the grandson of Samuel Wesley (a poet of the late Stuart period) and the nephew of John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist Church.", "His early musical education mostly took place in the family home in Bristol, where Sarah Wesley, his mother, sang and played the harpsichord.", "Hymn tunes and the works of Handel were the family's favourite pieces.", "Samuel also had lessons from David Williams, the organist of All Saints' Church, Bristol.", "In 1771 his father acquired a second house, in Chesterfield Street, Marylebone, London.", "Samuel left Bristol for the house in London by 1778.", "Samuel informed his mother of his philosophical conviction that his marriage had been constituted by sexual intercourse, precluding any civil or religious ceremony, but after a scandalous delay he married Charlotte Louise Martin in 1793, and they had three children.", "This marriage broke up with Charlotte's discovery of Samuel's affair with the teenaged domestic servant Sarah Suter.", "Samuel and Sarah never married but had four children together, among them Samuel Sebastian Wesley (1810–1876) who was a cathedral organist and notable composer.", "In 1784, Wesley privately converted to Roman Catholicism, to the dismay of his uncle John Wesley.", "To celebrate his conversion, Samuel composed an elaborate Mass, the \"Missa de Spiritu Sancto\", dedicating it to Pope Pius VI.", "According to his obituary, he may subsequently have denied any conversion.", "Samuel showed his musical talent early in life.", "As a boy, he was recognised as a child prodigy by the British musical establishment, along with his elder brother, Charles.", "He quickly mastered the violin, harpsichord and organ.", "By the age of eight, he was becoming known for his composing and improvisational skills.", "Wesley worked as a conductor as well as a music teacher and lecturer.", "He seems to have been one of the pioneers of the British organ recital: prior to his time, entertainment was not considered appropriate for a church building.", "Despite a reputation as the best improvisor on the organ in England, he never succeeded in obtaining an organist's post though he applied to the Foundling Hospital both in 1798 and 1813 and to St George's, Hanover Square in 1824.", "Generally he appeared to be mistrusted by the British establishment, perhaps due to a forthright manner, his marriage arrangements and it is possible to speculate that he was unreliable.", "From 1815 onwards, he was beset by lack of money and depression.", "At one stage, he was reduced to asking Vincent Novello for copying work.", "His ability on the organ was so highly regarded that he was introduced to, and played for Felix Mendelssohn in September 1837, a month before Wesley's death.", "Mendelssohn gave a recital at Christ Church Newgate, during which Wesley said to his daughter Eliza, \"This is transcendent playing!", "Do you think I dare venture after this?\"", "It seems that Mendelssohn persuaded the old man, who was by now very frail, to play.", "Mendelssohn stood by his side while he was playing and complimented him, but Wesley replied \"Ah, Sir!", "you have not heard me play; you should have heard me forty years ago\".", "Wesley seems to have become acquainted with the works of Johann Sebastian Bach sometime between 1796 and 1806.", "He lost no time in converting others to the Bach cause; his principal converts were William Crotch and Charles Burney.", "In a series of letters to his friend, Benjamin Jacob, Wesley documented how he made Bach better appreciated.", "Francis Routh has compiled a list of all Wesley's keyboard works and hymn tunes, although some further organ pieces have subsequently been discovered.", "Many of his best-known compositions were written for the church; they include the motet \"In exitu Israel\".", "His secular compositions include the five-part madrigal \"O singe unto mie roundelaie\" set to the well-known poem by Thomas Chatterton.", "However, much of his work was published at the time of composition and then forgotten, and so copies of these works are rare and mostly unavailable in modern performing editions.", "A considerable body of work exists in manuscript only.", "Wesley's compositional style was eclectic, with influences from the late Baroque era, Classicism and, later, early Romanticism.", "In 1788 Wesley was initiated into Freemasonry in the Lodge of Antiquity, London.", "The Duke of Sussex appointed him Grand Organist of the Premier Grand Lodge of England in 1812, and he continued in office through the process of Masonic unification in 1813, serving as the first Grand Organist of the United Grand Lodge of England.", "He served as Grand Organist for five years, standing down in 1818.", "Samuel died in 1837 aged 71, and was buried in St Marylebone Parish Church, London." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 102958, "normal_article_title": "Roger Wolcott Sperry", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=102958", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-102958-0-0", "normal-102958-0-1", "normal-102958-1-0", "normal-102958-1-1", "normal-102958-1-2", "normal-102958-1-3", "normal-102958-1-4", "normal-102958-1-5", "normal-102958-2-0", "normal-102958-2-1", "normal-102958-2-2", "normal-102958-2-3", "normal-102958-2-4", "normal-102958-2-5", "normal-102958-2-6", "normal-102958-2-7", "normal-102958-2-8", "normal-102958-2-9", "normal-102958-2-10", "normal-102958-2-11", "normal-102958-3-0", "normal-102958-3-1", "normal-102958-3-2", "normal-102958-3-3", "normal-102958-3-4", "normal-102958-3-5", "normal-102958-3-6", "normal-102958-3-7", "normal-102958-3-8", "normal-102958-3-9", "normal-102958-3-10", "normal-102958-3-11", "normal-102958-4-0", "normal-102958-4-1", "normal-102958-4-2", "normal-102958-4-3", "normal-102958-4-4", "normal-102958-4-5", "normal-102958-4-6", "normal-102958-4-7", "normal-102958-4-8", "normal-102958-4-9", "normal-102958-4-10", "normal-102958-4-11", "normal-102958-4-12", "normal-102958-4-13", "normal-102958-4-14", "normal-102958-4-15", "normal-102958-4-16", "normal-102958-4-17", "normal-102958-4-18", "normal-102958-5-0", "normal-102958-5-1", "normal-102958-6-0", "normal-102958-6-1", "normal-102958-6-2", "normal-102958-6-3", "normal-102958-6-4", "normal-102958-6-5", "normal-102958-7-0", "normal-102958-7-1", "normal-102958-7-2", "normal-102958-7-3", "normal-102958-7-4", "normal-102958-7-5", "normal-102958-7-6", "normal-102958-8-0", "normal-102958-8-1", "normal-102958-8-2", "normal-102958-8-3", "normal-102958-8-4", "normal-102958-9-0", "normal-102958-9-1", "normal-102958-9-2", "normal-102958-9-3", "normal-102958-9-4", "normal-102958-9-5", "normal-102958-9-6", "normal-102958-9-7", "normal-102958-9-8", "normal-102958-9-9", "normal-102958-9-10", "normal-102958-9-11", "normal-102958-9-12", "normal-102958-10-0", "normal-102958-10-1", "normal-102958-10-2", "normal-102958-10-3", "normal-102958-10-4", "normal-102958-10-5", "normal-102958-10-6", "normal-102958-11-0", "normal-102958-11-1", "normal-102958-11-2", "normal-102958-12-0", "normal-102958-13-0", "normal-102958-13-1", "normal-102958-13-2", "normal-102958-14-0", "normal-102958-15-0", "normal-102958-15-1", "normal-102958-15-2", "normal-102958-15-3", "normal-102958-15-4", "normal-102958-15-5", "normal-102958-15-6", "normal-102958-15-7" ], "normal_sentence": [ "Roger Wolcott Sperry (August 20, 1913 – April 17, 1994) was an American neuropsychologist, neurobiologist and Nobel laureate who, together with David Hunter Hubel and Torsten Nils Wiesel, won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his work with split-brain research.", "A \"Review of General Psychology\" survey, published in 2002, ranked Sperry as the 44th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.", "Sperry was born in Hartford, Connecticut, to Francis Bushnell and Florence Kraemer Sperry.", "His father was in banking, and his mother trained in business school.", "He was raised in an upper middle-class environment, which stressed academic achievement.", "Roger had one brother, Russell Loomis.", "Their father died when Roger was 11.", "Afterwards, his mother became assistant to the principal in the local high school.", "Sperry went to Hall High School in West Hartford, Connecticut, where he was a star athlete in several sports, and did well enough academically to win a scholarship to Oberlin College.", "At Oberlin, he was captain of the basketball team, and he also took part in varsity baseball, football, and track.", "He also worked at a cafe on campus to help support himself.", "Sperry was an English major, but he took an Intro to Psychology class taught by a Professor named R. H. Stetson who had worked with William James, the father of American Psychology.", "This class sparked Sperry's interest in the brain and how it can change.", "Stetson was disabled and had trouble getting around so Sperry would help him out by driving him to and from wherever he needed to go.", "This included taking Stetson to lunch with his colleagues.", "Sperry would just sit at the end of the table and listen to Stetson and his colleagues discuss their research and other psychological interests.", "This increased Sperry's interest in Psychology even more and after he received his undergraduate degree in English from Oberlin he decided to stay and get his master's degree in Psychology.", "He received his bachelor's degree in English in 1935 and a master's degree in psychology in 1937.", "He received his Ph.D. in zoology from the University of Chicago in 1941, supervised by Paul A. Weiss.", "Sperry then did postdoctoral research with Karl Lashley at Harvard University though most of his time was spent with Lashley at the Yerkes Primate Research Center in Orange Park, Florida.", "In 1942, Sperry began work at the Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology, then a part of Harvard University.", "There he focused on experiments involving the rearranging of motor and sensory nerves.", "He left in 1946 to become an assistant professor, and later associate professor, at the University of Chicago.", "In 1949, during a routine chest x-ray, there was evidence of tuberculosis.", "He was sent to Saranac Lake in the Adironack Mountains in New York for treatment.", "It was during this time when he began writing his concepts of the mind and brain, and was first published in the \"American Scientist\" in 1952.", "In 1952, he became the Section Chief of Neurological Diseases and Blindness at the National Institutes of Health and finished out the year at the Marine Biology Laboratory in Coral Gables, FL.", "Sperry went back to The University of Chicago in 1952 and became an Associate Professor of Psychology.", "He was not offered tenure at Chicago and planned to move to Bethesda, Maryland but was held up by a delay in construction at the National Institutes of Health.", "During this time Sperry's friend Victor Hepburn invited him to lecture about his research at a symposium.", "There were professors from the California Institute of Technology in the audience of the symposium who, after listening to Sperry's lecture, were so impressed with him they offered him a job as the Hixson Professor of Psychobiology.", "In 1954, he accepted the position as a professor at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech as Hixson Professor of Psychobiology) where he performed his most famous experiments with Joseph Bogen, MD and many students including Michael Gazzaniga.", "Under the supervision of Paul Weiss while earning his Ph.D. at the University of Chicago, Sperry became interested in neuronal specificity and brain circuitry and began questioning the existing concepts about these two topics.", "He asked the simple question first asked in his Introduction to Psychology class at Oberlin: Nature or nurture?", "He began a series of experiments in an attempt to answer this question.", "Sperry crosswired the motor nerves of rats' legs so the left nerve controlled the right leg and vice versa.", "He would then place the rats in a cage that had an electric grid on the bottom separated into four sections.", "Each leg of the rat was placed into one of the four sections of the electric grid.", "A shock was administered to a specific section of the grid, for example the grid where the rat's left back leg was located would receive a shock.", "Every time the left paw was shocked the rat would lift his right paw and vice versa.", "Sperry wanted to know how long it would take the rat to realize he was lifting the wrong paw.", "After repeated tests Sperry found that the rats never learned to lift up the correct paw, leading him to the conclusion that some things are just hardwired and cannot be relearned.", "In Sperry's words, \"no adaptive functioning of the nervous system took place.\"", "During Sperry's postdoctoral years with Karl Lashley at Harvard and at the Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology in Orange Park, Florida, he continued his work on neuronal specificity that he had begun as a doctoral student and initiated a new series of studies involving salamanders.", "The optic nerves were sectioned and the eyes rotated 180 degrees.", "The question was whether vision would be normal after regeneration or would the animal forever view the world as \"upside down\" and right-left reversed.", "Should the latter prove to be the case, it would mean that the nerves were somehow \"guided\" back to their original sites of termination.", "Restoration of normal vision (i.e., \"seeing\" the world in a \"right-side-up\" orientation) would mean that the regenerating nerves had terminated in new sites, quite different from the original ones.", "The animals reacted as though the world was upside down and reversed from right to left.", "Furthermore, no amount of training could change the response.", "These studies, which provided strong evidence for nerve guidance by \"intricate chemical codes under genetic control\" (1963) culminated in Sperry's chemoaffinity hypothesis (1951).", "Sperry later served on the Board of Trustees and as Professor of Psychobiology Emeritus at California Institute of Technology.", "The Sperry Neuroscience Building at Oberlin College was named in his honor in 1990.", "Sperry was granted numerous awards over his lifetime, including the California Scientist of the Year Award in 1972, the National Medal of Science in 1989, the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 1979, and the Albert Lasker Medical Research Award in 1979, and the Nobel Prize for Medicine/Physiology in 1981 that he shared with David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel.", "Sperry won this award for his work with \"split-brain\" patients.", "The brain is divided into two hemispheres, the left and right hemispheres, connected in the middle by a part of the brain called the corpus callosum.", "In \"split-brain\" patients, the corpus callosum has been severed due to the patients suffering from epilepsy, a disease that causes intense and persistent seizures.", "Seizures begin in one hemisphere and continue into the other hemisphere.", "Cutting the corpus callosum prevents the seizures from moving from one hemisphere to the other, which then prevents seizures from occurring, thus allowing the patients to function normally instead of suffering from continuous seizures.", "Sperry first became interested in \"split-brain\" research when he was working on the topic of interocular transfer, which occurs when \"one learns with one eye how to solve a problem then, with that eye covered and using the other eye, one already knows how to solve the problem\".", "Sperry asked the question: \"how can the learning with one eye appear with the use of the other?\"", "Sperry cut nerves in the eyes of cats so the left eye was connected to the left hemisphere and the right eye was connected to the right hemisphere; he also cut the corpus callosum.", "The cats were then taught to distinguish a triangle from a square with the right eye covered.", "Then the cats were presented the same problem with the left eye covered; the cats had no idea what they had just learned with the right eye and because of this could be taught to distinguish a square from a triangle.", "Depending on which eye was covered, the cats would either distinguish a square from a triangle or a triangle from a square, demonstrating that the left and right hemispheres learned and remembered two different events.", "This led Sperry to believe that the left and right hemispheres function separately when not connected by the corpus callosum.", "Sperry's research with \"split-brain\" cats helped lead to the discovery that cutting the corpus callosum is a very effective treatment for patients who suffer from epilepsy.", "Initially after the patients recovered from surgery there were no signs that the surgery caused any changes to their behavior or functioning.", "This observation rendered the question: if the surgery had absolutely no effect on any part of the patients' normal functioning then what is the purpose of the corpus callosum?", "Was it simply there to keep the two sides of the brain from collapsing, as Karl Lashley jokingly put it?", "Sperry was asked to develop a series of tests to perform on the \"split-brain\" patients to determine if the surgery caused changes in the patients' functioning or not.", "Working with his graduate student Michael Gazzaniga, Sperry invited several of the \"split-brain\" patients to volunteer to take part in his study to determine if the surgery affected their functioning.", "These tests were designed to test the patients' language, vision, and motor skills.", "When a person views something in the left visual field (that is on the left side of their body), the information travels to the right hemisphere of the brain and vice versa.", "In the first series of tests, Sperry would present a word to either the left or right visual field for a short period of time.", "If the word was shown to the right visual field, meaning the left hemisphere would process it, then the patient could report seeing the word.", "If the word was shown to the left visual field, meaning the right hemisphere would process it, then the patient could not report seeing the word.", "This led Sperry to believe that only the left side of the brain could articulate speech.", "However, in a follow-up experiment, Sperry discovered that the right hemisphere does have some language abilities.", "In this experiment, he had the patients place their left hands in a tray full of objects located under a partition so the patient would not be able to see the objects.", "Then a word was shown to the patient's left visual field, which was processed by the right side of the brain.", "This word described one of the objects in the tray, so the patient's left hand picked up the object corresponding to the word.", "When participants were asked about the word and the object in their hand, they claimed they had not seen the word and had no idea why they were holding the object.", "The right side of the brain had recognized the word and told the left hand to pick it up, but because the right side of the brain cannot speak and the left side of the brain had not seen the word, the patient could not articulate what they had seen.", "In another series of experiments further examining the lateralization of language in the left and right hemispheres, Sperry presented one object to the left visual field and a different object to the right visual field of the \"split-brain\" patients.", "The patient's left hand was put under a partition and then the patient was asked to draw with their left hand what they had been shown.", "The patients would draw what they had seen in their left visual field, but when asked what they had drawn would describe what had been shown to their right visual field.", "These tests proved that when the corpus callosum is severed, it breaks the connection between the left and right hemispheres, making them unable to communicate with each other.", "Not only are they unable to communicate with each other, but also without the corpus callosum connecting them one hemisphere has no idea that the other hemisphere even exists.", "There was even evidence of this outside the laboratory when some of the patients reported that, \"while their left hand was unbuttoning their shirt, the right hand would follow along behind and button it again.\"", "These experiments were beneficial to numerous people in many different ways.", "This research contributed greatly to understanding the lateralization of brain function.", "In 1989, Sperry also received the National Medal of Science.", "Afterwards in 1993, Sperry received the Lifetime Achievement Award from APA.", "In addition to his contribution in establishing the lateralized function of the brain, Sperry is noted for his \"chemoaffinity hypothesis\", which has not only been influential in formation of testable hypotheses in how precise neuronal wiring diagram is established in the brain, but the hypothesis itself has been verified by numerous experiments.", "In the words of a 2009 review article in \"Science\" magazine: \"He suggested that gradients of such identification tags on retinal neurons and on the target cells in the brain coordinately guide the orderly projection of millions of developing retinal axons.", "This idea was supported by the identification and genetic analysis of axon guidance molecules, including those that direct development of the vertebrate visual system.\"", "This was confirmed in the seventies by Marshall W. Nirenberg's work on chick retinas and later on \"Drosophila melanogaster\" larvae.", "The experiments conducted by Sperry focused on four major ideas which were also called \"turnarounds\": equipotentiality, split brain studies, nerve regeneration and plasticity, and psychology of the consciousness.", "In 1949, Sperry married Norma Gay Deupree.", "They had one son, Glenn Michael, and one daughter, Janeth Hope.", "Sperry was a quiet, thoughtful, and modest man with an insatiable curiosity.", "He never stopped working, questioning, or learning up until his death in 1994 of ALS or Lou Gehrig's Disease.", "Sperry could often be found in his office with his feet propped up on his desk scribbling in his notebook or deep in thought.", "Sperry was an avid paleontologist and displayed his large fossil collection in his home.", "He was also a very talented sculptor, artist, and ceramicist.", "He enjoyed going on camping and fishing trips with his wife and children in Baja, California." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 291188, "simple_article_title": "Roger Wolcott Sperry", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=291188", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-291188-0-0", "simple-291188-1-0", "simple-291188-1-1", "simple-291188-2-0", "simple-291188-2-1", "simple-291188-2-2", "simple-291188-3-0", "simple-291188-3-1", "simple-291188-4-0", "simple-291188-5-0", "simple-291188-5-1", "simple-291188-6-0", "simple-291188-7-0", "simple-291188-8-0", "simple-291188-8-1" ], "simple_sentence": [ "Roger Wolcott Sperry (August 20, 1913 – April 17, 1994) was an American neurobiologist and Nobel Prize winner.", "He shared the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel.", "In 1989, Sperry also received the National Medal of Science.", "Before Sperry's experiments, some research evidence seemed to indicate that areas of the cerebral cortex were largely interchangeable.", "In his early experiments, Sperry showed that the opposite was true: after early development, circuits of the brain are largely hardwired.", "That is, they are set with a particular function.", "Sperry's work was on 'split-brain' research.", "In his Nobel-winning work, Sperry tested ten patients who had undergone an operation developed in 1940 by William Van Wagenen, a neurosurgeon in Rochester, NY.", "The surgery, designed to treat epileptics with \"grand mal\" seizures, severed (cut) the corpus callosum, the area of the brain used to transfer signals between the right and left hemispheres.", "Sperry and his colleagues tested these patients with tasks that were known to be dependent on specific hemispheres of the brain and demonstrated that the two halves of the brain may each contain consciousness.", "In his words, each hemisphere is", "indeed a conscious system in its own right, perceiving, thinking, remembering, reasoning, willing, and emoting, all at a characteristically human level, and . . . both the left and the right hemisphere may be conscious simultaneously in different, even in mutually conflicting, mental experiences that run along in parallel", "This research contributed greatly to understanding how each cerebral hemisphere works.", "Some activities, such as naming objects or putting blocks together in a particular way, can only be done when using one side of the brain or the other.", "It seems the left hemisphere usually specializes in language processes and the right is dominant in visual-construction tasks." ] } }

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{ "normal_article_id": 996699, "normal_article_title": "Green economy", "normal_article_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=996699", "normal_article_content": { "normal_sentence_id": [ "normal-996699-0-0", "normal-996699-0-1", "normal-996699-0-2", "normal-996699-0-3", "normal-996699-1-0", "normal-996699-2-0", "normal-996699-2-1", "normal-996699-3-0", "normal-996699-3-1", "normal-996699-3-2", "normal-996699-4-0", "normal-996699-4-1", "normal-996699-4-2", "normal-996699-5-0", "normal-996699-5-1", "normal-996699-5-2", "normal-996699-6-0", "normal-996699-6-1", "normal-996699-6-2", "normal-996699-6-3", "normal-996699-6-4", "normal-996699-7-0", "normal-996699-8-0", "normal-996699-8-1", "normal-996699-8-2", "normal-996699-9-0", "normal-996699-9-1", "normal-996699-10-0", "normal-996699-11-0", "normal-996699-12-0", "normal-996699-12-1", "normal-996699-12-2", "normal-996699-12-3", "normal-996699-13-0", "normal-996699-13-1", "normal-996699-13-2", "normal-996699-13-3", "normal-996699-13-4", "normal-996699-13-5" ], "normal_sentence": [ "The green economy is defined as economy that aims at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment.", "It is closely related with ecological economics, but has a more politically applied focus.", "The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report argues \"that to be green, an economy must not only be efficient, but also fair.", "Fairness implies recognizing global and country level equity dimensions, particularly in assuring a just transition to an economy that is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive.\"", "A feature distinguishing it from prior economic regimes is the direct valuation of natural capital and ecological services as having economic value (\"see The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity and Bank of Natural Capital\") and a full cost accounting regime in which costs externalized onto society via ecosystems are reliably traced back to, and accounted for as liabilities of, the entity that does the harm or neglects an asset.", "Green Sticker and ecolabel practices have emerged as consumer facing measurements of friendliness to the environment and sustainable development.", "Many industries are starting to adopt these standards as a viable way to promote their greening practices in a globalizing economy.", "\"Green economics\" is loosely defined as any theory of economics by which an economy is considered to be component of the ecosystem in which it resides (after Lynn Margulis).", "A holistic approach to the subject is typical, such that economic ideas are commingled with any number of other subjects, depending on the particular theorist.", "Proponents of feminism, postmodernism, the environmental movement, peace movement, Green politics, green anarchism and anti-globalization movement have used the term to describe very different ideas, all external to mainstream economics.", "The use of the term is further ambiguated by the political distinction of Green parties which are formally organized and claim the capital-G \"Green\" term as a unique and distinguishing mark.", "It is thus preferable to refer to a loose school of \"'green economists\"' who generally advocate shifts towards a green economy, biomimicry and a fuller accounting for biodiversity.", "(\"see The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity especially for current authoritative international work towards these goals and Bank of Natural Capital for a layperson's presentation of these.\")", "Some economists view green economics as a branch or subfield of more established schools.", "For instance, it is regarded as classical economics where the traditional land is generalized to natural capital and has some attributes in common with labor and physical capital (since natural capital assets like rivers directly substitute for man-made ones such as canals).", "Or, it is viewed as Marxist economics with nature represented as a form of Lumpenproletariat, an exploited base of non-human workers providing surplus value to the human economy, or as a branch of neoclassical economics in which the price of life for developing vs. developed nations is held steady at a ratio reflecting a balance of power and that of non-human life is very low.", "An increasing commitment by the UNEP (and national governments such as the UK) to the ideas of natural capital and full cost accounting under the banner 'green economy' could blur distinctions between the schools and redefine them all as variations of \"green economics\".", "As of 2010 the Bretton Woods institutions (notably the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (via its \"Green Fund\" initiative) responsible for global monetary policy have stated a clear intention to move towards biodiversity valuation and a more official and universal biodiversity finance.", "Taking these into account targeting not less but radically zero emission and waste is what is promoted by the Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives.", "The UNEP 2011 Green Economy Report informs that \"based on existing studies, the annual financing demand to green the global economy was estimated to be in the range US$ 1.05 to US$ 2.59 trillion.", "To place this demand in perspective, it is about one-tenth of total global investment per year, as measured by global Gross Capital Formation.\"", "The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) representing global business defines green economy as “an economy in which economic growth and environmental responsibility work together in a mutually reinforcing fashion while supporting progress on social development”.", "In 2012, the ICC published the Green Economy Roadmap, containing contributions from experts from around the globe brought together in a two-year consultation process.", "The Roadmap represents a comprehensive and multidisciplinary effort to clarify and frame the concept of “green economy”.", "It highlights the essential role of business in bringing solutions to common global challenges.", "Measuring economic output and progress is done through the use of economic index indicators.", "Green indices emerged from the need to measure human ecological impact, efficiency sectors like transport, energy, buildings and tourism, as well as the investment flows targeted to areas like renewable energy and cleantech innovation.", "Ecological footprint measurements are a way to gauge anthropogenic impact and are another standard used by municipal governments.", "Green economies require green energy generation based on renewable energy to replace fossil fuels as well as energy conservation and efficient energy use.", "There is justification for market failure to respond to environmental protection and climate protection needs with the excuse that high external costs and high initial costs for research, development, and marketing of green energy sources and green products prevents firms from voluntarily reducing their ecological footprints.", "The green economy may need government subsidies as market incentives to motivate firms to invest and produce green products and services.", "The German Renewable Energy Act, legislations of many other member states of the European Union and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, all provide such market incentives.", "However, other experts argue that green strategies can be highly profitable for corporations that understand the business case for sustainability and can market green products and services beyond the traditional green consumer.", "A number of organisations and individuals have criticised aspects of the 'Green Economy', particularly the mainstream conceptions of it based on using price mechanisms to protect nature, arguing that this will extend corporate control into new areas from forestry to water.", "The research organisation ETC Group argues that the corporate emphasis on bio-economy \"will spur even greater convergence of corporate power and unleash the most massive resource grab in more than 500 years.\"", "Venezuelan professor Edgardo Lander says that the UNEP's report, \"Towards a Green Economy\", while well-intentioned \"ignores the fact that the capacity of existing political systems to establish regulations and restrictions to the free operation of the markets – even when a large majority of the population call for them – is seriously limited by the political and financial power of the corporations.\"", "Ulrich Hoffmann, in a paper for UNCTAD also says that the focus on Green Economy and \"green growth\" in particular, \"based on an evolutionary (and often reductionist) approach will not be sufficient to cope with the complexities of climate change\" and \"may rather give much false hope and excuses to do nothing really fundamental that can bring about a U-turn of global greenhouse gas emissions.", "Clive Spash, an ecological economist, has criticised the use of economic growth to address environmental losses, and argued that the Green Economy, as advocated by the UN, is not a new approach at all and is actually a diversion from the real drivers of environmental crisis.", "He has also criticised the UN's project on the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity (TEEB), and the basis for valuing ecosystems services in monetary terms." ] } }

{ "simple_article_id": 503804, "simple_article_title": "Green economy", "simple_article_url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=503804", "simple_article_content": { "simple_sentence_id": [ "simple-503804-0-0", "simple-503804-0-1", "simple-503804-0-2", "simple-503804-0-3", "simple-503804-0-4", "simple-503804-1-0", "simple-503804-2-0", "simple-503804-3-0", "simple-503804-3-1", "simple-503804-3-2", "simple-503804-3-3", "simple-503804-3-4" ], "simple_sentence": [ "The green economy is defined as an economy that results in reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities.", "It aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment.", "It is closely related with ecological economics, but has a more politically applied focus.", "The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report argues \"that to be green, an economy must not only be efficient, but also fair.", "Fairness implies recognising global and country level equity dimensions, particularly in assuring a just transition to an economy that is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive.\"", "The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) representing global business defines green economy as “an economy in which economic growth and environmental responsibility work together in a mutually reinforcing fashion while supporting progress on social development”.", "In 2012, the ICC published the Green Economy Roadmap.", "A number of organisations and individuals have criticised aspects of the 'Green Economy'.", "The research organisation ETC Group argues that the corporate emphasis on a biobased economy \"will spur even greater convergence of corporate power and unleash the most massive resource grab in more than 500 years.\"", "Venezuelan professor Edgardo Lander says that the UNEP's report, \"Towards a Green Economy\", while well-intentioned \"ignores the fact that the capacity of existing political systems to (regulate and restrict)... is seriously limited by the political and financial power of the corporations.\"", "Ulrich Hoffmann, in a paper for UNCTAD also says that the focus on Green Economy and \"green growth\" in particular, \"based on an evolutionary (and often reductionist) approach will not be sufficient to cope with the complexities of climate change\".", "He added it \"may rather give much false hope and excuses to do nothing really fundamental that can bring about a U-turn of global greenhouse gas emissions." ] } }

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