# கிரிகோரி போசெல்

**கிரிகோரி இலூயிசு போசெல்** (*Gregory Louis Possehl*) (1941-2011), அமெரிக்காவின் பென்சில்வேனியா பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் மாந்தவியல் பேராசிரியராக இருந்த்னு ஓய்வு பெற்றவர். அப்பல்கலைக்கழகத்தைச் சேர்ந்த மாந்தவியல், தொல்லியல் பற்றிய அருங்காட்சியகத்தின் ஆசியாவைப்பற்றிய தொகுப்புகளின் பொறுப்பாளராக இருந்தவர் இவர் இந்தியாவிலும், பாக்கித்தானிலும் 1964 முதல் தொடங்கி நடந்த சிந்துவெளி நாகரிகத்து அகழ்வாய்வில் பங்குகொண்டவர். இவர் சிந்துவெளி நாகரிகம் பற்றிய பற்பல நூல்கள், கட்டுரைகளின் ஆசிரியர். இவர் வாசிங்க்டன் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் மாந்தவியலில் 1964 ஆம் ஆண்டு இளங்கலைப் பட்டமும், 1967 இல் அதே துறையில் முதுகலை பட்டமும் பெற்றார். பின்னர் 1974 இல் சிக்காகோ பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் மாந்தவியலில் முனைவர் பட்டம் (பி.எச்.டி) பெற்றார். குசராத்தில் (ரோச்தி, பாபர் கோட், ஒரியோ திம்போ), இராசத்தானில் கிலுண்டு ஆகிய இடங்களில் அகழ்வாய்வு செய்துள்ளார். சனவரி 2007 இல் யுனெசுக்கோ உலக மரபு சுட்டும் இடங்களில் ஒன்றாகக் கருதப்படும், ஓமானில் உள்ள பாட் (Bat) என்னும் இடத்தில் அகழ்வாய்வு தொடங்கினார்.  

சிந்துவெளி நாகரிகத்தின் வழிமரபில் உருவானதே வேதகாலப் பண்பாடு என்னும் கருத்தில் தேர்ச்சி பெற்ற அறிஞர் என இவர் போற்றப்படுகின்றார்.  

## இயற்றிய நூல்கள்
- Possehl, Gregory L., 1967. The Mohenjo-daro floods: A reply. American
Anthropologist 69: 32-40.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1974. Variation and change in the Indus Civilization: A
study of prehistoric Gujarat with special reference to the post-urban Harappan.  
Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Chicago. x, 302 pp., ill.  
[Revised version published in 1980 as "Indus Civilization in Saurashtra".]  

- Dhavalikar, M. K., and Gregory L. Possehl, 1974. Subsistence pattern of an
early farming community of western India. Puratattva (Bulletin of the Indian  
Archaeological Society) 7: 39-46.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1975. The chronology of gabarbands and palas in western
South Asia. Expedition 17 (2): 33-37.  

- Kennedy, Kenneth A.R., and Gregory L. Possehl (eds.), 1976. Ecological
backgrounds of South Asian prehistory. Symposium convened at the seventy-second  
annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, December 2, 1973,  
New Orleans. (South Asia Occasional Papers and Theses, 4.) Ithaca NY: South  
Asia Program, Cornell University. 28 cm, vi, 236 pp., ill., maps. Pb  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1976. Lothal: A gateway settlement of the Harappan
Civilization. Pp. 198-131 in: Kennedy, Kenneth A. R., and Gregory L. Possehl  
(eds.), Ecological backgrounds of South Asian prehistory. (South Asia  
Occasional Papers and Theses, 4.) Ithaca: South Asia Program, Cornell  
University. Reprinted, pp. 212-218 in: Possehl, Gregory L. (ed.) 1979. Ancient  
cities of the Indus. New Delhi.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1977. The end of a state and continuity of a tradition: A
discussion of the Late Harappan. Pp. 234-254 in: Fox, Richard G. (ed.), Realm  
and region in traditional India. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.  

- Possehl, Gregory L. (ed.) 1979. ANCIENT CITIES OF THE INDUS. Durham NC:
Carolina Academic Press & New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. 27 cm,  
xv, 422 pp., 8 pl., ill. Hb & 0-7069-0781-7.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1979. Introduction. Pp. vii-xv in: Possehl, Gregory L.
(ed.), Ancient cities of the Indus.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1979. Radiocarbon dates for the Indus Civilization and
related sites. Pp. 358-360 in: Possehl, Gregory L. (ed.), Ancient cities of the  
Indus.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1979. An extensive bibliography of the Indus Civilization
including references cited in the text. Pp. 361-422 in: Possehl, Gregory L.,  
1979. (Ed.) Ancient cities of the Indus.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1979. Pastoral nomadism in the Indus Civilization: An
hypothesis. Pp. 537-551 in: Taddei, Maurizio (ed.), South Asian Archaeology  
1977, vol. I. (Istituto Universitario Orientale, Seminario di Studi Asiatici,  
Series minor, 6: I.) Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale, Seminario di  
Studi Asiatici.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., and Kenneth A. R. Kennedy, 1979.
Hunter-gatherer/agriculturalist exchange in prehistory: An Indian example.  
Current Anthropology 20 (3): 592-593.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1980. INDUS CIVILIZATION IN SAURASHTRA. New Delhi:
Published on behalf of Indian Archaeological Society by B.R. Publishing  
Corporation. 29 cm, xvi, 264 pp., ill., maps. Hb [Revised version of the  
author's Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Chicago, 1974.]  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1981. Cambay bead-making: An ancient craft in modern
India. Expedition 23 (4): 39-46.  

- Possehl, Gregory L. (ed.) 1982. HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION: A CONTEMPORARY
PERSPECTIVE. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. and American  
Institute of Indian Studies; Warminster: Aris & Phillips in cooperation with  
American Institute of Indian Studies. 28 cm xiii, 440 pp., 93 pl., maps. Hb  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1982. The Harappan Civilization: A contemporary
perspective. Pp. 15-28 in: Possehl, Gregory L. (ed.), Harappan Civilization: A  
contemporary perspective.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1982. Discovering ancient India's earliest cities: The
first phase of research. Pp. 405-413 in: Possehl, Gregory L. (ed.), Harappan  
Civilization: A contemporary perspective.  

- Possehl. Gregory L., 1984. Archaeological terminology and the Harappan
Civilization. Pp. 27-36 in: Lal, B.B., and S.P. Gupta (eds.), Frontiers of the  
Indus Civilization: Sir Mortimer Wheeler Commemoration Volume. New Delhi:  
Indian Archaeological Society.  

- Kennedy, Kenneth A. R., and Gregory L. Possehl (eds.) 1984. STUDIES IN THE
ARCHAEOLOGY AND PALAEOANTHROPOLOGY OF SOUTH ASIA. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH  
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. and American Institute of Indian Studies. 25 cm, viii,  
144 pp., ill., maps.  

- Lyons, Elizabeth, and Heather Peters, 1985. Buddhism: History and diversity of
a great tradition. With contributions by Chang Ch'eng-mei & Gregory L. Possehl.  
Philadelphia: University Museum, University of Pennsylvania. 28 cm, 64 pp.,  
ill., map. .  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1986. KULLI: AN EXPLORATION OF AN ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN
SOUTH ASIA. (Centers of Civilization, 1.) Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.  
29 cm, viii, 168 pp., ill. Hb .  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1986. African millets in South Asian prehistory. Pp.
237-256 in: Jerome Jacobson (ed.), Studies in the archaeology of India and  
Pakistan. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. and American  
Institute of Indian Studies.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1987-1988. Indian Archaeology, A Review: Guide to
excavated sites 1953-54 through 1983-84. Puratattva (Bulletin of the Indian  
Archaeological Society) 18: 113-172.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1989. RADIOCARBON DATES FOR SOUTH ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY.
(Occasional publication of the Asian Section.) Philadelphia: University Museum,  
University of Pennsylvania. 28 cm. 60 pp.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., and M. H. Raval, 1989. HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION AND ROJDI.
With contributions from Y. M. Chitalwala et al. Leiden and New York: E. J.  
Brill; New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. and American Institute  
of Indian Studies. 29 cm, xv, 197 pp., 46 pl., 80 ill., 5 maps.  
& 81-204-0404-1.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1990. Revolution in the urban revolution: The emergence of
Indus urbanization. Annual Review of Anthropology 19: 261-282.  

- Possehl. Gregory L., 1990. An archaeological adventurer in Afghanistan: Charles
Masson. South Asian Studies 6: 111-124.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., and Charles Frank Herman, 1990. The Sorath Harappan: A new
regional manifestation of the Indus urban phase. Pp. 295-319 in: Taddei,  
Maurizio, with P. Callieri (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1987, vol. I. (Serie  
Orientale Roma 66: I.) Roma: Istituto per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.  

- Rissman, Paul C., and Y. M. Chitalwala, 1990. Harappan Civilization and Oriyo
Timbo. With contributions from Gregory L. Possehl et al. New Delhi: Oxford &  
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. and American Institute of Indian Studies. 25 cm,  
xi, 155 pp., ill. .  

- Possehl, Gregory L., and Kenneth A. R. Kennedy, 1990. Hasmukh Dhirajlal
Sankalia (1908-1989). American Anthropologist 92: 1006-1010.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., and M.H. Raval, 1991. A report on the excavations at Babar
Kot: 1990-91. S.l. 16 p. Submitted to the ASI.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., and Paul C. Rissman, 1992. The chronology of prehistoric
India: From earliest times to the Iron Age. Pp. 465-490 in vol. I and pp.  
447-474 (Fig. 1-13, tables 1-14 and References) in vol. II of: Ehrich, Robert  
W. (ed.), Chronologies in Old World archaeology, 3rd ed. Chicago: The  
University of Chicago Press.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1992. The Harappan cultural mosaic: Ecology revisited. Pp.
237-244 in vol. I of: Jarrige, Catherine (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1989.  
(Monographs in World Archaeology, 14.) Madison WI: Prehistory Press.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1992. The Harappan Civilization in Gujarat: The Sorath and
Sindhi Harappans. The Eastern Anthropologist 45 (1-2): 117-154.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1992. A short history of archaeological discovery at
Harappa. In: Meadow 1992a: 5-11.  

- Possehl, Gregory L. (ed.) 1992. SOUTH ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY STUDIES. New Delhi:
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. and American Institute of Indian Studies;  
New York: International Science Publisher (1993). 24 cm, x, 266 pp., ill., map.  
Hb & 1881570177.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1992. Walter Ashlin Fairservis, Jr. Pp. 1-12 in: Possehl,
Gregory L. (ed.), South Asian archaeology studies.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1992. Toymakers and trade: A notice of early twentieth
century commerce between Philadelphia and India. Pp. 261-266 in: Possehl,  
Gregory L. (ed.), South Asian archaeology studies.  

- Possehl, Gregory L. (ed.) 1993. HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION: A RECENT PERSPECTIVE.
2nd revised ed. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. an American  
Institute of Indian Studies. 28 cm, xv, 595 pp., 120 pl., maps, index. Hb ISBN  
81-204-0779-2.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1993. The date of Indus urbanization: A proposed
chronology for the Pre-Urban and Urban Harappan phases. Pp. 231-249 in: Gail,  
Adalbert J., and G. R. Mevissen (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 1991.  
Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., and Maurizio Tosi (eds.) 1993. HARAPPAN STUDIES, Vol. 1.
New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 71 pp. Pb INR 395. ISBN  
81-204-0819-5.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1994. The Indus Civilisation. Man and Environment 19
(1-2): 103-113.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1994. Of men. Pp. 179-186 in: Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark
(ed.), From Sumer to Meluhha: Contributions to the archaeology of South and  
West Asia in memory of George F. Dales, Jr. (Wisconsin Archaeological Reports,  
3.) Madison, WI: Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin at  
Madison.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1994. RADIOMETRIC DATES FOR SOUTH ASIAN ARCHAEOLOGY. (An
occasional publication of the Asia Section.) Philadelphia: The University of  
Pennsylvania Museum. 122 pp.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., and Dinker P. Mehta, 1994. Excavations at Rojdi, 1992-93.
Pp. 603-614 in: Parpola, Asko, and Petteri Koskikallio (eds.), South Asian  
Archaeology 1993, vol. II. (Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae B 271: II.)  
Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1996. Meluhha. Pp. 133-208 in: Reade, Julian (ed.), The
Indian Ocean in antiquity. London: Kegan Paul International in association  
with the British Museum.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1996. Climate and the eclipse of the ancient cities of the
Indus. Pp. 193-244 in: Dalfes, H. Nüzhet, George Kukla and Harvey Weiss (eds.),  
Third millennium BC climate change and Old World collapse. (NATO ASI, Series 1:  
Global Environment Change, vol. 49.) Berlin & New York: Springer.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1996. INDUS AGE: THE WRITING SYSTEM. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press; New Delhi: Oxford IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.  
Ltd. 29 cm, xiv, 244 pp., 16 pl. Hb & 81-204-1083-1.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1997. The transformation of the Indus Civilization.
Journal of World Prehistory 11 (4): 425-472. Reprinted in Man and Environment  
24 (2), 1999: 1-33.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1997. The date of the Surkotada cemetery: A reassessment
in light of recent archaeological work in Gujarat. Pp. 81-87 in: Joshi, Jagat  
Pati (ed.), Facets of Indian Civilization: Recent perspectives. Essays in  
honour of Professor B. B. Lal. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1997. Seafaring merchants of Meluhha. Pp. 87-100 in:
Allchin, Bridget (ed.), South Asian Archaeology 1995. Cambridge: Ancient India  
and Iran Trust; New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1997-1998. An Harappan outpost on the Amu Darya:
Shortughai, Why was it there? Indologica Taurinensia 23-24: 57-70, 1 fig.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1998. Sociocultural complexity without the state: The
Indus Civilization. Pp. 261-291 in: Feinman, Gary M., and Joyce Marcus (eds.),  
The archaic states. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1998. Did the Sarasvati ever flow to the sea? Pp. 339-354
in: Philips, C. S., D. T. Potts and S. Searight (eds.), Arabia and its  
neighbours: Essays on prehistorical and historical developments presented in  
honour of Beatric de Cardi. Brussels: Brepols.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1998. Introduction of African millets to the Indian
subcontinent. Pp. 107-121 in: Pendergast, H. D. V., N. L., Etkin, D. R. Harris  
and P. J. Houghton (eds.), Plants for food and medicine. Kew: The Royal Botanic  
Gardens.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 1999. INDUS AGE: THE BEGINNINGS. Philadelphia: University
of Pennsylvania Press; New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 29 cm,  
xxxvi, 1063 pp., 580 b/w ill. Hb .  
Reviewed: Asko Parpola, The Times Higher Education Supplement, 3 Dec 1999, p.  
24.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., and Praveena Gullapalli, 1999. The Early Iron Age in South
Asia. Pp. 153-175 in: Pigott, Vincent C. (ed.), The archaeometallurgy of the  
Asian Old World. (MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, University  
Museum Monograph, volume 16.) Philadelphia: The University Museum, University  
of Pennsylvania.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 2000. Harappan beginnings. Pp. 99-112 in:
Lamberg-Karlovsky, Martha (ed.), The breakout: The origins of civilization.  
(Peabody Museum Monographs, 9.) Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum, Harvard  
University.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 2000-2001. The Early Harapopan phase. Bulletin of the
Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute 60-61: 227-241, 10 figs.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 2000-2001. The Mature Harapopan phase. Bulletin of the
Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute 60-61: 243-251, 2 figs.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 2002. THE INDUS CIVILIZATION: A CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE.
Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. 29 cm, xi, 276 pp., ill., maps. Pb ISBN  
0-7591-0172-8. Hb .  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 2002. Fifty years of Harappan archaeology: The study of
the Indus Civilization since Indian independence. Pp. 1-46 in: Settar, S., and  
Ravi Korisettar (eds.), Protohistory: Archaeology of the Harappan Civilization.  
(Indian archaeology in retrospect, vol. II.) New Delhi: Indian Council of  
Historical Research & Manohar.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 2002. Archaeology of the Harappan Civilization: An
annotated list of excavations and surveys. Pp. 421-482 in: Settar, S., and Ravi  
Korisettar (eds.) Protohistory: Archaeology of the Harappan Civilization.  
(Indian archaeology in retrospect, vol. II.) New Delhi: Indian Council of  
Historical Research & Manohar.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 2002. Indus-Mesopotamian trade: The record in the Indus.
Iranica Antiqua 37: 322-340.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 2003. The Indus Civilization: An introduction to
environment, subsistence, and cultural history. Pp. 1-20 in: Weber, Steven A.,  
and William R. Belcher (eds.), Indus ethnobiology: New perspectives from the  
field. Lanham MD: Lexington Books.  

- Shinde, V., G. L. Possehl and M. Ameri, 2005. Excavations at Gilund 2001-2003:
The seal impressions and other finds. Pp. 159-169 in: Franke-Vogt, Ute, &  
Hans-Joachim Weisshaar (eds.), South Asian Archaeology 2003. (Forschungen zur  
Archäologie aussereuropäischer Kulturen, 1.) Aachen: Linden Soft Verlag e. K.  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 2007. The Indus Civilization. Chapter 9 in: Hinnells, John
R. (ed.), Handbook of ancient religions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  

- Joshi, Jagat Pati, 2008. Harappan architecture and civil engineering. Foreword
by Gregory L. Possehl. (Infinity Foundation series.) New Delhi: Rupa & Co., in  
association with Infinity Foundation. .  

- Possehl, Gregory L., 2010. Review of: Parpola, Asko, B. M. Pande and Petteri
Koskikallio (eds.), 2010. Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions, Volume 3: New  
material, untraced objects, and collections outside India and Pakistan. Part 1:  
Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, in collaboration with Richard H. Meadow and J. Mark  
Kenoyer. (Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Humaniora 359; Memoirs of the  
Archaeological Survey of India, No. 96.) Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.  
Journal of the American Oriental Society 130 (2).  

- Possehl, G. and M. Witzel. Vedic. In: P.N. Peregrine and M. Ember, eds.,
Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Volume 8: South and Southwest Asia.  
Published in conjunction with the Human Relations Area Files at Yale  
University. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York New York 2003:  
391-396