the goldman sachs group , inc . and subsidiaries management 2019s discussion and analysis in the table above , total aus net inflows/ ( outflows ) for 2017 included $ 23 billion of inflows ( $ 20 billion in long- term aus and $ 3 billion in liquidity products ) in connection with the acquisition of a portion of verus investors 2019 outsourced chief investment officer business ( verus acquisition ) and $ 5 billion of equity asset outflows in connection with the divestiture of our local australian- focused investment capabilities and fund platform ( australian divestiture ) . the table below presents average monthly assets under supervision by asset class . average for the year ended december $ in billions 2018 2017 2016 .
what are the pre-tax earnings in 2016 , in billions?
operating environment . during 2018 , our assets under supervision increased reflecting net inflows in liquidity products , fixed income assets and equity assets . this increase was partially offset by depreciation in our client assets , primarily in equity assets , as global equity prices generally decreased in 2018 , particularly towards the end of the year . the mix of our average assets under supervision between long-term assets under supervision and liquidity products during 2018 was essentially unchanged compared with 2017 . in the future , if asset prices continue to decline , or investors continue to favor assets that typically generate lower fees or investors withdraw their assets , net revenues in investment management would likely be negatively impacted . during 2017 , investment management operated in an environment characterized by generally higher asset prices , resulting in appreciation in both equity and fixed income assets . our long-term assets under supervision increased from net inflows primarily in fixed income and alternative investment assets . these increases were partially offset by net outflows in liquidity products . as a result , the mix of our average assets under supervision during 2017 shifted slightly from liquidity products to long-term assets under supervision compared to the mix at the end of 2016 . 2018 versus 2017 . net revenues in investment management were $ 7.02 billion for 2018 , 13% ( 13 % ) higher than 2017 , primarily due to significantly higher incentive fees , as a result of harvesting . management and other fees were also higher , reflecting higher average assets under supervision and the impact of the recently adopted revenue recognition standard , partially offset by shifts in the mix of client assets and strategies . in addition , transaction revenues were higher . see note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for further information about asu no . 2014-09 , 201crevenue from contracts with customers ( topic 606 ) . 201d during 2018 , total assets under supervision increased $ 48 billion to $ 1.54 trillion . long-term assets under supervision decreased $ 4 billion , including net market depreciation of $ 41 billion primarily in equity assets , largely offset by net inflows of $ 37 billion , primarily in fixed income and equity assets . liquidity products increased $ 52 billion . operating expenses were $ 5.27 billion for 2018 , 10% ( 10 % ) higher than 2017 , primarily due to the impact of the recently adopted revenue recognition standard and increased compensation and benefits expenses , reflecting higher net revenues . pre-tax earnings were $ 1.76 billion in 2018 , 24% ( 24 % ) higher than 2017 . see note 3 to the consolidated financial statements for further information about asu no . 2014-09 , 201crevenue from contracts with customers ( topic 606 ) . 201d 2017 versus 2016 . net revenues in investment management were $ 6.22 billion for 2017 , 7% ( 7 % ) higher than 2016 , due to higher management and other fees , reflecting higher average assets under supervision , and higher transaction revenues . during 2017 , total assets under supervision increased $ 115 billion to $ 1.49 trillion . long-term assets under supervision increased $ 128 billion , including net market appreciation of $ 86 billion , primarily in equity and fixed income assets , and net inflows of $ 42 billion ( which includes $ 20 billion of inflows in connection with the verus acquisition and $ 5 billion of equity asset outflows in connection with the australian divestiture ) , primarily in fixed income and alternative investment assets . liquidity products decreased $ 13 billion ( which includes $ 3 billion of inflows in connection with the verus acquisition ) . operating expenses were $ 4.80 billion for 2017 , 3% ( 3 % ) higher than 2016 , primarily due to increased compensation and benefits expenses , reflecting higher net revenues . pre-tax earnings were $ 1.42 billion in 2017 , 25% ( 25 % ) higher than geographic data see note 25 to the consolidated financial statements for a summary of our total net revenues , pre-tax earnings and net earnings by geographic region . 62 goldman sachs 2018 form 10-k .