2009 vs . 2008 revenues , net of interest expense increased 11% ( 11 % ) or $ 2.7 billion , as markets began to recover in the early part of 2009 , bringing back higher levels of volume activity and higher levels of liquidity , which began to decline again in the third quarter of 2009 . the growth in revenue in the early part of the year was mainly due to a $ 7.1 billion increase in fixed income markets , reflecting strong trading opportunities across all asset classes in the first half of 2009 , and a $ 1.5 billion increase in investment banking revenue primarily from increases in debt and equity underwriting activities reflecting higher transaction volumes from depressed 2008 levels . these increases were offset by a $ 6.4 billion decrease in lending revenue primarily from losses on credit default swap hedges . excluding the 2009 and 2008 cva impact , as indicated in the table below , revenues increased 23% ( 23 % ) or $ 5.5 billion . operating expenses decreased 17% ( 17 % ) , or $ 2.7 billion . excluding the 2008 repositioning and restructuring charges and the 2009 litigation reserve release , operating expenses declined 11% ( 11 % ) or $ 1.6 billion , mainly as a result of headcount reductions and benefits from expense management . provisions for loan losses and for benefits and claims decreased 7% ( 7 % ) or $ 129 million , to $ 1.7 billion , mainly due to lower credit reserve builds and net credit losses , due to an improved credit environment , particularly in the latter part of the year . 2008 vs . 2007 revenues , net of interest expense decreased 2% ( 2 % ) or $ 0.4 billion reflecting the overall difficult market conditions . excluding the 2008 and 2007 cva impact , revenues decreased 3% ( 3 % ) or $ 0.6 billion . the reduction in revenue was primarily due to a decrease in investment banking revenue of $ 2.3 billion to $ 3.2 billion , mainly in debt and equity underwriting , reflecting lower volumes , and a decrease in equity markets revenue of $ 2.3 billion to $ 2.9 billion due to extremely high volatility and reduced levels of activity . these reductions were offset by an increase in fixed income markets of $ 2.9 billion to $ 14.4 billion due to strong performance in interest rates and currencies , and an increase in lending revenue of $ 2.4 billion to $ 4.2 billion mainly from gains on credit default swap hedges . operating expenses decreased by 2% ( 2 % ) or $ 0.4 billion . excluding the 2008 and 2007 repositioning and restructuring charges and the 2007 litigation reserve reversal , operating expenses decreased by 7% ( 7 % ) or $ 1.1 billion driven by headcount reduction and lower performance-based incentives . provisions for credit losses and for benefits and claims increased $ 1.3 billion to $ 1.8 billion mainly from higher credit reserve builds and net credit losses offset by a lower provision for unfunded lending commitments due to deterioration in the credit environment . certain revenues impacting securities and banking items that impacted s&b revenues during 2009 and 2008 are set forth in the table below. .
what was the change in millions of private equity and equity investments pretax revenue from 2008 to 2009?
( 1 ) net of hedges . ( 2 ) for these purposes , alt-a mortgage securities are non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities ( rmbs ) where ( i ) the underlying collateral has weighted average fico scores between 680 and 720 or ( ii ) for instances where fico scores are greater than 720 , rmbs have 30% ( 30 % ) or less of the underlying collateral composed of full documentation loans . see 201cmanaging global risk 2014credit risk 2014u.s . consumer mortgage lending . 201d ( 3 ) s&b 2019s commercial real estate exposure is split into three categories of assets : held at fair value ; held- to-maturity/held-for-investment ; and equity . see 201cmanaging global risk 2014credit risk 2014exposure to commercial real estate 201d section for a further discussion . in the table above , 2009 includes a $ 330 million pretax adjustment to the cva balance , which reduced pretax revenues for the year , reflecting a correction of an error related to prior periods . see 201csignificant accounting policies and significant estimates 201d below and notes 1 and 34 to the consolidated financial statements for a further discussion of this adjustment . 2010 outlook the 2010 outlook for s&b will depend on the level of client activity and on macroeconomic conditions , market valuations and volatility , interest rates and other market factors . management of s&b currently expects to maintain client activity throughout 2010 and to operate in market conditions that offer moderate volatility and increased liquidity . operating expenses will benefit from continued re-engineering and expense management initiatives , but will be offset by investments in talent and infrastructure to support growth. .