the intrinsic value of restricted stock awards vested during the years ended december 31 , 2016 , 2015 and 2014 was $ 25 million , $ 31 million and $ 17 million , respectively . restricted stock awards made to employees have vesting periods ranging from 1 year with variable vesting dates to 10 years . following is a summary of the future vesting of our outstanding restricted stock awards : vesting of restricted shares .
what percentage of restricted shares vest in 2018?
the related compensation costs less estimated forfeitures is generally recognized ratably over the vesting period of the restricted stock awards . upon vesting , the grants will be paid in our class p common shares . during 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , we recorded $ 66 million , $ 52 million and $ 51 million , respectively , in expense related to restricted stock awards and capitalized approximately $ 9 million , $ 15 million and $ 6 million , respectively . at december 31 , 2016 and 2015 , unrecognized restricted stock awards compensation costs , less estimated forfeitures , was approximately $ 133 million and $ 154 million , respectively . pension and other postretirement benefit plans savings plan we maintain a defined contribution plan covering eligible u.s . employees . we contribute 5% ( 5 % ) of eligible compensation for most of the plan participants . certain plan participants 2019 contributions and company contributions are based on collective bargaining agreements . the total expense for our savings plan was approximately $ 48 million , $ 46 million , and $ 42 million for the years ended december 31 , 2016 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively . pension plans our u.s . pension plan is a defined benefit plan that covers substantially all of our u.s . employees and provides benefits under a cash balance formula . a participant in the cash balance plan accrues benefits through contribution credits based on a combination of age and years of service , times eligible compensation . interest is also credited to the participant 2019s plan account . a participant becomes fully vested in the plan after three years , and may take a lump sum distribution upon termination of employment or retirement . certain collectively bargained and grandfathered employees continue to accrue benefits through career pay or final pay formulas . two of our subsidiaries , kinder morgan canada inc . and trans mountain pipeline inc . ( as general partner of trans mountain pipeline l.p. ) , are sponsors of pension plans for eligible canadian and trans mountain pipeline employees . the plans include registered defined benefit pension plans , supplemental unfunded arrangements ( which provide pension benefits in excess of statutory limits ) and defined contributory plans . benefits under the defined benefit components accrue through career pay or final pay formulas . the net periodic benefit costs , contributions and liability amounts associated with our canadian plans are not material to our consolidated income statements or balance sheets ; however , we began to include the activity and balances associated with our canadian plans ( including our canadian opeb plans discussed below ) in the following disclosures on a prospective basis beginning in 2016 . the associated net periodic benefit costs for these combined canadian plans of $ 12 million and $ 10 million for the years ended december 31 , 2015 and 2014 , respectively , were reported separately in prior years . other postretirement benefit plans we and certain of our u.s . subsidiaries provide other postretirement benefits ( opeb ) , including medical benefits for closed groups of retired employees and certain grandfathered employees and their dependents , and limited postretirement life insurance benefits for retired employees . our canadian subsidiaries also provide opeb benefits to current and future retirees and their dependents . medical benefits under these opeb plans may be subject to deductibles , co-payment provisions , dollar .