considered to be the primary beneficiary of either entity and have therefore deconsolidated both entities . at december 31 , 2010 , we held a 36% ( 36 % ) interest in juniperus which is accounted for using the equity method of accounting . our potential loss at december 31 , 2010 is limited to our investment of $ 73 million in juniperus , which is recorded in investments in the consolidated statements of financial position . we have not provided any financing to juniperus other than previously contractually required amounts . juniperus and jchl had combined assets and liabilities of $ 121 million and $ 22 million , respectively , at december 31 , 2008 . for the year ended december 31 , 2009 , we recognized $ 36 million of pretax income from juniperus and jchl . we recognized $ 16 million of after-tax income , after allocating the appropriate share of net income to the non-controlling interests . we previously owned an 85% ( 85 % ) economic equity interest in globe re limited ( 2018 2018globe re 2019 2019 ) , a vie , which provided reinsurance coverage for a defined portfolio of property catastrophe reinsurance contracts underwritten by a third party for a limited period which ended june 1 , 2009 . we consolidated globe re as we were deemed to be the primary beneficiary . in connection with the winding up of its operations , globe re repaid its $ 100 million of short-term debt and our equity investment from available cash in 2009 . we recognized $ 2 million of after-tax income from globe re in 2009 , taking into account the share of net income attributable to non-controlling interests . globe re was fully liquidated in the third quarter of 2009 . review by segment general we serve clients through the following segments : 2022 risk solutions ( formerly risk and insurance brokerage services ) acts as an advisor and insurance and reinsurance broker , helping clients manage their risks , via consultation , as well as negotiation and placement of insurance risk with insurance carriers through our global distribution network . 2022 hr solutions ( formerly consulting ) partners with organizations to solve their most complex benefits , talent and related financial challenges , and improve business performance by designing , implementing , communicating and administering a wide range of human capital , retirement , investment management , health care , compensation and talent management strategies . risk solutions .
what are the total operating expenses for 2015?
the demand for property and casualty insurance generally rises as the overall level of economic activity increases and generally falls as such activity decreases , affecting both the commissions and fees generated by our brokerage business . the economic activity that impacts property and casualty insurance is described as exposure units , and is most closely correlated with employment levels , corporate revenue and asset values . during 2010 we continued to see a 2018 2018soft market 2019 2019 , which began in 2007 , in our retail brokerage product line . in a soft market , premium rates flatten or decrease , along with commission revenues , due to increased competition for market share among insurance carriers or increased underwriting capacity . changes in premiums have a direct and potentially material impact on the insurance brokerage industry , as commission revenues are generally based on a percentage of the .