nonoperating income ( expense ) . blackrock also uses operating margin , as adjusted , to monitor corporate performance and efficiency and as a benchmark to compare its performance with other companies . management uses both gaap and non-gaap financial measures in evaluating blackrock 2019s financial performance . the non-gaap measure by itself may pose limitations because it does not include all of blackrock 2019s revenues and expenses . operating income used for measuring operating margin , as adjusted , is equal to operating income , as adjusted , excluding the impact of closed-end fund launch costs and related commissions . management believes the exclusion of such costs and related commissions is useful because these costs can fluctuate considerably and revenues associated with the expenditure of these costs will not fully impact blackrock 2019s results until future periods . revenue used for operating margin , as adjusted , excludes distribution and servicing costs paid to related parties and other third parties . management believes the exclusion of such costs is useful because it creates consistency in the treatment for certain contracts for similar services , which due to the terms of the contracts , are accounted for under gaap on a net basis within investment advisory , administration fees and securities lending revenue . amortization of deferred sales commissions is excluded from revenue used for operating margin measurement , as adjusted , because such costs , over time , substantially offset distribution fee revenue the company earns . for each of these items , blackrock excludes from revenue used for operating margin , as adjusted , the costs related to each of these items as a proxy for such offsetting revenues . ( b ) nonoperating income ( expense ) , less net income ( loss ) attributable to noncontrolling interests , as adjusted , is presented below . the compensation expense offset is recorded in operating income . this compensation expense has been included in nonoperating income ( expense ) , less net income ( loss ) attributable to nci , as adjusted , to offset returns on investments set aside for these plans , which are reported in nonoperating income ( expense ) , gaap basis . management believes nonoperating income ( expense ) , less net income ( loss ) attributable to nci , as adjusted , provides comparability of information among reporting periods and is an effective measure for reviewing blackrock 2019s nonoperating contribution to results . as compensation expense associated with ( appreciation ) depreciation on investments related to certain deferred compensation plans , which is included in operating income , substantially offsets the gain ( loss ) on the investments set aside for these plans , management believes nonoperating income ( expense ) , less net income ( loss ) attributable to nci , as adjusted , provides a useful measure , for both management and investors , of blackrock 2019s nonoperating results that impact book value . during 2013 , the noncash , nonoperating pre-tax gain of $ 80 million related to the contributed pennymac investment has been excluded from nonoperating income ( expense ) , less net income ( loss ) attributable to nci , as adjusted due to its nonrecurring nature and because the more than offsetting associated charitable contribution expense of $ 124 million is reported in operating income . ( in millions ) 2013 2012 2011 nonoperating income ( expense ) , gaap basis $ 116 $ ( 54 ) $ ( 114 ) less : net income ( loss ) attributable to nci 19 ( 18 ) 2 .
what is the tax benefit as a percentage of nonoperating income ( expense ) on a gaap basis in 2013?
gain related to charitable contribution ( 80 ) 2014 2014 compensation expense related to ( appreciation ) depreciation on deferred compensation plans ( 10 ) ( 6 ) 3 nonoperating income ( expense ) , less net income ( loss ) attributable to nci , as adjusted $ 7 $ ( 42 ) $ ( 113 ) ( c ) net income attributable to blackrock , as adjusted : management believes net income attributable to blackrock , inc. , as adjusted , and diluted earnings per common share , as adjusted , are useful measures of blackrock 2019s profitability and financial performance . net income attributable to blackrock , inc. , as adjusted , equals net income attributable to blackrock , inc. , gaap basis , adjusted for significant nonrecurring items , charges that ultimately will not impact blackrock 2019s book value or certain tax items that do not impact cash flow . see note ( a ) operating income , as adjusted , and operating margin , as adjusted , for information on the pnc ltip funding obligation , merrill lynch compensation contribution , charitable contribution , u.k . lease exit costs , contribution to stifs and restructuring charges . the 2013 results included a tax benefit of approximately $ 48 million recognized in connection with the charitable contribution . the tax benefit has been excluded from net income attributable to blackrock , inc. , as adjusted due to the nonrecurring nature of the charitable contribution . during 2013 , income tax changes included adjustments related to the revaluation of certain deferred income tax liabilities , including the effect of legislation enacted in the united kingdom and domestic state and local income tax changes . during 2012 , income tax changes included adjustments related to the revaluation of certain deferred income tax liabilities , including the effect of legislation enacted in the united kingdom and the state and local income tax effect resulting from changes in the company 2019s organizational structure . during 2011 , income tax changes included adjustments related to the revaluation of certain deferred income tax liabilities due to a state tax election and enacted u.k. , japan , u.s . state and local tax legislation . the resulting decrease in income taxes has been excluded from net income attributable to blackrock , inc. , as adjusted , as these items will not have a cash flow impact and to ensure comparability among periods presented. .