Combinatorially expression of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (mayapple) genes of the podophyllotoxin pathway (e.g. DIR, PLR, SDH, CYP719A23, OMT3, CYP71CU1, OMT1, 2-ODD, CYP71BE54 and CYP82D61) in Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco) results in the production of the chemotherapeutic compound etoposide
During brewing process, structural and chemical modifications of the protein occur. Both unfolding of the structure and glycation should increased the amphiphilicity of the protein, leading to foam-promoting forms that concentrate in beer foams
Introduced by genetic manipulation and expressed in insect-resistant potato by Monsanto
The broad substrate specificity of AADC-BA could be exploited to produce various aromatic biogenic amines
Nevadensin is a selective inhibitor of human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE-1), a key enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic esters
The WILVRLW sequence, which specifically recognizes and binds NFKB1 could be used to generate a tumor-suppressive PROTA
Over-expression of the Arabidopsis vacuolar iron transporter 1 (VIT1) in cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) increases accumulation of iron in cassava roots and stems (PubMed:26475197). A transgenic approach to increase vacuolar iron sequestration in cassava may represent a viable strategy to biofortify crops in micronutrients (PubMed:26475197)
Malbrancheamides have the ability to inhibit calmodulin, calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE1), and induce both endothelium-independent and endothelium-dependent relaxant effects, suggesting their potential as vasorelaxant agents
Could be a valuable biocatalyst used in the industrial field for an efficient biotransformation of mevastatin
Fusaric acid is phytotoxic to plants such as cotton and banana (PubMed:20955724, PubMed:23922960). It has been shown to induce programmed cell death in plants (PubMed:16868776, PubMed:23838885). In addition to a mild toxicity to animals, fusaric acid exhibits acanthamoebicidal, antioomycete, and antimycobacterial activities (PubMed:17927749, PubMed:22864988, PubMed:21811925)
Has potential for use as a biopreservative for inhibiting L.monocytogenes in seafood products that do not usually undergo an adequate heat treatment
Has been used in the engineered enzymatic high-level production of enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-3-hydroxybutanoate, used as a building block for the synthesis of optically active fine chemicals, such as vitamins, antibiotics, pheromones, and flavor compounds. Chemical synthesis of chiral 3-hydroxybutanoate (3HB) is not economically feasible
Diterpenoid pyrones display various biological activities and subglutinol A shows insecticidal and anti-HIV activities
The simplicity of the Cas12b-crRNA-tracrRNA endonuclease activity can be used in vitro to target and cleave a DNA sequence of interest, even in the presence of human cell lysate (PubMed:26593719). Fusion of the 5'-tracrRNA:crRNA-3' into a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) leads to a protein-sgRNA system that endonucleolytically cleaves target DNA in vitro (PubMed:26593719, PubMed:27984729, PubMed:27989439)
The developed two-site sandwich ELISA assay to quantify this protein in P.acerifolia pollen extracts could be useful for the quality control of allergen preparations intended for clinical use (PubMed:16179793). Could be used together with allergen Pla a 2 for a reliable diagnosis of London plane tree (P.acerifolia) pollen allergy by skin prick test (SPT) in most patients of the cohort of 47 tested with a sensitivity of over 90% and a specificity of 100% (PubMed:17177673)
Expression of 10 genes for alpha-carboxysome (Cb) proteins (cbbL-cbbS-csoS2-csoS3-csoS4A-csoS4B-csoS1C-csoS1A-csoS1B-csoS1D) in E.coli generates compartments that resemble Cb, contain RuBisCO and have its catalytic activity, showing it is possible to make artificial, functional Cb using these 10 genes. Cargo proteins can be targeted to these organelles (PubMed:22184212, PubMed:30305640). Artificial Cb assembly in E.coli requires csoS2-csoS4A-csoS4B-csoS1C-csoS1A-csoS1B-csoS1D (but not the gene for carbonic anhydrase, csoS3). Targeting proteins to the organelle requires at least one of the CsoS2 C-repeats; 3 repeats gives the best localization. A nanoreactor of the Cb shell proteins has been engineered which generates H(2) using a ferredoxin-hydrogenase fusion (AC P07839-Q9FYU1) and a flavodoxin/ferredoxin--NADP reductase (AC A0A0K3QZA5) targeted separately to the Cb; the hydrogenase has first to be matured and activated by HydGXEF (AC Q8EAH9, Q8EAH8, Q8EAH7 and Q8EAH6 respectively). Encapsulation increases H(2) production about 20% during anaerobic growth, and over 4-fold more during aerobic growth (PubMed:33116131)
High substrate specificity, thermostability and solvent tolerance make this lyxose isomerase enzyme a good candidate for potential industrial applications
Used in the PCR method because of its high thermostability
Lectins have particular value as specific probes for investigating the distribution, structure and biological function of carbohydrate chains on the cell surface of animal, plant, and microorganism because of their specificity for defined carbohydrate structures. AFL is suitable for detecting core fucose on cell surface glycoproteins
FR901469 inhibits the activity of 1,3-beta-glucan synthase from Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus (PubMed:11099224, PubMed:11099225). With minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus of 0.63 ug/ml and 0.16 ug/ml, repectively, FR901469 displays greater inhibitory activity than other 1,3-beta-glucan synthase inhibitors such as, WF11899A, echinocandin B, aculeacin A, and papulacandin B (PubMed:11099224, PubMed:11099225)
Used as a detergent lipase. Sold under the name Lipolase by Novozymes. Engineered variants are sold under the names Lipolase Ultra and LipoPrime
A.terreus has been used for the industrial production of itaconic acid because of its high production rate. Itaconic acid is used as a monomer to form polymers that are widely used as raw materials for latex, synthetic resins, adhesives, paint, and additives for acrylic resin fibers and paper. It is also used as an acidulant and for the pH adjustment of foods
Deletion mutant may function as an attenuated, genetically engineered, live vaccine effective against bubonic plague. Mice vaccinated twice with this mutant at varying doses are protected against bubonic plague in a dose-dependent manner
Immunizing C57BL/6 and C3H mice with DNA encoding the mature protein induces antibody production after 3 weeks and stimulates cytokine production by mouse spleen cells; it does not however protect mice against infection 8 weeks later with M.tuberculosis H37Rv
Griseofulvin is a spirocyclic fungal natural product used in treatment of fungal dermatophytes (PubMed:13577889, PubMed:4583105)
LGOX is a good choice for alpha-ketoglutarate production from the inexpensive starting material L-glutamic acid (PubMed:24657922, PubMed:27693490). By combining a multi-copy expression approach and fermentation involving two exponential feeding phases in a yeast host (P.pastoris), the yield of the recombinant L-glutamate oxidase is significantly improved (PubMed:27693490). Furthermore, recombinant enzyme expressed in P.pastoris displays higher thermo-stability compared with enzyme produced in E.coli, which makes it more suitable for use in industrial applications (PubMed:27693490)
The rapid blue light-mediated reversible interaction between CRY2 and BHLH63/CIB1 is used to design an optogenetic control of target proteins or organelles
Pneumocandin B0 is the starting molecule for the first semisynthetic echinocandin antifungal drug, caspofungin acetate (PubMed:25527531). Pneumocandin B0 is a minor fermentation product, and its industrial production was achieved by a combination of extensive mutation and medium optimization (PubMed:25527531). Inactivation of three of gloP/GLP450-1, gloO/GLP450-2, and gloM/GLOXY1 generates 13 different pneumocandin analogs that lack one, two, three, or four hydroxyl groups on 4R,5R-dihydroxy-ornithine and 3S,4S-dihydroxy-homotyrosine of the parent hexapeptide (PubMed:25879325). All of these cyclic lipopeptides show potent antifungal activities, and two new metabolites pneumocandins F and G are more potent in vitro against Candida species and Aspergillus fumigatus than the principal fermentation products, pneumocandins A0 and B0 (PubMed:25879325). Moreover, feeding alternative side chain precursors yields acrophiarin and 4 additional pneumocandin congeners with straight C14, C15, and C16 side chains. One of those compounds, pneumocandin I, has elevated antifungal activity and similar hemolytic activity compared to pneumocandin B0, the starting molecule for caspofungin, demonstrating the potential for using gloD/GLligase for future engineering of new echinocandin analogs (PubMed:27494047)
Plays an important role in biofuel production. Pure nonhydrolyzed inulin can be directly converted to ethanol in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process when combining A.niger and S.cerevisiae. Endoinulinase can digest fructooligosaccharides with high degree of polymerization (DP) values (>20) into short molecules that may be readily hydrolyzed by S.cerevisiae SUC2. Thus, introduction of an endoinulinase gene into S.cerevisiae will improve its inulin utilization and ethanol fermentation through collaboration between the heterologous endoinulinase and the invertase SUC2
Notoamides have been shown to exhibit antitumoral activities (PubMed:17304611). Notoamides A-C show moderate cytotoxicity against HeLa and L1210 cells with IC(50) values in the range of 22-52 mg/ml, but the IC(50) value of notoamide D is greater than 100 mg/ml (PubMed:17304611). Moreover, notoamide C induces G2/M-cell cycle arrest at a concentration of 6.3 mg/ml (PubMed:17304611)
Expression in B.subtilis confers the ability to remove sulfur from polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds found in gasoline and diesel (biodesulfurization), which are a considerable source of pollution (PubMed:16810451). Modification of the operon so the start codon of dszB no longer overlaps with the stop codon of dszA leads to increased expression of DszB (in R.erythropolis) and about 5-fold higher levels of desulfurization of DBT (PubMed:17420595). Rearrangement of the operon into the order dszB-dszC-dszA leads to 12-fold higher levels of DBT desulfurization (PubMed:18165370)
Possible candidate for an effective malaria vaccine as determined by epitope response in sera
Ergot alkaloids are known for their toxic effects on humans who consume contaminated grains or livestock that graze on grasses harboring ergot alkaloid-producing fungi (PubMed:19523108). Due to their strong affinity for monoamine neurotransmitter receptors they may also have clinical uses such as treatment of migraines, Parkinson's disease and cerebrovascular insufficiency (PubMed:19523108)
Used for negative selection when transforming this organism
Yanuthone D is an antibiotic against C.albicans, methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (PubMed:11031048)
The important role played by PtpA in virulence makes it a highly promising target for the treatment of tuberculosis infections. Several classes of potent inhibitors have been developed and studied to date. Drug candidates include, among others, stevastelins, roseophilins, prodigiosins, hydroxypyrrole benzoic acids, difluoromethylphosphonic acid (DFMP) and chalcone derivatives
The small chaplin mixture (a cell wall extract of an rdlA-rdlB knockout) forms a stable coat on a number of surfaces (including Teflon and cotton) and emulsifies oil-water mixtures, which could be useful in medical and technical applications
Industrial production of acrylamide is now being developed using some of these enzymes
Hancockiamide D displays potent cytotoxic activity against murine myeloma NS-1 cells, suggesting a potential antitumour application (PubMed:33242032). More interestingly, hancockiamide C, the likely end metabolite of the hkm pathway, shows potent Arabidopsis thaliana seed anti-germination activity, but is inactive against the monocot Eragrostis tef seed, suggesting that it could be a herbicidal lead targeting monocots (PubMed:33242032). The herbicidal activity of hancockiamide C could be due to its phenylpropanoid-like structural features, which may act on the plant lignan pathways, and hence warrants further investigations (PubMed:33242032)
This protein may find application in fermentative methods that use microorganisms overexpressing rimK for mass production of poly-alpha-amino acids, which is thought to be the most economical and ecofriendly manufacturing process
The structure of strobilurin A was used for the development of the major class of beta-methoxyacrylate agricultural fungicides since its beta-methoxyacrylate toxophore targets the Qo site of complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and prevents adenosine triphosphate synthesis (PubMed:563391, PubMed:6271595). Compounds such as azoxystrobin (Syngenta) and Kresoxim methyl (BASF) are among the most widely used fungicides worldwide (PubMed:29711574, PubMed:12146165). This class of antifungals are used as effective treatments against a broad range of destructive fungal plant pathogens and make significant contributions to food security (PubMed:29711574, PubMed:12146165). The strobilurin fungicides are estimated to have been worth 3.4 billion dollars in 2015 and they make up 25% of the fungicide market and 6.7% of the total crop protection market (PubMed:30258052)
It should provide a tool for further understanding of the effect of M2R in various arteries and may position itself as a new drug candidate in cardio-vascular diseases
Viridicatumtoxin and its derivative, viridicatumtoxin B, exhibit anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity (PubMed:19168978). Moreover, viridicatumtoxin and a C2 acetyl analog, spirohexaline, have been demonstrated to inhibit bacterial undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, a potential new target for antibiotic development (PubMed:27049441)
Being totally regio- and stereoselective, this enzyme is of interest for biocatalytic purposes to produce chiral scaffolds that are of synthetic value in the preparation of more complex functionalized chiral molecules such as natural products and analogs
The availability of a complete eukaryotic luciferin biosynthesis pathway provides several applications in biomedicine and bioengineering
Azasperpyranones display potential anti-cancer activities (PubMed:31908094). Azasperpyranones A, C, D, and F exhibit potent growth-inhibitory activity against the A549, HepG2, HCT-116, and HL-60 cell lines, with IC(50) values of 2.39-14.42 mm, respectively (PubMed:31908094). Moreover, azasperpyranone D significantly inhibits HCT-116 xenograft tumor growth in BALB/c-nu mice (PubMed:31908094). In addition, azasperpyranones A and C can bind with four kinds of therapeutic targets for cancer, eEF2K, FGFR, survivin, and TNF-a (PubMed:31908094)
Has been used to construct a 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) biosensor strain
Can be used for the catalytic detoxification of some nerve agents neurotoxins
Patulin was originally used as an antibiotic and specifically trialed to be used against the common cold, but it is no longer used for that purpose since it has been shown to induce immunological, neurological and gastrointestinal effects (PubMed:15082620). Genotoxic effects of patulin with dose-dependent increase in DNA strand breaks in brain, liver and kidneys have been detected in mice (PubMed:22222931). However, more recently, it has been proposed that patulin might also have anti-tumor properties (PubMed:26619846)
Psoralen possesses photocarcinogen properties. It intercalates in double-stranded DNA and cross-links pyrimidine bases under UV-A irradiation. Psoralen is widely used in combination with UV-A radiation to treat a variety of skin disorders like psoriasis or eczema
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast) expressing Coffea arabica (coffee) xanthosine methyltransferase (CaXMT1) and Camellia sinensis (tea) caffeine synthase (TCS1) accumulates caffeine
Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) expressing CaXMT1, CaMXMT1 and CaDXMT1 accumulate caffeine and become less appetant and toxic for caterpillars cutworms (Spodoptera litura). Caffeine also stimulates endogenous defense mechanisms against other pathogens (e.g. tobacco mosaic virus and Pseudomonas syringae) by triggering the expression of defense-related genes
Stilbenes such as resveratrol, piceatannol and pterostilbene affect the expression of the OTA cluster to reduce ochratoxin A and B production and thus could be used as naturally safe and efficient compounds in food active packaging or preservatives against ochratoxin A in food (PubMed:35082059). Pterostilbene with methoxy groups demonstrated greater inhibitory and antitoxic activity than resveratrol and piceatannol (PubMed:35082059)
Sold by several companies as an extracellular extract called Pronase
Diterpenoid pyrones display various biological activities and FDDP E shows anti-HIV activity (PubMed:32286350). FDDP D and FDDP E show also inhibitory activity of 42-mer-amyloid beta aggregation that is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (PubMed:32286350)
Artemisinin and derivatives (e.g. artesunate), are antimalarial drugs due to their endoperoxidase properties; they also display multiple pharmacological actions against inflammation,viral infections, and cell and tumor proliferation (PubMed:32514287, PubMed:32405226). Artesunate may be a promising treatment for COVID-19 mediated by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (2019-nCoV) (SARS-CoV-2) because of its anti-inflammatory activity, NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa B)-coronavirus effect and chloroquine-like endocytosis inhibition mechanism (PubMed:32514287, PubMed:32405226)
In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) engineered to produce opiate alkaloids, the expression of COR proteins leads to the accumulation of neopine and neomorphine as major products
DERA is a potentially valuable biocatalyst for synthetic chiral compounds. However, the poor tolerance of acetaldehyde limits its applications as an industrial biocatalyst. Mutations that improve the aldehyde tolerance represent an effective strategy for enhancing DERA activity
The ability to install nitrogenous functional groups, in particular the azido group, onto aliphatic carbon centers could enable new methods in the field of chemical biology
Can be used in concert with an aminoacylase to produce enantiopure alpha-amino acids, a process that has potential industrial applications (PubMed:15313614). Introduction of inter-subunit S-S bridges is a feasible and robust approach to increase the thermostability of the enzyme without losing catalytic efficiency as long as the active-site remains viable (PubMed:16650857)
The monoterpenic phenol thymol is widely used as a fragrance and a flavoring ingredient in food and cosmetic industries (PubMed:29785774). Its derivatives have also several biological and pharmacological properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic activities (PubMed:29785774, PubMed:29874939). Medical applications include the treatment of disorders affecting the respiratory, nervous, and cardiovascular systems (PubMed:29785774). It may also act as a growth enhancer and immunomodulator (PubMed:29785774). Thymol may also have antiviral activity toward COVID-19 by binding to the S1 receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein (PubMed:32834111, PubMed:33855010)
The monoterpenic phenol carvacrol is commonly used as a fragrance and a food flavoring ingredient and preservative (PubMed:24915411). Its derivatives exhibit also various biological and pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticid, nematicid, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic, and vasorelaxant (PubMed:24915411, PubMed:29874939, PubMed:30836858, PubMed:33664752). Phytochemical inhibitor targeting the main SARS-CoV-2 viral protease (Mpro) and ACE2 in human host cells, carvacrol is a possible candidate for treating COVID-19 (PubMed:33664752, PubMed:32448034). Carvacrol may also have antiviral activity toward COVID-19 by binding to the S1 receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein (PubMed:32834111, PubMed:33855010)
Able to metabolize the endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) 17beta-estradiol (E2), and so could be used in biotechnological and industrial applications that require the biodegradation and bioremediation of the environmental pollutant
Exhibits vaccine potential (PubMed:18719176, PubMed:23788727). Immunogenicity is demonstrated in BALB/c mice (PubMed:18719176). Interaction with TLR2 induces activation of human dendritic cells (DCs) (PubMed:23788727). Immunization with this protein induces a significant number of CD8+ T cells and a strong Th1-type response, with high gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and low interleukin-4 responses, and activation of the bactericidal activity of macrophages. Identified T-cell epitopes may contribute to immunity against tuberculosis if included in a vaccine (PubMed:18719176)
Compactin (also known as mevastatin or ML-236B) and the intermediary metabolites Ml-236C and ML-236A are inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase involved in cholesterogenesis (PubMed:1010803). Their hypocholesterolemic activity might be useful for lowering cholesterol levels in the blood and reduce artherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (PubMed:1010803)
Calbistrin A has been reported to possess a number of interesting bioactivities including antifungal active against Candida albicans and cytotoxic toward both healthy and leukemic human cells
Potential target of antibacterial drug development
This protein may have potential in cancer diagnosis and treatment
Starch-active PMOs provide an expanded perspective on studies of starch metabolism and may have potential in the food and starch-based biofuel industries
This protein has potential use in the development of vaccines and antimicrobials against pneumococcus, because of its extracellular localization and the essentiality of carbohydrate import for the pneumococcal metabolism. The characterization protocol developed for this protein can be helpful in structure-based design of inhibitors for the carbohydrate-binding proteins in general
MELs not only have high potential as eco-friendly biosurfactants due to their excellent surface activity, but also have attracted considerable recent interest because of thei runique properties, including self-assembly, anti-tumor and cell differentiation induction activities, and moisturizing and hair-repairing properties
Passive immunization with anti-ftr1 immune sera protects DKA mice from infection (PubMed:20545847). Thus, ftr1 is a virulence factor and anti-ftr1 passive immunotherapy deserves further evaluation as a strategy to improve outcomes of deadly mucormycosis (PubMed:20545847)
Diterpenoid pyrones display various biological activities and FDDP C shows anti-cancer and anti-HIV activities (PubMed:32286350). FDDP C shows also inhibitory activity of 42-mer-amyloid beta aggregation that is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (PubMed:32286350)
Ascofuranone is a specific inhibitor of trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO), and quickly kills African trypanosomes in vitro and cures infected mice. As an essential factor for trypanosome survival, TAO is a promising drug target due to the absence of alternative oxidases in the mammalian host
Escherichia coli cells expressing Digenea simplex kabC are successfully converting supplied synthetic prekainic acid into kainic acid, thus providing a less expensive method to produce this molecule for neuro-pharmacological applications
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing eutK, eutL, eutM, eutN, eutS (eutSMNLK) or eutS alone. Cargo proteins can be targeted to them and beta-galactosidase (lacZ) was active within the BMC, showing the BMC allows passage of substrate into the interior. This can lead to the development of tailored BMCs for specific metabolic reactions (PubMed:22428024). The addition of eutQ to the eutSMNLK construct results in biogenesis of multiple BMCs (PubMed:27063436)
Eupenifeldin is a bistropolone-humulene meroterpenoid first discovered as an antitumor and anti-leukemia agent (PubMed:8360103). This metabolite shows also anthelmintic activity against the parasitic worm Hemonchus contortus, anti-malarial activity as well as antifungal activity (PubMed:18095654, Ref.4)
TOM1 inhibition via RNA interference constitutes a useful method for generating tobamovirus-resistant plants
Potential vaccine candidate as CBP2-based peptides or antibodies against CBP2 prevent adhesion of infected erythrocytes to endothelial cells
Due to their effectiveness as antifungal agents, echinocandin derivatives can be used for the treatment of human invasive candidiasis (PubMed:22998630)
Used to convert human blood group antigens of type B into type O, the universal donor type
The effect of PG can be neutralized by introducing an antisense PG gene by genetic manipulation. The Flavr Savr tomato produced by Calgene (Monsanto) in such a manner has a longer shelf life due to delayed ripening
Promotes the accumulation of hydroxy fatty acids when expressed in A.thaliana
The disruption mutant may be a good live attenuated vaccine candidate because of its persistent, non-lethal pattern of infection in mice
Can be introduced into cultivated potato (S.tuberosum) or tomato (L.esculentum) to transfer a broad-spectrum late blight resistance to cultivated Solanaceae from sexually incompatible host species
Melleolide sesquiterpene aryl esters are cytotoxic secondary products with anti-cancer potential (PubMed:21376582, PubMed:26952552). Armillaridin shows therapeutic and radiosensitizing effects on human esophageal cancer cells (PubMed:23864890). Armillaridin induces autophagy-associated cell death in human chronic myelogenous leukemia as well as of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (PubMed:27592257, PubMed:31488037). Armillaridin can also inhibit the differentiation and activation of human macrophages and thus might have potential to be developed as a biological response modifier for inflammatory diseases (PubMed:25746621)
Has potential use in bioremediation of waste sites contaminated with perchlorate, a common component of solid rocket fuel which is a widespread environmental contaminant in water systems in the United States
CSP immunodominant B-cell epitopes are primarily located in the central repeats (PubMed:29195810, PubMed:29554083). Antibodies against CSP and particularly against the central repeats can neutralize infection at the pre-liver stage and thus makes CSP an attractive candidate for the development of vaccines (PubMed:29195810, PubMed:29554083). CSP is the major component of the leading malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01, which provides partial protection against malaria in young children (PubMed:25913272)
Escherichia coli expressing SsLPS and SsSCS from Salvia sclarea and CrtE from Pantoea agglomerans can produce sclareol in high-cell-density fermentation conditions, thus being an alternative, sustainable, and cost-efficient route to sclareol and other diterpene analogs
Yeast (S.cerevisiae) engineered to express S.cerevisiae GGPPS and Salvia sclarea LPS and SCS is an efficient way to produce sclareol in a scalable and potentially industrial way
Because Pfu DNA polymerase exhibits the lowest error rate of any thermostable DNA polymerase studied, it is routinely used for PCR. It is sold by a number of companies including Promega, Stratagene and ThermoScientific. Various mutations to improve its abilities have been incorporated
Chlorinated ethenes are widely occurring as groundwater contaminants and PceA may play an important role in the degradation of these chlorinated environmental pollutants. S.multivorans enzyme can dechlorinate PCE in the presence of oxygen concentrations equal to or below 0.19 mg/L, which enhances the applicability to use S.multivorans for bioremediation, e.g. at oxic/anoxic interphases. Higher levels of oxygen impair PCE dechlorination by inhibiting or inactivating involved enzymes
Apicidin F, like the other known apicidins, is a cyclic tetrapeptides with anti-malarial properties via histone deacetylase inhibitory activity (PubMed:24195442)
May be used in antidiabetic therapies and diets for type 2 diabetes (T2D)
One streptomycin resistant strain of S.coelicolor and S.lividans (K88E) produces increased quantities of the natural antibiotic actinorhodin; strains which are resistant to multiple drugs produce more antibiotic
Ferruginol is a widespread diterpenoid metabolite that serves as a bioactive natural product in its own right, and has been shown to exhibit a range of activities similar to that of the tanshinones such as anti-tumor and antibacterial properties. It therefore contributes to the medicinal effect of danshen
Pyripyropene A and its derivatives have very unique characteristics of selectively inhibiting the acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) isozyme (PubMed:18997389). Therefore, pyripyropenes are expected to be developed as a new type of anti-atherosclerotic agent (PubMed:18997389). Furthermore, pyripyropenes have been shown to exhibit anti-angiogenic activity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (PubMed:19571395). Finally, pyripyropene A also exhibits insecticidal properties (PubMed:8534106)
HpaBC can provide a biocatalytic synthetic approach to the production of hydroxycinnamic acids that is an alternative to, or complementary to, conventional methods such as chemical synthesis and extraction from plant sources
Secalonic acids show unprecedented anticancer activities against various human cancer cells and might be interesting for further derivatization, targeting diseases such as cancer
Being a receptor for trehalose, which is essential for the survival and virulence of M.tuberculosis, this protein is a potential target for antitubercular drug design
Potential use as a cellulase in industry due to its high catalytic activity at low temperature as well as its thermotolerance (PubMed:24848382). Digests green algae (Ulva pertusa) under acidic conditions at 50 degrees Celsius, which suggests that it could be used for biofuel production from seaweeds (PubMed:28156112)
The salivary gland and midgut peptide SM1 (PCQRAIFQSICK) is an artificial dodecapeptide that mimics enolase DKSLVK motif. By binding the EBP receptor on the luminal surface of the female mosquito midgut epithelium, SM1 inhibits ookinete invasion of P.berghei and thus, could potentially be used to prevent parasite transmission by the mosquito vector (PubMed:21949403, PubMed:24474798). Similarly, another artificial peptide, MP2 (ACYIKTLHPPCS), also inhibits ookinete invasion of P.berghei and P.falciparum and could potentially be used to prevent parasite transmission by the mosquito vector (PubMed:24474798)
The indole alkaloid meleagrin was shown to be a good candidate to control c-Met-dependent breast cancer proliferation, migration and invasion (PubMed:26692349)
Plants over-expressing ANS1 have increased accumulation of a mixture of flavonoids and anthocyanins, with a concomitant decrease in proanthocyanidins, and could represent an enhanced antioxidant potential
The requirement for a perfect match in the middle of the heteroduplex, joined with its lack of a PAM, allows its use in detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (a DETECTR assay). The tracrRNA-crRNA can be replaced by a single guide RNA (sgRNA) (PubMed:30337455). Its inability to protect against plasmid transformation suggests there are elements missing in E.coli which prevents its use in more classic genome editing (PubMed:32246713)
Terrein shows anticancer activity on various tumors including cervical carcinoma, ovarian cancer, and head and neck cancer (PubMed:23417151, PubMed:25318762, PubMed:27127118, PubMed:25592371). The secondary metabolite acts as angiogenesis inhibitors through the inhibition of angiogenin secretion (PubMed:18776656, PubMed:27127118). Terrein has also anti-inflammatory activity (PubMed:18358890). It shows an alleviative function of age-related inflammation characterized as an anti-oxidant and might therefore be a useful nutraceutical compound for anti-aging (PubMed:26416516). Terrein may enhance osseointegration by decreasing the level of ROS and has a potentially synergistic effect on osteoblast differentiation (PubMed:21104936). Terrein has also been shown to act as a melanogenesis inhibitor (PubMed:15558216, PubMed:15603975, PubMed:19493001)
Several alleles exist that vary in length, this is allele 5, which is not cross-reactive with all antibodies against alleles 1, 2, or 3
May be exploited in the production of biodiesel
Can be used as a fluorescent probe for the specific detection and visualization of the alpha-Gal epitope present on porcine tissues. This epitope is mainly responsible for hyperacute rejection of porcine organ transplants in humans during xenotransplantation
Used in the food industry for high temperature liquefaction of starch-containing mashes and in the detergent industry to remove starch. Sold under the name Termamyl by Novozymes
This enzyme is commonly used in a number of research projects to examine the electrochemical properties of enzyme-catalyzed electrode reactions, named bioelectrocatalysis. Available as a commercial product from Sigma Aldrich (catalog number F4892)
Its high stability makes the enzyme a potential candidate to be used as a synthetic catalyst in practical application
Hypothemycin is an antifungal agent that exhibits excellent activity against Peronophythora litchii, which could be helpful for the storage of harvest litchi fruit (PubMed:24106914). Hypothemycin is a strong inhibitor of a subset of MAP kinases such as human ERK2 (PubMed:18571434, PubMed:20118535, PubMed:26371861). It can therefore be used as an anti-cancer drug thanks to its inhibitory activity of Ras-mediated cellular signals (PubMed:10595743, PubMed:10421424). It can also inhibit Trypanosoma brucei kinase TbCLK1 which is a good candidate as a therapeutic target for African trypanosomiasis (PubMed:23853713). Finally, hypothemycin has also inhibitor activity of T cell activation (PubMed:10598882)
Mitochondrial erg10A is essential for A.fumigatus cell viability and might be a potential drug target to feed the antifungal drug development pipeline
This enzyme can be used as a potential additive in the production of low purine content food, which is recommended to people suffering from hyperuricemia that can at worst lead to gout. When used in conjunction with other enzymes of the purine degradation pathway, uric acid concentration is significantly reduced
When expressed in tobacco plants, chit1 confers resistance against Rhizoctonia solani
The simplicity of the Cas9-gRNAs RNA-directed DNA endonuclease activity may be used to target and modify a DNA sequence of interest; this enzyme has been tested in human cells but is not highly efficient
CAX4 expression in tomato increases calcium content and prolonges shelf life and may serve as an alternative to the application of CaCl(2) used to extend shelf life in numerous agricultural commodities
This enzyme may be useful to construct bacterial strains producing vanillin economically from the abundant natural product isoeugenol
Could be used to construct robust and highly sensitive arsenic biosensors
Iso-A82775C is a precursor for the biosynthesis of the anticancer natural products chloropestolides A to E via a Diesls-Alder reaction with maldoxin (PubMed:29384350). In the absence of the prenyltransferase iacE, siccayne accumulates instead of iso-A82775C and can also be condensed with maldoxin to produce chloropestolides H to K, which show also antibacterial and anticancer properties (PubMed:29384350)
Promising candidate for a biopesticide. Slows growth and reduces survival of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larvae in a concentration dependent manner. Younger larvae are more susceptible to the action of clitocypin. Expressed at low levels by transgenic potato reduced larval weight gain and delayed development. The inhibition of digestive cysteine proteases, intestains, by clitocypin was shown to be the underlying mode of action
Utilization for in vivo protein biosynthesis of mutants that charge azatyrosine efficiently to tRNA may lead to efficient production of azatyrosine-containing alloproteins, which have immense potential in biotechnology and medicine
Shows a biotechnological potential for the synthesis of enantiopure short-chain diols and unsaturated alcohols from secondary alcoholic precursors
Loline alkaloids show broad-spectrum anti-insect activity, and different lolines may have different biological activities (PubMed:25531527). In vitro tests of NFL, NAL, NML, and semisynthetic loline derivatives with long carbon-chain acylations on the 1-amine have shown that many are effective against both fall armyworm larvae and European corn borer larvae, but the effects seem to differ depending on the modifications (PubMed:25531527). N-Formylloline reduces the weight gain of fall armyworms by deterring feeding, and does not significantly affect corn borers (PubMed:25531527). In contrast, NAL reduces the weight gain of corn borer larvae without changing larval feeding behavior, indicating that its effect is due to metabolic toxicity. N-formylloline, NAL, and NML are almost as potent as nicotine in insecticidal activity against green bugs (PubMed:25531527)
Shows promising applications in improving the surface properties of natural textile fibers
Specifically cleaves the blood group A antigen at neutral pH with low consumption of recombinant enzyme. It is therefore a good candidate to participate in the development of universal red blood cells by removing blood group A antigen
Longiborneol synthase CLM1 is a potential target to reduce Fusarium head blight disease. 3D-structure modeling based on known 3D-structure of losely related enzymes has been used for screening of hypothetical inhibitors of CLM1 catalytic activity
Identification of mosquitocidal P.bifermentans strains in regions where mosquito-borne diseases are endemic could help control mosquito populations. No mammalian toxicity was detected
Aspergilol A shows a weak cytotoxicity toward MCF-7, MDA-MB231, and HepG2 cancer cells lines, with an IC(50) value ranging from 21.21 to 48.76 uM; whereas aspergilol B only shows a weak cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells, with an IC(50) value of 27.41 uM (PubMed:33480256). None of the aspergilols have antifungal or antibacterial activities (PubMed:33480256)
Beta-carotene is a popular additive for butter, ice cream, orange juice and candies in the food industry. B.trispora is one of the microorganisms of choice for industrial production of this molecule
Displays a synergistic action with cellobiase resulting in an increase of the saccharification of NaOH-pretreated barley straw, promising a further use of this enzyme in biomass saccharification purpose (PubMed:26173955)
Probable mannoprotein called haze protective factor from wine that is able to prevent visible wine protein haze formation. This mannoprotein showed haze-protective activity against wine proteins and BSA when either was heated in white wine
Recombinant CDA2 is a potential vaccine candidiate; induces protective immunity in mice against infection (PubMed:29184017). A strain lacking CDA1, CDA2, and CDA3 is a potential vaccine candidate; inoculation with heat-killed CDA1-CDA2-CDA3 knockout cells in mouse induces protective immunity to subsequent virulent fungal infection (PubMed:27165801)
Fusel oils and acyloins are important flavor and aroma compounds in yeast-fermented products contributing to the quality of beverages and food, e.g. fusel oils in whiskey, contrary to common believe, seem to alleviate hangover. In general they are desirable at low concentrations, whereas high concentrations may spoil the product. By adjusting growth conditions and substrate their production is sought to be influenced. Due to their broad substrate tolerance pyruvate decarboxylases are important biocatalysts for chemoenzymatic syntheses, both by fermentation and in vitro, e.g. in the production of ephedrine, vitamin E, or phenylethanol (rose flavor)
Diterpenoid pyrones display various biological activities and higginsianin A shows anti-HIV activity
Used as a detergent protease. Sold under the name Alcalase by Novozymes
Mutation in 'JOINTLESS' yields 'stemless' tomato fruits which are widely used in the processing tomato industry. The fruits support mechanical harvesting and are not subject to physical wounding during transportation
Potential candidate for the development of parasite blood stage vaccines. In vitro and in vivo, neutralizing antibodies are capable of inhibiting merozoite invasion of host erythrocytes
The Pichia pastoris-produced protein seems to be well suited for in vitro immune cell activation assays and for in vivo applications such as immunotherapy and skin-prick testing, because it is properly folded, free of endotoxins and has the appropriate allergenic characteristics (PubMed:24874917). Non-allergenic peptides identified from the mapped major conformational IgE epitope-containing areas could be used for the engineering of house dust mite allergy vaccine (PubMed:29319884)
Has strong T-cell and IFN-gamma inducing capacity in human tuberculin skin test positive patients, indicating this might be a good vaccine candidate
Fine-tuning of the expression of this gene allows regulation of crystal growth along the minor axis; this can be used as an alternative way to synthesize magnetic crystals with a desired shape
(S)-2-haloacid dehalogenases may be used for the biodegradation of halogenated substances and their derivatives which are widely used as pesticides, herbicides and other industrial products
Coexpression with both gRNAs or a synthetic gRNA in human embryonic or pluripotent stem cells shows it is possible to target and modify a DNA sequence of interest
Expression of 10 genes for alpha-carboxysome (Cb) proteins (cbbL-cbbS-csoS2-csoS3-csoS4A-csoS4B-csoS1C-csoS1A-csoS1B-csoS1D) in E.coli generates compartments that resemble Cb, contain RuBisCO and have its catalytic activity, showing it is possible to make artificial, functional Cb using these 10 genes. Cargo proteins can be targeted to these organelles (PubMed:22184212, PubMed:30305640). Alpha-carboxysomes are assembled in the complete absence of this enzyme in this bacteria, suggesting carboxysome-based microcompartments can be designed for applications such as custom chemical reactors or delivery vehicles (PubMed:18974784). When this gene is expressed in S.elongatus PCC 7942 it colocalizes with its beta-carboxysomes, suggesting there a range of modular possibilites for the carboxysome constituent proteins. These experiments open the door to generating carboxysomes in plant cells to increase their photosynthesis and productivity, as well as tailoring bacterial microcompartments to specific metabolic needs and molecule delivery (PubMed:29922315)
Has properties that make it suitable for elimination of D-raffinose from low green syrup in sugar manufacturing process from beets in order to improve the yield of sucrose
Clotting factor G is a component of the Limulus test used to detect bacterial endotoxins in fluids
Could be a prospective candidate for the development of subunit vaccine against tuberculosis
Can be used to improve thebaine yield in engineered yeast
Xenovulene A is a natural product exhibiting little structural resemblance with classical benzodiazepines yet is able to displace high-affinity ligand binding to the benzodiazepine site of the gamma-aminobutyrate A (GABAA) receptor and could be potentially used as an anti-depressant with reduced addictive properties
Double mutants Gln-213/Gln-336 or Gln-213/Ala-351 might be suitable as vaccine candiates (PubMed:15938619)
Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acids) (PHA), of which PHB is among the most common compounds, are prokaryotic intracellular storage compounds with potential uses as renewable, biodegradable thermoplastics. Cyanobacterial PHB synthesis is particularly attractive as cyanobacteria use CO(2) as the carbon source
Can be used as part of the diagnostics for predicting the risk for positive double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge test (DBPCFC) in cashew-allergic children. The risk increases with higher specific IgE levels to this protein
As a fusion partner, can be used for high-level production of other membrane proteins in their native conformations, including many eukaryotic proteins that have previously been intractable to bacterial expression
Compounds in the chrodrimanin family such as chrodrimanin A or verruculide A exhibit strong inhibitory activities against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and therefore, they could potentially be developed into drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes or obesity (PubMed:26115570). Furthermore, chrodrimanin B, the end product of the pathway involving chrodrimanin A or verruculide A, does not exhibit the PTP1B inhibitory activity, while it functions as a potent blocker of insect GABA-gated chloride channels (PubMed:25902139)
This enzyme has been successfully altered through several rounds of protein engineering to an enantioselective amine dehydrogenase. Instead of the wild-type alpha-keto acid, the new amine dehydrogenase now accepts the analogous ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), which corresponds to exchange of the carboxy group by a methyl group, to produce chiral (R)-1,3-dimethylbutylamine via a reductive amination reaction. This represents a suitable enzymatic production route for the asymmetric synthesis of amines from prochiral ketones and free ammonia, which is one of the top aspirational reactions challenging the pharmaceutical industry
Coexpression of Cas9 with an artificial sgRNA which fuses crRNA with the tracrRNA in human cells has shown it is possible to target and modify DNA sequences of interest (PubMed:25830891, PubMed:26098369). The smaller size of Cas9 from this organism (1053 residues versus 1368 for Streptococcus pyogenes) makes it easier to package the gene in an adeno-associated virus for delivery to 5-6 week old C57/BL6 mice; 2 different target genes were modifed as desired (PubMed:25830891)
Introduced by genetic manipulation and expressed in improved ripening tomato by Monsanto. ACC is the immediate precursor of the phytohormone ethylene which is involved in the control of ripening. ACC deaminase reduces ethylene biosynthesis and thus extends the shelf life of fruits and vegetables
This toxin represents an excellent tool for visualizing distribution and dynamics of sphingomyelin in cells
Can convert substrates at high concentrations to desirable products in a short time. Thus, DCH exhibits significant hydrolysis activity, with stereo and/or regioselectivity, toward the methyl esters of bacetylthioisobutyrate and cetraxate, and is expected to be applicable to the practical synthesis of these compounds
Heterologous expression of 12 carboxysomal genes in E.coli (ccaA, ccmK2, ccmK3, ccmK4, ccmL, ccmM, ccmN, ccmO, ccmP, rbcL, rbcS, rbcX) leads to the formation of bodies that resemble carboxysomes, have densely packed paracrystalline arrays and RuBisCO activity. These structures open the door to generating carboxysomes in plant cells to increase their photosynthesis and productivity, as well as tailoring bacterial microcompartments to specific metabolic needs and molecule delivery. The absence of ccaA, ccmK3, ccmK4, ccmP and rbcX leads to less active RuBisCO
Selection of varieties with reduced SSIIIA activity may be a tool to increase resistant starch (RS) content of rice grain
Modifying the binding affinity of this protein via protein engineering could make it prefer ethylamine as a substrate instead of ethanolamine, resulting in efficacious and sustainable synthesis of theanine, a major aromatic compound of tea, highly valued for its beneficial properties
Expression of 10 genes for alpha-carboxysome (Cb) proteins (cbbL-cbbS-csoS2-csoS3-csoS4A-csoS4B-csoS1C-csoS1A-csoS1B-csoS1D) in E.coli generates compartments that resemble Cb, contain RuBisCO and have its catalytic activity, showing it is possible to make artificial, functional Cb using these 10 genes. Cargo proteins can be targeted to these organelles (PubMed:22184212, PubMed:30305640). Alpha-carboxysomes are assembled in the complete absence of this enzyme in this bacteria, suggesting carboxysome-based microcompartments can be designed for applications such as custom chemical reactors or delivery vehicles (PubMed:18974784, PubMed:30305640)
Study of the performance of endoglucanase A on paper manufacture from agricultural fibers shows that treatment with the enzyme improves the properties of the pulp and the quality of paper. CelA treatment enhances the physical properties (stretch and tensile index) of paper from wheat straw, while dewatering properties are slightly diminished
Overexpression of this protein to provide quantities adequate for medical use as a topical microbiocide has been attempted in a number of systems including E.coli (PubMed:9210678, PubMed:19547966), Lactobacillus jensenii (PubMed:17005802), the yeast Pichia pastoris (PubMed:12356469) and Nicotiana tabacum (PubMed:16354721); see PubMed:20162270 for a review
Important immunodiagnostic reagent because of its ability to bind the Fab and Fc fragments of a wide range of mammalian immunoglobulins
Violacein production is used as a biosensor for the detection of quorum-sensing AHL production. Violacein possesses antibacterial, antiviral, antimicrobial, antileishmanial, trypanocidal and potential antitumoral activities
Has potential for application in environmental remediation and biological recycling of PET waste products
When used as an immunizing agent, the mpa deletion mutant provides significant protection against challenge with a virulent strain of M.tuberculosis. It shows interesting properties as a live attenuated vaccine for tuberculosis and could play a role in generating a safe and effective M.tuberculosis-derived vaccine
CSP immunodominant B cell epitopes are primarily located in the central repeats (PubMed:29554084). Antibodies against CSP and particularly against the central repeats can neutralize infection at the pre-liver stage and thus makes CSP an attractive candidate for the development of vaccines (PubMed:29554084, PubMed:32150583)
Antibodies against the protein protects endothelial cells from invasion by the fungus R.delemar, a causative agent of mucormycosis, and could thus potentially be used to treat mucormycosis disease (PubMed:20484814). Antibodies against the protein also protect a diabetic ketoacidosis mouse model against mucormycosis (PubMed:20484814)
Expression of 10 genes for alpha-carboxysome (Cb) proteins (cbbL-cbbS-csoS2-csoS3-csoS4A-csoS4B-csoS1C-csoS1A-csoS1B-csoS1D) in E.coli generates compartments that resemble Cb, contain RuBisCO and have its catalytic activity, showing it is possible to make artificial, functional Cb using these 10 genes. Cargo proteins can be targeted to these organelles (PubMed:22184212). Artificial Cb assembly in E.coli requires csoS2-csoS4A-csoS4B-csoS1C-csoS1A-csoS1B-csoS1D (but not the gene for carbonic anhydrase, csoS3). Targeting proteins to the organelle requires at least one of the CsoS2 C-repeats; 3 repeats gives the best localization. A nanoreactor of the Cb shell proteins has been engineered which generates H(2) using a ferredoxin-hydrogenase fusion (AC P07839-Q9FYU1) and a flavodoxin/ferredoxin--NADP reductase (AC A0A0K3QZA5) targeted separately to the Cb; the hydrogenase has first to be matured and activated by HydGXEF (AC Q8EAH9, Q8EAH8, Q8EAH7 and Q8EAH6 respectively). Encapsulation increases H(2) production about 20% during anaerobic growth, and over 4-fold more during aerobic growth (PubMed:33116131)
Fungal naphthoquinones have a broad range of biological activities, including antibacterial, insecticidal, and anti-malarial activities (against the protozoa Plasmodium falciparum) (PubMed:9000335, Ref.3, PubMed:16231877, PubMed:21823977). Moreover, these pigments have a deep red color under acidic conditions but intense purple in basic environments; such color characteristics are attractive to the pigment industry (PubMed:16231877, PubMed:15891934, PubMed:21823977)
This protein is used as a marker in many commonly used cloning vectors, such as pBR322 and the pUC series
Because 5-hydroxymethylfurfural can be derived from sugars, the enzyme is of particular interest for the production of biobased plastic materials in an environmentally friendly industrial process
Yanuthone D is an antibiotic against Candida albicans, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (PubMed:11031048)
Atromentin has been shown to induce caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in human leukemia U937 cells (PubMed:19809251). It has also anticoagulant activity (PubMed:5862512). Moreover, atromentin has antimicrobial activity (PubMed:6541963). It acts especially as an inhibitor of FabK, the enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase of S.pneumoniae (PubMed:17323650)
Cyclomaltodextrins form inclusion complexes with many water-insoluble compounds that have applications in the food and drug industries. The capability of this enzyme to hydrolyze cyclomaltodextrins is of importance for the release of substances from these inclusion complexes (PubMed:9606956, PubMed:10620329). This enzyme can be used to modify rice starch structure to produce starch, which has a decreased amylose content, or it could be used to produce starch, which is free of amylose altogether. Cooked rice treated with this enzyme has a significantly slower retrogradation (PubMed:16536613)
The high-activity Ile-320 mutant could be used in metabolic engineering to produce bergapten in order to treat depigmentation disorder
A wide array of epitopes was recognized on Rv1985c in TB patients. Those epitopes could specifically discriminate TB infection from BCG vaccination. These results indicate that the peptide pools selected from Rv1985c have the potential to diagnose TB infection by a method that may be routinely used in clinical laboratories
In the presence of 2 mM Cd(2+) or 4-10 mM Zn(2+) up to 99% of the metal is removed from the culture supernatant and is sequestered via bioprecipitation. Additionally Cu(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Pb(2+), Y(3+) and Ge(4+) can also be removed from culture supernatants, although it is not clear which efflux system is responsible for all these substrates (PubMed:7766206)
Aspergillicins show innate immunity-modulating activity. Innate immunity is a good pharmaceutical target for the development of immune regulators to suppress unwanted immune responses, such as septic shock, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases. The innate immune system also provides targets for the development of agents that stimulate protective immune responses toward some diseases, such as infections with pathogenic organisms and cancer
Expression of barley SUSIBA2 transcription factor in rice yields plants with increased starch content and reduced methane emission
Nitphym exhibits high stability at 30-50 degrees Celsius and broad substrate spectrum, and emerges as a promising candidate for industrial hydrolysis of nitriles (PubMed:34277586, PubMed:34270173). Immobilization of Nitphym in a packed-bed reactor enables the biotransformation of 3-cyanopyridine into nicotinic acid (also known as niacin or vitamin B3) in a continuous mode (PubMed:34270173)
May be used in light-driven, bio-based production of hydrocarbons (PubMed:28860382). The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica expressing FAP from Chlorella variabilis under blue light conditions produces odd-numbered alkanes and alkenes, which could be used as drop-in biofuel (PubMed:31462926)
The important role played by PtpB in virulence and the lack of PtpB human orthologs make it a highly promising target for the treatment of tuberculosis infections. Several classes of potent inhibitors have been developed and studied to date. Drug candidates include, among others, (oxalylamino-methylene)-thiophene sulfonamide (OMTS), isoxazole-based compounds, highly substituted indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidines, benzofuran salicylic acid derivatives, chalcone derivatives and several 2-oxo-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indole-6-sulfonamide and piperazinyl-thiophenyl-ethyl-oxalamide derivatives
The high thermal stability and activity in the presence of organic solvents makes EstD an attractive catalyst for future applications in industry
Has potential use in industrialized synthesis of the antitussivum codeine and the analgesic morphine
Introduced by genetic manipulation and expressed in insect-resistant cotton and tomato by Calgene (Monsanto) and in maize by Dekalb Genetics
This enzyme and the derivative PCM-F, a variant in which the alpha and beta subunits are fused into a single polypeptide via a short 11-amino acid linker, have potential applications in bioremediation of pivalic acid found in sludge, in stereospecific synthesis of C5 carboxylic acids and alcohols, and in the production of potential commodity and specialty chemicals
Beauveriolides inhibit selectively the acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferases (ACATs), leading to blocking the synthesis of cholesteryl esters and decreasing the cholesterol concentration, which suggests that beauveriolides are promising as potential lead compounds for antiatherosclerotic agents (PubMed:14718664, PubMed:19336931). Moreover, this activity correlates with inhibitory activities of beauveriolides in the secretion of amyloid-beta-peptide, which suggests that beauveriolides may be an attractive new candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (PubMed:19396893)
The recombinant strain obtained by expression of the Tyr-176/Phe-273 mutant in the 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol-utilizing bacterium Agrobacterium radiobacter AD1 is able to utilize the environmental pollutant 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP) as the sole carbon and energy source
MSH is a glutathione analog and is essential for this organism. As MSH does not exist in its host (human) enzymes that are required for its metabolism (such as this one) are potential therapeutic targets
Subcutaneous immunization with the double panD and panC bacterial disruption mutant protects mice for over a year against subsequent virulent M.tuberculosis (strain Erdman) infections; mice show mild lung inflammation and fibrosis despite a chronic bacterila infection. This is a promising attenuated vaccine strain
Could be used for high retinal production
Yeast (S.cerevisiae) has been engineered to produce artemisinic-acid, a precursor of the antimalarial artemisinin compound, by expressing AMS1/ADS, CYP71AV1, ADH1 and ALDH1 in conjunction with CYB5 and CPR1
Possesses the industrially desirable properties of high substrate affinity for lactose and low product inhibition by galactose, and is an ideal candidate for dairy industry applications and prebiotic manufacture
Endocrocin and related anthraquinones compounds have interesting activities for medicinal uses, including anti-inflammatory activity (PubMed:20379952)
The use of YodP from B.subtilis for N6-acetyl-beta-lysine synthesis opens the bottleneck for the large-scale production of N6-acetyl-beta-lysine to investigate its properties as a compatible solute
Can be used for genome editing
If the spacer DNA has a perfect match in the chromosome then toxicity results. Suppression of the toxic effects occurs via mutations in the CRISPR/Cas machinery, or via target deletion, which might contribute to genome plasticity. This CRISPR/Cas system can be used to remove genomic islands, and possibly other genomic regions
Emulsification efficiency of glycinin is improved by degree-dependent glycation with soy soluble polysaccharide (SSPS) at 60 degrees Celsius in both the acidic (A) and basic (B) polypeptides as a result of subunit dissociation at the quaternary level (PubMed:30372068). Thermal treatment of soybean seed proteins leads to the aggregation of glycinin acidic and basic polypeptides (GAP and GBP, respectively) (PubMed:10867183, PubMed:25801436). GBP improve sensory properties of meat (e.g. pork) during chilled storage and inhibit bacterial growth (e.g. L.monocytogenes, B.subtilis, E.coli and S.enteritidis) (PubMed:30263339, PubMed:22236762). Antibacterial properties of the GBP antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) associated with no cytotoxicity on the viability of human embryonic kidney cells make them promising candidates as natural antibacterial agents (PubMed:22236762, Ref.21, PubMed:28590128). Fragmented peptides resulting from gastrointestinal digestion of germinated soybeans seem to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory actions on human colon cancer cells (e.g. Caco-2, HT-29, and HCT-116) and macrophages (LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7) (PubMed:29037738). Such peptides resulting from digested germinated soybeans exhibit also anti-diabetic potential by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), salivary alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzymes (PubMed:30249015)
Confers enhanced resistance to late blight mediated by the pathogenic oomycetes Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora capsici when transfected into Solanum tuberosum and Nicotiana benthamiana. This resistance is associated with a high induction of protease inhibitor genes
Widely used for tissue dissociation due to their potent activity on connective tissue
A mix of ColG and ColH is used for isolation of pancreatic islet cells for subsequent transplantation
A mix of ColG and ColH has been used to allow release of retained placenta in cows and mares, and its use in humans has been proposed
N-aryl mercaptoacetamide-based inhibitors with submicromolar affinity for clostridial collagenases but negligibile activity on human collagenases have been discovered that may lead to promising anti-infective drugs against Clostridia (PubMed:28820255)
Is used for the investigation of the last phase of blood coagulation. Due to its heparin insensitivity it can detect fibrinogen polymerization disorders even in the presence of heparin
Cytosine deaminase is being explored for use as a suicide gene for cancer gene therapy. The cytosine deaminase/5-fluorouracil combined therapy has been used successfully for a variety of animal tumor models and is currently under investigation for the treatment of human cancers
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing pduA-pduB/B'-pduT-pduU-pduN-pduJ-pduK (in this order). Enzymes can be targeted to the BMC, and appear to be encapsulated within it
When mutated at 9 positions (construct O3-33 with these mutations; K15A, M67L, N148A, N149L, E156S, E160A, K161Y, R167A, V169L) self-assembles into bodies with 24 subunits, suitable for nanotechnology uses
Removal of the [4Fe-4S] center by mutagenesis and different substitutions of Cys-38 allows an increased growth rate under certain limiting-conditions ('L-40' in PduA, pduQ deletion), strongly suggesting this subunit has acquired the ability to transport 1,2-PD, propionaldehyde and NAD(+)/NADH across the BMC shell
The encapsulin and cargo pair can be overexpressed in E.coli and in human HEK293T cells. In HEK293T in the presence of 0.5 M ferrous ammonium sulfate nanocompartments can be detected and used as cell markers. Can also be targeted to cell membranes by addition of a farnesylation signal to its C-terminus. Coexpression of this nanocompartment with a smaller nanocompartment from M.xanthus (AC Q1D6H4) allows of expression of different sized iron-rich particles. The encapsulin shell proteins are not seen to mix
Understanding the biochemistry of the volatile esters is of considerable importance in industrial agriculture, winemaking and brewing. ATF1 could profoundly affect the flavor profiles of wines and distillates deficient in aroma, thereby paving the way for the production of products maintaining a fruitier character for longer periods after bottling (PubMed:10653746, PubMed:16845703, PubMed:18597084, PubMed:25306884, PubMed:28176138). The most important acetate esters from the perspective of fermented foods and beverages are probably ethyl acetate (fruity, solvent aroma), isobutyl acetate (sweet, fruit), isoamyl acetate (banana) and 2-phenylethyl acetate (rose). In addition, the enzymes responsible for ester synthesis are targets for the metabolic engineering of cellular factories intended to produce insect pheromones for use in pest control, but also for the production of fragrances, industrial solvents, fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals and renewable biofuels (PubMed:25281839, PubMed:24609358, PubMed:26205521, PubMed:26801935)
Can be used to study Cav3.3 calcium channels, since it is a unique isoform-selective modulator of T-type calcium channels
PptA is a druggable target in Aspergillus species that can be targeted in a selective way (PubMed:28720735). Its combined role in both primary and secondary metabolism, encompassing multiple virulence determinants, makes it a very promising antifungal drug target candidate (PubMed:28720735)
Could be used to synthesize NDP-sugars for large-scale glycosylation processes; its comparatively high thermostability would be useful
A good candiate for vaccine development (PubMed:7897219). It has been tested in a number of experimental situations
Designing engineered forms of this protein with the ability to produce custom dipeptides potentially may have a number of commercial and industrial uses including food industry (PubMed:8892831, PubMed:24827749). Maybe useful for drug design (PubMed:24827749)
Five Rv2301 high activity binding peptides (HABPs) could be included as components of an antituberculosis vaccine
This protein serves as an immunogenic antigen, inducing gamma-interferon responses in whole-blood cultures from M.tuberculosis-exposed adults in Uganda and South Africa, indicating this might be a good vaccine candidate
The simplicity of the Cas9-gRNAs RNA-directed DNA endonuclease activity may be used to target and modify a DNA sequence of interest
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing pduA-pduB/B'-pduJ-pduK-pduN-pduU-pduT (in this order); pduT and pduU are optional, while pduA, pduB/B', pduJ, pduK and pduN are essential. A construct with the reversed gene order does not make BMCs (PubMed:20417607). Ethanogenic BMCs can be made in E.coli by targeting pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) to them. PduP(1-18)-Pdc and PduD(1-18)-Adh strains targeted to the BMC (PduA, PduB, PduJ, PduK, PduN, PduU) make significantly more ethanol than strains where Pdc and Adh are not targeted to the BMC (PubMed:24933391)
A.terreus has been used for the industrial production of itaconic acid because of its high production rate (PubMed:18584171). Itaconic acid is used as a monomer to form polymers that are widely used as raw materials for latex, synthetic resins, adhesives, paint, and additives for acrylic resin fibers and paper (PubMed:18584171). It is also used as an acidulant and for the pH adjustment of foods (PubMed:18584171)
Fluorescent proteins have become a useful and ubiquitous tool for making chimeric proteins, where they function as a fluorescent protein tag. Typically they tolerate N- and C-terminal fusion to a broad variety of proteins. They have been expressed in most known cell types and are used as a noninvasive fluorescent marker in living cells and organisms. They enable a wide range of applications where they have functioned as a cell lineage tracer, reporter of gene expression, or as a measure of protein-protein interactions
Fumagillin and its derivatives have been intensely studied for their potential use in the treatment of amebiasis, microsporidiosis and rheumatoid arthritis (PubMed:14913169, PubMed:12075057, PubMed:18209961). They have also interesting antiangiogenic properties by the irreversible inhibition of human type 2 methionine aminopeptidase (METAP2) (PubMed:9177176)
The thermophilic yellow LMCO1 presents a number of superior properties with potential use in industrial biocatalysis via its ability to oxidize a variety of phenolic compounds
This protein serves as an immunogenic antigen, inducing gamma-interferon responses in whole-blood cultures from M.tuberculosis-exposed adults in Uganda, and The Gambia but not from South Africa, indicating this might be a good vaccine candidate
Was identified as a potential vaccine component. In vitro, induces antibodies capable of neutralizing the infectivity of C.pneumoniae
Becomes fluorescent upon binding free, unconjugated bilirubin, a heme metabolite. Can be used as diagnostic tool to detect abnormally high levels of free bilirubin, which are indicative of impaired liver function. Could also be used in research as fluorescent marker in eukaryotic cells and animals
As this protein can be easily produced at high concentrations upon expression in E.coli and is highly stable, it is a good model protein for testing new microscopes
Could be used to screen carcinogenic mutations in a restriction endonuclease-mediated selective PCR (or REMS-PCR) assay. In particular, could be used to detect the vast majority of mutations that occur at codons 12 or 13 of the Ras oncogenes that encode glycine (codons GGN) at those positions
Human microRNA candidate miR-197 and to a lesser extent miR150 causes the down-regulation of apicortin and thus may be a possible candidate for nucleotide-based antimalarial treatment
Introducing the gene coding for the glycine oxidase mutant Ser-51/Arg-54/Ala-244 in plants may be an effective alternative mechanism for glyphosate tolerance in transgenic crops. In addition, transgenic plants that are able to oxidize glyphosate may represent an innovative bioremediation system for the soil treated with this herbicide
Can be used for presentation of peptidyl epitopes in the mammalian immune system. Purified gas vesicles when conjugated with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) yield trinitrophenol-modified gas vesicles (presumably most modification occurs on GvpA) that elicts strong antibody responses without the injection of extra adjuvant
In order to protect patients that are allergic to hazelnuts, it is extremely important to find ways to detect trace amounts of hazelnut in foods that should not contain it for the food labeling and safety purposes. This protein is used in the development of these methods (PubMed:21735061, PubMed:22966848, PubMed:23411333, PubMed:24577577, PubMed:25209075). For the detection of hazelnut, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode is developed by using selected marker peptides from this protein as standards (PubMed:21735061). It is found that LC-MS/MS performs well in detecting these peptides in prepared model chocolates spiked with hazelnut. The sensitivity level is approximately 1 mg/kg (PubMed:24577577). A stable peptide (residues 395-403) from this protein is identified by MALDI-MS and it can s be used as an analytical target for the development of robust quantitative analytical methods. This peptide is identifiable even when the protein goes through a number of changes at the molecular level, such as denaturation, the Maillard reaction and oxidation, reactions that typically occur during food processing (PubMed:22966848). A quantitative method is developed, where the coding DNA of this protein is first extracted based on hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-phenol-chloroform method and then detected by Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) in commercial foods such as chocolates, biscuits, cereal snacks, cookies and nougat with 100% specificity and with 1 ppm sensitivity limit of detection of raw hazelnut. The reliability of the method is even more improved if two other hazelnut target genes (allergens Cor a 9 and Cor a 13) are amplified in addition to this one. The detection is proven to be accurate even when the quality and quantity of the DNA is greatly diminished by roasting and autoclaving. High-hydrostatic pressure treatment has no effect on DNA (PubMed:23411333). The transcription level of the gene encoding this protein is investigated by a relative quantitative RT-PCR technique in order to compare the transcript amounts between different cultivars, and in one of the cultivars also in relation to different years of harvest and ripening stages. Each hazelnut sample is classified by the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to better interpret the results. The method may help in choosing hypoallergenic genotypes of hazelnut for both growers and consumers (Ref.12). Cold acetone extraction of proteins followed by in-solution tryptic digestion and MALDI-TOF-MS (in alpha-cyano-4-chlorocinnamic acid matrix) is found as a rapid and sensitive method to detect residual amounts of hazelnut proteins in extra virgin olive oil samples, which have been adulterated with cold-pressed hazelnut oil. Peptides from this protein can be used as stable markers in this technique serving as a direct proof of illegal hazelnut existence in olive oil (PubMed:25209075)
Used in the PCR method because of its high thermostability and low error rate. Sold by New England Biolabs
Could be used as a selectable marker in B.subtilis if strongly expressed, could be used as a selectable marker in E.coli (Ref.7). Streptidine restores the antibiotic effectiveness of streptomycin in bacterial strains in which they both are co-administered together with a simultaneous overexpression of this enzyme (PubMed:17609790)
Was identified as a vaccine antigen as it provides significant cross-protection in a stringent mouse model of lethal sepsis
For many industrial applications in which the yeast S.cerevisiae is used, e.g. beer, wine and alcohol production, appropriate flocculation behavior is one of the most important characteristics of a good production strain. The ability of yeast cells to flocculate is of considerable importance, as it provides an effective, environment-friendly, simple and cost-free way to separate yeast cells from the fermentation product at the end of fermentation
The substrate range of BsrV, which includes activity towards non-natural substrates (e.g. ornithine, norleucine, homoserine, N-acetyl lysine methyl ester, diaminobutyrate and aminobutyrate), is broader than any other known amino-acid racemase and suggests that it has great potential for biotechnological and industrial applications. Currently, production of DAA is an expensive process that is typically reliant upon inefficient chemical catalysts
Transgenic tobacco plants coexpressing PgDDS and PgPPDS1/CYP716A47 accumulate dammarene sapogenin (protopanaxadiol, PPD)
Can be used to remove sulfur from polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds found in gasoline and diesel (biodesulfurization), which are a considerable source of pollution. In addition it may be possible to engineer the operon to make specialty chemicals
A miniplasmid containing this and upstream gene tubR is able to replicate in B.thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and express insect toxin proteins. The miniplasmid could be used to make plasmids for insect toxin overexpression
Introduction by genetic manipulation and expression in potato or banana confers resistance to insects and nematodes
Taurine dioxygenase can be used for enzymatic determination of taurine concentration in food quality control, biological research, and medical diagnosis
Geodin shows the glucose uptake stimulator activity towards rat adipocytes (PubMed:16320762). Geodin also enhances the fibrinolytic activity of vascular endothelial cells (PubMed:10819297)
Has potential use as a flocculating agent in water treatment processes
Ferruginol is a widespread diterpenoid metabolite that serves as a bioactive natural product in its own right, and has been shown to exhibit a range of activities similar to that of the tanshinones such as anti-tumor and antibacterial properties. It therefore contributes to the medicinal effect of Isodon rubescens
Lovastatin acts as a hypolipidemic agent that works as inhibitor of (3S)-hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGR) which reduces HMG-CoA to mevalonate and is the key step in cholesterol biosynthesis (PubMed:6933445). Lovastatin, simvastatin and related compounds are widely used to treat hypercholesteremia and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (PubMed:6933445). Furthermore, statins such as lovastatin were found to be anticancer agents (PubMed:29236027, PubMed:29932104)
Has potential for application in biological recycling of plastic waste products (Ref.4, PubMed:25545638, PubMed:31690819, PubMed:32269349). Shows promising applications in the laundry industry as a cleansing agent, as it is thermostable and tolerant to surfactants and organic solvents (PubMed:23604968). Also shows promising applications in ethyl alcohol distillery processes as it may be utilized for treatment of molasses wastewater (PubMed:33387709)
Contains a number of strongly recognized T-cell epitopes distributed throughout the protein sequence and induces high level of IFN-gamma, indicating this might be a good vaccine candidate (PubMed:10603390, PubMed:12228269, PubMed:16714570). A fusion protein (p846) of 3 well-defined antigens (EspC, EsxH and Rv2660c) induces robust specific T-cell immune response and could be an effective vaccine (PubMed:24280763)
Has potential use in bioremediation of waste sites contaminated with selenate, such as agricultural drainage waters
The recombinant protein could be used for a reliable component-resolved diagnosis of walnut allergy as it has the same properties and virtually identical IgE-binding reactivity as the native protein even that it is unprocessed and hence lacking the proteolytic cleavages of the mature protein (PubMed:19540419). A rapid, highly specific and relatively sensitive indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection and quantification of walnut protein component in processed foods has been developed using polyclonal antibodies against this protein (PubMed:24206692). Testing young patients specific IgE-reactivity of this protein is a better approach in diagnosing clinical walnut allergy in children and youth compared to the walnut extract-based testing due to its improved specificity as shown by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) statistical analysis (PubMed:28552380, PubMed:31175720). The strategy of synthesizing digestion-resistant peptides instead of overlapping peptides, and verifying them using sera from walnut-allergic patients, can significantly reduce workload and serum requirement, enhance pertinence, and improve efficiency in studying linear epitopes of this protein (PubMed:32283362)
Emulsification efficiency of glycinin is improved by degree-dependent glycation with soy soluble polysaccharide (SSPS) at 60 degrees Celsius in both the acidic (A) and basic (B) polypeptides as a result of subunit dissociation at the quaternary level (PubMed:30372068). Thermal treatment of soybean seed proteins leads to the aggregation of glycinin acidic and basic polypeptides (GAP and GBP, respectively) (PubMed:10867183, PubMed:25801436). GBP improve sensory properties of meat (e.g. pork) during chilled storage and inhibit bacterial growth (e.g. L.monocytogenes, B.subtilis, E.coli and S.enteritidis) (PubMed:30263339, PubMed:22236762). Antibacterial properties of the GBP antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) associated with no cytotoxicity on the viability of human embryonic kidney cells make them promising candidates as natural antibacterial agents (PubMed:22236762, Ref.12, PubMed:28590128). Fragmented peptides resulting from gastrointestinal digestion of germinated soybeans seem to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory actions on human colon cancer cells (e.g. Caco-2, HT-29, and HCT-116) and macrophages (LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7) (PubMed:29037738). Such peptides resulting from digested germinated soybeans exhibit also anti-diabetic potential by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), salivary alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzymes (PubMed:30249015)
The addition of Man26A as a supplement to the commercial enzyme mixture Celluclast(R) 1.5 L and Novozyme(R) 188 results in enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated beechwood sawdust, improving the release of total reducing sugars and glucose by 13 and 12 %, respectively
Potential candidate for the development of parasite blood stage vaccines (PubMed:12244052, PubMed:29567995). In vitro and in vivo, induces antibodies capable of inhibiting parasite growth (PubMed:12244052)
Might be used for vaccine production
A deglycosylated form may be linked to monoclonal antibodies to produce immunotoxins exploited in cancer treatment. However, a point mutation should be introduced to eliminate vascular leak syndrome, a side effect resulting from endothelial damage
Preserves hematopoietic progenitors in suspension culture by preventing their proliferation and differentiation even in the presence of a cytokine known for its strong induction of proliferation and differentiation (PubMed:9892687). FRIL's ability to preserve quiescent primitive cells in a reversible manner may significantly expand the time and range of ex vivo manipulations of human stem cells for clinical applications (PubMed:10880759)
By combining the DNA-binding domain with the catalytic domain of the restriction endonuclease FokI, TALE-nuclease (TALEN) enzymes able to target specific dsDNA sequences are created that enable eukaryotic genome modification. Other potential uses as transcriptional repressors, for transposon targeting, DNA methylation or histone tail modifictions are also possible
The 'passenger' domain (residues 29-785) can be replaced by other sequences which can be targeted to the cell surface (PubMed:22344647)
Could conceivably be developed to fulfill the practical requirements to enable its use for lactose removal in milk and dairy products at low temperature or a reporter enzyme for psychrophilic genetic systems
Can be used to remove sulfur from polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds found in gasoline and diesel (biodesulfurization), which are a considerable source of pollution. As the substrates are not very soluble in conventional media, biphasic systems may help improve catalysis. Expression of dszD-dszA-dszB-dszC (cloned in this order) in organic-solvent-tolerant P.putida strain Idaho allows P.putida to grow on 10% p-xylene with DBT as the sole sulfur source. In this P.putida strain 97% of DBT was degraded, 71% of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene and about 50% of 3-methyldibenzothiophene or 4-methyldibenzothiophene was degraded in the presence of 10% p-xylene. Degradation of DBT in the presence of 10% of other organic solvents was tested; when grown in dodecane, cyclohexane or heptanol bacteria metabolized DBT as well as p-xylene, while other organic solvents degraded DBT slightly less well
This cold-adapted beta-galactosidase could be used to hydrolyze lactose in milk and dairy products processed in refrigerated plants. It is in fact superior to the current commercial enzyme from K.marxiamus with respect to lactose removal, especially at low temperatures
Widely used for the removal of N-glycans from glycoproteinss and glycopeptides in laboratory
Can be used for targeted secretion inhibition. A construct with this protein's ligand domain inserted between the C.botulinum neurotoxin type D (BoNT/D, botD) light chain and translocation domains, when injected into rats, leads to decreased growth hormone production. The GHRH ligand domain binds to the GHRH receptor on somatotrophs where it is taken up into endosomes. There the translocation domain inserts into the membrane, releasing the light chain which cleaves synaptobrevin and inhibits growth hormone exocytosis (PubMed:24029240, PubMed:26324071)
Is an attractive candidate for the broad-spectrum digestion of polyuronides into fermentable monomers for biofuel production
Monacoline K acts as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase involved in cholesterogenesis (PubMed:21821946). Its hypocholesterolemic activity might be useful for lowering cholesterol levels in the blood and reduce artherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (PubMed:21821946)
Recognized by sera from 42/43 syphilis patients, it shows promise as a diagnostic antigen (PubMed:12904373). In further diagnostic tests for syphilis this protein exhibits a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 99%. A fusion with TP0453 (residues 32-287 of TP0453 fused N-terminally to residues 38-450 of TP0326) exhibits a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 99%, and exhibits superior accuracy in classifying analytical false-positive samples than a commericially available test, making it a better candiate for diagnosis (PubMed:23100335)
The pharmaceutical interesting psilocybin as a treatment option against depression and anxiety is being investigated in advanced clinical trials
Could be useful as a specific antigen for the serological diagnosis of active infection of both human and bovine brucellosis (PubMed:10482294). Has been used as a protein carrier of foreign peptides and proteins (PubMed:15390265). The described characteristics of BLS make this protein an ideal antigen carrier for vaccine development (PubMed:14660615, PubMed:15390265, PubMed:16455994, PubMed:23029192, PubMed:14500496). The antitumor effect of BLS could lead to a therapeutic strategy utilizing a TLR4 ligand; as the expression of TLR4 has been reported on a large number of tumors, BLS signaling via TLR4 could make a notable contribution to the success of cancer treatment when coadministered with other cancer vaccines or treatments like radiation or chemotherapy (PubMed:25973756)
Cichorine and its derivatives are promising in the course of developing novel herbicides
The antagonistic activity of Trichoderma harzianum is used for the control of several soil borne plant pathogenic fungi
This protein may have potential in the disruption of glycogen adherence of the pneumococci to the host cell or disruption of glycogen breakdown in the host cells by the bacteria and thus could be useful in treating streptococcal lung infections
POU5F1/OCT4, SOX2, MYC/c-Myc and KLF4 are the four Yamanaka factors. When combined, these factors are sufficient to reprogram differentiated cells to an embryonic-like state designated iPS (induced pluripotent stem) cells. iPS cells exhibit the morphology and growth properties of ES cells and express ES cell marker genes
Mannoprotein called haze protective factor from wine that is able to prevent visible wine protein haze formation. This mannoprotein showed haze-protective activity against wine proteins and BSA when either was heated in white wine
Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acids) (PHA), of which PHB is among the most common compounds, are prokaryotic intracellular storage compounds with potential uses as a renewable, biodegradable thermoplastic. Cyanobacterial PHB synthesis is particularly attractive as cyanobacteria use CO(2) as the carbon source
Has a potential role in leather processing industry due to its dehairing activity for animal hide without hydrolyzing fibrous protein (PubMed:24348183). May also have application in detergent industries due to its stability and its ability to hydrolyze blood stain (PubMed:24348183)
Citreoviridin inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by binding to the beta-subunit of F1-ATPase (PubMed:2523213). Ectopic mitochondrial ATP synthase is a factor that mediates HIV-1 transfer between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and CD4+ target cells, and citreoviridin can completely block antigen-presenting cell (APC)-mediated transfer of HIV-1 at the APC-target cells (PubMed:22753871). Inhibition of Ectopic mitochondrial ATP synthase by citreoviridin can also lead to suppression of cancer growth by activating the unfolded protein response (PubMed:22822083)
Plants expressing BCL2 in the lamina joint and the spikelet under the control of BUL1 promoter exhibit increased leaf angle and grain length
Lectins have particular value as specific probes for investigating the distribution, structure and biological function of carbohydrate chains on the cell surface of animal, plant, and microorganism because of their specificity for defined carbohydrate structures. AFL is suitable for detecting core fucose on cell surface glycoproteins (PubMed:25760594)
PHB and PHBV are desirable bioplastic due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties. However, PHBV has better mechanical properties than PHB
Can be used in the industrial production of the value-added compound 5-aminovalerate
The role played by EndoS in the specific inhibition of host immunoglobulin-gamma (IgG)-mediated immune response makes it a promising candidate for the treatment of some autoimmune disease
Has been used successfully in the preparative scale synthesis of sialyllactosyl sphingosine (lyso-GM3), which is an important glycolipid and an intermediate for synthesizing more complex glycolipids such as gangliosides
The gene coding for this protein might be inactivated to commercially produce plants with phytate-free grain. Indeed, while the role of phytate (InsP6) accumulation in seeds is unknown, it causes nutritional and environmental problems, partly due to the inability of monogastric animals to digest it
Has potential use in bioremediation of waste sites contaminated with chlorate, such as pulp and paper industry wastewater
This protein is a target of small molecules which can be validated by developed assays that measure the topology of trehalose monomycolate (TMM) in the inner membrane of mycobacterial spheroplasts after which they may be developed to future antituberculosis drugs (PubMed:28698380). Designing improved inhibitors against this protein could be achieved by avoiding direct contacts with the identified residues that can mutate to confer drug resistance. Alternatively, incorporating conformational flexibility in the inhibitors can allow them to adapt to structural changes in the inhibitor binding pocket due to mutation (PubMed:30682372)
Widely used for tissue dissociation due to its potent activity on connective tissue
Has been used to anchor otherwise diffusible proteins to the host extracellular matrix. Fusions between the collagen-binding domain (S2B plus S3) and rat epidermal growth factor or human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were injected subcutaneously into adult male BALB/c-nu mice. The fusion proteins remained at the sites of injection for up to 10 days, and bFGF strongly stimulated fibroblast growth (PubMed:9618531)
A combined vaccine containing IsdA, IsdB, SdrD and SdrE afforded significant protection in mice against a lethal challenge with S.aureus Newman or any of the clinical isolates NRS252, N315, NRS248, USA100 and USA400. The immune response elicited by the combined vaccine is greater than the one elicited by its individual components
Can be used to improve resistance to abiotic stresses such as cold, drought and salt
Variants with increased racemase activity could be used on an industrial scale for the production of enantiomerically pure alpha-amino acids
Potential novel drug target for African sleeping sickness as this protein is essential for the infectious bloodstream form of T.brucei. Therapeutic application depends on development of parasite-specific inhibitors, because this enzyme is also generally essential for eukaryotes
Could be used for the production of valuable bioactive 20-hydroxysteroids; these compounds have potential for pharmaceutical applications as inhibitors of steroid hormone metabolizing enzymes, for the treatment of breast cancer, endometriosis, and prostate diseases in humans
Asperfuranone provides anti-proliferative activity in human non-small cell lung cancer cells (PubMed:20148857)
Interfering with NCED1 expression in fruits increases shelf life and reduces seed number, but increases viscosity of juices and modifies fruit texture
Catalyzes the activation of ferulate via CoA-thioesterification, a first enzymatic step for conversion of the lignin-derived ferulate into high value chemicals, such as vanillin and bioplastics
The PprA protein combined with an immunofluorescence technique can be used to visualize radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in mammalian cultured cells, allowing the evaluation of DNA damage responses. This detection method could also be applicable to genotoxic tests in the environmental and pharmaceutical fields
Emulsification efficiency of glycinin is improved by degree-dependent glycation with soy soluble polysaccharide (SSPS) at 60 degrees Celsius in both the acidic (A) and basic (B) polypeptides as a result of subunit dissociation at the quaternary level (PubMed:30372068). Thermal treatment of soybean seed proteins leads to the aggregation of glycinin acidic and basic polypeptides (GAP and GBP, respectively) (PubMed:10867183, PubMed:25801436). GBP improve sensory properties of meat (e.g. pork) during chilled storage and inhibit bacterial growth (e.g. L.monocytogenes, B.subtilis, E.coli and S.enteritidis) (PubMed:30263339, PubMed:22236762). Antibacterial properties of the GBP antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) associated with no cytotoxicity on the viability of human embryonic kidney cells make them promising candidates as natural antibacterial agents (PubMed:22236762, Ref.15, PubMed:28590128). The commercially synthesized peptide G5466 (250-269) exhibits antimicrobial activity toward L.monocytogenes and E.coli probably by forming pores and aggregating in transmembranes, thus being a promising candidate as a natural antibacterial agent (PubMed:27612614). Fragmented peptides resulting from gastrointestinal digestion of germinated soybeans seem to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory actions on human colon cancer cells (e.g. Caco-2, HT-29, and HCT-116) and macrophages (LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7) (PubMed:29037738). Such peptides resulting from digested germinated soybeans exhibit also anti-diabetic potential by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), salivary alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzymes (PubMed:30249015)
Overexpression of the accD operon increases the specific activity of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, increases leaf longevity and seed production. The accD operon consists of accD, psaI, ycf4, cemA, and petA in this order
This gene, also known as the 'green revolution gene' has been introduced by conventional breeding procedures into several cultivars. It provides rice cultivars with short, thick culms, raises the harvest index, improves lodging resistance and responsiveness to nitrogen fertilizer, resulting high yields without affecting panicle and grain quality
Combining natural and engineered alleles of J2 and EJ2 provide a wide range of inflorescence complexity that allows breeding of higher yielding hybrids
Might be a good vaccine candidate
Could be used as a feed additive for animals in order to diminish health problems due to undigested plant fiber and enhance proliferation of beneficial microflora
Terreic acid is a metabolite with antibiotic properties (PubMed:23686727). Terric acid acts also as a selective inhibitor of human BTK kinase in mast cells and other immune cells (PubMed:10051623)
Terreic acid is a metabolite with antibiotic properties (PubMed:23686727). Terric acid acts also as a selective inhibitor of human Bruton's tyrosine kinase in mast cells and other immune cells (PubMed:10051623)
Could be used as the key enzyme to produce alginate monomers in the process of utilizing alginate for biofuels and chemicals production
Expression of the 2 toxin genes in transgenic corn confers resistance to WCR and has been commercialized
Mobile group II introns can be retargeted and used for highly specific chromosomal gene disruption in bacteria. Could be useful for genetic engineering and functional genomics in a wide variety of bacteria
Attractive candidate as antimicrobial coating agent. When this peptide is covalently grafted to a surface, the adhering bacteria are most probably permeabilized (killed or at least damaged), thus unable to grow
Can be used as an oxygen carrier in mammalian cell culture; addition of 1.8% GVs in the medium enhanced the maximum glucose utilization rate by about 30%. The GVs have both GvpA and GvpC
Engineered gas vesicles (GV) can be used for noninvasive imaging in E.coli and mice. Heterologous GVs with 2 copies of gvpA plus gvpC from this bacteria and the gvpR-gvpU operon from P.megaterium make GVs suitable for imaging of bacteria deep in mouse tissues (e.g. the gastrointestinal tract), or when expressed in tumor-homing bacteria, can be detected in tumors
Foreign proteins fused to the N-terminal membrane-targeted domain of this protein are expressed on the magnetosome membrane, subsequent purification of the fusion protein occurs by extracting the organelles from the lysed bacteria using magnets. In this study human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC II) were expressed and purified; expression is better when the endogenous gene is deleted
Promotes reprogramming of differentiated cells to an embryonic-like state designated iPS (induced pluripotent stem) cells. iPS cells exhibit the morphology and growth properties of ES cells and express ES cell marker genes. Inhibits translation of the prodifferentiation transcription factor EGR1 through binding to its mRNA and regulates a broad array of differentiation genes
When expressed on the surface of E.coli cells, CotA was shown to possess improved enzymatic properties, including higher thermal stability and stronger inhibitor tolerance. It has high enzymatic activity against three industrial dye types: an anthraquinone dye, Acid Blue 62, a triphenylmethane dye, Malachite Green, and an azo dye, Methyl Orange. It may help decrease the costs and simplify wastewater treatment, and therefore, surface-displayed CotA shows a great potential for industrial-scale dye decolorization
CotA is also a promising candidate for the clinical determination of direct bilirubin and total bilirubin, which are significant diagnostic marker of liver function and cancer
The wide substrate spectrum and the stereoselective mode of action make GDH a very interesting enzyme for the production of optically pure building blocks in the chemical synthesis of bioactive compounds (PubMed:15296184). GDH could be covalently immobilized via thiol bonds onto the surface of a gold electrode, which represents a proof-of-concept for the development of reactors for electrochemical synthon preparation using dehydrogenases (PubMed:19778027)
Has potential application in bio-remediation by detoxification of organo-phosphates used in insecticides or nerve agents used in chemical warfare such as soman, tabun and sarin
Radicicol is an important pharmacophore as an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), an ATP-dependent chaperone involved in the post-translational maturation and stabilization of over one hundred proteins, and which activity has been implicated in diverse pathologies ranging from oncology to neurodegenerative and infectious diseases (PubMed:19860733)
This protein serves as an immunogenic antigen, inducing gamma-interferon responses in whole-blood cultures from M.tuberculosis-exposed adults in Uganda, The Gambia and South Africa, indicating this might be a good vaccine candidate
Has shown promise in a 4-component vaccine with SecA (AC C0QZS7), BHWA1_00569 (AC C0QYX7) and FlaAL (AC C0QWY9)
The blue light-mediated interaction between CRY2 and BHLH63/CIB1 is used to design an optogenetic control of target proteins or organelles
Potential candidate for the development of parasite blood stage vaccines. In vitro and in vivo, induces neutralizing antibodies capable of inhibiting merozoite invasion of host erythrocytes
Might be an attractive biocatalyst for the production of the osmolyte glucosylglycerol, which is currently produced on industrial scale by exploiting a side activity of the closely related sucrose phosphorylase. GGoP from M.adhaerens may offer far higher productivities due to its high specific activity in the synthesis direction. Glucosylglycerol is commercially distributed as a moisturising agent in cosmetics and can also serve as a stabilizing agent in protein formulations, or even as a functional food
This enzyme offers a promising route for the synthesis of chiral enol-lactones, when expressed in an engineered strain deprived of enone reductase activity
Shows particular potential to be used for the treatment of environmental oil pollutions and in other biocatalytic processes (PubMed:17372208, PubMed:22526792). Random- and site-directed mutagenesis were used to generate mutants with increased activity toward hexadecane (PubMed:22526792)
Detoxification of contaminated food is a challenging health issue and ochratoxinase is a promising enzyme that hydrolyzes ochrtoxin A, a mycotoxin demonstrated to have nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, genotoxic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic properties; and that occurs in a wide range of agricultural products (PubMed:24947135). Its carboxypeptidase activity allows also to produce high Fischer ratio (the ratio of moles of branched chain amino acid content to aromatic amino acid content) oligopeptides, a kind of functional oligopeptides that protect the liver, treat phenylketonuria, have anti-fatigue properties, exhibits antioxidant properties, and support anticoagulation of the blood (PubMed:33647354). Producing high Fischer ratio oligopeptides using an enzymatic method is therefore of great health significance and economic benefit (PubMed:33647354)
Available as a commercial product from Sigma Aldrich (catalog number M0902)
Antibodies against CotH2 protects mice from mucormycosis, and thus could potentially be used to treat the disease
Is an interesting tool in chemoenzymatic synthesis for the construction of chiral complex polyhydroxylated sugar-type structures. The use of hydroxyacetone (acetol) as a donor compound allows access to various 1-deoxysugars. Can also be used for the synthesis of a broad range of iminocyclitols, that are potent glycosidase and glycosyltransferase inhibitors, from dihydroxyacetone, hydroxyacetone or 1-hydroxy-butan-2-one as donor substrate, and a range of acceptor substrates
Introduced by genetic manipulation and expressed in Erwinia herbicola by Anderson et al. The resultant organism is able to convert in a single fermentative step D-glucose into 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, a key precursor in the industrial production of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C). However, the technology still needs some working on and is not used in commercial production at present
CSP immunodominant B cell epitopes are primarily located in the central repeats (PubMed:29167197, PubMed:32451496). Antibodies against CSP and particularly against the central repeats can neutralize infection at the pre-liver stage and thus makes CSP an attractive candidate for the development of vaccines (PubMed:32451496). CSP C-terminus is less efficient at eliciting antibodies. These antibodies are less efficient at neutralizing infections (PubMed:29167197, PubMed:32451496)
Has been shown to cleave dsDNA in a targeted manner in human (HEK293T) cells, suggesting it could be used for genome editing
A promising vaccine candidate, an rpfB-encoding DNA vaccine induces elevated cellular immune responses, confers modest but significant protection against intra-tracheal tuberculosis challenge in female C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice
Recovery of biotin-prototrophic clones from transformation of biotin-auxotrophic mutants suggests that bioDA could be usedas a new and convenient genetic marker for transformation
Is highly specific for L-aspartic acid, and so can be used to produce L-alanine and D-aspartic acid from DL-aspartic acid
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing eutK, eutL, eutM, eutN, eutS (eutSMNLK). Cargo proteins can be targeted to them. The addition of eutQ to the eutSMNLK construct results in biogenesis of multiple BMCs. This can lead to the development of tailored BMCs for specific metabolic reactions
The main mechanism for TNT toxicity in plants is the production of superoxide in the mitochondria by MDAR5 with TNT as a substrate. Inactivation of MDAR5 enhance TNT tolerance, thus enabling revegetation and remediation of explosives-contaminated sites
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing (Hoch_5815, Hoch_5812, Hoch_3341, Hoch_5816, Hoch_4425, Hoch_4426, Hoch_5814) or (BMC-H (Hoch_5815), BMC-P (Hoch_5814), and 3 BMC-T (Hoch_5812, Hoch_5816, Hoch_3341)). Cargo proteins can be targeted to this BMC
D-lysergic acid amides have been used as medicinal agents for a long time. The pharmacological effects of the various ergot alkaloids and their derivatives are due to the structural similarity of the tetracyclic ring system to neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline, dopamine or serotonin. In addition to migraine or blood pressure regulation, there is a wide spectrum of potential new applications of this interesting group of compounds
Strains lacking PDR5 are used for toxicity tests. Strains overexpressing PDR5 are used for screening antifungal sensitizers
Can be used to produce large quantities of a single protein if the gene coding for the protein does not contain any ACA codons. Up to 90% of expressed bacterial cellular protein can be the target, which can be produced for up to 4 days. The system also works in eukaryotic cells
Heterologous expression of 12 carboxysomal genes in E.coli (ccaA, ccmK2, ccmK3, ccmK4, ccmL, ccmM, ccmN, ccmO, ccmP, rbcL, rbcS, rbcX) leads to the formation of bodies that resemble carboxysomes, have densely packed paracrystalline arrays and RuBisCO activity. These structures open the door to generating carboxysomes in plant cells to increase their photosynthesis and productivity, as well as tailoring bacterial microcompartments to specific metabolic needs and molecule delivery
DmAMP1 expression in heterologous plants such as rice or papaya may provide a broad-spectrum disease resistance
Shows high production efficiency and may be suitable for green production of D-mannose
May be useful for the manufacture of precision magnetite nanoparticles of uniform mineral type, and consistent morphology, with high magnetization. Addition to an Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) sulfate solution increases the quality of the magnetite crystals
This enzyme is used in a developed method for activation of cellulosic materials for industrial applications. Through its transglycosylase activity, chemically modified xyloglucan oligosaccharides are attached to xyloglucan, which has naturally high affinity for cellulose. Then, the chemically modified xyloglucan is adsorbed onto desired cellulosic surfaces. As a result, efficient attachment of a variety of chemical modifications onto cellulose surfaces is attained while the integrity and strength of the fiber is maintained
Ethyl acetate is an undesirable coproduct produced in ethanolic fermentation broths during the fermentation of sugars to ethanol. EstZ could be used to effectively reduce the level of ethyl acetate in ethanol beers produced with the ethanologenic E.coli strain KO11
The purification method developed for LPMOs can be a cheap, simple and fast solution for the purification of these enzymes for industrial applications. In addition, the activity of SamLPMO10C shows the potential of LPMOs in lignocellulosic biomass valorization
Improves cryopreservation of the human red blood cells (RBCs). Almost 90 % hemolysis damage induced to RBCs by freeze thawing with the slow warming at 22 degrees Celsius is dramatically decreased to less than 16 % when 0.4 or 0.8 mg/ml of this protein is used as a cryoprotectant. The post-thaw cell counts of RBCs frozen in the presence of 0.8 mg/ml of this protein and thawed by slow warming at 22 degrees Celsius is almost the same as that of non-frozen intact RBCs, whereas the recovery of RBCs frozen in its absence is less than 30 %
Has shown promise in a 4-component vaccine with BHWA1_00430 (AC C0QY54), SecA (AC C0QZS7) and FlaAL (AC C0QWY9)
(S)-2-chloropropionate is used in a large quantity as a synthetic precursor for the industrial production of aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides
A number of inhibitors with high affinity for bacterial ThrRS and less affinity for human ThrRS have been identified that might make good antibiotics
Its strong elasticity suggests that it may be used for industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Recombinant protein can be cast into a rubber-like biomaterial by rapid photochemical cross-linking. The resilience (recovery after deformation) of cross-linked recombinant resilin exceeds that of unfilled synthetic polybutadiene, a high resilience rubber
The coexpression of CYP90G4 and CYP94D108 in the yeast strain RH6829, which was engineered to accumulate cholesterol, leads to the production of diosgenin, the main precursor for the industrial production of steroid hormones
This protein is only found in actinomycetes; as it is essential in M.tuberculosis, it might make a potential drug target
Used in the PCR method because of its high thermostability. Has a relatively high error rate because it lacks exonuclease proofreading functionality
Cancer prevention by GLSs is attributed to the formation of isothiocyanates (Scheme 1a) upon hydrolysis
Recombnant urate oxidase might be effective in reducing serum uric acid, and thus could be used to prevent and treat tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), a serious complication of malignancies that can result in renal failure or death in children with cancer
Has potential for lactose removal from dairy products at refrigerated temperatures
A short internal peptide (AARL, residues 20-24) is toxic against B.subtilis, S.aureus and the yeast Candida albicans but not against E.coli, green monkey (Vero) or hamster cells (BHK) cultured cells. It functions in various growth media and might be used as an antimicrobial peptide. The intact protein is not toxic under any tested conditions when added to growth medium
May provide a basis for developing a marker to distinguish actively replicating M.tuberculosis cells from quiescent mycobacteria
ATG19 is important for yeast autolysis which is the source of several molecules responsible for the quality of wines aged in contact with yeast cells
Used by snowmaking industry to promote ice nucleation for artificial snow and economize water. Sold under the name Snomax by York
Has shown promise in a 4-component vaccine with BHWA1_00430 (AC C0QY54), SecA (AC C0QZS7) and BHWA1_00569 (AC C0QYX7)
Could be a useful biocatalyst for the preparative production of ursodeoxycholate, an FDA-approved cholic acid derivate drug used to treat cholesterol gallstones and current sole alternative to surgical intervention
The mutant TrpDH-4mut (L59F/D168G/A234D/I296N) exhibits higher stability and specific activity than the wild-type enzyme, and could be used as a simple and rapid enzymatic method to determine L-tryptophan in human plasma samples, which is useful for the diagnosis and treatment of inherited metabolic disorders of L-tryptophan metabolism
Recognized by sera from 43/43 syphilis patients, it shows promise as a diagnostic antigen (PubMed:12904373). In diagnostic tests for syphilis this protein exhibits a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 100%. A fusion with TP0453 (residues 32-287 of TP0453 fused N-terminally to residues 38-450 of TP0326) exhibits a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 99%, and both proteins exhibit superior accuracy in classifying analytical false-positive samples than a commericially available test, making them candiates for diagnosis (PubMed:23100335)
Homoalanine fermentation combined with the disruption of the alr gene allowed the industrial and stereospecific production (>99%) of L-alanine, which is used as a food sweetener and for pharmaceutical applications
Radicicol is an important pharmacophore as an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), an ATP-dependent chaperone involved in the post-translational maturation and stabilization of over one hundred proteins, and which activity has been implicated in diverse pathologies ranging from oncology to neurodegenerative and infectious diseases (PubMed:19101477)
As MurF has no human counterpart, it represents an attractive target for the development of new antibacterial drugs. A new series of cyanothiophene-based inhibitors have been designed and synthesized, and identified as micromolar inhibitors of MurF from S.aureus
Would be one of the most promising biocatalysts for production of cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline (cis-4-Hyp), a compound which was clinically evaluated as an anticancer drug
CIN2/GIF1 is a potential domestication-selected gene that controls grain filling and yield, and could be used for further crop improvement
Over-expression of a truncated intracellular domain of BAK1 induces partial suppression of endogenous BAK1 expression, leading to an erect leaf phenotype. This could be a potential tool to improve rice grain yield at high density planting
This enzyme is an ideal candidate for the industrial production of D-allulose, which has the potential to be used not only as a food ingredient but also as a growth regulator and/or agricultural chemical
4-Hydroxyisoleucine is a natural nonproteinogenic amino acid that exhibits insulinotropic biological activity and increases glucose-induced release of insulin
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with antibodies against Mp1 protein as well as Mp1 antigen-based ELISA can be used to detect infections caused by P.marneffei (penicilliosis)
Has potential use as a vaccine component
Can be used to create artificial restriction enzymes using denatured tDNA with appropriate guide DNAs. Multiple gDNAs can be used in a single reaction. This is particularly useful when cloning a region without any known restriction enzyme sites
Can be used to detect nucleic acids at the attomolar range (10(-18))
This enzyme offers a promising route for the synthesis of chiral ene-lactones, when expressed in an engineered strain deprived of enone reductase activity
Vaccine strains for Salmonella typhimurium were successfully produced using strains with mutations in the asd gene
May have promising applications in chemical and textile industries as it is capable of hydrolyzing a variety of substrates including soluble esters and insoluble triglycerides (PubMed:18658138, PubMed:20729325). Can hydrolyze and thus modulate the surface properties of natural fibers such as cotton (PubMed:20729325). Has potential for application in biological recycling of plastic waste products (PubMed:21751386, PubMed:25545638). As the hydrolysis reaction is reversible, may also have applications in the food industry for synthesizing short-chain aliphatic esters, odor chemicals used as food flavorings (PubMed:27041308)
Potentially useful in the development of antithrombotic drugs, particularly due to the possible control of its activity via the redox potential
Could be used for the stereoselective biosynthesis of beta-amino acids via amination of cinnamic acid derivatives
Promotes flavonoid biosynthesis when expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) through up-regulation of the biosynthetic genes. Tobacco plants exhibit increased insect (Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera) resistance due to enhanced accumulation of rutin
Introducing DRO1 into a shallow-rooting rice cultivar enables the resulting line to avoid drought by increasing deep rooting, and to maintain high yield performance under drought conditions
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing eutK, eutL, eutM, eutN, eutS (eutSMNLK) or eutS alone. Cargo proteins can be targeted to them and beta-galactosidase (lacZ) was active within the BMC, showing the BMC allows passage of substrate into the interior. This can lead to the development of tailored BMCs for specific metabolic reactions (PubMed:22428024, PubMed:27063436). The addition of eutQ to the eutSMNLK construct results in biogenesis of multiple BMCs (PubMed:27063436)
This enzyme is used in a preparative method to synthesize ample amount of GDP-D-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose to be used in elucidating biosynthetic pathways of various heptose components present in capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of C.jejuni
A good vaccine protein, it induces bactericidal antibodies in humans
Could be used to improve the production of 2,3-butanediol, a valuable chemical for industrial applications, in Z.mobilis cells
The antidiabetes effect of BefA was evaluated using type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice models (PubMed:34604109, PubMed:35186190). BefA protein significantly reduces blood glucose levels, maintains the body weight, improves the glucose tolerance and exerts a protective effect on islet beta cell morphology in a T1DM mice model (PubMed:34604109, PubMed:35186190). It also downregulates the expression of TLR-4, p-NFkappaB/NFkappaB and Bax/Bcl-2, and the secretion levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha (PubMed:34604109, PubMed:35186190). Similarly, it increases islet beta cells and reduces the inflammatory reaction and apoptosis in T2DM mice (PubMed:35186190). BefA therefore alleviates diabetes via increasing the number of islet beta cells, reducing the inflammatory reaction and apoptosis, improving liver lipid metabolism and restoring microbial diversity to normal levels, which provides a new strategy for an oral drug for diabetes mellitus (DM) (PubMed:35186190)
Can be used to target proteins to the BMC (tested with GFP)
This glyphosate-degrading enzyme could be of potential use in agricultural biotechnology for the development of new-generation herbicide-resistant plants. The SCF-4 mutant obtained by engineering shows significant improved catalytic efficiency towards glyphosate, and a better affinity to glyphosate than that reported for glyphosate oxidoreductase GOX in a Monsanto's patent
As expression of DarT is bactericidal (rather than bacteriostatic as are most TA systems in this bacteria), inactivation of DarG may be an attractive drug target
RgIA[Del13]dimer is an analog therapeutically interesting because it is the first dual inhibitor that potently and selectively inhibits alpha-9-alpha-10/CHRNA9-CHRNA10 and alpha-7/CHRNA7 subtypes, which are both involved in the etiology of several cancers
Possible reporter enzyme for halotolerant and halophilic organisms. May also be used in the food industry to digest plant polysaccharides in high-salt processes
The fast anaerobic growth of Schizosaccharomyces japonicus in sterol-free media is an interesting trait for developing robust fungal cell factories for application in anaerobic industrial processes
The CTR4 copper-sensing promoter can be used to construct plasmids that offer efficient and regulated expression in C.neoformans (PubMed:15334556)
Has potential for application in environmental remediation and biological recycling of PET and PEF waste products
May be studied for future application as a vaccine, since it impairs tick attachment time and engorgement body weight
Sold under the name 'Endoproteinase Lys-C' by Roche
Introduced by genetic manipulation and expressed in glufosinate-tolerant canola and maize by Agrevo
Molecules that disrupt the MbcT-MbcA complex could be candidates for anti-tuberculosis therapy
Can be used as a biomarker, which together with BlaC-specific fluorogenic substrates, allows a rapid and accurate detection of very low numbers of M.tuberculosis for the clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis in sputum and other specimens
Extracting this recombinant allergen by vacuum infiltration from the plant (Nicotiana benthamiana) apoplast via tobacco mosaic virus vector could be useful in diagnostic and/or immunotherapeutic strategies for cedar allergy as it is a more convenient and inexpensive method than expression in the yeast (Pichia pastoris) secretion system
Has potential use in hydrolyzing lactose in neutral pH dairy products such as whole milk or whey. Also could be used in milk lactose hydrolysis during pasteurization at high temperatures
Has shown promise in a 4-component vaccine with BHWA1_00430 (AC C0QY54), BHWA1_00569 (AC C0QYX7) and flaAL (AC C0QWY9)
The lactoperoxidase system is used by the dairy industry for the preservation of raw milk during transportation (PubMed:10894086). Freshly obtained milk is supplemented with thiocyanate and hydrogen peroxide which are used by milk LPO to produce antimicrobial agents (PubMed:10894086)
Could be exploited in bioremediation of arsenic-contaminated environments
Candidate for development of a vaccine for the control of tuberculosis
Has potential to be used as a thrombolytic drug due to its fibrinolytic, fibrinogenolytic and thrombosis-reducing activities without concomitant hemorrhagic activity
The essential nature of the cell wall protein Culp6 makes it a promising target for drug development
The minimal pNL29 gvp locus overexpressed in E.coli can be filled with Xe and used as a contrast agent for ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging
Promising transmission-blocking vaccine candidate: targeting the protein would prevent transmission of the parasite decreasing the malaria burden. However, efforts to produce full length recombinant protein in a functional conformation is difficult. Different approaches have been tested to produce a recombinant protein with display of its transmission-blocking epitopes
Has potential for enzyme application in low-lactose milk production during milk pasteurization
Is under several clinical trials (phase I, II and III) as BLZ-100 (Tozuleristide) by Blaze Bioscience Inc. as a fluorescent imaging agent that labels tumor tissue (CNS, oral cavity squamous cells, breast, skin) to enable more complete and precise surgical resection. BLZ-100 is composed of the chlorotoxin peptide covalently congujated to a derivative of the fluorescent dye indocyanine green
In the course of search for new antibiotics, a class of oxathiazol-2-one compounds has been identified that selectively inhibits the M.tuberculosis proteasome over the human proteasome and that kills non-replicating M.tuberculosis
Could be a promising candidate for further applications in the epimerization reaction of bile acids at the C-7 position and thus may be used as a biocatalyst for the synthesis of bile acids derivatives of pharmacological interest
Is a standard reagent for testing vWF/platelet interactions and detection of the defects in von Willebrand disease and in GPIb-related disorders such as Bernard-Soulier syndrome
5 ug/ml of this enzyme pair converts A blood type to O blood type in an hour, and can be removed by centrifugation, showing the pair can be used for production of universal type donor blood
The peptide(14-39) may have biotechnological applications as a drug delivery system targeting cancer cells, since it lacks pharmacological activity of the wild-type toxin and has selective internalization properties in specific cell lines. It is directed to the nucleus of six neoplastic cell lines (SK-MEL-188, HEP G2, Caco-2, MDA-MB-231, A549 and DU 145), as well as in rat cardiomyocytes, and rat heptocytes. However, it is unable to cross the cell membrane of six normal immortalized cell lines (HUV-EC-C, HFF-1, MCR-5, HEK-293, BHK-21 and MDCK)
Injection of the inactive mutant protein (Ala instead of ser at position 272) in mice has no deleterious effects and elicits an antibody response, suggesting it could be used as a vaccine (PubMed:15226357)
The extraordinary high clotting activity, combined with its very low non-specific activity may be useful in the production of cheese types, for which a bitter taste is unfavorable, for example Mascarpone type cheese (PubMed:16488399). Large-scale expression of camel chymosin gene in P.pastoris could represent an excellent system for producing active chymosin for potential use in the commercial production of cheese (PubMed:25837439)
Proposed as a reliable reference gene for normalization purposes
Can be used to detect RNA or DNA with atomolar sensitivity and single-base mismatch specificity when combined with isothermal amplification, allowing detection of virus, bacterial pathogens, to genotype DNA and to identify mutations in cell-free DNA. Additionally the reagents can be lyophilized and reconstituted on paper for field work (PubMed:28408723)
Shows promising applications in ethyl alcohol distillery processes as it may be utilized for treatment of molasses wastewater (PubMed:33387709). Has potential for application in biological recycling of plastic waste products (PubMed:20393707, PubMed:22183084)
Responsible for the reduction of the azo bond of azo dyes, making yeasts efficient azo dye decolorizers
ENDO1 is used to detect mutations generated by ethyl methan sulfonate (EMS) to produce a TILLING (targeting-induced local lesions in genomes) platform (PubMed:17651368, PubMed:18433472)
The elucidation of the enzymatic mechanisms of malodor formation may lead to completely new ways to design deodorant actives. A targeted approach to block the enzymatic process offers the possibility of an efficient treatment without perturbation of the resident skin microflora. The enzyme could also be fed with alternative substrates which are designed to release a fragrance note instead of the malodor
Introduced by genetic manipulation and expressed in glyphosate-tolerant soybean, canola, cotton and maize by Monsanto. Developed to provide new weed-control options for farmers. Expression of this protein in plants imparts high levels of glyphosate tolerance
Was identified as an important pneumococcal antigen that provides significant cross-protection in models of pneumococcal sepsis and pneumonia. Was selected as one of the lead candidates for development of a new pneumococcus protein-based vaccine. Is a component of a trivalent recombinant protein-based vaccine candidate for protection against S.pneumoniae, whose initial formulation development evaluations are described in PubMed:22538529
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing eutK, eutL, eutM, eutN, eutS (eutSMNLK) or eutS alone. Cargo proteins can be targeted to both BMCs; beta-galactosidase (lacZ) was active within the BMC, showing the BMC allows passage of substrate into the interior. This can lead to the development of tailored BMCs for specific metabolic reactions (PubMed:22428024, PubMed:27063436). The addition of eutQ to the eutSMNLK construct results in biogenesis of multiple BMCs (PubMed:27063436)
The engineered enzyme with mutations Ile-243/Cys-238/Cys-283/Gly-127 can hydrolyze PET in a highly efficient way, ultimately achieving, in less than 10 hours, a minimum of 90 per cent PET depolymerization into monomers, with a productivity of 16.7 grams of terephthalate per liter per hour. It was also shown that biologically recycled PET produced from enzymatically depolymerized PET waste exhibits the same properties as petrochemical PET, before being processed into bottles, thereby contributing towards the concept of a circular PET economy
Asperterpenoids A and B, but not the final product asperterpenoid C, exhibit potent inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase B with IC(50) values of 3 to 6 uM
Phenylalanine dehydrogenase (PheDH) is a key enzyme in medical diagnostic for determining the amount of phenylalanine to detect phenylketonuria (PKU) disease. The mutant V144L has a higher specificity for phenylalanine substrate and may provide a suitable candidate to increase the specificity of PKU detection in clinic
Sold as a diet aid under the name of 'Phaseolamin' or 'Phase 2'
Is widely used in biosensors to measure the lactate concentration in blood and other tissues
Foreign proteins can be targeted to ectopic nanocompartments in E.coli upon coexpression with a construct using the 15 C-terminal residues of Flp (AC Q9WZP3), tested with GFP. There are at most 20 GFP per compartment. Empty nanocompartments can be disassembled by extreme pH or by 7 M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl); only reassembly from GuHCl-dissociated compartments allows incorporation of targeted cargo (PubMed:27224728). The central pore in the pentamer can be enlarged by modifying the pore-forming loop (residues 184-189), which allows transport of larger metabolites than wild-type pores (PubMed:30376298). Artificial metabolons made by targeting proteins to the outside and inside of the nanocompartment have also been made in E.coli; increasing pore size increases metabolic flux (PubMed:33769792). Foreign proteins targeted to nanocompartments have been purified and characterized from insect cells. By C-terminally tagging only IDM1 of A.thaliana, all 6 components of the IDM complex were targeted to the nanocompartment (PubMed:32961724)
Is of interest for its potential application as a bioremediator in the destruction of organophosphate pesticides and in the detoxification of nerve agents (PubMed:17630782, PubMed:18535849). The Ser127Ala mutant, which possesses improved metal binding abilities, has been immobilized on magnetite nanoparticles and shown to be active for multiple cycles, and could be stored over a prolonged time in the immobilized form without loss of activity. This system has the potential to be of potential use in the bioremediation of organophosphate contaminated waterways (PubMed:24239906)
Spear and Spear T (Vesparon) are biological insecticides containing 20% of the active ingredient GS-omega/kappa-Hxtx-Hv1a. They are effective against thrips, whiteflies, and spider mites in greenhouse settings. They have a large molecular weight, are hydrophilic, and have many hydrogen donors. They kill some insects on contact. The peptides block two ion channels in the insect nervous system (a voltage-gated calcium channel (Cav) and a calcium-activated potassium channel (KCa))
Could be considered as a biological insecticide candidate, when fused to Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), a protein with the potential to cross the insect gut (PubMed:22761779). This chimeric Hv1a/GNA variant shows a gain in toxicity on insects when administered orally (tested on Mamestra brassicae), while maintaining similar effects as the wild-type toxin when injected (PubMed:22761779). Transport of fusion protein from gut contents to the hemolymph of insect larvae, and binding to the nerve chord indicate that the fusion with GNA permits to deliver the toxin to sites of action within the insect central nervous system (PubMed:22761779). The Hv1a/GNA variant does not show adverse effects on honeybees (PubMed:22761779, PubMed:24898372)
Potential biopesticide that could protect honeybees from the parasitic small hive beetle pest Aethina tumida, but is harmless to honeybees. Is orally toxic to A.tumida, when fused to Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), a protein with the potential to cross the insect gut
Could be considered as a biological insecticide candidate, when fused to a luteovirus coat protein, which is able for delivery of fused proteins into the hemocoel of pea aphids. This luteovirus coat protein is used as a carrier to greatly enhance the oral toxicity of Hv1a to a range of aphid pest species (Acyrthosiphon pisum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Aphis glycines and Myzus persicae)
LGOX has been used as a biosensor to quantify L-glutamate and been applied in quality management of foods and fermentation processes, and can also be used in biosensors for clinical testing apparatus. The alternation of substrate specificity expands the application range of LGOX in industrial, medical and pharmaceutical fields. The LGOX R305E mutant is suitable for the determination of L-arginine
Vanillin is toxic to the cells and hence it is subject to catabolism caused by the oxidative activity of this protein. This is undesired from the production point of view of this important compound. The deletion mutant of this protein can be used in production of natural vanillin by microbial fermentation from ferulic acid at final concentrations and molar yields on an industrial scale (PubMed:23064333, PubMed:27037121). Further improvement of vanillin synthesis by the deletion mutant can be achieved with simultaneous constitutive overexpression of the vanillin anabolism enzymes feruloyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase (Fcs) and enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase (Ech) (PubMed:27037121)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing Glycyrrhiza uralensis CYP88D6 and CYP72A154, combined with the expression of Arabidopsis thaliana beta-amyrin synthase (beta-AS) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase 1 (ATR1), accumulates glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and, to lower levels, beta-amyrin; these GA production was increased in the presence of G.uralensis cytochrome b5 (CYB5)
Pyroptosis-induced inflammation mediated by Gsdma3 triggers robust anti-tumor immunity and may be used in therapies to suppress tumor growth (PubMed:32188939). Use of a nanoparticle-mediated delivery system that selectively directs release of N-terminal moiety (Gasdermin-A3, N-terminal) into tumor cells, triggers pyroptosis and robust anti-tumor immunity (PubMed:32188939). Pyroptosis of less than 15% of tumor cells is sufficient to clear the entire tumor in a mammary tumor graft (PubMed:32188939)
Inhibition of erg4A and erg4B might be an effective approach for alleviating A.fumigatus infection
Exhibits efficient decolorization ability towards indigo and crystal violet, which are extensively used in textile industries and biochemical study, suggesting a potential application of this laccase in industrial processes
The cold-inducible promoter of RD29A can be used to improve chill-resistance of crops by triggering the expression of given genes in low temperature conditions (e.g. potato low temperature sweetening)
Used as a detergent protease. Sold under the name Savinase by Novozymes
Mice immunized with recombinant bacteria carrying a DNA vaccine encoding HtpX were significantly protected from challenge with M.tuberculosis, indicating this might be a good vaccine candidate
Non-allergenic peptides derived from the C-terminal IgE epitope-containing part might be used for immunotherapy to desensitize individuals with mite allergy
Introduced by genetic manipulation and expressed in glufosinate-tolerant maize by Dekalb Genetics
Can be used for the isolation of glycoproteins from humans, plants and fungi. Is a powerful T-cell mitogen in the mouse, and can thus be used as an alternative to concanavalin A for the mitogenic proliferation of murine lymphocytes (PubMed:9111143). Identified as one of the several suitable fluorescently labeled lectins that can be used in a combination for the visualization and quantification of extracellular glycoconjugates in dental supragingival biofilms grown for 48 hours in situ in the absence of dietary carbohydrates (PubMed:28748044). Used in lectin-based microarrays to detect altered glycosylation in cancer tissue (PubMed:32143591)
Antibodies against integrin beta-1 ITGB1 protects epithelial cells from invasion by the fungus R.delemar, a causative agent of mucormycosis, and could thus potentially be used to treat mucormycosis disease (PubMed:32487760). Antibodies against the protein also protect a neutropenic mouse model against mucormycosis (PubMed:32487760)
NFS2-overexpressing transgenic plants have enhanced ability to tolerate and accumulate Se and may be used in phytoremediation
Could be used to reinforce the natural insecticidal ability of baculoviruses. The insertion of the gene coding for AaHIT causes a higher killing speed of insects by the baculovirus (particularly against lepidopterans)
Could be considered as a biological insecticide candidate, when fused to Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), a protein with the potential to cross the insect gut. This chimeric AaIT/GNA variant shows increased resistance and toxicity to both chewing and sucking pests (the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, and the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens), when expressed in transgenic plants
The activity of wine yeasts to decarboxylate phenylacrylic acids is one of their biological properties related to the production of phenolic off-flavors (POF) in winemaking
Due to its ability to synthesize simple silica nanospheres in vitro from silanes at nearly neutral pH and at ambient temperatures and pressures, it is of great interest in nanotechnology. May be of practical use for the fabrication of photonic devices
Coexpression of Cas9 with an artificial single guide RNA (sgRNA) which fuses the crRNA with the tracrRNA in human cells has shown it is possible to target and modify DNA sequences of interest (PubMed:23287722, PubMed:23360966, PubMed:23386978). Cas9 plus the 2 sgRNAs have also been expressed individually in human and mouse cells to achieve DNA targeting; cleavage efficiencies of the artificial sgRNA were lower that those for systems with the 2 sgRNAs expressed separately (PubMed:23287718). Microinjection of Cas9-encoding mRNA and a synthetic sgRNA into zebrafish embryos induces targeted mutations (PubMed:23360964). In all cases introduction of multiple sgRNAs leads to multiplexed editing of genomic loci; DNA has also been inserted into a mammalian locus of interest. In S.pneumoniae and E.coli it has been used to generate markerless mutations; mutiple changes can be made simultaneously (PubMed:23360965). Studies to make mutations that alter the PAM-specificity and thus recognition possibilities have been made, but are not annotated in this database (PubMed:26098369)
Antibodies against CERLI2 severely reduces parasitemia, suggesting that CERLI2 is a potential vaccine candidate
Also catalyzes the conversion of 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) to 5-fluorouracil (5FU); this activity allows the formation of a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent from a non-cytotoxic precursor. yCD/5FC is one of the most widely used enzyme/prodrug combinations for gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) for the treatment of cancers. 5FU is an anticancer drug used to treat breast, colon, rectal, stomach, and pancreatic cancers, and is the drug of choice for treating colorectal carcinoma. However, the drug has high gastrointestinal and hematological toxicities. In contrast, the prodrug 5FC is fairly non-toxic to human, because of the lack of CD activity in human cells. By producing 5FU in the tumor, the CD/5FC system minimizes the undesired toxic effects of 5FU
Can be used to detect low levels of cellular transcripts, which might be useful to create sequence-specific RNA-targeting tools (PubMed:27669025)
Vaccination with the fadD26 mutant protects against progressive tuberculosis more efficiently than does Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). It suggests that inactivation of DIM synthesis can increase the immunogenicity of live vaccines, and increase their ability to protect against tuberculosis, indicating that fadD26 mutant could be a potential vaccine candidate (PubMed:15958066). A double unmarked sigE fadD26 mutant is more attenuated and more protective than BCG and is also a promising new prime TB vaccine candidate (PubMed:31591165)
Dynamin inhibitors slow toxin uptake by nerve cells, and might be used to prolong the treatment window for antitoxins
Replacement of the RBD by other proteins (such as wheat germ agglutinin) allows the rest of the toxin to be taken up by other cell types, and can be used for investigating synaptic vesicle docking-dependent processes in BoNT resistant cells (PubMed:10768948). LC retains protease activity (PubMed:10768948, PubMed:19351593)
Isolated receptor-binding domain (RBD) can be used as a vaccine; a mutated form that is transcytosed into the general circulation but does not enter nerve cells (Leu-1266-1267-Ser) is as efficient as wild-type RBD (PubMed:21106906)
Has potential for application in biological recycling of plastic waste products
An increase in fruity aroma was organoleptically detected in the wine produced by the recombinant wine yeast strain T73 expressing xnlA
Plants overexpressing FPS1 accumulate higher levels of artemisinin
Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing Glycyrrhiza uralensis CYP88D6 and CYP72A154, combined with the expression of Arabidopsis thaliana beta-amyrin synthase (beta-AS) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase 1 (ATR1), accumulates glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and, to lower levels, beta-amyrin; these GA production was increased in the presence of G.uralensis cytochrome b5 (GuCYB5)
This gene, also known as the 'green revolution gene' has been introduced by conventional breeding procedures into several cultivars. It produces shorter plants, increase grain yield at the expense of straw biomass, and are more resistant to damage by wind and rain
Heterologous expression of 12 carboxysomal genes in E.coli (ccaA, ccmK2, ccmK3, ccmK4, ccmL, ccmM, ccmN, ccmO, ccmP, rbcL, rbcS, rbcX) leads to the formation of bodies that resemble carboxysomes, have densely packed paracrystalline arrays and RuBisCO activity. These structures open the door to generating carboxysomes in plant cells to increase their photosynthesis and productivity, as well as tailoring bacterial microcompartments to specific metabolic needs and molecule delivery (PubMed:29922315). Large fluorescent tags can be attached simultaneously to both termini of this protein (adding about 60 kDa) and do not prevent carboxysome formation, showing proteins can be targeted to carboxysomes by fusion to endogenous proteins (PubMed:28963440)
An engineered YwlE Ala-9 mutant can be used as a phosphatase trap that efficiently captures arginine-phosphorylated proteins but cannot hydrolyze the captured substrates, thus facilitating identification of phosphoarginine sites in the large pool of cellular protein modifications. Therefore, this novel tool for the selective enrichment and subsequent MS analysis of arginine phosphorylation should facilitate the investigation of this highly overlooked protein modification, in particular in eukaryotic samples
Yeast engineered to express TYDC mutant Y350F together with Pseudomonas putida DDC (PpDDC), Beta vulgaris L-tyrosine hydroxylase (BvTyH) and Papaver somniferum (S)-norcoclaurine synthase (PsNCS) accumulates (S)-norcoclaurine, an important precursor for the production of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIA)
Is a new promising drug for aquaresis-related diseases, including hyponatremia, and a molecular probe to visualize in vitro and in vivo V2R expressed physiologically or under pathological conditions
Is a new promising therapeutic agent against polycystic kidney diseases (PKD). It shows renoprotective effect on the murine model for PKD, since the number of renal cysts and the total area of cysts is significantly reduced after treatment with this protein
Because of its broad substrate specificity and its ability to produce chiral alcohols with high enantiomeric excesses, this protein from L.kefiri is a very interesting enzyme for preparative applications in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals
Phloroglucinol is widely used in industry and in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. PhlD can be used to produce this chemical, however it exhibits low productivity, which is a bottleneck for large-scale application. Different stategies have been developed to improve the stability and the productivity of the enzyme
Expression leads to increased levels of N-acylated L-amino acids which could be used in a number of applications
Recombinant chitin deacetylase could be used to produce chitosan oligomers or polymers from chitin, this reaction is currently achieved by thermochemical alkaline deacetylation. Due to its properties, chitosan has many biological and industrial applications such as the production of films or fibers
Has potential for industrial application in the enzymatic production of D-amino acids, which are very valuable intermediates for the production of semisynthetic antibiotics, peptide hormones, and pesticides
Potential for use as natural insecticide
This enzyme has been engineered to lead to an amine dehydrogenase able to catalyze the direct asymmetric reductive amination of ketones using ammonia as the sole amino donor. This reaction is a highly desirable transformation for the synthesis of chiral amine intermediates, particularly for the pharmaceuticals industry
Amanexitides have a structure closely related to antamanide, a cyclic decapeptide with antidote activity against amatoxins and phallotoxins, and might therefore exhibit the same activity (Ref.2)
Two extracellular parts of IL6ST/gp130 linked to the Fc-portions of a human IgG1 antibody (sgp130Fc) inhibit IL6 trans-signaling by the IL6:IL6R complex and has no affinity of IL6 or IL6R alone (PubMed:11121117, PubMed:21990364, PubMed:30279168). Also blocks IL11 cluster signaling through IL11R (PubMed:30279168, PubMed:26876177)
Promotes flavonoid biosynthesis in a light-dependent manner when expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) through up-regulation of the biosynthetic genes
PE domain induces protective cellular immune response and PGRS domain induces humoral immune response during infection in mice, suggesting that this protein is a promising candidate for the development of M.tuberculosis vaccines (PubMed:11500435). Immunization of mice with the PE_PGRS33 protein stimulated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell proliferation as well as IFN-gamma secretion, supporting the potential use of PE_PGRS33 as a vaccine candidate for tuberculosis (PubMed:24904584). Elicits a strong B-cell humoral response among different clinical categories of both adult and child tuberculosis patients, indicating that it could be used in the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis (PubMed:17687113)
Major immunodominant antigen that has potential as a vaccine against tuberculosis (PubMed:10542234, PubMed:10531201, PubMed:12654810). Can be used as a DNA vaccine in guinea pigs (PubMed:12654810). Apa-ELISA could be used in diagnosis
[Lys(40)((68)Ga-DOTA)]exendin-3 is a promising tracer to visualize insulinomas (neuroendocrine tumors derived from pancreatic beta-cells in which GLP1R is expressed at >90%) with PET imaging
Potential vaccine candidate (PubMed:26075520). Antibodies against ANP1 prevent parasite P.falciparum development in the mosquito midgut (PubMed:26075520)
Used as a food preservative
This protein may be used to design small molecules that inhibit its interactions with the target proteins. The inhibitors could be used as drugs to treat giardiasis, a disease caused by this parasite
Could be used for bioconversion of red macroalgal biomass into biofuels or industrial chemicals
Lichens belonging to usnic acid-containing genera have been used as crude drugs throughout the world (PubMed:25707417). Usnic acid is a potentially interesting candidate for such activities as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, healing, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, larvicidal and UV protection (PubMed:25707417). However, it was shown to be toxic for the liver and to lead to contact allergy (PubMed:25707417)
Rice varieties with high CAL1 activity over-accumulate cadmium (Cd) in rice straws, but are not affected by Cd accumulation, or the accumulation of other essential metals in rice grains. These functional characteristics could be used to breed dual-function rice varieties that produce safe grains while remediating paddy soils
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing eutK, eutL, eutM, eutN, eutS (eutSMNLK) or eutS alone. Cargo proteins can be targeted to them and beta-galactosidase (lacZ) was active within the BMC, showing the BMC allows passage of substrate into the interior. This can lead to the development of tailored BMCs for specific metabolic reactions (PubMed:22428024, PubMed:27063436). The addition of eutQ to the eutSMNLK construct results in biogenesis of multiple BMCs (PubMed:27063436). Can incorporate into the pdu BMC where it alters growth, suggesting fine-tuning metabolite flux by using different BMC components is possible (PubMed:28585808)
Can be used as a self-assembling protein scaffold for synthetic biology. Overexpressed, purified protein with a SpyCatcher tag added to the C-terminus yields self-assembling fibrils that are stable at pH 5-9 and up to 50 degrees Celsius. Addition of SpyTagged cargo proteins leads to isopeptide bond formation between the scaffold and cargo proteins, colocalizing and stabilizing the cargo proteins and reducing the time for the reaction to make maximimal product
Can be used to induced male sterility when expressed in anther tapetum. Development of male sterile lines is important for commercial hybrid seed production
Has potential application in preventing biofilm formation on medical devices, since it has the ability to prevent methicillin-resistant S.aureus biofilm formation on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) surface, which is widely used in making prosthetic heart valves cuffs and other bio devices
Vaccination of mice with a fragment (residues 275-398) protects them against a subsequent challenge with purified alpha-toxin
Polyunsaturated fatty acids may be beneficial in prevention of cardiovascular disease and treatment of mild Alzheimer's disease
Introduction of ribM into a high performance B.subtilis riboflavin production strain may improve riboflavin production process
The thermostable keratinase of F.pennavorans is a promising enzyme for application in an industrial process. Native feathers produced as waste by poultry farming could be converted to peptides and rare amino acids like proline and serine
Can be used for the industrial production of optically pure L-amino acids
Intraplantal administration of this protein is used as a pharmacological tool to establish a Nav1.7/SCN9A-mediated mouse model of pain
Is an attractive template for future beta-aminotransferase-engineering efforts toward the synthesis of enantiomerically pure beta-amino acids
Being internalized and phosphorylated in liver hepatocellular cells, stimulating pancreatic insulin accumulation, and exhibiting hypoglycemic effect on human and rat, may be used in antidiabetic therapies and diets (e.g. lupin flour or enriched pasta) for type 2 diabetes (T2D)
May be useful for serodiagnosis in patients with aspergilloma or invasive aspergillosis
Transglycosylase/glycosyltransferase (GT) domain of this protein may be an alternative target for the development of new inhibitors of S.pneumoniae as the beta-lactam antibiotics targeted against the transpeptidase domain of this protein have increasing resistance
Found to be superior in improving overall detergency
The encapsulin and cargo pair can be overexpressed in E.coli and in human HEK293T cells. In HEK293T in the presence of 0.5 M ferrous ammonium sulfate nanocompartments can be detected and used as cell markers. Can also be targeted to cell membranes by addition of a farnesylation signal to its C-terminus. Coexpression of this nanocompartment with a smaller nanocompartment from M.xanthus (AC Q1D6H4) allows of expression of different sized iron-rich particles. The encapsulin shell proteins do not seem to mix
Plants expressing BCL1 in the lamina joint and the spikelet under the control of BUL1 promoter exhibit increased leaf angle and grain length
Can be applied to high-throughput detection of single base mutation
Citreoviridin inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by binding to the beta-subunit of F1-ATPase (PubMed:2523213). Ectopic mitochondrial ATP synthase is a factor that mediates HIV-1 transfer between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and CD4+ target cells, and citreoviridin can completely block antigen-presenting cell (APC)-mediated transfer of HIV-1 at the APC-target cells (PubMed:22753871). Inhibition of ectopic mitochondrial ATP synthase by citreoviridin can also lead to suppression of cancer growth by activating the unfolded protein response (PubMed:22822083)
Small molecules can bind to the hydrophobic cleft and inhibit binding of various protein factors, suggesting this may make and attractive antibiotic target (PubMed:18678908)
This class of CRISPR enzymes recognize a 5' T-rich protospacer adjacent motif (PAM, TTTN for this specific enzyme), unlike Cas9 enzymes which recognize 3' G-rich PAMs, thus this enzyme increases the possibilites for genome editing (PubMed:26422227). When appropriately expressed in a human cell line mediates human genome editing via indel formation; its T-rich PAM sequence may make it useful for engineering of AT-rich genomes or of regions such as scaffold-matrix attachment areas (PubMed:26422227, PubMed:27347757). It has also been engineered to recognize altered PAM sequences, which will enlarge its target scope (PubMed:28595896)
This enzyme can be applied to the microbial production of fatty alcohols that have numerous applications as fuels, fragrances, emollients, food additives, and detergents. Thus, together with complementing enzymes, the broad substrate specificity of Ahr opens the road for direct and tailored enzyme-catalyzed conversion of lipids into user-ready chemical commodities
Post-translational modifications do not seem to influence T-cell recognition. Thus, recombinant non-glycosylated Art v 1 could be a starting template for engineering hypoallergenic vaccines for weed-pollen therapy (PubMed:12475905). Optimization of codon usage is required for effective genetic immunization against Art v 1 and should be considered in the development of vaccines for the treatment of allergy (PubMed:14510717)
PPE68 is recognized by antigen-specific T-cell lines from HLA-heterogeneous subjects. Peptide P9 is an immunodominant and HLA-DR promiscuous peptide of PPE68 (amino acids 121-145), and may be exploited as a peptide-based vaccine candidate against tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases
Can be used to remove inorganic phosphate from water, which could be used to control growth of microorganisms
This enzyme can be applied to the microbial production of fatty alkanes and fatty alcohols that have numerous applications as fuels, fragrances, emollients, plasticizers, thickeners, and detergents. Thus, together with complementing enzymes, the broad substrate specificity and kinetic characteristics of Car opens the road for direct and tailored enzyme-catalyzed conversion of lipids into user-ready chemical commodities
A miniplasmid containing this and downstream gene tubZ is able to replicate in B.thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and express insect toxin proteins. The miniplasmid could be used to make plasmids for insect toxin overexpression
Could be used as a diagnostic tool for the autoimmune disease Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Has potential for application in biotechnology fields due to its high resistance to heat, denaturants, detergents and chelating agents
Has potential application in preventing device infection by S.epidermidis biofilm, since it has the ability, in combination with EDTA, to eradicate S.epidermidis biofilms on silicone catheters
Ethanogenic BMCs can be made in E.coli by targeting pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) to them. PduP(1-18)-Pdc and PduD(1-18)-Adh strains targeted to the BMC (PduA, PduB, PduJ, PduK, PduN, PduU) make significantly more ethanol than strains where Pdc and Adh are not targeted to the BMC
The reaction of this protein with ribose in the Maillard reaction may be useful in development of processed seafood with low allergenicity
The ability of the enzyme to catalyze condensation of citric acid with several di- and triamine analogs of spermidine suggests that it may be a versatile biocatalyst for the preparation of highly enantiomerically-enriched citrate derivatives via a novel type of desymmetrisation process
In association with the dszA-dszB-dsz operon can be used to remove sulfur from polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds found in gasoline and diesel (biodesulfurization), which are a considerable source of pollution. In addition it may be possible to engineer the operon to make specialty chemicals (PubMed:11823208). Can be engineered to make it more active, suggesting it may be possible increase the yield and rate of the biodesulfurization process (PubMed:20349330)
Immunizes 1/3 of injected mice against subsequent infection with E.coli strain CFT073, suggesting it might be a good vaccine candidate for ExPEC (extraintestinal pathogenic E.coli) strains
Can be used in the treatment of bovine mastitis, since it is able to both inhibit bacterial biofilm growth, and disrupt existing biofilm, without affecting bacterial cell viability
Antibodies against G37/pbg37 partially reduce parasite transmission during the mosquito vector stage by preventing male gametocyte exflagellation and fertilization
Transfection of a codon optimized gene into human adipose-derived stem cells yields cells with magnetic crystals; the crystals do not have a noticeable effect on cell proliferation, migration or differentiation
A fusion of MIC to barstar (an RNase inhibitor from B.amyloliquefaciens) binds and stabilizes coprecipitated magnetite nanoparticles for at least 2 months. Cells transfected with barnase (the ribonuclease target of barstar) can be specifically targeted by magnetite-bound barstar which could be used in cell-specific cancer treatment
Transgenic plants expressing CAH acquire resistance to toxic cyanamide (PubMed:16173468). Moreover, due to its innate ability to convert cyanamide to urea and the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of cyanamide, the CAH gene can be used to facilitate plant growth promotion and biocontrol of phytopathogens (Ref.2, PubMed:18182434, PubMed:17899261)
Recombinant CDA1 is a potential vaccine candidiate; induces protective immunity in mice against infection (PubMed:29184017). A strain lacking CDA1, CDA2, and CDA3 is a potential vaccine candidate; inoculation with heat-killed CDA1-CDA2-CDA3 knockout cells in mouse induces protective immunity to subsequent virulent fungal infection (PubMed:27165801)
Shows promising applications in ethyl alcohol distillery processes as it may be utilized for treatment of molasses wastewater (PubMed:33387709). Has potential for application in biological recycling of plastic waste products (PubMed:23592055, Ref.1, PubMed:28671263)
Was identified as a novel immunogenic protein with the potential to reduce the severity of M.bovis infection when used alone as a subunit vaccine
Immunodominant antigen that could be used for serological diagnosis to distinguish patients with active tuberculosis from M.bovis BCG-vaccinated individuals (PubMed:17328725, PubMed:19467342, PubMed:23136116). Candidate for development of a vaccine for the control of tuberculosis (PubMed:18426397, PubMed:25586105)
The encapsulin and a cargo construct (an encB-encC-encD fusion) can be overexpressed in E.coli and in human HEK293T cells. In HEK293T in the presence of 0.5 M ferrous ammonium sulfate nanocompartments can be detected and used as cell markers. Coexpression of this nanocompartment with a larger nanocompartment from Q.thermotolerans (AC A0A0F5HPP7) allows of expression of different sized iron-rich particles. The encapsulin shell proteins are not seen to mix
Coexpression of Cas9 and both gRNAs in human cells has shown it is possible to use this system to target and modify a DNA sequence of interest in situ
Immunization of rabbits with this protein partially protects against subsequent intradermal challenge, suggesting it may be a viable vaccine candidate (PubMed:9826352). Recognized by sera from 39/43 syphilis patients, it shows promise as a diagnostic antigen (PubMed:12904373)
Could be used together with allergen Pla a 1 for a reliable diagnosis of London plane tree (P.acerifolia) pollen allergy by skin prick test (SPT) in most patients of the cohort of 47 tested with a sensitivity of over 90% and a specificity of 100%
This protein may be useful as an epigenetic editing tool due to its high thermostability
Nanomolar concentrations inhibit biofilm formation in situ, in S.aureus and in P.aeruginosa, suggesting it might be useful controlling bacterial infections
The 38 C-terminal residues can be used to target foreign proteins to the nanocompartment
In plasmid DNA-vaccinated mice, subsequent challenge with this protein induces positive levels of antigen-specific IFN-gamma and IL-2, indicating this might be a good vaccine candidate
May be useful in the production of emulsifiers
Non-allergenic peptides identified from the mapped major conformational IgE epitope-containing areas could be used for the engineering of house dust mite allergy vaccine
Could be used in vaccine production; both recombinant protein and DNA vaccines stimulate antigen-specific T cell responses in mice (PubMed:22567094)
Confers enhanced resistance to late blight mediated by the pathogenic oomycetes Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora capsici when transfected into Nicotiana benthamiana. This resistance is associated with a high induction of protease inhibitor genes
This protein has some activity with cysteine and hence may be useful in biotechnical applications as gamma-glutamylation of cysteine strongly increases its solubility in water, which is critical for its usage in medications
Enniatins have antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic properties (PubMed:9170286, PubMed:16562855, PubMed:17326668). The bioactivity of enniatins can be linked to their inhibition of drug efflux pumps (PubMed:15707993)
Mutation of key residues to match those found in its paralog PhaB increases its activity on acetoacetyl-CoA, not its usual substrate, which might help shift cellular metabolism to make poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a compound that has potential uses as a renewable, biodegradable thermoplastic (PubMed:26358291). Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acids) (PHA), of which PHB is among the most common compounds, are prokaryotic intracellular storage compounds with potential uses as a renewable, biodegradable thermoplastic. Cyanobacterial PHB synthesis is particularly attractive as cyanobacteria use CO(2) as the carbon source
PPAT is a validated novel target for antibacterial therapy against Gram-positive bacteria
Green fluorescent protein has been engineered to produce a vast number of variously colored mutants, fusion proteins, and biosensors. Green fluorescent protein can be mutated to emit at different wavelengths such as blue for BFP (when Tyr-66 is replaced by His), cyan for CFP (when Tyr-66 is replaced by Trp), and yellow for YFP (when Thr-203 is replaced by Tyr). Further generation of mutants led to more stable proteins (at 37 degrees Celsius for example) with brighter fluorescence and longer fluorescence lifetimes. Fluorescent proteins and their mutated allelic forms have become a useful and ubiquitous tool for making chimeric proteins, where they function as a fluorescent protein tag. Typically they tolerate N- and C-terminal fusion to a broad variety of proteins. They have been expressed in most known cell types and are used as a noninvasive fluorescent marker in living cells and organisms. They enable a wide range of applications where they have functioned as a cell lineage tracer, reporter of gene expression, or as a measure of protein-protein interactions (PubMed:17685514, PubMed:17685554, PubMed:8578587, PubMed:8707053, PubMed:9145105, PubMed:9154981, PubMed:9759496, PubMed:9782051). Can also be used as a molecular thermometer, allowing accurate temperature measurements in fluids. The measurement process relies on the detection of the blinking of GFP using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (PubMed:17685514)
Yeast engineered to express 4HPAAS together with Pseudomonas putida DDC (PpDDC), Beta vulgaris L-tyrosine hydroxylase (BvTyH) and Papaver somniferum (S)-norcoclaurine synthase (PsNCS) accumulates (S)-norcoclaurine, an important precursor for the production of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIA)
Has been used to coproduce acetaldehyde and hydrogen in E.coli
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing eutK, eutL, eutM, eutN, eutS (eutSMNLK) or eutS alone. Cargo proteins can be targeted to them using the first 21 residues of this protein. This can lead to the development of tailored BMCs for specific metabolic reactions
The coexpression of CYP90B50 and CYP82J17 in the yeast strain RH6829, which was engineered to accumulate cholesterol, leads to the production of diosgenin, the main precursor for the industrial production of steroid hormones
Used for quantification of normal prothrombin (CA-1 method)
Forms a biodegradable plastic that is degraded naturally and completely by bacteria into carbon dioxide and water. Utilized in the medical industry. Plates made from PHA-based plastics can be left in place to help heal fractured bones. After the bone has healed, the plastic slowly breaks down in the body. Utilized by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) to produce a PHB-PHV (poly-B-valerate) copolymer sold under the trade name 'Biopol'. Biopol is used as packaging material. The PHB-PHV copolymer consists of approximately 20% PHV and 80% PHB. It can be synthesized by incorporating glucose and valeric acid into the medium. PHB-PHV is stronger and more flexible than regular PHB. Under industrial conditions, 80% or higher of the cell dry weight of A.eutrophus usually consists of the PHB-PHV copolymer
Sophorolipids (SLs) are a family of fungal biosurfactants that have been commercialized as biodegradable detergents in ecological cleaning solutions. They naturally exist in two forms, a closed lactone and an open acidic form. Each form has distinct properties, acidic SLs have better foaming properties, while lactonic SLs are better in surface tension reduction and have antimicrobial activity. Lactone esterase, catalyzing the final conversion of the open acidic to the closed lactonic form, provides a biotechnological opportunity to engineer and regulate the production of SLs in S.bombicola, which naturally produces a mixture of acidic and lactonic SLs
Cladosporin has been intensely studied for its antimalarial activity though inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum lysyl-tRNA synthetase (PubMed:22704625, PubMed:24935905, PubMed:26074468). Cladosporin has also antifungal activity against dermatophytes, as well as Penicillium and Aspergillus species (PubMed:5169000)
Can be used to create artificial restriction enzymes using denatured tDNA and providing appropriate guide DNAs. This is particularly useful when cloning a region without any known restriction enzyme sites. Addition of UvrD (TT_C1062) enhances cleavage of supercoiled plasmid DNA in vitro. Addition of engineered thermostable SSB (ET SSB) allows cleavage of linear DNA and GC-rich DNA and enhances use as a artifical restriction enzyme
Present in outer membrane vesicle blebs which are used as vaccines in human
Has potential use in lactose removal in milk and dairy products at low temperatures and for cheese whey bioremediation processes with simultaneous bio-ethanol production
The dtd gene from B.amyloliquefaciens strain A50 confers the ability to grow in the presence of 20 mg/ml D-Tyr and 500 mg/ml D-Asp to B.subtilis, showing it can be used as a selective marker in bacteria that do not have a functional copy of this gene. Spontaneous resistance to D-Tyr is very rare, on the order of 10(-9) (PubMed:25441601)
A short loop (residues 21-31, which is probably in the magnetosome lumen) when inserted into a Salmonella flagellin protein (FliC) binds magnetite, which may be used to purify particular forms of magnetite
By combining the central DNA-binding domain with the catalytic domain of the restriction endonuclease FokI, TALE-nuclease (TALEN) enzymes able to target specific dsDNA sequences can be created that enable eukaryotic genome modification. Other potential uses as transcriptional repressors, for transposon targeting, DNA methylation or histone tail modifictions are also possible
Antibodies against the toxin protects mice from mucormycosis and thus could potentially be used to treat the disease
Potential candidate for the development of parasite sexual stage vaccines. In vitro and in vivo, neutralizing antibodies against the cd loop prevent gamete fertilization and thus transmission
This protein has potential use in diagnosis and specific immunotherapy (SIT) of grass pollen allergy for patients living in a subtropical climate (PubMed:18817975, PubMed:21231976, PubMed:20962534, PubMed:25612605). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity is 92.4% and 93.1%, respectively, for the detection of Bahia grass pollen (BaGP) allergy in patients that have sensitivity level of 0.23 kU/l of IgE for this protein (PubMed:25612605). The immunodominant T cell epitopes may be suitable for safe SIT for individuals with severe allergic symptoms to BaGP (PubMed:22832594)
Natural monellin has not been mass marketed to the food industry, primarily due to the challenge of large-scale purification of the protein which is relatively sensitive to heat or acid treatment
A mixture of dinapinones A1 and A2 at a ratio of 1:1 or 1:2 leads to inhibition of triacylglycerol accumulation in mammalian cells, suggesting that these compounds might be interresting to treat obesity (PubMed:21559025). This inhibitory activity is mostly provided by dinapinone A2 but is potentiated by dinapinone A1 (PubMed:21559025, PubMed:30108268). Dinapinones do not affect diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity but enhance neutral lipid degradation together with induction of autophagy (PubMed:30108268)
If the spacer DNA has a perfect match in the chromosome then toxicity results. Suppression of the toxic effects occurs via mutations in the CRISPR/Cas machinery, or via target deletion, which might contribute to genome plasticity. This CRISPR/Cas system can be used to remove genomic islands, and possibly other genomic regions (PubMed:23637624)
Directed evolutionary mutagenesis has created an enzyme with 40-fold higher stability in organic solvents. It contains the following changes: Leu-8, Ser-132, Arg-134, Cys-155, Gly-251, Val-311 and Lys-316 and could have applications in antibiotic synthesis (PubMed:17137667)
May be used in light-driven, bio-based production of hydrocarbons
Used in the brewing industry to increase the fermentability of beer worts (including those made from unmalted cereals), in the starch industry to make high maltose and high DE syrups (starch saccharification), in the alcohol industry to reduce fermentation time, in the cereal food industry for flour supplementation and improvement of chilled and frozen dough, and in the forestry industry for low-temperature modification of starch. Sold under the name Fungamyl by Novozymes
This protein has potential for the detection and control of certain cancer cells and cells of the immune system, that display asialo-GM1 (PubMed:33328520). Has potential clinical applications since it recognizes glycans expressed specifically by the target antigen for Guillain-Barre syndrome (GM1b), natural killer (NK) cells and basophils (asialo-GM1) and glioblastoma multiforme (SSEA-4) in vertebrates (PubMed:31769916)
Canatoxin, a urease isoform derived from Canavalia ensiformis seeds, shows insecticidal activity against different insect species (PubMed:17875343). Its toxicity relies on an internal 10 kDa peptide (pepcanatox), released by hydrolysis of canatoxin by cathepsins in the digestive system of susceptible insects (PubMed:17875343). In laboratory feeding experiments is 100% effective against larvae of Dysdercus peruvianus and Spodoptera frugiperda (PubMed:17875343)
May be used as a potent insecticidal agent against hemipteran insects
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing (Hoch_5815, Hoch_5812, Hoch_3341, Hoch_5816, Hoch_4425, Hoch_4426, Hoch_5814) or (BMC-H (Hoch_5815), BMC-P (Hoch_5814), and 3 BMC-T (Hoch_5812, Hoch_5816, Hoch_3341)). Cargo proteins can be targeted to this BMC (PubMed:24631000, PubMed:28642439). BMC-H can be modified to place its N- and C-terminii in the interior of the shell (called CPH). Fusing proteins to the C-terminus of CPH allows targeting of cargo proteins to the lumen of the organelle composed of CPH, BMC-P and BMC-T1 (PubMed:31075444). This subunit has been modifed to bind a 4Fe-4S center, which is the first step in conferring electron-transfer function to BMCs (PubMed:26704697)
When conjugated with a fluorophore, could be used as a tracer in surgery to discriminate nerves from their surrounding tissues, particularly during tumor resections or after traumatic injuries. The dye is conjugated to Lys-4 residue and this synthetic peptide shows only a small decrease in ability to inhibit Nav1.7/SCN9A compared to native peptide
Chloroanisoles such as 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) are known compounds which are usually associated with wine faults (PubMed:28842039). They belong to the family of haloanisoles which are key substances responsible for cork taint in wines (PubMed:28842039)
Null mutant plants for CYP90B1/DWARF4 produce increased biomass and grain yield at high density planting
A disrupted strain immunizes mice against subsequent infection with wild-type H37Rv as well as the M.bovis vaccine strain BCG
The specific properties of hoefavidin make it an attractive target for novel biotechnological applications, including drug delivery, nanotechnology, and molecular labeling
Immunization of chinchillas with this protein provides partial protection against subsequent infection, suggesting it might be a useful vaccine candidate
Contains multiple, broadly recognized T-cell epitopes and is a major target of cellular immunity in both active and latent tuberculosis infection, indicating this might be a good vaccine candidate (PubMed:21427227). A fusion protein (p846) of 3 well-defined antigens (EspC, EsxH and Rv2660c) induces robust specific T-cell immune response and could be an effective vaccine (PubMed:24280763)
Potential target to impair mycobacterial growth and to increase drug susceptibility
When used as a vaccine has immunostimulatory properties; it stimulates the differentiation of unrelated antigen memory CD4+ T-cells to produce IFN-gamma, IL-17 and IL-22
Sericin is useful because of its properties. The protein resists oxidation, is antibacterial, UV resistant, and absorbs and releases moisture easily. Sericin can be cross-linked, copolymerized, and blended with other macromolecular materials, especially artificial polymers, to produce materials with improved properties. The protein is also used as an improving reagent or a coating material for natural and artificial fibers, fabrics, and articles. The materials modified with sericin and composites are useful as degradable biomaterials, biomedical materials, polymers for forming articles, functional membranes, fibers, and fabrics
Could be considered as a biological insecticide candidate, when fused to Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), a protein with the potential to cross the insect gut. This chimeric OdTx12/GNA variant shows a gain in toxicity against insects when administered orally, while maintaining similar effects as the wild-type toxin when injected (toxic to insects and non-toxic to mammals)
By combining the DNA-binding domain with the catalytic domain of the restriction endonuclease FokI, TALE-nuclease (TALEN, or BuDN) enzymes able to target specific dsDNA sequences can be created that enable eukaryotic genome modification. Other potential uses as transcriptional repressors, for transposon targeting, DNA methylation or histone tail modifictions are also possible
Shows promising applications in the laundry industry as a cleansing agent, as it is thermostable and tolerant to surfactants and organic solvents (PubMed:23604968). Has potential for application in biological recycling of plastic waste products (PubMed:25545638, PubMed:32269349)
WBC19 may be a good alternative as a selective marker of transgenic plants to avoid the use of bacterial antibiotic resistance protein (such as neo/nptII)
In order to protect patients that are allergic to hazelnuts, it is extremely important to find ways to detect trace amounts of hazelnut in foods that should not contain it for the food labeling and safety purposes. This protein is used in the development of these methods (PubMed:21735061, PubMed:24577577). For the detection of hazelnut, a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode is developed by using a selected marker peptide from this protein as standard (PubMed:21735061). It is found that LC-MS/MS performs well in detecting this peptide in prepared model chocolates spiked with hazelnut. The sensitivity level is approximately 1 mg/kg (PubMed:24577577). The transcription level of the gene encoding this protein is investigated by a relative quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) technique in order to compare the transcript amounts between different cultivars, and in one of the cultivars also in relation to different years of harvest and ripening stages. Each hazelnut sample is classified by the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to better interpret the results. The method may help in choosing hypoallergenic genotypes of hazelnut for both growers and consumers (Ref.9)
Contribute to an increase in cereal utilization and formation of aroma in shochu brewing
The mutant Ala-134 is a promising new biocatalyst for glycosylation reactions on bulky phenolic acceptors
The small size of this enzyme and its ability to function in E.coli suggests it may be useful for genome editing
Potential candidate for the development of parasite blood stage vaccines (PubMed:19428875, PubMed:28189425). In vivo, induces antibodies capable of inhibiting parasite growth in the host (PubMed:19428875). In vitro, antibodies to MSP2 do not appear to inhibit invasion directly but may function to opsonize merozoites and promote antibody-dependent cellular inhibition mediated by host monocytes (PubMed:19428875, PubMed:24218484). The ability of merozoites to carry antibodies bound to MSP2 into the invaded host erythrocyte without apparent disruption of invasion or growth may represent an adaption of the parasite to render antibodies to the merozoite surface non-functional, thereby contributing to immune evasion (PubMed:24218484)
By varying the BSR in each core repeat, DNA-binding domains can be generated that target specific DNA sequences and thus act as transcription factors (PubMed:19933107). By combining the central DNA-binding domain with the catalytic domain of the restriction endonuclease FokI, TALE-nuclease (TALEN) enzymes able to target specific dsDNA sequences can be created that enable eukaryotic genome modification (PubMed:20660643). Other potential uses as transcriptional repressors, for transposon targeting, DNA methylation or histone tail modifictions are also possible
A possible target of coffee bean insect pest control. This important digestive enzyme could be for example knocked down using the RNAi method
Available under the name Endostar (Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical) for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer
Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 are electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) that form biofilms during growth on electrode surfaces, thereby functioning as effective catalysts for the interconversion between electric and chemical energy (PubMed:33637573). DgcS synthesizes c-di-GMP under medium flow conditions, which activates the formation of biofilms on electrodes via c-di-GMP-dependent signal transduction cascades (PubMed:33637573)
AAL's binding activity could be used to identify secreted fucosylated glycoproteins that may represent candidate biomarkers for cancer since fucosylation of N-linked glycans has been associated with several types of cancer such as liver cancer (PubMed:22789673, PubMed:24027776, PubMed:27650323). Identified as one of the several suitable fluorescently labeled lectins that can be used in a combination for the visualization and quantification of extracellular glycoconjugates in dental supragingival biofilms grown for 48 hours in situ in the absence of dietary carbohydrates (PubMed:28748044)
The 15 or 30 C-terminal residues can be used to target foreign proteins to the nanocompartment
The excellent specific activity of this enzyme towards glycerate opens up new options for the commercial production of glucosylglycerate. This compound has been reported to be an exceptionally potent and versatile stabilizer of proteins at elevated temperatures
Potential vaccine candidate; elicits T-cell activation when injected in mice
Used in the biosynthesis of medium-chain volatile alcohols as biofuels engineered by microorganisms. The switch from the native flavin-dependent enoyl-CoA reductase used in the production of n-butanol, a key second-generation biofuel, to a flavin-independent trans-enoyl-CoA reductase from T.denticola leads to an order of magnitude increase in product yield in engineered E.coli
S.cerevisiae produces only trace amounts of ethyl acetate. These traces help S.cerevisiae disseminate in the environment by attracting fruit flies. However, as ethyl acetate is a key flavor compound and the most abundant ester in wine and beer, ethyl acetate-producting genes such as ethanol acetyltransferase are relevant for the fermented foods and beverages industry
PcEST can be used to directly produce monacolin J through single-step fermentation, which would be easily applied to industrial production with the existing equipment and fermentation process of lovastatin production and beneficial for the current simvastatin industry and hypercholesterolemia market
The combined transgenic expression of the OSK transcription factors POU5F1/OCT4, SOX2 and KLF4, reprograms differentiated cells into induced pluripotent stem cells/iSPCs. iPSCs exhibit the morphology and properties of embryonic stem/ES cells. The coexpression of GLIS1 can increase the efficiency of OSK-induced pluripotent stem cells/iPSCs production
The fluorescent analog of LtIA (LtIA-F) is a highly selective molecule targeting alpha-3-beta-2/CHRNA3-CHRNB2 nAChR that could be used as a molecular probe for the study of the structure, function, and distribution of this receptor in live systems. It displays a ~4-fold decrease in potency towards alpha-3-beta-2/CHRNA3-CHRNB2 compared with native LtIA without a change in selectivity
Lectins can be used to recognize and purifiy specific glycoproteins, and for the purification of cells with specific surface glycoproteins. Has potential as anti-proliferative agent
The senescence specific expression can be use to monitor cytokinin synthases (e.g. IPT) in order to promote yield and early maturation of panicles, and to delay senescence
The Maillard reaction (glycation) and enzymatic cross-linking reaction are effective methods to reduce allergenicity for the industrial production of hypoallergenic crab meat
Vaccination with IsdA may prevent S.aureus nasal carriage and reduce the prevalence of human disease. A combined vaccine containing IsdA, IsdB, SdrD and SdrE afforded significant protection in mice against a lethal challenge with S.aureus Newman or any of the clinical isolates NRS252, N315, NRS248, USA100 and USA400. The immune response elicited by the combined vaccine is greater than the one elicited by its individual components
Mediates gamma(3) desaturated fatty acids (e.g. densipolic acid) and ricinoleic acid accumulation when expressed in S.pombe with a temperature-dependent toxicity, at 30 degrees Celsius but not at 37 degrees Celsius
Triggers hydroxyl fatty acids accumulation in seeds when expressed in A.thaliana under the guidance of a seed-specific promoter
Promotes ricinoleic acid biosynthesis when expressed in C.gracilis
Over-expression of HMA3 allows to reduce efficiently cadmium accumulation in the grain and to enhance cadmium tolerance in rice
In the fermentation of soy sauce, the traditional Japanese seasoning, glutaminase is one of the most important enzymes in flavor enhancement as it converts glutamine to glutamic acid
Could be considered as a biological insecticide candidate, when fused to Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), a protein with the potential to cross the insect gut. This chimeric ButaIT/GNA variant shows a gain in toxicity against insects when administered orally, while maintaining similar effects as the wild-type toxin when injected (toxic to insects and non-toxic to mammals)
Is proposed to be a useful catalyst for hydrolytic transformation (e.g. removal) of alpha-Glc-1-P from complex substrate solutions containing multiple sugar phosphates
Guar gum also called guaran is a galactomannan extracted from guar seed endosperm. Gums are most commonly used as food additives to provide stiffness and texture, prevent ice crystal formation, maintain crispiness, and retain moisture. They have many other nonfood applications such as dying and printing aids in the textile industry, thickeners for shampoos and conditioners, binders and hardeners for paper, rheological facilitators for concrete, and drilling agents for oil and gas wells
Mediates the inhibition of anthocyanin (e.g. cyanidin and delphinidin) biosynthesis when expressed in lettuce L.sativa and could thus be used for the development of new varieties of lettuce
Promoter triggering guard cells-specific expression can be used in tobacco (N.tabacum) and tomato (S.lycopersicum) to monitor stomata genetic engineering
This enzyme can be used for synthesis of lacto-N-triose II (GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc), a major oligosaccharide component of human breast milk, and its positional isomer (GlcNAcbeta1-6lactose) from lactose and D-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) by reverse hydrolysis reaction (PubMed:12723619). This enzyme can also be used for selective large-scale removal of GlcNAcbeta(1->4)GlcNAc and GalNAcbeta(1->4)GlcNAc from mixtures containing them and their C-2 epimers GlcNAcbeta(1->4)ManNAc and GalNAcbeta(1->4)ManNAc in order to produce rare ManNAc-containing disaccharides that are important components of microbial cell walls, and can be utilized as immunoactive compounds (Ref.7). Utilized in the synthesis of beta-GalNAc-containing oligosaccharides beta-D-GalpNAc-(1->4)-alpha-D-GlcpNAcOAll and beta-D-GalpNAc-(1->6)-beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-alpha-D-GlcpNAcOAll (PubMed:12681926). The structural features make this enzyme suitable for biotechnological applications as it is very stable and has a robust framework. The solved three-dimensional structure will aid in designing engineered mutant enzyme variants with desired specificity and activity (PubMed:29239122)
Confers the ability to grow in the presence of 20 mg/ml D-Tyr and 500 mg/ml D-Asp to B.subtilis, showing it can be used as a selective marker in bacteria that do not have a functional copy of this gene. Can also function in an E.coli MG1655 dtd deletion, although in this case it confers resistance to toxic amino acid D-Tyr but not D-Trp (D-Asp is not toxic in this experiment) (PubMed:25441601)
Expression of THC1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enables to eliminate anaerobic sterol requirements and provides valuable information for the design and construction of robust, sterol-independent yeast strains for application in anaerobic industrial processes
The reverse reaction is of biotechnological interest for the specific production of chiral alcohols from ketones
Ideal catalyst for synthesizing chiral compounds of high enantiomeric purity from prochiral precursors due to a favorable thermodynamic equilibrium, the oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide while also reducing NAD to NADH. However, the necessesity for the presence of large quantities of the enzyme and its rapid inactivation under biotransformation conditions results in higher costs for the biocatalyst industry. In order to make this enzymatic reduction viable and to perform it on a larger scale a more efficient and cost effective process has been established. Site-directed mutagenesis has been effective in stabilizing this commercially important enzyme for its application in the biotransformation of trimethyl pyruvate to L-tert leucine
Sold under the name Activa TG by Ajinomoto. It has the ability to cross-link protein molecules present in food without the use of salt or binders. Used to improve some of the physical properties such as firmness, elasticity and moisture retention of food such as meat, poultry and seafood
The strong larvicidal activity of ageritin makes this protein a promising candidate for novel biopesticide development
The simplicity of the Cas9-gRNAs RNA-directed DNA endonuclease activity may be used to target and modify a DNA sequence of interest (PubMed:24270795). Pre-assembled Cas9, crRNA and tracRNA induces indel formation in targeted genes upon microinjection into mouse zygotes; mutations E1369R/E1449H/R1556A alter PAM recognition and thus enlarge the scope of this protein for genetic engineering, see PDB 5B2Q for the X-ray structure of this variant. The strain deleted for this gene might make a good vaccine candiate (PubMed:26875867)
Can be used as a counterselectable marker when transforming this organism
Can be reprogrammed to form virion-like capsids that deliver engineered cargo mRNAs bearing RNA signals from PEG10 5'- and 3'-UTR into target cells
Potential candidate for the development of parasite blood stage vaccines (PubMed:12244052). In vitro and in vivo, induces antibodies capable of inhibiting parasite growth (PubMed:12244052)
This disintegrin-like domain, or derivatives can be considered as possible nextgeneration drugs for treatment of melanoma
Potentially helps in the design of second generation BTZ and DNB drugs that are less susceptible to nitroreduction
This protein is a target of protein engineering. Its selectivity-directing and activity-enhancing mutations have been extensively studied and the designed mutations allow this enzyme to act on non-native substrates and/or in order to enhance production of synthetically desirable end-products
Good molecular marker for age-induced senescence onset measurement
Could be useful as a specific antigen for the serological diagnosis of active infection of both human and bovine brucellosis. Has been used as a protein carrier of foreign peptides and proteins. The described characteristics of BLS make this protein an ideal antigen carrier for vaccine development. The antitumor effect of BLS could lead to a therapeutic strategy utilizing a TLR4 ligand; as the expression of TLR4 has been reported on a large number of tumors, BLS signaling via TLR4 could make a notable contribution to the success of cancer treatment when coadministered with other cancer vaccines or treatments like radiation or chemotherapy
The use of KamA and YodP from B.subtilis for N6-acetyl-beta-lysine synthesis opens the bottleneck for the large-scale production of N6-acetyl-beta-lysine to investigate its properties as a compatible solute
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing (Hoch_5815, Hoch_5812, Hoch_3341, Hoch_5816, Hoch_4425, Hoch_4426, Hoch_5814) or (BMC-H (Hoch_5815), BMC-P (Hoch_5814), and 3 BMC-T (Hoch_5812, Hoch_5816, Hoch_3341)). Cargo proteins can be targeted to this BMC (PubMed:24631000, PubMed:28642439). Artificial BMCs can be made by duplicating this gene with a 16 residue linker between the copies (making an artificial BMC-T). The shell assembles into balls with holes where the pentameric subunit would be, and can be used as a model to study assembly and permeability (PubMed:30901520). Additional changes to this protein place the N- and C-terminii in the interior of the shell (called CPH). Fusing proteins to the C-terminus of CPH allows targeting of cargo proteins to the lumen of the organelle composed of CPH, BMC-P and BMC-T1 (PubMed:31075444)
It may be possible to develop a non-lachrymal onion that still retains its characteristic flavor and high nutritional value by down-regulating the activity of this enzyme
Could be considered as a biological insecticide candidate, when fused to Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), a protein with the potential to cross the insect gut (PubMed:15037094, PubMed:16206236). This chimeric Sf1a/GNA variant shows a gain in toxicity against insects when administered orally, while maintaining similar effects as the wild-type toxin when injected (PubMed:15037094). This variant has been found to be orally toxic against larvae of the tomato moth (Laconobia oleracea), the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), and the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) (PubMed:15037094, PubMed:16206236)
Emulsification efficiency of glycinin is improved by degree-dependent glycation with soy soluble polysaccharide (SSPS) at 60 degrees Celsius in both the acidic (A) and basic (B) polypeptides as a result of subunit dissociation at the quaternary level (PubMed:30372068). Thermal treatment of soybean seed proteins leads to the aggregation of glycinin acidic and basic polypeptides (GAP and GBP, respectively) (PubMed:10867183, PubMed:25801436). GBP improve sensory properties of meat (e.g. pork) during chilled storage and inhibit bacterial growth (e.g. L.monocytogenes, B.subtilis, E.coli and S.enteritidis) (PubMed:30263339, PubMed:22236762). Antibacterial properties of the GBP antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) associated with no cytotoxicity on the viability of human embryonic kidney cells make them promising candidates as natural antibacterial agents (PubMed:22236762, Ref.15, PubMed:28590128). Fragmented peptides resulting from gastrointestinal digestion of germinated soybeans seem to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory actions on human colon cancer cells (e.g. Caco-2, HT-29, and HCT-116) and macrophages (LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7) (PubMed:29037738). Such peptides resulting from digested germinated soybeans exhibit also anti-diabetic potential by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), salivary alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzymes (PubMed:30249015)
Is used as a food and feed additive. It can facilitate the degradation of phytin in soybean and other seeds used as food for monogastric animals. Sold by Novo Nordisk under the name Phytase Novo
The AHG metabolic pathway may provide a useful platform for the efficient production of industrial chemicals and biofuels from red macroalgal biomass
May have promising applications in chemical and textile industries as it is capable of hydrolyzing a variety of substrates including soluble esters and insoluble triglycerides (PubMed:18658138, PubMed:25219509). Can hydrolyze and thus modulate the surface properties of synthetic fibers such as the plastic poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), or the textile fibers polyamide 6,6, polyester and acrylic (Ref.5, PubMed:17306400)
This gene has been successfully introduced to maize resulting in transgenic plants that show resistance to fungal pathogens C.graminicola and C.heterostrophus, which cause anthracnose leaf blight (ALB) and southern corn leaf blight, respectively, in this important cereal crop. The enhanced resistance of the maize plants is due to production of 3-deoxyanthocyanidin (3-DA) phytoalexins, specifically luteolinidin, and the higher levels of preformed flavonoids, especially flavan-4-ols, induced by this gene
Can be used for biotechnological production of L-proline when heterologously overexpressed in C.glutamicum
Repression of MYBC1/MTF1 promotes Arabidopsis plant transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Kojic acid can be used for several biotechnological applications, including use as an antibiotic, as an additive to prevent browning of food materials, and as an antioxidant (PubMed:17119644). Kojic acid is also interesting as an inhibitor of tyrosinase (PubMed:7714722). Finally, kojic acid has also been shown to have strong nematicidal activity (PubMed:27197670)
The thermostability, stereoselectivity and wide substrate specificity of this enzyme offers good opportunities for applications in biocatalysis for ketose and chiral threo-diols synthesis
Responsible for the thick foam layer formation on the sake mash during the fermentation process
Due to its high optimal temperature and stability under a broad pH range and high temperature, TcHly8B could serve as a promising tool for the industrial production of hyaluronate oligosaccharides and promote the further exploitation of hyaluronate lyases with novel properties
Can be used in an engineered metabolic pathway for 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol production. 1-propanol is a potential fuel substitute to petroleum
May be an effective malaria vaccine as determined by epitope response in sera (PubMed:3285469). Antibodies against FBPA inhibit its catalytic activity (PubMed:3285469, PubMed:2204832)
Potential vaccine candidate molecule (PubMed:10366712, PubMed:23121675). Induces an immune response in mice and confers protection against S.mansoni infection (PubMed:23121675)
Inorganic pyrophosphatases are used in a wide variety of biotechnology applications based on the ability of these enzymes to drive reactions forward and generate an easily assayed product. Since HvPPA displays robust activity under high-salt conditions and in organic solvents, it could be a valuable tool for use in bioindustry
May be useful in development of a bioprocess for effective production of trans-aconitic acid
Especially useful as immunotoxin for pharmacological applications as it has low toxicity in rats and mice but is potent once inside target cells
Can be used as a chimeric variant with insecticidal venom toxins to obtain biological insecticide candidates. This lectin has receptors on insect midgut and this allows its internalization into insects hemolymph. In an other hand, scorpion and spiders toxins are naturally not toxic when administered orally to insect larvae, but a fusion with this lectin makes them toxic for the larvae that would eat them
PtkA-PtpA (TK-TP) interaction could be a good target for drug discovery program. Benzylbenzofurans and benzofuranamides disrupt the PtkA-PtpA interaction, which inhibits activation of PtpA and leads to the decrease in intracellular survival of mycobacteria
Is commercialized under the name XEP-018 by Activen in the cosmetic area. When applied as a cream, it is claimed to reduce fine-line wrinkles
Guar gum also called guaran is a galactomannan extracted from guar seed endosperm. Gums are most commonly used as food additives to provide stiffness and texture, prevent ice crystal formation, maintain crispiness, and retain moisture. They have many other non-food applications such as dying and printing aids in the textile industry, thickeners for shampoos and conditioners, binders and hardeners for paper, rheological facilitators for concrete, and drilling agents for oil and gas wells
Lectins can be used to recognize and purifiy specific glycoproteins, and for the purification of cells with specific surface glycoproteins. Has potential as anti-proliferative agent. Sold under the name lectin from Agaricus bisporus by Sigma-Aldrich and under the name of Agaricus bisporus (Mushroom) agglutinin (ABA) by USBiological
Overexpression of ABCA9 increases seed oil content
The branched chain alcohol isobutanol exhibits superior physicochemical properties as an alternative biofuel (PubMed:21798060, PubMed:22954227, PubMed:25280745, PubMed:26543501, PubMed:28505306, PubMed:31303893, PubMed:30850698). Overexpression of isobutanol pathway enzymes such as ILV3 can enhance production of alcohol precursors and are of great interest for biofuel production (PubMed:21798060, PubMed:22954227, PubMed:25280745, PubMed:26543501, PubMed:28505306, PubMed:31303893, PubMed:30850698)
The broad substrate acceptance, high catalytic activity, and stability at high salt or substrate concentration of the enzyme indicates that it can serve as a gentle method for deprotecting phthalimido and o-phthalyl protected amides in new chemo-enzymatic synthetic routes
The identification of residues that recognize the inhibitor lays a foundation for the development of drugs against Plasmodium species as well as related apicomplexan parasites that infect humans since they are conserved among apicomplexan alpha subunits
The use of glycoside hydrolase-61-boosting enzymes in cellulase mixtures enhanced their hydrolytic activity almost 1.5-fold and could further improve the technoeconomic analysis for producing fermentable sugars towards second generation biofuels
Introduced by genetic manipulation and expressed in sulfonylurea resistant plants
An engeneered stable, dimeric and secreted receptor with combined mutations that increase the affinity for human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 spike protein shows potent SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization in vitro
High thermostability and very broad substrate specificity of this enzyme make it a potential candidate for the production of rare sugars for the food and pharmaceutical industries
The salivary gland and midgut peptide SM1 (PCQRAIFQSICK) is a dodecapeptide that mimics enolase DKSLVK motif. By binding the EBP receptor on the luminal surface of the female mosquito midgut epithelium, SM1 inhibits ookinete invasion of P.berghei and thus, could potentially be used to prevent parasite transmission by the mosquito vector (PubMed:21949403, PubMed:24474798). Similarly, another peptide, MP2 (ACYIKTLHPPCS), also inhibits ookinete invasion of P.berghei and P.falciparum and could potentially be used to prevent parasite transmission by the mosquito vector (PubMed:24474798)
Heterologous expression endows plants with greater arsenic resistance by enhancing arsenite efflux. Reduces arsenic accumulation in rice grains (PubMed:22107880). Does not lower significantly arsenic tissue levels in Arabidopsis (PubMed:22380876)
The thermal stability and higher specific activities make it an ideal candidate for the application in the biodegradation of SDS-containing waste water under elevated temperature conditions
May facilitate future development of novel N-N forming biocatalysts
Could be considered as a biological insecticide candidate, when fused to Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), a protein with the potential to cross the insect gut. This chimeric Pl1a/GNA variant shows a gain in toxicity against insects when administered orally, while maintaining similar effects as the wild-type toxin when injected. Transport of Pl1a/GNA variant from gut contents to the hemolymph of cabbage moth larvae, and binding to the nerve chord, has been shown. This variant has been found to be orally toxic against cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae), housefly (Musca domestica), and the hemipteran Acyrthosiphon pisum
2,4,6-octatrienoic acid is a particularly interesting compound because of its potential as a natural tanning agent for human skin. It is a promoter of melanogenesis and antioxidant defense in melanocytes in vitro and in vivo, topically and systemically. Pigmentation is a powerful protectant from UV damage and skin cancer, and octatrienoic acid is an attractive natural photoprotectant
The S52Dap (S4Dap) analog has potential as a candidate for drug development candidate to treat neuropathic pain. This S52Dap analog (in which Dap stands for L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid) improves inhibitory activity at human alpha-9-alpha-10 nAChR by more than 20-fold. It is also much more selective for human alpha-9-alpha-10 than the native peptide (a9a10 (IC(50)=4.0 nM) > a3a2 (IC(50)=20.6 nM) > a7 (IC(50)=259.1 nM)). In addition, in a rat neuropathic pain model, it shows potent analgesic activity, superior to that of the native peptide
Is used in diagnostic practice for the determination of disorders in the PC pathway. Functional assays are either clotting assays or based on determinations using chromogenic assays. Sold under the name Protac by Pentapharm
May be useful in radiopharmaceutical applications as an engineered disulfide bond-containing protein with increased affinity for perrhenate (PubMed:21861186). May be used to remove chromate, which is toxic to many biological systems, from environmental aqueous solutions (PubMed:28150901)
Upon overexpression and mixing of purified sheets with 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, will form closed shells. Enzymes (tested with endogenous BMC enzyme DDH and the peroxidase activity of cytC) can be encapsulated in the shells; the enzyme is active in the shells. The shells are permeable to a variety of compounds, showing they could be used to make protein based synthetic bioreactors
Specifically cleaves the branched blood group B antigen at neutral pH with low consumption of recombinant enzyme. It is therefore a good candidate to participate in the development of universal red blood cells by removing blood group B antigen
This enzyme enables the fungus to utilize the biodegradable plastics poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) as sole carbon source and could therefore be used in plastic recycling
In addition to their capacity to hydrolyze a wide variety of natural and non-natural substrates, lipases can also catalyze the formation of ester bonds between carboxylic acids and alcohols, making them attractive biocatalysts that can contribute to the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other fine chemicals. Sold under the name lipase novozym 735
Used as a biocatalyst, because the enzyme accepts a broad range of substrates including aliphatic and aromatic ketones, chloroketones, diketones as well as beta-ketoesters which are reduced with high stereoselectivity
Introduced by genetic manipulation and expressed in canola by Monsanto (Calgene) so as to obtain laurate-rich seeds
A potential target for eco-friendly pesticide development because of its species specificity and narrow substrate spectrum (PubMed:18959754). Q2, the designed non-carbohydrate naphthalimide-based inhibitor against this enzyme has potential use as pharmaceutical or pesticide as it selectively recognizes chitinolytic beta-GlcNAcases, but not glycoconjugate-lytic beta-GlcNAcases (PubMed:25155420)
Antibodies against the protein protects a diabetic ketoacidotic (DKA) mouse model and a neutropenic mouse model from mucormycosis infection, and nasal epithelial cells from invasion by R.delemar, and thus could potentially be used to treat the disease
Used in the food industry to prevent bread from staling. Sold under the name Novamyl by Novozymes
The deaminase domain can be used to edit DNA. Is particularly useful for editing organellar DNA, as unlike CRISPR, it does not require guide RNA. Splitting the domain yields 2 halves that are not active until reassembled on target DNA by programmable DNA-binding proteins. Can be split at residue 1333 or 1397; each of the halves is then fused to a mitochondrial target signal, a TALE array specific for the targeted DNA, the half DddA toxin domain and a single UGI protein (uracil glycolase inhibitor), leading to editing without significant generation of insertions or deletions. Typical efficiencies on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) vary between 5 and 50% editing. It can be used in immortalized and non-immortalized cells, and in non-dividing cells as they continue to replicate mtDNA. A suspected tumor-related mutation in ND4 has been recreated using this system and shows the phenotypes expected for complex I disruption (PubMed:32641830). Has also been used to edit A.thaliana chloroplast (cp) DNA. The half deaminase domain is fused to a cp target signal, a TALE array specific for the targeted DNA, the half DddA toxin domain and a UGI protein in a T-DNA construct; plants were transformed by floral dipping. The process does not require tissue culture. Three cp genes were targeted (rrn16S, psbA, rpoC1). Homoplasmic substitutions were observed in many progeny and were stably inherited (PubMed:34211131)
This protein is used as a marker in many commonly used cloning vectors, such as pBR322 and pACYC184
This protein is used as a marker in many commonly used cloning vectors, such as pACYC184
Could be a suitable photopharmacological target for photopharmacological antimicrobial chemotherapy using photoswitchable inhibitors
TYDC-2 from parsley can be used in E.coli to produce 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, a direct precursor of hydroxytyrosol, which is a natural compound from olive oil with a strong antioxidant activity
Fusel oils are important flavor and aroma compounds in yeast-fermented products contributing to the quality of beverages and food. In low concentration they are generally desirable, whereas high concentrations may spoil the product. By adjusting growth conditions and substrate their production is sought to be influenced. Phenylethanol, having a rose-like aroma, is an important fragrance in the cosmetic industry and can be produced by fermentation
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing (Hoch_5815, Hoch_5812, Hoch_3341, Hoch_5816, Hoch_4425, Hoch_4426, Hoch_5814) or (BMC-H (Hoch_5815), BMC-P (Hoch_5814), and 3 BMC-T (Hoch_5812, Hoch_5816, Hoch_3341)). Cargo proteins can be targeted to this BMC (PubMed:24631000, PubMed:28642439). BMC-H can be modified to place its N- and C-terminii in the interior of the shell (called CPH). Fusing proteins to the C-terminus of CPH allows targeting of cargo proteins to the lumen of the organelle composed of CPH, BMC-P and BMC-T1 (PubMed:31075444)
In contrast to S.cerevisiae, W.anomalous is a better ethyl acetate producing yeast. Ethyl acetate is an important industrial compound, used as a chemical solvent applied in the synthesis of biodiesels, paints, adhesives, herbicides and resins. It is also popular because it is relatively non-toxic and fully biodegradable. However, the sustainability of the ethyl acetate industry is severly hampered by the current energy intensive production processes that are based exclusively on petrochemical resources. Ethanol acetyltransferase may be a target for an efficient biobased alternative production process
Potentially useful for engineering drought- and salt-tolerant trees
Used as a detergent cellulase. Sold under the name Celluzyme by Novozymes. This special enzyme has three effects: colour brightening, softening and removal of particulate soil. The overall effect is that it helps to preserve the nice appearance of new fabric and restores old fabric so that it looks new again
Has attracted interest because of its potential use in the detoxification of chemical waste and warfare agents and its ability to degrade agricultural pesticides such as parathion
AsES can be combined well with commercial spray adjuvants, insecticides, herbicides and fungicides without losing any defense-inducing activity. The agricultural biostimulant PSP1, a formulation based on AsES is therefore a very promising candidate to efficiently control multiple fungal diseases under field conditions in monocot and dicot crops
Promotes flavonoid biosynthesis when expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) through up-regulation of the biosynthetic genes
May be useful for detecting a broad spectrum of Leptospira infection in humans and animals due to its presence in several pathogenic serovars of L.interrogans including copenhageni, canicola, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona, and also in L.borgpetersenii hardjo. May be used for serodiagnosis of both early and convalescent phases of leptospirosis infectious disease
Used in the pharmaceutical industry for the chemoenzymatic deacetylation of cephalosporins and the synthesis of novel antibiotics
Introduced by genetic manipulation and expressed in male sterile maize and rape by Plant Genetic Systems and in radicchio rosso by Bejo Zaden. Barnase expressed in transgenic plants will specifically destroy the tissue(s) where it is expressed. After cell transformation, protein expression and plant regeneration, the active nuclease destroys the pollen producing organs thus rendering the plant sterile
Antibodies against integrin alpha-3 ITGA3 protects epithelial cells from invasion by the fungus R.delemar, a causative agent of mucormycosis, and could thus potentially be used to treat mucormycosis disease
Can be reprogrammed to target specific mRNAs in an E.coli system, which might be useful to create specific RNA-targeting tools (PubMed:27256883)
Foreign proteins can be targeted to ectopic nanocompartments in E.coli upon coexpression with a construct using the 38 C-terminal residues of DypB (AC C0ZVK5), tested with GFP and luciferase. Probably only one molecule of each foreign protein is inside the nanocompartment due to its small interior space
Transgenic plants of agricultural interest (e.g. cotton, Brassica napus) that overexpress NHX1 have enhanced capability to grow on high saline soils
Ric C 3 constitutes the peptidic component of the immunomodulator Inmunoferon
CAX1 expression in tomato increases calcium content and prolonges shelf life and may serve as an alternative to the application of CaCl(2) used to extend shelf life in numerous agricultural commodities. Expression in potato tubers increases calcium content by 3-fold without the adverse effect of increasing other metal ion contents
The identification of PDR1 inhibitors or loss-of-function mutations enhancing activities of antimycotics may be useful for the development of novel strategies to combat fungal infections caused by the multidrug-resistant C.glabrata strains
After addition of nuclear localization signals (NLS) and a transcription activation domain, can be expressed in both human and plant cells and will recognize and transcribe a target sequence; more than 17 core repeats are necessary for this function. The N-terminal cryptic repeats effect activation, while the C-terminal cryptic repeat is absolutely required. When fused to the FokI restriction endonuclease domain functions as a sequence-specific DNA nuclease in vitro (called TALE-nuclease, TALEN, PubMed:24792163 or BuDN, PubMed:25004980) and with an NLS, in human and yeast cells. The latter construct also allows targeted gene insertion. Modification of the core repeat BSR allows recognition of a user-defined DNA sequence, allowing these constructs to target and modify a DNA sequence of interest, and thus be used for genome engineering. Other potential uses as transcriptional repressors, for transposon targeting, DNA methylation or histone tail modifictions are also possible
Being able to prevent acrylamide formation at 100 degrees Celsius, this enzyme could constitute a viable and unique enzymatic method to reduce acrylamide formation in food, whose presence is a worldwide concern because it is carcinogenic, reprotoxic and neurotoxic. The use of deglycases is not likely to affect the quality parameters of foods, in contrast with methods which lead to depletion of the components (asparagine and sugars) responsible for acrylamide formation. Moreover, deglycases can be used directly during the thermal process, which avoids a time consuming pre-incubation step. Consequently, many foods whose heating processes occur at around 100 degrees Celsius, such as baby foods, evaporated milk, dry soups and prune juices could be clients of the deglycase method
The recombinant xylanase could be used for the production of disaccharide units and uronic xylooligosaccharides from glucuronoxylan, which in turn would be utilized as prebiotics carrying manifold health benefits
Has strong T-cell and IFN-gamma inducing capacity in human tuberculin skin test positive patients, indicating this might be a good vaccine candidate. Has also been seen to serve as an immunogenic antigen, inducing gamma-interferon responses in whole-blood cultures from M.tuberculosis-exposed adults in Uganda, The Gambia and South Africa, also indicating this might be a good vaccine candidate
Ethyl-2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (ethyl leucate) contributes to a fruity flavor in Japanese sake and the strain overexpressing morA would help to ferment high-quality sake with an excellent flavor
The oxidation of primary substrates may lead to co-oxidation of other molecules (Ref.2, PubMed:34033194). Cleaves piperine to piperonal and 3,4-methylenedioxycinnamaldehyde (PubMed:34033194). Converts (+)-valencene to (+)-nootkatone, alpha-nootkatol and beta-nootkatol (PubMed:22264428, Ref.2, Ref.3). Converts trans-anethole to p-methoxybenzaldehyde (PubMed:34033194). Converts trans-isomethyleugenol to veratraldehyde (PubMed:34033194). Converts alpha-methylstyrene to acetophenone (PubMed:34033194)
Exhibits vaccine potential. Immunogenicity is demonstrated in BALB/c mice. Immunization with this protein induces a significant number of CD8+ T cells and a strong Th1-type response, with high gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and low interleukin-4 responses, and activation of the bactericidal activity of macrophages. Identified T-cell epitopes may contribute to immunity against tuberculosis if included in a vaccine
The recombinant MGL protein cloned form P.putida has been found to have antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. PEGylated MGL is being developed as a cancer drug
Aequorin is used as an intracellular Ca(2+) indicator. Aequorin has a number of advantages over other Ca(2+) indicators, for example, low leakage rate from cells, lack of intracellular compartmentalization or sequestration and it does not disrupt cell functions or embryo development
High doses of antibodies against PMVII partially reduce infectivity in A.stephensi mosquito
Has potential application in plant genetics as a heterologous conditional lethal gene useful for cell ablation and negative (counter) selection
This enzyme is able to catalyze reactions that produce natural compounds CDP-ethanolamine, CDP-1-glycerol and CDP-2-glycerol, two of which are not available commercially. It can also produce CDP-serine, CDP-serinol and CDP-3-D-glycerate which may be potential inhibitors or mechanistic probes for enzymes that use CDP-glycerol. The labeled nucleotides, such as beta-[(18)O4]-CDP, generated with this enzyme can be used to probe the details of enzyme-catalyzed reactions using positional isotope exchange (PIX) and molecular isotope exchange (MIX) techniques
Lectins have particular value as specific probes for investigating the distribution, structure and biological function of carbohydrate chains on the cell surface of animal, plant, and microorganism because of their specificity for defined carbohydrate structures (PubMed:17383961). FleA is suitable for detecting core fucose on cell surface glycoproteins and/or a useful vehicle for delivery of substances to the inside of cells (PubMed:17383961, PubMed:21892597)
Phosphorylates AZT monophosphate (AZT-MP) more efficiently than human DTYMK/TMPK. The conversion of AZT MP into AZT diphosphate (AZT-DP) by the human enzyme is a crucial step in the production of the active anti-HIV drug AZT triphosphate (AZT-TP)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing Glycyrrhiza uralensis CYP88D6 and CYP72A154, combined with the expression of Arabidopsis thaliana beta-amyrin synthase (beta-AS) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, accumulates glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and, to lower levels, beta-amyrin; these GA production was increased in the presence of G.uralensis cytochrome b5 (GuCYB5)
This class of CRISPR enzymes recognize a 5' T-rich protospacer adjacent motif (PAM, TTN for this specific enzyme), unlike Cas9 enzymes which recognize 3' G-rich PAMs, thus this enzyme increases the possibilites for genome editing (PubMed:26422227). The simplicity of the Cas12a-crRNA directed DNA endonuclease activity has been used to target and modify DNA sequences in rice and tobacco (PubMed:27905529)
A one-pot system for efficient enzymatic production of a wide range of glucosides couples the activities of two recombinant enzymes, UDP-glucose: curcumin glucosyltransferase from Catharanthus roseus (CaUGT2) and sucrose synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtSUS1). UDP, a product inhibitor of UDP-glucosyltransferase, was removed from the system and used for regeneration of UDP-glucose by the second enzyme, AtSUS1. The productivity was increased several-fold and UDP-glucose initially added to the reaction mixture could be reduced to one-tenth of the normal level
Is an essentiel tool for stimulating exocytosis and study its mechanisms. Its mutant LTXN4C, which is unable to insert into membranes and form pores, plays a key role in understanding the dual mode of action of the wild-type toxin
May be used to antagonize botulinum neurotoxin poisoning and attenuate the neuromuscular paralysis via synapse remodeling
Inhibition of ACACB may prevent lipid-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, making the enzyme a potential pharmaceutical target for treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes
This protein may be helpful in engineering hypoallergens for buckwheat allergy (PubMed:18520034, PubMed:20407269). Determining IgE antibody titer of the natural protein in the blood serum using the ImmunoCAP method could be a reliable way to diagnose buckwheat allergy with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 89.6% using a cut-off value of 2.74 kUA/L (PubMed:21461893)
This protein may have potential in cancer diagnosis and treatment (PubMed:28636877, PubMed:27010847, PubMed:30486373, PubMed:31905927). A synthetic analog of this protein with enhanced carbohydrate-binding properties may be designed for the purpose of constructing a biosensor for cancer diagnostics or anticancer therapy (PubMed:30486373). May potentially be used as an immune modulator in mammals, because of its effects on macrophages and its ability to promote secretion of cytokines (PubMed:28740170)
Such glycosyltransferases with substrate flexibility and less regioselectivity can be utilized for glucosylation of a broad range of pharmacologically and industrially important compounds (PubMed:24170092). Glycosylation is an efficient tool for generating biologically potent and diverse novel natural and unnatural product glycoside compounds with enhanced drug efficacy. For instance, generation of novel resveratrol glycosides could facilitate the development of drugs to treat oxidative- stress-induced diseases and to provide antiaging functions (PubMed:25239890). Glycosylation of epothilones, a class of potential cancer drugs, may improve their efficacy as therapeutic drugs (PubMed:24949266). YjiC is a promiscuous enzyme for conjugating diverse sugars at amine and thiol functional groups of small molecules applicable for generating glycofunctionalized chemical diversity libraries (PubMed:32238768)
Potential use in mannan-hydrolysis industries which need especially low temperature and an acidic condition such as the food and the animal feed industries
Has potential for partial lactose removal in food products and improving the quality of dairy products by increasing their solubility and sweetness
Overexpression of UGT76G1 in Stevia leaves increases the rebaudioside A/stevioside ratio more than 5-fold without compromising plant development or changes in total steviol glycoside content (PubMed:30569490). Rebaudioside A has the advantage to be sweeter and have less bitter aftertaste than stevioside (PubMed:30569490)
Development of gem-disubstituted substrate-product analogs as inhibitors of racemases and epimerases is elaborated using alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a model enzyme. These non-physiologic substrates could be used as a therapeutic agent to inhibit human AMACR, which is overexpressed in prostate cancer
Could be used in the treatment of dye effluents (PubMed:34467865). Able to decolorize structurally multifarious synthetic dyes, including metal-complex dyes, in the absence of redox mediators (PubMed:34467865). Shows the highest removal efficiency for metal-containing dye Acid Black 172, followed by Congo Red, Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Reactive Brilliant Blue X-BR, Indigo Blue, Neutral Red, Naphthol Green B, Methylene Blue, and Crystal Violet (PubMed:34467865). Displays higher decolorization rates towards Acid Black 172 when immobilized on composite nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Chitosan) (PubMed:34467865)
Co-administration of salinamide and rifampicin or salinamide and myxopyronin suppresses the emergence of resistance to both antibiotics
Levoglucosan is the major anhydrosugar compound resulting from the degradation of cellulose during the fast pyrolysis process of biomass and thus the most attractive fermentation substrate in the bio-oil (PubMed:21719279). Engineered E.coli can use levoglucosan as sole carbon source, but it also ferments levoglucosan to ethanol (PubMed:21719279)
Mature eIF5A-1 may be used as an in situ diagnostic marker for aberrant proliferation in intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva
Potential vaccine candidate as CBP1-based peptides or antibodies against CBP1 prevents adhesion of infected erythrocytes to endothelial cells
Could be used as a target for the development of antivirulence chemotherapeutics against Gram-positive bacterial pathogens
CSA2 could be used as a new diagnostic marker of Candida albicans infection
Orally administered proEP-B2 may be well suited for treatment of celiac sprue; can be expected to remain active during the gastric phase of gluten digestion but be rapidly broken down in the duodenum
Over-expression of a truncated form of BRI1 induces partial suppression of endogenous BRI1 expression, leading to an erect leaf phenotype. The estimated grain yield of the transformants is about 30 per cent higher than that of wild type at high density planting
Utilization of photosynthesis-related QTLs can enhance high-yield breeding and provide a new strategy for achieving increased rice productivity
Promotes strictosidine production by assisting secologanin biosynthesis when expressed in a S.cerevisiae host optimized for the biosynthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloids
The good synthetic activity of this enzyme at basic pHs, together with its thermostability and pH stability at such pHs, underlines the potential biotechnological application of this new NAL for the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of sialic acid and its derivatives. Thus, these characteristics make this enzyme a promising biocatalyst
Emulsification efficiency of glycinin is improved by degree-dependent glycation with soy soluble polysaccharide (SSPS) at 60 degrees Celsius in both the acidic (A) and basic (B) polypeptides as a result of subunit dissociation at the quaternary level (PubMed:30372068). Thermal treatment of soybean seed proteins leads to the aggregation of glycinin acidic and basic polypeptides (GAP and GBP, respectively) (PubMed:10867183, PubMed:25801436). GBP improve sensory properties of meat (e.g. pork) during chilled storage and inhibit bacterial growth (e.g. L.monocytogenes, B.subtilis, E.coli and S.enteritidis) (PubMed:30263339, PubMed:22236762). Antibacterial properties of the GBP antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) associated with no cytotoxicity on the viability of human embryonic kidney cells make them promising candidates as natural antibacterial agents (PubMed:22236762, Ref.17, PubMed:28590128). Fragmented peptides resulting from gastrointestinal digestion of germinated soybeans seem to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory actions on human colon cancer cells (e.g. Caco-2, HT-29, and HCT-116) and macrophages (LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7) (PubMed:29037738). Such peptides resulting from digested germinated soybeans exhibit also anti-diabetic potential by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), salivary alpha-amylase and intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzymes (PubMed:30249015)
Has been engineered for DNA analysis in nanopore technology
The properties of the phytase including the low pH optimum, protease resistance and high activity, demonstrate that the enzyme is a good candidate for industrial production as a feed enzyme and is therefore of potential commercial interest
Fusel oils are important flavor and aroma compounds in yeast-fermented products contributing to the quality of beverages and food. In low concentration they are generally desirable, whereas high concentrations may spoil the product. By adjusting growth conditions and substrate their production is sought to be influenced
Could be used as a marker of IgE cross-reactivity among the vicilins of tree nuts in component resolved diagnosis
Thermostable endoglucanase that retains activity in the presence of high salt concentrations, suggesting it might be used as an industrial enzyme for cellulose-based substrates
The reaction product of this enzyme, serinol phosphate, is an important precursor for serinol (2-amino-1,3-propanediol) production. Serinol, in turn, is an intermediate in the formation of certain drugs, such as the anti-cancer N-palmitoyl-2-amino-1,3-propanediol, and the orally administered fingolimod (sold under the brand name Gilenya) to treat multiple sclerosis
TOM3 inhibition via RNA interference constitutes a useful method for generating tobamovirus-resistant plants
Triggering CueO activity at need by the addition of copper salts with minor toxic effects on E.coli cells could be used as a simple tool for biosynthetic purposes (PubMed:33332702). The protein was also identified as robust host protein for use in biosensing and drug-screening applications (PubMed:30770473)
This enzyme liberates reducing sugars from elemental chlorine free (ECF) and totally chlorine free (TCF) bleached pulps from eucalyptus, sisal, and flax, which makes it a good candidate for the enzymatic-assisted production of high-cellulose-content pulps from paper-grade pulps
Overexpression of DHAR1 improve ascorbate pool and redox homeostasis, and enhances grain yield and biomass in paddy field conditions
The galactomannan conjugate of this protein prepared through the Maillard reaction shows almost the same inhibitory activity toward trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase, with stronger heat and emulsion stability, and better emulsifying properties than the untreated protein. The conjugate can therefore be useful for industrial application
Pyrococcus kodakaraensis enzyme is a very fast, thermostable DNA polymerase (130 nucleotides/s) used in high-performance PCR
Expression of 10 genes for alpha-carboxysome (Cb) proteins (cbbL-cbbS-csoS2-csoS3-csoS4A-csoS4B-csoS1C-csoS1A-csoS1B-csoS1D) in E.coli generates compartments that resemble Cb, contain RuBisCO and have its catalytic activity, showing it is possible to make artificial, functional Cb using these 10 genes. Cargo proteins can be targeted to these organelles (PubMed:22184212, PubMed:30305640). Artificial Cb assembly in E.coli requires csoS2-csoS4A-csoS4B-csoS1C-csoS1A-csoS1B-csoS1D (but not the gene for carbonic anhydrase, csoS3). Targeting proteins to the organelle requires at least one of the CsoS2 C-repeats; 3 repeats gives the best localization. A nanoreactor of the Cb shell proteins has been engineered which generates H(2) using a ferredoxin-hydrogenase fusion (AC P07839-Q9FYU1) and a flavodoxin/ferredoxin--NADP reductase (AC A0A0K3QZA5) targeted separately to the Cb; the hydrogenase has first to be matured and activated by HydGXEF (AC Q8EAH9, Q8EAH8, Q8EAH7 and Q8EAH6 respectively). Encapsulation increases H(2) production about 20% during anaerobic growth, and over 4-fold more during aerobic growth (PubMed:33116131). When this gene is expressed in S.elongatus PCC 7942 it colocalizes with its beta-carboxysomes, suggesting there a range of modular possibilites for the carboxysome constituent proteins. These experiments open the door to generating carboxysomes in plant cells to increase their photosynthesis and productivity, as well as tailoring bacterial microcompartments to specific metabolic needs and molecule delivery
Potent biocatalyst for the accurate in vivo monitoring of blood glucose in the management of diabetes
The two short analogs SOR-C13 (AA 42-54) and SOR-C27 (AA 28-54) bind to and inhibit calcium influx through TRPV6 expressed in HEK-293 cells (EC(50)=14 nM and 65 nM respectively). Since TRPV6 channels are overexpressed in a number of cancers (including breast, prostate, ovarian), these analogs have potential application as diagnostic and therapeutic tools to detect or treat TRPV6-rich tumors. It is noteworthy that these peptides delivered a conjugated fluorescent label to TRPV6-rich xenografts of human ovarian cancer (SK-OV-3) and prostate cancer (DU-145) and negatively affected a number of epithelial-type cancer cell lines including SK-OV-3 in preliminary in vivo and in vitro studies. Additionally, a negative contrast MRI agent to which SOR-C27 was chemically attached targeted SK-OV-3 xenografts allowing detection and accurate determination of tumor volume (PubMed:23554944). Furthermore, daily injection into SK-OV-3 xenografts mice with SOR-C13 or SOR-C27 over 12 days inhibits tumor growth by more that 50% at the highest dose compared to non-treated controls (PubMed:28150073)
Can be utilized for the kinetic resolution of racemic phosphate esters
Has the potential to be used as an additive in laundry and dishwashing detergents, because it is a calcium-free thermostable subtilase alternative
Good candidate to improve plant biomass and grain productivity in various species
Can be used to make bioethanol by insertion of a cassette with Z.mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase and endogenous adhA (this gene) into 2 loci (slr0168 and phaAB). Up to 5.5 g/L, 212 mg/L/day, of ethanol can be produced
Introduced by genetic manipulation and expressed in insect-resistant maize by Monsanto, Northrup King and Ciba Geigy
The inactive construct (Ala-360--363-Tyr) can be used to generate antibodies against this serotype. Additionally the enlarged substrate specificity can be used to understand the function of VAMP4, VAMP5 and YKT6
This gene, also known as the 'green revolution gene' has been introduced by conventional breeding procedures into several cultivars. It produces shorter plants, increase grain yield at the expense of straw biomass, and are more resistant to damage by wind and rain. These wheats are short because they respond abnormally to GA
This protein, when mutated, can potentially be applicable to the development of transgenic hypoallergenic crops of tartarian buckwheat and specific immunotherapy to treat tartarian buckwheat allergy (PubMed:20431913, PubMed:21571740). Destructing the native conformation of this protein significantly reduces its allergenicity and it may be a candidate for the development of vaccine that builds immunotolerance in individuals with buckwheat allergy. Production of mosaic molecules which are reassembled derivatives of the protein may have advantages compared to production of modified fragments. The treatment can be achieved with a single molecule that is more stable and easier to produce and purify. The production is also more cost-effective than with chemically modified allergens (PubMed:22449541)
Absence of glutaminase activity, higher stability, and mesoactivity makes P.furiosus L-asparaginase and its mutants promising candidates for clinical as well as industrial usage
LspA is an ideal target for anti-infective agents as it is required for the survival of MRSA under physiologically relevant conditions in human blood
Driven by a stress-inducible promoter, stilbene synthase is used to improve resistance to pathogens which are sensitive to stilbenes such as B.cinerea, P.palmivora, E.lata or P.viticola
Expression in heterologous systems (e.g. S.cerevisiae and Populus alba) is used to produce resveratrol for human food and medication. Resveratrol, a product of the chemical reaction catalyzed by stilbene synthase, exhibits several clinical benefits for human diseases, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases and has positive effects on longevity
Artificial BMCs can be made in E.coli by expressing eutK, eutL, eutM, eutN, eutS (eutSMNLK) or eutS alone. Cargo proteins can be targeted to them using the first 19 residues of this protein. Beta-galactosidase (lacZ) was active within the BMC, showing the BMC allows passage of substrate into the interior. This can lead to the development of tailored BMCs for specific metabolic reactions
May have potential as a tool for controlled permeabilization of cell membranes (PubMed:9133626). The C-terminal part (342-361) of this protein may be used to generate mutant peptides having increased antibacterial effect (PubMed:14999010). This protein may also be used for the generation of mosquitoes that are refractory to all species of human Plasmodium (PubMed:18159942)
EndoBI-1 might prove useful as a novel tool for diverse applications in proteomics and glycoproteomics research
Displays vaccine potential against the hyper-virulent M.tuberculosis Beijing K strain. Protective efficacy is correlated with the generation of Rv3628-specific CD4+ T cells co-producing IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-2 and exhibiting an elevated IFN-gamma recall response
CGS from H.pylori is an attractive target for antibiotics discovery since the four natural inhibitors alpha-lapachone, 9-hydroxy-alpha-lapachone, Paulownin, and Yangambin also display strong antibacterial activity in vitro, highly inhibiting the growth of H.pylori, whereas no antibacterial activity against E.coli in vitro. These inhibitors might thus be used as potential lead compounds for further research in the discovery of anti-H.pylori agents
Can be used for the preparation of D-amino acids by resolving racemic amino acid mixtures and for the production of alpha-keto acids
This enzyme can be produced in large-scale and may be used for the enzymatic synthesis of complex type sugar chains containing GlcNAc and GalNAc as components
Could be used for theanine (N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine) production, by coupling the reaction with the ATP-regeneration system of yeast sugar fermentation. Theanine occurs naturally in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and provides flavor to green tea. It has also several favorable physiological effects on mammals
Has a potential use in the concrete technology for the development of an inherent and more durable concrete material
LST may find use as a new tool to modulate existing biotechnological applications of the firefly bioluminescent system
Reducing ROS1A activity may be a potential tool to increase aleurone content, and improve the nutritional value of rice grains (PubMed:30275307). Aleurone cells are rich in an array of proteins, vitamins and minerals (PubMed:30275307)