['Atrioventricular (AV) delay in cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) recipients are typically optimised at rest. However, there are limited data on the impact of exercise-induced changes in heart rate on the optimal AV delay and left ventricular function.', 'The authors serially programmed AV delays in 41 CRT patients with intrinsic sinus rhythm at rest and during two stages of supine bicycle exercise with heart rates at 20 bpm (stage I) and 40 bpm (stage II) above baseline. The optimal AV delay during exercise was determined by the iterative method to maximise cardiac output using Doppler echocardiography. Results were compared to physiological change in PR intervals in 56 normal controls during treadmill exercise. The optimal AV delay was progressively shortened (p<0.05) with escalating exercise level (baseline: 123±26 ms vs. stage I: 102±24 ms vs stage II: 70±22 ms, p<0.05). AV delay optimisation led to a significantly higher cardiac output than without optimisation did during stage I (6.2±1.2 l/min vs. 5.2±1.2 l/min, p<0.001) and stage II (6.8±1.6 l/min vs. 5.9±1.3 l/min, p<0.001) exercise. A linear inverse relationship existed between optimal AV delays and heart rates in CRT patients (AV delay=241-1.61×heart rate, R2=0.639, p<0.001) and healthy controls (R2=0.646, p<0.001), but the slope of regression was significantly steeper in CRT patients (p<0.001).'] Does optimisation of atrioventricular delay during exercise improve cardiac output in patients stabilised with cardiac resynchronisation therapy?