['Selection of patients with the highest probability for therapeutic ERCP remains an important task in a clinical workup of patients with suspected choledocholithiasis (CDL).', 'To determine whether an artificial neural network (ANN) model can improve the accuracy of selecting patients with a high probability of undergoing therapeutic ERCP among those with strong clinical suspicion of CDL and to compare it with our previously reported prediction model.', 'Prospective, observational study.', 'Single, tertiary-care endoscopy center.', 'Between January 2010 and September 2012, we prospectively recruited 291 consecutive patients who underwent ERCP after being referred to our center with firm suspicion for CDL.', 'Predictive scores for CDL based on a multivariate logistic regression model and ANN model.', 'The presence of common bile duct stones confirmed by ERCP.', 'There were 80.4% of patients with positive findings on ERCP. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for our previously established multivariate logistic regression model was 0.787 (95% CI, 0.720-0.854; P < .001), whereas area under the curve for the ANN model was 0.884 (95% CI, 0.831-0.938; P < .001). The ANN model correctly classified 92.3% of patients with positive findings on ERCP and 69.6% patients with negative findings on ERCP.'] Does artificial neural network predict the need for therapeutic ERCP in patients with suspected choledocholithiasis?