['Cholinergic receptor blockade produces memory deficits in animal models. These deficits can be prevented by 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as ondansetron, which increases acetylcholine release. We investigated the effects on cognitive performance of combined treatments of ondansetron with either flumazenil, a GABA(A) receptor benzodiazepine site antagonist, or tacrine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, which are also able to prevent scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment.', 'Spatial learning and memory was assessed by studying the effects of single and combined treatments on acquisition and retention of the Morris water maze task in rats.', 'Scopolamine (0.6 mg/kg) induced significant learning and retention deficits. Both ondansetron (0.1 microg/kg) and tacrine (3 mg/kg) partially prevented the scopolamine-induced learning deficit. A full reversal was only found after the combined treatment of ondansetron with flumazenil (10 mg/kg) and also after tacrine in combination with ondansetron. Likewise, scopolamine-induced retention deficit was fully counteracted by the combined treatment of ondansetron with either flumazenil or tacrine, and only partially by any of the single treatments tested.'] Do flumazenil and tacrine increase the effectiveness of ondansetron on scopolamine-induced impairment of spatial learning in rats?