In a recent experiment, half the subjects were expert chess players; the other half had never played. First, the subjects were shown chessboards at various stages of actual games for ten seconds. Each expert was able to recall the positions of the pieces at least twice as well as any nonplayer. Second, the subjects were shown chessboards with the pieces randomly arranged, again for ten seconds. In this case the experts recalled the positions only marginally better, on average, than did the nonplayers. Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the results of the experiment? ['Ten seconds is not long enough to memorize random information.', 'People who play chess have better memories than people who do not play chess.', 'An expert is more likely than a nonexpert to attempt to assimilate new information according to known rules and principles.', 'People remember information better when they can organize it according to rules that they know.']