['Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) were initially found to contribute to the immunosuppression in tumor patients and have recently been recognized as a subset of innate immune cells that are capable of regulating adaptive immunity. A variety of innate immune stimuli such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which act as a double-edged sword, induce both the maturation of dendritic cells (DC) and the expansion of MDSCs.', 'In this study, we isolated MDSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and examined the suppressive effect of MDSCs against cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated xenocytotoxicity.', 'Peripheral blood monocytes cultured in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 were stimulated with polyiosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] or LPS. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that LPS and poly I:C stimulation allows the CD33(+) CD14(+) HLA-DR(-) subset to be significantly increased. To assess the suppressive capacity of MDSCs in xenotoxicity, CTL assay was performed. Poly (I:C)-activated MDSCs dramatically suppressed the CTL xenocytotoxicity. Phagocytosis assays revealed that activated MDSCs aggressively phagocytose the xenogenic CTLs. Characterization of MDSCs by real-time PCR revealed that poly (I:C) and LPS-stimulated MDSCs expressed significant amounts of mRNA for indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) compared to untreated MDSCs. Furthermore, when MDSCs were incubated with the IDO inhibitor, the MDSC-induced suppression of xenocytotoxicity was abolished. Taken together, the possibility that activated MDSCs could induce apoptosis in xenogenic CTLs via an IDO-dependent manner and aggressively phagocytose apoptotic CTLs cannot be excluded.'] Do monocytic suppressor cells derived from human peripheral blood suppress xenogenic immune reactions?