['This study was conducted to investigate whether and how macrophages recruited to tumor microenvironments (tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs) were involved in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of gastric cancer (GC).', 'TAMs, microvessel density (MVD), and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in 115 cases of GC tissue were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of CD68, CD34, and D2-40, respectively. Preoperative blood samples from 43 patients were obtained to detect serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-C. A co-culture system was also developed to study effects and underlying mechanisms of THP-1 macrophages on SGC7901 GC cells.', 'TAMs numbers were closely related to serosa invasion, lymph node metastasis and tumor, nodes, and metastases stage and a positive correlation existed between the TAMs count and MVD and LVD. Additionally, TAMs were associated with preoperative serum levels of VEGF and VEGF-C, the expression of VEGF and VEGF-C protein in macrophages was up-regulated in the co-culture system, and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway in macrophages induced a significant reduction in the expression of VEGF and VEGF-C in both macrophages and GC cells (all P<0.05).'] Do tumor-associated macrophages promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of gastric cancer?