['Infiltration of fibrocytes (FC) in the airway smooth muscle is a feature of asthma, but the pathological significance is unknown.', 'We sought to explore whether FC modulate the phenotype of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) in asthmatic vs. control subjects.', 'Fibrocytes were isolated from CD14+ monocytes from asthmatic and normal subjects. Proliferation of ASMC of asthmatic or normal subjects was analysed by (3) H-thymidine incorporation, cell number counting and Ki-67 expression after treatment of ASMC with FC-conditioned medium (FCCM) or co-culture with FC. ASMC-associated cytokines/chemokines implicated in asthma (TGF-β1, eotaxin, IL-6 and IL-8) were measured in co-culture or transwell culture of ASMC\xa0+\xa0FC by ELISA. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to localize these cytokines in ASMC. Cytokine secretion was measured in the transwell culture of ASMC\xa0+\xa0FC, where NF-κB-p65 or ERK1/2 in ASMC was silenced by siRNA. Contractile phenotype of ASMC in transwell culture was assessed by immunoblotting of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK).', 'Fibrocytes did not affect ASMC proliferation and expression of TGF-β1, eotaxin, α-SMA and MLCK; however, ASMC production of IL-8 and IL-6 was increased in the co-culture and transwell culture by FC. ASMC treated with FCCM were immunopositive for IL-8/IL-6 and produced more IL-8/IL-6. Furthermore, siRNA silencing of NF-κB-p65 or ERK1/2 in transwell cultures of asthmatic ASMC with normal subject FC decreased IL-8 and IL-6 production.'] Do monocyte-derived fibrocytes induce an inflammatory phenotype in airway smooth muscle cells?