['Of the 737 patients with aggressive lymphoma who were treated with the LNH-84 regimen, 244 with progressive disease after complete remission or partial response were analyzed retrospectively to determine the influence of intensive chemotherapy with bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on survival.', 'Forty-four patients were treated with salvage chemotherapy, followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) in 40 and allogeneic BMT in four. The other 200 patients were treated with chemotherapy only.', 'Salvage treatment produced an objective response in 57% of the patients; 23% achieved a second complete remission. Median overall survival was longer for patients who were treated with ABMT than for those who were treated with chemotherapy only (12.4 v 6.7 months), as was median freedom from progression (FFP) survival (7.7 v 4 months). In multiparametric analysis, ABMT and normal initial lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level were the primary parameters associated with longer survival. This is also true when (1) only patients younger than 60 years of age, (2) only patients who responded to salvage regimen, or (3) only patients with both conditions were included in the analysis. Patients who were not transplanted had a 1.69 to 2.26 relative risk of dying from their disease compared with those who were treated with intensive chemotherapy plus ABMT.'] Does bone marrow transplantation prolong survival after relapse in aggressive-lymphoma patients treated with the LNH-84 regimen?