In considering the fact that many people believe that promotions are often given to undeserving employees because the employees successfully flatter their supervisors, a psychologist argued that although many people who flatter their supervisors are subsequently promoted, flattery generally is not the reason for their success, because almost all flattery is so blatant that it is obvious even to those toward whom it is directed. Which one of the following, if assumed, enables the psychologist's conclusion to be properly drawn? ['People in positions of responsibility expect to be flattered.', 'Official guidelines for granting promotion tend to focus on merit.', 'Supervisors are almost never influenced by flattery when they notice it.', 'Flattery that is not noticed by the person being flattered is ineffective.']