['The chelating agent 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N\', N",N"\'-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) is used to label monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and peptides with (90)Y. DOTA allows the generation of clinically useful stable metallic radioconjugates for the treatment of a variety of tumors, but its immunogenicity has remained controversial. In this study, we evaluated the immune response to DOTA in a preclinical mouse model and in patients entered in a clinical trial.', 'Sera were obtained from BALB/c mice injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously with different doses and formulations of syngeneic and xenogeneic mAbs or peptide (murine mAb Mov19 [mM19]; its chimeric version; murine V/human C ChiMov19 [cM19]; or Tyr(3)-octreotide)-DOTA conjugates. Sera from patients with neuroendocrine tumors, enrolled in a protocol for somatostatin receptor-mediated radionuclide therapy with (90)Y-DOTA-D-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide (DOTATOC), were also collected before and after each treatment. Levels and specificity of antibody response to relevant (Mov19, ChiMov19, or Tyr(3)-octreotide) and nonrelevant (human serum albumin) DOTA targets were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and competition assays. An anti-DOTA mAb (IgG1) derived from a ChiMov19-DOTA immunized mouse was used, in a competitive radioimmunoassay, to determine the efficiency of DOTA presentation on the different carriers.', 'Depending on the immunogenicity and dosage of the mAb, a specific anti-DOTA response was revealed in the preclinical system. However, DOTA-peptide conjugate induced no immune-detectable response against either chelator or carrier. DOTA was poorly presented on small peptides, as determined using the anti-DOTA mAb.'] Does the humoral immune response to macrocyclic chelating agent DOTA depend on the carrier molecule?