Professor: A guest speaker recently delivered a talk entitled "The Functions of Democratic Governments" to a Political Ideologies class at this university. The talk was carefully researched and theoretical in nature. But two students who disagreed with the theory hurled vicious taunts at the speaker. Several others applauded their attempt to humiliate the speaker. This incident shows that universities these days do not foster fair-minded and tolerant intellectual debate. The professor's reasoning is flawed in that it ['draws a general conclusion based on too small a sample', "is inconsistent in advocating tolerance while showing intolerance of the dissenting students' views", "draws a conclusion based on the professor's own opinion rather than on that of the majority of the students present at the talk", 'relies primarily on an emotional appeal']