['Substantial redistribution of lymphocytes occurs upon the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and immune-based HIV therapies.', 'To evaluate the relative contribution of apoptosis and proliferation to changes in lymphocyte populations in peripheral blood and lymph node resulting from interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy in patients receiving stable HAART.', 'Lymphocyte apoptosis was analyzed on various subtypes using fluorescence activated cell sorting with an annexin-V antibody in peripheral blood and by the TUNEL (terminal uridine nucleotide end labelling) method in corresponding lymph node sections. Lymphocyte proliferation was evaluated using an antibody against the cell cycle-associated marker Ki-67 (MIB-1) in peripheral blood and lymph nodes.', 'A transient increase in apoptosis was seen in peripheral blood and lymph nodes during a cycle of subcutaneous IL-2. A pronounced proliferative effect of IL-2 (from 6.4% of total lymphocytes in patients only treated with HAART to 23.4% in those treated with HAART + IL-2) was detected in peripheral blood, affecting the CD4, CD8 and CD16/56 subsets to a similar extent. Remarkably, the proliferative effect also occurred in lymphoid tissues. While the lymph node structure gradually disintegrated over 24 months in some individuals, the amount of proliferating lymphocytes, including CD4 cells, B cells and follicular dendritic cells, greatly increased upon IL-2, while HIV RNA load in lymph nodes remained unaffected.'] Do lymphocytes proliferate in blood and lymph nodes following interleukin-2 therapy in addition to highly active antiretroviral therapy?