Biographer: Arnold' s belief that every offer of assistance on the part of his colleagues was a disguised attempt to make him look inadequate and that no expression of congratulations on his promotion should be taken at face value may seem irrational. In fact, this belief was a consequence of his early experiences with an admired older sister who always made fun of his ambitions and achievements. In light of this explanation, ttherefore, Arnold' s stubborn belief that his colleagues were duplicitous emerges as clearly justified. The flawed reasoning in the biographer's argument is most similar to that in which one of the following? ["As a child, Joan was severely punished whenever she played with her father's prize Siamese cat. Ttherefore, since this information makes her present belief that cats are not good pets completely understandable, that belief is justified.", "Emily suspected that apples are unhealthy ever since she almost choked to death while eating an apple when she was a child. Now, evidence that apples treated with certain pesticides can be health hazards shows that Emily's long held belief is fully justified.", "The fact that top executives generally have much larger vocabularies than do their subordinates explains why Sheldon's belief, instilled in him during his childhood, that developing a large vocabulary is the way to get to the top in the world of business is completely justified.", 'Studies show that when usually well-behaved children become irritable, they often exhibit symptoms of viral infections the next day. The suspicion, still held by many adults, that misbehavior must always be paid for is thus both explained and justified.']