['Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is recommended for patients with clinically node-positive breast cancer and carries a risk of lymphedema>30%. Patients with node-positive breast cancer may consider neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which can reduce node positivity. We sought to determine if neoadjuvant chemotherapy reduced the risk of lymphedema in patients undergoing ALND for node-positive breast cancer.', 'The 229 patients who underwent unilateral ALND and chemotherapy were divided into two groups: 30% (68/229) had neoadjuvant and 70% (161/229) had adjuvant chemotherapy. Prospective arm volumes were measured via perometry preoperatively and at 3- to 7-month intervals after surgery. Lymphedema was defined as relative volume change (RVC)≥10%, >3 months from surgery. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate regression models were used to identify risk factors for lymphedema.', 'Fifteen percent (10/68) of neoadjuvant patients compared with 23% (37/161) of adjuvant patients developed RVC≥10% (hazard ratio=0.76, p=0.39). For all patients, body mass index was significantly associated with lymphedema (p=0.0003). For neoadjuvant patients, residual lymph node disease after chemotherapy was associated with a ninefold greater risk of lymphedema compared to those without residual disease (p=0.038).'] Does residual lymph node disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy predict an increased risk of lymphedema in node-positive breast cancer patients?