['Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may reduce inflammation and promote tissue repair in pulmonary emphysema.', 'To study the safety and feasibility of bone marrow-derived autologous (BM-) MSC intravenous administration to patients with severe emphysema.', 'A phase I, prospective open-label study registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01306513 Eligible patients had lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) on two separate occasions. During the first LVRS bone marrow was collected, from which MSCs were isolated and expanded ex vivo After 8 weeks, patients received two autologous MSC infusions 1 week apart, followed by the second LVRS procedure at 3 weeks after the second BM-MSC infusion.', 'Up to 3 weeks after the last MSC infusion adverse events were recorded. Using immunohistochemistry and qPCR for analysis of cell and proliferation markers, emphysematous lung tissue obtained during the first surgery was compared with lung tissue obtained after the second surgical session to assess BM-MSC effects.', 'From 10 included patients three were excluded: two did not receive MSCs due to insufficient MSC culture expansion, and one had no second surgery. No adverse events related to MSC infusions occurred and lung tissue showed no fibrotic responses. After LVRS and MSC infusions alveolar septa showed a 3-fold increased expression of the endothelial marker CD31 (P \u2009= \u20090.016).'] Do a phase I study for intravenous autologous mesenchymal stromal cell administration to patients with severe emphysema?