['Recent studies indicate that bone marrow-derived cells may significantly contribute to atherosclerosis, post-angioplasty restenosis and transplantation-associated vasculopathy. The responsible bone marrow (BM) cells and mechanisms regulating the mobilization of these cells are currently unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on injured arteries and its effects on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the process of vascular remodeling.', 'Balloon-mediated vascular injury was established in female rats (n = 100) which received radioprotective whole female BM cells by tail vein injection and male MSCs through a tibial BM injection after lethal irradiation. The injured and contralateral carotid arteries were harvested at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after treatment.', 'Morphometric analysis indicated that intima to media area-ratio (I/M ratio) significantly increased at 28 days, 0.899 ± 0.057 (P < 0.01), compared with uninjured arteries. Combining fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemical analysis showed that a significant number of the neointimal cells derived from MSCs, (45.2 ± 8.5)% at 28 days (P = 0.01), compared with (23.5 ± 6.3)% at 14 days. G-CSF was induced in carotid arteries subject to balloon angioplasty (fold mRNA change = 8.67 ± 0.63 at three days, relative G-CSF protein = 0.657 ± 0.011 at three days, P < 0.01, respectively, compared with uninjured arteries). G-CSF was chemotactic for MSCs but did not affect the differentiation of MSCs into smooth-muscle-like cells.'] Does increased expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mediate mesenchymal stem cells recruitment after vascular injury?