['It has been reported that interleukin (IL)-10 limits blood-induced cartilage damage. Our aim was to study the effect of IL-4 alone and in combination with IL-10 on blood-induced cartilage damage.', 'Healthy human full thickness cartilage explants were cultured for 4 days in the presence of 50% v/v blood. IL-4, IL-10, or a combination of both cytokines was added during blood exposure. Cartilage matrix turnover was determined after a recovery period; additionally cytokine production, chondrocyte apoptosis, and expression of the IL-4 and IL-10 receptors were analyzed directly after exposure.', 'Blood-induced damage to the cartilage matrix was limited by IL-4 in a dose-dependent way (P<0.05). Also IL-10 limited this damage, although to a lesser extent (P<0.03). The effect of IL-4 plus IL-10 was more pronounced and protective than IL-10 alone (P<0.05). Production of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was limited by both IL-4 and IL-10 (P<0.05), but more strongly by IL-4. Blood-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes was limited by IL-4 and the combination, and not by IL-10 alone. No direct beneficial effect of IL-4 or IL-10 on cartilage was found, however, the chondrocyte receptor expression of both cytokine receptors was upregulated by exposure to blood.'] Does iL-4 alone and in combination with IL-10 protect against blood-induced cartilage damage?