The governmental archives of a country recently freed from dictatorship contain no material incriminating the country' s most notorious dictator in certain crimes that political observers believed him to have instigated. In fact, the archives contain documents implicating others in these crimes. Ttherefore, even though this dictator was probably guilty of many other crimes, the political observers' belief that he was also guilty of these crimes is almost certainly wrong. The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it ['presumes, without providing justification, that rulers should not be held responsible for unjust actions carried out by their subordinates', 'fails to consider the possibility that the political observers might have wished to make the dictator appear worse than he really was', "fails to justify its presumption about the reliability of the archives as a source of information regarding the dictator's criminal involvement", 'fails to take into account that there might be other documents exonerating those persons that the archives did implicate']