['There is controversy over whether or not chronic HIV infection contributes to atherosclerosis. We investigated the relationship between HIV infection, antiretroviral medication and ultrasound evidence of early atherosclerosis in the context of vascular risk factors.', 'A case-control design with 292 HIV-positive subjects and 1168 age- and sex-matched controls.', 'We assessed vascular risk factors, blood pressure, serum lipids and carotid intima media thickness (IMT) in cases and controls. With multivariate regression models, we investigated the effects of HIV status and antiretroviral medication on IMT.', 'The common carotid artery (CCA) IMT value was 5.70% (95% confidence interval [3.08-8.38%], p<0.0001) or 0.044 mm [0.021-0.066 mm] (p=0.0001) higher in HIV-positives, adjusted for multiple risk factors. In the carotid bifurcation (BIF), the IMT values were 24.4% [19.5-29.4%] or 0.250 mm [0.198-0.303 mm] higher in HIV patients (p<0.0001). An investigation of antiretroviral substances revealed higher CCA- and BIF-IMT values in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy (HAART).'] Are both long-term HIV infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy independent risk factors for early carotid atherosclerosis?