['Carvedilol but not metoprolol exhibits persistent binding to beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-ARs) even after washout in cell culture experiments. Here, we determined the significance of this phenomenon on human beta-ARs in vitro and in vivo.', 'Experiments were conducted on human atrial trabeculae (n=8 to 10 per group). In the presence of metoprolol, isoproterenol potency was reduced compared with controls (P<0.001). In the presence of carvedilol, isoproterenol identified 2 distinct binding sites of high (36+/-6%; -8.8+/-0.4 log mol/L) and low affinity (-6.5+/-0.2 log mol/L). After beta-blocker washout, isoproterenol potency returned to control values in metoprolol-treated muscles, whereas in carvedilol-treated preparations, isoproterenol potency remained decreased (P<0.001 versus control). In vivo studies were performed in 9 individuals receiving metoprolol succinate (190 mg/d) or carvedilol (50 mg/d) for 11 days in a randomized crossover design. Dobutamine stress echocardiography (5 to 40 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was performed before, during, and 44 hours after application of study medication. Beta-blocker medication reduced heart rate, heart rate-corrected velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, and cardiac output compared with baseline (P<0.02 to 0.0001). After withdrawal of metoprolol, all parameters returned to baseline values, whereas after carvedilol, all parameters remained reduced (P<0.05 to 0.001) despite complete plasma elimination of carvedilol.'] Does carvedilol but not metoprolol reduce beta-adrenergic responsiveness after complete elimination from plasma in vivo?