['Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the progression of left ventricular (LV) remodeling and heart failure (HF). Recombinant human neuregulin-1 (rhNRG-1) improves cardiac function in models of experimental HF and in clinical trials; however, its impact on mitochondrial function during chronic HF remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether rhNRG-1 could attenuate the functional and structural changes that occur in cardiac mitochondria in a rat model of HF induced by myocardial infarction.', 'Sixty adult rats underwent sham or coronary ligation to induce HF. Four weeks after ligation, 29 animals with LV ejective fraction ≤ 50% were randomized to receive either vehicle or rhNRG-1 (10 µg×kg(-1)×d(-1), I.V.) for 10 days, another 12 sham-operated animals were given no treatment. Echocardiography was used to determine physiological changes. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), respiratory function and tissue adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production were analyzed. Cytochrome c expression and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were determined. Oxidative stress was evaluated by reactive oxygen species production using fluorescence assays and gene expression of glutathione peroxidase measured by real-time quantitative PCR.', 'Compared with sham-operated animals, vehicle treated HF rats exhibited severe LV remodeling and dysfunction, significant mitochondrial dysfunction, increased mitochondrial cytochrome c release, increased myocyte apoptosis and enhanced oxidative stress. Short-term treatment with rhNRG-1 significantly attenuated LV remodeling and cardiac function. Concomitant with this change, mitochondrial dysfunction was significantly attenuated; with ATP production, MMP and respiratory function restored, cytochrome c release and apoptosis inhibited, and oxidative stress reduced.'] Does neuregulin-1 attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction in a rat model of heart failure?