['This study examined the effectiveness of non-nutritive sucking on preterm infant pain, changes in infant behaviour and frequency of abnormal physiological signals during heel stick procedures in Taiwan.', "Preterm infants' repetitive exposure to painful procedures may result in changes to brain organisation. Pain management should be a priority in neonatal care.", 'Randomised control trial.', "Preterm infants (gestational age 28.9-37 weeks) were randomised to two groups: those receiving (experimental, n = 52) or not receiving non-nutritive sucking (control, n = 52) during heel stick procedures. Pain was measured before (for three minutes), during and after (during 10-minute recovery) heel stick procedures by the Premature Infant Pain Profile, changes in infant behaviour and abnormal physiological parameters. Results.\u2002 Infants in both groups had similar odds ratios for pain and moderate-to-severe pain (0.57 and 0.58, respectively), after adjusting for time effects, postconceptional age, heel stick duration, painful experiences and baseline Premature Infant Pain Profile score. The pain scores of infants with non-nutritive sucking were significantly lower than those of non-nutritive sucking infants at all eight phases of the heel stick procedures. Infants undergoing heel stick procedures in the experimental group had lower rates ratios for 'grimace' and 'hand to mouth or face' behaviours than control infants (0.73 and 0.78, respectively)."] Does non-nutritive sucking relieve pain for preterm infants during heel stick procedures in Taiwan?