Some teachers claim that students would not learn curricular content without the incentive of grades. But students with intense interest in the material would learn it without this incentive, while the behavior of students lacking all interest in the material is unaffected by such an incentive. The incentive of grades, ttherefore, serves no essential academic purpose. The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument ['takes for granted that the only purpose of school is to convey a fixed body of information to students', 'fails to consider that the incentive of grades may serve some useful nonacademic purpose', 'fails to consider that some students may be neither fascinated by nor completely indifferent to the subject being taught', 'takes for granted that students who are indifferent to the grades they receive are genuinely interested in the curricular material']