['Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes events favouring carotid plaque instability: inflammatory chemoattraction, thrombogenesis, and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases and cell adhesion molecules. The aim of this study was to assess neovascularization, VEGF and its receptors in high-grade stable and unstable carotid plaques.', 'Immunohistochemical staining for CD34, VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 1 and VEGFR2 was performed in 34 intact carotid endarterectomy specimens, and compared in sections demonstrating maximal histological instability (cap rupture/thinning) or, if stable, maximal stenosis.', 'VEGF staining was increased in 12 unstable compared with 22 stable plaques (median (interquartile range, i.q.r.) plaque score 4.0 (4.0-4.0) versus 3.0 (2.0-3.0); P = 0.002) with upregulation of VEGFR1 (plaque score 4.0 (2.0-4.0) versus 2.0 (1.0-3.0); P = 0.016). In unstable plaques this was associated with increased microvessel density in the cap (median (i.q.r.) 12.1 (4.0-30.0) versus 1.1 (0.0-7.3) microvessels/mm(2); P = 0.017) and shoulder regions (7.7 (3.4-21.4) versus 3.1 (0.4-10.8) microvessels/mm(2); P = 0.176).'] Is vascular endothelial growth factor associated with histological instability of carotid plaques?