['Autologous bone marrow transplantation in cancer patients is often preceded by multiple cycles of chemotherapy. In this study, we assessed in a mouse model whether stem cells were affected by prior chemotherapy.', 'Donor mice were treated with three consecutive injections of 150 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Peripheral blood counts were allowed to recover before the subsequent dose of 5-FU was given. Mice recovered from three doses of 5-FU and showed normal steady-state hematopoiesis. Bone marrow cells from these mice were mixed with congenic competitor cells and transplanted into lethally irradiated recipients.', 'Although in vivo homing of cells from these mice was not impaired, donor leukocyte contribution steadily decreased posttransplantation. In contrast to in vivo homing, both in vitro migration toward stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1 and the average CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) expression were lower in 5-FU-treated cells. Moderate reductions in L-selectin and CD11a expression were observed on stem cells of 5-FU-treated mice. CD43, CD44, CD49d, and CD49e were normally expressed and could thus not explain the reduced engraftment of these cells.'] Does chemotherapy prior to autologous bone marrow transplantation impair long-term engraftment in mice?