['Hepatic ischemic preconditioning decreases sinusoidal endothelial cell injury and Kupffer cell activation after cold ischemia/reperfusion, leading to improved survival of liver transplant recipients in rats. Ischemic preconditioning also protects livers against warm ischemia/reperfusion injury, in which hepatocyte injury is remarkable. We aimed to determine whether ischemic preconditioning directly protects hepatocytes and to elucidate its mechanisms.', 'Rats were injected with gadolinium chloride to deplete Kupffer cells or with N -acetyl- l -cysteine, superoxide dismutase, or catalase to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Livers were then preconditioned by 10 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion. Subsequently, livers were subjected to 40 minutes of warm ischemia and 60 minutes of reperfusion in vivo or in a liver perfusion system. In other rats, livers were preconditioned by H(2)O(2) perfusion instead of ischemia. In the other experiments, livers were perfused with nitro blue tetrazolium to detect reactive oxygen species formation.', 'Ischemic preconditioning decreased injury in hepatocytes, but not in sinusoidal endothelial cells. Kupffer cell depletion itself did not change hepatocyte injury after ischemia/reperfusion, indicating no contribution of Kupffer cells to ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, Kupffer cell depletion reversed hepatoprotection by ischemic preconditioning. Reactive oxygen species formation occurred in Kupffer cells after ischemic preconditioning. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species reversed the effect of ischemic preconditioning, and H(2)O(2) preconditioning mimicked ischemic preconditioning.'] Does ischemic preconditioning protect hepatocytes via reactive oxygen species derived from Kupffer cells in rats?