If rational-choice theory is correct, then people act only in ways that they expect will benefit themselves. But this means that rational-choice theory cannot be correct, because plenty of examples exist of people acting in ways that result in no personal benefit whatsoever. The argument above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it ['takes for granted that people who are acting in ways that are personally beneficial expected that their actions would be personally beneficial', 'presumes, without justification, that examples of people acting in ways that are not personally beneficial greatly outnumber examples of people acting in ways that are personally beneficial', 'concludes that a theory is false merely on the grounds that the evidence for it is hypothetical', 'fails to consider that people acting in ways that result in no personal benefit may nonetheless have expected that acting in those ways would produce personal benefit']