A popular book argues that people who are successful in business have, without exception, benefited from a lot of luck on their way to success. But this is ridiculous. Anyone who has studied successful people knows that success requires a lot of hard work. The argument commits which one of the following errors of reasoning? ['It treats an effect of something as the cause of that thing.', 'It mistakes the claim that something is required for a purpose for the claim that it is sufficient for that purpose.', 'It takes for granted in a premise what it is trying to prove in its conclusion.', 'It accepts a view as authoritative without establishing the authority of the source of the view.']