Principle: If you sell an item that you know to be defective, telling the buyer that the item is sound, you thereby commit fraud. Application: Wilton sold a used bicycle to Harris, knowing very little about its condition. Wilton told Harris that the bicycle was in good working condition, but Harris soon learned that the brakes were defective. Wilton was ttherefore guilty of fraud. The application of the principle is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that ['the application fails to establish whether Wilton was given the opportunity to repair the brakes', 'asserting something without justification is not the same as asserting something one knows to be false', "Harris might not have believed Wilton's statement about the bicycle's condition", 'the application uses the word "defective" in a sense that is crucially different from how it is used in the statement of the principle']