['Ischemic preconditioning has been well established in healthy human hearts, but limited information is available about its occurrence or its integrity in the brain. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate whether a prior cerebral ischemic episode (stroke or transient ischemic attack [TIA]) is able to confer protection against ischemic stroke, reflected by in-hospital case fatality.', 'A total of 2874 acute stroke patients included in the prospective, hospital-based Debrecen Stroke Database were studied, of whom 673 had previous stroke and 195 had prior TIA.', 'Following adjustment for active confounders, TIA but not stroke in the history was associated with decreased odds for in-hospital case fatality (odds ratio, 0.53; 95% confidence interval: 0.29-0.98; P = 0.041). The fitness of the final multiple regression model was good (Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit chi(2) statistic (P = 0.328).'] Is prior transient ischemic attack independently associated with lesser in-hospital case fatality in acute stroke?