['Atherosclerosis is strongly associated with an increased mortality in subjects with diabetes. The carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is commonly measured as a surrogate marker for cardiovascular risk. Statins are well-established protective agents against atherosclerosis and reportedly suppress IMT progression in subjects with diabetes. To clarify the effects of statins on subclinical atherosclerosis, we herein investigated changes in the carotid IMT and lipid profiles in a multi-center, prospective, randomized trial.', 'Hypercholesterolemic subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to open-label treatment with either pravastatin or pitavastatin. The primary endpoint of this study was the IMT change after 36 months of statin treatment.', 'A total of 97 subjects (51 pitavastatin; 46 pravastatin) completed this 36-month study. The LDL-C decreased significantly from 163.4 ± 27.9 mg/dl at baseline to 100.4 ± 19.6 mg/dl at 36 months in the pitavastatin group and from 159.7 ± 25.6 mg/dl to 118.5 ± 22.1 mg/dl in the pravastatin group. The mean IMT showed moderate regression in both the pitavastatin (-0.070 ± 0.215 mm, P<0.05) and the pravastatin (-0.067 ± 0.260 mm) group. However, there was no significant difference in the IMT change between the two groups. When the two groups were combined, the 36-month change in the mean IMT was significantly associated with HDL-C change (r=-0.24, P= 0.03). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed the change in HDL-C to be an independent variable showing a positive correlation with the carotid IMT reduction.'] Is elevation of HDL-C in response to statin treatment involved in the regression of carotid atherosclerosis?