From a magazine article: Self-confidence is a dangerous virtue: it often degenerates into the vice of arrogance. The danger of arrogance is evident to all who care to look. How much more humane the twentieth century would have been without the arrogant self-confidence of a Hitler or a Stalin! The author attempts to persuade by doing all of the following EXCEPT ['appealing to authority to substantiate an assertion', 'introducing value-laden terms, such as "vice"', "implying that Hitler's arrogance arose from self-confidence", 'using extreme cases to evoke an emotional response']