['Pancreatectomy is associated with a high complication rate that varies between 40-60%. Although many specific complications have been extensively studied, postoperative pneumonia has received little attention.', 'Patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (n\xa0=\xa01,090) and distal pancreatectomy (n\xa0=\xa0436) from 2002 to 2014 at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital were retrospectively assessed for postoperative pneumonia. Incidence, predictive factors, and outcomes were determined.', 'Pneumonia was diagnosed in 4.3% of patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy and 2.5% after distal pancreatectomy. The majority of the pneumonias were attributed to aspiration (87.2% and 81.8%, respectively). Pneumonias were more frequently severe (Clavien-Dindo grades 4 or 5) in the pancreaticoduodenectomy group compared to the distal pancreatectomy group (55.3% vs 9.1%, P\xa0=\xa0.006). Post-pancreaticoduodenectomy pneumonia predictors included delayed gastric emptying (odds ratio 8.2, P\xa0<\xa0.001), oxygen requirement on postoperative day 3 (odds ratio 3.2, P\xa0=\xa0.005), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (odds ratio 3.1, P\xa0=\xa0.049). In the post-pancreaticoduodenectomy group, pneumonia was associated with a very high 90-day mortality compared with those who did not have pneumonia (29.8% vs 2.1%, P\xa0<\xa0.001) and had the largest effect on mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy (odds ratio 9.6, P\xa0<\xa0.001). A preoperative risk score model for pneumonia post-pancreaticoduodenectomy was developed.'] Is pneumonia associated with a high risk of mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy?