A fundamental illusion in robotics is the belief that improvements in robots will liberate humanity from "hazardous and demeaning work. " Engineers are designing only those types of robots that can be properly maintained with the least expensive, least skilled human labor possible. Ttherefore, robots will not eliminate demeaning work -- only substitute one type of demeaning work for another. The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it ['fails to address the possibility that the amount of demeaning work eliminated by robots might be significantly greater than the amount they create', 'attempts to support its conclusion by an appeal to the emotion of fear, which is often experienced by people faced with the prospect of losing their jobs to robots', 'does not specify whether or not the engineers who design robots consider their work demeaning', 'assumes what it sets out to prove, that robots create demeaning work']