['p16(INK4a) Is overexpressed in almost all precancerous and carcinomatous lesions of the uterine cervix, secondary to interference between high-risk human papillomaviruses (hr-HPVs) and the retinoblastoma gene product. Overexpression of p16(INK4a) has also been identified in patients with high-grade urothelial lesions, both cytologically and histologically. However, the etiological role of HPV has not been documented except in inverted papillomas, low-grade bladder tumors, and younger patients. We therefore attempted to verify if HPV DNA was detectable in p16(INK4a) -positive urothelial tumors.', 'A total of 90 urinary cytology samples (33 negative/low-grade cases and 57 high-grade proliferations) were analyzed for p16(INK4a) and HPV DNA. HPV genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction using a low-density DNA microarray enabling the detection of 35 HPVs. A reasoned approach combining tissue genotyping and in situ hybridization (ISH) for hr-HPVs was used in patients with urinary HPV.', 'Low-risk HPV (HPV-84) and hr-HPVs (HPV-16, -31, and -70) were detected. The prevalence of hr-HPVs in the urine was low: 5 of 82 patients (6.1%) and only 4 of 50 patients (8.0%) with high-grade urothelial malignancy. p16(INK4a) overexpression was noted in 49 high-grade samples (85.9%). In patients with p16(INK4a) -positive tumor cells and hr-HPV in the urine, HPV genotyping and ISH for hr-HPVs were negative in matched tissue sections.'] Is p16 ( INK4a ) overexpression linked to oncogenic human papillomaviruses in patients with high-grade urothelial cancer cells?