['The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a combined strength and aerobic training program on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and transforming growth factor-β1 in patients with type 2 diabetes.', 'Ten patients with type 2 diabetes, aged 55.5 (5) years [median (IQR)] participated in a supervised systematic exercise training program which included aerobic exercise and strength training, undertaken four days per week for eight weeks.', 'The training program increased transforming growth factor-β1 concentration (+50.4%) and reduced high sensitivity C reactive protein levels (-24.1%) without altering the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Additional improvements were also achieved in anthropometric characteristics, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c: -11.8%), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR: -15%) and physical fitness parameters (stress test: +26.6%, upper muscle strength: +32.4% and lower muscle strength: +48.9%).'] Does combined strength and aerobic training increase transforming growth factor-β1 in patients with type 2 diabetes?