['Stroke volume variation (SVV) during mechanical ventilation predicts preload responsiveness. We hypothesized that the prone position would alter the performance of this dynamic indicator.', 'Two parallel groups of ventilated neurosurgical patients with low tidal volume (6-8 ml.kg-1) were studied before surgical incision. SVV was measured at T0, T15 and T30 min during a fluid volume expansion (250 mL hetastarch 6% over 30 min) with patients in either the supine (N.=29; Supine group) or prone position (N.=23; Prone group). Fluid responsiveness was defined as an increase in the stroke volume index (SVI) of ≥20% at T30. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves were generated for SVV.', 'Prone positioning significantly increased SVV. Volume expansion in the Prone group increased SVI but led to a decline in SVV from 16% (12-22; median, 25-75th percentile) at T0 to 9% (8-13%) at T30. These effects on SVI and SVV were more pronounced compared to those obtained in the Supine group (P ≤0.05). Fluid responsiveness was predicted by SVV >12% at T0 (sensitivity 88%, specificity 62%) in the Supine group. In the Prone group, the area under the ROC curve of SVV (0.53; 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.79) did not allow the determination of a threshold SVV value.'] Does prone position affect stroke volume variation performance in predicting fluid responsiveness in neurosurgical patients?