['The expression of transcriptional factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in untreated esophageal cancer specimens from patients who receive preoperative chemoradiation is associated with aggressive clinical biology. We hypothesized that nuclear NF-kappaB would define clinical biology even when surgery is used as primary therapy.', 'Consecutive patients who did not receive any preoperative therapy were selected. Surgical cancer specimens were examined for nuclear NF-kappaB and correlated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS).', 'One hundred twenty-three patients (stage I, 9%; stage II, 24%; stage III, 53%; stage IV, 15%) with adenocarcinoma who underwent surgery as primary therapy were analyzed. Most patients were men (90%) and the median age was 63 years. For all 123 patients, the median DFS was 21 months and the median OS was 28 months. Nuclear NF-kappaB was associated with shortened DFS (P = 0.001) in 123 patients but also in stage II (P = 0.03) and stage III (P = 0.04). Nuclear NF-kappaB was associated with shortened OS (P = 0.002) in 123 patients and in stage II (P = 0.04) and showed trend in stage III (P = 0.17). Numbers are too small for stages I and IV. In multivariate models, nuclear NF-kappaB was an independent predictor for both DFS and OS (P = 0.005 and P = 0.01).'] Is clinical biology of esophageal adenocarcinoma after surgery influenced by nuclear factor-kappaB expression?