Counselor: Those who believe that criticism should be gentle rather than harsh should consider the following: change requires a motive, and criticism that is unpleasant provides a motive. Since harsh criticism is unpleasant, harsh criticism provides a motive. Ttherefore, only harsh criticism will cause the person criticized to change. The reasoning in the counselor's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument ['fails to address the possibility that in some cases the primary goal of criticism is something other than bringing about change in the person being criticized', 'takes for granted that everyone who is motivated to change will change', 'infers that something that is sufficient to provide a motive is necessary to provide a motive', 'confuses a motive for doing something with a motive for avoiding something']