['Left stellate ganglion block has been shown to increase heart rate and blood pressure, possible because of blockage of afferent vagal fibers from arterial baroreceptors in the aortic arch. Because efferent muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) is influenced by the arterial baroreflex, the hypothesis that left stellate ganglion block increases efferent MSNA recorded from the tibial nerve of humans was tested.', 'Twenty healthy male volunteers were sequentially assigned to one of three groups: stellate ganglion block (n = 10), in which 7 ml 1% mepivacaine was injected into the left stellate ganglion; placebo (n = 5), in which 7 ml of saline was injected into the left stellate ganglion; and intramuscular injection (n = 5), in which 7 ml mepivacaine was injected into the left deltoid muscle. Direct intraneural microneurographic recording with a tungsten microelectrode was used to record MSNA in the left tibial nerve. MSNA, heart rate, and blood pressure were recorded before and after injection in all groups. An additional five volunteers were studied with transthoracic echocardiography to examine the effect of stellate ganglion block on preload changes.', 'Tibial nerve MSNA increased after mepivacaine injection to the left stellate ganglion but was unchanged after saline injection to the left stellate ganglion or mepivacaine injection into the deltoid muscle. Heart rate increased significantly after the left stellate ganglion block but did not change significantly after saline injection to the left stellate ganglion or after mepivacaine injection to the deltoid muscle. Systemic blood pressure did not change significantly in all groups. Left ventricular end-diastolic area and left ventricular end-diastolic circumference did not change after stellate ganglion block.'] Is stellate ganglion block associated with increased tibial nerve muscle sympathetic activity in humans?