One adaptation that enables an animal species to survive despite predation by other species is effective camouflage. Yet some prey species with few or no other adaptations to counteract predation have endured for a long time with black-and-white coloration that seems unlikely to provide effective camouflage. Which one of the following, if true, most contributes to a resolution of the apparent discrepancy mentioned above? ['Animals of many predatory species do not perceive color or pattern in the same manner as humans do.', 'Conspicuous black-and-white areas help animals of the same species avoid encounters with one another.', 'Most species with black-and-white coloration are more populous than the species that prey upon them.', 'Black-and-white coloration is not as great a liability against predators at night as it is during the day.']