['To evaluate the effect of RANTES gene promoter polymorphism and RANTES receptor (CCR5 gene) promoter polymorphism on diabetic nephropathy in Japanese type 2 diabetic subjects.', 'A total 616 Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes were recruited. Polymorphisms of -28 C/G and -403 G/A in the RANTES gene promoter region, and of 59029 G/A in the CCR5 gene promoter region were detected by PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism). The association of these genotypes with nephropathy was analyzed.', 'While the RANTES -403 genotype showed no association with nephropathy, the frequency of the -28G allele was significantly higher in the DN2 group (urinary albuminuria-to-creatinine ratio [ACR] >or=300 mg/g creatinine, serum creatinine <2.0 mg/dl) than in the DN0 (ACR <30 mg/g creatinine) and DN1 (ACR >or=30 mg/g creatinine and <300 mg/g creatinine) groups. The frequency of a RANTES -28G-positive genotype (C/G or G/G) was higher in the DN2 group than in the DN0 and DN1 groups (34% vs. 25 and 20%, P = 0.0268, chi(2) = 4.905), and the frequency of a CCR5 59029 A-positive genotype (G/A or A/A) was higher in the DN1 and DN2 groups than in the DN0 group (84 and 85% vs. 76%, P = 0.0123, chi(2) = 6.269). Discriminant analysis showed that the RANTES -28G-positive genotype and CCR5 59029A-positive genotype were independently associated with nephropathy. The percentage of macroalbuminuria was twofold higher in the subjects having -28G or 59029A and threefold higher in the subjects having -28G and 59029A than in the subjects without -28G and 59029A.'] Is rANTES promoter genotype associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic subjects?