Pediatrician: Swollen tonsils give rise to breathing problems during sleep, and the surgical removal of children' s swollen tonsils has been shown to alleviate sleep disturbances. So removing children' s tonsils before swelling even occurs will ensure that the children do not experience any breathing problems during sleep. The pediatrician's argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it ["fails to consider the possibility that there may be other medical reasons for surgically removing a child's tonsils", 'infers from the fact that an action has a certain effect that the action is intended to produce that effect', 'fails to consider the possibility that some breathing problems during sleep may be caused by something other than swollen tonsils', 'relies on an inappropriate appeal to authority']