['Empyema due to Candida species is a rare entity, and the significance of isolation of Candida species from the pleural effusion is not fully understood.', 'To elucidate the clinical features of Candida empyema.', 'We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 128 patients with culture-positive empyema.', 'These 128 patients included 7 whose cause of empyema was esophago- or gastropleural fistula. Empyema was due to Candida species in 5 of the 7 patients. Primary diseases of these 5 patients were spontaneous esophageal rupture in 3 patients, esophageal rupture due to lung cancer invasion in 1 patient, and gastric ulcer perforation in 1 patient. None of these 5 patients had esophageal candidiasis. Among the 121 other patients with empyema not due to esophago- or gastropleural fistula, no patient had empyema due to Candida.'] Is isolation of Candida species an important clue for suspecting gastrointestinal tract perforation as a cause of empyema?