['To evaluate if peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists have a potential protective effect on the peritoneum changes induced by bioincompatible peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution in vivo.', 'Male Wistar rats were dialyzed three times daily for 28 days with 1.36% Dianeal (two groups: with (D+R) or without (D) rosiglitazone) or 1.36% Physioneal (two groups: with (P+R) or without (P) rosiglitazone). Peritoneal transport of fluid and small solutes was assessed. Nine rats that did not receive dialysis served as controls.', 'Significant morphological changes were found in the D group compared with controls. Additional use of rosiglitazone in the D+R group resulted in less morphological changes and expression of collagen I as well as an increased drainage volume. The expression of VEGF was inhibited by rosiglitazone while no apparent effect was found regarding TGF/Smad pathway.'] Do peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists diminish peritoneal functional and morphological changes induced by bioincompatible peritoneal dialysis solution?