Monroe, despite his generally poor appetite thoroughly enjoyed the three meals he ate at the Tip-Top Restaurant, but, unfortunately, after each meal he became ill. The first time he ate an extra-large sausage pizza with a side order of hot peppers; the second time he took full advantage of the all-you-can-eat fried shrimp and hot peppers special; and the third time he had two of Tip-Top' s giant meatball sandwiches with hot peppers. Since the only food all three meals had in common was the hot peppers, Monroe concludes that it is solely due to Tip-Top' s hot peppers that he became ill. Monroe's reasoning is most vulnerable to which one of the following criticisms? ['He allows his desire to continue dining at Tip-Top to bias his conclusion.', 'He overlooks the fact that at all three meals he consumed what was, for him, an unusually large quantity of food.', 'He posits a causal relationship without ascertaining that the presumed cause preceded the presumed effect.', "He fails to establish that everyone who ate Tip-Top's hot peppers became ill."]