['We aimed to determine whether intraoperative low-dose infusion of landiolol, an ultra-short-acting beta blocker, can prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after lung resection.', 'A double-blind, randomized, controlled, preliminary study was performed in university academic hospital, single center. Fifty lung surgical patients were key-opened before enrollment of the originally planned 100 patients, who were randomized in a 1:1 ratio in each treatment arm. Landiolol was infused with a dosage of 5 μg/kg/min during general anesthesia in the landiolol group, which was compared with the placebo control group with no landiolol. Atrial fibrillation (AF)-free survival curves were generated by means of Kaplan-Meier estimates and differences in survival were compared with the use of the log-rank test. We examined independent predictors of POAF by the multivariate logistic regression analysis using the perioperative parameters detected with the univariate analysis.', 'The AF events were recorded for 7\xa0days with Holter monitor in 5 of 25 patients in the landiolol group and 4 of 25 patients in the control group. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the landiolol group could not avoid the incidence of POAF in comparison with the placebo saline group (P\xa0=\xa00.806). The multivariate logistic regression analysis for prevalence of POAF identified only one statistically significant predictor: interleukin-6 (IL-6) sampled at 6\xa0h after end of surgery.'] Does landiolol infusion during general anesthesia prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing lung resection?