['Obesity is associated with hypovitaminosis D. Whether body mass index (BMI) determines the replacement dose of vitamin D to achieve sufficiency is unclear.', 'To determine the relationship between BMI and serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations and whether the increase in serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations with vitamin D replacement is dependent on BMI.', 'Retrospective review of anthropometric data and serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations in 95 patients attending an outpatient clinic in a tertiary hospital. In a second component of the study, 17 hospital inpatients with severe vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-OH D concentrations<6 ng/mL [15 nmol/L]) were supplemented with 10,000 units vitamin D(3)/day orally for 1 week. Biochemistry and anthropometric measurements were compared before and after vitamin D replacement.', 'Serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations correlated negatively with BMI in the 95 outpatients (r(2) = 0.11, P <.01). In the longitudinal study, BMI correlated positively with serum intact parathyroid hormone (r(2) = 0.84, P <.01) and negatively with 1.25-(OH)(2) vitamin D (r(2) = 0.19, P=.06) at baseline. Serum 25-OH D concentrations achieved following 1 week of vitamin D(3) replacement correlated negatively with BMI (r(2) = 0.63, P <.01).'] Is adequacy of vitamin D replacement in severe deficiency dependent on body mass index?