Evolution does not always optimize survival of an organism. Male moose evolved giant antlers as a way of fighting other males for mates, giving those with the largest antlers an evolutionary advantage. But those antlers also make it harder to escape predators, since they can easily get tangled in trees. All male moose would be better off with antlers half the current size: they would all be less vulnerable to predators, and those with the largest antlers would maintain their relative advantage. Which one of the following is a technique of reasoning used in the argument? ['disputing the relevance of an example thought to support an opposing view', 'undermining a claim by showing that it is self-contradictory', 'employing an analogy in order to dispute a generalization', 'challenging a general claim by presenting a counterexample']