['Two different forms of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) are recognised: (1) usual-type (bowenoid) VIN, which is related to high-risk papillomavirus infection, and (2) differentiated (simplex) VIN, which is associated with chronic inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of chromosome 3q26 gains in the spectrum of precancerous lesions and invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the vulva.', '3q26 gains were analysed using fluorescence in situ hybridisation in a series of usual-type VINs, VINs of the differentiated type and invasive squamous cell carcinomas. In addition, all cases were examined for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, p53 mutations, and p16 and p53 protein expression.', 'Gains of chromosome 3q26 were present in all VINs of the differentiated type and in 50% of the usual-type VIN lesions. 81% of SCCs were positive for 3q26 gains irrespective of the HPV status and of the associated precursor lesion. HPV-associated lesions exhibited the typical, strong cytoplasmic p16 accumulation while mutated p53 was only detected in HPV-negative VINs or SCCs, and was associated with an overexpression of p53 protein.'] Are gains of chromosome region 3q26 in intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva frequent and independent of HPV status?