With a population of 80.2 million according to the 2011 census, rising to 81.5 million  and to at least 81.9 million , Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and ranks as the List of countries by population in the world. Its List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density stands at 227 inhabitants per square kilometre (588 per square mile). The overall List of countries by life expectancy at birth is 80.19 years (77.93 years for males and 82.58 years for females). The Total fertility rate of 1.41 children born per woman (2011 estimates), or 8.33 births per 1000 inhabitants, is one of the List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate. Since the 1970s, Germanys death rate has exceeded its birth rate. However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s, particularly a rise in the number of well-educated migrants.. Who has a shorter life expectancy, males, or females?