Irrational: Refers to the spiritual elements that are not based on rational thinking and the psychological form of the subject that cannot be included in the concept of logical thinking in the process of human recognition. Which of the following cognitive processes are irrational:. ['When learning English words, use the combination of glyphs to master the spark memory method of memorizing the meaning of words.', 'Historicism insists on examining philosophical issues based on the history of science.', 'Archimedes takes a bath in the bathtub and was inspired by the identification crown for water overflow.', 'Positivism believes that only through evidence is the only reliable.']