['The aim of this study was to understand the role of ramA in conferring multidrug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.', 'Two phenotypically distinct isogenic MDR laboratory mutants derived from Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 and three human clinical isolates from a patient that failed antibiotic therapy, including with ciprofloxacin, were investigated for the cause of MDR. MICs were determined by agar dilution and efflux activity assessed by monitoring the accumulation of Hoechst 33342. The combination of specific genes and MDR was assessed by inactivation, and complementation RT-PCR was used to assess gene expression and DNA sequencing to identify mutations within genes of interest.', 'Mutation in ramR and the consequent over-production of ramA and acrB were revealed in one laboratory mutant selected with ciprofloxacin and this was associated with cyclohexane tolerance. Complementation of SL1344 ramR::aph with pUC19 ramR(mutant) conferred MDR and cyclohexane tolerance. However, analysis of a second ciprofloxacin-selected MDR mutant, which was susceptible to cyclohexane, revealed no mutation in ramR or altered expression of marA, soxS or rob. There was a mutation in ramR in both the pre- and post-therapy clinical isolates and no difference between the isolates in the level of expression of ramA.'] Does ciprofloxacin select for multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium mediated by at least two different pathways?