['Recommendations for adjuvant treatment of DCIS after breast conservation are controversial. We tried to identify further risk factors in a retrospective study of our own practice.', 'Three hundred and thirty-two patients treated by breast conservation between 1978 and 2001 at the Department of General Surgery, University of Vienna were analysed. Tumour size, nuclear grade, hormone receptors, p53, her-2/neu, multifocality, microinvasion and post-operative therapy (irradiation, tamoxifen or combination) were analysed for their influence on breast recurrence.', 'Overall recurrence rate was 6.1% (8/132). For patients with DCIS showing high nuclear grade or negative estrogen receptor the risk for development of ipsilateral breast recurrence is significantly higher. Newer factors like p53 and her-2/neu do not have any prognostic significance. No recurrence was observed in patients treated by post-operative irradiation and tamoxifen.'] Are high nuclear grade and negative estrogen receptor significant risk factors for recurrence in DCIS?