['Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is expressed locally in arteries at sites of balloon injury. In vitro studies have shown that TNF inhibits cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis in endothelial cells. Accordingly, we performed a series of experiments to test the hypothesis that inhibiting TNF could accelerate endothelial recovery after angioplasty.', 'TNF soluble receptor (TNFsr) has been shown to neutralize the actions of TNF in vitro and in vivo. Sprague-Dawley rats received TNFsr versus control IgG through an intraperitoneal injection. De-endothelializing balloon injury was then performed, and animals were killed after 1 week to evaluate re-endothelialization (Evans blue dye staining) and after 2 weeks to evaluate re-endothelialization and endothelial function. At both time points, blockade of TNF using TNFsr resulted in an increase in re-endothelialization, as measured as absolute area and percent area re-endothelialized. TNFsr also accelerated functional endothelial recovery, which manifest as an increase in nitric oxide production. Neointimal thickening was also shown inhibited.'] Does in vivo blockade of tumor necrosis factor-alpha accelerate functional endothelial recovery after balloon angioplasty?