['An assessment was made of operative risk and outcome after parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism.', 'A retrospective study was conducted in a single center university hospital in Switzerland. The 173 patients (130 women and 43 men) ranged from 17 to 89 years of age (mean, 62.0 years). No routine preoperative localization methods were used for primary neck exploration. Parathyroidectomy was performed under general anesthesia. No routine use was made of intraoperative biopsy of glands whose macroscopic appearance was normal. The 173 patients underwent 179 operations (170 primary and 9 secondary interventions). Resection of a single gland was performed in 127 cases (73.4%) and of two glands in 36 cases (20.8%). Subtotal parathyroidectomy (3 1/2 glands) was performed in 10 cases (5.8%).', 'Of 170 patients with primary intervention, 164 (96.5%) were normocalcemic after operation. Six of 170 patients (3.5%) underwent early reexploration. Three additional patients underwent late secondary procedures. These nine secondary operations were successful in seven patients (78%). At follow-up (mean, 24.7 months after operation) normocalcemia was noted in 163 of 171 patients (95.3%). Persistent and recurrent hyperparathyroidism occurred in 1.2% and 3.5% of patients, respectively. Permanent postoperative hypoparathyroidism was noted in 4% (six of seven patients underwent a subtotal parathyroidectomy for multiglandular hyperplasia). Operative morbidity and mortality were 2.3% and 0.6%, respectively.'] Are parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism : preoperative localization and routine biopsy of unaltered glands necessary?