['The cytoprotective, inducible stress protein, Hsp70, increases in muscles of rodents subjected to strenuous treadmill running. Most treadmill running protocols employ negative reinforcement to encourage animals to exercise. As these stimuli may themselves activate stress responses, the present investigation was conducted to determine their contribution to the exercise-induced expression of Hsp70.', 'Twenty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three equal groups including an exercise group (EX), which ran on a treadmill at 30 m min(-1) for 60 min; a stimulation group (STIM), which was not allowed to run, but was stimulated with compressed air and mild electric shock concurrently with their exercising cohort; and a control group (CON), which was housed in the treadmill room during the exercise period. Animals were killed 24 h post-experiment and hearts (H), soleii (SOL) and white gastrocnemii (WG) were harvested and analysed for Hsp70 content (mean% +/- SEM of standard).', 'Significant increases in Hsp70 (as a % of standard) were noted in H and WG (H = 77.4 +/- 8.5; WG = 93.9 +/- 18.4) of EX but not in STIM (H = 32.5 +/- 4.6; WG = 32.0 +/- 3.4) or CON (H = 20.5 +/- 3.7; WG = 32.4 +/- 7.4). In SOL, Hsp70 expression in EX (126.7 +/- 6.2) was different from STIM (98.3 +/- 10.9) only. This occurred, despite the fact that all groups were exposed to a stressful environment and exhibited elevated (P < 0.001) temperatures (EX -41.2 +/- 0.1 degrees C > STIM -40.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C > CON -39.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C) indicative of a general stress response.'] Is exercise the primary factor associated with Hsp70 induction in muscle of treadmill running rats?