['Human and animal studies of acute allograft rejection have implicated CCR5 and CXCR3 chemokines as causative factors. However these chemokines have not been assessed in transplant coronary artery disease (TCAD).', 'Serum levels of chemokines were measured by ELISA. Levels of ITAC/CXCL11 were found to be elevated in patients with severe TCAD compared with long-term survivors of transplantation without TCAD and with healthy volunteers who had not undergone transplantation (1.476+/-0.274 ng/mL, 0.926+/-0.466 ng/mL, and 0.741+/-0.321 ng/mL, respectively; P<0.05 for all comparisons to TCAD group). Immunohistochemical localization confirmed the presence of CXCR3+ mononuclear cells within lesions and the presence of the ligand, ITAC/CXCL11, on the surface of endothelial cells associated with TCAD.'] Are elevated serum levels of the CXCR3 chemokine ITAC associated with the development of transplant coronary artery disease?