['Adipose afferent reflex (AAR) is a sympatho-excitatory reflex induced by chemical stimulation of white adipose tissue (WAT). Ionotropic glutamate receptors including NMDA receptors (NMDAR) and non-NMDA receptors (non-NMDAR) in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) mediate the AAR. Enhanced AAR contributes to sympathetic activation and hypertension in obesity rats. This study was designed to investigate the role and mechanism of superoxide anions in PVN in modulating the AAR.', 'Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded in anesthetized rats. AAR was evaluated by the RSNA and MAP responses to injections of capsaicin into four sites of right inguinal WAT (8.0 nmol in 8.0 µl for each site). Microinjection of polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), the superoxide anion scavenger tempol or the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin into the PVN decreased the baseline RSNA and MAP, and attenuated the AAR. Unilateral WAT injection of capsaicin increased superoxide anions in bilateral PVN, which was prevented by the WAT denervation. WAT injection of capsaicin increased superoxide anion level and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in the PVN, which was abolished by the PVN pretreatment with the combined NMDAR antagonist AP5 and non-NMDAR antagonist CNQX. Microinjection of the NMDAR agonist NMDA or the non-NMDAR agonist AMPA increased superoxide anion level and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in the PVN.'] Do superoxide anions in paraventricular nucleus modulate adipose afferent reflex and sympathetic activity in rats?