['American Board of Surgery (ABS) In-Training Examination (ABSITE) scores correlate with future examination scores, but faculty evaluations of resident skill have not been shown to predict future performance.', 'Objective and subjective evaluations during the past 15 years in our columnar university surgical residency were reviewed to assess their ability to predict success on the qualifying (written) and oral (certifying) examinations offered by the ABS.', 'The ABSITE scores correlated with success on the qualifying examination (multiple R2 = 0.473). Subjective assessments of resident knowledge at any level did not correlate with ABSITE or qualifying scores, but above average scores did predict success on the certifying examination (chi 2, p < 0.005). Chief-year ABSITE total percentile score and score of first qualifying examination also predicted success on the certifying examination. The attrition rate in our nonpyramidal program was 23%, of which more than one half were voluntary. One of 11 residents leaving the program has subsequently attained ABS certification.'] Do evaluations of surgery resident performance correlate with success in board examinations?