['Liver transplantation (LTX) is the only curative treatment for end-stage liver disease caused by hepatitis C (HCV). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is common in patients with HCV cirrhosis.', 'Two hundred and eighty-two HCV patients listed for LTX in the Nordic countries in a 17-year period were included. For comparison a group of patients with non-viral chronic liver disease (n=1552) was used.', 'Two hundred and fifty-three (90%) patients received a first liver allograft. HCC was found in 38% of the explanted livers. Survival at 1, 3 and 5years was 82%, 69% and 61% vs. 85%, 80% and 76% for the comparison group (p<0.0001), this survival difference was also evident when excluding patients with HCC (p=0.007). HCV patients with HCC had 1, 3 and 5year survival of 73%, 52% and 46% compared with 88%, 80% and 71% for the HCV patients without HCC (p=0.0005). In an intention-to-treat analysis (from time of acceptance to the waiting list) HCV was also associated with an impaired survival.'] Does hepatitis C impair survival following liver transplantation irrespective of concomitant hepatocellular carcinoma?