['The poor survival rate of surgically treated patients with oesophageal cancer has not improved substantially over the last 25 years, but combined modality therapy has shown early promising results.', 'A prospective study was undertaken to determine the effect of pre-operative synchronous chemoradiotherapy followed by oesophagectomy in 53 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oesophagus. The patient group was unselected, other than by fitness for surgery.', 'In 25% of patients, complete pathological regression of the tumour was achieved. All but one of the patients in this subgroup had T2 tumours on pre-operative clinical staging and two had evidence of lymph node involvement, but postoperative pathological examination revealed that pre-operative chemoradiotherapy had downstaged their disease to T0N0. There was no hospital mortality in this subgroup and the actuarial 7 year survival was 69%.'] Does prolonged survival follow resection of oesophageal SCC downstaged by prior chemoradiotherapy?