A number of Grandville' s wealthiest citizens have been criminals. So, since it is of utmost importance that the Grandville Planning Committee be composed solely of individuals whose personal standards of ethics are beyond reproach, no wealthy person should be appointed to that committee. The argument is most vulnerable to the criticism that it ['mistakes a temporal relationship for a causal relationship', 'judges only by subjective standards something that can be readily evaluated according to objective standards', 'confuses a result with something that is sufficient for bringing about that result', 'generalizes on the basis of what could be exceptional cases']