The seventeenth-century physicist Sir Isaac Newton is remembered chiefly for his treatises on motion and gravity. But Newton also conducted experiments secretly for many years based on the arcane theories of alchemy, trying unsuccessfully to transmute common metals into gold and produce rejuvenating elixirs. If the alchemists of the seventeenth century had published the results of their experiments, chemistry in the eighteenth century would have been more advanced than it actually was. Which one of the following assumptions would allow the conclusion concerning eighteenth-century chemistry to be properly drawn? ['Scientific progress is retarded by the reluctance of historians to acknowledge the failures of some of the great scientists.', 'Advances in science are hastened when reports of experiments, whether successful or not, are available for review by other scientists.', 'The seventeenth-century alchemists could have achieved their goals only if their experiments had been subjected to public scrutiny.', "Newton's work on motion and gravity would not have gained wide acceptance if the results of his work in alchemy had also been made public."]