['The pathogenesis of aortic dilatation in patients with congenital aortic valve anomalies is poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that alterations of gene expression may be related to ascending aortic aneurysm formation in these patients. Knockout of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and GATA5 is associated with bicuspid aortic valves in mice. To study the role of eNOS and GATA5 in human congenital aortic valve disease and aortic dilatation, we investigated their gene expression in aortic tissue from patients with unicuspid, bicuspid, and tricuspid aortic valves.', 'Samples from 84 patients (33 tricuspid, 32\xa0bicuspid, and 19 unicuspid) were harvested intraoperatively from the ascending aorta. GATA5 and eNOS expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction.', 'GATA5 and eNOS expression in the aortic wall from patients with unicuspid aortic valves (GATA5: mean [M], 2.14; standard deviation [SD], 1.72; eNOS: M, 3.40; SD, 3.83) was significantly higher than in tricuspid aortic valves (GATA5: M, 1.12; SD, 0.80; eNOS: M, 1.00; SD, 0.74; each p < 0.05). Patients with bicuspid aortic valves (GATA5: M, 1.29, SD, 1.33; eNOS: M, 1.66; SD, 1.31) had a significantly higher eNOS expression than patients with tricuspid aortic valves (p < 0.05). The expression levels of eNOS and GATA5 correlated positively with each other and negatively with the ascending aortic diameter.'] Is gATA5 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the ascending aorta related to aortic size and valve morphology?