To find out how barn owls learn how to determine the direction from which sounds originate, scientists put distorting lenses over the eyes of young barn owls before the owls first opened their eyes. The owls with these lenses behaved as if objects making sounds were farther to the right than they actually were. Once the owls matured, the lenses were removed, yet the owls continued to act as if they misjudged the location of the source of sounds. The scientists consequently hypothesized that once a barn owl has developed an auditory scheme for estimating the point from which sounds originate, it ceases to use vision to locate sounds. The scientists' reasoning is vulnerable to which one of the following criticisms? ["It fails to consider whether the owls' vision was permanently impaired by their having worn the lenses while immature.", 'It uses as evidence experimental results that were irrelevant to the conclusion.', 'It neglects to consider how similar distorting lenses might affect the behavior of other bird species.', 'It attributes human reasoning processes to a nonhuman organism.']