Many doctors cater to patients' demands that they be prescribed antibiotics for their colds. However, colds are caused by viruses, and antibiotics have no effect on viruses, and so antibiotics have no effect on colds. Such treatments are also problematic because antibiotics can have dangerous side effects. So doctors should never prescribe antibiotics to treat colds. The reasoning above most closely conforms to which one of the following principles? ["A doctor should never base the decision to prescribe a certain medication for a patient on the patient's claims about the effectiveness of that medication.", 'A doctor should withhold treatment from a patient if the doctor is uncertain whether the treatment will benefit the patient.', 'A doctor should not prescribe a drug for a condition if it cannot improve that condition and if the drug potentially has adverse side effects.', "A doctor should attempt to prescribe every drug that is likely to affect the patient's health positively."]