['Our previous cross-sectional analysis of MIT Growth and Development (MIT) Study girls showed that activity temperament, as assessed by a nine-item temperament questionnaire, was related to body composition and nonresting energy expenditure (NREE). In girls with lower levels of physical activity, having a high activity temperament was associated with a higher NREE. Percentage body fat was lower in girls with high vs low activity temperament. Based on these results, we hypothesized that, especially in girls with declining levels of physical activity over adolescence, high activity temperament in childhood would be protective against increased adiposity during adolescence. We tested this hypothesis with longitudinal data from the MIT study.', 'A total of 196 nonobese premenarcheal girls 8-12 y old were enrolled between 1990 and 1993. Girls were followed until 4 y postmenarche; average duration of follow-up was 7 y.', "Activity temperament was assessed at baseline by the girls' mothers with questions modified from those developed by Thomas and Chess that tapped predilection for movement. Temperament, the stylistic component of behavior, is considered relatively stable within an individual. Body composition was assessed by total body water at baseline and study completion (4 y postmenarche), and by bioelectrical impedance (BIA) annually. Physical activity was assessed annually by questionnaire, and by activity diary at baseline only.", 'Child activity temperament was not associated with percentage body fat at 4 y postmenarche in multivariate regression models controlling for baseline percentage body fat, physical activity, parental obesity status, age at menarche, age at baseline, and race-ethnicity. Body composition of girls with low and high activity temperaments who reported declining levels of physical activity over adolescence was not statistically significantly different at study completion. In longitudinal models of percentage body fat by BIA, high activity temperament was not associated with lower adiposity.'] Does child temperament predict adolescent body composition in girls?