['Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) is responsible for the metabolic clearance of efavirenz and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CYP2B6 gene are associated with efavirenz pharmacokinetics. Since the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR) correlate with CYP2B6 in liver, and a CAR polymorphism (rs2307424) and smoking correlate with efavirenz plasma concentrations, we investigated their association with early (<3 months) discontinuation of efavirenz therapy.', 'Three hundred and seventy-three patients initiating therapy with an efavirenz-based regimen were included (278 white patients and 95 black patients; 293 male). DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotyping for CYP2B6 (516G\u200a→\u200aT, rs3745274), CAR (540C\u200a→\u200aT, rs2307424) and PXR (44477T\u200a→\u200aC, rs1523130; 63396C\u200a→\u200aT, rs2472677; and 69789A\u200a→\u200aG, rs763645) was conducted. Binary logistic regression using the backwards method was employed to assess the influence of SNPs and demographics on early discontinuation.', 'Of the 373 patients, 131 withdrew from therapy within the first 3 months. Black ethnicity [odds ratio (OR)\u200a=\u200a0.27; P\u200a=\u200a0.0001], CYP2B6 516TT (OR\u200a=\u200a2.81; P\u200a=\u200a0.006), CAR rs2307424 CC (OR\u200a=\u200a1.92; P\u200a=\u200a0.007) and smoking status (OR\u200a=\u200a0.45; P\u200a=\u200a0.002) were associated with discontinuation within 3 months.'] Are cytochrome P450 2B6 ( CYP2B6 ) and constitutive androstane receptor ( CAR ) polymorphisms associated with early discontinuation of efavirenz-containing regimens?