['Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important regulator of neuronal excitability. The effects of barbiturates on cAMP production in intact neurons are not known. This study used cultures of cortical neurons, cultures of glia, and slices of cerebral cortex from the rat to study the effects of barbiturates on cAMP regulation in the brain.', 'Primary cultures of cortical neurons or glia were prepared from 17-day gestational Sprague-Dawley rat fetuses and were used after 12-16 days in culture. Cross-cut slices (300 microns) were prepared from cerebral cortex of adult rats. Cyclic AMP accumulation was determined by measuring the conversion of [3H]adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to [3H]cAMP in cells preloaded with [3H]adenine.', 'Pentobarbital enhanced isoproterenol- and forskolin-stimulated, but not basal, cAMP accumulation in cultures of cerebral neurons. Cyclic AMP production was enhanced by pentobarbital in a dose-dependent fashion up to a concentration of 250 microM; This concentration of pentobarbital increased cAMP production by 40-50% relative to that in controls without pentobarbital. At 500 microM pentobarbital, the magnitude of the enhancement was less. Pentobarbital had no effect on isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP production in cultures containing only glia. Pentobarbital also enhanced isoproterenol-stimulated, but not basal, cAMP production in slices of cerebral cortex by approximately 30% at concentrations of 62.5-250 microM and by almost 100% at 500 microM.'] Does pentobarbital enhance cyclic adenosine monophosphate production in the brain by effects on neurons but not glia?