['HIV-associated cognitive impairment has declined since the introduction of combination antiretroviral treatment (cART). However, milder forms of cognitive impairment persist. Inflammation in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been associated with cognitive impairment, and CSF neurofilament light chain protein (NFL) and CSF neopterin concentrations are increased in those patients. Microbial translocation in HIV infection has been suggested to contribute to chronic inflammation, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) are markers of microbial translocation and the resulting monocyte activation, respectively. We hypothesised that microbial translocation contributes to inflammation and axonal damage in the central nervous system (CNS) in untreated HIV infection.', 'We analyzed paired samples of plasma and CSF from 62 HIV-infected, untreated patients without cognitive symptoms from Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Measurements of neopterin and NFL in CSF were available from previous studies. Plasma and CSF sCD14 was measured using ELISA (R&D, Minneapolis, MN), and plasma and CSF LPS was measured using LAL colorimetric assay (Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA). Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed.', 'LPS in plasma was associated with plasma sCD14 (r\u2009=\u20090.31, P\u2009=\u20090.015), and plasma sCD14 was associated with CSF sCD14 (r\u2009=\u20090.32, P\u2009=\u20090.012). Furthermore, CSF sCD14 was associated with NFL (r\u2009=\u20090.32, P\u2009=\u20090.031) and neopterin (r\u2009=\u20090.32, P\u2009=\u20090.012) in CSF. LPS was not detectable in CSF. In a multivariate regression model CSF sCD14 remained associated with NFL and neopterin after adjusting for age, CD4+ cell count, and HIV RNA in CSF.'] Is soluble CD14 in cerebrospinal fluid associated with markers of inflammation and axonal damage in untreated HIV-infected patients : a retrospective cross-sectional study?