In scientific journals, authors and reviewers have praised companies in which they have substantial investments. These scientists, with their potential conflict of interest, call into question the integrity of scientific inquiry, so there should be full public disclosure of scientific authors' commercial holdings. Which one of the following conforms most closely to the principle illustrated by the argument above? ['People with access to otherwise private information regarding the value of stocks should not be allowed to sell or purchase those stocks.', 'Financial advisers should inform their clients about any incentives the advisers receive for promoting investments in particular companies.', 'Magazine publishers should not be allowed to invest in the companies that advertise in their magazines.', 'Claims about the effectiveness of pharmaceuticals should be based on scientific studies.']