['Cigarette smoking is thought to protect against the development of ulcerative colitis. The relationship between a related disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and smoking is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if the relationship between smoking and sclerosing cholangitis is similar to that found between smoking and ulcerative colitis.', 'A stratified sample of 184 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and age- and sex-matched institutional control subjects were identified. Smoking information was obtained from a medical questionnaire completed at the time of visit.', 'Eighty-one percent of the patients had associated inflammatory bowel disease. Only 4.9% of them were current smokers compared with 26.1% of the controls; 69.6% of the patients had never smoked vs. 46.7% of the controls. The estimated odds of having primary sclerosing cholangitis in current smokers compared with never-smokers was 0.13. The odds of having disease among former and current users of any tobacco relative to never-users was 0.41 regardless of the presence or absence of inflammatory bowel disease.'] Is primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with nonsmoking : a case-control study?