['Cementum is a mineralized tissue that facilitates the attachment of periodontal ligament to the root and surrounding alveolar bone and plays a key role in the regeneration of periodontal tissues. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of cementoblasts, however, have not been elucidated to date. Enamel molecules are believed to regulate cementoblast differentiation and to initiate the formation of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum. The purpose of this study was therefore to isolate and culture human root-derived cells (HRDC) in order to determine whether they are able to express both cementum and specific enamel proteins and subsequently to confirm these findings in vivo.', 'Human root-derived cells were isolated and expanded in vitro. Cells were characterized using RT-PCR, immunostaining, western blotting and by examination of total mRNA to determine the expression of cementum and enamel markers. Human periodontal tissues were also examined for the expression of enamel-related proteins by immunostaining.', 'We showed that HRDC express mRNA corresponding to ameloblastin (AMBN), amelogenin (AMEL), enamelin (ENAM), tuftelin (TUFT) and cementum-associated molecules such as cementum protein 1 (CEMP1) and cementum attachment protein (CAP). Western blotting revealed that HRDC express both AMEL and AMBN gene products, as well as the cementum markers CEMP1 and CAP. In vivo, we have showed that AMBN and AMEL are expressed by cementoblasts lining cementum, paravascular cells and periodontal ligament cells.'] Do human cementoblasts express enamel-associated molecules in vitro and in vivo?