['Immune cells within the endometrium at implantation are thought to play an important role in implantation, although their exact role is not well understood.', 'A co-culture system of rhesus monkey embryos and maternal immune cells was established. Blastocysts obtained by in vitro fertilization were co-cultured with peripheral blood cells or decidual macrophages. Culture media were collected to assess secretions. Embryo growth was monitored, and trophoblasts were evaluated for proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation.', 'Embryonic trophoblast outgrowths were visible within 6\xa0days of culture, and the area of embryo outgrowth was reduced when blastocysts were cultured with peripheral-derived or decidual macrophages. Trophoblast proliferation was not significantly affected with macrophage co-culture while chorionic gonadotropin secretion was increased. Trophoblast expression of CDH 11 and GJA1 was increased, suggesting that macrophages accelerate differentiation of peri-implantation trophoblasts.'] Do macrophages modulate the growth and differentiation of rhesus monkey embryonic trophoblasts?