Science journalist: Europa, a moon of Jupiter, is covered with ice. Data recently transmitted by a spacecraft strongly suggest that there are oceans of liquid water deep under the ice. Life as we know it could evolve only in the presence of liquid water. Hence, it is likely that at least primitive life has evolved on Europa. The science journalist's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it ['fails to address adequately the possibility that there are conditions necessary for the evolution of life in addition to the presence of liquid water', 'takes for granted that no conditions on Europa other than the supposed presence of liquid water could have accounted for the data transmitted by the spacecraft', 'takes for granted that if a condition would be necessary for the evolution of life as we know it, then such life could not have evolved anywhere that this condition does not hold', 'takes for granted that life is likely to be present on Europa if, but only if, life evolved on Europa']