['Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family initiate innate immune responses and were recently shown to play a role in atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms that link TLR ligation to vascular inflammation and atherogenesis remain unclear. To identify which signalling pathways downstream of TLRs in immune cells are pro-atherogenic, we analysed the role of the TLR-specific adaptors MyD88 adaptor-like (MAL), TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM), and TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) in atherosclerosis.', 'Using a bone-marrow transplantation strategy into low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr(-/-)) mice, we could specifically study the absence of the TLR adaptors in immune cells. We showed that haematopoietic deficiency of TRAM and TRIF, but not MAL, reduces atherosclerosis without affecting cholesterol metabolism. This was mediated by decreased aortic inflammation, indicated by lower aortic levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, and reduced influx of macrophages and T cells. Furthermore, by studying Tlr3(-/-) chimeric Ldlr(-/-) mice, we found that deleting TLR3 in immune cells significantly reduced both aortic inflammation and atherosclerotic burden.'] Does toll-like receptor 3 and 4 signalling through the TRIF and TRAM adaptors in haematopoietic cells promote atherosclerosis?