The tragedy of the commons refers to the fact that all consumers start from their own self-interest, and the price paid for gaining more benefits from it is borne by everyone. According to the above definitions, Which of the following are not tragedies of the commons:. ['Both sides of the arms race are facing a dilemma. On the one hand, military forces are increasing, and on the other hand, national security is increasingly threatened.', 'In a game, any "winning" side departs from the game, and any "losing" side departs from the game.', 'A group of herdsmen graze together on a public pasture. Many herdsmen want to raise more sheep to increase their personal income. As a result, the pasture continues to degrade until the sheep can no longer be raised, and eventually all herders go bankrupt.', 'Some enterprises discharge sewage, chemical substances, radioactive pollutants and high-temperature waste into the water body, and discharge toxic exhaust gas into the atmosphere.']