['Predominant etiologies of febrile neutropenia (FN) during the course of cancer chemotherapy include infections with bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Infection with malarial parasite is a possibility in regions that are endemic for malaria. Over-diagnosis and over-treatment of malaria is increasingly being recognized as a serious concern in malaria endemic regions. Aim was to determine the incidence of malarial infection in episodes of FN in children receiving chemotherapy for malignant disorders.', 'Children, with malignant disorders, on chemotherapy, who fulfilled the definition of FN were enrolled prospectively. Standard microscopy, quantitative buffy coat, and antigen detection (OptiMAL) were performed in each episode of FN.', 'One hundred episodes of FN involving 82 children were investigated. The age ranged from 2 to 13 years (mean: 5.8 ± 2.8). Eighty-one episodes were in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 15 in acute myeloid leukemia, and remaining 4 in other malignancies. Evidence for malaria was not found in any case by any of the three methods.'] Is presumptive treatment for malaria justified in children receiving cancer chemotherapy?