['In treatment of atrial fibrillations (AF), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) at the pulmonary vein (PV) roots isolates AF triggers in the myocardial sleeves, but also can destroy PV ganglia and branches of the intrinsic cardiac nerve plexus.', 'To determine the long-term impact of RFA at the PV roots on the structure of epicardial nerves located distally from the RFA site.', 'Five black-faced sheep underwent epicardial RFA of the left and middle PV roots. Two to 3 months after RFA, we obtained samples of epicardial nerves from remote locations of the left dorsal (LD) neural subplexus that extends along the roots of the superior PVs toward the coronary sinus (CS) and dorsal left ventricle (LV). Right atrial epicardial nerves from the right ventral (RV) neural subplexus of the ablated animals and epicardial nerves from LD neural subplexus of five additional intact sheep were used as control. Nerve morphology was examined using histochemical, immunohistochemical and transmission electron microscopy.', 'Histochemical acetylcholinesterase staining did not reveal any epicardial nerve alterations. However, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) staining showed clearly the reduced numbers of TH and ChAT immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers within epicardial nerves derived from the remote LD subplexus; control samples from all examined animals were full of evenly distributed TH-IR and ChAT-IR nerve fibers. In sharp contrast to control nerves, numerous swollen or disintegrated axons and Schwann cells with pyknotic nuclei inside unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibers were identified by electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of epicardial nerves from the CS and LV regions in all ablated animals.'] Does radiofrequency catheter ablation of pulmonary vein roots result in axonal degeneration of distal epicardial nerves?