Television network executive: Some scientists have expressed concern about the numerous highly popular television programs that emphasize paranormal incidents, warning that these programs will encourage superstition and thereby impede the public' s scientific understanding. But these predictions are baseless. Throughout recorded history, dramatists have relied on ghosts and spirits to enliven their stories, and yet the scientific understanding of the populace has steadily advanced. The television network executive's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds? ['It fails to consider that one phenomenon can steadily advance even when it is being impeded by another phenomenon.', 'It fails to consider that the occurrence of one phenomenon can indirectly affect the pervasiveness of another even if the former does not impede the latter.', 'It fails to consider that just because one phenomenon is known to affect another, the latter does not also affect the former.', 'It takes for granted that if a correlation has been observed between two phenomena, they must be causally connected.']