['One striking feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis (TA/IF). During chronic renal injury, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is involved in this process causing progression of renal fibrosis. Smad2/3 proteins have been identified to have an important function in the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) regulation through TGF-beta signaling pathway. In the present study, the authors investigated the effect of vitamin E on renal fibrosis in mice model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).', 'UUO or sham-operated mice were randomly assigned to receive vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) or placebo and were sacrificed on days 3, 7 and 14 after UUO or sham operation. Kidney specimens were fixed for pathological study and immunohistochemistry for TGF-beta1. Protein expression of TGF-beta1 and Smad2/3 was determined by western blot analysis. The mRNA expression of TGF-beta1 was measured by real-time RT-PCR.', 'Vitamin E treated UUO mice had less severity of renal fibrosis than placebo treatment. TA/IF was significantly attenuated by vitamin E treatment. Immunohistochemistry revealed increasing of TGF-beta1 protein expression in the interstitium area of obstructed kidneys. Moreover increasing of TGF-beta1 protein and upregulation of TGF-beta1 mRNA in UUO mice were confirmed by western blot and real time RT-PCR. In contrast, vitamin E treatment significantly inhibited the expression of TGF-beta1 protein and mRNA in UUO mice compared with placebo treatment. Interestingly, Smad2/3 protein expression became progressive increasing in UUO mice on day 3, 7 and 14 compared with sham controls. The expression of Smad2/3 protein was significantly lower in vitamin E treated UUO mice than placebo treatment in any time points.'] Does vitamin E ameliorate renal fibrosis by inhibition of TGF-beta/Smad2/3 signaling pathway in UUO mice?