["Autonomic nervous system disturbances including sweating abnormalities and cardiovascular symptoms are frequent in Parkinson's disease (PD) and often precede motor involvement. Cholinergic vasomotor and sudomotor skin nerves are impaired in patients with PD even at early disease stages. We hypothesized that adrenergic pilomotor nerve function is similarly impaired in early PD and might constitute a novel diagnostic target.", "We conducted a study in 12 PD patients (Hoehn&Yahr 1-2) and 12 healthy control subjects. Pilomotor function was evaluated after iontophoresis of phenylephrine on the dorsal forearm to elicit axon-reflex mediated pilomotor erection (goose bumps). Silicone impressions were obtained, scanned and quantified for pilomotor muscle impressions by number, area and axon-reflex spread. Vasomotor function was evaluated using laser Doppler flowmetry and sudomotor function via sympathetic skin response. Cardiac autonomic function was assessed via heart rate variability. Severity of autonomic symptoms was evaluated using the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's disease-Autonomic questionnaire.", 'Pilomotor response was reduced in PD patients compared to control subjects (impression number: 12.2\xa0±\xa08.2 vs. 16.5\xa0±\xa05.9, p\xa0<\xa00.05; impression area: 10.8\xa0±\xa02.2\xa0mm'] Is pilomotor function impaired in patients with Parkinson 's disease : A study of the adrenergic axon-reflex response and autonomic functions?