['To evaluate whether fat distribution plays a role in determining serum leptin concentrations.', 'One-hundred and forty-seven obese patients, 77 males and 70 females, aged 45.1 +/- 13.2 y (mean +/- s.d.; range 21-73 y), with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 30 to 55 kg/m2 (mean 42.3 +/- 5.9). Ultrasound assessment of the thickness of subcutaneous and preperitoneal fat was carried out and calculation of their ratio as abdominal fat index (AFI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), body composition by bioelectrical impedance to evaluate the percentage of fat mass (FM%) and total amount of fat (FMKg) were also determined. Plasma leptin was measured by radio immuno assay (RIA).', 'In the whole group of patients, serum leptin concentrations were 37.2 +/- 18.4 ng/ml (range 6-101.3 ng/ml); in spite of BMI values not being significantly different, women had leptin values significantly higher (47.4 +/- 17.4 ng/ml) (P < 0.01) than males (28.1 +/- 15.1 ng/ml), also after correction for fat mass. The mean thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat was 33.7 +/- 12.9 mm and it was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in female (40.9 +/- 10.6 mm) than in male (27.1 +/- 11.2 mm) patients; preperitoneal thickness was 22.9 +/- 7.1 mm, with significantly (P < 0.05) higher values in males (24.2 +/- 6.8 mm) than in females (21.7 +/- 7.3 mm). Accordingly, AFI (in all patients 0.84 +/- 0.6) was significantly higher in males (1.09 +/- 0.6) than in females (0.56 +/- 0.2). In the overall population, leptin concentrations were directly and significantly related to subcutaneous but not preperitoneal fat; they showed a strong inverse relationship with AFI and WHR. When the results were evaluated dividing the patients according to gender, subcutaneous fat thickness showed a stronger association with leptin levels in males than in females, whereas no association was found with preperitoneal fat thickness. Leptin and AFI values were significantly related only in men. WHR values were not correlated with leptin concentrations in either sex. When fat mass was added to the model, subcutaneous fat thickness, AFI and WHR remained independently associated with leptin concentrations. Age and diabetes did not influence these measures.'] Are leptin plasma concentrations dependent on body fat distribution in obese patients?