In comparing different methods by which a teacher' s performance can be evaluated and educational outcomes improved, researchers found that a critique of teacher performance leads to enhanced educational outcomes if the critique is accompanied by the information that teacher performance is merely one of several factors that, in concert with other factors, determines the educational outcomes. Which one of the following best illustrates the principle illustrated by the finding of the researchers? ['People are generally more willing to accept a negative characterization of a small group of people if they do not see themselves as members of the group being so characterized.', 'It is easier to correct the mistakes of an athlete if it is made clear to him that the criticism is part of an overarching effort to rectify the shortcomings of the entire team on which he plays.', 'An actor can more effectively evaluate the merits of her own performance if she can successfully convince herself that she is really evaluating the performance of another actor.', 'Children can usually be taught to master subject matter in which they have no interest if they believe that successfully mastering it will earn the respect of their peers.']