Analogical reasoning refers to a logical method based on the similarity or the same relationship between two (or two types of) objects in some aspects and the similarity or the same in other aspects. Which of the following inference processes without applying analogical reasoning is:. ['From "the amount of alcohol in the barrel can be roughly judged by tapping the barrel", it is concluded that "the amount of pleural effusion can be roughly judged by tapping the chest".', 'Inferred from "Chloramphenicol can affect the skeletal development of young mice" "Chloramphenicol can affect the skeletal development of young children".', 'Inferred that "this patient has lung cancer" from "cancer cells found in this patient\'s sputum".', 'Inferred from "brightly colored mushrooms are generally toxic" "brightly colored snakes are generally toxic".']