The United States historically has maintained close ties to Central America and played a role in the region’s political and economic development because of geographic proximity and common interests. The United States has provided assistance to the governments of Central America, including those of the Northern Triangle, under multiple initiatives over many years. In 2008, the United States began a multiyear assistance package to Central America under the Mérida Initiative to help address violence and criminal activity, especially from drug trafficking and other criminal organizations. In 2010, U.S. assistance continued under CARSI. CARSI was a collaborative partnership between the United States and Central American partner countries, including El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, designed to improve citizen security within the region by taking a broad approach to security beyond traditional counternarcotics activities. Multiple U.S. agencies implemented projects in Central America, particularly in the Northern Triangle, to support and complement these initiatives. These projects focused on, among other things, improving law enforcement and criminal justice, promoting the rule of law and human rights, preventing youth violence in violence-prone areas, enhancing customs and border control, and encouraging economic and social development. Introduced in 2014, and updated in 2017, the Strategy is the latest U.S. government initiative in the region. The Strategy notes that prior U.S. assistance did not yield sustained, broad improvements in social or economic conditions and thus the Strategy intends to take a comprehensive, an integrated, and a whole-of-government approach that aligns activities and resources required to achieve systemic and lasting improvements. Under this approach, the Strategy promotes three mutually reinforcing objectives—prosperity, governance, and security. These three objectives seek to address challenges facing Central American countries, including the three Northern Triangle countries. For example: Prosperity Challenges: Northern Triangle countries have had high rates of poverty, low per capita income, and a lack of employment opportunities. The World Bank reported that, in 2014, over half of the population of Guatemala lived below the poverty line and, in 2017, almost one-third of the population of El Salvador and more than half of the population of Honduras lived below the poverty line. The World Bank also reported that El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras had among the lowest per capita incomes in Latin America in 2017. In addition, more than 27 percent of the population aged 15 to 24 in each of the Northern Triangle countries were not employed or seeking education or training in 2016, according to the World Bank. Governance Challenges: Northern Triangle countries have experienced widespread corruption, weak government institutions, and poor adherence to the rule of law. According to the 2018 Transparency International Corruption Perception Index, which ranks 180 countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, the Northern Triangle countries ranked among the bottom half. In addition, in 2018, Guatemala and Honduras ranked in the lowest 15 percent of countries in the World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index, which measures countries’ adherence to the rule of law. Security Challenges: Northern Triangle countries have had weak security structures, high rates of crime and gang activity, and a lack of legitimate employment opportunities for youth susceptible to being drawn into criminal activity. While Northern Triangle countries experienced a decline in homicide rates from 2014 to 2017, the average homicide rate for El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras remains much higher than the averages for Latin America and the Caribbean for recent years and five to 12 times higher than the 10- year average for the United States. In addition, the percentage of people in the Northern Triangle who reported feeling safe walking in their neighborhoods at night was about 50 percent in 2017. Agencies reported implementing various assistance projects in the Northern Triangle to support the prosperity, governance, and security objectives from fiscal year 2013 through fiscal year 2018. We found that these projects generally correspond to 18 sectors that align with the three objectives of the current Strategy. Figure 1 shows the alignment of the 18 sectors with the objectives of the Strategy, including the six sectors we selected for an in-depth review. Table 1 shows the definitions for each of the 18 sectors we identified and the three objectives of the Strategy. Multiple agencies implemented assistance projects in the Northern Triangle to support the prosperity, governance, and security objectives from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. State, USAID, DOD, and USDA were the primary agencies that implemented such projects in the Northern Triangle during this period. In particular, State and USAID manage foreign assistance to support the Strategy’s objectives, and play key roles in monitoring and evaluating this assistance. According to agency officials, State’s Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs (WHA) is responsible for managing the implementation of the Strategy’s objectives among agencies. For example, WHA manages regular coordination meetings with USAID and State’s Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) as well as larger coordination meetings with other relevant agencies, including DOD and USDA, according to officials. In addition, WHA gathers information across agencies on a quarterly basis to produce and disseminate cables that discuss progress and challenges related to the Strategy’s objectives. WHA also collaborated with USAID to develop a plan to monitor and evaluate U.S. assistance and report results. Based on our review of agency funding data, we found that State, USAID, DOD, and USDA allocated about $2.4 billion in assistance to the Northern Triangle to support projects related to prosperity, governance, and security objectives from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. USAID reported the largest amount of allocations with approximately $1.44 billion, while State reported $464 million, and USDA and DOD each reported less than $235 million. For fiscal years 2013 through 2018, the four agencies reported allocating the largest amount of funding for projects in Guatemala, followed by Honduras and El Salvador. Specifically, the agencies reported allocating approximately $1.07 billion or 45 percent of total allocations to fund projects in Guatemala, approximately $749 million or 32 percent of total allocations to fund projects in Honduras, and approximately $496 million or about 21 percent of total allocations to fund projects in El Salvador. Some agencies also reported allocations for multi-country projects implemented in two or more countries, including at least one Northern Triangle country. For example, USAID funded a regional initiative to improve clean energy investment and reduce overall energy consumption throughout many Central American countries. The agencies reported allocating approximately $53 million for multi-country assistance projects implemented exclusively in two or three Northern Triangle countries, or about 2 percent of the total. See Table 2 for reported amounts of allocated funding by country and agency from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. State, USAID, DOD, and USDA implemented at least 370 technical assistance projects in the Northern Triangle to support prosperity, governance, and security objectives from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. The total number of projects that we report is lower than the actual number of projects implemented because some agencies and bureaus could not report data at the project level. Specifically, DOD and INL reported some broader assistance data that encompassed two or more projects and officials told us they were unable to disaggregate this data at the project level. Among the four agencies, USAID implemented the largest number of projects in the Northern Triangle during our time frame. Specifically, USAID reported that it implemented 218 projects or 59 percent of the projects reported across the four agencies. State reported that it implemented 124 projects or about one-third of the projects. DOD and USDA each reported 14 projects to support prosperity, governance, and security or about 4 percent each of the total projects. Collectively, the agencies reported they implemented the largest number of projects in Guatemala (126), followed by Honduras (106), and El Salvador (86). Agencies reported they implemented 52 multi-country projects that included at least one Northern Triangle country. See table 3 for the number of projects reported by country and agency. Agency officials typically reported implementing similar types of projects in each of the Northern Triangle countries, although there were some differences in the number of projects implemented for each objective and sector based on each country’s needs (see fig. 2). For example, officials told us that agencies implemented fewer agricultural development projects in El Salvador because its agriculture industry is small relative to Guatemala and Honduras and the majority of its population lives in urban rather than rural, agricultural areas. Instead, agency officials in El Salvador said agencies focused their prosperity assistance on projects in the economic growth sector that targeted more prominent business areas such as technology or manufacturing. For example, USAID supported a youth training center in El Salvador where students develop computer skills to work in the information technology fields (See fig. 3). Some agencies funded projects that supported multiple sectors and objectives, while others focused on a specific sector supporting one of the three objectives (see fig. 4). For example, USAID and State supported all three objectives by implementing projects in a variety of sectors. However, USDA supported only the prosperity objective by implementing projects primarily in the agricultural development sector and DOD supported the security objective by implementing projects primarily in the professionalize the military and develop defense capabilities sector. We also identified some specific assistance projects that supported more than one of the three objectives. For example, some of USAID’s workforce development projects targeted at-risk youth, which supported both the prosperity and security objectives. Other USAID projects worked with government officials in the Northern Triangle to improve health, environment, or economic growth, which supported both the prosperity and governance objectives. In addition, State’s rule of law projects, which trained police and other personnel in the judicial sector, supported both the governance and the security objectives. Below is an overview of the agencies’ general roles and responsibilities for supporting the three objectives: Prosperity: USAID, State, and USDA implemented projects supporting the prosperity objective. USAID implemented projects to assist populations to meet basic needs, help businesses access markets for goods and services, build a skilled workforce, and enhance health systems and education institutions. For example, one USAID economic growth project in El Salvador provided assistance to small enterprises through university-affiliated training centers where representatives of firms received training and advice to improve their business practices. State also implemented projects to assist businesses and entrepreneurs develop their capabilities. For example, State implemented a multi-country project to provide training to small and medium businesses on e-commerce platforms to access new markets and increase sales. USDA and USAID both implemented projects intended to help farmers improve agricultural management practices and increase their access to markets and capital. For example, a USAID agricultural development project in Honduras provided training to local farmers to increase their household incomes, strengthen access to food markets, and diversify their crops (see fig. 5). A USDA project provided schools in Honduras with food assistance, infrastructure improvements, and trainings to support school feeding, sought to improve educational outcomes (see fig. 6). Governance: USAID and State were the primary agencies supporting the governance objective. USAID projects provided technical assistance to governments to increase accountability, transparency, revenue collection, and provision of basic services. For example, a USAID project in Guatemala provided technical assistance to municipal governments to improve their financial management and increase the quality of government-provided services such as water and sanitation systems. State and USAID also supported this objective by supporting projects to strengthen justice institutions, combat corruption, improve democratic processes, and advocate for the protection of human rights. For example, we visited a morgue in Honduras where USAID and INL collaborated to provide forensic training and equipment and improve evidence collection and analysis capabilities, to better prosecute crimes (see fig. 7). Security: State, USAID, and DOD implemented projects to support the security objective. USAID and INL projects supported community based activities to prevent violence by supporting community youth centers, strengthening community policing, and implementing workforce development projects for at-risk youth. For example, a USAID project in Honduras provided technical training, mentorship, and job placement support for at-risk youth. INL also provided training and equipment to law enforcement to improve its capabilities and reputation in communities and to better identify and prevent crime, violence, and gang activity. For example, we visited the International Law Enforcement Academy in El Salvador, where U.S. assistance provides a variety of training courses to Central American and South American police, judges, and prosecutors, to increase capacity and coordination among law enforcement officials (see fig. 8). In addition, State funded and DOD funded and implemented projects to train and equip Northern Triangle militaries. DOD officials in Honduras, for example, told us they provide a range of trainings to Honduran military leaders at U.S. military schools. See appendix II for a summary of U.S. assistance projects in the Northern Triangle for our six selected sectors. State, USAID, DOD, and USDA reported mixed results, primarily focused on outputs, for the 190 projects in the six sectors we reviewed. While some projects in these sectors achieved the targets that agency officials established, others did not. We reviewed a variety of performance-related documents for the 190 projects that aligned with our six selected sectors—economic growth, agricultural development, good government service, justice reform, community based violence prevention, and professionalize the military and develop defense capabilities. Specifically, we reviewed State and USAID’s PPRs for fiscal years 2013 through 2018 for each Northern Triangle country, and State’s INCSRs for fiscal years 2013 through 2018. We also reviewed State and USAID’s Progress Report for the Strategy for fiscal years 2018 and 2019, and State’s quarterly country cables reporting on agencies’ progress in implementing projects that support the Strategy’s objectives in each of the Northern Triangle countries for available quarters of fiscal years 2016 through 2018. In addition, we reviewed implementer progress reports for a sample of 19 projects to obtain more detailed information on project-specific outputs and outcomes, as well as all available evaluations related to the six sectors completed from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. Examples of results for projects related to each of the six sectors include the following. Economic Growth: USAID implemented projects to assist workers improve their access to employment, and help firms improve their business practices and access markets. According to the PPRs we reviewed, USAID achieved 81 of 123 (66 percent) of its targets for performance indicators related to the economic growth sector for fiscal years 2013 through 2018. In addition, all nine evaluations in the sector reported generally positive project results. For example, according to the PPR, USAID assisted 176 firms to invest in improved technologies and 329 firms to improve their management practices in Guatemala in fiscal year 2017, exceeding the targets of 141 and 310, respectively. In addition, 5,067 individuals completed workforce development programs with U.S. assistance in the Northern Triangle countries in fiscal year 2018, according to the PPRs. USAID reported that 1,376 individuals completed workforce development programs in Guatemala, which exceeded the target of 1,000. However, USAID reported that 3,040 individuals in El Salvador and 651 individuals in Honduras completed such programs, which did not meet the fiscal year targets of 7,300 and 5,000, respectively. According to an evaluation of a USAID project in El Salvador that focused on providing training to individuals to improve their job opportunities, 3,585 individuals completed the training, which was 175 fewer than expected due, in part, to the project’s focus on training individuals for existing jobs and the scarcity of job opportunities for some individuals who completed the training. Agricultural Development: USAID and USDA implemented projects that provided assistance to apply improved agricultural technologies or management practices, and increase agricultural productivity and food security. According to the PPRs we reviewed, USAID achieved 58 of 86 (67 percent) of its targets for performance indicators related to this sector for fiscal years 2013 through 2018, and six of eight evaluations of agricultural development projects generally reported positive project results. For example, USAID reported in the PPR that 35,245 individuals in Honduras received short-term training with U.S. government support on agricultural productivity or food security in fiscal year 2018, exceeding the fiscal year target of 32,500, but 40,492 individuals received such training in Guatemala, which did not meet the target of 52,417. According to an implementer progress report, as of March 2017, an ongoing USDA school feeding project in Honduras had helped to construct and rehabilitate kitchens and food storage facilities at five of the 30 schools targeted by the project in 2017. An evaluation of a USDA project in El Salvador reported that the project issued 307 agricultural loans to improve agricultural production, which did not meet the target of 345 loans due, in part, to a delay in implementing the project. Good Government Service: USAID implemented projects to help create accountable and effective government institutions through improved provision of government services, increased citizen oversight, and greater ethics and transparency. According to the PPRs we reviewed, USAID achieved 22 of 30 (73 percent) of its targets for performance indicators related to this sector for fiscal years 2013 through 2018. Some of the projects achieved mixed results, according to an evaluation of projects in this sector. For example, USAID in the PPRs reported that in Honduras it exceeded targets in fiscal year 2018 by providing assistance to 94 local governments to improve public service and by training over 2,600 individuals in Guatemala in fiscal management to strengthen local government and foster decentralization. USAID met the target for fiscal year 2018 by having 81 public policies introduced, adopted, repealed, changed, or implemented with citizen input in Honduras. A USAID project in Guatemala designed to better manage public resources and government services reported in its fiscal year 2017 annual report that it helped 76 percent of the municipalities involved in the project increase their average monthly revenues following the project’s financial management training. However, an evaluation of two USAID projects in Honduras found that one project did not meet 70 percent of targets and struggled to successfully promote decentralization laws or increase municipal fiscal autonomy. Justice Reform: USAID and State provided technical assistance and equipment to help improve the efficiency of the courts and forensic laboratories, and strengthen the capabilities of prosecutors and judges. According to the PPRs we reviewed, USAID achieved 27 of 41 (66 percent) of its targets for performance indicators related to this sector for fiscal years 2013 through 2018. For example, according to the PPRs, 2,298 government officials in El Salvador received anti- corruption training with U.S. assistance in fiscal year 2018, surpassing the fiscal year target of 1,845. However, according to the PPRs, 150 individuals affiliated with nongovernmental organizations received such anti-corruption training in Guatemala in fiscal year 2017, which was below the fiscal year target of 550. The Progress Report for the Strategy for fiscal year 2019 reported that USAID assisted 244 courts in Guatemala to improve their case management systems in fiscal year 2018, which surpassed the target of 220. The Progress Report for the Strategy also reported that State and USAID trained 12,557 justice system personnel, including prosecutors and criminal investigators, in the Northern Triangle in fiscal year 2018; which surpassed the target of 2,275. Although State did not report targets, it provided data in its annual INCSR on U.S.-supported trainings, including training more than 1,000 police and justice sector personnel in El Salvador in 2016 and 2017, and 262 students in criminal investigations in Honduras in 2013. An evaluation of a USAID project in Guatemala noted the project helped improve prosecution practices and court management, but the evaluation also noted that continuous support would be required to preserve and consolidate reforms. Community Based Violence Prevention: USAID and State supported a number of efforts under the security objective to prevent violence in communities. According to the PPRs we reviewed, USAID achieved 7 of 18 (39 percent) of its targets for performance indicators related to this sector for fiscal years 2013 through 2018. For example, in El Salvador, 13 U.S. government-supported schools or other learning spaces met the criteria for the safe schools program in fiscal year 2018, surpassing the target of 10 schools. However, according to the PPR, in Honduras approximately 161,300 individuals participated in U.S.-funded gang prevention and education in fiscal year 2018, which did not meet the fiscal year target of 219,600. The Progress Report for the Strategy for fiscal year 2018 reported that State’s Gang Resistance Education and Training Program (GREAT) reached tens of thousands of youth and hundreds of police officers received instructor certifications to deliver anti-gang and crime prevention training through the program in the Northern Triangle in fiscal year 2017. However, State did not report targets for the program for the fiscal year. According to an implementer progress report, as of June 2018, an ongoing USAID project in Honduras that provides workforce development services for at-risk youth, had enrolled 2,528 of the project’s target of 6,500 youths for fiscal years 2017 and 2018. In addition, 440 of the project’s target of 2,488 youths for those fiscal years had completed the workforce development services as of June 2018, according to the report. Professionalize the Military and Develop Defense Capabilities: DOD and State supported efforts to professionalize the militaries of the Northern Triangle countries and develop their defense capabilities. While DOD and State reported positive output results for this sector, they also reported some limitations. According to the PPRs we reviewed, State achieved 48 of 71 (68 percent) of its targets for performance indicators for this sector for fiscal years 2013 through 2018. For example, in fiscal year 2018, State reported that 100 military personnel in Guatemala received technical or tactical training, which met the fiscal year target. State also reported that Guatemalan military personnel completed 12 exercises with U.S. or coalition personnel as a result of U.S. government assistance, which also met the target for fiscal year 2018. However, State reported that it supported the training of 44 fulltime peacekeeping staff in El Salvador in fiscal year 2017, which did not meet the target of 155. In its monitoring progress reports from fiscal years 2013 to 2018, DOD reported that it provided international military education and training to over 2,000 military personnel in the Northern Triangle, although DOD did not report targets. DOD personnel also engaged directly with Central American military personnel to improve their professionalism. For example, in Guatemala, DOD helped to establish a defense budget system designed to increase transparency and accountability of funds within the Ministry of Defense. However, DOD has reported ongoing challenges regarding the professionalism of Northern Triangle militaries and noted that public trust in the militaries remains low. Based on our review of various performance-related documents, we found limited information on progress toward improving prosperity, governance, and security in the Northern Triangle. Specifically, agencies generally reported more information about progress toward prosperity than toward governance and security. Some of the evidence about governance and security may be limited because evaluations were conducted unevenly across agencies and sectors. In addition, project implementers did not consistently collect key information to assess progress toward the Strategy’s objectives. Nevertheless, agency officials cited examples of important results from U.S. assistance as well as challenges to achieving progress toward the objectives. In addition, the Strategy’s monitoring and evaluation plan is not comprehensive because, while the plan specifies that State and USAID should track evaluations of their projects, it does not include a plan for evaluations of projects conducted by agencies other than State or USAID. For the sectors we reviewed, agencies generally reported more information on progress toward prosperity for projects related to economic growth and agricultural development, than toward governance and security. In addition, agencies generally reported positive information on progress toward prosperity for projects related to these sectors. For example, an evaluation of a USAID economic growth project in Guatemala reported the project supported 64 public-private partnerships that managed $39.1 million in investment, primarily from the business sector, for health, nutrition, and education activities to improve economic growth and development. In addition, USAID reported in the PPR that small and medium-sized firms assisted by its projects in El Salvador increased annual sales by approximately 40 percent in fiscal year 2016, which exceeded the target of 29 percent. In Guatemala, USAID also helped to increase crop yields by about $62 million and reduced household poverty by about 12.6 percent through two projects that trained agricultural producers in farm management practices and helped them access markets, according to an evaluation. Finally, an evaluation of a USDA agricultural development project in El Salvador reported that it helped generate approximately 12,930 new jobs, significantly exceeding the project’s goal of 900 jobs, in part, through increased access to credit and credit competency training. In general, however, little information was available from agency reports about progress toward the governance and security objectives. For example, an evaluation of a USAID project in good government service in Honduras that provided technical assistance to local governments to improve citizen satisfaction with services reported improvements in the quality of water and health services in most of the targeted municipalities, although the evaluation noted that the project had not developed appropriate indicators to measure results that were directly attributable to the project’s activities. Despite these improvements, the evaluation reported that the services remained largely unable to satisfy citizen needs adequately, and there was little evidence that municipalities would have the capabilities or resources to continue to improve the services without donor assistance. The evaluation also noted that the project promoted citizen advocacy by providing training to citizen oversight committees and establishing well-attended town halls in rural municipalities. However, it found no evidence such efforts were effective because the organizations remained too weak to advocate effectively for improved accountability and service. Another evaluation of a USAID project to prevent community based violence in Honduras reported significant reductions in homicide rates, ranging from 42 percent to 68 percent, in four of the six targeted communities, but also noted that these outcomes might not be attributable to the project’s activities. Although there were no evaluations of projects in the sector for professionalize the military and develop defense capabilities, DOD reported in its after action reports that it trained dozens of personnel who subsequently held positions of prominence within Northern Triangle militaries. The differences in results information for the three objectives are likely due, in part, to variations in the number of evaluations agencies conducted for their Northern Triangle projects. For example, we found that evaluations had been conducted unevenly across the agencies and six sectors we reviewed. Figure 9 shows the number of projects and completed evaluations of projects in the Northern Triangle that support the Strategy by agency and selected sector from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. From fiscal years 2013 through 2018, agencies completed 23 evaluations across the six sectors, which related to the 190 projects that agencies implemented in these sectors during this period. USAID completed 16 of these evaluations, with more than half of them in economic growth, although only 19 of the 116 projects USAID implemented in the sectors we reviewed related to economic growth. USDA completed six of these evaluations in agricultural development. State completed one evaluation in justice reform. DOD did not conduct any evaluations of its efforts to professionalize the military and develop defense capabilities in the Northern Triangle. In January 2017, DOD established agency-wide guidance for conducting assessment, monitoring, and evaluation of security cooperation programs and activities. We found that project implementers for State and USAID did not consistently collect key information to evaluate progress towards outcomes. Specifically, 12 of the 23 evaluations we reviewed from fiscal years 2013 through 2018 cited instances in which projects had not established measures or collected data to measure outcomes. Six of the 17 evaluations we reviewed for the sectors for economic growth and agricultural development noted that implementers had not collected sufficient data to measure the projects’ outcomes. For example, an evaluation of a USAID project that supported municipalities to mobilize financial resources for economic development noted that evaluators were unable to measure whether the project’s activities improved the municipalities’ competitiveness in providing services to businesses and investors. The evaluators could not perform this assessment because the project implementers did not consistently collect data to measure improvements in the local business climate. An evaluation of USAID projects in agricultural development in Guatemala noted that evaluators were unable to assess the total welfare impacts of the projects, such as changes in household incomes, because the projects had not collected information on household or farmer incomes from all sources with which to compare results following project activities. All four evaluations we reviewed in the sectors for good government service and justice reform noted that the projects did not sufficiently establish or measure the projects’ outcomes. For example, an evaluation of two USAID projects in Honduras for good government service found that one project did not incorporate indicators to measure outcomes. While the other project incorporated outcome indicators, the evaluation found most of these indicators to be poorly defined and inadequate to measure the project’s results. An evaluation of a State project in justice reform in Honduras also found that project indicators were focused on outputs and not outcomes. The evaluation also noted that the indicators were established after the project started and thus did not establish a true baseline or capture results from the beginning. As a result, evaluators reported that they lacked the data to evaluate key results. The two evaluations of projects to prevent community based violence we reviewed discussed deficiencies with progress indicators. For example, an evaluation of a project in Honduras that focused on reducing homicide rates noted that the implementing partner relied on the Honduran government to obtain data on homicides, although the government had limited capability to document and report such data. USAID officials noted that USAID and project implementers have made improvements to projects’ monitoring and evaluation plans in response to evaluation findings. For example, project implementers have added outcome indicators and USAID officials have provided technical assistance to implementers to help them design new methods for collecting data in response to evaluation findings and recommendations, according to USAID officials. Although our review of various performance-related documents related to the six sectors show that limited information from evaluations is available on progress toward prosperity, governance, and security, agency officials described some important results from U.S. assistance in the Northern Triangle related to these sectors. For example, USDA officials noted that technical assistance and training helped to enhance crop research and water and soil conservation, which contributed to increased agricultural production. USAID officials noted that the technical assistance the agency has provided to small and medium sized firms has helped them access markets and increase sales. State and USAID officials also described improvements in the use of forensic evidence through technical assistance and training provided to judges and prosecutors and enhanced court management, which contributed to timely criminal investigations and prosecutions. In addition, State officials explained that U.S. assistance along with support from other donors and host governments has contributed to positive results, including the passage of laws that prevent organized crime from donating to political campaigns, multiple anti-corruption investigations, as well as reductions in homicide rates through community based violence prevention projects. Furthermore, DOD officials noted that assistance in defense planning and management helped support oversight and accountability in the use of military funds and enhanced the capacity of security forces to respond to disaster relief and drug interdiction efforts. Agency officials also noted that from fiscal years 2013 through 2018 they achieved results toward enhanced prosperity, governance, and security for the 180 projects that corresponded to the 12 sectors outside of the scope of our review. In particular, USAID officials noted that environment sector projects increased incomes for thousands of individuals through improved management and conservation of natural resources, such as watershed management. State officials also described important results from projects in the human rights sector, including strengthening the capacity of labor union networks to monitor and document hundreds of incidents of violence against union activists in Guatemala and Honduras and increasing the number of investigations into such incidents. In addition, State officials identified results in the police reform sector, including passage of police reform legislation, professionalization of police academies, and sharing of information among law enforcement. Agency officials we interviewed also cited examples of challenges to achieving progress toward prosperity, governance, and security. For example, USDA and USAID officials noted that drought and coffee rust— a fungal disease that harms coffee plants—reduced agricultural production in affected areas. USAID officials also pointed out that the health of the economy and labor markets affect the results of economic growth projects, particularly with regard to firms’ sales and the placement of individuals in jobs following their completion of workforce development programs. In addition, State and USAID officials cited the importance of government officials’ willingness to implement reforms as an important factor that affects the achievement of results across sectors. Furthermore, high turnover of civil service and military professionals affects the achievement and sustainability of results in various sectors, according to State, USAID, and DOD officials. Agency officials also explained that they have taken steps to modify projects to address such challenges. For example, USAID and USDA projects have provided technical assistance and training to farmers on how to prevent coffee rust and cultivate coffee varietals resistant to the disease. In its coordinating role for the implementation of the Strategy, State has not created a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation plan that specifies an approach to evaluating progress across all agencies. Our prior work regarding effective foreign assistance strategies found that development of a monitoring and evaluation plan is a key element in terms of assessing agencies’ common goals and objectives, and mutually reinforcing results. Additionally, we found that foreign assistance involves the collaborative efforts of multiple agencies, and strategies that consistently address agencies’ roles and responsibilities and include interagency coordination mechanisms can guide effective collaboration among agencies and prevent fragmentation. In addition, Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government indicates that managers should identify the information needed to achieve objectives and use such information to evaluate performance in achieving objectives. State, in coordination with USAID, has developed and updated a monitoring and evaluation plan for funds appropriated to them to implement the Strategy in response to direction contained in committee reports accompanying several State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs appropriations acts. However, the plan that State and USAID developed for the Strategy, while consistent with the committee reports’ direction, is not comprehensive. In particular, it does not incorporate all the relevant agencies, sectors, and activities that support the Strategy’s objectives. The plan notes that State and USAID will monitor and evaluate foreign assistance supporting the Strategy. While the plan specifies that State and USAID should track completed, ongoing, and planned evaluations of their projects supporting the Strategy’s objectives, it does not include a plan for evaluations of projects conducted by agencies other than State or USAID, such as DOD and USDA. Additionally, the plan notes that each agency requires project monitoring, including progress indicators, baselines, targets, and expected outcomes of projects. The plan specifies that State will compile and report performance data, which will provide an important source of information to assess progress toward Strategy objectives. However, the plan does not specify how State and USAID would include reporting on many activities conducted by other agencies that support the Strategy’s objectives. As a result, State officials noted the monitoring and evaluation plan does not include indicators for DOD and USDA activities that contribute to the objectives of the Strategy, with the exception of DOD activities funded through State. For example, State, in addition to determining the scope of security assistance and funding level for each recipient of International Military Education and Training (IMET) programs, also identifies annual IMET goals and objectives for each country. DOD administers IMET in coordination with State. State and USAID’s monitoring and evaluation plan includes indicators to measure progress of these programs. DOD, however, conducts a number of other programs to professionalize the military that State and USAID have not included in the monitoring and evaluation plan. For example, DOD provides training to Northern Triangle militaries and Ministries of Defense that is outside of the IMET program, such as Defense Government Management and Training engagements. The Progress Report for the Strategy for fiscal year 2018 indicated that under the IMET program there were 13 U.S.-trained personnel in positions of prominence, or positions of military or government leadership, in the Northern Triangle in fiscal year 2017. DOD, though, in a separate report on these military training and education programs, noted there were over 100 U.S.-trained personnel in positions of prominence in the Northern Triangle in fiscal year 2017. In addition, the monitoring and evaluation plan does not include any of USDA’s activities or activities related to the health sector that support the Strategy’s objectives, despite the fact USDA completed six evaluations of its agricultural development projects that could be used to inform an understanding of progress toward the Strategy’s objectives. By not capturing information on DOD and USDA activities, State and USAID have limited ability to assess the progress made by all U.S. government agencies in the Northern Triangle. State officials stated that the monitoring and evaluation plan is not inclusive of DOD and USDA activities because the legislative direction for the plan did not require it. The Strategy, however, intends to take a comprehensive, integrated, and whole of government approach to engagement in Central America. DOD and USDA officials in headquarters and at the Missions in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras told us that their activities also support the Strategy’s objectives. Given its coordinating role in the Strategy’s implementation and in foreign policy objectives in general, State is well positioned to work collaboratively with officials from other agencies to develop a comprehensive approach to monitoring the impact of all activities across all sectors that directly support the Strategy’s objectives. A comprehensive monitoring and evaluation plan that specifies an approach to evaluating progress across all agencies would help State and USAID to determine to what extent U.S. government activities in the Northern Triangle are achieving the Strategy’s desired results. The Northern Triangle, an area of strategic interest to the United States, faces high levels of poverty, weak governance, and widespread violence and insecurity. To respond to these challenges, the U.S. government has for many years provided assistance to the region. Multiple agencies have allocated billions of dollars to implement hundreds of projects that have provided technical assistance, equipment, and training to thousands of individuals and organizations. Agencies have reported mixed results from these projects, relative to targets set, yet little is known about progress on meeting broader objectives to improve prosperity, governance, and security in the region. Under the U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America, State and USAID developed a monitoring and evaluation plan, for their own projects, that is an important tool for assessing impact in the region. A more comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluation of projects that may address the Strategy’s objectives to include all relevant agencies, sectors, and activities would enable the U.S. government to have a better understanding of progress under the Strategy and how U.S. assistance is addressing the underlying challenges that confront El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Given State’s coordinating role in the implementation of the Strategy among U.S. government agencies, including DOD and USDA, it is uniquely positioned to ensure that agencies collaborate effectively and that monitoring and evaluation are well coordinated and documented in a comprehensive plan. The Secretary of State, working with the Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development, should collaborate with the Departments of Defense and Agriculture and other Departments as necessary, to develop a comprehensive approach to the monitoring and evaluation of projects that directly support the objectives of prosperity, governance, and security, and incorporate this approach into the Strategy monitoring and evaluation plan. We provided a draft of this report to State, USAID, DOD, USDA, DOJ, and DHS. We received written comments from State, USAID, and DOD, which we reprinted in appendixes V through VII. We received technical comments from State, USAID, DOD, and DHS, which we incorporated as appropriate. USDA and DOJ informed us in writing that they had no comments. State and USAID did not concur with our recommendations, indicating that neither agency has the authority to direct DOD or USDA to design and implement programs. USAID indicated that while greater interagency coordination would be appropriate, it does not have the authority to direct DOD or USDA to monitor and evaluate their projects against objectives developed for the Strategy. DOD noted that while some of its programs enable progress toward the Strategy’s objectives, it is not appropriate for State to specify how to monitor and evaluate DOD-funded programs. State also asserted that our recommendation is not consistent with the explanatory statements accompanying the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, which directs State and USAID to develop a monitoring and evaluation plan for the Strategy for programs funded by appropriations to them, but does not direct that the plan include monitoring and evaluation of programs funded by appropriations to DOD and USDA. We are not recommending that State and USAID direct DOD and USDA to monitor and evaluate projects, but rather that State collaborate with DOD and USDA to develop a more comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluating projects that support the Strategy’s objectives and that State document the results of this collaboration in the Strategy’s monitoring and evaluation plan. We do not prescribe the format or content for how the Strategy’s monitoring and evaluation plan might be updated. We have modified relevant sections of our report and our recommendation to make this clearer and eliminated the recommendation to USAID, since State coordinates implementation of the Strategy by the various agencies of the U.S. government. We found that DOD and USDA have designed and implemented programs that directly support the objectives of the Strategy. While we acknowledge that some coordination among agencies occurs in Washington and in the Northern Triangle, we found that such coordination does not formally extend to monitoring and evaluation. We agree with USAID’s comment that interagency coordination on a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation plan for the Strategy would be appropriate. Consistent with USAID’s comment, we believe that our recommendation encourages greater coordination among agencies, including DOD and USDA, by ensuring that comprehensive monitoring and evaluation efforts of the entire U.S. government are in sync with the monitoring and evaluation plan for the Strategy. Excluding DOD and USDA projects from the monitoring and evaluation plan for the Strategy could result in an incomplete or unclear understanding of the results of U.S. assistance in the Northern Triangle. Without a complete and clear understanding of the results across all agencies involved, agencies may miss important lessons about the types of assistance that are most effective in achieving U.S. objectives in this region, potentially limiting overall progress. Furthermore, while the explanatory statement accompanying Pub. L. No. 114-113 directs State, in coordination with USAID, to develop a monitoring and evaluation plan for funds appropriated to them, we are recommending that State, as coordinator for the implementation of the Strategy, work with the other agencies to develop a more comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluating projects that support the Strategy’s objectives. State should update the monitoring and evaluation plan that was created in response to the congressional direction to document the comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluation. State indicated that the credibility of our report was limited by the following five methodological issues: (1) our inclusion of projects implemented by DOD and USDA; (2) our inclusion of projects implemented with funds appropriated prior to fiscal year 2016; (3) our use of inconsistent reporting methods for funding allocations among the four State bureaus providing data and among State, USAID, DOD, and USDA; (4) our classification of program sectors, which was not consistent with the sub-objectives used by State and USAID as part of the Strategy; and (5) our exclusion of several “primary” sectors for our in-depth review, such as police professionalization, reducing violence at the local level, and reducing the influence of organized crime and gangs. We believe that our methodology enhanced the credibility and reliability of our report. Overall, we designed our objectives, scope, and methodology, as outlined in detail in appendix I, to provide a reasonably comprehensive review of the results of U.S. assistance to the Northern Triangle toward achieving key U.S. objectives. First, we chose to review all agencies that have allocated a significant amount of funding from their appropriations to implement projects in the Northern Triangle from fiscal year 2013 through fiscal year 2018 to support prosperity, governance, and security. DOD and USDA officials confirmed that DOD and USDA projects support these objectives and we believe that the inclusion of these agencies significantly enhanced the accuracy and completeness of our reporting on the results that have been achieved from U.S. assistance as well as the gaps in the current monitoring and evaluation approach and implications for State’s ability to assess results comprehensively. Second, we believe our inclusion of projects implemented from fiscal years 2013 through 2018 provided a reasonable time frame for our review because it included projects that supported the objectives of improving prosperity, governance, and security— long standing objectives that predated appropriations for the Strategy, and even the Strategy itself. Including projects implemented between fiscal years 2013 and 2018 increased our ability to report on the results of agencies’ projects and their overall progress toward the Strategy’s objectives because projects funded since fiscal year 2016 were in too early a stage of implementation to report meaningfully on such results. However, we considered, as appropriate, any results information we were able to obtain on such projects. Third, we acknowledge that the precision of our estimates for reporting on funding allocations was limited due to the inconsistent nature of reporting of financial data by different bureaus and agencies. However, taking into consideration qualifications noted throughout our report, we believe that our reporting of funding allocations provides a reliable description of how agencies used allocated funding to support prosperity, governance, and security objectives. Fourth, we believe that our classification of projects under different sectors we identified provides a detailed, comprehensive, and meaningful analysis of projects and related results. Because some of the sub-objectives developed by State and USAID, such as “reduce poverty,” were very broad and did not lend themselves to an analysis of specific project sectors that supported the Strategy’s objectives, we identified more specific sectors, including health, economic growth, and agricultural development. State and USAID officials validated the accuracy of our definitions, and we revised them as appropriate, given input from agency officials. Fifth, our selection of six sectors for in-depth review of projects and results limits the generalizability of our findings to all sectors, which we note. Due to the large number of projects, sectors, and sub-objectives associated with U.S. assistance to the Northern Triangle, we determined that a case study approach was the most effective methodology for our review. We devised selection criteria to reflect a meaningful selection of projects across sectors, agencies, and countries. Moreover, two of the sectors we selected for in-depth review—community based violence prevention, and justice reform—encompass several projects classified as relating to “reducing violence at the local level,” and “reducing the influence of organized crime and gangs.” Thus our report addresses results in these sectors. We omitted certain sectors, such as police professionalization, in part, because we had ongoing work related to this sector. We acknowledge limitations with this case study approach and do not attempt to generalize results beyond the sectors we reviewed. We believe that this methodological approach provides a reasonable basis for our overall conclusion that projects in the sectors we reviewed achieved mixed results. USAID also raised several methodological concerns, some of which were similar to those raised by State. In particular, USAID (1) questioned the validity of our analysis, since it was based on a case study of six of the 18 sectors we identified, and commented that we did not discuss the limitation of this approach; (2) questioned the validity of our use of monitoring information relating to the achievement of annual targets to analyze results; and (3) asserted that we focused on negative evaluation findings to assess results and did not mention or analyze planned and ongoing evaluations or programmatic changes made in response to monitoring and evaluation information. We believe our methodological approach provides a reliable basis for our findings and conclusions, and concerns USAID raised do not limit the credibility of our report. First, we acknowledge the limitations of our case study approach and included statements throughout our report to make these limitations clear. Second, we believe that the use of data on the achievement of annual targets is a valid approach to assessing results, although the agencies collecting the data may also intend to use it in making decisions about ongoing projects. Furthermore, these data provided only one element of our analysis. We also analyzed State and USAID implementer progress reports, mid-point and final evaluations, and other performance reports, which provide a longer-term perspective on results. Collectively, we believe that this information provides meaningful insight into the successes and shortcomings of the projects in the sectors we reviewed. Third, we sought to present a balanced picture of results within the sectors we reviewed, highlighting both positive and negative outcomes described in the reviewed documents. We reviewed completed evaluations to provide insight into project results, but excluded ongoing and planned evaluations because conclusions about project results are not available until such evaluations are completed. Similarly, our report acknowledges that agency officials described progress and challenges to achieving the prosperity, governance, and security objectives, as well as the steps taken to modify projects to address such challenges. However, such modifications fell outside the scope of our analysis of results, absent documentation of their specific impact on the achievement of objectives. As agreed with your offices, unless you publicly announce the contents of this report earlier, we plan no further distribution until 30 days from the report date. At that time, we will send copies to the appropriate congressional committees, the Secretary of the Department of State, the Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development, the Secretary of the Department of Defense, the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture, the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, the Attorney General, and other interested parties. In addition, the report is available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-7141 or groverj@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key contributions to this report are listed in appendix VIII. This report examines (1) the projects that the U.S. government has implemented in the Northern Triangle from fiscal year 2013 through fiscal year 2018 to support prosperity, governance, security, (2) what is known about the results of these projects, and (3) what is known about progress toward the U.S. Strategy for Central America’s (Strategy) objectives. To determine the projects that the U.S. government has implemented in the Northern Triangle, we collected and analyzed agency project and funding data concerning foreign assistance projects supporting prosperity, governance, and security objectives from the U .S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Departments of State (State), Justice (DOJ), Homeland Security (DHS), Defense (DOD), and Agriculture (USDA). We focused our analysis on State, USAID, DOD, and USDA because they allocated the largest amounts of funding for the largest number of projects in the Northern Triangle from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. We included projects from fiscal years 2013 to ensure we examined projects that had undergone sufficient implementation to assess results. We obtained the data and information from several bureaus at State that administer these projects and funds: International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs; Western Hemisphere Affairs; Political-Military Affairs; and Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. We also obtained data from DHS and DOJ concerning projects implemented through agreements with State, which we included under State’s project and funding counts. Although agencies use different terms to describe agencies’ assistance, including programs, projects, and activities, we use the term “projects” to refer to assistance funded by the key agencies that are implemented directly by the agencies or through awards made to the implementing partners. In general, the term project consists of a set of activities that are designed and executed over a time frame to achieve a specific aim. While agencies and bureaus typically provided us with project-level data, some agencies and bureaus were unable to report data at the project level, and instead provided us with data that combined multiple activities or awards to implementing partners to accomplish a broader aim. In addition, most agencies reported project and funding data by country, including separating funding data for multi-country projects that were implemented in two or more countries, including at least one Northern Triangle country. Some agencies were not able to report multi-country projects by country, which we included in the multi-country project category. Since most agencies and bureaus provided us with project-level data separated by country, we use the term “projects” to encompass all available data on agencies’ assistance in each of the three countries. We analyzed agencies’ data and information to identify the number of projects implemented by agency and country and the total funding agencies allocated for these projects from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. We excluded from our analysis those projects that encompassed solely administrative and monitoring and evaluation activities and costs that did not provide technical assistance, although we included the funds allocated for these projects in our analysis of funds allocated by each agency for projects that supported prosperity, governance, and security. We assessed the reliability of the data that agencies reported for these projects. We requested and reviewed information from agency officials regarding the underlying data systems and the checks and reviews used to generate the data and ensure its accuracy and reliability. We also conducted logical checks and analysis to confirm the accuracy of the data. When we found potential duplicate data and discrepancies, we contacted relevant agency officials in Washington, D.C. and obtained information from them necessary to resolve these data issues. As a result of these steps, we determined that the data were sufficiently reliable for the purposes of reporting the number of projects that supported prosperity, governance, and security in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras and funding allocations for these projects from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. To select a subset of the projects to review, we reviewed agencies’ project information as well as Strategy documents to categorize all projects into 18 different sectors of assistance that generally aligned with the current objectives of the Strategy. Specifically, we grouped similar projects by sector such as economic growth, justice reform, and community based violence prevention, and aligned them according to the Strategy’s three objectives of prosperity, governance, and security. We requested that officials from State, USAID, DOD, and USDA review our analysis to confirm our alignment of projects to the sectors and the three objectives. We incorporated revisions from agency officials as appropriate. We then selected a judgmental, nongeneralizable sample of six of the 18 sectors for an in-depth review of performance-related documentation for projects supporting each of the objectives. The six sectors selected included agricultural development, economic growth, good government service, justice reform, community based violence prevention, and professionalize the military and develop defense capabilities. We selected these six sectors to achieve variation by agency, funding allocation amount, country, and to include projects supporting each of the three objectives. Specifically, we selected the six sectors to include two sectors supporting each objective, a distribution of projects across the three Northern Triangle countries, and the largest amounts of allocated funding and number of projects. We excluded from our sample selection the migration and police reform sectors because of our ongoing work in those sectors concerning the Northern Triangle. To determine what is known about project results, we reviewed agency performance-related documents corresponding to the 190 projects implemented from fiscal years 2013 through 2018 in the six sectors we reviewed. Specifically, we examined State and USAID’s Performance Plans and Reports for El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras for each of fiscal years 2013 through 2018; State’s International Narcotics Control Strategy Reports for fiscal years 2013 through 2018; State and USAID’s Progress Report for the U.S. Strategy for Central America’s Plan for Monitoring and Evaluation for fiscal years 2018 and 2019; and State’s quarterly country cables reporting on agencies’ progress in implementing projects in support of prosperity, governance, and security objectives in each of the Northern Triangle countries for the available quarters of fiscal years 2016 through 2018. We also requested and reviewed all 23 evaluations completed from fiscal years 2013 through 2018 by State, USAID, and USDA related to the six selected sectors in each Northern Triangle country. In addition, we selected a nongeneralizable sample of 19 projects within the six selected sectors to gain more in-depth information and context about project implementation and results. For the nongeneralizable sample of projects, we reviewed performance-related documentation, including, among other things, implementing partners’ quarterly, semi-annual, and annual progress reports, to examine project results. We selected the19 projects based on a variety of criteria, including the types of project activities and the objectives they supported, as well as to obtain a range of funding allocation amounts, countries, and agencies. We excluded from our sample selection those projects that encompassed solely administrative and monitoring and evaluation activities and costs, and those that agencies reported as pilot projects not yet implemented. To examine what is known about progress toward the Strategy’s objectives, we reviewed Strategy documents, including monitoring and evaluation plans, to assess if they included key elements of effective strategies that we have identified as related to assessment of progress toward strategic goals. We developed these elements on the basis of prior work related to U.S. government strategies and interagency collaboration as well as prior work on addressing fragmentation, overlap, and duplication in the federal government. Our prior work suggests that strategic documents offer an opportunity to consider the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders involved in achieving those goals, and information on how progress toward those goals will be measured. The Strategy documents were reviewed and rated by two analysts to determine the extent the planning and reporting procedures aligned with the key elements for foreign assistance strategies in situations where multiple agencies work together to deliver foreign assistance. These elements related to (1) delineation of agencies’ roles and responsibilities and coordination mechanisms; and (2) assessment of progress toward strategic goals, including identifying activities to achieve results, performance indicators, and monitoring and evaluation plans. Additionally, in assessing the monitoring and evaluation plan, we considered the Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government, which specify that managers should identify the information needed to achieve objectives and use such information to evaluate performance in achieving objectives. To determine State and USAID’s rationale for not including other agencies’ activities that support the objectives of the Strategy, we met with State and USAID officials in Washington, D.C. We also reviewed relevant Strategy documents and Congressional legislation, particularly Public Law 115-31, 131, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2017, which State and USAID cited as the basis for the creation of the Strategy’s results architecture and monitoring and evaluation plan. To support our work on all three objectives, we conducted fieldwork in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. During the fieldwork, we observed selected project activities, and interviewed agency officials, implementing partners, and project beneficiaries about the project activities and results, and factors that affected project results. We also interviewed agency officials in Washington, D.C. from relevant State bureaus, USAID, DOD, and USDA Foreign Agricultural Service as well as officials of the U.S. Southern Command in Doral, Florida about project activities, project results, factors affecting results and actions to address these factors, as well as efforts to monitor and evaluate project results. We conducted this performance audit from December 2017 to September 2019 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate, evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. This appendix provides a summary of information on U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Departments of State (State), Defense (DOD), and Agriculture (USDA) assistance projects in the three Northern Triangle countries—El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras—to support the prosperity, governance, and security objectives of the U.S. Strategy for Central America (Strategy) from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. We provide a summary of information for the following sectors we selected by country, agency, funding allocation amount, and objective of the Strategy. The sectors include economic growth, agricultural development, good government service, justice reform, community based violence prevention, and professionalize the military and develop defense capabilities. For each sector, we provide an overview and examples of projects, including project objectives, activities, and results that State, USAID, DOD, and USDA reported toward improving prosperity, governance, and security in the Northern Triangle. The information about each sector also includes the following data, selected to illustrate the scope of U.S. assistance in each sector and the underlying conditions that impact prosperity, governance, and security in the Northern Triangle: Total number of projects: The total number of projects we identified that supported each sector in each country from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. Approximate Reported Funding: An estimate of the total allocated funding reported for the projects in each sector. Context Indicators: Data reported from various organizations relevant to each of the sectors, including the World Bank, and reported in State and USAID’s Progress Report for the Strategy for fiscal years 2018 and 2019. We did not independently verify these reported data. Economic growth projects are intended to assist populations living below the poverty line meet basic needs, help businesses improve their business practices and access markets and investment, and promote workforce development. USAID and State implemented 26 economic growth projects in the Northern Triangle from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. industries and higher education institutions to develop educational programs and research. The project trained 100 researchers at universities on how to complete applied research studies on the economy. This training, along with 26 applied research studies funded by the project, allowed for collaborative research between academia and the private sector that had not previously existed in El Salvador. The project also upgraded or created 28 new degree programs to align with industry demands. The project awarded 900 scholarships to students enrolled in these degree programs. A USAID project in Honduras provided assistance to rural micro- enterprises to improve their access to markets and competitiveness. The project helped 2,270 of these enterprises adopt new inputs, technologies, and practices for a range of entrepreneurial activities, such as installing solar panels and cultivating organically grown coffee, according to an evaluation. It also helped micro-enterprises achieve certifications from trade and business associations to help them access new markets with higher quality standards to obtain better prices for products, such as high quality chocolate. A USAID project in El Salvador encouraged public-private partnerships and provided funds to help municipalities mobilize financial resources for improving economic development. It also intended to help municipalities streamline their administrative procedures to improve the local business climate. The streamlined procedures reduced the time required to complete business processes and diminished the chances for bribery and other illegal practices, according to an evaluation. A USAID project in El Salvador targeted over 10,000 micro- enterprises and 20 local governments to strengthen the capacity of providers of business development services to help these micro- enterprises improve innovation and technology, access financing, and increase exports. According to an implementer progress report, the project provided trade capacity building assistance to at least 369 micro-enterprises to help them export. It also trained at least 491 entrepreneurs and 14 business consultants to develop export opportunities. A USAID project in El Salvador offered assistance to help workers obtain employment. It provided training to more than 5,600 individuals, including at-risk youth and disabled persons, to improve their job placement opportunities, according to an evaluation. The project also placed 4,886 participants in new or improved jobs. The evaluation also noted that the firms participating in the project reported that the project’s methods reduced their recruiting and hiring costs and risks and contributed to a decrease in employee turnover. A USAID project in Honduras installed irrigation systems to grow lettuce and other crops. Agricultural development projects are intended to assist farmers to increase the quantity and quality of crops through training, research, and better access to capital. They also sought to assist farmers to gain access to markets and address food security. USAID and USDA implemented 40 agricultural development projects in the Northern Triangle from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. Rural Population (Approximate percent of total population, 2017) Rural Poverty (Approximate percent of rural population, 2014) productivity and expand trade. The project provided training to more than 500 individuals, approximately 99 percent of whom reported using the lessons they learned to improve their farm management practices, according to an evaluation. In addition, approximately 97 percent of them reported that they made business decisions based on economic considerations or analysis following the training. The project provided 35,215 microfinance loans, valued at approximately $37.5 million. Approximately 82 percent of the beneficiaries reported an increase in agricultural production and approximately 88 percent reported an increase in business sales because of the loans, according to an evaluation. Although the evaluation noted that the loans had the potential to expand agricultural trade, the effects were mixed. A USDA project in Guatemala that provided school meals doubled the number of schools that reported having access to food in six municipalities and provided more than 40,400 school-age children with daily meals, according to an evaluation. The evaluation also reported that the reduction in hunger from the project contributed to a decline in absentee rates for students at the participating schools, from 20 percent before its implementation to 5 percent. The project also constructed or rehabilitated kitchens at 106 schools and provided utensils and equipment for preparing food. A USDA school feeding project in Honduras provided meals to more than 50,000 children in 1,047 schools. The project also conducted education campaigns using local media to inform the population about the importance of education and the steps for enrolling children in school. Following the project’s implementation, school attendance for boys increased by approximately 6 percent and for girls by approximately 2 percent, according to an evaluation. USAID projects in Guatemala that aimed to help small farmers improve their farming practices and gain access to markets had mixed results. For example, the evaluation noted that per capita incomes or household incomes of municipalities included in the projects fared worse than municipalities that were not. However, municipalities included in the projects fared better in access to electricity and rates of home ownership. Municipal watershed reforestation project in Guatemala supported by USAID. Good government service projects are intended to increase the effectiveness, efficiency, accountability, and transparency of government services and institutions. They do so by providing training and technical assistance to improve revenue collection and management, promote transparency and citizen oversight, and enhance the quality of government services. USAID funded 29 good government service projects from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. Government effectiveness (est.): (Percentage points changed 2013 to 2017) government services to better respond to citizen needs. An evaluation noted that the project helped draft stronger decentralization laws, but these were not passed due to lack of political will. The evaluation also reported the project provided technical assistance and training to municipal governments on revenue collection, fiscal management, and financial software systems intended to help raise revenue. However, the evaluation also found that 39 percent of municipalities reported decreases in fiscal autonomy. The evaluation also cited resource constraints, data inconsistencies in income records, and concerns about the sustainability of the training. A USAID project in Guatemala sought to strengthen select municipalities to better manage public resources and deliver services in a efficient and transparent manner in order to foster development. According to the project’s 2017 annual report, 76 percent of the target municipalities increased their average monthly revenues by 19 percent following finance management trainings. A USAID project in El Salvador aimed to improve government transparency and accountability. It did so by supporting citizen oversight and government compliance with regulations and standards related to transparency, professionalism, and ethics. According to a 2018 implementor monitoring report, the project met a majority of its expected performance goals. In addition, 11 of the targeted municipalities noted in their self-assessments an increased capacity to provide access to information and promote ethics in their institutions. US-provided forensic equipment at a criminal forensic lab in Honduras. Justice reform projects are intended to provide training, equipment, and technical assistance to the justice system to decrease impunity, combat corruption, improve prosecution and forensic capacities, and increase the efficiency and management of courts. USAID and State implemented 42 projects in justice reform from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. Percentage of the Population with Trust in the Courts: (Percentage points change, 2014 and 2018) transparency, accountability, and ethics, and increase civil society participation in government through technical assistance and training. An evaluation found that the project increased awareness of these topics, and led to some improvements in laws and regulations, such as improving the legal framework for anti-corruption efforts. However, the project was unable to achieve any significant changes intended due to lack of political will. A State project in Honduras implemented activities that sought to reduce violence and homicide by increasing access to justice, strengthening institutions and local organizations’ capacity to deliver legal and support services for victims of violence and rehabilitation and reintegration services for prisoners. A mid-term evaluation found that the project successfully convened stakeholders to discuss women and children’s access to justice and carried out a campaign to disseminate information on human rights and access to justice. The evaluation also found the project helped maintain, but not increase rehabilitation and reintegration services for prisoners. El Salvadoran police meeting with youth in a police athletic league. Community based violence prevention (CBVP) projects are intended to reduce the levels of crime and violence, including addressing some of the root causes of insecurity. USAID and State implemented 31 CBVP projects from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. These projects sought to support anti-gang education, employment opportunities for at-risk youth, and efforts to increase institutional capacity and citizen responsibility for crime prevention in municipalities plagued by violence. aimed at increasing access to comprehensive, long-term social, education, and health services for high-risk populations. As part of these efforts, 242,029 individuals participated in U.S. government- funded gang prevention and education programs in Honduras in fiscal year 2017. USAID projects in Honduras worked with civil society organizations to provide violence prevention services with a focus on vulnerable populations. In fiscal year 2018, USAID reported that 202 people received U.S. government-funded gender-based violence services, including health, legal, and counseling services. Percentage of the Population Who Feel Safe Walking in their Neighborhood at Night: (Difference in percentage points, 2014 and 2017) A USAID project in Honduras sought to lower rates of homicide and other violent crime through alliances of communities and government institutions, especially the police. A mid-term evaluation of the project reported significant decreases in homicide rates, ranging from 42 percent to 68 percent, in three of the six communities where USAID targeted its assistance. A USAID project aimed to improve educational options for out-of- school youth by offering them alternatives to criminal and gang activity. An evaluation of the project reported that more than 90 percent of the more than 15,000 individuals who enrolled in school did not pass exams to demonstrate competency at the end of courses. The evaluation further noted that 30 percent of the youth did not remain in school, which likely resulted in a small fraction of them meeting the goal of increasing their income. Honduran Special Forces demonstrate U.S. training. Projects to professionalize the military are intended to increase the acountability, competency, and capabilities of militaries in the Northern Triangle. DOD and State implemented a number of these activities from fiscal years 2013 through 2018. The projects provided military equipment and training to military personnel and technical assistance to Ministry of Defense personnel. Policy and a budgeting system for its Ministry of Defense that supports transparency and accountability. Total Number of US Trained Personnel at National Leadership Levels: (Fiscal year 2018) An After Action Report of a DOD Defense Governance workshop in Guatemala noted that DOD continued to support the Guatemalan Ministry of Defense to identify national policy and strategy priorities, determine capabilities, and develop a data-driven approach to problem solving and making decisions on resources. A DOD report noted that DOD training in El Salvador that focused on fighting corruption had improved relations between military and civilian institutions. Andrade Costa, Melissa, and Irene García Palud, Evaluation Report: Mid- term Evaluation of the Program, “Reducing Violence and Homicide Through Access to Justice in Chamalecón, Satelite, and Rivera Hernández Neighborhoods of San Pedro Sula, Honduras”, August 2018. USAID/El Salvador Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Initiative. Final Performance Evaluation of the Higher Education for Economic Growth Activity, May 17, 2018. DevTech Systems, Inc. Programa de Monitoreo y Evaluación: Evaluación final del Poyecto Cadenas de Valor Rurales (PCVR), August 2017. Mendéz England and Associates, Evaluación de Desempeño de Medio Término de la Actividad de Educación para la Niñez y Joventud 2011- 2017, August 2017. Management Systems International, A Tetra Tech Company. Performance Evaluation of the Partnership for Growth in El Salvador, March 20, 2017 (Revised July 24, 2017). Asociación de Desarrollo Organizacional Comunitaria (ADOC). Mid-term Evaluation of the Investment for Educational Development of the Highlands (IDEA) Project, Save the Children/USDA, 2016. Advisem Services, Inc. Final Evaluation Report: Final Evaluation of FINCA’s Food for Progress (FFPr) in El Salvador, November 30, 2016. The Cadmus Group, Inc. Performance Evaluation of USAID/Honduras Proparque Program, June 2016. Boston College School of Social Work, Final Evaluation Report: Food for Education (FFE) Project – USDA Catholic Relief Services (CRS) Honduras, April 2016. Khanti, S.A. Project Concern International, Food for Education II, Mid- term Evaluation Final Report, December 2015. Boston College School of Social Work. Mid-term Evaluation Report: Food for Education “Learning for Life” Guatemala, October 2015. Social Impact, Inc. Honduras Convive! Mid-term Evaluation Report, July 10, 2015. DevTech Systems, Inc. Final Evaluation of the USAID/Alianzas Project, December 12, 2014. Optimal Solutions Group, LLC. Partnership for Growth: El Salvador– United States (2011-2015), Mid-term Evaluation Final Report, September 30, 2014. DevTech Systems, Inc. Informe final Evaluación del Proyecto Apoyo en Políticas y Regulaciones para el Crecimiento Económico de Guatemala (PRS), September 20, 2014. Optimal Solutions Group, LLC. Final Report: Does Assistance to Farmers Translate into Community Welfare Improvements? Non-Experimental Program Evaluation of USAID Assistance to Smallholder Farmers in Guatemala, August 18, 2014. Notre Dame Initiative for Global Development. Food for Education Mid- term Evaluation, July 2014. Democracy International, Inc. Final Report: Mid-term Performance Evaluation of the Transparent Local Governance and Improved Service Delivery Project (USAID/NEXOS) and the Decentralized Enabling Environment Project (USAID/DEE), May 2014. International Business and Technical Consultants, Inc. Evaluation Report: Final Performance Evaluation of the USAID Municipal Competitiveness Project in El Salvador, January 29, 2014. Development Training Services, Inc. Report on the Mid-term Performance Evaluation of the USAID Transparency and Governance Project El Salvador, December 24, 2012. Rivera Cira Consulting, Inc. USAID/Guatemala Final Performance Evaluation for the Project Against Violence and Impunity (PAVI), December 20, 2012. Amex International and DevTech Systems, Inc. USAID/Guatemala Mid- term Performance Evaluations for Two Economic Growth Office Projects, October 25, 2012. International Business and Technical Consultants, Inc. Performance Evaluation of the “Improving Access to Employment Program in El Salvador”. October 17, 2012. The Department of State (State) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) produced the results architecture for the U.S. Strategy for Central America (Strategy). The results architecture presents the desired end-state of the Strategy; the three primary objectives of prosperity, governance, and security; and sub-objectives that support each of the primary objectives. State and USAID defined the Strategy’s mission as to secure U.S. borders and protect U.S. citizens by addressing the economic, governance, and security drivers of illegal immigration and illicit trafficking, and to promote private sector investment in Central America. The result architecture’s overall objective is an economically integrated Central America that is fully democratic; provides economic opportunities to its people; enjoys more accountable, transparent, and effective public institutions; and ensures a safe environment for its citizens. The Strategy’s prosperity objective is to work with Central American governments to improve the business environment, create jobs, enhance food security, expand energy security, and increase U.S. investment and trade. The Strategy’s governance objective focuses on reducing impunity and corruption through the creation of more transparent, efficient governments that deliver services, including justice, effectively. The Strategy’s security objective includes enhancing citizen security, re-establishing state presence and security in communities at risk, scaling up violence prevention and law enforcement activities in communities, and targeting individuals most susceptible to gang recruitment. Figure 10 depicts the overall summary of the Strategy’s results architecture, which focuses on the objectives of prosperity, governance, and security. 1. We are not recommending that State direct DOD and USDA to monitor and evaluate projects, but rather that State collaborate with DOD and USDA to develop a more comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluating projects that support the Strategy’s objectives and that State document the results of this collaboration in the Strategy’s monitoring and evaluation plan. We do not prescribe the format or content for how the Strategy’s monitoring and evaluation plan might be updated. We have modified relevant sections of our report and our recommendation to make this clearer and directed the recommendation to the Secretary of State, since State coordinates implementation of the Strategy by the various agencies of the U.S. government. We found that DOD and USDA have designed and implemented programs that directly support the objectives of the Strategy. While we acknowledge that some coordination among agencies occurs in Washington and in the Northern Triangle, we found that such coordination does not formally extend to monitoring and evaluation. We believe that our recommendation encourages greater coordination among agencies, including DOD and USDA, by ensuring that monitoring and evaluation efforts by U.S. government agencies are in sync with the monitoring and evaluation plan for the Strategy. Excluding DOD and USDA projects from the monitoring and evaluation plan for the Strategy will continue to result in an incomplete or unclear understanding of the results of U.S. assistance in the Northern Triangle. Without a complete and clear understanding of the results across all agencies involved, agencies may miss important lessons about the types of assistance that are effective in achieving U.S. objectives in the region, potentially limiting overall progress. 2. While the explanatory statement accompanying Pub. L. No. 114-113 directs State, in coordination with USAID, to develop a monitoring and evaluation plan for funds appropriated to them, we are recommending that State, as coordinator for the implementation of the Strategy, work with the other agencies to develop a more comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluating projects that support the Strategy’s objectives, and that they utilize the monitoring and evaluation plan that they have already created in response to the congressional direction as a place to document the comprehensive approach to monitoring and evaluation. 3. We chose to review all agencies that have allocated a significant amount of funding from their appropriations to implement projects in support of prosperity, governance, and security objectives in the Northern Triangle. State, USAID, DOD, and USDA officials confirmed that DOD and USDA projects support the objectives of the Strategy, and we believe that the inclusion of these agencies enhanced the accuracy and completeness of our reporting on the results that have been achieved from U.S. assistance as well as the gaps in the current monitoring and evaluation approach and implications for State’s ability to assess results comprehensively. 4. We believe our inclusion of projects implemented from fiscal years 2013 through 2018 provided a reasonable time frame for our review because it includes projects that supported the objectives of improving prosperity, governance, and security—long standing objectives of U.S. assistance to the Northern Triangle that predated appropriations for the Strategy, and even the Strategy itself. Including projects implemented between fiscal years 2013 and 2018 increased our ability to report on the results of agencies’ projects and their overall progress toward the Strategy’s objectives because projects funded since fiscal year 2016 were in too early a stage of implementation to report meaningfully on such results. However, we considered, as appropriate, any results information we were able to obtain on such projects. 5. We acknowledge that the precision of our estimates for reporting on funding allocations was limited due to the inconsistent nature of reporting of financial data by different bureaus and agencies. However, taking into consideration qualifications noted throughout our report, we believe that our reporting of funding allocations provides a reliable description of how agencies used allocated funding from fiscal years 2013 through 2018 to support prosperity, governance, and security objectives in the Northern Triangle. 6. We believe that our classification of projects under the different sectors we identified enabled us to provide a more detailed, comprehensive, and meaningful analysis of projects and related results. Because some of the sub-objectives that State and USAID developed, such as “reduce poverty,” were very broad and did not lend themselves to an analysis of specific project sectors that supported the Strategy’s objectives, we identified more specific sectors, including health, economic growth, and agricultural development. State and USAID officials validated the accuracy of our definitions, and we revised them as appropriate, given input from agency officials. 7. Our selection of six sectors for in-depth review of projects and results limits the generalizability of our findings to all sectors, which we note. Due to the large number of projects, sectors, and sub-objectives associated with U.S. assistance to the Northern Triangle, we determined that a case study approach was the most effective methodology for our review. We devised selection criteria for our case study to reflect a meaningful selection of projects supporting each of the three objectives across a range of sectors, agencies, and countries. Moreover, two of the sectors we selected for in-depth review—community based violence prevention and justice reform— encompass several projects classified as relating to “reducing violence at the local level,” and “reducing the influence of organized crime and gangs.” Thus our report addresses results in these sectors. We omitted projects relating to police professionalization, in part, because we had ongoing work related to this sector. We acknowledge limitations with this case study approach and do not attempt to generalize results beyond the sectors we reviewed, but we believe our methodological approach provided a reasonable basis for our overall conclusions. 1. We eliminated the recommendation to USAID because State plays a coordinating role in the Strategy’s implementation and is well positioned to work collaboratively with officials of other agencies, including DOD and USDA. We believe our recommendation to State, in which we recommend that they work with USAID, encourages greater coordination among agencies, including DOD and USDA, to ensure that their efforts are included in a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation plan for the Strategy. 2. We believe our inclusion of projects implemented from fiscal years 2013 through 2018 provided a reasonable time frame for our review because it included projects agencies implemented to support the long standing objectives of prosperity, governance, and security in the Northern Triangle—objectives that the U.S. government has supported under various initiatives that predated the Strategy and appropriations for the Strategy. Furthermore, including projects implemented between fiscal years 2013 and 2018 increased our ability to report on the results of agencies’ projects and their overall progress toward prosperity, governance, and security because projects funded since fiscal year 2016 were in too early a stage of implementation to report meaningfully on results. However, we considered, as appropriate, any results information we were able to obtain on such projects. 3. We requested and reviewed all USAID evaluations completed during the time frame for our review—from fiscal years 2013 through 2018 or October 2012 through September 2018—to gain insight into the results of projects supporting the long standing U.S. assistance objectives of prosperity, governance, and security in the Northern Triangle. While we reviewed four evaluations that USAID completed at the beginning of fiscal year 2013, as shown in appendix III, three of these were mid-point evaluations of ongoing projects that continued implementation in fiscal years 2013 and 2014, during the time frame for our review. Although we reviewed one final evaluation of a project that had ended prior to the beginning of fiscal year 2013, the evaluation was a key aspect of the project’s implementation and lessons learned, which provided information pertinent to future USAID programming in the areas of justice reform and security. Furthermore, while our report noted examples of actions that agencies took in response to challenges to achieving progress toward prosperity, governance, and security, analysis of actions taken in the design of specific projects based on the findings and recommendations of the evaluations we reviewed was outside the scope of our review. 4. We believe that our classification of projects under different sectors we identified provides a detailed, comprehensive, and meaningful analysis of projects and related results. Because some of the sub- objectives developed by State and USAID, such as “reduce poverty,” were very broad and did not lend themselves to an analysis of specific project sectors that supported the Strategy’s objectives, we identified more specific sectors, including health, economic growth, and agricultural development. State and USAID validated the accuracy of our definitions, and we revised them as appropriate, given input from agency officials. We acknowledge that our selection of a judgmental sample of six sectors for in-depth review of projects and results limits the generalizability of our findings to all sectors, which we noted throughout our draft report. However, due to the large number of projects, sectors, and sub-objectives associated with U.S. assistance to the Northern Triangle and the extensive amount of documentation to obtain and analyze for each project, we determined that this case study approach was the most effective methodology for our review. We devised our selection criteria for our case study to reflect a meaningful selection of a significant number of projects across objectives, sectors, agencies, and countries. We do not believe that omitting some sectors from our in-depth review limited the credibility of the findings of our report. 5. We believe that the use of data on the achievement of annual targets is a valid approach to assessing project results, although the agencies collecting the data may also intend to use it in making decisions about the progress of ongoing projects. These data were only one element of our analysis. We also analyzed data and information from USAID implementer progress reports, mid-point and final evaluations, and other performance reports, which provided a longer-term perspective on results. Collectively, we believe that this information provided meaningful insight into the successes and shortcomings of the projects in the sectors we reviewed. Our report acknowledges that agency officials described progress and challenges to achieving the prosperity, governance, and security objectives, as well as the steps taken to modify projects to address such challenges. However, such modifications fell outside the scope of our analysis of results, absent documentation of the specific impact of such modifications on the achievement of objectives. 6. We reviewed completed evaluations to provide insight into project results, but excluded ongoing and planned evaluations because conclusions about project results are not available until such evaluations are completed. Similarly, our draft report acknowledged that agency officials described progress and challenges to achieving the prosperity, governance, and security objectives, as well as the steps taken to modify projects to address such challenges. However, such modifications fell outside the scope of our analysis of results, absent documentation of their specific impact on the achievement of prosperity, governance, and security objectives. 1. We believe that the inclusion of DOD projects significantly enhanced the accuracy and completeness of our reporting on the projects that the U.S. government has implemented in the Northern Triangle from fiscal years 2013 through 2018, and the important lessons learned from these projects on progress toward the Strategy’s objectives. State and DOD officials confirmed that DOD has designed and implemented projects from its appropriation that support the security objective of the Strategy in the Northern Triangle. Furthermore, we are not recommending that State and USAID specify how DOD monitors and evaluates such projects, but rather that State and USAID collaborate with DOD to specify a comprehensive approach to the monitoring and evaluation of projects across all agencies that directly support the Strategy’s objectives. Excluding DOD projects from the monitoring and evaluation plan for the Strategy could result in an incomplete or unclear understanding of the results of U.S. assistance in the Northern Triangle. Without a complete and clear understanding of the results across all agencies involved, including DOD, agencies may miss important lessons learned about the types of assistance that are most effective in this region, potentially limiting overall progress. In addition to the contact named above, James Michels (Assistant Director), Bradley Hunt (Analyst-in-Charge), Sophie Broach, Jon Fremont, Kayli Westling, Pedro Almoguera, Neil Doherty, Mark Dowling, Justin Fisher, Christopher Mulkins, Zamir Ruli, Aldo Salerno, and John Villecco made key contributions to this report.