 Overall, the competition does not necessarily bring out loss-gain results. A win-win outcome is also possible under certain policy interventions .
<meaning-changed>  Overall, the competition does not necessarily bring out loss-gain results. A win-win outcome is also possible under certain policy interventions .
 For policy implications, the paper suggests that PT should be allowed to optimize its supply strategies under specific operation goal constraints, and AV operation should be regulated to relieve its externality on the system, including limiting the number of licenses, operation time, and service areas, which makes AV operate like a complementary mode to PT .