 The Kyōgen actor Nomura Mannojō noted that Chinese Nuo rituals 儺 were the 8th-century source for the Japanese tsuina 追儺 or setsubun "ritual to exorcise evil spirits on the last day of winter", and proposed that supernatural power links the Chinese nuo performer fangxiangshi and the Japanese gigaku masked character Chidō 治道 "govern the way" who leads a (Fukushima 2005: 258) . References Benn, Charles D. (2002), Daily Life in Traditional China: The Tang Dynasty, Greenwood. Biot, Édouard (1881), Le Tcheou-li ou Rites des Tcheou, 2 vols., Imprimerie nationale. Bodde, Derk (1975), Festivals in Classical China: New Year and Other Annual Observations during the Han Dynasty, 206 BC-AD 220, Princeton University Press. Boltz, William G. (1979), "Philological Footnotes to the Han New Year Rites, Festivals in Classical China: New Year and Other Annual Observances during the Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-A.D. 220 by Derk Bodde", Journal of the American Oriental Society 99.3: 423-439. Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (1995), "The Ghost Head Mask and Metamorphic Shang Imagery", Early China 20: 79-92. von Falkenhausen, Lothar (1995), "Reflections on the Political Role of Spirit Mediums in Early China: The Wu Officials in the Zhou Li", Early China 20: 279-300. Fong, Mary H. (1991), "Antecedents of Sui-Tang Burial Practices in Shaanxi", Artibus Asiae 51.3/4: 147-198. Fukushima, Yoshiko (2005), "Masks, Interface of Past and Future: Nomura Mannojō's Shingigaku", Asian Theatre Journal 22.2: 249-268. Gras, Alexandre (2004), "追儺における呪文の名称と方相氏の役割の変化について", Issues in Language and Culture 5: 35-53. Groot, J.J.M. de (1910), The Religious System of China 6, E. J. Brill. Harper, Donald (1985), "A Chinese Demonography of the Third Century B. C.", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 45.2: 459-498. Laufer, Berthold (1909), Chinese clay figures. Part I. Prolegomena on the history of defensive armor, Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological series 13.2. Li, Lan (2006), "The Changing Role of the Popular Religion of Nuo (傩) in Modern Chinese Politics", Modern Asian Studies, 45: 1-23. McCurley, Dallas (2005), "Performing Patterns: Numinous Relations in Shang and Zhou China", The Drama Review 49.3: 135-156. Raphals, Lisa (2009), "Divination in the Han Shu Bibliographic Treatise", Early China 32: 45-101. Schuessler, Axel (2007), ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press. 
<meaning-changed>  The Kyōgen actor Nomura Mannojō noted that Chinese Nuo rituals 儺 were the 8th-century source for the Japanese tsuina 追儺 or setsubun "ritual to exorcise evil spirits on the last day of winter", and proposed that supernatural power links the Chinese nuo performer fangxiangshi and the Japanese gigaku masked character Chidō 治道 "govern the way" who leads a (Fukushima 2005: 258) . References Benn, Charles D. (2002), Daily Life in Traditional China: The Tang Dynasty, Greenwood. Biot, Édouard (1881), Le Tcheou-li ou Rites des Tcheou, 2 vols., Imprimerie nationale. Bodde, Derk (1975), Festivals in Classical China: New Year and Other Annual Observations during the Han Dynasty, 206 BC-AD 220, Princeton University Press. Boltz, William G. (1979), "Philological Footnotes to the Han New Year Rites, Festivals in Classical China: New Year and Other Annual Observances during the Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-A.D. 220 by Derk Bodde", Journal of the American Oriental Society 99.3: 423-439. Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (1995), "The Ghost Head Mask and Metamorphic Shang Imagery", Early China 20: 79-92. von Falkenhausen, Lothar (1995), "Reflections on the Political Role of Spirit Mediums in Early China: The Wu Officials in the Zhou Li", Early China 20: 279-300. Fong, Mary H. (1991), "Antecedents of Sui-Tang Burial Practices in Shaanxi", Artibus Asiae 51.3/4: 147-198. Fukushima, Yoshiko (2005), "Masks, Interface of Past and Future: Nomura Mannojō's Shingigaku", Asian Theatre Journal 22.2: 249-268. Gras, Alexandre (2004), "追儺における呪文の名称と方相氏の役割の変化について", Issues in Language and Culture 5: 35-53. Groot, J.J.M. de (1910), The Religious System of China 6, E. J. Brill. Harper, Donald (1985), "A Chinese Demonography of the Third Century B. C.", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 45.2: 459-498. Laufer, Berthold (1909), Chinese clay figures. Part I. Prolegomena on the history of defensive armor, Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological series 13.2. Li, Lan (2006), "The Changing Role of the Popular Religion of Nuo (傩) in Modern Chinese Politics", Modern Asian Studies, 45: 1-23. McCurley, Dallas (2005), "Performing Patterns: Numinous Relations in Shang and Zhou China", The Drama Review 49.3: 135-156. Raphals, Lisa (2009), "Divination in the Han Shu Bibliographic Treatise", Early China 32: 45-101. Schuessler, Axel (2007), ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press. 
 The Kyōgen actor Nomura Mannojō noted that Chinese Nuo rituals 儺 were the 8th-century source for the Japanese tsuina 追儺 or setsubun "ritual to exorcise evil spirits on the last day of winter", and proposed that supernatural power links the Chinese nuo performer fangxiangshi and the Japanese gigaku masked character Chidō 治道 "govern the way" who leads a (Fukushima 2005: 258) . References 