The assessment of fundamental properties for economic and financial systems, such as systemic risk, is systematically hindered by privacy issues-that put severe limitations on the available information .
<clarity> The assessment of fundamental properties for economic and financial systems, such as systemic risk, is systematically hindered by privacy issues-that put severe limitations on the available information .
We address a fundamental problem that is systematically encountered when modeling complex systems: the limitedness of the information available. In the case of economic and financial systems, such as systemic risk, is systematically hindered by privacy issues-that put severe limitations on the available information .