The ongoing COVID-19 vaccination campaign has so far targeted less than 3 \% of the world population, and  even in countries where the campaign has started  many citizens will not receive their doses for many months. There is clear evidence that previous shortages of COVID-19 related goods (e.g., masks and COVID-19 tests) and services pushed customers, and vendors, towards illicit online trade occurring on dark web marketplaces. Is this happening also with vaccines? Here, we report on our effort to continuously monitor 102 dark web marketplaces. By February 26 , we found 33 listings offering a COVID-19 vaccine, seven of which offering officially approved vaccines  . The number of currently active listings is 11, including one listing selling the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, one listing the AstraZeneca/Oxford  vaccine, and 9 listings selling vaccines of unspecified type . Illicit trade of uncertified COVID-19 vaccines poses a concrete threat to public health and risks to undermine public confidence towards vaccination.
The ongoing COVID-19 vaccination campaign has so far targeted less than 10 \% of the world population, and , even in countries where the campaign has started , many citizens will not receive their doses for many months. There is clear evidence that previous shortages of COVID-19 related goods (e.g., masks and COVID-19 tests) and services pushed customers, and vendors, towards illicit online trade occurring on dark web marketplaces. Is this happening also with vaccines? Here, we report on our effort to continuously monitor 164 dark web marketplaces. By April 20 , we found 214 listings offering a COVID-19 vaccine, 77 of which offering officially approved vaccines and 25 fabricated proofs of vaccination . The number of currently active listings is 34, including eight listings offering the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, six the Moderna, two the AstraZeneca/Oxford , two the Sputinik V vaccine, and nine offering fabricated proofs of vaccination . Illicit trade of uncertified COVID-19 vaccines poses a concrete threat to public health and risks to undermine public confidence towards vaccination.
R
3
10
A
,
A
,
R
102
164
R
February 26
April 20
R
33
214
R
seven
77
A
and 25 fabricated proofs of vaccination
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11, including one listing selling
34, including eight listings offering
R
one listing the
six the Moderna, two the
A
, two the Sputinik V
R
9 listings selling vaccines of unspecified type
nine offering fabricated proofs of vaccination