 A new variable stiffness actuator (VSA) is presented, designedfor reproducing the full versatility of human motions from delicate tasks to precise positioning tasks through teleoperation, and highly dynamic tasks like hammering in particular. Existing VSAs show good performance in terms of either quick stiffness changing time, high output velocity, or variable damping, but not in the combination required for highly dynamic tasks. Goal of the presented design is to reach with one system a stiffness changing time of 50 ms, a peak output velocity of 20 rad/s and variable damping , based on the requirements of literature and our previous research. A prototype was built and its performance measured with three motors in parallel configuration: two responsible for changing the VSAs neutral position and effective stiffness through a lever arm mechanism, and the third acting as variable damper. Its effective stiffness can be changed continuously within 50 ms to 120 ms for small to large stiffness steps, its output velocity is up to 1100 rad/s and its oscillation behavior can be controlled precisely with the variable damper . Its effective stiffness range is 0.2 Nm/rad to 313 Nm/rad and its maximum continuous torque 9.4 Nm. This unique combination makes the new actuator  particularly suitable for highly dynamic tasks , while being also very versatile, and makes it especially interesting for teleoperation and human-robot collaboration.
This study is part of research aiming at increasing the range of dynamic tasks for teleoperated field robotics in order to allow operators to use the full range of human motions without being limited by the dynamics of the robotic manipulator. A new variable impedance actuator (VIA) was designed, capable of reproducing motions through teleoperation from precise positioning tasks to highly dynamic tasks . The design requirements based on previous human user studies were a stiffness changing time of 50 ms, a peak output velocity of 20 rad/s and variable damping allowing to suppress undesired oscillations. This is a unique combination of features that was not met by other VIAs. The new design has three motors in parallel configuration: two responsible for changing the VIA's neutral position and effective stiffness through a sliding pivot point lever mechanism, and the third acting as variable damper. A prototype was built and its performance measured with an effective stiffness changing time of 50 to 120 ms for small to large stiffness steps, nominal output velocity of 16 rad/s and a variable damper with a damping torque from 0 to 3 Nm . Its effective stiffness range is 0.2 to 313 Nm/rad . This concludes that the new actuator is particularly suitable for highly dynamic tasks . At the same time, the new actuator is also very versatile, making it especially interesting for teleoperation and human-robot collaboration.
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