Tussles with Bolívar and other independence leaders In 1813 Simón Bolívar joined the army of United Provinces of New Granada. After winning a series of battles, Bolívar received the approval of the "New Granadan Congress" to lead a liberating force into Venezuela in what became known as the Admirable Campaign. At the same time, Santiago Mariño invaded from the east in an independently organized campaign. Both forces quickly defeated the royalist troops in various battles, such as Alto de los Godos. Bolívar entered Caracas on 6 August 1813, proclaiming the restoration of the Venezuelan republic, which was not fully recognized by Mariño based in Cumaná, although the two leaders did cooperate militarily. There was a struggle between the two men for the leadership. Mariño named himself "Chief of the Independent Army" conquered eastern Venezuela and set up a separate political entity in the east. But Bolívar insisted that it was essential to have one central government uniting Venezuela and New Granada to ensure its viability - his first proposal of a greater Colombia.Simón Bolívar: A Life, pp. 76, 78. John Lynch. (2006). Yale University Press. In February and March 1814, Mariño and his forces fought alongside Bolívar. They regrouped at Valencia and Bolívar handed over command to Mariño, "as a sure sign of his high opinion of his person and services, and also in this way to ensure the adhesion of the eastern officers to the common cause of Venezuela." However, due to their series of repeated reverses they both had to retreat from central Venezuela to the port of Carúpano. Bolívar and Mariño were arrested and removed from power by José Félix Ribas and Manuel Piar, each representing the two republican commands then in place in Venezuela. A few days later Ribas and Piar decided not to try them and instead released them into exile. On September 8  , after the fall of the second republic, Bolívar and Mariño set sail for Cartagena de Indias, leaving Piar and Ribas to lead the increasingly encircled republicans. In 1815 Bolivar and Mariño left for Jamaica and Haiti. In 1816 participated in the first expedition of Les Cayes and arriving at Venezuela was named second of the Liberator. Defeated in Ocumare de la Costa Bolívar returned from Haiti to Barcelona calling on all to join together, but first Bermúdez and Valdéz rebelled against Mariño, and then Mariño against Bolívar. In 1816 Bolívar used the island of Margarita as his base of operations and, in 1817, the Spanish General Pablo Morillo was driven off the island.The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. VI, (1977), p. 613. He inspired the Cariaco Congress with Jose Cortés de Madariaga, in which federalism was revived in Venezuela, that caused a clash with Bolivar that dissolved the Congress. As a deputy, Mariño represented the province of Cumaná in the second Congress of Venezuela, meeting in Angostura on February 15 , 1819, from which he had the license to return to the army. That same year, it triumphed over the colonel Eugenio Arana in the combat of Cantaura and while Bolivar operated in the liberation of Viceroyalty of New Granada took part in the movement that displaced Francisco Antonio Zea of the vice-presidency of the Republic. In his place was named the general in chief Juan Bautista Arismendi, and Mariño was nominated commander in chief of the army of the east. Once Bolivar arrived in the city of Angostura, Mariño was promoted as the General Staff. Rapprochement with Bolívar and other leaders finally leads to Independence Gradually more and more of the caudillos (warlords or political bosses) began to join Bolívar, but then Piar rebelled against him and was finally put to death in October 1817. Conflict between Bolívar and Mariño escalated and in 1818 distracted the military campaign enough to allow the Royalists to dominate Cumaná. Finally Bolívar managed to win Mariño over by appointing him General-in-Chief of the Army of the East with control over the plains of Barcelona, while Bermúdez and Cedeño were given the rest of the eastern districts and Páez was yet to be pacified.Latin America Between Colony and Nation: Selected Essays (The Hollow Kingdom Trilogy), pp. 172-173. John Lynch. (2001) Palgrave Macmillan; Reprint edition. . Mariño was a member of the Venezuelan Congress in 1819 and was Chief of Staff during the second Battle of Carabobo, which, on 24 June 1821, finally secured Venezuelan independence.Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire: 1402-1975 , p. 383. Sam L. Slick, et al. (1991). Greenwood Press. . Later activities In May , 1831, a council of 150 residents of the city of Barcelona, General Santiago Mariño and José Tadeo Monagas were invested as the principal authorities of the "State of the East", until the installation of the first Congress to be convened later. After that, President José Antonio Páez stopped this separatist attempt, negotiating with the Monagas brothers, convincing them to submit to central authority.
Tussles with Bolívar and other independence leaders In 1813 Simón Bolívar joined the army of United Provinces of New Granada. After winning a series of battles, Bolívar received the approval of the "New Granadan Congress" to lead a liberating force into Venezuela in what became known as the Admirable Campaign. At the same time, Santiago Mariño invaded from the east in an independently organized campaign. Both forces quickly defeated the royalist troops in various battles, such as Alto de los Godos. Bolívar entered Caracas on 6 August 1813, proclaiming the restoration of the Venezuelan republic, which was not fully recognized by Mariño based in Cumaná, although the two leaders did cooperate militarily. There was a struggle between the two men for the leadership. Mariño named himself "Chief of the Independent Army" conquered eastern Venezuela and set up a separate political entity in the east. But Bolívar insisted that it was essential to have one central government uniting Venezuela and New Granada to ensure its viability – his first proposal of a greater Colombia.Simón Bolívar: A Life, pp. 76, 78. John Lynch. (2006). Yale University Press. In February and March 1814, Mariño and his forces fought alongside Bolívar. They regrouped at Valencia and Bolívar handed over command to Mariño, "as a sure sign of his high opinion of his person and services, and also in this way to ensure the adhesion of the eastern officers to the common cause of Venezuela." However, due to their series of repeated reverses they both had to retreat from central Venezuela to the port of Carúpano. Bolívar and Mariño were arrested and removed from power by José Félix Ribas and Manuel Piar, each representing the two republican commands then in place in Venezuela. A few days later Ribas and Piar decided not to try them and instead released them into exile. On 8 September , after the fall of the second republic, Bolívar and Mariño set sail for Cartagena de Indias, leaving Piar and Ribas to lead the increasingly encircled republicans. In 1815 Bolivar and Mariño left for Jamaica and Haiti. In 1816 participated in the first expedition of Les Cayes and arriving at Venezuela was named second of the Liberator. Defeated in Ocumare de la Costa Bolívar returned from Haiti to Barcelona calling on all to join together, but first Bermúdez and Valdéz rebelled against Mariño, and then Mariño against Bolívar. In 1816 Bolívar used the island of Margarita as his base of operations and, in 1817, the Spanish General Pablo Morillo was driven off the island.The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. VI, (1977), p. 613. He inspired the Cariaco Congress with Jose Cortés de Madariaga, in which federalism was revived in Venezuela, that caused a clash with Bolivar that dissolved the Congress. As a deputy, Mariño represented the province of Cumaná in the second Congress of Venezuela, meeting in Angostura on 15 February 1819, from which he had the license to return to the army. That same year, it triumphed over the colonel Eugenio Arana in the combat of Cantaura and while Bolivar operated in the liberation of Viceroyalty of New Granada took part in the movement that displaced Francisco Antonio Zea of the vice-presidency of the Republic. In his place was named the general in chief Juan Bautista Arismendi, and Mariño was nominated commander in chief of the army of the east. Once Bolivar arrived in the city of Angostura, Mariño was promoted as the General Staff. Rapprochement with Bolívar and other leaders finally leads to Independence Gradually more and more of the caudillos (warlords or political bosses) began to join Bolívar, but then Piar rebelled against him and was finally put to death in October 1817. Conflict between Bolívar and Mariño escalated and in 1818 distracted the military campaign enough to allow the Royalists to dominate Cumaná. Finally Bolívar managed to win Mariño over by appointing him General-in-Chief of the Army of the East with control over the plains of Barcelona, while Bermúdez and Cedeño were given the rest of the eastern districts and Páez was yet to be pacified.Latin America Between Colony and Nation: Selected Essays (The Hollow Kingdom Trilogy), pp. 172–173. John Lynch. (2001) Palgrave Macmillan; Reprint edition. . Mariño was a member of the Venezuelan Congress in 1819 and was Chief of Staff during the second Battle of Carabobo, which, on 24 June 1821, finally secured Venezuelan independence.Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire: 1402–1975 , p. 383. Sam L. Slick, et al. (1991). Greenwood Press. . Later activities In May 1831, a council of 150 residents of the city of Barcelona, General Santiago Mariño and José Tadeo Monagas were invested as the principal authorities of the "State of the East", until the installation of the first Congress to be convened later. After that, President José Antonio Páez stopped this separatist attempt, negotiating with the Monagas brothers, convincing them to submit to central authority.
R
-
–
D
September
A
September
D
February
R
,
February
R
172-173.
172–173.
R
1402-1975
1402–1975
D
,