 Creole nationalism or Criollo nationalism refers to the ideology that emerged in independence movements among the Criollos (descendants of the European colonizers), especially in Latin America in the early 19th century. Creole nationalists wanted an end to control by European powers. That goal was facilitated when  French Emperor Napoleon seized control of  Spain and Portugal  , breaking the chain of control from the Spanish and Portuguese kings to the local governors. Allegiance to the Napoleonic states was rejected , and increasingly the creoles demanded independence. They sought to overthrow the "peninsulars" --the temporary officials sent from the motherland to impose control. They achieved it after civil wars 1808-1826. Jay Kinsbruner, Independence in Spanish America (1994). The term  is generally applied to other colonies during Decolonization . Historian Joshua Simon argues , "the Creoles enjoyed many privileges, benefiting in particular from the economic exploitation and political exclusion of the large Indigenous, African, and mixed-race populations... However, as the American subjects of European empires, Creoles were socially marginalized, denied equal representation in metropolitan councils and parliaments, and subjected to commercial policies designed to advance imperial interests at the colonies' expense." Consequently, the goal of Creole nationalism was independent nationhood under Creole control. They typically did not give weight to  native or mixed-race peoples who comprised the great majority of the population in most  colonies. Joshua Simon, The Ideology of Creole Revolution: Imperialism and Independence in American and Latin American Political Thought (2017) pp 1-2. In Indonesia, however, the Creole movement was closer to the indigenous Indonesian element than it was to the European-born.Ulbe Bosma, "Citizens of empire: Some comparative observations on the evolution of creole nationalism in colonial Indonesia." Comparative studies in society and history 46.4 (2004): 656-681. online In Mexico in 1813 at the Congress of Chilpancingo the  first Mexican Declaration of Independence was promulgated, which express the sentiment of Creole nationalism. According to historian D. A. Brading, "Creole patriotism, which began as the articulation of the social identity of American Spaniards, was transmuted into the insurgent ideology of Mexican nationalism."D.A. Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and the Liberal State 1492-1866 (Cambridge University Press, 1993) p. 581. After independence, Creole nationalism deepened thanks to the expansion of the public sphere, the role of elections and political parties, increased availability of newspapers and pamphlets, and the emergence of a nationalistic middle-class which provided a highly supportive audience for imaginative projections of future national achievements. utopian fiction was an especially popular tool.Benedict Anderson, Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (2006) . In Peru, [[[  the 1836–9 Peruvian–Bolivian Confederation expressed demands for Peruvian Creole nationalism. Nationalist sentiments were expressed through the anti-confederationist press, especially in terms of satiric poetry, short stories and utopian concepts. There was a heavy emphasis upon a glorified version of the Inca past while rejecting the Indian present. The nationalist, even racist rhetoric pull together themes that had originated half a century earlier. This emotional rhetoric became the main expression of an ideology that pervades Peruvian history ever since. indeed the rhetoric climaxed in the 20th century, and it shows signs of crisis in the 21st century. Cecilia Méndez, "Incas sí, indios no: Notes on Peruvian creole nationalism and its contemporary crisis." Journal of Latin American Studies 28.1 (1996): 197-225.Mark Thurner, "'Republicanos' and 'La Comunidad de Peruanos': Unimagined Political Communities in Postcolonial Andean Peru" Journal of Latin American Studies 27#2 (1995), pp. 291– 318
The term Creole nationalism or Criollo nationalism refers to the ideology that emerged in independence movements among the Criollos (descendants of the European colonizers), especially in Latin America in the early 19th century. Creole nationalists wanted an end to control by European powers. That goal was facilitated when the French Emperor Napoleon seized control of much of Spain and Portugal (1807-1814) , breaking the chain of control from the Spanish and Portuguese kings to the local governors. The colonies rejected allegiance to Napoleonic metropoles , and increasingly the creoles demanded independence. They sought to overthrow the "peninsulars" - the temporary officials sent from the motherlands to impose control. They achieved independence in the course of civil wars between 1808 and 1826. Jay Kinsbruner, Independence in Spanish America (1994). The term "Creole nationalism" is generally applied to other colonies during decolonization . Historian Joshua Simon argues : "the Creoles enjoyed many privileges, benefiting in particular from the economic exploitation and political exclusion of the large Indigenous, African, and mixed-race populations... However, as the American subjects of European empires, Creoles were socially marginalized, denied equal representation in metropolitan councils and parliaments, and subjected to commercial policies designed to advance imperial interests at the colonies' expense." Consequently, Creole nationalists sought independent nationhood under Creole control. They typically did not give weight to the native or mixed-race peoples who comprised the great majority of the population in most Latin-American colonies. Joshua Simon, The Ideology of Creole Revolution: Imperialism and Independence in American and Latin American Political Thought (2017) pp 1-2. In Indonesia, however, the Creole movement was closer to the indigenous Indonesian element than it was to the European-born.Ulbe Bosma, "Citizens of empire: Some comparative observations on the evolution of creole nationalism in colonial Indonesia." Comparative studies in society and history 46.4 (2004): 656-681. online In Mexico in 1813 at the Congress of Chilpancingo the promulgation of the first Mexican Declaration of Independence expressed the sentiments of Creole nationalism. According to historian D. A. Brading, "Creole patriotism, which began as the articulation of the social identity of American Spaniards, was transmuted into the insurgent ideology of Mexican nationalism."D.A. Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and the Liberal State 1492-1866 (Cambridge University Press, 1993) p. 581. After independence, Creole nationalism deepened thanks to the expansion of the public sphere, the role of elections and political parties, increased availability of newspapers and pamphlets, and the emergence of a nationalistic middle-class which provided a highly supportive audience for imaginative projections of future national achievements. Utopian fiction became an especially popular tool.Benedict Anderson, Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (2006) . [[[Peru vians in the 1836–9 Peruvian–Bolivian Confederation expressed demands for Peruvian Creole nationalism. Nationalist sentiments were expressed through the anti-confederationist press, especially in the form of satiric poetry, short stories and utopian concepts. There was a heavy emphasis upon a glorified version of the Inca past while rejecting the Indian present. The nationalist, even racist rhetoric pulled together themes that had originated half a century earlier. This emotional rhetoric became the main expression of an ideology that has pervaded Peruvian history ever since. Indeed, the rhetoric climaxed in the 20th century, and it shows signs of crisis in the 21st century. Cecilia Méndez, "Incas sí, indios no: Notes on Peruvian creole nationalism and its contemporary crisis." Journal of Latin American Studies 28.1 (1996): 197-225.Mark Thurner, "'Republicanos' and 'La Comunidad de Peruanos': Unimagined Political Communities in Postcolonial Andean Peru" Journal of Latin American Studies 27#2 (1995), pp. 291– 318.
A
The term
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the
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much of
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(1807-1814)
R
Allegiance to the Napoleonic states was rejected
The colonies rejected allegiance to Napoleonic metropoles
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--the
- the
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motherland
motherlands
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it after civil wars 1808-1826.
independence in the course of civil wars between 1808 and 1826.
A
"Creole nationalism"
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Decolonization
decolonization
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,
:
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the goal of Creole nationalism was
Creole nationalists sought
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the
A
Latin-American
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promulgation of the
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was promulgated, which express the sentiment
expressed the sentiments
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utopian fiction was
Utopian fiction became
D
In Peru,
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Peru
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vians in
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terms
the form
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pull
pulled
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pervades
has pervaded
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indeed
Indeed,
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318
318.