Several hypotheses have been proposed to account for the ill health, including the practice in the 1960s and 1970s of offering young, skilled workers in Glasgow social housing in new towns, leaving behind a demographically "unbalanced population".  The Glasgow Effect: examining the city's life expectancy gap –a photo essay , Kirsty Mackay, The Guardian, 26 February 2021 Other suggested factors have included a high prevalence of premature and low birthweight births, land contaminated by toxins, a high level of derelict land, more deindustrialisation than in comparable cities, poor social housing, religious sectarianism, lack of social mobility, soft water, vitamin D deficiency, cold winters, higher levels of poverty than the figures suggest, adverse childhood experiences and childhood stress, high levels of stress in general, and social alienation. upGlasgow within Scotland; also see Greater Glasgow. According to the World Health Organization in 2008, the male life expectancy at birth in the Calton area of Glasgow at that time was 54 years. A local doctor attributed this to alcohol and drug abuse, and  a violent gang culture."GP explains life expectancy gap" , BBC News, 28 August 2008; "Male life expectancy at birth" , BBC News, 28 August 2008. According to Bruce Whyte of the Glasgow Centre for Population Health, writing in 2015, the estimate was based on deaths in 1998–2002 in an area comprising 2,500 people, and the figures may have been affected by the presence of hostels for adults with alcohol, drug and mental-health problems. The 2008–2012 estimate for Calton and nearby Bridgeton together, by then more ethnically diverse and with fewer hostels, was 67.8 years for males and 76.6 years for females.Whyte, Bruce (2 June 2015). "Life expectancy in Calton—no longer 54" , Glasgow Centre for Population Health. Craig, Carol (2010). The Tears that Made the Clyde: Well-being in Glasgow. Argyll: Argyll Publishing. Craig, Carol (2017). Hiding in Plain Sight: Exploring Scotland's Ill Health. Paisley: CCWB Press   .
Several hypotheses have been proposed to account for the ill health, including the practice in the 1960s and 1970s of offering young, skilled workers in Glasgow social housing in new towns, leaving behind a demographically "unbalanced population". Mackay, Kirsty (26 February 2021). The Glasgow Effect: examining the city's life expectancy gap –a photo essay . The Guardian. Other suggested factors have included a high prevalence of premature and low birthweight births, land contaminated by toxins, a high level of derelict land, more deindustrialisation than in comparable cities, poor social housing, religious sectarianism, lack of social mobility, soft water, vitamin D deficiency, cold winters, higher levels of poverty than the figures suggest, adverse childhood experiences and childhood stress, high levels of stress in general, and social alienation. upGlasgow within Scotland; also see Greater Glasgow. According to the World Health Organization in 2008, the male life expectancy at birth in the Calton area of Glasgow at that time was 54 years. A local doctor attributed this to alcohol and drug abuse, and to a violent gang culture."GP explains life expectancy gap" . BBC News, 28 August 2008; "Male life expectancy at birth" . BBC News, 28 August 2008. According to Bruce Whyte of the Glasgow Centre for Population Health, writing in 2015, the estimate was based on deaths in 1998–2002 in an area comprising 2,500 people, and the figures may have been affected by the presence of hostels for adults with alcohol, drug and mental-health problems. The 2008–2012 estimate for Calton and nearby Bridgeton together, by then more ethnically diverse and with fewer hostels, was 67.8 years for males and 76.6 years for females.Whyte, Bruce (2 June 2015). "Life expectancy in Calton—no longer 54" . Glasgow Centre for Population Health. Craig, Carol (2010). The Tears that Made the Clyde: Well-being in Glasgow. Argyll: Argyll Publishing. Craig, Carol (2017). Hiding in Plain Sight: Exploring Scotland's Ill Health. Paisley: CCWB Press . Macdonald, Fleur (16 October 2019). "The 'Glasgow effect' implies cities make us sad. Can the city prove the opposite?". The Guardian .
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Macdonald, Fleur (16 October 2019). "The 'Glasgow effect' implies cities make us sad. Can the city prove the opposite?". The Guardian