Mental individuality is encoded in brain . However,  physical basis of metal individuality or psychiatric symptoms has not been delineated . We found geometric fingerprints of schizophrenia and control individuals by analyzing three-dimensional structures of cerebral tissues of the anterior cingulate cortex . Tissue images were obtained with nanotomography and used to build Cartesian coordinate models of tissue structures. Structures of neuronal processes were evaluated by calculating curvature and torsion from the model coordinates. Mean curvature of schizophrenia cases was approximately 1.5 -times as high as that of controls . The curvaturewas significantly different even between control individuals. Alterations of neuronal structures in the anterior cingulate cortex can affect neuronal circuitsresponsible for cognitive functions. We suggest that the structural difference identified in the cerebral tissue represents our mental diversity .
Psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia suggest alteration of cerebral neurons . However, the physical basis of the schizophrenia symptoms has not been delineated at the cellular level. Here we report nanometer-scale three-dimensional analysis of brain tissues of schizophrenia and control cases. Structures of cerebral tissues of the anterior cingulate cortex were visualized with synchrotron radiation nanotomography. Tissue constituents observed in the three-dimensional images were traced to build Cartesian coordinate models of neurons. The obtained Cartesian coordinates were used for calculating curvature and torsion of neurites. The geometric analyses indicated that the curvature of neurites is significantly different between schizophrenia and control cases. The mean curvature of distal neurites of the schizophrenia cases was approximately 1.5 times higher than that of the controls. A schizophrenia case carrying a frame shift mutation in the GLO1 gene showed the highest neurite curvature, suggesting that oxidative stress due to the GLO1 mutation caused the structural alteration of the neurites. The differences in the neurite curvature result in differences in the spatial trajectory and hence alter neuronal circuits . We suggest that the structural alteration of neurons in the schizophrenia cases should reflect psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia .
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Mental individuality is encoded in brain
Psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia suggest alteration of cerebral neurons
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metal individuality or psychiatric
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. We found geometric fingerprints of
at the cellular level. Here we report nanometer-scale three-dimensional analysis of brain tissues of
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individuals by analyzing three-dimensional structures
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. Tissue images were obtained with nanotomography and used
were visualized with synchrotron radiation nanotomography. Tissue constituents observed in the three-dimensional images were traced
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tissue structures. Structures of neuronal processes were evaluated by
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from the model coordinates. Mean curvature of
of neurites. The geometric analyses indicated that the curvature of neurites is significantly different between schizophrenia and control cases. The mean curvature of distal neurites of the
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-times as high as that of controls
times higher than that of the controls. A schizophrenia case carrying a frame shift mutation in the GLO1 gene showed the highest neurite curvature, suggesting that oxidative stress due to the GLO1 mutation caused the structural alteration of the neurites. The differences in the neurite curvature result in differences in the spatial trajectory and hence alter neuronal circuits
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The curvaturewas significantly different even between control individuals. Alterations of neuronal structures in the anterior cingulate cortex can affect neuronal circuitsresponsible for cognitive functions.
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difference identified in the cerebral tissue represents our mental diversity
alteration of neurons in the schizophrenia cases should reflect psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia