Rules, guidelines, and methodologies along the product life cycle DfX methodologies address different issues that may occur in one or more phase of a product life cycle: Development phase Production phase Use phase Disposal phase Each phase is explained with two dichotomous categories of tangible products to show differences in prioritizing design issues in certain product life cycle phases: Consumer durables Capital goods Non-durables that are consumed physically when used, e.g. chocolate or lubricants, are not discussed. There also exist a wide range of other classifications because products are either  a) goods  b) service or c) both (see OECD and Eurostat, 2005:48). Thus, one can also refer to whole product, augmented product, or extended product. Also the business unit strategy of a firm are ignored, even though it significantly influences priority-setting in design. Development phase Design rules Basic rules of embodiment design: clarity, simplicity, safety (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 205-236 ) Organizational process Design for short time to market (Bralla, 1996: 255–266) System design, testing & validation Design for reliability (Bralla, 1996: 165-181 ), Synonyms: Reliability Engineering (VDI4001-4010) Design for test Design for safety (Bralla, 1996: 195-210 ; VDI2244); Synonyms: safety engineering, safe-life design Design for quality (Bralla, 1996: 149-164 ; VDI2247), Synonyms: quality engineering Design against corrosion damage (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 294–304) Design for minimum risk (Pahl and Beitz, 1996:373–380) Production-operations phase Design rules Design to cost (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 467–494; VDI2234; VDI 2235), see Target costing, Value engineering Design to standards (Pahl and Beitz, 1996:349–356), see Interchangeable parts, product modularity, product architecture, product platform Design Guidelines Design for assembly (Bralla, 1996: 127–136), (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 340-349 ) Design for Inspection (Hitchens Carl (2014) Guide to Engineering Metrology) Design for manufacturability (Bralla, 1996: 137–148), (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 317-340 ) Design for logistics, Design for postponement (see Delayed differentiation) Specific situations Design for Electronic Assemblies (Bralla, 1996: 267–279) Design for Low-Quantity Production (Bralla, 1996: 280–288) Use phase User focused, see Product design, Industrial design Design for user-friendliness (Bralla, 1996: 237–254), see Usability, Ben Shneiderman, Emotional Design Design for ergonomics (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 305–310) Design for aesthetics (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 311–316) After-sales focused Design for serviceability (Bralla, 1996: 182–194; Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 357-359 ), Design for maintainability (Bralla, 1996: 182–194; Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 357–359; VDI2246), Design for repair-reuse-recyclability, a key part of the International Design Excellence Awards criteria Disposal phase Design for Environment (Bralla, 1996: 182–194), see also Life cycle assessment, Technology assessment, sustainable engineering, sustainable design Design for recycling (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 360–372), Design for Disassembly Active Disassembly Remanufacturing Recycling of electrical and electronical equipment – Disassembly and processing (VDI2343) Recycling oriented product development (VDI 2243) Similar concepts in product development Several other concepts in product development and new product development are very closely related: Engineering Design: Design for X Time dimension: Product Life Cycle, Product Life Cycle Engineering, Product Life Cycle Management (that is not the same like the Product Cycle in business studies and economics, see e.g. Vernon (1966  ). Primarily, the unit of analysis here is a product, or more clearly, one item Meso-level organisation: concurrent engineering (American), simultaneous engineering (British), and overlapping-parallel Product Development Processes Micro-level organisation: cross-functional teams, inter-disciplinary teams, etc.
Rules, guidelines, and methodologies along the product life cycle DfX methodologies address different issues that may occur in one or more phase of a product life cycle: Development phase Production phase Use phase Disposal phase Each phase is explained with two dichotomous categories of tangible products to show differences in prioritizing design issues in certain product life cycle phases: Consumer durables Capital goods Non-durables that are consumed physically when used, e.g. chocolate or lubricants, are not discussed. There also exist a wide range of other classifications because products are either ( a) goods , ( b) service , or ( c) both (see OECD and Eurostat, 2005:48). Thus, one can also refer to whole product, augmented product, or extended product. Also the business unit strategy of a firm are ignored, even though it significantly influences priority-setting in design. Development phase Design rules Basic rules of embodiment design: clarity, simplicity, safety (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 205–236 ) Organizational process Design for short time to market (Bralla, 1996: 255–266) System design, testing & validation Design for reliability (Bralla, 1996: 165–181 ), Synonyms: Reliability Engineering (VDI4001-4010) Design for test Design for safety (Bralla, 1996: 195–210 ; VDI2244); Synonyms: safety engineering, safe-life design Design for quality (Bralla, 1996: 149–164 ; VDI2247), Synonyms: quality engineering Design against corrosion damage (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 294–304) Design for minimum risk (Pahl and Beitz, 1996:373–380) Production-operations phase Design rules Design to cost (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 467–494; VDI2234; VDI 2235), see Target costing, Value engineering Design to standards (Pahl and Beitz, 1996:349–356), see Interchangeable parts, product modularity, product architecture, product platform Design Guidelines Design for assembly (Bralla, 1996: 127–136), (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 340–349 ) Design for Inspection (Hitchens Carl (2014) Guide to Engineering Metrology) Design for manufacturability (Bralla, 1996: 137–148), (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 317–340 ) Design for logistics, Design for postponement (see Delayed differentiation) Specific situations Design for Electronic Assemblies (Bralla, 1996: 267–279) Design for Low-Quantity Production (Bralla, 1996: 280–288) Use phase User focused, see Product design, Industrial design Design for user-friendliness (Bralla, 1996: 237–254), see Usability, Ben Shneiderman, Emotional Design Design for ergonomics (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 305–310) Design for aesthetics (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 311–316) After-sales focused Design for serviceability (Bralla, 1996: 182–194; Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 357–359 ), Design for maintainability (Bralla, 1996: 182–194; Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 357–359; VDI2246), Design for repair-reuse-recyclability, a key part of the International Design Excellence Awards criteria Disposal phase Design for Environment (Bralla, 1996: 182–194), see also Life cycle assessment, Technology assessment, sustainable engineering, sustainable design Design for recycling (Pahl and Beitz, 1996: 360–372), Design for Disassembly Active Disassembly Remanufacturing Recycling of electrical and electronical equipment – Disassembly and processing (VDI2343) Recycling oriented product development (VDI 2243) Similar concepts in product development Several other concepts in product development and new product development are very closely related: Engineering Design: Design for X Time dimension: Product Life Cycle, Product Life Cycle Engineering, Product Life Cycle Management (that is not the same like the Product Cycle in business studies and economics, see e.g. Vernon (1966 ) ). Primarily, the unit of analysis here is a product, or more clearly, one item Meso-level organisation: concurrent engineering (American), simultaneous engineering (British), and overlapping-parallel Product Development Processes Micro-level organisation: cross-functional teams, inter-disciplinary teams, etc.
A
(
A
, (
R
or
, or (
R
205-236
205–236
R
165-181
165–181
R
195-210
195–210
R
149-164
149–164
R
340-349
340–349
R
317-340
317–340
R
357-359
357–359
A
)