1990s and riot grrrl The riot grrrl movement emerged from the DIY Punk subculture in tandem with the American era of third-wave feminism, and used the consciousness-raising method of organizing and communication. As feminist documents, they follow a longer legacy of feminist and women's self-publication that includes scrapbooking, periodicals and health publications, allowing women to circulate ideas that would not otherwise be published. The American publication Bikini Kill (1990) introduced the Riot Grrrl Manifesto in their second issue as a way of establishing space. Zinesters Erika Reinstein and May Summer founded the Riot Grrrl Press to serve as a zine distribution network that would allow riot grrrls to "express themselves and reach large audiences without having to rely on the mainstream press". Quote|text="BECAUSE we girls want to create mediums that speak to US. We are tired of boy band after boy band, boy zine after boy zine, boy punk after boy punk after boy . . . "BECAUSE in every form of media I see us/myself slapped, decapitated, laughed at, trivialized, pushed, ignored, stereotyped, kicked, scorned, molested, silenced, invalidated, knifed, shot, choked, and killed ... BECAUSE every time we pick up a pen, or an instrument, or get anything done, we are creating the revolution. We ARE the revolution."|I|author=Reinstein|title=Fantastic Fanzine no. 2 (zine)|source= Girls use this grassroots medium to discuss their personal lived experiences, and themes including body image, sexuality, gender norms, and violence to express anger, and reclaim/refigure femininity. Scholar and zinester Mimi Thi Nguyen notes that these norms unequally burdened riot grrrls of color with allowing white riot grrrls access to their personal experiences, an act which in itself was supposed to address systemic racism. Anderberg, Kirsten. Alternative Economies, Underground Communities: A First Hand Account of Barter Fairs, Food Co-ops, Community Clinics, Social Protests and Underground Cultures in the Pacific Northwest & CA 1978–2012. USA: 2012. Anderberg, Kirsten. Zine Culture: Brilliance Under the Radar. Seattle, USA: 2005. Bartel, Julie. From A to Zine: Building a Winning Zine Collection in Your Library. American Library Association, 2004. Biel, Joe $100 & a T-shirt: A Documentary About Zines in the Northwest. Microcosm Publishing, 2004, 2005, 2008 (Video) Biel, Joe Make a Zine: Start Your Own Underground Publishing Revolution (20th anniversary 3rd edn) Microcosm Publishing, 1997, 2008, 2017 Block, Francesca Lia and Hillary Carlip. Zine Scene: The Do It Yourself Guide to Zines. Girl Press, 1998. Brent, Bill. Make a Zine!. Black Books, 1997 (1st edn.), . Microcosm Publishing, with Biel, Joe, 2008 (2nd edn.), . Brown, Tim W. Walking Man, A Novel. Bronx River Press, 2008. . Duncombe, Stephen. Notes from Underground: Zines and the Politics of Alternative Culture. Microcosm Publishing, 1997, 2008, 2017. . Kennedy, Pagan. Zine: How I Spent Six Years of My Life in the Underground and Finally...Found Myself...I Think (1995) . Klanten, Robert, Adeline Mollard, Matthias Hübner, and Sonja Commentz, eds. Behind the Zines: Self-Publishing Culture. Berlin: Die Gestalten Verlag, 2011. Piepmeier, Alison . Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism. NYU Press. (2009) . Spencer, Amy. DIY: The Rise of Lo-Fi Culture. Marion Boyars Publishers, Ltd., 2005. Watson, Esther and Todd, Mark. "Watcha Mean, What's a Zine?" Graphia, 2006. . Vale, V. Zines! Volume 1 (RE/Search, 1996) . Vale, V. Zines! Volume 2 (RE/Search, 1996) . Wrekk, Alex. Stolen Sharpie Revolution '' . Portland: Microcosm Publishing, 2003. . Richard Hugo House Zine Archives and Publishing Project (ZAPP). "ZAPP Seattle". Seattle, USA. "The Ragged Edge Collection," Skateboarding, Music, and Art Zines from the ‘1980s and’1990s. Internet Archive
1990s and riot grrrl The riot grrrl movement emerged from the DIY Punk subculture in tandem with the American era of third-wave feminism, and used the consciousness-raising method of organizing and communication. As feminist documents, they follow a longer legacy of feminist and women's self-publication that includes scrapbooking, periodicals and health publications, allowing women to circulate ideas that would not otherwise be published. The American publication Bikini Kill (1990) introduced the Riot Grrrl Manifesto in their second issue as a way of establishing space. Zinesters Erika Reinstein and May Summer founded the Riot Grrrl Press to serve as a zine distribution network that would allow riot grrrls to "express themselves and reach large audiences without having to rely on the mainstream press". Girls use this grassroots medium to discuss their personal lived experiences, and themes including body image, sexuality, gender norms, and violence to express anger, and reclaim/refigure femininity. Scholar and zinester Mimi Thi Nguyen notes that these norms unequally burdened riot grrrls of color with allowing white riot grrrls access to their personal experiences, an act which in itself was supposed to address systemic racism. Anderberg, Kirsten. Alternative Economies, Underground Communities: A First Hand Account of Barter Fairs, Food Co-ops, Community Clinics, Social Protests and Underground Cultures in the Pacific Northwest & CA 1978–2012. USA: 2012. Anderberg, Kirsten. Zine Culture: Brilliance Under the Radar. Seattle, USA: 2005. Bartel, Julie. From A to Zine: Building a Winning Zine Collection in Your Library. American Library Association, 2004. Biel, Joe $100 & a T-shirt: A Documentary About Zines in the Northwest. Microcosm Publishing, 2004, 2005, 2008 (Video) Biel, Joe Make a Zine: Start Your Own Underground Publishing Revolution (20th anniversary 3rd edn) Microcosm Publishing, 1997, 2008, 2017 Block, Francesca Lia and Hillary Carlip. Zine Scene: The Do It Yourself Guide to Zines. Girl Press, 1998. Brent, Bill. Make a Zine!. Black Books, 1997 (1st edn.), . Microcosm Publishing, with Biel, Joe, 2008 (2nd edn.), . Brown, Tim W. Walking Man, A Novel. Bronx River Press, 2008. . Duncombe, Stephen. Notes from Underground: Zines and the Politics of Alternative Culture. Microcosm Publishing, 1997, 2008, 2017. . Kennedy, Pagan. Zine: How I Spent Six Years of My Life in the Underground and Finally...Found Myself...I Think (1995) . Klanten, Robert, Adeline Mollard, Matthias Hübner, and Sonja Commentz, eds. Behind the Zines: Self-Publishing Culture. Berlin: Die Gestalten Verlag, 2011. Piepmeier, Alison . Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism. NYU Press. (2009) . Spencer, Amy. DIY: The Rise of Lo-Fi Culture. Marion Boyars Publishers, Ltd., 2005. Watson, Esther and Todd, Mark. "Watcha Mean, What's a Zine?" Graphia, 2006. . Vale, V. Zines! Volume 1 (RE/Search, 1996) . Vale, V. Zines! Volume 2 (RE/Search, 1996) . Wrekk, Alex. Stolen Sharpie Revolution . Portland: Microcosm Publishing, 2003. . Richard Hugo House Zine Archives and Publishing Project (ZAPP). "ZAPP Seattle". Seattle, USA. "The Ragged Edge Collection," Skateboarding, Music, and Art Zines from the ‘1980s and’1990s. Internet Archive
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Quote|text="BECAUSE we girls want to create mediums that speak to US. We are tired of boy band after boy band, boy zine after boy zine, boy punk after boy punk after boy . . . "BECAUSE in every form of media I see us/myself slapped, decapitated, laughed at, trivialized, pushed, ignored, stereotyped, kicked, scorned, molested, silenced, invalidated, knifed, shot, choked, and killed ... BECAUSE every time we pick up a pen, or an instrument, or get anything done, we are creating the revolution. We ARE the revolution."|I|author=Reinstein|title=Fantastic Fanzine no. 2 (zine)|source=
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