Lateral Moraine Lateral  moraines are ridges of sediment deposited alongside the glacier running parallel to the long axis of the glacier. These sediments are typically deposited on top of the ice (supraglacial till) at the margin of the glacier and as such do not experience the same amount of glacial erosion as other incorporated sediments.Small, R. J. Lateral Moraines of Glacier De Tsidjiore Nouve: Form, Development, and Implications. J. Glaciol. 29, 250–259 (1983).,Lukas, S., Graf, A., Coray, S. & Schlüchter, C. Genesis, stability and preservation potential of large lateral moraines of Alpine valley glaciers - towards a unifying theory based on Findelengletscher, Switzerland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 38, 27–48 (2012). Sediments that form the lateral moraines can be the result of frost weathering of the valley wall as the glacier passes through a region or sediment deposition by streams flowing into the glacial valley. These sediments settle into a ridge as the glacier retreats.  End Moraine Terminal  moraines indicate the furthest advance of a glacier. As the glacier advances, sediment is transported to the bottom of the glacier and deposited. When the glacier melts this unconsolidated debris forms ridges. The shape of a terminal represents the shape of the glacier snout or terminus. Terminal moraine refers to the moraine occurring at the point of the furthest advance of a glacier. A recessional moraine is a ridge of deposited debris that occurs when the glacier is stationary for an extended length of time.Krzyszkowski, D. & Zieliński, T. The Pleistocene end moraine fans: Controls on their sedimentation and location. Sediment. Geol. 149, 73–92 (2002). This occurs when a glacier meaning the glacier is in equilibrium or has halted during retreat . The occurrence of end moraines can be useful for determining a pattern of advance, retreat, and equilibrium of a glacier. Drumlins A drumlin is an elongated hill shaped like a half-buried egg, where the shallower end of the hill also narrows in width. A collection of drumlins in one area is referred to as a field or swarm and creates a landscape sometimes called a “basket of eggs topography”. The shape of a drumlin may vary but most often is oval in nature with a long axis parallel to the direction of ice flow. The steeper slope is typically up-ice whereas the shallower slow is down-ice.Menzies, J. A review of the literature on the formation and location of drumlins. Earth Sci. Rev. 14, 315–359 (1979). It is proposed that the width to length ratio of a drumlin can be used to determine the velocity at which a glacier was traveling. An elongated drumlin indicates a slower glacial velocity, whereas a shortened drumlin indicates a much faster glacial velocity. This is surmised due to the relationship between friction and surface area.  Drumlins form as overlying ice moves across unconsolidated till or ground moraines. There are two main theories for the formation of drumlins. Although the exact origins of these landforms may vary circumstantially and is a topic of debate. The first, often called constructional, suggests that glacial till is deposited by meltwater streams and accumulated by the continual push of an overlying glacier. By this process the individual till particles in the drumlin align themselves in the direction of ice flow.Hermanowski, P., Piotrowski, J. A. & Duda, P. Till kinematics in the Stargard drumlin field, NW Poland constrained by microstructural proxies. J. Quat. Sci. 35, 920–934 (2020). Scientists can test this theory by studying the orientation of the sediment grains with the overall orientation of the drumlin. The second theory is that the erosion caused by the heavy overlying glacier scrapes material from an unconsolidated sediment bed and repositions it and deposits it at the drumlin. The drumlin is similarly shaped by the flow of ice as in the previously mentioned theory.Clark, C. D., Hughes, A. L. C., Greenwood, S. L., Spagnolo, M. & Ng, F. S. L. Size and shape characteristics of drumlins, derived from a large sample, and associated scaling laws. Quat. Sci. Rev. 28, 677–692 (2009). The distinction being where the glacial till is derived from before being shaped. In all circumstances, because the subglacial region is not visible until after the glacier has retreated and because there is great variability in drumlin presentation, there remains some uncertainty as to the processes that shape these landforms. Outwash Plain An outwash plain is a relatively flat region at the terminus of a glacier where glacial sediments are deposited by meltwater outwash. The sediment is distally sorted, the larger sediment being deposited closer to the margin of the glacier and finer-grained sediment carried further along by the meltwater streams.SALAMON, T. Origin of Pleistocene outwash plains in various topographic settings, southern Poland. Boreas 38, 362–378 (2009). Outwash plains may contain other glaciofluvial landforms including meltwater streams, kames, and kettle lakes. River systems in outwash plains typically form braided rivers due to the high sediment content in the water. Gomez, B., Smith, L. C., Magilligan, F. J., Mertes, L. A. K. & Smith, N. D. Glacier outburst floods and outwash plain development: Skeiäarársandur, Iceland. Terra Nov. 12, 126–131 (2000).  Till Plain Till plains are regions of flat to gently sloping topography, composed of till deposited by a melting glacier. Till plains may also be referred to as a region of ground moraines. Different from outwash plains, till plains form when a section of ice breaks off from the main glacier. The sediment contained in this ice is deposited as a till plain when the ice melts. The till is further dispersed and molded by the resulting meltwater. The composition of a till plain varies greatly and is dependent upon the path the glacier took and the bedrock underlying the glaciated region. Till plains are composed of poorly sorted sediment ranging in size from sand to large boulders. Landforms contained in a till plain include drumlins and moraines which are composed of glacial till.Lusardi, B. A., Jennings, C. E. & Harris, K. L. Provenance of Des Moines lobe till records ice-stream catchment evolution during Laurentide deglaciation. Boreas 40, 585–597 (2011). 278x278px|Proglacial Lake in Altai Mountains
Lateral Moraine Lateral Moraine: moraine in upper Engadin left by retreating glacier Lateral moraines are ridges of sediment deposited alongside the glacier running parallel to the long axis of the glacier. These sediments are typically deposited on top of the ice (supraglacial till) at the margin of the glacier and as such do not experience the same amount of glacial erosion as other incorporated sediments.Small, R. J. Lateral Moraines of Glacier De Tsidjiore Nouve: Form, Development, and Implications. J. Glaciol. 29, 250–259 (1983).,Lukas, S., Graf, A., Coray, S. & Schlüchter, C. Genesis, stability and preservation potential of large lateral moraines of Alpine valley glaciers - towards a unifying theory based on Findelengletscher, Switzerland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 38, 27–48 (2012). Sediments that form the lateral moraines can be the result of frost weathering of the valley wall as the glacier passes through a region or sediment deposition by streams flowing into the glacial valley. These sediments settle into a ridge as the glacier retreats. 263x263px|Medial Moraine: Nuussuaq Peninsula, Greenland. End Moraine Terminal moraine: Glacier and terminal moraine at Tinayrebukta Terminal moraines indicate the furthest advance of a glacier. As the glacier advances, sediment is transported to the bottom of the glacier and deposited. When the glacier melts this unconsolidated debris forms ridges. The shape of a terminal represents the shape of the glacier snout or terminus. Terminal moraine refers to the moraine occurring at the point of the furthest advance of a glacier. A recessional moraine is a ridge of deposited debris that occurs when the glacier is stationary for an extended length of time.Krzyszkowski, D. & Zieliński, T. The Pleistocene end moraine fans: Controls on their sedimentation and location. Sediment. Geol. 149, 73–92 (2002). This occurs when a glacier meaning the glacier is in equilibrium or has halted during retreat . The occurrence of end moraines can be useful for determining a pattern of advance, retreat, and equilibrium of a glacier. Drumlins A drumlin is an elongated hill shaped like a half-buried egg, where the shallower end of the hill also narrows in width. A collection of drumlins in one area is referred to as a field or swarm and creates a landscape sometimes called a “basket of eggs topography”. The shape of a drumlin may vary but most often is oval in nature with a long axis parallel to the direction of ice flow. The steeper slope is typically up-ice whereas the shallower slow is down-ice.Menzies, J. A review of the literature on the formation and location of drumlins. Earth Sci. Rev. 14, 315–359 (1979). It is proposed that the width to length ratio of a drumlin can be used to determine the velocity at which a glacier was traveling. An elongated drumlin indicates a slower glacial velocity, whereas a shortened drumlin indicates a much faster glacial velocity. This is surmised due to the relationship between friction and surface area. Drumlin Drumlins form as overlying ice moves across unconsolidated till or ground moraines. There are two main theories for the formation of drumlins. Although the exact origins of these landforms may vary circumstantially and is a topic of debate. The first, often called constructional, suggests that glacial till is deposited by meltwater streams and accumulated by the continual push of an overlying glacier. By this process the individual till particles in the drumlin align themselves in the direction of ice flow.Hermanowski, P., Piotrowski, J. A. & Duda, P. Till kinematics in the Stargard drumlin field, NW Poland constrained by microstructural proxies. J. Quat. Sci. 35, 920–934 (2020). Scientists can test this theory by studying the orientation of the sediment grains with the overall orientation of the drumlin. The second theory is that the erosion caused by the heavy overlying glacier scrapes material from an unconsolidated sediment bed and repositions it and deposits it at the drumlin. The drumlin is similarly shaped by the flow of ice as in the previously mentioned theory.Clark, C. D., Hughes, A. L. C., Greenwood, S. L., Spagnolo, M. & Ng, F. S. L. Size and shape characteristics of drumlins, derived from a large sample, and associated scaling laws. Quat. Sci. Rev. 28, 677–692 (2009). The distinction being where the glacial till is derived from before being shaped. In all circumstances, because the subglacial region is not visible until after the glacier has retreated and because there is great variability in drumlin presentation, there remains some uncertainty as to the processes that shape these landforms. Outwash Plain An outwash plain is a relatively flat region at the terminus of a glacier where glacial sediments are deposited by meltwater outwash. The sediment is distally sorted, the larger sediment being deposited closer to the margin of the glacier and finer-grained sediment carried further along by the meltwater streams.SALAMON, T. Origin of Pleistocene outwash plains in various topographic settings, southern Poland. Boreas 38, 362–378 (2009). Outwash plains may contain other glaciofluvial landforms including meltwater streams, kames, and kettle lakes. River systems in outwash plains typically form braided rivers due to the high sediment content in the water. Gomez, B., Smith, L. C., Magilligan, F. J., Mertes, L. A. K. & Smith, N. D. Glacier outburst floods and outwash plain development: Skeiäarársandur, Iceland. Terra Nov. 12, 126–131 (2000). Outwash Plain: Red Glacier in Lake Clark National Monument (Alaska) Till Plains Till plains are regions of flat to gently sloping topography, composed of till deposited by a melting glacier. Till plains may also be referred to as a region of ground moraines. Different from outwash plains, till plains form when a section of ice breaks off from the main glacier. The sediment contained in this ice is deposited as a till plain when the ice melts. The till is further dispersed and molded by the resulting meltwater. The composition of a till plain varies greatly and is dependent upon the path the glacier took and the bedrock underlying the glaciated region. Till plains are composed of poorly sorted sediment ranging in size from sand to large boulders. Landforms contained in a till plain include drumlins and moraines which are composed of glacial till.Lusardi, B. A., Jennings, C. E. & Harris, K. L. Provenance of Des Moines lobe till records ice-stream catchment evolution during Laurentide deglaciation. Boreas 40, 585–597 (2011). 278x278px|Proglacial Lake in Altai Mountains
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Moraine: moraine in upper Engadin left by retreating glacier Lateral
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263x263px|Medial Moraine: Nuussuaq Peninsula, Greenland.
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moraine: Glacier and terminal moraine at Tinayrebukta Terminal
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Drumlin
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Outwash Plain: Red Glacier in Lake Clark National Monument (Alaska)
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Plains