Though membrane trafficking of cell junction proteins has been studied extensively for more than two decades, the accumulated knowledge remains fragmentary. The goal of this review is to synthesize studies published mostly in the last 25 years on the membrane trafficking of the five major junction transmembrane proteins: claudins, occludin, and junction adhesion molecules (JAMs) in tight junctions; cadherins and nectins in adherens junctions , to comprehend the current state of the art, to highlight differences and similarities among the trafficking pathways, and to identify topics that are not fully understood . Clathrin-mediated endocytosis appears to be the main, but not exclusive, mode of internalization. Caveolin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis are employed less frequently. PDZ-domain binding is the predominant mode of interaction between junction protein cytoplasmic tails and scaffold proteins. It is shared by claudins, the largest family of junction integral proteins, by junction adhesion molecules A, B, and C, and by the three nectins. All eight proteins are destined to either recycling via Rab4/Rab11 GTPases or to degradation. The sorting mechanisms that underlie the specificity of their endocytic pathways and determine their fates are not fully known. New data is presented to introduce an emerging role of junction-associated scaffold proteins in claudin membrane trafficking.
Though membrane trafficking of cell junction proteins has been studied extensively for more than two decades, the accumulated knowledge remains fragmentary. The goal of this review is to synthesize published studies on the membrane trafficking of the five major junction transmembrane proteins: claudins, occludin, and junction adhesion molecules (JAMs) in tight junctions; cadherins and nectins in adherens junctions ; to identify underlying common mechanisms; to highlight their functional consequences on barrier function; and to identify knowledge gaps . Clathrin-mediated endocytosis appears to be the main, but not exclusive, mode of internalization. Caveolin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis are employed less frequently. PDZ-domain binding is the predominant mode of interaction between junction protein cytoplasmic tails and scaffold proteins. It is shared by claudins, the largest family of junction integral proteins, by junction adhesion molecules A, B, and C, and by the three nectins. All eight proteins are destined to either recycling via Rab4/Rab11 GTPases or to degradation. The sorting mechanisms that underlie the specificity of their endocytic pathways and determine their fates are not fully known. New data is presented to introduce an emerging role of junction-associated scaffold proteins in claudin membrane trafficking.
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studies published mostly in the last 25 years
published studies
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, to comprehend the current state of the art, to highlight differences and similarities among the trafficking pathways, and to identify topics that are not fully understood
; to identify underlying common mechanisms; to highlight their functional consequences on barrier function; and to identify knowledge gaps