In geology, a terrace is a step-like landform. A terrace consists of a flat or gently sloping geomorphic surface, called a tread, that is typically bounded  one side by a steeper ascending slope, which is called a "riser" or "scarp . "  The tread and the steeper descending slope (riser or scarp) together constitute the terrace. Terraces can also consist of a tread bounded on all sides by a descending riser or scarp. A narrow terrace is often called a bench.Howard, A.D., R.W. Fairbridge, J.H. Quinn, 1968, Terraces, fluvial —Introduction . in R.W. Fairbridge, ed., The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology: Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series, vol. 3. Reinhold . Book Corporation. New York, New York. . Jackson, J.A., 1997, Glossary of Geology. American Geological Institute. Alexandria, Virginia. Fluvial terraces are remnants of the former floodplain of a stream or river. They are formed by the downcutting of a river or stream channel into and the abandonment and lateral erosion of its former floodplain. The downcutting, abandonment, and lateral erosion of a former floodplain can be the result of either changes in sea level, local or regional tectonic uplift; changes in local or regional climate; changes in the amount of sediment being carried by the river or stream; change in discharge of the river; or a complex mixture of these and other factors. The most common sources of the variations in rivers and streams that create fluvial terraces are vegetative, geomorphic, and hydrologic responses to climate. More recently, the direct modification of rivers and streams and their watersheds by cultural processes have resulted in the development of terraces along many rivers and streams.Blum, M., and T.E. Tonqvist, 2000,  Fluvial responses to climate and sea-level change, a review and look forward.  Sedimentology. v. 47 suppl. 1, pp. 2-48. A marine terrace represents the former shoreline of a sea or ocean. It can be formed by marine abrasion or erosion of materials comprising the shoreline (marine-cut terraces or wave-cut platforms); the accumulations of sediments in the shallow-water to slightly emerged coastal environments (marine-built terraces or raised beach); or the bioconstruction by coral reefs and accumulation of reef materials (reef flats) in intertropical regions.Pirazzoli, P. A., 2005, Marine Terraces . in M. L. Scheartz, ed., pp. 632-633. Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. Springer, New York, New York. A lake (lacustrine) terrace represents the former shoreline of either a nonglacial, glacial, or proglacial lake. As in case of marine terraces, a lake terrace can be formed by either the abrasion or erosion of materials comprising the shoreline, the accumulations of sediments in the shallow-water to slightly emerged environments, or some combination of these. Given the smaller size of lakes relative to the size of typical marine water bodies, lake terraces are overall significantly narrower and less well developed than marine terraces.Bowman, D., 1971.  Geomorphology of the shore terraces of the late Pleistocene Lisan Lake (Israel)  Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Palaeoclimatology. v. 9, no. 3, p. 183-209.Prieto, F.J.G., 1995,  Shoreline forms and deposits in Gallocanta Lake (NE Spain)  Geomorphology. v. 11, no. 4, p. 323-335. However, not all lake terraces are relict shorelines. In case of the lake terraces of ancient ice-walled lakes, some proglacial lakes, and alluvium-dammed (slackwater) lakes, they often represent the relict bottom of these lakes.Shaw. E.D., 1915,  Newly discovered beds of extinct lakes in southern and western Illinois and adjacent states  . Bulletin no. 20, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois, p. 139-157.Clayton, L., J.W. Attig, N.R. Ham, M.D. Johnson, C.E. Jennings, and K.M. Syverson, 2008,  Ice-walled-lake plains: Implications for the origin of hummocky glacial topography in middle North America  . Geomorphology. v. 97, no. 1-2, p. 237–248.Grimley, D.A., D. Larsen, S.W. Kaplan, C.H. Yansa, B.B. Curry, and E.A. Oches, 2009,  A multi-proxy palaeoecological and palaeoclimatic record within full glacial lacustrine deposits, western Tennessee, USA  Journal of Quaternary Science. v. 24, no. 8, p. 960 - 981. Finally, glaciolacustrine kame terraces are either the relict deltas or bottoms of ancient ice marginal lakes.Bitinas, A. D. Karmaziene, and A. Jusiene, 2004,  Glaciolacustrine kame terraces as an indicator of conditions of deglaciation in Lithuania during the Last Glaciation  . Sedimentary Geology. v. 165, no. 3-4, p. 285–294. In geomorphology, a structural terrace is a terrace created by the differential erosion of flat-lying or nearly flat-lying layered strata. The terrace results from preferential stripping by erosion of a layer of softer strata from an underlying layer of harder strata. The preferential removal of softer material exposes the flat surface of the underlying harder layer  creating the tread of a structural terrace. Structural terraces are commonly paired and not always associated with river valleys.
In geology, a terrace is a step-like landform. A terrace consists of a flat or gently sloping geomorphic surface, called a tread, that is typically bounded on one side by a steeper ascending slope, which is called a "riser" or "scarp " . The tread and the steeper descending slope (riser or scarp) together constitute the terrace. Terraces can also consist of a tread bounded on all sides by a descending riser or scarp. A narrow terrace is often called a bench.Howard, A.D., R.W. Fairbridge, J.H. Quinn, 1968, "Terraces, Fluvial —Introduction ", in R.W. Fairbridge, ed., The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology: Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series, vol. 3. Reinhold Book Corporation. New York, New York. Jackson, J.A., 1997, Glossary of Geology. American Geological Institute. Alexandria, Virginia. Fluvial terraces are remnants of the former floodplain of a stream or river. They are formed by the downcutting of a river or stream channel into and the abandonment and lateral erosion of its former floodplain. The downcutting, abandonment, and lateral erosion of a former floodplain can be the result of either changes in sea level, local or regional tectonic uplift; changes in local or regional climate; changes in the amount of sediment being carried by the river or stream; change in discharge of the river; or a complex mixture of these and other factors. The most common sources of the variations in rivers and streams that create fluvial terraces are vegetative, geomorphic, and hydrologic responses to climate. More recently, the direct modification of rivers and streams and their watersheds by cultural processes have resulted in the development of terraces along many rivers and streams.Blum, M., and T.E. Tonqvist, 2000, " Fluvial responses to climate and sea-level change, a review and look forward. " Sedimentology. v. 47 suppl. 1, pp. 2-48. A marine terrace represents the former shoreline of a sea or ocean. It can be formed by marine abrasion or erosion of materials comprising the shoreline (marine-cut terraces or wave-cut platforms); the accumulations of sediments in the shallow-water to slightly emerged coastal environments (marine-built terraces or raised beach); or the bioconstruction by coral reefs and accumulation of reef materials (reef flats) in intertropical regions.Pirazzoli, P. A., 2005, "Marine Terraces" . in M. L. Scheartz, ed., pp. 632-633. Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. Springer, New York, New York. A lake (lacustrine) terrace represents the former shoreline of either a nonglacial, glacial, or proglacial lake. As with marine terraces, a lake terrace can be formed by either the abrasion or erosion of materials comprising the shoreline, the accumulations of sediments in the shallow-water to slightly emerged environments, or some combination of these. Given the smaller size of lakes relative to the size of typical marine water bodies, lake terraces are overall significantly narrower and less well developed than marine terraces.Bowman, D., 1971. " Geomorphology of the shore terraces of the late Pleistocene Lisan Lake (Israel) ". Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Palaeoclimatology. v. 9, no. 3, p. 183-209.Prieto, F.J.G., 1995, " Shoreline forms and deposits in Gallocanta Lake (NE Spain) ". Geomorphology. v. 11, no. 4, p. 323-335. However, not all lake terraces are relict shorelines. In case of the lake terraces of ancient ice-walled lakes, some proglacial lakes, and alluvium-dammed (slackwater) lakes, they often represent the relict bottom of these lakes.Shaw. E.D., 1915, " Newly discovered beds of extinct lakes in southern and western Illinois and adjacent states " . Bulletin no. 20, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois, p. 139-157.Clayton, L., J.W. Attig, N.R. Ham, M.D. Johnson, C.E. Jennings, and K.M. Syverson, 2008, " Ice-walled-lake plains: Implications for the origin of hummocky glacial topography in middle North America " . Geomorphology. v. 97, no. 1-2, p. 237–248.Grimley, D.A., D. Larsen, S.W. Kaplan, C.H. Yansa, B.B. Curry, and E.A. Oches, 2009, " A multi-proxy palaeoecological and palaeoclimatic record within full glacial lacustrine deposits, western Tennessee, USA ". Journal of Quaternary Science. v. 24, no. 8, p. 960 - 981. Finally, glaciolacustrine kame terraces are either the relict deltas or bottoms of ancient ice marginal lakes.Bitinas, A. D. Karmaziene, and A. Jusiene, 2004, " Glaciolacustrine kame terraces as an indicator of conditions of deglaciation in Lithuania during the Last Glaciation " . Sedimentary Geology. v. 165, no. 3-4, p. 285–294. In geomorphology, a structural terrace is a terrace created by the differential erosion of flat-lying or nearly flat-lying layered strata. The terrace results from preferential stripping by erosion of a layer of softer strata from an underlying layer of harder strata. The preferential removal of softer material exposes the flat surface of the underlying harder layer , creating the tread of a structural terrace. Structural terraces are commonly paired and not always associated with river valleys.
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