The theory has since been applied to many other contexts, with some arguing it can be applied globally.One of the leading experts on world-systems theory, Christopher Chase-Dunn, noted in 1990 that the circumscription theory is applicable for the global system . "World State Formation: Historical Processes and Emergent Necessity, " California: Institute for research on World System, working paper 1, 1990 , URL Carneiro has since also revised his theory in various ways. He has argued that population concentration can act as a lower level impetus for tribal conflict than geographic circumscription. He has also argued that, in addition to the necessities of conquest, a more important reason for creation of chiefdoms was the rise of war chiefs who use their military loyalists to take over a group of villages and become paramount chiefs.Carneiro, Robert. 2012. The Circumscription Theory: A Clarification, Amplification, and Reformulation. Social Evolution & History 11(2): 5–30
The theory has since been applied to many other contexts, with some arguing it can be applied globally.One of the leading experts on world-systems theory, Christopher Chase-Dunn, noted in 1990 that the circumscription theory is applicable for the global system (Chase-Dunn, C. ( 1990 ). World-state formation: historical processes and emergent necessity. Political Geography Quarterly, 9(2), 108-130). Carneiro has since also revised his theory in various ways. He has argued that population concentration can act as a lower level impetus for tribal conflict than geographic circumscription. He has also argued that, in addition to the necessities of conquest, a more important reason for creation of chiefdoms was the rise of war chiefs who use their military loyalists to take over a group of villages and become paramount chiefs.Carneiro, Robert. 2012. The Circumscription Theory: A Clarification, Amplification, and Reformulation. Social Evolution & History 11(2): 5–30
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. "World State Formation: Historical Processes and Emergent Necessity, " California: Institute for research on World System, working paper 1,
(Chase-Dunn, C. (
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, URL
). World-state formation: historical processes and emergent necessity. Political Geography Quarterly, 9(2), 108-130).