Karl Julius Beloch estimated the population of early modern Europe, circa 1600 , as follows : Italy, 13,000,000 Spain and Portugal, 10,000,000 France, 16,000,000, in its boundaries in 1600Beloch gives it an area of 470,000 km2, too small for France in 1900. England and Wales, 4,500,000 Scotland and Ireland, 2,000,000 Netherlands, 3,000,000, including the Spanish Netherlands in 1600Beloch gives it an area of 75,000 km2, enough to include Belgium and possibly even Luxemburg. Denmark, 600,000 Sweden, Norway, and Finland: 1,400,000 Poland with Prussia: 3,000,000 Germany: 20,000,000, probably including most or all of the territory of the Holy Roman Empire outside Italy.Beloch gives it an area of 720,000 km2, about twice the size of modern Germany. 
The population of early modern Europe, circa 1600 is estimated as follows (per Karl Julius BelochJulius Beloch, "Die Bevölkerung Europas zur Zeit der Renaissance" in Zeitschrift für Socialwissenschaft, 1900, pp. 765 to 786., except for Russia for which Vodarsky's estimate is provided) : Italy, 13,000,000 Spain and Portugal, 10,000,000 France, 16,000,000, in its boundaries in 1600Beloch gives it an area of 470,000 km2, too small for France in 1900. England and Wales, 4,500,000 Scotland and Ireland, 2,000,000 Netherlands, 3,000,000, including the Spanish Netherlands in 1600Beloch gives it an area of 75,000 km2, enough to include Belgium and possibly even Luxemburg. Denmark, 600,000 Sweden, Norway, and Finland: 1,400,000 Poland with Prussia: 3,000,000 Germany: 20,000,000, probably including most or all of the territory of the Holy Roman Empire outside Italy.Beloch gives it an area of 720,000 km2, about twice the size of modern Germany. Russia: 7,000,000 (the population of the Tsardom of Russia within the 1600 borders)
R
Karl Julius Beloch estimated the
The
R
, as follows
is estimated as follows (per Karl Julius BelochJulius Beloch, "Die Bevölkerung Europas zur Zeit der Renaissance" in Zeitschrift für Socialwissenschaft, 1900, pp. 765 to 786., except for Russia for which Vodarsky's estimate is provided)
A
Russia: 7,000,000 (the population of the Tsardom of Russia within the 1600 borders)