Communist states The concept of self-criticism is a component of some Marxist schools of thought, primarily that of Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism and Marxism–Leninism–Maoism. The concept was first introduced by Joseph Stalin in his 1925 work The Foundations of LeninismStalin, Joseph (1925). The Foundations of Leninism. and later expanded upon in his 1928 work Against Vulgarising the Slogan of Self-Criticism.Stalin, Joseph (1928). Against Vulgarising the Slogan of Self-Criticism. The Marxist concept of self-criticism is also present in the works of Mao Zedong, who was heavily influenced by Stalin, dedicating an entire chapter of The Little Red Book to the issue.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% In some communist states, party members who had fallen out of favor with the nomenklatura were sometimes forced to undergo self-criticism sessions, producing either written or verbal statements detailing their ideological errors and affirming their renewed belief in the party line. However, self-criticism did not guarantee political rehabilitation and often offenders were still expelled from the party, or in some cases even executed. 305x305px|East German factory wall newspaper "Criticism and Self-Criticism in Five-Year Plans" In the Soviet Union, criticism and self-criticism were known as kritika i samokritika ().%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% In the People's Republic of China, self-criticism—called ziwo pipan () or jiǎntǎo ()—is an important part of Maoist practice. Mandatory self-criticism as a part of political rehabilitation or prior to execution—common under Mao, ended by Deng Xiaoping and partially revived by Xi Jinping—is known as a struggle session in reference to class struggle. Under the Khmer Rouge, self-criticism sessions were known as rien sot, meaning "religious education". In his memoir The Gate, François Bizot recalls observing the Khmer Rouge engaging in frequent self-criticism to reinforce group cohesion during his imprisonment in rural Cambodia in 1971:Bizot, Francois (Vintage,2004). The Gate, pp. 52-54.%DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser wrote "Essays in Self-Criticism" focused on the issue of ideologically correcting ideas expressed in his prior works, most prominently For Marx and Reading Capital. See also Criticism Hamartia Mea culpa Political rehabilitation  Self-deprecation
 %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% See also Criticism Hamartia Mea culpa Political rehabilitation Self-criticism (Marxism), a philosophical and political concept Self-deprecation
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Communist states
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The concept of self-criticism is a component of some Marxist schools of thought, primarily that of Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism and Marxism–Leninism–Maoism. The concept was first introduced by Joseph Stalin in his 1925 work The Foundations of LeninismStalin, Joseph (1925). The Foundations of Leninism. and later expanded upon in his 1928 work Against Vulgarising the Slogan of Self-Criticism.Stalin, Joseph (1928). Against Vulgarising the Slogan of Self-Criticism. The Marxist concept of self-criticism is also present in the works of Mao Zedong, who was heavily influenced by Stalin, dedicating an entire chapter of The Little Red Book to the issue.
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In some communist states, party members who had fallen out of favor with the nomenklatura were sometimes forced to undergo self-criticism sessions, producing either written or verbal statements detailing their ideological errors and affirming their renewed belief in the party line. However, self-criticism did not guarantee political rehabilitation and often offenders were still expelled from the party, or in some cases even executed.
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305x305px|East German factory wall newspaper "Criticism and Self-Criticism in Five-Year Plans" In the Soviet Union, criticism and self-criticism were known as kritika i samokritika ().
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In the People's Republic of China, self-criticism—called ziwo pipan () or jiǎntǎo ()—is an important part of Maoist practice. Mandatory self-criticism as a part of political rehabilitation or prior to execution—common under Mao, ended by Deng Xiaoping and partially revived by Xi Jinping—is known as a struggle session in reference to class struggle.
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Under the Khmer Rouge, self-criticism sessions were known as rien sot, meaning "religious education". In his memoir The Gate, François Bizot recalls observing the Khmer Rouge engaging in frequent self-criticism to reinforce group cohesion during his imprisonment in rural Cambodia in 1971:Bizot, Francois (Vintage,2004). The Gate, pp. 52-54.
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French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser wrote "Essays in Self-Criticism" focused on the issue of ideologically correcting ideas expressed in his prior works, most prominently For Marx and Reading Capital.
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Self-criticism (Marxism), a philosophical and political concept