The interplay of exercise and music has long been discussed, crossing the disciplines of biomechanics, neurology, physiology, and sport psychology. Exercise and music involves the use of music before, during, and/or after performing a physical activity. Listening to music while exercising is done to improve aspects of exercise, such as strength output, exercise duration, and motivation.Laukka, Petric, and Lina Quick. "Emotional and Motivational Uses of Music in Sports and Exercise: A Questionnaire Study among Athletes." Psychology of Music 41 (2011): 198-215. Print.  Physiological Effects People "automatically feel the beat" of the music they listen to and instinctively adjust their walking pace and heart rate to the tempo of the music .   Scientists at the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse found in a 2003 study that participants who chose to listen to faster-paced music generated a higher heart rate, pedaled harder and generated more power, increasing their level of work by as much as 15\% by diverting their focus to the music. The study tested 20 volunteers who listened to an MP3 player loaded with a mix of 13 songs that they selected and then rode an exercise bike for an hour at a pace and gear of their choice. The study found that heart rates rose from 133 to 146 beats per minute and power output increased accordingly, when listening to the tempo-less sound of crashing waves versus music with a medium to fast tempo.Fauber, John via Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. "Workout with a tempo: Choice of music can affect exercise intensity", The Free Lance–Star, November 9, 2003. Accessed August 26, 2010.Staff. "Upbeat Music Boosts Exercise Intensity", Medical News Today, October 20, 2003. Accessed August 26, 2010.  Psychological Effects Listening to music while exercising has been found in multiple studies to create an increased sense of motivation, distracting the mind while increasing heart rate. Faster tempo music has been found by researchers to motivate exercisers to work harder when performing at a moderate pace, but peak performance has been found to be unaffected by listening to music.Reynolds, Gretchen. "Phys Ed: Does Music Make You Exercise Harder?", The New York Times, August 25, 2010. Accessed August 26, 2010. Generally, studies suggest that athletes use music in purposeful ways to facilitate training and performance. In one study, seventy elite Swedish athletes completed a questionnaire relating the empirical motives for listening to music. The results showed that most of they often listened to music during pre-event, pre-training sessions, and warm-ups. The athletes gave as reasons for listening to music that they felt that it increased activation, positive affect, motivation, performance levels, and flow.  There are also types workout music using brainwave entrainment that claims to boost performance.Fit Catalyst - Workout Brainwave Entrainment
The interplay of exercise and music has long been discussed, crossing the disciplines of biomechanics, neurology, physiology, and sport psychology. Exercise and music involves the use of music before, during, and/or after performing a physical activity. Listening to music while exercising is done to improve aspects of exercise, such as strength output, exercise duration, and motivation.Laukka, Petric, and Lina Quick. "Emotional and Motivational Uses of Music in Sports and Exercise: A Questionnaire Study among Athletes." Psychology of Music 41 (2011): 198-215. Print. The use of music during exercise can provide physiological benefits as well as psychological benefits. Physiological Effects People "automatically feel the beat" of the music they listen to and instinctively adjust their walking pace and heart rate to the tempo of the music . "The BASES expert statement on the use of music in exercise". Functional U. 9 (4): 10–13. July 2011. Listening to music during exercise can promote rhythmic activity due to synchronous music. "Can Listening to Music Improve Your Workout?". National Center for Health Research. 2015-08-04. Retrieved 2020-11-08. In young untrained subjects, music was found to cause an increase in exercise duration due to fast and loud music when compared to other subjects that did not listen to music at all. Thakare, Avinash E; Mehrotra, Ranjeeta; Singh, Ayushi (2017-04-15). "Effect of music tempo on exercise performance and heart rate among young adults". International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology. 9 (2): 35–39. ISSN 1944-8171. PMC 5435671. PMID 28533890. Loud music may improve performance however overexposure may lead to noise-induced hearing problems. Van Dyck, Edith (2019-05-15). "Musical Intensity Applied in the Sports and Exercise Domain: An Effective Strategy to Boost Performance?". Frontiers in Psychology. 10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01145. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 6529527. PMID 31156525. Scientists at the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse found in a 2003 study that participants who chose to listen to faster-paced music generated a higher heart rate, pedaled harder and generated more power, increasing their level of work by as much as 15\% by diverting their focus to the music. The study tested 20 volunteers who listened to an MP3 player loaded with a mix of 13 songs that they selected and then rode an exercise bike for an hour at a pace and gear of their choice. The study found that heart rates rose from 133 to 146 beats per minute and power output increased accordingly, when listening to the tempo-less sound of crashing waves versus music with a medium to fast tempo.Fauber, John via Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. "Workout with a tempo: Choice of music can affect exercise intensity", The Free Lance–Star, November 9, 2003. Accessed August 26, 2010.Staff. "Upbeat Music Boosts Exercise Intensity", Medical News Today, October 20, 2003. Accessed August 26, 2010. Max strength is unaffected by the use of music during exercise.Kose, Bereket (2018). "Does Motivational Music Influence Maximal Bench Press Strength and Strength Endurance?". Asian Journal of Education and Training. 4 (3): 197–200. doi:10.20448/journal.522.2018.43.197.200.Bartolomei, Sandro; Michele, Rocco Di; Merni, Franco (June 2015). "Effects of Self-Selected Music on Maximal Bench Press Strength and Strength Endurance". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 120 (3): 714–721. doi:10.2466/06.30.PMS.120v19x9. ISSN 0031-5125. Psychological Effects Listening to music while exercising has been found in multiple studies to create an increased sense of motivation, distracting the mind while increasing heart rate. Faster tempo music has been found by researchers to motivate exercisers to work harder when performing at a moderate pace, but peak performance has been found to be unaffected by listening to music.Reynolds, Gretchen. "Phys Ed: Does Music Make You Exercise Harder?", The New York Times, August 25, 2010. Accessed August 26, 2010. Generally, studies suggest that athletes use music in purposeful ways to facilitate training and performance. In one study, seventy elite Swedish athletes completed a questionnaire relating the empirical motives for listening to music. The results showed that most of they often listened to music during pre-event, pre-training sessions, and warm-ups. The athletes gave as reasons for listening to music that they felt that it increased activation, positive affect, motivation, performance levels, and flow. Mohammadzadeh, Hasan; Tartibiyan, Bakhtiyar; Ahmadi, Azhdar (March 2008). "The Effects of Music on the Perceived Exertion Rate and Performance of Trained and Untrained Individuals During Progressive Exercise". EFEKTI MUZIKE NA PRIMETAN STEPEN NAPORA (NAPREZANJA) I IZVOÐENJE TRENIRANIH I NETRENIRANIH INDIVIDUA TOKOM PROGRESIVNOG VEŽBANJA. 6 (1): 67–74. There are also types workout music using brainwave entrainment that claims to boost performance.Fit Catalyst - Workout Brainwave Entrainment
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The use of music during exercise can provide physiological benefits as well as psychological benefits.
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"The BASES expert statement on the use of music in exercise". Functional U. 9 (4): 10–13. July 2011. Listening to music during exercise can promote rhythmic activity due to synchronous music. "Can Listening to Music Improve Your Workout?". National Center for Health Research. 2015-08-04. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
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In young untrained subjects, music was found to cause an increase in exercise duration due to fast and loud music when compared to other subjects that did not listen to music at all. Thakare, Avinash E; Mehrotra, Ranjeeta; Singh, Ayushi (2017-04-15). "Effect of music tempo on exercise performance and heart rate among young adults". International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology. 9 (2): 35–39. ISSN 1944-8171. PMC 5435671. PMID 28533890. Loud music may improve performance however overexposure may lead to noise-induced hearing problems. Van Dyck, Edith (2019-05-15). "Musical Intensity Applied in the Sports and Exercise Domain: An Effective Strategy to Boost Performance?". Frontiers in Psychology. 10. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01145. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 6529527. PMID 31156525.
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Max strength is unaffected by the use of music during exercise.Kose, Bereket (2018). "Does Motivational Music Influence Maximal Bench Press Strength and Strength Endurance?". Asian Journal of Education and Training. 4 (3): 197–200. doi:10.20448/journal.522.2018.43.197.200.Bartolomei, Sandro; Michele, Rocco Di; Merni, Franco (June 2015). "Effects of Self-Selected Music on Maximal Bench Press Strength and Strength Endurance". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 120 (3): 714–721. doi:10.2466/06.30.PMS.120v19x9. ISSN 0031-5125.
A
Mohammadzadeh, Hasan; Tartibiyan, Bakhtiyar; Ahmadi, Azhdar (March 2008). "The Effects of Music on the Perceived Exertion Rate and Performance of Trained and Untrained Individuals During Progressive Exercise". EFEKTI MUZIKE NA PRIMETAN STEPEN NAPORA (NAPREZANJA) I IZVOÐENJE TRENIRANIH I NETRENIRANIH INDIVIDUA TOKOM PROGRESIVNOG VEŽBANJA. 6 (1): 67–74.