The Ashanti Empire (1701-1957) had resisted attempts by Europeans, chiefly the British, to subjugate them. However, the British annexed neighbouring areas, together with the Fante. The Ashanti allied themselves with the Dutch against the British, who allied themselves with the Fante. Disputes between the Fante and Ashanti often lead to European involvement in local disputes, the first of which began in 1806 when the Ashanti–Fante War, also known as the Ghana War, broke out with the Ashanti being victorious, capturing the Assin chief Kwadwo Otibu who was charged with harbouring Oyoko grave robbers on charges by the Asantehene Osei Bonsu. Otibu had been held under British occupation at Anomabu fort, and was eventually surrendered to the Ashanti King with other captives as slaves by Colonel George Torrance when the Ashanti stormed the fort, killing 8,000 local Gold Coast residents outside the fort. A successive series of conflicts between the Ashanti and British took place from this time on. In 1811 the Ga–Fante War saw the defeat of the Ashanti by the Fante, with the Ashanti and Ga-Adangbe people successfully capturing the British fort of Tantamkweri. In 1814 the Ashanti launched an invasion of the Gold Coast, warring against the tribes and federacies allied with the British, which launched renogiations between the Ashanti and British, Dutch, Polish, and Danish authorities in the area. In 1817 the ACoM signed a new agreement accepting Ashanti reign in the Gold Coast, in accession for British control over nearby local Gold Coast residents to British Forts. A British delegate, Joseph Dupuis then arrived at Cape Coast in January 1819 who set out on the 9th of February 1820, and on the 28th arrived at Kumasi . After several meetings with the local king, a treaty was drawn up, which acknowledged the sovereignty of Ashanti over the territory of the Fanti, and left the Fante open to attack by the Ashanti. J. Hope Smith, the governor of Cape Coast, disowned the treaty, as betraying the Fante interests under British protection. Under Smiths advice, from 1821-1824 with the dissolution of ACoM the British in the Gold Coast began taking direct control of forts and dropped Dupuis treaty, once more supporting the URL Mid December of 1822, a biracial African-British sergeant from the Royal African Corps who acted as the agent between the British and the Asante was said to have shown 'disrespect' to the Asante King Osei Tutu Quamina. Captain Laing offerred to retrieve the Sergeant but was denied by McCarthy. Therefore at the Kings request, the Sergeant was captured and left in prison in Kumasi until the 1st February 1823, when again at the behest of the King, killed the Sergeant with orders 'to send the jawbone, skull, and one of the arms ... to [Osei]' by the following day from Anomabu, such actions being considered a declaration of war by the British. With this a small British group under the guidance of McCarthy went ahead to talk with the Ashanti, but instead 10 were killed, 39 wounded and led to a British retreat. The Ashanti then tried to negotiate with MacCarthy over claims for Fante land which as the Fante fell under British protection, such claims were rejected leading to the first Anglo Ashanti war in 1824. McCarthy who led the initial British attack of 500-1000 men, died in Accra when the Ashanti with a force of 10,000, won the battle and took McCarthy's skull, and encrusting it with gold they used it as a spoil of war. After the British victory at the Katamanso War, Accra and British prestige rose in the area, with the British no longer paying rent in the forts. With the MacClean treaty of 1831, all British territory became south of the River Prah. Kwaku Dua I encouraged trade with MacCleans administration but by 1852 disputes between the Ashanti and Fante began URL A large number of Yoruba people in this period had resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone, which was established to home Africans who had escaped the slave trade. In 1838 a number of Egba people returned with a knowledge of English and Christianity, helping to spread the Anglican and particularly Methodist presence in the Gold Coast. Egba cooperation against the neighbouring kingdom of Dahomey, which was a prominent player in the slave trade, particularly of Egba peoples who had fought against their enslavement by the Dahomenians between 1842-1853 was greatly assisted by Anglican missionaries who persuading the Egba to end the siege in exchange for their armed support against Dahomey. The export of West Africans to the Americas had decreased with the banning of slavery in Brazil in 1850 and the bombardment by the British of Lagos in an anti-slave raid. The British continued providing assistance to Gold Coast tribes who had been enslaved, but this would begin to be used as a pretext for British military presence and the eventual British annexation of the Gold Coast. In 1853 the British opened a consulate in Lagos, annexing the area as a British protectorate in 1861 after heightened tensions and British involvement in local disputes between neighbouring Gold Coast URL In 1863-1864 the second Anglo-Ashanti war (or Incident more accurately as no fighting took place) was fought. The war began when the British Governor refused to hand over Kwasi Gyani who turned to the British either because he had stolen a chunk of gold or because he an indentured servant of the Asantehene, to which the Ashanti took offence to Pines actions because Pine regarded Gyani as innocent, whilst under Ashanti law he was guilty of having not returned the nugget, which the Ashanti took to break their treaty with the BritishThe Ashanti War of 1900: A Study in Cultural Conflict Vol. 31, No. 2, B. Wasserman, 1961, p.168, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute In 1864 with the invasion by Dahomey of Abeokuta, the British began increasing their military presence in the Gold Coast, splitting the area they governed at the Yewa River between themselves and the URL Chronology of Ghanaian-British relations Early 1555 - John Lok a London merchant brought 5 Ghanaians, Binne, Anthonie and George, to London from Sharma to become interpretors to assist the English with trade in West Africa and in Gold with Ghana 1596 - Elizabeth I notes the presence of Blackamoores, the most common word for Black Britons in use at the time 1621-23 - William St John, the first Gold Coast governor is appointed 1688 - Aphra Behn's Oroonoko is published whose name perhaps derives from the Yoruba names of the Coromantee enslaved peoples at the time living in Dutch Surinam 1748 - William Ansah Sessarakoo arrives in England on a diplomatic mission on behalf of the Fante people 1752-1821 - The African Company of Merchants begins operations, building trading posts such as Fort Tantumquery and Fort Komenda and operated from Cape Coast Castle 1753 - The ACoM abducted 2 boys, Acqua and Sackee, bringing them to London as hostages in a bid to begin trade with the Gold Coast, whilst in London they were educated for the next 2 years, with a farewell banquet being held upon their return in 1755 and Fort William is built 1754 - Philip Quaque is brought to England by Rev Thomas Thompson, being educated and studying Theosophy at Oxford, returning to the Gold Coast in 1766-1816 with a salary of £50 annually 1765 - Quaque became the first African ordained as a minister within the Church of England 1772 - Ottobah Cugoano is taken to England by Alexander Campbell where he became a leading abolitionist and writer 1786 - Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor occurs Olaudah Equiano, member of the Abolitionist Sons of Africa 1787 - Sons of Africa are known to be active with Cugoano among them publishing his Thoughts and sentiments on the evil and wicked traffic of the slavery and commerce of the human species. 1807 - The British Slave Trade Act 1807 is passed, however English and American slave ships still operate under Spanish flags until URL 1814 - Charles MacCarthy, an avid advocate of the suppression of the slave trade, is appointed Governor of Sierra Leone, taking over the territory of the British Gold Coast in 1821 1816 - Thomas Edward Bowdich signed a treaty with the Asante recognising fort rents and British protection of Gold Coast residents 1819 - Bowdich after working for the ACoM in which he successfully made a study of Asante court life in Kumasi, convinced the British government to assume direct control over the area British Gold Coast 1821 - The British form the Gold Coast Colony & The ACoM is disbanded, in part for its failure to suppress and participation in the slave trade in West Africa 1823 - MacCarthy declares war on the Asanti after disagreements between them and the Fante, the British engaged the Asante along a tributary of the Pra River and the majority killed, with MacCarthy's head taken a trophy of war, he was succeeded by Charles Turner 1824 - After the Katamanso War, the British stopped paying rent for coastal forts to the Asante 1828 - The British decided to reduce their presence in the Gold Coast, only maintaining Cape Coast and Accra forts at the request of local merchants 1831 - George Maclean established a treaty with the Asante which effectively in return for gold allowed the Asante to continue in the slave trade, one of their primary trades at the URL 1833 - The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 is passed, with 2 British ships sent initially to cover the 20,000 mile long coastal waters of Western Africa to prevent slave ships passing to the Americas 1835 - Methodist Church Ghana is founded 1836-1841 - In a bid of fidelity to the April 1831 Maclean Treaty, two Asante Princes who had been taken hostage 5 years earlier; Prince Owusu-Ansa (1823-1884) and his cousin Prince Nkwantabisa (?-1859); travelled to England to learn English and to engage with the Fante as ambassadors between the Fante and Asante peoplesPrince Owusu-Ansa of Asante, 1823-1884 Vol.9. No.3, Kofi Owusu-Mensa, December 1978, pp. 23-44, Historical Society of Nigeria Journal 1840 - Through persistent writing, from July James Stephen prompted the Colonial Authorities in a bid to prevent the slave trade found to be operating under Macleans treaty the year prior, to place the Gold Coast forts authority from the Sierra Leone colonial authority and to become a colony in their own rightReport from the select Committee on the West Coast of Africa together with minutes of evidence Appendix and Index Part II, Colonies Africa, James Stephen, 1840, pp.131-153, Irish University Press, and under Macclean imports to England dramtically increased tenfold from 1830, Cowrie shells replacing Gold as currency 1841 - Under the behest of the new Asantehene Nana Kwaaku Dua (?-1867), Prince Osuwu Ansah and Prince Nkwantabisa were taken before Queen Victoria before returning to the Gold Coast, returning with the Niger expedition of 1841 to Kumase with a £100 annual allowance from the British in order to help the Missionary society in the Kumase area, leading to the establishment of 9 Methodist churches under Thomas Birch Freeman that yearPrince Owusu-Ansa of Asante, 1823-1884 Vol.9. No.3, Kofi Owusu-Mensa, December 1978, pp. 23-44, Historical Society of Nigeria Journal 1842 - Maclean is investigated for charges of by Richard Robert Madden, who found that Maclean had unfairly imprisoned 91 local people, some up to 4 years, on dubious grounds and without trial. Madden's enquiries, and subsequent parliamentary select committee, concluded Maclean lacked formal powers to act effectively against the slave trade, and the Colonial Office became involved with Maclean relinquishing his post in 1844 1844 - Henry Worsley Hill Bond Treaty is signed established British law in the area, including the abolition of human sacrifice and panyarring Danish Gold Coast 1850-7 - James Bannerman is appointed as a justice of the Peace in the Gold Coast and the Gold Coast government separates from that of the Sierra Leonean government 1852-1861 - Poll Tax Ordinance of 1852 occurs 1852-64 - The British implement a new poll tax among the Asante, causing widespread rioting when only 8\% went towards maintenance of the Gold Coast 1858 - Benjamin Pine established municipal Ordinance that gave towns the right to elect a council from chiefs and merchants for local government with courts for civil litigation and criminal URL 1863 - The Anglo-Ashanti war of 1863 begins 1866 - In January Lieutenant-Governor Colonel Conran demanded he would be suing the Asante for peace, angering Kwaku Dua I who broke off further negotiations with the British until they surrendered Gyani to the AsanteA Vanished Dynasty - Ashanti, 1921, Sir Francis Fuller, p.98, in turn John Aggrey (1808-1869) denounced British rule over the area being exiled to Sierra Leone in 1867-1869 1867 - Anglo-Dutch Gold Coast Treaty (1867) redistributed forts along the Dutch and British Gold Coasts in order to assimilate both areas of influence. All forts to the east of Fort Elmina were now British, and all forts to the west Dutch, with the Denkyira, Wassaw and Kommenda rejecting the Dutch presence leading to further wars between the Kommenda and Dutch at Elmina Castle; The Akwamu freed W.H.Simpson after he attempted to settle the Asantehene stooling dispute of Kofi Karikari to avoid war with the British and the Gold Coast Colony was officially created 1868 - Fante Confederacy takes place, and Africanus Horton publishes West African Countries and Peoples, in which he suggested British influenced self-government, with a Fante kingdom and republic of Accra, recommending the abolition of slavery, the introduction of industrial schools and a resident at Kumasi be introduced 1872 - Elmina Castle, in a cession of talks stemming from 1869 were succeeded from the Dutch to the British 1873 - On 2 October, Garnet Wolseley became Governor of the British West African Settlements, and the Gold Coast on which he commanded an expedition to the Ashanti. 1874 - Wolseley made all his arrangements at the Gold Coast before the arrival of the troops in January, completing the campaign in 2 months and returned to Britain, which made him well-known in Britain. At the Battle of Amoaful Wolseley's expedition faced the numerically superior Chief Amankwatia's in battle. After 5 days' fighting, ending with the Battle of Ordashu, Wolseley entered Kumasi, which he burned 1881 - John Ocansey arrives in London, travelling to Liverpool in pursuance of his fathers goods winning his case, publishing African Trading; or the trials of William Narh Ocansey that year 1887 - John Mensah Sarbah becomes the first British-Ghanaian to be called to the bar 1891 - Thomas Hutton-Mills Sr. travelled to London to study at Cambridge 1893 - J. E. Casely Hayford travels to London to study law at Cambridge being called in 1896 1897 - Ashanti Goldfields Corporation is formed 1900 - Yaa Asantewaa famously was defeated by the British War of the Golden Stool, albeit protecting the Golden Stool instead 1901 - Frederick Victor Nanka-Bruce travels to Edinburgh graduating in 1906 1916 - Association of West African Merchants (AWAM) is formed 1917 - National Congress of British West Africa, one of the earliest Pan-African formal organisations, forms 1918 - Kobina Sekyi the Ghanaian nationalist and anti-colonialist writer studied Law at the University of London being called to the bar in 1918, with the founding of the African Progress Union by John Richard Archer 1920 - Samson Oppong and W.G.Waterworth began proselytizing, baptizing eventually around 10,000 new Wesleyan converts to Christianity 1925 - West African Students' Union is founded 1928 - Desmond Buckle enters university in London, only to began his politicial career as the first 'African communist' in Britain in the 1930's 1931-1951 - League of Coloured Peoples is founded 50 Carnaby Street was the Florence Mills Social Parlour in 1936 run by Amy Ashwood as a Pan-African meeting place, visited by J. B. Danquah 1945-1947 - Kwame Nkrumah resides in the UK founding the West African National Secretariat, Kojo Botsio and Joe Appiah also travel to study in England 1948 - Accra Riots, caused by a dispute over Veteran pay, occur in the leadup to the events which started the Ghanaian Independence movement and the arrest of the Big Six 1949 - Coussey Committee is formed to enable writing the draft of a constitution for Ghanaian self-rule in the Gold Coast, leading to the formation of the Convention People's Party by Nkrumah 1956 - British Togoland is incorporated into what is now Ghana Ghanaian Independence 1959 - James Barnor travels to England in time to photograph the Swinging sixties, having established himself at the Daily Graphic and Drum 1963 - Nana Kofi Obonyaa, born James Moxon, becomes the first white chief in Aburi 1967 - Margaret Busby co-founds Allison & Busby 1970 - Messages from Ghana appear in the African Writers Series 1981 - Following the 31 December takeover by Jerry Rawlings, Ghana left the Commonwealth 1987 - Lynda Chalker, the British minister of state for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, makes a successful visit to Ghana, securing further Aid for Ghanaian economic reform from the URL 1991 - Ozwald Boateng open his studio on Portobello road 1992 - The decentralization of Ghana occurs with a return to British policy theory of separation of central and local governmental URL 1993 - Ghana is readmitted to the URL 2002 - Paul Boateng becomes the first black Cabinet Minister, Ghana Awards Music UK established 2007 - Freema Agyeman plays Martha Jones in the BBC's Doctor Who 2010 - Sam Gyimah is elected 2011 - Abrantee Boateng launches his Afrobeats show over the radio 2017 - Edward Enninful is appointed Editor in Chief of British Vogue, making him the only Black editor in history to head any of the 26 International Vogue titles, Nana Kofi Twumasi-Ankrah became the first black equerry for Elizabeth II 2018 - Aged 11, DJ Zel became the youngest DJ on UK radio at UniAfrik 2019 - Abena Oppong-Asare and Bell Ribeiro-Addy were elected to Parliament
The Ashanti Empire (1701-1957) had resisted attempts by Europeans, chiefly the British, to subjugate them. However, the British annexed neighbouring areas, together with the Fante. The Ashanti allied themselves with the Dutch against the British, who allied themselves with the Fante. Disputes between the Fante and Ashanti often lead to European involvement in local disputes, the first of which began in 1806 when the Ashanti–Fante War, also known as the Ghana War, broke out with the Ashanti being victorious, capturing the Assin chief Kwadwo Otibu who was charged with harbouring Oyoko grave robbers on charges by the Asantehene Osei Bonsu. Otibu had been held under British occupation at Anomabu fort, and was eventually surrendered to the Ashanti King with other captives as slaves by Colonel George Torrance when the Ashanti stormed the fort, killing 8,000 local Gold Coast residents outside the fort. A successive series of conflicts between the Ashanti and British took place from this time on. In 1811 the Ga–Fante War saw the defeat of the Ashanti by the Fante, with the Ashanti and Ga-Adangbe people successfully capturing the British fort of Tantamkweri. In 1814 the Ashanti launched an invasion of the Gold Coast, warring against the tribes and federacies allied with the British, which launched renogiations between the Ashanti and British, Dutch, Polish, and Danish authorities in the area. In 1817 the ACoM signed a new agreement accepting Ashanti reign in the Gold Coast, in accession for British control over nearby local Gold Coast residents to British Forts. A British delegate, Joseph Dupuis then arrived at Cape Coast in January 1819 who set out on the 9th of February 1820, and on the 28th arrived at Kumasi . After several meetings with the local king, a treaty was drawn up, which acknowledged the sovereignty of Ashanti over the territory of the Fanti, and left the Fante open to attack by the Ashanti. J. Hope Smith, the governor of Cape Coast, disowned the treaty, as betraying the Fante interests under British protection. Under Smiths advice, from 1821-1824 with the dissolution of ACoM the British in the Gold Coast began taking direct control of forts and dropped Dupuis treaty, once more supporting the Fante. Mid December of 1822, a biracial African-British sergeant from the Royal African Corps who acted as the agent between the British and the Asante was said to have shown 'disrespect' to the Asante King Osei Tutu Quamina. Captain Laing offerred to retrieve the Sergeant but was denied by McCarthy. Therefore at the Kings request, the Sergeant was captured and left in prison in Kumasi until the 1st February 1823, when again at the behest of the King, killed the Sergeant with orders 'to send the jawbone, skull, and one of the arms ... to [Osei]' by the following day from Anomabu, such actions being considered a declaration of war by the British. With this a small British group under the guidance of McCarthy went ahead to talk with the Ashanti, but instead 10 were killed, 39 wounded and led to a British retreat. The Ashanti then tried to negotiate with MacCarthy over claims for Fante land which as the Fante fell under British protection, such claims were rejected leading to the first Anglo Ashanti war in 1824. McCarthy who led the initial British attack of 500-1000 men, died in Accra when the Ashanti with a force of 10,000, won the battle and took McCarthy's skull, and encrusting it with gold they used it as a spoil of war. After the British victory at the Katamanso War, Accra and British prestige rose in the area, with the British no longer paying rent in the forts. With the MacClean treaty of 1831, all British territory became south of the River Prah. Kwaku Dua I encouraged trade with MacCleans administration but by 1852 disputes between the Ashanti and Fante began anew. A large number of Yoruba people in this period had resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone, which was established to home Africans who had escaped the slave trade. In 1838 a number of Egba people returned with a knowledge of English and Christianity, helping to spread the Anglican and particularly Methodist presence in the Gold Coast. Egba cooperation against the neighbouring kingdom of Dahomey, which was a prominent player in the slave trade, particularly of Egba peoples who had fought against their enslavement by the Dahomenians between 1842-1853 was greatly assisted by Anglican missionaries who persuading the Egba to end the siege in exchange for their armed support against Dahomey. The export of West Africans to the Americas had decreased with the banning of slavery in Brazil in 1850 and the bombardment by the British of Lagos in an anti-slave raid. The British continued providing assistance to Gold Coast tribes who had been enslaved, but this would begin to be used as a pretext for British military presence and the eventual British annexation of the Gold Coast. In 1853 the British opened a consulate in Lagos, annexing the area as a British protectorate in 1861 after heightened tensions and British involvement in local disputes between neighbouring Gold Coast leaders. In 1863-1864 the second Anglo-Ashanti war (or Incident more accurately as no fighting took place) was fought. The war began when the British Governor refused to hand over Kwasi Gyani who turned to the British either because he had stolen a chunk of gold or because he an indentured servant of the Asantehene, to which the Ashanti took offence to Pines actions because Pine regarded Gyani as innocent, whilst under Ashanti law he was guilty of having not returned the nugget, which the Ashanti took to break their treaty with the BritishThe Ashanti War of 1900: A Study in Cultural Conflict Vol. 31, No. 2, B. Wasserman, 1961, p.168, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute In 1864 with the invasion by Dahomey of Abeokuta, the British began increasing their military presence in the Gold Coast, splitting the area they governed at the Yewa River between themselves and the French. Chronology of Ghanaian-British relations Early 1555 - John Lok a London merchant brought 5 Ghanaians, Binne, Anthonie and George, to London from Sharma to become interpretors to assist the English with trade in West Africa and in Gold with Ghana 1596 - Elizabeth I notes the presence of Blackamoores, the most common word for Black Britons in use at the time 1621-23 - William St John, the first Gold Coast governor is appointed 1688 - Aphra Behn's Oroonoko is published whose name perhaps derives from the Yoruba names of the Coromantee enslaved peoples at the time living in Dutch Surinam 1748 - William Ansah Sessarakoo arrives in England on a diplomatic mission on behalf of the Fante people 1752-1821 - The African Company of Merchants begins operations, building trading posts such as Fort Tantumquery and Fort Komenda and operated from Cape Coast Castle 1753 - The ACoM abducted 2 boys, Acqua and Sackee, bringing them to London as hostages in a bid to begin trade with the Gold Coast, whilst in London they were educated for the next 2 years, with a farewell banquet being held upon their return in 1755 and Fort William is built 1754 - Philip Quaque is brought to England by Rev Thomas Thompson, being educated and studying Theosophy at Oxford, returning to the Gold Coast in 1766-1816 with a salary of £50 annually 1765 - Quaque became the first African ordained as a minister within the Church of England 1772 - Ottobah Cugoano is taken to England by Alexander Campbell where he became a leading abolitionist and writer 1786 - Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor occurs Olaudah Equiano, member of the Abolitionist Sons of Africa 1787 - Sons of Africa are known to be active with Cugoano among them publishing his Thoughts and sentiments on the evil and wicked traffic of the slavery and commerce of the human species. 1807 - The British Slave Trade Act 1807 is passed, however English and American slave ships still operate under Spanish flags until 1833 1814 - Charles MacCarthy, an avid advocate of the suppression of the slave trade, is appointed Governor of Sierra Leone, taking over the territory of the British Gold Coast in 1821 1816 - Thomas Edward Bowdich signed a treaty with the Asante recognising fort rents and British protection of Gold Coast residents 1819 - Bowdich after working for the ACoM in which he successfully made a study of Asante court life in Kumasi, convinced the British government to assume direct control over the area British Gold Coast 1821 - The British form the Gold Coast Colony & The ACoM is disbanded, in part for its failure to suppress and participation in the slave trade in West Africa 1823 - MacCarthy declares war on the Asanti after disagreements between them and the Fante, the British engaged the Asante along a tributary of the Pra River and the majority killed, with MacCarthy's head taken a trophy of war, he was succeeded by Charles Turner 1824 - After the Katamanso War, the British stopped paying rent for coastal forts to the Asante 1828 - The British decided to reduce their presence in the Gold Coast, only maintaining Cape Coast and Accra forts at the request of local merchants 1831 - George Maclean established a treaty with the Asante which effectively in return for gold allowed the Asante to continue in the slave trade, one of their primary trades at the time 1833 - The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 is passed, with 2 British ships sent initially to cover the 20,000 mile long coastal waters of Western Africa to prevent slave ships passing to the Americas 1835 - Methodist Church Ghana is founded 1836-1841 - In a bid of fidelity to the April 1831 Maclean Treaty, two Asante Princes who had been taken hostage 5 years earlier; Prince Owusu-Ansa (1823-1884) and his cousin Prince Nkwantabisa (?-1859); travelled to England to learn English and to engage with the Fante as ambassadors between the Fante and Asante peoplesPrince Owusu-Ansa of Asante, 1823-1884 Vol.9. No.3, Kofi Owusu-Mensa, December 1978, pp. 23-44, Historical Society of Nigeria Journal 1840 - Through persistent writing, from July James Stephen prompted the Colonial Authorities in a bid to prevent the slave trade found to be operating under Macleans treaty the year prior, to place the Gold Coast forts authority from the Sierra Leone colonial authority and to become a colony in their own rightReport from the select Committee on the West Coast of Africa together with minutes of evidence Appendix and Index Part II, Colonies Africa, James Stephen, 1840, pp.131-153, Irish University Press, and under Macclean imports to England dramtically increased tenfold from 1830, Cowrie shells replacing Gold as currency 1841 - Under the behest of the new Asantehene Nana Kwaaku Dua (?-1867), Prince Osuwu Ansah and Prince Nkwantabisa were taken before Queen Victoria before returning to the Gold Coast, returning with the Niger expedition of 1841 to Kumase with a £100 annual allowance from the British in order to help the Missionary society in the Kumase area, leading to the establishment of 9 Methodist churches under Thomas Birch Freeman that year 1842 - Maclean is investigated for charges of by Richard Robert Madden, who found that Maclean had unfairly imprisoned 91 local people, some up to 4 years, on dubious grounds and without trial. Madden's enquiries, and subsequent parliamentary select committee, concluded Maclean lacked formal powers to act effectively against the slave trade, and the Colonial Office became involved with Maclean relinquishing his post in 1844 1844 - Henry Worsley Hill Bond Treaty is signed established British law in the area, including the abolition of human sacrifice and panyarring Danish Gold Coast 1850-7 - James Bannerman is appointed as a justice of the Peace in the Gold Coast and the Gold Coast government separates from that of the Sierra Leonean government 1852-1861 - Poll Tax Ordinance of 1852 occurs 1852-64 - The British implement a new poll tax among the Asante, causing widespread rioting when only 8\% went towards maintenance of the Gold Coast 1858 - Benjamin Pine established municipal Ordinance that gave towns the right to elect a council from chiefs and merchants for local government with courts for civil litigation and criminal misdemeanors 1863 - The Anglo-Ashanti war of 1863 begins 1866 - In January Lieutenant-Governor Colonel Conran demanded he would be suing the Asante for peace, angering Kwaku Dua I who broke off further negotiations with the British until they surrendered Gyani to the AsanteA Vanished Dynasty - Ashanti, 1921, Sir Francis Fuller, p.98, in turn John Aggrey (1808-1869) denounced British rule over the area being exiled to Sierra Leone in 1867-1869 1867 - Anglo-Dutch Gold Coast Treaty (1867) redistributed forts along the Dutch and British Gold Coasts in order to assimilate both areas of influence. All forts to the east of Fort Elmina were now British, and all forts to the west Dutch, with the Denkyira, Wassaw and Kommenda rejecting the Dutch presence leading to further wars between the Kommenda and Dutch at Elmina Castle; The Akwamu freed W.H.Simpson after he attempted to settle the Asantehene stooling dispute of Kofi Karikari to avoid war with the British and the Gold Coast Colony was officially created 1868 - Fante Confederacy takes place, and Africanus Horton publishes West African Countries and Peoples, in which he suggested British influenced self-government, with a Fante kingdom and republic of Accra, recommending the abolition of slavery, the introduction of industrial schools and a resident at Kumasi be introduced 1872 - Elmina Castle, in a cession of talks stemming from 1869 were succeeded from the Dutch to the British 1873 - On 2 October, Garnet Wolseley became Governor of the British West African Settlements, and the Gold Coast on which he commanded an expedition to the Ashanti. 1874 - Wolseley made all his arrangements at the Gold Coast before the arrival of the troops in January, completing the campaign in 2 months and returned to Britain, which made him well-known in Britain. At the Battle of Amoaful Wolseley's expedition faced the numerically superior Chief Amankwatia's in battle. After 5 days' fighting, ending with the Battle of Ordashu, Wolseley entered Kumasi, which he burned 1881 - John Ocansey arrives in London, travelling to Liverpool in pursuance of his fathers goods winning his case, publishing African Trading; or the trials of William Narh Ocansey that year 1887 - John Mensah Sarbah becomes the first British-Ghanaian to be called to the bar 1891 - Thomas Hutton-Mills Sr. travelled to London to study at Cambridge 1893 - J. E. Casely Hayford travels to London to study law at Cambridge being called in 1896 1897 - Ashanti Goldfields Corporation is formed 1900 - Yaa Asantewaa famously was defeated by the British War of the Golden Stool, albeit protecting the Golden Stool instead 1901 - Frederick Victor Nanka-Bruce travels to Edinburgh graduating in 1906 1916 - Association of West African Merchants (AWAM) is formed 1917 - National Congress of British West Africa, one of the earliest Pan-African formal organisations, forms 1918 - Kobina Sekyi the Ghanaian nationalist and anti-colonialist writer studied Law at the University of London being called to the bar in 1918, with the founding of the African Progress Union by John Richard Archer 1920 - Samson Oppong and W.G.Waterworth began proselytizing, baptizing eventually around 10,000 new Wesleyan converts to Christianity 1925 - West African Students' Union is founded 1928 - Desmond Buckle enters university in London, only to began his politicial career as the first 'African communist' in Britain in the 1930's 1931-1951 - League of Coloured Peoples is founded 50 Carnaby Street was the Florence Mills Social Parlour in 1936 run by Amy Ashwood as a Pan-African meeting place, visited by J. B. Danquah 1945-1947 - Kwame Nkrumah resides in the UK founding the West African National Secretariat, Kojo Botsio and Joe Appiah also travel to study in England 1948 - Accra Riots, caused by a dispute over Veteran pay, occur in the leadup to the events which started the Ghanaian Independence movement and the arrest of the Big Six 1949 - Coussey Committee is formed to enable writing the draft of a constitution for Ghanaian self-rule in the Gold Coast, leading to the formation of the Convention People's Party by Nkrumah 1956 - British Togoland is incorporated into what is now Ghana Ghanaian Independence 1959 - James Barnor travels to England in time to photograph the Swinging sixties, having established himself at the Daily Graphic and Drum 1963 - Nana Kofi Obonyaa, born James Moxon, becomes the first white chief in Aburi 1967 - Margaret Busby co-founds Allison & Busby 1970 - Messages from Ghana appear in the African Writers Series 1981 - Following the 31 December takeover by Jerry Rawlings, Ghana left the Commonwealth 1987 - Lynda Chalker, the British minister of state for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, makes a successful visit to Ghana, securing further Aid for Ghanaian economic reform from the URL 1991 - Ozwald Boateng open his studio on Portobello road 1992 - The decentralization of Ghana occurs with a return to British policy theory of separation of central and local governmental institutions 1993 - Ghana is readmitted to the Commonwealth 2002 - Paul Boateng becomes the first black Cabinet Minister, Ghana Awards Music UK established 2007 - Freema Agyeman plays Martha Jones in the BBC's Doctor Who 2010 - Sam Gyimah is elected 2011 - Abrantee Boateng launches his Afrobeats show over the radio 2017 - Edward Enninful is appointed Editor in Chief of British Vogue, making him the only Black editor in history to head any of the 26 International Vogue titles, Nana Kofi Twumasi-Ankrah became the first black equerry for Elizabeth II 2018 - Aged 11, DJ Zel became the youngest DJ on UK radio at UniAfrik 2019 - Abena Oppong-Asare and Bell Ribeiro-Addy were elected to Parliament
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yearPrince Owusu-Ansa of Asante, 1823-1884 Vol.9. No.3, Kofi Owusu-Mensa, December 1978, pp. 23-44, Historical Society of Nigeria Journal
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misdemeanors
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institutions
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Commonwealth