Elmenteitan culture Lane , Paul J. (2013-07-04). The Archaeology of Pastoralism and Stock-Keeping in East Africa. The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569885.001.0001. .3000 BCE - 1000 BCE Cushitic speakers settle across East Africa.Ehret, Christopher (1982). Posnansky, Merrick (ed.). The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History. University of California Press. pp. 140–141. . Retrieved 11 May 2015. 1st millennium BC YearDateEvent1000BCE - 500BCESouthern Nilotic speaking communities move southwards from the Sudd into western Kenya.Ehret, Christopher. An African Classical Age: Eastern & Southern Africa in World History 1000 B.C. to A.D.400. University of Virginia, 1998, p.71000 BCE-1000 ADBantu Groups migrate into Kenya bringing with them iron age technology. The Urewe culture, one of Africa's oldest iron smelting centres, settle in the great lakes region including western Kenya. Other groups settle in Southern Kenya Paul Lane , Ceri Ashley & Gilbert Oteyo (2006) New Dates for Kansyore and Urewe Wares from Northern Nyanza, Kenya, AZANIA: Journal of the British Institute in Eastern Africa, 41:1, 123-138, DOI: 10.1080/00672700609480438Clist, Bernard. (1987). A critical reappraisal of the chronological framework of the early Urewe Iron Age industry. Muntu. 6. 35-62. 1st century AD YearDateEvent~1AD - 50ADThe Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, a graeco-roman manuscript is written. It describes the East African coast (Azania) and an existing Indian Ocean Trade route.The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea Available from: URL 15th century YearDateEvent1418Chinese Admiral Zheng He visits Malindi. Some of his ships are reported to have sank near Lamu Island. Recent genetic tests done on local inhabitants confirmed Chinese ancestryChinese archaeologists' African quest for sunken ship of Ming admiral Available from: URL "Kenyan girl with Chinese blood steals limelight". Chinese Embassy in Kenya. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2009.1490-1517Southern Luo people migrate into Western Kenya from present day Uganda.John R Campbell. Who are the Luo? Oral tradition and disciplinary practices in anthropology and history. June 2006. Journal of African Cultural Studies 18(1):73-87 DOI: 10.1080/136968506007503271498AprilVasco da Gama travels to Mombasa and Malindi. Attacks on merchant ships led to a hostile reception in Mombasa. In Malindi the reception was friendlier. He established trade relations, erects a pillar and hires a guide to travel to India.Martin, Esmond Bradley (2009) [originally published in 1970]. Malindi. Past and Present (New ed.). The National Museum of Kenya 18th century YearDateEvent1700-1800Complex water furrows for irrigation are constructed by the Marakwet to facilitate intensive agriculture. Clan owned and communal, these irrigation systems are still in use.Matthew I.J. Davies, Timothy Kipkeu Kipruto & Henrietta L. Moore (2014) Revisiting the irrigated agricultural landscape of the Marakwet, Kenya: tracing local technology and knowledge over the recent past, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 49:4, 486-523, DOI:10.1080/0067270X.2014.9795271728One of the oldest surviving manuscripts in Swahili, an epic poem titled Utenzi wa Tambuka (The story of Tambuka), is written at the Royal Court of Pate Sultanate. Matthew I.J. Davies, Timothy Kipkeu Kipruto Henrietta L. Moore (2014) Revisiting the irrigated agricultural landscape of the Marakwet, Kenya: tracing local technology and knowledge over the recent past, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 49:4, 486-523, DOI:10.1080/0067270X.2014.979527 Slave caravan routes into the interior of Kenya reach as far as the foothills of Mount Kenya, Lake Victoria and past Lake Baringo into Samburu country. Herman O. Kiriama. The Landscapes of Slavery in Kenya. Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage Volume 7, 2018 - Issue 2: Landscapes of Slavery in Africa URL August The first Christian mission is founded by Johann Ludwig Krapf in Rabai. Many freed slaves rescued by the British Navy are settled here.1850East and Central Africa is mapped by European explorers.Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 (1991) ch 11874Frere Town settlement in Mombasa is established. This is another settlement for freed slaves rescued by the British Navy. Despite pressure from the British to stop the East African slave trade, it continues to persist.1875 - 1884The peak of the slave plantation economy in East Africa. 43,000 – 47,000 slaves are present on the Kenyan coast (44 percent of the local population)1884 - 1885The Berlin Conference is convened by Otto Von Bismack. Britain stakes claims in what is today Kenya and Uganda.Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 (1991)1890 - 1906The Nandi resistance against colonial rule is led by Koitalel Arap Samoei 1895Following the financial ruin of the Imperial British East African Company which administered the territory that is now Uganda and Kenya, the British Goverment steps in by proclaiming the Uganda protectorate and the British East African protectorate to maintain its sphere of influence.Nandi Resistance to British Rule 1890–1906. By A. T. Matson. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1972. Pp. vii+391 20th century YearDateEvent1901George V is Kenya's new mornarch1903The Ugandan Railway is completed1905Nairobi is established as the capital of the British East African Protectorate1909Slavery is abolished in East AfricaEast Africa 's forgotten slave trade. Available from: URL Cited 10-11-20 Malcolm MacDonald becomes Kenya's last Colonial governor1964 UNESCO's General History of Africa is launched aiming to tackle ignorance of Africa ’ s history. Kenyan historian Bethwell Allan Ogot plays a key role in its production.General History of Africa. About the Project. UNESCO. Available from: URL Retrieved 19-11-20196420 OctoberMalcolm X attends the Kenyatta Day parade in Nairobi. The American Civil rights leader first visited Kenya in 1959. Earlier in the year, Malcolm X attended the OAU meeting in Cairo to convince African states to raise the question of persecution of African Americans at the United Nations.Malcolm X Goes To a Parade. Detroit Free Press. Available from: URL Cited 17-11-20MALCOLM X SEEKS U.N. NEGRO DEBATE; He Asks African States to Cite U.S. Over Rights. New York Times. Available from: URL Cited 17-11-20Shiraz Durrani, Ed. Pio Gama Pinto. Kenya's Unsung Martyr. 1927-1965.2018. Vita Books196412 DecemberKenya becomes a republic with Jomo Kenyatta as the first President of Kenya196528 JanuaryThe Kenyatta government sends the Kenya army to Meru district, where Mau Mau fighters are gathered under the leadership of Field Marshall Mwariama and Field Marshall Baimungi. These last Mau Mau leaders had been insisting that they should get land and be absorbed into the civil service and Kenya army. Both leaders and several Mau Mau fighters are killedAnaïs Angelo (2017) Jomo Kenyatta and the repression of the ‘last’ Mau Mau leaders, 1961–1965, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 11:3, 442-459, DOI: 10.1080/17531055.2017.1354521Kenya National Assembly Official Record. 12 July 2000. Parliamentary debates. page 1552-1553 196524 FebruaryAnti-colonial activist and socialist politician, Pio Gama Pinto is assassinated. This is independent Kenya's first political assassination."Pio Gama Pinto - Independant [sic] Kenya's First Marytr". Awaaz Magazine. 2 November 2011. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.1966Bildad Kaggia and Oginga Odinga accuse the Kenyatta government of pursuing corrupt land distribution policies that did not favour the poor and the landless. Kenya's vice president, Oginga Odinga, leaves the ruling party KANU and starts a left leaning party, the Kenya People's Union. 29 members of parliament including Kaggia defect from KANU to KPU . 196611 and 12 JuneThe 'Little general election' is held. These by-elections are called following the defection of 29 members of KANU to establish the Kenya People's Union.Robert M. Maxon, Thomas P. Ofcansky (2014) Historical Dictionary of Kenya, Rowman & Littlefield, p204 Outside Nyanza Province, most KPU candidates, including Bildad Kaggia, lose in this election.1966JulyA security Act is passed in Parliament that permits the government to carry out detention without trial. This act is used against KPU members who are arrested in round up a few weeks later. Those arrested include Ochola Mak'Anyengo (Secretary-General of the Kenya Petroleum Oil Workers Union), Oluande Koduol (Oginga Odinga ’ s private secretary) and Peter Ooko (Secretary general of the East African Common Services Civil Servants Union)K. Conboy. Detention without trial in Kenya. GEORGIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW Volume:8 Issue:2 Dated:(SPRING 1978) Pages:441-461M"Five Opposition Leaders Seized by Kenya Police" Pasadena Independent (Pasadena, California) Fri 5 Aug 1966. Page 1 Available from: URL 1967East African Community formed Kenyan pro-divisions founded1968Richard Leakey leads a preliminary search of Koobi Fora. This archaeological site yields a wealth of stone tools and hominin fossils that shape the understanding of human evolution and URL Naftali Temu wins the 10,000 metres race at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City becoming Kenya's first gold medalist.Mile High: How Kip Keino's 1500m gold changed running Available: URL JulyTom Mboya, widely considered as heir apparent to Kenyatta, is assassinated.196925 OctoberThe Kisumu Massacre occurs. Two days later, all KPU leaders are arrested and detained without trial and KPU is banned. Oginga Odinga is placed under house arrest. Kenya becomes a de-facto one party state."Dark Saturday in 1969 when Jomo ’ s visit to Kisumu turned bloody." Daily Nation. Wed October 24  2018. Available from: URL International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) is started by Kenyan entomologist, Thomas Odhiambo. Through the years he becomes known for his research on Insect physiology and non-chemical methods of agricultural insect controlThe Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Thomas R. Odhiambo. Available from: URL Odinga is released from house arrestEncyclopedia Britannica. Oginga Odinga vice president of Kenya. Available from: URL JuneUnited Nations Environmental Program is founded with its headquarters in Nairobi. Kenyan scientist Reuben Olembo plays a key role in starting it and becomes the Deputy Executive Director. He later becomes the Assistant UN Secretary General (1994-1998)."Speeches - March 2005 - The Passing Away of An Environmental Icon: Prof. Reuben Olembo - United Nations Environment Programme". UNEP. Retrieved 2016-10-11.1973The Lokiriama Peace Accord is signed by Turkana people and Matheniki of Uganda Lufthansa Flight 540 crashes 197414th OctoberGeneral elections are held in Kenya. Former KPU members including Odinga are prevented from running for office.Encyclopedia Britannica. The Republic of Kenya. Kenyatta's rule. Available from: URL Mwangi Kariuki, a popular left leaning politician and gadfly critical of the Kenyatta government is assassinated.Kenyan MP's murder unsolved 40 years on. Available from: URL Cited 10-11-20201977Ngugi Wa Thiongo, renowned Kenyan writer is detained without trial. His play Ngaahika Ndeenda (I Will Marry When I Want) provokes government authorities to arrest him. Continuous harassment after his release in 1978 forces him into exile from 1982 until 2002.Profile of a Literary and Social Activist. Available from: URL Cited 15-11-20 A coup attempt by Kenya Air Force soldiers in August, led by Hezekiah Ochuka is foiled. Oginga Odinga is expelled from KANU and imprisoned for several months.Horsby, Charles (20 May 2012). "How attempted takeover of Moi Goverment [sic] by rebels flopped". Standard Digital. Retrieved 23 June 2018. Encyclopedia Britannica. Oginga Odinga vice president of Kenya. Available from: URL Nelson Mandela visits Kenya with the intention of visiting the grave of Dedan Kimathi. His request is turned down by government authorities. Dedan Kimathi was buried in an unmarked grave in Kamiti Maximum Prison after his execution in 1957. His grave site would not be identified until 2019.62 years after hanging: Dedan Kimathi grave found. East African Standard. Available from: URL Mandela was inspired by the gallant struggle put up by the Mau Mau in Kenya to defeat colonial rule. New African. Available from: URL Local and International Pressure mounts leading to the repealing of section 2a of the constitution. Kenya becomes a multiparty state.Kenya ’ s Quest for a New Constitution: the Key Constitutional Moments. Available from: URL Cited 11-11-20 The Forum for Restoration of Democracy (FORD), an opposition political party led by Oginga Odinga, Kenneth Matiba and Martin Shikuku is formed.1992AugustThe Forum for Restoration of Democracy (FORD) splits up following internal wrangling into FORD-Asili, FORD-Kenya and FORD-People.Human Rights Watch (1993), Divide and Rule: State Sponsored Ethnic Violence in KenyaWangari Maathai (2006). Unbowed: a memoir. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 208. .199229 DecemberThe 1992 Kenyan general elections are held. This is Kenya's first presidential multiparty election. This election is marred by irregularities and targeted ethnic violence in Rift Valley Province. President Daniel Arap Moi retains his seat . Human Rights Watch (1993), Divide and Rule: State Sponsored Ethnic Violence in Kenya199420 JanuaryOginga Odinga URL Leah T. Marangu is appointed as the Vice Chancellor of Africa Nazarene University (ANU). She becomes the first Kenyan woman to head a UniversityGlobal Peace Foundation. Professor Leah Marangu. Available from: URL Cited 20-11-201997JanuaryKenyan hip hop group Kalamashaka release the hit song "Tafsiri Hii" produced by Tedd Josiah. Their modern hip hop style combined with Swahili lyrics to give a message of hope despite the social and political issues bedevilling Kenya inspires a generation of urban youth and local talent.Kalamashaka: Dandora trio that fired up Kenya's music industry. The East African Standard. Available from: URL Tafsiri Hii was more than a song, it was game changer. The East African Standard. Available from: URL JulyThe Saba Saba anniversary confrontation leaves 10 people dead and several injured at the hands of government authorities. The run-up to the 1997 election is marred by violence against the opposition199729 DecemberPresident Daniel Arap Moi is elected again in Kenya's second presidential multiparty election. These elections attract widespread criticism over irregularities and ethnic clashes. Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga (Oginga Odinga's son) are his main challengers.19987 AugustThe US Embassy bombings in Nairobi, Kenya's capital and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania leave 224 people dead and over 4000 people injured. Al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad are implicated.East African Embassy Bombings. Available from: URL Daniel Arap Moi sets up the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission. Yash Pal Ghai is installed as the chairman. This is Kenya's first major constitutional reform since independence.Constitution of Kenya Review Commission. TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL – KENYA REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE ON CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM TO FIGHT CORRUPTION. Available from: URL The The post-election crisis of 2007 - 2008 begins shortly after the election. At least 1,133 people are killed and more than 600,000 are displacedHuman Rights watch. Human Rights Watch. I Just Sit and Wait to Die. Available from: URL NovemberPresident Kibaki declares this day a public holiday following the election of Barack Obama to become the first African American president of the United URL UN Secretary general Kofi Annan handed names of the main suspects of the 2007 Post-election violence to the International Criminal Court2010MarchEntrepreneur and blogger Erik Hersman starts iHub, an innovation hub and hacker space. This quickly becomes a central pillar of the Silicon Savannah (the Kenyan tech scene). Between 2010 and 2019, 170 companies are formed out of URL Kenyan music group Just a band releases Kenya's first viral music video - Ha He - which tells the exploits of Makmende, referencing blaxploitation and kung fu motifs. The viral response highlights the uptake and penetration of technology and social media in KenyaThe Wall street Journal. Vinograd, Cassandra (24 March 2010) Kenya Launches Country's First Viral Music Video. Available from: URL Cited 14-11-2020104 AugustKenya holds a constitutional referendum. 68.6\% of voters approve the new constitutionInterim Independent Electoral Commission of Kenya (IIEC) (6 August 2010). "Kenya referendum results". Capital FM. Archived from the original on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.2010DecemberSix prominent Kenyans are accused of crimes against humanity by the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Luis Moreno Ocampo. Education Minister William Ruto, Finance Minister Uhuru Kenyatta, Industrialization Minister Henry Kosgey, secretary to the cabinet Francis Kirimi Muthaura, former police chief Mohammed Hussein Ali and radio executive Joshua Arap Sang6 Prominent Kenyans Accused of Crimes Against Humanity. VOA. URL 23The Pre-trial chamber of the ICC confirms charges against Kenyatta, Muthaura, Ruto and Sang.From Ocampo Six To Bensouda Two, What Next For Kenyan ICC Case?. CapitalFM News. URL LGBT pride event held in Kenyan US embassy George Saitoti and Orwa Ojode are killed in a deadly helicopter crash2012MarchAnglo-Irish firm, Tullow Oil, discovers oil in Northern Kenya. President Kibaki calls the find a major breakthroughKenya oil discovery after Tullow Oil drilling. Available from: URL Cited 14-11-2020129 AugustIn what was dubbed "The Greatest 800 Meter Race Ever", David Rudisha wins the gold medal in the 2012 London olympics 800m race and breaks the world record.Ramsak, Bob (9 August 2012). "Stunning! Rudisha 1:40.91 World Record in London!". IAAF.org. Retrieved 9 November 2012.2013SeptemberThe Westgate terror attack. Four gunmen kill over 60 people and injure approximately 200 in an attack on an upscale mall, Westgate shopping mall. Al-Shabaab claim responsibility for the attack in retaliation for Kenya's incursion into Somalia in 2011 - Operation Linda URL Kenyatta is voted in as the fourth President of Kenya with William Ruto as his deputy president following the 2013 Kenyan General Elections20142 MarchLupita Nyong'o wins the best supporting actress Oscar at the 86th Academy Awards for her role in 12 Years a Slave. She becomes the first African to win an Oscar.Lupita Nyong'o wins best supporting actress Oscar. Available from: URL rebases its economy increasing in GDP size by 25.3 per cent. Newly classified as a middle-income country, Kenya becomes Africa's ninth largest economy, up from 12th.Kenya Joins Africa's Top 10 Economies After Rebasing Of Its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Available from: URL Cited 15-11-202014DecemberThe prosecutor of the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Fatou Bensouda withdraws charges against President Kenyatta due to lack of evidence.Bensouda Drops President Kenyatta ’ s ICC Case. CapitalFM news URL 20152nd AprilThe Garissa University attack occurs. Gunmen claiming to be from Al-Shabaab kill 148 people and injure over 70. This is the second most deadly terrorist attack on Kenyan soil."Death toll from Kenyan attack rises to 148". RTÉ.ie. 3 April 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.2016AprilThe International Criminal Court drops its case against the deputy president of Kenya, William RutoInternational Criminal Court Drops Case Against Kenya ’ s William Ruto. New York Times. URL Afterwards, protests erupt in Nairobi, Western Kenya and the Coastal region. The police response is lethal. Over the next weeks after the election, at least 12 people are killed and over a hundred injured. Police operations include door to door crackdowns in areas not involved in the protests. The tragic death of 6 month old Samantha Pendo ignites an uproar over police brutality.Kenya: Post-Election Killings, Abuse. Human Rights Watch. Available from: URL police: Nahashon Mutua jailed as baby Pendo killers convicted. BBC. Available from: URL SeptemberThe Supreme Court annuls the election results. Fresh elections are called for within 60 days.Kenya Supreme Court: 'No choice but to accept' opposition hacking claims. Cnn. Available from: URL 201726 OctoberThe 2017 second Presidential election is held. Raila Odinga refuses to participate in these elections citing uncorrected issues within the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Kenyatta is declared winner with 98\% of the vote with a voter turn-out of 39\%.Kenyan President Kenyatta wins 98 percent of vote in repeat election. Reuters. Available from: URL 201830 JanuaryAmidst a media black-out, Raila Odinga is sworn in as the "People's President" in an effort to persuade Uhuru Kenyatta to come to the negotiation table. Kenyan lawyer Miguna Miguna officiates the ceremony. He is deported in February following treason related charges and the legality of his citizenship is brought to question.Kenya ’ s opposition leader has been sworn in as the "people ’ s president". Available from: URL Cited 15-10-20Raila Odinga ‘sworn in’ as Kenya ’s people’ s president. Al Jazeera. Available from: URL Cited 15-10-20Kenya deports Miguna Miguna over Odinga 'swearing-in'. BBC. Available from: URL Cited 15-10-20Miguna Miguna: Kenya opposition figure deported again. BBC. Available from: URL Cited 15-10-202018MarchAn investigative report reveals that Cambridge Analytica, a data analytics firm, played a critical role in President Uhuru Kenyatta ’ s two campaigns, in 2013 and 2017.Cambridge Analytica Had a Role in Kenya Election, Too. New York Times. Available from: URL Cited 15-10-20
Elmenteitan cultureLane , Paul J. (2013-07-04). The Archaeology of Pastoralism and Stock-Keeping in East Africa. The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569885.001.0001. .3000 BCE - 1000 BCE Cushitic speakers settle across East Africa.Ehret, Christopher (1982). Posnansky, Merrick (ed.). The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History. University of California Press. pp. 140–141. . Retrieved 11 May 2015. 1st millennium BC YearDateEvent1000BCE - 500BCESouthern Nilotic speaking communities move southwards from the Sudd into western Kenya.Ehret, Christopher. An African Classical Age: Eastern & Southern Africa in World History 1000 B.C. to A.D.400. University of Virginia, 1998, p.71000 BCE-1000 ADBantu Groups migrate into Kenya bringing with them iron age technology. The Urewe culture, one of Africa's oldest iron smelting centres, settle in the great lakes region including western Kenya. Other groups settle in Southern KenyaPaul Lane , Ceri Ashley & Gilbert Oteyo (2006) New Dates for Kansyore and Urewe Wares from Northern Nyanza, Kenya, AZANIA: Journal of the British Institute in Eastern Africa, 41:1, 123-138, DOI: 10.1080/00672700609480438Clist, Bernard. (1987). A critical reappraisal of the chronological framework of the early Urewe Iron Age industry. Muntu. 6. 35-62. 1st century AD YearDateEvent~1AD - 50ADThe Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, a Graeco-Roman manuscript is written. It describes the East African coast (Azania) and an existing Indian Ocean Trade route.The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea Available from: URL 15th century YearDateEvent1418Chinese Admiral Zheng He visits Malindi. Some of his ships are reported to have sunk near Lamu Island. Recent genetic tests done on local inhabitants confirmed Chinese ancestryChinese archaeologists' African quest for sunken ship of Ming admiral Available from: URL girl with Chinese blood steals limelight". Chinese Embassy in Kenya. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2009.1490-1517Southern Luo people migrate into Western Kenya from present day Uganda.John R Campbell. Who are the Luo? Oral tradition and disciplinary practices in anthropology and history. June 2006. Journal of African Cultural Studies 18(1):73-87 DOI: 10.1080/136968506007503271498AprilVasco da Gama travels to Mombasa and Malindi. Attacks on merchant ships led to a hostile reception in Mombasa. In Malindi the reception was friendlier. He established trade relations, erects a pillar and hires a guide to travel to India.Martin, Esmond Bradley (2009) [originally published in 1970]. Malindi. Past and Present (New ed.). The National Museum of Kenya 18th century YearDateEvent1700-1800Complex water furrows for irrigation are constructed by the Marakwet to facilitate intensive agriculture. Clan owned and communal, these irrigation systems are still in use.Matthew I.J. Davies, Timothy Kipkeu Kipruto & Henrietta L. Moore (2014) Revisiting the irrigated agricultural landscape of the Marakwet, Kenya: tracing local technology and knowledge over the recent past, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 49:4, 486-523, DOI:10.1080/0067270X.2014.9795271728One of the oldest surviving manuscripts in Swahili, an epic poem titled Utenzi wa Tambuka (The story of Tambuka), is written at the Royal Court of Pate Sultanate. Slave caravan routes into the interior of Kenya reach as far as the foothills of Mount Kenya, Lake Victoria and past Lake Baringo into Samburu country. Herman O. Kiriama. The Landscapes of Slavery in Kenya. Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage Volume 7, 2018 - Issue 2: Landscapes of Slavery in Africa URL August The first Christian mission is founded by Johann Ludwig Krapf in Rabai. Many freed slaves rescued by the British Navy are settled here.1850East and Central Africa is mapped by European explorers.Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 (1991) ch 11874Frere Town settlement in Mombasa is established. This is another settlement for freed slaves rescued by the British Navy. Despite pressure from the British to stop the East African slave trade, it continues to persist.1875 - 1884The peak of the slave plantation economy in East Africa. 43,000 – 47,000 slaves are present on the Kenyan coast (44 percent of the local population)1884 - 1885The Berlin Conference is convened by Otto Von Bismack. Britain stakes claims in what is today Kenya and Uganda.Thomas Pakenham, The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 (1991)1890 - 1906The Nandi resistance against colonial rule is led by Koitalel Arap Samoei 1895Following the financial ruin of the Imperial British East African Company which administered the territory that is now Uganda and Kenya, the British Government steps in by proclaiming the Uganda protectorate and the British East African protectorate to maintain its sphere of influence.Nandi Resistance to British Rule 1890–1906. By A. T. Matson. Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1972. Pp. vii+391 20th century YearDateEvent1901George V is Kenya's new mornarch1903The Ugandan Railway is completed1905Nairobi is established as the capital of the British East African Protectorate1909Slavery is abolished in East Africa Malcolm MacDonald becomes Kenya's last Colonial governor1964 UNESCO's General History of Africa is launched aiming to tackle ignorance of Africa ' s history. Kenyan historian Bethwell Allan Ogot plays a key role in its production.General History of Africa. About the Project. UNESCO. Available from: URL Retrieved 19-11-20196420 OctoberMalcolm X attends the Kenyatta Day parade in Nairobi. The American Civil rights leader first visited Kenya in 1959. Earlier in the year, Malcolm X attended the OAU meeting in Cairo to convince African states to raise the question of persecution of African Americans at the United Nations.Malcolm X Goes To a Parade. Detroit Free Press. Available from: URL Cited 17-11-20MALCOLM X SEEKS U.N. NEGRO DEBATE; He Asks African States to Cite U.S. Over Rights. New York Times. Available from: URL Cited 17-11-20Shiraz Durrani, Ed. Pio Gama Pinto. Kenya's Unsung Martyr. 1927-1965.2018. Vita Books196412 DecemberKenya becomes a republic with Jomo Kenyatta as the first President of Kenya196528 JanuaryThe Kenyatta government sends the Kenya army to Meru district, where Mau Mau fighters are gathered under the leadership of Field Marshall Mwariama and Field Marshall Baimungi. These last Mau Mau leaders had been insisting that they should get land and be absorbed into the civil service and Kenya army. Both leaders and several Mau Mau fighters are killedAnaïs Angelo (2017) Jomo Kenyatta and the repression of the ‘last’ Mau Mau leaders, 1961–1965, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 11:3, 442-459, DOI: 10.1080/17531055.2017.1354521Kenya National Assembly Official Record. 12 July 2000. Parliamentary debates. page 1552-1553196524 FebruaryAnti-colonial activist and socialist politician, Pio Gama Pinto is assassinated. This is independent Kenya's first political assassination."Pio Gama Pinto - Independant [sic] Kenya's First Marytr". Awaaz Magazine. 2 November 2011. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.1966Bildad Kaggia and Oginga Odinga accuse the Kenyatta government of pursuing corrupt land distribution policies that did not favour the poor and the landless. Kenya's vice president, Oginga Odinga, leaves the ruling party KANU and starts a left leaning party, the Kenya People's Union. 29 members of parliament including Kaggia defect from KANU to KPU .196611 and 12 JuneThe 'Little general election' is held. These by-elections are called following the defection of 29 members of KANU to establish the Kenya People's Union.Robert M. Maxon, Thomas P. Ofcansky (2014) Historical Dictionary of Kenya, Rowman & Littlefield, p204 Outside Nyanza Province, most KPU candidates, including Bildad Kaggia, lose in this election.1966JulyA security Act is passed in Parliament that permits the government to carry out detention without trial. This act is used against KPU members who are arrested in round up a few weeks later. Those arrested include Ochola Mak'Anyengo (Secretary-General of the Kenya Petroleum Oil Workers Union), Oluande Koduol (Oginga Odinga ' s private secretary) and Peter Ooko (Secretary general of the East African Common Services Civil Servants Union)K. Conboy. Detention without trial in Kenya. GEORGIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW Volume:8 Issue:2 Dated:(SPRING 1978) Pages:441-461M"Five Opposition Leaders Seized by Kenya Police" Pasadena Independent (Pasadena, California) Fri 5 Aug 1966. Page 1 Available from: URL 1967East African Community formed Kenyan pro-divisions founded1968Richard Leakey leads a preliminary search of Koobi Fora. This archaeological site yields a wealth of stone tools and hominin fossils that shape the understanding of human evolution and URL Naftali Temu wins the 10,000 metres race at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City becoming Kenya's first gold medalist.Mile High: How Kip Keino's 1500m gold changed running Available: URL JulyTom Mboya, widely considered as heir apparent to Kenyatta, is assassinated.196925 OctoberThe Kisumu Massacre occurs. Two days later, all KPU leaders are arrested and detained without trial and KPU is banned. Oginga Odinga is placed under house arrest. Kenya becomes a de facto one party state."Dark Saturday in 1969 when Jomo ' s visit to Kisumu turned bloody." Daily Nation. Wed October 24 , 2018. Available from: URL International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) is started by Kenyan entomologist, Thomas Odhiambo. Through the years he becomes known for his research on Insect physiology and non-chemical methods of agricultural insect controlThe Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Thomas R. Odhiambo. Available from: URL Odinga is released from house arrestEncyclopedia Britannica. Oginga Odinga vice president of Kenya. Available from: URL JuneUnited Nations Environmental Program is founded with its headquarters in Nairobi. Kenyan scientist Reuben Olembo plays a key role in starting it and becomes the Deputy Executive Director. He later becomes the Assistant UN Secretary General (1994-1998)."Speeches - March 2005 - The Passing Away of An Environmental Icon: Prof. Reuben Olembo - United Nations Environment Programme". UNEP. Retrieved 2016-10-11.1973The Lokiriama Peace Accord is signed by Turkana people and Matheniki of Uganda Lufthansa Flight 540 crashes 197414 OctoberGeneral elections are held in Kenya. Former KPU members including Odinga are prevented from running for office.Encyclopedia Britannica. The Republic of Kenya. Kenyatta's rule. Available from: URL Mwangi Kariuki, a popular left leaning politician and gadfly critical of the Kenyatta government is assassinated.Kenyan MP's murder unsolved 40 years on. Available from: URL Cited 10-11-20201977Ngugi Wa Thiongo, renowned Kenyan writer is detained without trial. His play Ngaahika Ndeenda (I Will Marry When I Want) provokes government authorities to arrest him. Continuous harassment after his release in 1978 forces him into exile from 1982 until 2002.Profile of a Literary and Social Activist. Available from: URL Cited 15-11-20 A coup attempt by Kenya Air Force soldiers in August, led by Hezekiah Ochuka is foiled. Oginga Odinga is expelled from KANU and imprisoned for several months.Horsby, Charles (20 May 2012). "How attempted takeover of Moi Government [sic] by rebels flopped". Standard Digital. Retrieved 23 June 2018. Nelson Mandela visits Kenya with the intention of visiting the grave of Dedan Kimathi. His request is turned down by government authorities. Dedan Kimathi was buried in an unmarked grave in Kamiti Maximum Prison after his execution in 1957. His grave site would not be identified until 2019.62 years after hanging: Dedan Kimathi grave found. East African Standard. Available from: URL Mandela was inspired by the gallant struggle put up by the Mau Mau in Kenya to defeat colonial rule. New African. Available from: URL Local and International Pressure mounts leading to the repealing of section 2a of the constitution. Kenya becomes a multiparty state.Kenya ' s Quest for a New Constitution: the Key Constitutional Moments. Available from: URL Cited 11-11-20 The Forum for Restoration of Democracy (FORD), an opposition political party led by Oginga Odinga, Kenneth Matiba and Martin Shikuku is formed.1992AugustThe Forum for Restoration of Democracy (FORD) splits up following internal wrangling into FORD-Asili, FORD-Kenya and FORD-People.Human Rights Watch (1993), Divide and Rule: State Sponsored Ethnic Violence in KenyaWangari Maathai (2006). Unbowed: a memoir. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 208. .199229 DecemberThe 1992 Kenyan general elections are held. This is Kenya's first presidential multiparty election. This election is marred by irregularities and targeted ethnic violence in Rift Valley Province. President Daniel Arap Moi retains his seat .199420 JanuaryOginga Odinga URL Leah T. Marangu is appointed as the Vice Chancellor of Africa Nazarene University (ANU). She becomes the first Kenyan woman to head a UniversityGlobal Peace Foundation. Professor Leah Marangu. Available from: URL Cited 20-11-201997JanuaryKenyan hip hop group Kalamashaka release the hit song "Tafsiri Hii" produced by Tedd Josiah. Their modern hip hop style combined with Swahili lyrics to give a message of hope despite the social and political issues bedevilling Kenya inspires a generation of urban youth and local talent.Kalamashaka: Dandora trio that fired up Kenya's music industry. The East African Standard. Available from: URL Tafsiri Hii was more than a song, it was game changer. The East African Standard. Available from: URL JulyThe Saba Saba anniversary confrontation leaves 10 people dead and several injured at the hands of government authorities. The run-up to the 1997 election is marred by violence against the opposition199729 DecemberPresident Daniel Arap Moi is elected again in Kenya's second presidential multiparty election. These elections attract widespread criticism over irregularities and ethnic clashes. Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga (Oginga Odinga's son) are his main challengers.19987 AugustThe US Embassy bombings in Nairobi, Kenya's capital and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania leave 224 people dead and over 4000 people injured. Al-Qaeda and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad are implicated.East African Embassy Bombings. Available from: URL Daniel Arap Moi sets up the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission. Yash Pal Ghai is installed as the chairman. This is Kenya's first major constitutional reform since independence.Constitution of Kenya Review Commission. TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL – KENYA REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE ON CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM TO FIGHT CORRUPTION. Available from: URL The The post-election crisis of 2007 - 2008 begins shortly after the election. At least 1,133 people are killed and more than 600,000 are displacedHuman Rights watch. Human Rights Watch. I Just Sit and Wait to Die. Available from: URL NovemberPresident Kibaki declares this day a public holiday following the election of Barack Obama to become the first African American president of the United URL UN Secretary general Kofi Annan handed names of the main suspects of the 2007 Post-election violence to the International Criminal Court2010MarchEntrepreneur and blogger Erik Hersman starts iHub, an innovation hub and hacker space. This quickly becomes a central pillar of the Silicon Savannah (the Kenyan tech scene). Between 2010 and 2019, 170 companies are formed out of URL Kenyan music group Just a band releases Kenya's first viral music video - Ha He - which tells the exploits of Makmende, referencing blaxploitation and kung fu motifs. The viral response highlights the uptake and penetration of technology and social media in KenyaThe Wall street Journal. Vinograd, Cassandra (24 March 2010) Kenya Launches Country's First Viral Music Video. Available from: URL Cited 14-11-2020104 AugustKenya holds a constitutional referendum. 68.6\% of voters approve the new constitutionInterim Independent Electoral Commission of Kenya (IIEC) (6 August 2010). "Kenya referendum results". Capital FM. Archived from the original on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010.2010DecemberSix prominent Kenyans are accused of crimes against humanity by the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Luis Moreno Ocampo. Education Minister William Ruto, Finance Minister Uhuru Kenyatta, Industrialization Minister Henry Kosgey, secretary to the cabinet Francis Kirimi Muthaura, former police chief Mohammed Hussein Ali and radio executive Joshua Arap Sang6 Prominent Kenyans Accused of Crimes Against Humanity. VOA. URL 23The Pre-trial chamber of the ICC confirms charges against Kenyatta, Muthaura, Ruto and Sang.From Ocampo Six To Bensouda Two, What Next For Kenyan ICC Case?. CapitalFM News. URL LGBT pride event held in Kenyan US embassy George Saitoti and Orwa Ojode are killed in a deadly helicopter crash2012MarchAnglo-Irish firm, Tullow Oil, discovers oil in Northern Kenya. President Kibaki calls the find a major breakthroughKenya oil discovery after Tullow Oil drilling. Available from: URL Cited 14-11-2020129 AugustIn what was dubbed "The Greatest 800 Meter Race Ever", David Rudisha wins the gold medal in the 2012 London olympics 800m race and breaks the world record.Ramsak, Bob (9 August 2012). "Stunning! Rudisha 1:40.91 World Record in London!". IAAF.org. Retrieved 9 November 2012.2013SeptemberThe Westgate terror attack. Four gunmen kill over 60 people and injure approximately 200 in an attack on an upscale mall, Westgate shopping mall. Al-Shabaab claim responsibility for the attack in retaliation for Kenya's incursion into Somalia in 2011 - Operation Linda URL Kenyatta is voted in as the fourth President of Kenya with William Ruto as his deputy president following the 2013 Kenyan General Elections20142 MarchLupita Nyong'o wins the best supporting actress Oscar at the 86th Academy Awards for her role in 12 Years a Slave. She becomes the first African to win an Oscar.Lupita Nyong'o wins best supporting actress Oscar. Available from: URL rebases its economy increasing in GDP size by 25.3 per cent. Newly classified as a middle-income country, Kenya becomes Africa's ninth largest economy, up from 12th.Kenya Joins Africa's Top 10 Economies After Rebasing Of Its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Available from: URL Cited 15-11-202014DecemberThe prosecutor of the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Fatou Bensouda withdraws charges against President Kenyatta due to lack of evidence.Bensouda Drops President Kenyatta ' s ICC Case. CapitalFM news URL AprilThe Garissa University attack occurs. Gunmen claiming to be from Al-Shabaab kill 148 people and injure over 70. This is the second most deadly terrorist attack on Kenyan soil."Death toll from Kenyan attack rises to 148". RTÉ.ie. 3 April 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.2016AprilThe International Criminal Court drops its case against the deputy president of Kenya, William RutoInternational Criminal Court Drops Case Against Kenya ' s William Ruto. New York Times. URL Afterwards, protests erupt in Nairobi, Western Kenya and the Coastal region. The police response is lethal. Over the next weeks after the election, at least 12 people are killed and over a hundred injured. Police operations include door to door crackdowns in areas not involved in the protests. The tragic death of 6 month old Samantha Pendo ignites an uproar over police brutality.Kenya: Post-Election Killings, Abuse. Human Rights Watch. Available from: URL police: Nahashon Mutua jailed as baby Pendo killers convicted. BBC. Available from: URL SeptemberThe Supreme Court annuls the election results. Fresh elections are called for within 60 days.Kenya Supreme Court: 'No choice but to accept' opposition hacking claims. Cnn. Available from: URL 201726 OctoberThe 2017 second Presidential election is held. Raila Odinga refuses to participate in these elections citing uncorrected issues within the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Kenyatta is declared winner with 98\% of the vote with a voter turn-out of 39\%.Kenyan President Kenyatta wins 98 percent of vote in repeat election. Reuters. Available from: URL 201830 JanuaryAmidst a media black-out, Raila Odinga is sworn in as the "People's President" in an effort to persuade Uhuru Kenyatta to come to the negotiation table. Kenyan lawyer Miguna Miguna officiates the ceremony. He is deported in February following treason related charges and the legality of his citizenship is brought to question.Kenya ' s opposition leader has been sworn in as the "people ' s president". Available from: URL Cited 15-10-20Raila Odinga ‘sworn in’ as Kenya 's people' s president. Al Jazeera. Available from: URL Cited 15-10-20Kenya deports Miguna Miguna over Odinga 'swearing-in'. BBC. Available from: URL Cited 15-10-20Miguna Miguna: Kenya opposition figure deported again. BBC. Available from: URL Cited 15-10-202018MarchAn investigative report reveals that Cambridge Analytica, a data analytics firm, played a critical role in President Uhuru Kenyatta ' s two campaigns, in 2013 and 2017.Cambridge Analytica Had a Role in Kenya Election, Too. New York Times. Available from: URL Cited 15-10-20
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