Pétion, through control of the Senate, declared himself president-for-life of the Republic of Haiti in 1816. On March 29, 1818, Pétion died and the title of president-for life passed to the commander of his guard, Jean-Pierre Boyer, won the gained support of the Senate. In the northern Kingdom of Haiti, Christophe suffered a severe stroke August 15, 1820  that left him partially paralyzed. Within weeks, dissent was cultivating in the Kingdom and Boyer used the opportunity to begin a march north with the Republic of Haiti's army. Abandoned by his guard and expecting the inevitable insurrection, on October 7, 1820, Christophe killed himself by gunshot. Boyer arrived in Cap-Haitien on October 20, 1820, and formally united the two Haitis into the Republic of Haiti without any further hostilities. Reign of Boyer Boyer (right) and Baron Mackau (left) negotiating the Franco-Haitian Treaty of 1825. After the annexation of Spanish Haiti, Boyer took full powers with the title of “ Supreme Chief of the Nation ” with the right to choose his successor. In the two decades that had followed the Haitian Revolution and the expulsion of the French colonial government in 1804, Haiti's independence had not been recognized by the world powers. In 1825, King Charles X of France decreed that his nation was to be compensated 150 million gold francs payable in five years in exchange for recognition of Haitian independence. Under threat of invasion, Boyer agreed and by 1826 Haiti was recognized by almost all world powers with the exception of the United States of America. In order to keep up with the payments to France, Boyer had to implement a special tax and negotiate a loan of 30 million to a French bank with an interest rate of 6\%, while asking for a reduction of the debt. Charles X also demanded a 50\% reduction in customs duties for products exported to France. The debt was reduced to 600 million payable in thirty years, in February 1838. During Boyer's reign, Haiti's economy shifted from primarily sugarcane to coffee exports. Portrait of Jean-Pierre Boyer.
Pétion, through control of the Senate, declared himself president-for-life of the Republic of Haiti in 1816. On March 29, 1818, Pétion died and the title of president-for life passed to the commander of his guard, Jean-Pierre Boyer, won the gained support of the Senate. In the northern Kingdom of Haiti, Christophe suffered a severe stroke August 15, 1820 , that left him partially paralyzed. Within weeks, dissent was cultivating in the Kingdom and Boyer used the opportunity to begin a march north with the Republic of Haiti's army. Abandoned by his guard and expecting the inevitable insurrection, on October 7, 1820, Christophe killed himself by gunshot. Boyer arrived in Cap-Haitien on October 20, 1820, and formally united the two Haitis into the Republic of Haiti without any further hostilities. Reign of Boyer Boyer (right) and Baron Mackau (left) negotiating the Franco-Haitian Treaty of 1825. After the annexation of Spanish Haiti, Boyer took full powers with the title of " Supreme Chief of the Nation " with the right to choose his successor. In the two decades that had followed the Haitian Revolution and the expulsion of the French colonial government in 1804, Haiti's independence had not been recognized by the world powers. In 1825, King Charles X of France decreed that his nation was to be compensated 150 million gold francs payable in five years in exchange for recognition of Haitian independence. Under threat of invasion, Boyer agreed and by 1826 Haiti was recognized by almost all world powers with the exception of the United States of America. To keep up with the payments to France, Boyer had to implement a special tax and negotiate a loan of 30 million to a French bank with an interest rate of 6\%, while asking for a reduction of the debt. Charles X also demanded a 50\% reduction in customs duties for products exported to France. The debt was reduced to 600 million payable in thirty years, in February 1838. During Boyer's reign, Haiti's economy shifted from primarily sugarcane to coffee exports. Portrait of Jean-Pierre Boyer.
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