20th century Spain had     ]  ]   never undertaken colonial settlement of the large area in the Bight of Biafra to which it had treaty rights. The French expanded their occupation at the expense of the area claimed by Spain. By the treaty of Paris in 1900, Spain was left with the continental enclave of Río Muni, 26,000 km2 of the 300,000 stretching east to the Ubangi river, which the Spaniards had previously claimed.William Gervase Clarence-Smith, 1986 "Spanish Equatorial Guinea, 1898-1940", in The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1905 to 1940 Ed. J. D. Fage, A. D. Roberts, & Roland Anthony Oliver. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press> Colony of Spanish Guinea Between 1926 and 1959, the Crown united Bioko and Río Muni as the "colony of Spanish Guinea". The economy was based on the exploitation of the commodity crops of cacao and coffee, produced at large plantations, in addition to logging concessions. Owners of these companies hired mostly immigrant contract labour from Liberia, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Spain mounted military campaigns in the 1920s to subdue the indigenous Fang people, as Liberia was trying to reduce recruiting of its workers. The Crown established garrisons of the Colonial Guard throughout the enclave by 1926, and the whole colony was considered 'pacified' by 1929.Nerín, Gustau. "La última selva de España:" antropófagos, misioneros y guardias civiles. Crónica de la conquista de los Fang de la Guinea Española, 1914–1930 (The last jungle of Spain: cannibals, missionaries and civil guards. Chronicle of the conquest of the Fang of Spanish Guinea, 1914–1930), Catarata, 2010. Decolonisation The post-war political history of Spanish Guinea had three fairly distinct phases. From 1946 to 1959, it had the status of a "province", having been raised from "colony" , after the Portuguese Empire made overtures to take it over . From 1960 to 1968, Spain tried a system of partial decolonisation to keep the province within the Spanish territorial system, which failed due to continued anti-colonial activity by Guineans. On 12 October 1968, Spain conceded the independence of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Francisco Macías Nguema was elected as president.Campos, Alicia. "The decolonization of Equatorial Guinea: the relevance of the international factor", Journal of African History (2003): 95–116.
20th century In the middle of the 19th century there were considerations to sell the Spanish possessions on the Guinea coast to the British. After the Spanish Parliament rejected this, Spain began to implement its colonial claims with varying degrees of success and intensity in Fernando Poo, Annobón and on the mainland. In the last decades of the 19th century, the colonial power relied on the immigration of colonists and missionaries of the Claretian order from the mother country. Since the successes did not materialize, especially because of the murderous climate for Europeans, the colonial policy switched from 1902 to the transfer of 99-year exploitation licenses to large companies ( casas fuertes ). On Bioko (Fernando Poo) the new policy was more effective. The cultivation of cocoa increased, in 1913 reached 5250 tons. An aggravating factor was the shortage of labor, which was supposed to be covered by the use of Spanish prisoners and the recruitment of people, especially from independent Liberia and, in some cases, catch from mainland Spain. The poor working conditions repeatedly led to resistance from those affected. In 1900 there was a strike by immigrant workers, which was put down by Spanish marines . The natives defended themselves against the attempt to induct them to forced labor, in 1910 with an uprising . The Bubi continued to be under the authority of their respective king, between 1904 and 1937 this was Löpèlo Mëlaka , known as Malabo. The recruitment of labor from Liberia was good business for Liberian politicians and was partly in the nature of a slave trade. When these conditions became public, in 1930 started recruiting in Liberia, resulting in severe labor shortages. From then on, workers from Cameroon and, from 1942 regulated at the state level, were recruited from eastern Nigeria. At the time of independence , the 30,000 or so Nigerians made up more than half of the island's population. The Fernandinos mentioned above formed an increasingly economically successful small middle class on Fernando Poo. Originally oriented towards Protestants and British, they now adopted the Catholic faith throughout, which gave them and their children access to Catholic mission schools. The colonial takeover of power on the mainland continued well into the 20th century. Only in 1926 was the interior of Rio Muni actually subject to colonial administration. The logging industry was of particular economic importance here. To a small extent, migrant workers were also used here, as the local population avoided forced labor as much as possible and limited themselves to subsistence farming . Coffee production was around 1960 to 80\% generated on the mainland. The status of the locals was increasingly officially regulated. In the 19th century by the “Curador Colonial” rules and from 1904 to 1959 by the “Patronato de Indígenas”. 1] A distinction was made between the patronized indígenas (the indigenous population ) and the «emancipated». Only the emancipated were accepted as adults. The indigenous people were forbidden to own more than four hectares 1] of land. In 1959, when the “Patronato” was abolished, just 200 locals had achieved the full status of “emancipated”. Spain had never undertaken colonial settlement of the large area in the Bight of Biafra to which it had treaty rights. The French expanded their occupation at the expense of the area claimed by Spain. By the treaty of Paris in 1900, Spain was left with the continental enclave of Río Muni, 26,000 km2 of the 300,000 stretching east to the Ubangi river, which the Spaniards had previously claimed.William Gervase Clarence-Smith, 1986 "Spanish Equatorial Guinea, 1898-1940", in The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1905 to 1940 Ed. J. D. Fage, A. D. Roberts, & Roland Anthony Oliver. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press> Colony of Spanish Guinea Between 1926 and 1959, the Crown united Bioko and Río Muni as the "colony of Spanish Guinea". The economy was based on the exploitation of the commodity crops of cacao and coffee, produced at large plantations, in addition to logging concessions. Owners of these companies hired mostly immigrant contract labour from Liberia, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Decolonisation The post-war political history of Spanish Guinea had three fairly distinct phases. From 1956 to 1959, it had the status of a "province", having been raised from "colony" . From 1960 to 1968, Spain tried a system of partial decolonisation to keep the province within the Spanish territorial system, which failed due to continued anti-colonial activity by Guineans. On 12 October 1968, Spain conceded the independence of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Francisco Macías Nguema was elected as president.Campos, Alicia. "The decolonization of Equatorial Guinea: the relevance of the international factor", Journal of African History (2003): 95–116.
R
Spain had
In the middle of the 19th century there were considerations to sell the Spanish possessions on the Guinea coast to the British. After the Spanish Parliament rejected this, Spain began to implement its colonial claims with varying degrees of success and intensity in Fernando Poo, Annobón and on the mainland. In the last decades of the 19th century, the colonial power relied on the immigration of colonists and missionaries of the Claretian order from the mother country. Since the successes did not materialize, especially because of the murderous climate for Europeans, the colonial policy switched from 1902 to the transfer of 99-year exploitation licenses to large companies ( casas fuertes ). On Bioko (Fernando Poo) the new policy was more effective. The cultivation of cocoa increased, in 1913 reached 5250 tons. An aggravating factor was the shortage of labor, which was supposed to be covered by the use of Spanish prisoners and the recruitment of people, especially from independent Liberia and, in some cases, catch from mainland Spain.
A
The poor working conditions repeatedly led to resistance from those affected. In 1900 there was a strike by immigrant workers, which was put down by Spanish marines . The natives defended themselves against the attempt to induct them to forced labor, in 1910 with an uprising . The Bubi continued to be under the authority of their respective king, between 1904 and 1937 this was Löpèlo Mëlaka , known as Malabo. The recruitment of labor from Liberia was good business for Liberian politicians and was partly in the nature of a slave trade. When these conditions became public, in 1930 started recruiting in Liberia, resulting in severe labor shortages. From then on, workers from Cameroon and, from 1942 regulated at the state level, were recruited from eastern Nigeria. At the time of independence , the 30,000 or so Nigerians made up more than half of the island's population.
A
The Fernandinos mentioned above formed an increasingly economically successful small middle class on Fernando Poo. Originally oriented towards Protestants and British, they now adopted the Catholic faith throughout, which gave them and their children access to Catholic mission schools.
A
The colonial takeover of power on the mainland continued well into the 20th century. Only in 1926 was the interior of Rio Muni actually subject to colonial administration. The logging industry was of particular economic importance here. To a small extent, migrant workers were also used here, as the local population avoided forced labor as much as possible and limited themselves to subsistence farming . Coffee production was around 1960 to 80\% generated on the mainland.
A
The status of the locals was increasingly officially regulated. In the 19th century by the “Curador Colonial” rules and from 1904 to 1959 by the “Patronato de Indígenas”.
A
1
A
A distinction was made between the patronized indígenas (the indigenous population ) and the «emancipated». Only the emancipated were accepted as adults. The indigenous people were forbidden to own more than four hectares
A
1
A
of land. In 1959, when the “Patronato” was abolished, just 200 locals had achieved the full status of “emancipated”.
A
Spain had
D
Spain mounted military campaigns in the 1920s to subdue the indigenous Fang people, as Liberia was trying to reduce recruiting of its workers. The Crown established garrisons of the Colonial Guard throughout the enclave by 1926, and the whole colony was considered 'pacified' by 1929.Nerín, Gustau. "La última selva de España:" antropófagos, misioneros y guardias civiles. Crónica de la conquista de los Fang de la Guinea Española, 1914–1930 (The last jungle of Spain: cannibals, missionaries and civil guards. Chronicle of the conquest of the Fang of Spanish Guinea, 1914–1930), Catarata, 2010.
R
1946
1956
D
, after the Portuguese Empire made overtures to take it over