Other procedures Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is a form of facial reconstruction used to make a masculine face appear more feminine. FFS procedures can reshape the jaw, chin, forehead (including brow ridge) , hairline, and other areas of the face that tend to be sexually dimorphic. A chondrolaryngoplasty, colloquially a "tracheal shave", is a surgical reduction of the cartilage in the larynx to reduce the appearance of a visible Adam's apple        . Facial masculinization surgery (FMS) is a form of facial reconstruction used to make a feminine face appear more masculine    . Trans people of both sexes may practice vocal therapy. Vocal therapists may help their patients improve their pitch, resonance, inflection, and volume. Another option for trans women is vocal surgery, though there is the risk of damaging the voice      .
Non invasive procedures There are a number of non surgical procedures that can be administered instead of – or in addition to sex-reassignment surgery that contribute to gender affirming procedures. Botulinum toxins: History: Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA) was first discovered by Dr. Justinius Kerner in 1820 and was extracted to botulinum toxin, type A, in 1994 by Dr. Edward J. Schantz. It was found to relax overactive muscles in animals and was approved for human testing in the 1970s for muscle spasms, crossed eyes, and sweating. It was approved by the FDA in 1989 for intramuscular, intradetrusor, and intradermal injection. There are a number of preparations for botulinum toxins, all of which can be used for the same treatments: Botox cosmetic, Dysport (Ipsen pharmaceuticals) (Botulinum toxin type A), Xeomin, Neurobloc, and URL Function: Botox is typically used to paralyze or relax muscles in the face and neck, restricting muscle contractions, thus decreasing, preventing, and eliminating fine lines and wrinkles. Due to its paralyzing properties, it is also frequently used to relax larger muscles in the face (the masseters) to slim down a strong jawline. Because males tend to have stronger masseters and larger jaws, many transgender males receive botox treatments to decrease the appearance of a larger jaw. Science: Botox blocks the release of the main neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine, resulting in muscle paralysis. The paralysis and underactivity of the muscle typically lasts three months until it returns back to its original state. It has been used to treat strabismus and focal dystonias, hemifacial spasms, movement disorders, headaches, hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, and other conditions. Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: History: Hyaluronic Acids have been used since the 1970s for the treatment of joint pains and other health conditions. It is a chemical naturally found in the body that has made its way into beauty industry and skin care products as well as an injectable commonly used for areas in the face to address loss of volume . Function: Hyaluronic acids can be used to fill hollow areas of the face (under eye circles, deflated cheeks) or add volume to and contour to areas such as the nose, jaw, chin, and lips. Science: Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulphated Glycosaminogycan (GAG) made up of polymeric disaccharides of D-glucuronic acid and N=acetyl=D-glucosamine linked by glucuronidic bonds. Due to its water retaining qualities, it adds volume to desired areas and can prevent aging. Radiesse: History: Radiesse was FDA approved in December, 2006 for lipoatrophy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. It originally was used to add volume to significant loss of fat in the faces of patients with HIV. Today it serves a variety of purposes, including dermal fillers . Function: Radiesse can be used as a filler to fill hollow areas. It has also found its use as a “hand filler” to decrease the appearance of protruding veins in the hands. Science: Hyperdiluted Calcium Hydroxyapatite (CaHA) stimulates collagen production, thus yielding volume to injected areas. When used as a dermal filler, Calcium Hydroxyapatite is hyperdiluted, significantly reducing the immediate volumizing effect and in turn causing only long term reshaping of tissue, making it ideal for superficial dermal rejuvenation. Sculptra: History: Poly-L-Lactic Acid, manufactured by Dermik Laboratories, was FDA approved in August, 2004 and was originally intended for patients with HIV to address the loss of fat and volume in the face (facial lipoatrophy) despite complications reported to the URL Function: Sculptra is primarility used as an injectable dermal filler for the face and buttock. Its collagen stimulating properties it allows for the gradual growth of the injected area. Results take 1-2 months to take full effect, and last up to 3-4 years. Science: Poly-L-Lactic Acid (Sculptra) is a collagen stimulator. The increase in collagen production causes the collagen to wrap around particles in the body that would naturally break down, causing the area of injection .
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Other
Non invasive
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Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is a form of facial reconstruction used to make a masculine face appear more feminine. FFS procedures can reshape the jaw, chin, forehead (including brow ridge) , hairline, and other areas of the face that tend to be sexually dimorphic. A chondrolaryngoplasty, colloquially a "tracheal shave", is a surgical reduction of the cartilage in the larynx to reduce the appearance of a visible Adam's apple
There are a number of non surgical procedures that can be administered instead of – or in addition to sex-reassignment surgery that contribute to gender affirming procedures.
A
Botulinum toxins:
A
History: Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA) was first discovered by Dr. Justinius Kerner in 1820 and was extracted to botulinum toxin, type A, in 1994 by Dr. Edward J. Schantz. It was found to relax overactive muscles in animals and was approved for human testing in the 1970s for muscle spasms, crossed eyes, and sweating.
A
It was approved by the FDA in 1989 for intramuscular, intradetrusor, and intradermal injection. There are a number of preparations for botulinum toxins, all of which can be used for the same treatments: Botox cosmetic, Dysport (Ipsen pharmaceuticals) (Botulinum toxin type A), Xeomin, Neurobloc, and URL
A
Function: Botox is typically used to paralyze or relax muscles in the face and neck, restricting muscle contractions, thus decreasing, preventing, and eliminating fine lines and wrinkles. Due to its paralyzing properties, it is also frequently used to relax larger muscles in the face (the masseters) to slim down a strong jawline. Because males tend to have stronger masseters and larger jaws, many transgender males receive botox treatments to decrease the appearance of a larger jaw.
A
Science: Botox blocks the release of the main neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine, resulting in muscle paralysis. The paralysis and underactivity of the muscle typically lasts three months until it returns back to its original state. It has been used to treat strabismus and focal dystonias, hemifacial spasms, movement disorders, headaches, hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, and other conditions.
A
Hyaluronic Acid Fillers:
A
History: Hyaluronic Acids have been used since the 1970s for the treatment of joint pains and other health conditions. It is a chemical naturally found in the body that has made its way into beauty industry and skin care products as well as an injectable commonly used for areas in the face to address loss of volume
R
Facial masculinization surgery (FMS) is a form of facial reconstruction used to make a feminine face appear more masculine
Function: Hyaluronic acids can be used to fill hollow areas of the face (under eye circles, deflated cheeks) or add volume to and contour to areas such as the nose, jaw, chin, and lips.
A
Science: Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulphated Glycosaminogycan (GAG) made up of polymeric disaccharides of D-glucuronic acid and N=acetyl=D-glucosamine linked by glucuronidic bonds. Due to its water retaining qualities, it adds volume to desired areas and can prevent aging.
A
Radiesse:
A
History: Radiesse was FDA approved in December, 2006 for lipoatrophy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. It originally was used to add volume to significant loss of fat in the faces of patients with HIV. Today it serves a variety of purposes, including dermal fillers
R
Trans people of both sexes may practice vocal therapy. Vocal therapists may help their patients improve their pitch, resonance, inflection, and volume. Another option for trans women is vocal surgery, though there is the risk of damaging the voice
Function: Radiesse can be used as a filler to fill hollow areas. It has also found its use as a “hand filler” to decrease the appearance of protruding veins in the hands.
A
Science: Hyperdiluted Calcium Hydroxyapatite (CaHA) stimulates collagen production, thus yielding volume to injected areas. When used as a dermal filler, Calcium Hydroxyapatite is hyperdiluted, significantly reducing the immediate volumizing effect and in turn causing only long term reshaping of tissue, making it ideal for superficial dermal rejuvenation.
A
Sculptra:
A
History: Poly-L-Lactic Acid, manufactured by Dermik Laboratories, was FDA approved in August, 2004 and was originally intended for patients with HIV to address the loss of fat and volume in the face (facial lipoatrophy) despite complications reported to the URL
A
Function: Sculptra is primarility used as an injectable dermal filler for the face and buttock. Its collagen stimulating properties it allows for the gradual growth of the injected area. Results take 1-2 months to take full effect, and last up to 3-4 years.
A
Science: Poly-L-Lactic Acid (Sculptra) is a collagen stimulator. The increase in collagen production causes the collagen to wrap around particles in the body that would naturally break down, causing the area of injection