This paper is devoted to a rigorous mathematical foundation for  convergence properties of the strain-smoothed element (SSE) method. Although the SSE method has been verified to show improved convergence behaviors compared to other strain smoothing methods in various numerical examples  , there has been no theoretical evidence for the convergence behavior. A unique feature of the SSE method is the construction of smoothed strain fields within elements by fully unifying the strains of adjacent elements. Due to the feature, it requires a convergence analysis different from other existing strain smoothing methods. In this paper, we first propose a novel mixed variational principle in which the SSE method can be interpreted as a Galerkin approximation of that. The proposed variational principle is a generalization of the well-known Hu--Washizu variational principle , so that various existing strain smoothing methods can be expressed in terms of the proposed variational principle. With a unified view to the SSE method and other existing ones through the proposed variational principle, we analyze the convergence behavior of the SSE method and explain the reason for  improved performance compared to others. Numerical experiments that support our theoretical results are presented .
This paper is devoted to a rigorous mathematical foundation for the convergence properties of the strain-smoothed element (SSE) method. The SSE method has demonstrated improved convergence behaviors compared to other strain smoothing methods through various numerical examples ; however , there has been no theoretical evidence for the convergence behavior. A unique feature of the SSE method is the construction of smoothed strain fields within elements by fully unifying the strains of adjacent elements. Owing to this feature, convergence analysis is required, which is different from other existing strain smoothing methods. In this paper, we first propose a novel mixed variational principle wherein the SSE method can be interpreted as a Galerkin approximation of that. The proposed variational principle is a generalization of the well-known Hu--Washizu variational principle ; thus, various existing strain smoothing methods can be expressed in terms of the proposed variational principle. With a unified view of the SSE method and other existing methods through the proposed variational principle, we analyze the convergence behavior of the SSE method and explain the reason for the improved performance compared to other methods. We also present numerical experiments that support our theoretical results .
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