Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO , also known as human milk glycans ) are sugar molecules, that are part of the oligosaccharides group and which can be found in high concentrations exclusively in human breast milk. Occurrence Human milk oligosaccharides  form the third most abundant solid component (dissolved or emulsified or suspended in water) of human milk  after lactose and fat. HMOs are present in a concentration of /L. Approximately 200 structurally different human milk oligosaccharides are known. The composition of human milk oligosaccharides in breast milk is individual to each mother and varies over the period of lactation. The dominant oligosaccharide in 80\% of all women is 2 ' -fucosyllactose, which is present in human breast milk at a concentration of approximately 2.5 g/L. Other oligosacchardies include lacto-N-tetraose, lacto-N-neotetraose, and lacto-N-fucopentaose. Characteristics In contrast to the other components of breast milk that are absorbed by the infant through breastfeeding, HMOs are indigestible for the newborn child. However, they have a prebiotic effect and serve as food for intestinal bacteria, especially bifidobacteria. The dominance of these intestinal bacteria in the gut reduces the colonization with pathogenic bacteria (probiosis) and thereby ensures a healthy intestinal flora (intestinal microbiome) and a reduced risk of dangerous intestinal infections. Recent studies also suggest that HMOs significantly lower the risk of viral and bacterial infections and thus diminish the chance to get diarrhoea and respiratory diseases. HMOs are used as supplements in baby food to ensure a provision of babies that are not being breastfed with this important component of the human milk. Enzymatic synthesis and large-scale production Enzymatic synthesis of HMOs through transgalactosylation is an efficient way for the large-scale production. Various donors, including p-nitrophenyl β-galactopyranoside , uridine diphosphate galactose and lactose, can be used in transgalactosylation. In particular, lactose may act as either a donor or an acceptor in a variety of enzymatic reactions and is available in large quantities from the whey produced as a co-processing product from cheese production. There is a lack of published data, however, describing the large-scale production of such galactooligosaccharides.
Human milk oligosaccharides , also known as human milk glycans , are short polymers of simple sugars that can be found in high concentrations exclusively in human breast milk. Occurrence Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) form the third most abundant solid component (dissolved or emulsified or suspended in water) of human milk , after lactose and fat. HMOs are present in a concentration of /L. Approximately 200 structurally different human milk oligosaccharides are known. The composition of human milk oligosaccharides in breast milk is individual to each mother and varies over the period of lactation. The dominant oligosaccharide in 80\% of all women is 2 ′ -fucosyllactose, which is present in human breast milk at a concentration of approximately 2.5 g/L. Other oligosacchardies include lacto-N-tetraose, lacto-N-neotetraose, and lacto-N-fucopentaose. Characteristics In contrast to the other components of breast milk that are absorbed by the infant through breastfeeding, HMOs are indigestible for the nursing child. However, they have a prebiotic effect and serve as food for intestinal bacteria, especially bifidobacteria. The dominance of these intestinal bacteria in the gut reduces the colonization with pathogenic bacteria (probiosis) and thereby promotes a healthy intestinal microbiota and reduces the risk of dangerous intestinal infections. Recent studies suggest that HMOs significantly lower the risk of viral and bacterial infections and thus diminish the chance of diarrhoea and respiratory diseases. HMOs are used as supplements in baby food to provide babies that are not being breastfed with this important component of human milk. Enzymatic synthesis and large-scale production Enzymatic synthesis of HMOs through transgalactosylation is an efficient way for the large-scale production. Various donors, including p-nitrophenyl-β-galactopyranoside , uridine diphosphate galactose and lactose, can be used in transgalactosylation. In particular, lactose may act as either a donor or an acceptor in a variety of enzymatic reactions and is available in large quantities from the whey produced as a co-processing product from cheese production. There is a lack of published data, however, describing the large-scale production of such galactooligosaccharides.
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