Bookbinding straddles the line between an artistic craft of considerable antiquity and a highly-mechanized industry, with the two sharing considerable similarities in the main problems faced. The first problem is still how to hold together the pages of a book; secondly is how to cover and protect the gathering of pages once they are held together; and thirdly, how to label and decorate the protective cover. Modern hand binding Scheme of common book design Hardbound book spine stitching Traditionally sewn book opened flat . Hardbound book with half leather binding (spine and corners) and marbled boards Cloth book cover with attached paper panel, mimicking half leather binding Modern bookbinding by hand can be seen as two closely allied fields: the creation of new bindings, and the repair of existing bindings. Bookbinders are often active in both fields. Bookbinders can learn the craft through apprenticeship; by attending specialized trade schools;Such as the: Centro del bel Libro , The Camberwell College of Arts, The London College of Communication, and The North Bennet Street School by taking classes in the course of university studies, or by a combination of those methods. Some European countries offer a Master Bookbinder certification, though no such certification exists in the United States. MFA programs that specialize in the 'Book Arts' (hand paper-making, printmaking and bookbinding) are available through certain colleges and universities.Such as: Columbia College Chicago , the University of Alabama, – Nova Scotia College of Art and Design and the University of the Arts in Philadelphia . The next step is the restoration of the book cover ; This can be as complicated as completely re-creating a period binding to match the original using whatever is appropriate for that time it was originally created. Sometimes this means a new full leather binding with vegetable tanned leather, dyed with natural dyes, and hand-marbled papers may be used for the sides or end-sheets. Finally the cover is hand-tooled in gold leaf. The design of the book cover involves such hand-tooling, where an extremely thin layer of gold is applied to the cover. Such designs can be lettering, symbols, or floral designs, depending on the nature of any particular project. Top-to-bottom (descending): In texts published or printed in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth, Scandinavia and the Netherlands, the spine text, when the book is standing upright, runs from the top to the bottom. This means that when the book is lying flat with the front cover upwards, the title is oriented left-to-right on the spine. This practice is reflected in the industry standards ANSI/NISO Z39.41ANSI/NISO Z39.41-1997 Printed Information on Spines and ISO 6357. ,ISO 6357 Spine titles on books and other publications, 1985. but ″... lack of agreement in the matter persisted among English-speaking countries as late as the middle of the twentieth century, when books bound in Britain still tended to have their titles read up the spine...″. Bottom-to-top (ascending): In most of continental Europe, Latin America, and French Canada the spine text, when the book is standing upright, runs from the bottom up, so the title can be read by tilting the head to the left. This allows the reader to read spines of books shelved in alphabetical order in accordance to the usual way  left-to-right and top-to-bottom. Katharine Adams Douglas Cockerell Otto Fein Carlo Gastini Jane Bissell Grabhorn Guild of Women-Binders James Hayday Fortino Jaime Polly Lada-Mocarski  Gligorije Vozarević Ignatz Wiemeler Joseph Zaehnsdorf Bindery Book design Book folding Book rebinding Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera Bookbindings in the British Library Embroidered binding Ethiopian binding Japanese books Prebound Prize book Stiffening John Ratcliff Swell (bookbinding)
Bookbinding straddles the line between an artistic craft of considerable antiquity and a highly mechanized industry, with the two sharing considerable similarities in the main problems faced. The first problem is still how to hold together the pages of a book; secondly is how to cover and protect the gathering of pages once they are held together; and thirdly, how to label and decorate the protective cover. Modern hand binding Scheme of common book design Hardbound book spine stitching Traditionally sewn book opened flat Hardbound book with half leather binding (spine and corners) and marbled boards Cloth book cover with attached paper panel, mimicking half leather binding Modern bookbinding by hand can be seen as two closely allied fields: the creation of new bindings, and the repair of existing bindings. Bookbinders are often active in both fields. Bookbinders can learn the craft through apprenticeship; by attending specialized trade schools;Such as the: Centro del bel Libro , The Camberwell College of Arts, The London College of Communication, and The North Bennet Street School by taking classes in the course of university studies, or by a combination of those methods. Some European countries offer a Master Bookbinder certification, though no such certification exists in the United States. MFA programs that specialize in the 'Book Arts' (hand paper-making, printmaking and bookbinding) are available through certain colleges and universities.Such as: Columbia College Chicago , the University of Alabama, – Nova Scotia College of Art and Design and the University of the Arts in Philadelphia . The next step is the restoration of the book cover . This can be as complicated as completely re-creating a period binding to match the original using whatever is appropriate for that time it was originally created. Sometimes this means a new full leather binding with vegetable tanned leather, dyed with natural dyes, and hand-marbled papers may be used for the sides or end-sheets. Finally the cover is hand-tooled in gold leaf. The design of the book cover involves such hand-tooling, where an extremely thin layer of gold is applied to the cover. Such designs can be lettering, symbols, or floral designs, depending on the nature of any particular project. Top-to-bottom (descending): In texts published or printed in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth, Scandinavia and the Netherlands, the spine text, when the book is standing upright, runs from the top to the bottom. This means that when the book is lying flat with the front cover upwards, the title is oriented left-to-right on the spine. This practice is reflected in the industry standards ANSI/NISO Z39.41ANSI/NISO Z39.41-1997 Printed Information on Spines and ISO 6357 ,ISO 6357 Spine titles on books and other publications, 1985. but ″... lack of agreement in the matter persisted among English-speaking countries as late as the middle of the twentieth century, when books bound in Britain still tended to have their titles read up the spine...″. Bottom-to-top (ascending): In most of continental Europe, Latin America, and French Canada the spine text, when the book is standing upright, runs from the bottom up, so the title can be read by tilting the head to the left. This allows the reader to read spines of books shelved in alphabetical order in accordance to the usual way : left-to-right and top-to-bottom. Katharine Adams Douglas Cockerell Otto Fein Carlo Gastini Jane Bissell Grabhorn Guild of Women-Binders James Hayday Fortino Jaime Polly Lada-Mocarski John Ratcliff Gligorije Vozarević Ignatz Wiemeler Joseph Zaehnsdorf Bindery Book folding Book rebinding Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera Bookbindings in the British Library Japanese books Prebound Prize book Stiffening Swell (bookbinding)
R
highly-mechanized
highly mechanized
D
.
R
;
.
R
6357.
6357
A
:
A
John Ratcliff
D
design Book
D
Embroidered binding Ethiopian binding
D
John Ratcliff