In 35 BCE  Antony had launched an invasion against Parthia commanding one of the largest single forces ever by a Roman commander,  close to 150,000 men. Part of this invasion force were 6000 Armenian cataphracts along with other cavalry. As Parthia had a primarily cavalry-based military  the Armenian cavalry were essential. In 35 BCE  after Antony’s siege equipment was destroyed by the Parthians the Armenian king Artavasdes II predicting that Antony would suffer defeat retreated back to Armenia and took his cavalry with him. Antony's invasion of Parthia failed  and he was forced to retreat. However  keen to avoid the mistake of Crassus by retreating through the open desert, he retreated through Armenian mountains. Because of this he kept up the illusion of friendly relations with the Armenians during his retreat. Antony returned to Alexandria and instantly began a plan to conquer Armenia. Roman sources such as Plutarch and Cassius Dio say that Artavasdes II betrayal was the reason for Antony’s defeat in Parthia, though modern scholars instead blame a lack of logistical planning on the part of Antony. In addition  Antony needed to boost his prestige in Rome  which had declined due to the Parthian campaign ’s failure .
In 35 BCE , Antony had launched an invasion against Parthia commanding one of the largest single forces ever by a Roman commander, with close to 150,000 men. Part of the invasion force had 6000 Armenian cataphracts along with other cavalry. As Parthia had a primarily cavalry-based military , the Armenian cavalry were essential. In 35 BCE , after Antony’s siege equipment had been destroyed by the Parthians , Armenian King Artavasdes II predicted that Antony would suffer defeat and so retreated to Armenia and took his cavalry with him. Antony's invasion of Parthia failed , and he was forced to retreat. However , keen to avoid the mistake of Crassus by retreating through the open desert, he retreated through Armenian mountains. That allowed him to keep the illusion of friendly relations with the Armenians during his retreat. Antony returned to Alexandria and instantly began a plan to conquer Armenia. Roman sources such as Plutarch and Cassius Dio say that Artavasdes II 's betrayal had caused Antony’s defeat in Parthia, but modern scholars instead blame a lack of logistical planning on the part of Antony. In addition , Antony needed to boost his prestige in Rome , which had declined because the Parthian campaign had failed .
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