Despite achieving strong performance in the semi-supervised node classification task, graph neural networks (GNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, similar to other deep learning models. Existing research works either focus on developing defense models or explore certifiable robustness under GNNs against adversarial attacks . However, little research attention is paid to the potential and practice of immunization to adversarial attacks on graphs. In this paper, we formulate the problem of graph adversarial immunization as a bilevel optimization problem, i.e., vaccinating a fraction of node pairs, connected or unconnected, to improve the certifiable robustness of  graph against any admissible adversarial attack. We further propose an efficient algorithm with meta-gradient in a discrete way to circumvent the computationally expensive combinatorial optimization when solving the adversarial immunization problem. Experiments are conducted on two citation networks and one social network. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed adversarial immunization method remarkably improves the fraction of robust nodes by 14\%-50\%, with an affordable immune budget of only 3.2 \% edges.
Despite achieving strong performance in the semi-supervised node classification task, graph neural networks (GNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, similar to other deep learning models. Existing research works either focus on developing robust GNN models or attack detection methods against attacks on graphs . However, little research attention is paid to the potential and practice of immunization to adversarial attacks on graphs. In this paper, we formulate the problem of graph adversarial immunization as a bilevel optimization problem, i.e., vaccinating an affordable fraction of node pairs, connected or unconnected, to improve the certifiable robustness of the graph against any admissible adversarial attack. We further propose an efficient algorithm , called AdvImmune, which optimizes meta-gradient in a discrete way to circumvent the computationally expensive combinatorial optimization when solving the adversarial immunization problem. Experiments are conducted on two citation networks and one social network. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed AdvImmune immunization method remarkably improves the fraction of robust nodes by 12\%, 42\%, 65\%, with an affordable immune budget of only 5 \% edges.
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defense models or explore certifiable robustness under GNNs against adversarial attacks
robust GNN models or attack detection methods against attacks on graphs
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a
an affordable
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the
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with
, called AdvImmune, which optimizes
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adversarial
AdvImmune
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14\%-50\%,
12\%, 42\%, 65\%,
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3.2
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