In the late 19th century, after the Berlin Conference, European powers began the Scramble for Africa. This would spark the Dervish movement which existed for 25 years, from 1895 until 1920 ; it had a Darawiish Sultan, named Diiriye Guure, an emir, named Sayid Mohamedand a government called the Haroun . Likewise in the south, Sheikh Abikar Gafle to start a resistance around Merca called the Banadir Resistance. Both the Banadir Resistance and Dervish Movement sparked the beginning one of the longest anti-colonial struggles on the continent. Darawiiish Ismaaciil, son of darawiish peace-time prime minister Xaashi Suni Fooyaan. Nur Hedik (white shirt), wearing the emblematic Kuuk Darawiish prayer bead on his left wrist and the emblematic Darawiish duubcad turban on his head; Hedik was commander of Dooxato (Darawiish cavalry) who had a Shiikhyaale division named after him The seat of Darawiish prime minister Aw Cabbaas Xuseen stone at Gurdumi was where Aw Cabbaas Xuseen, of the Baharsame Dhulbahante, sat a meeting with the Huwan where he was ultimately killed. 180px|Territory of Darawiish Sultan Diiriye Guure in 1907 (marked out in black ink delineation), according to Somali historian Muxamed Ibraahim Muxamed, consisted of the Ciid-Nugaal regions of Nugaal province, Las Anod District, Xudun District, Taleh District, Boocame District and Bookh District. 150px|Dervish advisor Haji Sudi on the left with his brother in-law Duale Idres. Aden, 1892. 150px|Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, emir of Darawiish Sultan Diiriye Guure. A legal court Darawiish tariqa was established in the year 1895, and according to Douglas Jardine, was primarily engaged in settling legal disputes. This early Darawiish court tariqa was also described as friendly to the British government:Mad Mullah of Somaliland, Douglas Jardine, p. 40 In Darawiish nomenclature, a person learned in the rulings, legal codes and stipulations of this early Darawiish court, was referred to as a muqaddim, which roughly translates as arbitrator.Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan, Jaamac Cumar Ciise · 2005 - PAGE 134 The Darawiish also had several other important figures such as the Darawiish Sultan Diriye Guure, the emir Sayid Mohamed, Darawiish prime ministers Cabbaas Xuseen and Xaashi Suni Fooyaan, Oral Poetry and Somali nationalism, p 121, Said Samatar Adan Ali Gurey the commander of the second-largest battallion called Golaweyne, or Abdi Nur Hedik, the commander of Darawiish cavalry Dooxato. Diiwaanka gabayadii, 1856-1921 - Maxamad Cabdulle Xasan · 1999, PAGE 155 The British newspaper Chester Courant, rehashing on British intelligence reports, stated that the early Darawiish community existed as early as 1895 as a court of appeal community among the Dhulbahante and a legal court tariqa ():Search for a New Somali Identity - Page 87, Hussein Ali Dualeh , 2002 The haroun (i.e. Darawiish government), the Darawiish king Diiriye Guure and its emir Sayid Mohamed, carved out a powerful state which was subdivided into 13 administrative divisions of which the four largest, Shiikhyaale, Dooxato, Golaweyne, Miinanle were near exclusively Dhulbahante. The other administrative divisions, Taargooye, Dharbash, Indhabadan, Burcadde-Godwein, Garbo (Darawiish), Ragxun, Gaarhaye, Bah-udgoon and Shacni-cali were collectively also overwhelmingly Dhulbahante. The Dervish movement successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region.Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History (CRC Press, 2005), p. 1406. Intermediary events include that a group of Somali children were converted to Christianity and adopted by the French Catholic Mission at Berbera in 1899, precipitating one of the Sayid's letters to Sultan Deria in 1899, Hassan said that the British "have destroyed our religion and made our children their children" alluding to Sultan Nur's incident with the Roman French Mission at Berbera. The Dervish soon emerged as an opposition of the Christian activities, defending their version of Islam against the Christian mission. The Darawiish defeated the colonial powers on numerous occasions, most notably, the 1903 victory at Cagaarweyne commanded by Suleiman Aden URL or the killing of general Richard Corfield by Ibraahin Xoorane in 1913,Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan, Jaamac Cumar Ciise · 2005 , PAGE 275 and theses repulsions forcing the British Empire to retreat to the coastal region in the late 1900s.Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African history‎, (CRC Press: 2005), p. 1406. The only two notable defeats of the Darawiish were both commanded by Haji Yusuf Barre, the first time at Jidbaali in 1904, and the second time at the last stand at Taleh when the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 by British airpower. Modern era 20 July 1887 : British Somaliland protectorate (in the north) subordinated to Aden to 1905. 3 August 1889: Benadir Coast Italian Protectorate (in the northeast), (unoccupied until May 1893). 1896–1920: Dervish State (proto state) 16 March 1905: Italian Somaliland colony (in the northeast, central and south). July 1910: Italian Somaliland a crown colony 1920: The haroun of the Dervish king Diiriye Guure abates at Imey and the longest and bloodiest colonial resistance war in Africa ends. 15 January 1935: Italian Somaliland, part of Italian East Africa along with Italian Eritrea (and from 1936 Ethiopia). 1 June 1936: The Somalia Governorate is established as one of the six governorates of Italian East Africa. Independence and Cold War 1 April 1950: Italian Somaliland becomes a United Nations trust territory administration, the Trust Territory of Somalia, which is promised independence within 10 years. 26 June 1960: British Somaliland is granted independence as the State of Somaliland, with the understanding that it is to reunite with Italian Somaliland. 1 July 1960: Reunification of British Somaliland with Italian Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. 1 July 1960: First president of Somali National Assembly, Speaker of the Somali Union Act. Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf. 1 July 1960 – 1967: Presidency of Aden Abdullah Osman Daar 1967–1969: Presidency of Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke; assassinated by one of the policemen assigned to his protection. 21 October 1969: Somali Democratic Republic. 1969–1991: Siad Barre, leader of the Supreme Revolutionary Council, rises to power. 23 July 1977 – 15 March 1978: Ogaden War.  1982: 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War. 1986: Fall of Barre government. 1991: Somaliland declares independence from Somalia.
In the late 19th century, after the Berlin Conference, European powers began the Scramble for Africa. This would spark the Dervish movement which existed for 25 years, from 1895 until 1920 , lead by Sayid Mohamed . Likewise in the south, Sheikh Abikar Gafle to start a resistance around Merca called the Banadir Resistance. Both the Banadir Resistance and Dervish Movement sparked the beginning one of the longest anti-colonial struggles on the continent. Dervish movement 150px|Dervish advisor Haji Sudi on the left with his brother in-law Duale Idres. Aden, 1892. 150px|Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, emir of the Dervishes A legal court Dervishes tariqa was established in the year 1895, and according to Douglas Jardine, was primarily engaged in settling legal disputes. This early Dervishes court tariqa was also described as friendly to the British government:Mad Mullah of Somaliland, Douglas Jardine, p. 40 The Dervish movement successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region.Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History (CRC Press, 2005), p. 1406. Intermediary events include that a group of Somali children were converted to Christianity and adopted by the French Catholic Mission at Berbera in 1899, precipitating one of the Sayid's letters to Sultan Deria in 1899, Hassan said that the British "have destroyed our religion and made our children their children" alluding to Sultan Nur's incident with the Roman French Mission at Berbera. The Dervish soon emerged as an opposition of the Christian activities, defending their version of Islam against the Christian mission. The Dervishes defeated the colonial powers on numerous occasions, most notably, the 1903 victory at URL and the killing of general Richard Corfield in 1913,Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan, Jaamac Cumar Ciise · 2005 , PAGE 275 and theses repulsions forcing the British Empire to retreat to the coastal region in the late 1900s.Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African history‎, (CRC Press: 2005), p. 1406. Notable defeats of the Dervishes included the battle of Jidbaali in 1904, and the second time at the last stand at Taleh when the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 by British airpower. Modern era 20 July 1887 : British Somaliland protectorate (in the north) subordinated to Aden to 1905. 3 August 1889: Benadir Coast Italian Protectorate (in the northeast), (unoccupied until May 1893). 1896–1920: Dervish movement (proto state) 16 March 1905: Italian Somaliland colony (in the northeast, central and south). July 1910: Italian Somaliland a crown colony 1920: The Dervish movement abates at Imey and the longest and bloodiest colonial resistance war in Africa ends. 15 January 1935: Italian Somaliland, part of Italian East Africa along with Italian Eritrea (and from 1936 Ethiopia). 1 June 1936: The Somalia Governorate is established as one of the six governorates of Italian East Africa. Independence and Cold War 1 April 1950: Italian Somaliland becomes a United Nations trust territory administration, the Trust Territory of Somalia, which is promised independence within 10 years. 26 June 1960: British Somaliland is granted independence as the State of Somaliland, with the understanding that it is to reunite with Italian Somaliland. 1 July 1960: Reunification of British Somaliland with Italian Somaliland to form the Somali Republic. 1 July 1960: First president of Somali National Assembly, Speaker of the Somali Union Act. Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf. 1 July 1960 – 1967: Presidency of Aden Abdullah Osman Daar 1967–1969: Presidency of Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke; assassinated by one of the policemen assigned to his protection. 21 October 1969: Somali Democratic Republic. 1969–1991: Siad Barre, leader of the Supreme Revolutionary Council, rises to power. 23 July 1977 – 15 March 1978: Ogaden War. 1981: Somaliland War of Independence 1982: 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War. 1986: Fall of Barre government. 1991: Somaliland declares independence from Somalia.
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Darawiiish Ismaaciil, son of darawiish peace-time prime minister Xaashi Suni Fooyaan. Nur Hedik (white shirt), wearing the emblematic Kuuk Darawiish prayer bead on his left wrist and the emblematic Darawiish duubcad turban on his head; Hedik was commander of Dooxato (Darawiish cavalry) who had a Shiikhyaale division named after him The seat of Darawiish prime minister Aw Cabbaas Xuseen stone at Gurdumi was where Aw Cabbaas Xuseen, of the Baharsame Dhulbahante, sat a meeting with the Huwan where he was ultimately killed. 180px|Territory of Darawiish Sultan Diiriye Guure in 1907 (marked out in black ink delineation), according to Somali historian Muxamed Ibraahim Muxamed, consisted of the Ciid-Nugaal regions of Nugaal province, Las Anod District, Xudun District, Taleh District, Boocame District and Bookh District.
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In Darawiish nomenclature, a person learned in the rulings, legal codes and stipulations of this early Darawiish court, was referred to as a muqaddim, which roughly translates as arbitrator.Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan, Jaamac Cumar Ciise · 2005 - PAGE 134 The Darawiish also had several other important figures such as the Darawiish Sultan Diriye Guure, the emir Sayid Mohamed, Darawiish prime ministers Cabbaas Xuseen and Xaashi Suni Fooyaan, Oral Poetry and Somali nationalism, p 121, Said Samatar Adan Ali Gurey the commander of the second-largest battallion called Golaweyne, or Abdi Nur Hedik, the commander of Darawiish cavalry Dooxato. Diiwaanka gabayadii, 1856-1921 - Maxamad Cabdulle Xasan · 1999, PAGE 155 The British newspaper Chester Courant, rehashing on British intelligence reports, stated that the early Darawiish community existed as early as 1895 as a court of appeal community among the Dhulbahante and a legal court tariqa ():Search for a New Somali Identity - Page 87, Hussein Ali Dualeh , 2002
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1981: Somaliland War of Independence