Work in Africa He traveled to Morocco in 1877 and published a book called Geografía militar de Marruecos in 1884, and the Army commissioned him in 1884 to explore this area once more. He published Expedicion geografico-militar al interior y costas de Marruecos (1885). At the beginning of 1886, Cervera was working in the photoengraving industry in URL However, in the summer of 1886, under the sponsorship of the Spanish Society of Commercial Geography (Sociedad Española de Geografía Comercial), Cervera, the Arabic interpreter Felipe Rizzo (1823–1908), and biologist and meteorologist Francisco Quiroga Rodríguez (1853–1894) traversed the Spanish colony of Rio de Oro, part of Spanish Sahara, where they made topographical and astronomical observations in a land whose features were barely known at the time to geographers. They traversed the area between Cape Blanc and Cape Bojador, reaching Adrar after a journey of 900 km.Société de géographie de Lille, Bulletin de la Société de géographie de Lille (Lille: Siege de la Société, 1887), 477. It is considered the first scientific expedition in that part of the Sahara. They also signed the treaties of Idjil (near Atar) with the emir of Adrar and Saharawi chiefs.Anthony G. Pazzanita, Tony Hodges , Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara ( Scarecrow Press, 1994), 330. Imprisonment Cervera's work in Spanish Africa earned him the promotion of commander. However, on December 19 , 1890 he published a criticism of the Spanish colonial government in Morocco in El Imparcial, and he was arrested after being tried, and incarcerated in the Santa Bárbara at Alicante in 1891. He was released two years later. Spanish–American War During the Spanish–American War, he was in charge of defense of Guamaní, a peak that commanded the road between Cayey and Guayama. He was thus involved in the Battle of Guamaní ( August 9 , 1898), and was responsible for repulsing an attack by American troops there. After the war, he gained notoriety as the author of a pamphlet called La defensa de Puerto Rico, which supported Governor General Manuel Macías y Casado, who had become head of the government of Puerto Rico under the Autonomous Charter created in February 1898 (Puerto Rico soon passed under American control). Its purpose was to support the actions of General Macias before the Spanish public but it ended up criticizing the Puerto Rican volunteers in the Spanish Army. After Spain's defeat against the United States, Spaniards looked for reasons to explain it. Cervera wrote: "I have never seen such a servile, ungrateful country [i.e., Puerto Rico]. ... In twenty-four hours, the people of Puerto Rico went from being fervently Spanish to enthusiastically American. ... They humiliated themselves, giving in to the invader as the slave bows to the powerful lord."Frances Negrón-Muntaner , Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture ( New York: NYU Press, 2004), 11. A group of angry young sanjuaneros agreed to challenge Cervera to a duel if the commander did not retract his pamphlet. Pers2. htm The young men drew lots for this honor; it fell to José Janer y Soler (his "seconds" [padrinos in Spanish] were Cayetano Coll y Toste y Leonidas Villalón). Cervera's seconds were Colonel Pedro del Pino and Captain Emilio Barrera. The duel never took place, as Cervera explained his intentions in writing the pamphlet, and all parties were satisfied. Radio Pioneering In May–June 1899 the Spanish Army sent Cervera to visit Marconi's radiotelegraphic installations on the English Channel to study the Marconi system with the goal of adapting it for the Spanish Military. He began collaborating with Guglielmo Marconi on resolving the engineering problems of a long range wireless communication, obtaining some patents by the end of 1899.Adam Hart-Davis ( edisotr-in-chief ), Engineers, DK/Penguin - 2012, PAGES 270-271Domenico Mazzotto , Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. Translated by Selimo Romeo Bottone ( Whittaker & Co., 1906), 217. On 22 March 1902 Cervera founded the Spanish Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Corporation. Cervera brought to the Spanish Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Corporation the patents he had obtained in Spain, Belgium, Germany and England.News, Latest news, The Spaniard Julio Cervera Baviera, and not Marconi, was the inventor of the radio, according to professor Ángel Faus. University of Navarra  He established the second and third regular radiotelegraph service in the history of the world in 1901 and 1902 by maintaining regular transmissions between Tarifa and Ceuta for three consecutive months, and between Xàbia (Cap de la Nau) and Ibiza (Cap Pelat). This was after Marconi established the radiotelegraphic service between the Isle of Wight and Bournemouth in 1898. Personal life and political life Cervera was a liberal republican. He was also a militant Freemason who founded a masonic lodge in Segorbe. In 1890, he founded, with Felipe de Borbón y Braganza, an order of Masons in Morocco, comprising 12 lodges and 200 masons (the members were Africans, Europeans, Americans). A year later it was integrated with the Spanish G.O. (Gran URL  Bibliography Julio Cervera y la telegrafía sin hilos. Ministerio de Defensa y Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Madrid 2015. %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% Notes
Work in Africa He traveled to Morocco in 1877 and published a book called Geografía militar de Marruecos in 1884, and the Army commissioned him in 1884 to explore this area once more. He published Expedicion geografico-militar al interior y costas de Marruecos (1885). At the beginning of 1886, Cervera was working in the photoengraving industry in URL However, in the summer of 1886, under the sponsorship of the Spanish Society of Commercial Geography (Sociedad Española de Geografía Comercial), Cervera, the Arabic interpreter Felipe Rizzo (1823–1908), and biologist and meteorologist Francisco Quiroga Rodríguez (1853–1894) traversed the Spanish colony of Rio de Oro, part of Spanish Sahara, where they made topographical and astronomical observations in a land whose features were barely known at the time to geographers. They traversed the area between Cape Blanc and Cape Bojador, reaching Adrar after a journey of 900 km.Société de géographie de Lille, Bulletin de la Société de géographie de Lille (Lille: Siege de la Société, 1887), 477. It is considered the first scientific expedition in that part of the Sahara. They also signed the treaties of Idjil (near Atar) with the emir of Adrar and Saharawi chiefs.Anthony G. Pazzanita, Tony Hodges (1994) Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara , Scarecrow Press, p. 330. Imprisonment Cervera's work in Spanish Africa earned him the promotion of commander. However, on 19 December 1890 he published a criticism of the Spanish colonial government in Morocco in El Imparcial, and he was arrested after being tried, and incarcerated in the Santa Bárbara at Alicante in 1891. He was released two years later. Spanish–American War During the Spanish–American War, he was in charge of defense of Guamaní, a peak that commanded the road between Cayey and Guayama. He was thus involved in the Battle of Guamaní ( 9 August 1898), and was responsible for repulsing an attack by American troops there. After the war, he gained notoriety as the author of a pamphlet called La defensa de Puerto Rico, which supported Governor General Manuel Macías y Casado, who had become head of the government of Puerto Rico under the Autonomous Charter created in February 1898 (Puerto Rico soon passed under American control). Its purpose was to support the actions of General Macias before the Spanish public but it ended up criticizing the Puerto Rican volunteers in the Spanish Army. After Spain's defeat against the United States, Spaniards looked for reasons to explain it. Cervera wrote: "I have never seen such a servile, ungrateful country [i.e., Puerto Rico]. ... In twenty-four hours, the people of Puerto Rico went from being fervently Spanish to enthusiastically American. ... They humiliated themselves, giving in to the invader as the slave bows to the powerful lord."Frances Negrón-Muntaner (2004) Boricua Pop: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture . New York: NYU Press, p. 11, A group of angry young sanjuaneros agreed to challenge Cervera to a duel if the commander did not retract his pamphlet. Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico. Parte II. 1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico The young men drew lots for this honor; it fell to José Janer y Soler (his "seconds" [padrinos in Spanish] were Cayetano Coll y Toste y Leonidas Villalón). Cervera's seconds were Colonel Pedro del Pino and Captain Emilio Barrera. The duel never took place, as Cervera explained his intentions in writing the pamphlet, and all parties were satisfied. Radio Pioneering In May–June 1899 the Spanish Army sent Cervera to visit Marconi's radiotelegraphic installations on the English Channel to study the Marconi system with the goal of adapting it for the Spanish Military. He began collaborating with Guglielmo Marconi on resolving the engineering problems of a long range wireless communication, obtaining some patents by the end of 1899.Adam Hart-Davis ( ed. ), Engineers, DK/Penguin – 2012, pp. 270–271Domenico Mazzotto (1906) Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. Translated by Selimo Romeo Bottone , Whittaker & Co., p. 217. On 22 March 1902 Cervera founded the Spanish Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Corporation. Cervera brought to the Spanish Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Corporation the patents he had obtained in Spain, Belgium, Germany and England.News, Latest news, The Spaniard Julio Cervera Baviera, and not Marconi, was the inventor of the radio, according to professor Ángel Faus. University of Navarra . 26 October 2005 He established the second and third regular radiotelegraph service in the history of the world in 1901 and 1902 by maintaining regular transmissions between Tarifa and Ceuta for three consecutive months, and between Xàbia (Cap de la Nau) and Ibiza (Cap Pelat). This was after Marconi established the radiotelegraphic service between the Isle of Wight and Bournemouth in 1898. Personal life and political life Cervera was a liberal republican. He was also a militant Freemason who founded a masonic lodge in Segorbe. In 1890, he founded, with Felipe de Borbón y Braganza, an order of Masons in Morocco, comprising 12 lodges and 200 masons (the members were Africans, Europeans, Americans). A year later it was integrated with the Spanish G.O. (Gran Oriente).Pedro Sanchez Ferre Masonería y colonialismo. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid References Bibliography Julio Cervera y la telegrafía sin hilos. Ministerio de Defensa y Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Madrid 2015. %DIFDELCMD < %DIFDELCMD < %%% 
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