Signal Processing Processing seismic records in the water column broadly follows the same steps as processing geological data. The techniques have been adapted from methods commonly used in seismic imaging of the solid Earth, and can be divided into two key stages. First, noise is removed in order to reveal clear reflections from oceanic structure. Secondly, seismic records are geometrically corrected to yield a stacked image. Inverting for Temperature and Salinity Combined with its imagery, processed seismic data can be used to extract other quantitative information about the ocean. So far, seismic oceanography has been used to extract distributions of temperature, and salinity, and therefore density and other important properties. There is a range of approaches that can be used to extract this information. For example, Paramo and Holbrook (2005) extracted temperature gradients in the Norwegian Sea using the Amplitude Versus Offset methods. The distributions of physical properties were limited to one-dimension however. More recently, there has been a move toward two-dimensional technique. Cord Papenberg et al. (2010) presented high-resolution two-dimensional temperature and salinity distributions. These fields were derived using an iterative inversion that combines seismic and physical oceanographic data. Since then, more complex inversions have been presented that are based on Monte Carlo inversion techniques, amongst others. Spectral Analysis for Vertical Mixing Rates Aside from temperature and salinity distributions, seismic data of the ocean can also be used to extract mixing rates through spectral analysis. This process is based on the assumption that reflections, which show undulations at a number of scales, track the internal wave field. Therefore, the vertical displacement of these undulations can give a measure of the vertical mixing rates of the ocean. This technique was fist developed using data from the Norwegian Sea and showed the enhancement of internal wave energy close to the continental slope. Since 2005, the techniques have been further developed, adapted, and automated so that any seismic section may be converted into a two-dimensional distribution of mixing rates . Re 
Signal processing Processing seismic records in the water column broadly follows the same steps as processing geological data. The techniques have been adapted from methods commonly used in seismic imaging of the solid Earth, and can be divided into two key stages. First, noise is removed in order to reveal clear reflections from oceanic structure. Secondly, seismic records are geometrically corrected to yield a stacked image. Inverting for temperature and salinity Combined with its imagery, processed seismic data can be used to extract other quantitative information about the ocean. So far, seismic oceanography has been used to extract distributions of temperature, and salinity, and therefore density and other important properties. There is a range of approaches that can be used to extract this information. For example, Paramo and Holbrook (2005) extracted temperature gradients in the Norwegian Sea using the Amplitude Versus Offset methods. The distributions of physical properties were limited to one-dimension however. More recently, there has been a move toward two-dimensional technique. Cord Papenberg et al. (2010) presented high-resolution two-dimensional temperature and salinity distributions. These fields were derived using an iterative inversion that combines seismic and physical oceanographic data. Since then, more complex inversions have been presented that are based on Monte Carlo inversion techniques, amongst others. Spectral analysis for vertical mixing rates Aside from temperature and salinity distributions, seismic data of the ocean can also be used to extract mixing rates through spectral analysis. This process is based on the assumption that reflections, which show undulations at a number of scales, track the internal wave field. Therefore, the vertical displacement of these undulations can give a measure of the vertical mixing rates of the ocean. This technique was fist developed using data from the Norwegian Sea and showed the enhancement of internal wave energy close to the continental slope. Since 2005, the techniques have been further developed, adapted, and automated so that any seismic section may be converted into a two-dimensional distribution of mixing rates . References Seismic Oceanography :Category:Ear
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Processing Processing
processing Processing
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Temperature and Salinity
temperature and salinity
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Analysis for Vertical Mixing Rates
analysis for vertical mixing rates
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References
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Seismic Oceanography :Category:Ear