The Carmel Indians (pronounced Car'-mul) are a group of Melungeons who moved from Magoffin County, Kentucky and lived in Highland County in Ohio. Bryson Gibson and Valentine Collins are ancestors to most of the group. Both men lived in Kentucky and many of their descendants later moved to Ohio where they became referred to as "Carmel Indians". Paternal line descendants of Bryson Gibson and Valentine Collins who participated in the Melungeon DNA Project belong to Haplogroup E-M2.  At one time, anthropologists described both groups as among the "little races" and as tri-racial isolates.Edgar T. Thompson, "The Little Races", American Anthropologist, 74, 5, 1295-13, Oct 1972, accessed 29 Jul 2008 The mixed-race Melungeons often called themselves American Indians, as did people outside the group , who tried to explain their physical appearance . This was one way the people could evade some of the racial barriers of antebellum and post-Civil War years. Outsiders called them Indians to explain aspects of the differences between their appearance and that of their mostly European neighbors.Springer, Craig, "The Saga of the Carmel Indians", Country Living, August 2006, 32-33 They found an adaptive way to evade some of the racial pressures that intensified in some areas after the Civil War. In the postwar South, there was a binary division of society into black and white races. As researcher Paul Heinegg (1997) has documented the ancestry of free people of color can be traced to African Americans free in Virginia before the American Revolution. He has found that most of these free African Americans were mixed-race children of early unions during the colonial period between white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, indentured servant, free, or enslaved. This was before the racial caste had hardened and, on small farms, white and black workers lived near each other and associated. According to the law, children were born into the social status of their mothers, by the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, adopted in the 17th-century Virginia colony. Since the mothers were white and free, their children were free born.Heinegg, Paul, 1997-2005, Free African Americans of North Carolina and Virginia (3rd edition). Clearfield Company, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland. Also on the web at Paul Heinegg, URL Through the years, some of their descendants continued to marry others of mixed race; others made an increasing number of unions with "white" identified partners , and others married within African-American identified families. There may also have been some marriages of Native Americans with descendants of these groups as they migrated to North Carolina, then into Kentucky and Ohio. One family name identified as Melungeon has been strongly associated with the Saponi of North Carolina.John S. Kessler and Donald B. Ball, "North from the Mountains: The Carmel Melungeons of Ohio", Paper presented at Melungeon Third Union, May 2002, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Virginia Price, Edward Thomas, Jr. 1950 "The Mixed-blood Strain of Carmel, Ohio, and Magoffin County, Kentucky", Ohio Journal of Science 50(6):281-290.John S. Kessler and Donald B. Ball, North from the Mountains: A Folk History of the Carmel Melungeon Settlement, Highland County, Ohio, 2001
The Carmel Indians (pronounced Car'-mul) are a group of Melungeons who moved from Magoffin County, Kentucky and lived in Highland County in Ohio. Bryson Gibson and Valentine Collins are ancestors to most of the group. Paternal line descendants of Bryson Gibson and Valentine Collins who participated in the Melungeon DNA Project belong to Haplogroup E-M2. None of the female lines tested were of African origin or Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA). Bryson Gibson and Valentine Collins both lived in Kentucky and many of their descendants later moved to Ohio and were referred to as "Carmel Indians". At one time, anthropologists described both groups as among the "little races" and as tri-racial isolates.Edgar T. Thompson, "The Little Races", American Anthropologist, 74, 5, 1295-13, Oct 1972, accessed 29 Jul 2008 Some members of the group claimed American Indian ancestry . This was one way the people could evade some of the racial barriers of antebellum and post-Civil War years. Outsiders called them Indians to explain aspects of the differences between their appearance and that of their mostly European neighbors.Springer, Craig, "The Saga of the Carmel Indians", Country Living, August 2006, 32-33 They found an adaptive way to evade some of the racial pressures that intensified in some areas after the Civil War. In the postwar South, there was a binary division of society into black and white races. As researcher Paul Heinegg (1997) has documented the ancestry of the majority of the Free Negro population can be traced to African Americans free in Virginia before the American Revolution. He has found that most of these free African Americans were mixed-race children of early unions during the colonial period between white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, indentured servant, free, or enslaved. This was before the racial caste had hardened and, on small farms, white and black workers lived near each other and associated. According to the law, children were born into the social status of their mothers, by the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, adopted in the 17th-century Virginia colony. Since the mothers were white and free, their children were free born.Heinegg, Paul, 1997-2005, Free African Americans of North Carolina and Virginia (3rd edition). Clearfield Company, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland. Also on the web at Paul Heinegg, URL Through the years, some of their descendants continued to marry their cousins of mixed race; others passed as white , and others married within African-American identified families. There may also have been some marriages of Native Americans with descendants of these groups as they migrated to North Carolina, then into Kentucky and Ohio. One family name identified as Melungeon has been strongly associated with the Saponi of North Carolina.John S. Kessler and Donald B. Ball, "North from the Mountains: The Carmel Melungeons of Ohio", Paper presented at Melungeon Third Union, May 2002, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Virginia Price, Edward Thomas, Jr. 1950 "The Mixed-blood Strain of Carmel, Ohio, and Magoffin County, Kentucky", Ohio Journal of Science 50(6):281-290.John S. Kessler and Donald B. Ball, North from the Mountains: A Folk History of the Carmel Melungeon Settlement, Highland County, Ohio, 2001
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Both men lived in Kentucky and many of their descendants later moved to Ohio where they became referred to as "Carmel Indians".
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None of the female lines tested were of African origin or Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA). Bryson Gibson and Valentine Collins both lived in Kentucky and many of their descendants later moved to Ohio and were referred to as "Carmel Indians".
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The mixed-race Melungeons often called themselves American Indians, as did people outside the group , who tried to explain their physical appearance
Some members of the group claimed American Indian ancestry
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free people of color
the majority of the Free Negro population
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others
their cousins
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made an increasing number of unions with "white" identified partners
passed as white