Other examples include: The supposed Homeric Greek word () = "woman", which arose thus: In Iliad Book 1 line 6 is the phrase () = "two = Achilles and Agamemnon  stood apart making strife". However someone unfamiliar with dual number verb inflections  read it as () = "two making strife because of a stētē", and he guessed that meant the woman Briseis who was the subject of the strife  . The placename Sarum, which arose by misunderstanding of the abbreviation Sar~ used in a medieval manuscript to mean some early form such as "Sarisberie" (= Salisbury). As an example of an editing mistake, "dord" was defined as a noun meaning density (mass per unit volume). When the second edition of Webster's New International Dictionary was being prepared, an index card that read "D or d" with reference to the word "density" was incorrectly misfiled as a word instead of an abbreviation. The entry existed in more than one printing from 1934 to 1947."Ghost Word" with Emily Brewster, part of the "Ask the Editor" series at Merriam-Webster.com A Concise Dictionary of Pronunciation () accidentally included the nonexistent word testentry (evidently a feature of work-in-progress), with spurious British and US pronunciations as though it rhymed with pedantry. The OED explains the ghost word Phantomnation as "Appearance of a phantom; illusion. Error for phantom nation".Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM, Version 4.0, Oxford University Press (2009). Alexander Pope's (1725) translation of the Odyssey originally said, "The Phantome-nations of the dead". Richard Paul Jodrell's (1820) Philology of the English Language, which omitted hyphens from compounds, entered it as one word, "Phantomnation, a multitude of spectres". Lexicographers copied this error into various dictionaries, such as, "Phantomnation, illusion. Pope." (Worcester, 1860, Philology of the English Language), and "Phantomnation, appearance as of a phantom; illusion. (Obs. and rare.) Pope." (Webster, 1864, An American dictionary of the English language). page 93 Available at: The Japanese word kusege (, compounding kuse "habit; vice" and ke "hair", "frizzy hair") was mistranslated as vicious hair in the authoritative Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary from the first edition (1918) to the fourth (1974), and corrected in the fifth edition (2003) "twisted [kinky, frizzy] hair; hair that stands up".Watanabe Toshirō (), Edmund R. Skrzypczak, and Paul Snowden, eds. (2003), Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary (), 5th ed., Kenkyusha, 790. This phantom word was not merely an unnoticed lexicographical error, generations of dictionary users copied the mistake. For example, a Tokyo hospital of cosmetic surgery had a long-running display advertisement in the Asian edition of Newsweek that read, "Kinky or vicious hair may be changed to a lovely, glossy hair" .Michael Carr (1983), "A Lexical Ghost Story: *Vicious hair ", Jinbun Kenkyū (), 66: 29-44. Carr (p. 40) suggests "vicious hair" for kusege () originated through false analogy from Kenkyusha's waraguse ( "bad/vicious habit; vice") entries. This hair-straightening ad was jokingly used in the "Kinky Vicious" title of a 2011 Hong Kong iPhoneography photo exhibition.Dan Pordes, iPhone photos like you've never seen, CNN Travel, 20 September 2011. The JIS X 0208 standard, the most widespread system to handle Japanese language with computers since 1978, has entries for 12 kanji that have no known use and were probably included by mistake (for example ). They are called (yūrei moji, "ghost characters") and are still supported by most computer systems (see: JIS X 0208#Kanji from unknown sources). Hsigo, an apparently erroneous output from optical character recognition software for "hsiao", a creature from Chinese mythology. The typographical error appeared in several limited-audience publications but spread around the World Wide Web after the creation of a Wikipedia article about the term (which has since been corrected), due to its numerous mirrors and forks. In his book Beyond Language: Adventures in Word and Thought, Dmitri Borgmann shows how feamyng, a purported collective noun for ferrets which appeared in several dictionaries, is actually the result of a centuries-long chain of typographical or misread-handwriting errors (from BUSYNESS to BESYNESS to FESYNES to FESNYNG to FEAMYNG). In the Irish language, the word ("inspector") was invented by the scholar Tadhg Ua Neachtain, who misread (, like modern ) in Edward Lhuyd's Archaeologia Britannica as , and so constructed the verbal forms etc. from it.
Other examples include: The supposed Homeric Greek word () = "woman", which arose thus: In Iliad Book 1 line 6 is the phrase () = "two (i.e. Achilles and Agamemnon ) stood apart making strife". However someone unfamiliar with dual number verb inflections , which read it as () = "two making strife because of a stētē", and he guessed that meant the woman Briseis who was the subject of the strife , influenced by the fact that nouns ending with eta are usually feminine . The placename Sarum, which arose by misunderstanding of the abbreviation Sar~ used in a medieval manuscript to mean some early form such as "Sarisberie" (= Salisbury). As an example of an editing mistake, "dord" was defined as a noun meaning density (mass per unit volume). When the second edition of Webster's New International Dictionary was being prepared, an index card that read "D or d" with reference to the word "density" was incorrectly misfiled as a word instead of an abbreviation. The entry existed in more than one printing from 1934 to 1947."Ghost Word" with Emily Brewster, part of the "Ask the Editor" series at Merriam-Webster.com A Concise Dictionary of Pronunciation () accidentally included the nonexistent word testentry (evidently a feature of work-in-progress), with spurious British and US pronunciations as though it rhymed with pedantry. The OED explains the ghost word Phantomnation as "Appearance of a phantom; illusion. Error for phantom nation".Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM, Version 4.0, Oxford University Press (2009). Alexander Pope's (1725) translation of the Odyssey originally said, "The Phantome-nations of the dead". Richard Paul Jodrell's (1820) Philology of the English Language, which omitted hyphens from compounds, entered it as one word, "Phantomnation, a multitude of spectres". Lexicographers copied this error into various dictionaries, such as, "Phantomnation, illusion. Pope." (Worcester, 1860, Philology of the English Language), and "Phantomnation, appearance as of a phantom; illusion. (Obs. and rare.) Pope." (Webster, 1864, An American dictionary of the English language). page 93 Available at: The Japanese word kusege (, compounding kuse "habit; vice" and ke "hair", "frizzy hair") was mistranslated as vicious hair in the authoritative Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary from the first edition (1918) to the fourth (1974), and corrected in the fifth edition (2003) "twisted [kinky, frizzy] hair; hair that stands up".Watanabe Toshirō (), Edmund R. Skrzypczak, and Paul Snowden, eds. (2003), Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary (), 5th ed., Kenkyusha, 790. This phantom word was not merely an unnoticed lexicographical error, generations of dictionary users copied the mistake. For example, a Tokyo hospital of cosmetic surgery had a long-running display advertisement in the Asian edition of Newsweek that read, "Kinky or vicious hair may be changed to a lovely, glossy hair" .Michael Carr (1983), "A Lexical Ghost Story: *Vicious hair ", Jinbun Kenkyū (), 66: 29-44. Carr (p. 40) suggests "vicious hair" for kusege () originated through false analogy from Kenkyusha's waraguse ( "bad/vicious habit; vice") entries. This hair-straightening ad was jokingly used in the "Kinky Vicious" title of a 2011 Hong Kong iPhoneography photo exhibition.Dan Pordes, iPhone photos like you've never seen, CNN Travel, 20 September 2011. The JIS X 0208 standard, the most widespread system to handle Japanese language with computers since 1978, has entries for 12 kanji that have no known use and were probably included by mistake (for example ). They are called (yūrei moji, "ghost characters") and are still supported by most computer systems (see: JIS X 0208#Kanji from unknown sources). Hsigo, an apparently erroneous output from optical character recognition software for "hsiao", a creature from Chinese mythology. The typographical error appeared in several limited-audience publications but spread around the World Wide Web after the creation of a Wikipedia article about the term (which has since been corrected), due to its numerous mirrors and forks. In his book Beyond Language: Adventures in Word and Thought, Dmitri Borgmann shows how feamyng, a purported collective noun for ferrets which appeared in several dictionaries, is actually the result of a centuries-long chain of typographical or misread-handwriting errors (from BUSYNESS to BESYNESS to FESYNES to FESNYNG to FEAMYNG). In the Irish language, the word ("inspector") was invented by the scholar Tadhg Ua Neachtain, who misread (, like modern ) in Edward Lhuyd's Archaeologia Britannica as , and so constructed the verbal forms etc. from it.
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