Historical Development The establishment of environmental anthropology can be credited to Julian Steward, a cultural ecologist who studied how the Shosone of the Great Basin between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky mountains adapted their environmentSteward JH. 1955. Theory of Cultural Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.. His efforts to define culture were based upon topography, climate, and resources and their accessibility.Steward JH. 1938. The Great Basin Shoshonean Indians: An Example of A Family Level Of Sociocultural Integration. Environmental Anthropology: A Historical Read. 168–180. Other important early cultural ecologists were Roy Rappaport and Marvin Harris.Rappaport RA. 1967. Ritual Regulation Of Environmental Relations Among A New Guinea People. Ethnology. 6: 17–30. Their work used systems theories to explain how societies worked to maintain homeostasis through feedback loops. Harris' work in India, for example, examined the sacred cow in India as en ecological adaptation because of it's importance for milk production, dung for fuel and fertilizers, and labor for plowing. These approaches has since been since criticized for narrowly assuming the state of societies as static and not exploring the ways cultures change and develop over time. Current Research Climate Change There has been a renewed interest in recent years to reexamine cultural-environmental relationships across the globe due to the looming threats of land development, biodiversity loss, and water scarcity, all of which are, in large part, due to climate URL Cultural Diversity There is a renewed focus of environmental anthropology on cultural variation and diversity. Such factors like environmental disasters (floods, earthquakes, frost), migrations, cost & benefit ratio, contact/ associations, external ideas (trade/ latent capitalism boom), along with internal, independent logic and inter-connectivity's impact now were observed. Roy A. Rappaport and Hawkes, Hill, and O'Connell's use of Pyke's optimal foraging theory for the latter's work are some examples of this new focus. List of Academic Programs in Environmental Anthropology Portland State University. Undergraduate and Master's Program in Anthropology Utrecht University. M.Sc. Cultural Anthropology: Sustainable Citizenship Stanford University. Environmental Anthropology Cluster University College London. M.Sc. Anthropology, Environment, and Development University of California, Davis. Graduate Area of Specialization: Environmental Anthropology University of Georgia. Ecological and Environmental Anthropology. PhD. Integrative Conservation (ICON) Program. Undergraduate Certificates in Sustainability, Environmental Ethics, and Conservation Ecology. University of Kent. M.A. in Social Anthropology: Humanitarian and Environmental Crises University of Pennsylvania. Environmental Anthropology University of Maine. B.A. Anthropology: Human Dimensions of Climate Change. M.A. in Anthropology and Environmental Policy Program University of Maryland. Ecological and Environmental Anthropology. B.A., B.S., MA.A., and Ph.D. programs Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Sciences and Department of Anthropology. Joint Doctoral Degree Program in Anthropology and the Environment Reference  
Historical development The establishment of environmental anthropology can be credited to Julian Steward, a cultural ecologist who studied how the Shosone of the Great Basin between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky mountains adapted their environmentSteward JH. 1955. Theory of Cultural Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.. His efforts to define culture were based upon topography, climate, and resources and their accessibility.Steward JH. 1938. The Great Basin Shoshonean Indians: An Example of A Family Level Of Sociocultural Integration. Environmental Anthropology: A Historical Read. 168–180. Other important early cultural ecologists were Roy Rappaport and Marvin Harris.Rappaport RA. 1967. Ritual Regulation Of Environmental Relations Among A New Guinea People. Ethnology. 6: 17–30. Their work used systems theories to explain how societies worked to maintain homeostasis through feedback loops. Harris' work in India, for example, examined the sacred cow in India as en ecological adaptation because of it's importance for milk production, dung for fuel and fertilizers, and labor for plowing. These approaches has since been since criticized for narrowly assuming the state of societies as static and not exploring the ways cultures change and develop over time. Current research Climate change There has been a renewed interest in recent years to reexamine cultural-environmental relationships across the globe due to the looming threats of land development, biodiversity loss, and water scarcity, all of which are, in large part, due to climate URL Cultural diversity There is a renewed focus of environmental anthropology on cultural variation and diversity. Such factors like environmental disasters (floods, earthquakes, frost), migrations, cost & benefit ratio, contact/ associations, external ideas (trade/ latent capitalism boom), along with internal, independent logic and inter-connectivity's impact now were observed. Roy A. Rappaport and Hawkes, Hill, and O'Connell's use of Pyke's optimal foraging theory for the latter's work are some examples of this new focus. List of academic programs in environmental anthropology Portland State University. Undergraduate and Master's Program in Anthropology Utrecht University. M.Sc. Cultural Anthropology: Sustainable Citizenship Stanford University. Environmental Anthropology Cluster University College London. M.Sc. Anthropology, Environment, and Development University of California, Davis. Graduate Area of Specialization: Environmental Anthropology University of Georgia. Ecological and Environmental Anthropology. PhD. Integrative Conservation (ICON) Program. Undergraduate Certificates in Sustainability, Environmental Ethics, and Conservation Ecology. University of Kent. M.A. in Social Anthropology: Humanitarian and Environmental Crises University of Pennsylvania. Environmental Anthropology University of Maine. B.A. Anthropology: Human Dimensions of Climate Change. M.A. in Anthropology and Environmental Policy Program University of Maryland. Ecological and Environmental Anthropology. B.A., B.S., MA.A., and Ph.D. programs Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Sciences and Department of Anthropology. Joint Doctoral Degree Program in Anthropology and the Environment See also Ecological anthropology Ethnoecology Cultural geography Environmental geography Political ecology Science and technology studies Environmental justice References Category:Anthropology Category:Environmental social science Anthropology Category:Cult
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development
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research
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academic programs in environmental anthropology
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See also Ecological anthropology Ethnoecology Cultural geography Environmental geography Political ecology Science and technology studies Environmental justice
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Category:Anthropology Category:Environmental social science Anthropology Category:Cult