Frequency domain (spectral) features The beat-to-beat variation of the PPG in time domain can be represented in the frequency domain by means of signal transformation methods, such as fast Fourier transform or autoregressive model. The spectrum can be divided into two main bands, that is, low frequency (LF) band ranging from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz and high frequency (HF) band between 0.15 and 0.6 Hz. The LF band can be subdivided into a mid-frequency (MF) band from 0.09 Hz to 0.15 Hz.P.M. Middleton, C.H. Tang, G.S. Chan, S. Bishop, A.V. Savkin, and N.H. Lovell, Peripheral photoplethysmography variability analysis of sepsis patients, Med Biol Eng Comput, 2010 The integration of the power spectral density over the frequency range will give the spectral power. Low-frequency oscillation in the PPG is found to reflect the sympathetic control over the peripheral circulation, whilst the high frequency component is related to the mechanical consequence of respiration on venous return.L. Bernardi, A. Radaelli, P.L. Solda, A.J. Coats, M. Reeder, A. Calciati et al., Autonomic control of skin microvessels: assessment by power spectrum of photoplethysmographic waves, Clin Sci (Lond), vol. 90, no. 5, pp. 345-55 , 1996. The PPGV was found to be useful in detecting blood loss by observing the spectral features of the PPGV.M.J. Gesquiere, A.A. Awad, D.G. Silverman, R.G. Stout, D.H. Jablonka, T.J. Silverman et al., Impact of withdrawal of 450 ml of blood on respiration-induced oscillations of the ear plethysmographic waveform, J Clin Monit Comput, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 277-82 , 2007L. Chen, A.T. Reisner, A. Gribok, and J. Reifman, Is respiration-induced variation in the photoplethysmogram associated with major hypovolemia in patients with acute traumatic injuries?, Shock, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 455-60 , 2010P.M. Middleton, G.S. Chan, E. O'Lone, E. Steel, R. Carroll, B.G. Celler et al., Spectral analysis of finger photoplethysmographic waveform variability in a model of mild to moderate haemorrhage, J Clin Monit Comput, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 343-53 , 2008 LF power, together with other features derived from the PPG waveform, was used to classify patients into different ranges of systemic vascular resistance, which may be used as an indicator of critical illness.Q.Y. Lee, G.S. Chan, S.J. Redmond, P.M. Middleton, E. Steel, P. Malouf et al., Classification of low systemic vascular resistance using photoplethysmogram and routine cardiovascular measurements, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, vol. 1, pp. 1930-3 , 2010 It has been proposed that the PPGV can also be used as an indicator of peripheral circulatory abnormalities in sepsis patients.M. Piepoli, C.S. Garrard, D.A. Kontoyannis, and L. Bernardi, Autonomic control of the heart and peripheral vessels in human septic shock, Intensive Care Med, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 112-9 , 1995 The application of PPGV as an indicator of sepsis has been extended by using spectral analysis of the PPGV to classify patients into different severity of sepsis.
Frequency domain (spectral) features The beat-to-beat variation of the PPG in time domain can be represented in the frequency domain by means of signal transformation methods, such as fast Fourier transform or autoregressive model. The spectrum can be divided into two main bands, that is, low frequency (LF) band ranging from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz and high frequency (HF) band between 0.15 and 0.6 Hz. The LF band can be subdivided into a mid-frequency (MF) band from 0.09 Hz to 0.15 Hz.P.M. Middleton, C.H. Tang, G.S. Chan, S. Bishop, A.V. Savkin, and N.H. Lovell, Peripheral photoplethysmography variability analysis of sepsis patients, Med Biol Eng Comput, 2010 The integration of the power spectral density over the frequency range will give the spectral power. Low-frequency oscillation in the PPG is found to reflect the sympathetic control over the peripheral circulation, whilst the high frequency component is related to the mechanical consequence of respiration on venous return.L. Bernardi, A. Radaelli, P.L. Solda, A.J. Coats, M. Reeder, A. Calciati et al., Autonomic control of skin microvessels: assessment by power spectrum of photoplethysmographic waves, Clin Sci (Lond), vol. 90, no. 5, pp. 345–55 , 1996. The PPGV was found to be useful in detecting blood loss by observing the spectral features of the PPGV.M.J. Gesquiere, A.A. Awad, D.G. Silverman, R.G. Stout, D.H. Jablonka, T.J. Silverman et al., Impact of withdrawal of 450 ml of blood on respiration-induced oscillations of the ear plethysmographic waveform, J Clin Monit Comput, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 277–82 , 2007L. Chen, A.T. Reisner, A. Gribok, and J. Reifman, Is respiration-induced variation in the photoplethysmogram associated with major hypovolemia in patients with acute traumatic injuries?, Shock, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 455–60 , 2010P.M. Middleton, G.S. Chan, E. O'Lone, E. Steel, R. Carroll, B.G. Celler et al., Spectral analysis of finger photoplethysmographic waveform variability in a model of mild to moderate haemorrhage, J Clin Monit Comput, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 343–53 , 2008 LF power, together with other features derived from the PPG waveform, was used to classify patients into different ranges of systemic vascular resistance, which may be used as an indicator of critical illness.Q.Y. Lee, G.S. Chan, S.J. Redmond, P.M. Middleton, E. Steel, P. Malouf et al., Classification of low systemic vascular resistance using photoplethysmogram and routine cardiovascular measurements, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, vol. 1, pp. 1930–3 , 2010 It has been proposed that the PPGV can also be used as an indicator of peripheral circulatory abnormalities in sepsis patients.M. Piepoli, C.S. Garrard, D.A. Kontoyannis, and L. Bernardi, Autonomic control of the heart and peripheral vessels in human septic shock, Intensive Care Med, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 112–9 , 1995 The application of PPGV as an indicator of sepsis has been extended by using spectral analysis of the PPGV to classify patients into different severity of sepsis.
R
345-55
345–55
R
277-82
277–82
R
455-60
455–60
R
343-53
343–53
R
1930-3
1930–3
R
112-9
112–9