German pilots, aircrew and naval personnel who were discovered in Ireland were always interned and remained so for the duration of the conflict.According to the Irish Defence Department, there were "no International Conventions specifically governing the treatment of belligerent internees and accordingly it appears open to neutral States ... to prescribe conditions of internment in whatever manner they think fit." This is why the Irish felt they could release British pilots but retain German ones. See Fisk pp. 176–177. De Valera argued that blow by blow parity returning German aircrews to German could not take place as they could bring back militarily valuable information. See Duggan p.185 although Hempel was to find out in 1943 that the Irish had been negotiating with the British over returning German internees. See Duggan p.171. One German prisoner was shot while attempting to escape from Oldcastle prison camp. In July 1940, three German Abwehr agents were arrested outside Skibbereen after landing near Castletownshend, County Cork. The agents' mission had been to infiltrate Britain via Ireland. Ralph Ingersoll, who visited Britain in late 1940, wrote that year that "Many informed people in Great Britain suspect that the [German] submarines are using bases in Ireland. There are many stories of submarine crews being seen in the cafés in Dublin out of uniform." The chief Abwehr spy in Ireland was Hermann Görtz. Approximately 12 spies were deployed, mostly with little success, including Günther Schütz, Ernst Weber-Drohl (a former circus strongman) and Henry Obed, an Indian. The activities of German agents in Ireland throughout the war years and their attempts to contact and court both Irish Republican Army and disaffected Irish Army personnel — many of these agents, if not all, were captured/exposed; see Irish Republican Army–Abwehr collaboration in World War II . The German ambassador at the German Legation in Dublin, Eduard Hempel, had his radio confiscated in 1943 to prevent him from passing information to his leaders. This is thought to have occurred at the insistence of the American forces stationed in Northern Ireland. Hempel had been relaying Irish Army strength and troop movements to Berlin throughout the war, and he is also thought to have relayed weather reports to the German battleships and in February 1942. The British military had been intercepting and logging his transmissions. See Duggan p.180 The U-boat torpedo attack which sank the vessel on 19 May 1943. De Valera said that "it was a wanton and inexcusable act. There was no possibility of a mistake, the conditions of visibility were good and the neutral markings on our ships were clear. There was no warning given."See Duggan p. 185. In most cases, each Irish ship had "Éire" painted in large lettering on the side and decking, and flew the Flag of Ireland. Irish ships sunk by U-boat included the Munster, the Kerry Head, the City of Limerick  and the SS Kyleclare. The City of Bremen was sunk by German planes south-west of Mizen Head on 2 June 1942. The "North Strand Bombing" on 31 May 1941See Duggan p.112 & p.132 and others that took place in Malin, County Donegal on 5 May 1941, and Arklow on 1 June 1941.See Duggan p.135. Repeated attempts to offer captured British weaponry to de Valera if he would side with the Germans.See Duggan pp .131 –136.
German pilots, aircrew and naval personnel who were discovered in Ireland were always interned and remained so for the duration of the conflict.According to the Irish Defence Department, there were "no International Conventions specifically governing the treatment of belligerent internees and accordingly it appears open to neutral States ... to prescribe conditions of internment in whatever manner they think fit." This is why the Irish felt they could release British pilots but retain German ones. See Fisk pp. 176–177. De Valera argued that blow by blow parity returning German aircrews to German could not take place as they could bring back militarily valuable information. See Duggan p.185 although Hempel was to find out in 1943 that the Irish had been negotiating with the British over returning German internees. See Duggan p.171. One German prisoner was shot while attempting to escape from Oldcastle prison camp. In July 1940, three German agents were arrested outside Skibbereen after landing near Castletownshend, County Cork. The agents' mission had been to infiltrate Britain via Ireland. Ralph Ingersoll, who visited Britain in late 1940, wrote that year that "Many informed people in Great Britain suspect that the [German] submarines are using bases in Ireland. There are many stories of submarine crews being seen in the cafés in Dublin out of uniform." The chief spy in Ireland was Hermann Görtz. Approximately 12 spies were deployed, mostly with little success, including Günther Schütz, Ernst Weber-Drohl (a former circus strongman) and Henry Obed, an Indian. The activities of German agents in Ireland throughout the war years and their attempts to contact and court both Irish Republican Army and disaffected Irish Army personnel . Many of these agents, if not all, were captured/exposed; see Irish Republican Army–Abwehr collaboration . The German ambassador at the German Legation in Dublin, Eduard Hempel, had his radio confiscated in 1943 to prevent him from passing information to his leaders. This is thought to have occurred at the insistence of the American forces stationed in Northern Ireland. Hempel had been relaying Irish Army strength and troop movements to Berlin throughout the war, and he is also thought to have relayed weather reports to the German battleships and in February 1942. The British military had been intercepting and logging his transmissions. Duggan p.180 The U-boat torpedo attack which sank the vessel on 19 May 1943. De Valera said that "it was a wanton and inexcusable act. There was no possibility of a mistake, the conditions of visibility were good and the neutral markings on our ships were clear. There was no warning given."See Duggan p. 185. In most cases, each Irish ship had "Éire" painted in large lettering on the side and decking, and flew the Flag of Ireland. Irish ships sunk by U-boat included the Munster, the Kerry Head, the City of Limerick , and the SS Kyleclare. The City of Bremen was sunk by German planes south-west of Mizen Head on 2 June 1942. The "North Strand Bombing" on 31 May 1941See Duggan p.112 & p.132 and others that took place in Malin, County Donegal on 5 May 1941, and Arklow on 1 June 1941.See Duggan p.135. Repeated attempts to offer captured British weaponry to de Valera if he would side with the Germans.See Duggan pp . 131 –136.
D
Abwehr
D
Abwehr
R
— many
. Many
D
in World War II
D
See
A
,
R
.131
. 131