Perspectivism ( also perspectivalism; ) is the epistemological principle that perception of and knowledge of something are always bound to the interpretive perspectives of those observing it. While perspectivism regard all perspectives and interpretations as being of equal truth or value, it holds that no one has access to an absolute view of the world cut off from perspective. Instead, all such occurs from some point of view which in turn affects how things are perceived. Rather than attempt to determine truth by correspondence to things outside any perspective, perspectivism thus  seeks to determine truth by comparison of perspectives to each other .For the perspectivist divergence between truth and value, and its opposition to correspondence theories of truth, see: Including its pre-Nietzschean forms, perspectivism traditionally holds that: "All seeing occurs from some point of view, in accordance with our interests. There is neither a view from nowhere nor a view from everywhere; [...] Though we have no absolute view, cut off from the perspective, it does not follow that all perspectives are 'equally valid.' On the contrary, some perspectives are better than others. We know this not because we have the ability to compare perspectives to whatever lies outside any perspective, but because we can (and do) compare perspectives to one another." For concordance with scientific and contemporary forms of perspectivism, see: Perspectivism may be regarded as an early form of epistemological pluralism, though in some accounts includes treatment of value theory, moral psychology, and realist metaphysics.For the relation of perspectivism to realism, see the following (and their containing sources): Early forms of perspectivism have been identified in the philosophies of Protagoras, Michel de Montaigne, and Gottfried Leibniz. However, its first major statement is considered to be Friedrich Nietzsche's development of the concept (sometimes known as Nietzschean perspectivismScholarly articles on Nietzschean perspectivism include: ) in the 19th century  . For Nietzsche, perspectivism takes the form of a realist antimetaphysicsFor Nietzschean perspectivism as a form of realist antimetaphysics, see especially: while rejecting both the correspondence theory of truth and the notion that the truth-value of a belief always constitutes its supreme value . The perspectival conception of objectivity used by Nietzsche sees the deficiencies of each perspective as remediable by an asymptotic study of the differences between them. This stands in contrast to Platonic notions in which objective truth is seen to reside in a wholly non-perspectival domain. Despite this, perspectivism is often misinterpreted See especially page 148. as a form of relativism or regarded as a rejection of objectivity entirely. Though it is often mistaken to imply that no way of seeing the world can be taken as definitively true, perspectivism can instead be interpreted as holding certain interpretations (such as that of perspectivism itself) to be definitively true. During the 21st century, perspectivism has led a number of developments within analytic philosophyExamples of perspectivism in analytic philosophy include:  and philosophy of science,Examples of perspectivism in philosophy of science include:  particularly under the early influence of Ronald Giere, Jay Rosenberg, Ernest Sosa, and others. This contemporary form of perspectivism, also known as scientific perspectivism, is more narrowly focused than prior forms—centering on the perspectival limitations of scientific models, theories, observations, and focused interest, while remaining more compatible for example with Kantianism and correspondence theories of truth.For comparisons of contemporary scientific perspectivism with Nietzschean perspectivism, see: Furthermore, scientific perspecitivism has come to address a number of scientific fields such as physics, biology, cognitive neuroscience, and medicine, as well as interdisciplinarity and philosophy of time. Studies of perspectivism have also been introduced into contemporary anthropology, initially through the influence of Eduardo Viveiros de Castro and his research into indigenous cultures of South America. Precursors and prefigurations  In Western languages, scholars have found perspectivism in the philosophies of Heraclitus ( – ), Protagoras ( – ), Michel de Montaigne (1533 – 1592 CE), and Gottfried Leibniz (1646 – 1716 CE).  In Asian languages, scholars have found perspectivism in Buddhist, Jain, and Daoist texts. Anthropologists have found a kind of perspectivism in the thinking of some indigenous peoples. While Nietzsche does not plainly reject truth and objectivity, he does reject the notions of truth, facts, and objectivity.  
Perspectivism ( ; also called perspectivalism ) is the epistemological principle that perception of and knowledge of something are always bound to the interpretive perspectives of those observing it. While perspectivism regard all perspectives and interpretations as being of equal truth or value, it holds that no one has access to an absolute view of the world cut off from perspective. Instead, all such occurs from some point of view which in turn affects how things are perceived. Rather than attempt to determine truth by correspondence to things outside any perspective, perspectivism thus generally seeks to determine truth by comparing and evaluating perspectives among themselves .For the perspectivist divergence between truth and value, and its opposition to correspondence theories of truth, see: Including its pre-Nietzschean forms, perspectivism traditionally holds that: "All seeing occurs from some point of view, in accordance with our interests. There is neither a view from nowhere nor a view from everywhere; [...] Though we have no absolute view, cut off from the perspective, it does not follow that all perspectives are 'equally valid.' On the contrary, some perspectives are better than others. We know this not because we have the ability to compare perspectives to whatever lies outside any perspective, but because we can (and do) compare perspectives to one another." For concordance with scientific and contemporary forms of perspectivism, see: Perspectivism may be regarded as an early form of epistemological pluralism, though in some accounts includes treatment of value theory, moral psychology, and realist metaphysics.For the relation of perspectivism to realism, see the following (and their containing sources): Early forms of perspectivism have been identified in the philosophies of Protagoras, Michel de Montaigne, and Gottfried Leibniz. However, its first major statement is considered to be Friedrich Nietzsche's development of the concept in the 19th century , having built off Gustav Teichmüller's use of the term some years prior . For Nietzsche, perspectivism takes the form of a realist antimetaphysicsFor Nietzschean perspectivism as a form of realist antimetaphysics, see especially: while rejecting both the correspondence theory of truth and the notion that the truth-value of a belief always constitutes its ultimate worth-value . The perspectival conception of objectivity used by Nietzsche sees the deficiencies of each perspective as remediable by an asymptotic study of the differences between them. This stands in contrast to Platonic notions in which objective truth is seen to reside in a wholly non-perspectival domain. Despite this, perspectivism is often misinterpreted See especially page 148. as a form of relativism or as a rejection of objectivity entirely. Though it is often mistaken to imply that no way of seeing the world can be taken as definitively true, perspectivism can instead be interpreted as holding certain interpretations (such as that of perspectivism itself) to be definitively true. During the 21st century, perspectivism has led a number of developments within analytic philosophyExamples of perspectivism in analytic philosophy include: bulleted list| | | and philosophy of science,Examples of perspectivism in philosophy of science include: | | | | | particularly under the early influence of Ronald Giere, Jay Rosenberg, Ernest Sosa, and others. This contemporary form of perspectivism, also known as scientific perspectivism, is more narrowly focused than prior forms—centering on the perspectival limitations of scientific models, theories, observations, and focused interest, while remaining more compatible for example with Kantian philosophy and correspondence theories of truth.For comparisons of contemporary scientific perspectivism with Nietzschean perspectivism, see: Furthermore, scientific perspecitivism has come to address a number of scientific fields such as physics, biology, cognitive neuroscience, and medicine, as well as interdisciplinarity and philosophy of time. Studies of perspectivism have also been introduced into contemporary anthropology, initially through the influence of Eduardo Viveiros de Castro and his research into indigenous cultures of South America. The basic principle that things are perceived differently from different perspectives (or that perspective determines one's limited and unprivileged access to knowledge) has sometimes been accounted as a rudimentary, uncontentious form of perspectivism.See discussion of naive perspectivism, in: The basic practice of comparing contradictory perspectives to one another may also be considered one such form of perspectivism ,See discussion of conflicting point of view perspectivism, in: as may the entire philosophical problem of how true knowledge is to penetrate one's perspectival limitations.See discussion of the problem of perspectivism, in: Precursors and early developments In Western languages, scholars have found perspectivism in the philosophies of Heraclitus ( – ), Protagoras ( – ), Michel de Montaigne (1533 – 1592 CE), and Gottfried Leibniz (1646 – 1716 CE). The origins of perspectivism have also been found to lie also within Renaissance developments in philosophy of art and its artistic notion of perspective. In Asian languages, scholars have found perspectivism in Buddhist, Jain, and Daoist texts. Anthropologists have found a kind of perspectivism in the thinking of some indigenous peoples. While Nietzsche does not plainly reject truth and objectivity, he does reject the notions of truth, facts, and objectivity. Truth theory and the value of truth Despite receiving much attention within contemporary philosophy, there is no academic consensus on Nietzsche's conception of truth. While his perspectivism presents a number of challenges regarding the nature of truth, its more controversial element lies in its questioning of the of truth. Contemporary scholars Steven D. Hales and Robert C. Welshon write that:
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also perspectivalism;
; also called perspectivalism
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generally
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comparison of perspectives to each other
comparing and evaluating perspectives among themselves
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(sometimes known as Nietzschean perspectivismScholarly articles on Nietzschean perspectivism include:
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)
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, having built off Gustav Teichmüller's use of the term some years prior
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supreme value
ultimate worth-value
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regarded
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bulleted list| | |
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Kantianism
Kantian philosophy
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Precursors and prefigurations
The basic principle that things are perceived differently from different perspectives (or that perspective determines one's limited and unprivileged access to knowledge) has sometimes been accounted as a rudimentary, uncontentious form of perspectivism.See discussion of naive perspectivism, in: The basic practice of comparing contradictory perspectives to one another may also be considered one such form of perspectivism ,See discussion of conflicting point of view perspectivism, in: as may the entire philosophical problem of how true knowledge is to penetrate one's perspectival limitations.See discussion of the problem of perspectivism, in:
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Precursors and early developments
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The origins of perspectivism have also been found to lie also within Renaissance developments in philosophy of art and its artistic notion of perspective.
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Truth theory and the value of truth
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Despite receiving much attention within contemporary philosophy, there is no academic consensus on Nietzsche's conception of truth. While his perspectivism presents a number of challenges regarding the nature of truth, its more controversial element lies in its questioning of the of truth. Contemporary scholars Steven D. Hales and Robert C. Welshon write that: