The evolution of animals involved a transition from a unicellular transcriptional regime to a transcriptional program supporting developmentally programmed somatic multicellularity. This transition was facilitated by an emergent gene repertoire devoted to developmental regulation, which involved gene family expansion and diversification as well as gene innovation. Unknown, however, is whether the loss of key genes co-evolved with and/or facilitated this genomic rewiring . Here, we identify conserved eukaryotic genes that were lost in stem-metazoans. These genes suggest a coherent pattern of gene loss from which the biological and ecological context of animal origins can be inferred. First, we find that a large number of genes for multiple biosynthetic pathways were lost in the stem-metazoan lineage. Second, we find that of all the essential amino acid pathway genes absent in animals, only the biosynthetic pathways for the branched chain amino acids are also absent in choanoflagellates, the sister group to animals. Third, we find only a few conserved genes lost in the stem-metazoan lineage that do not encode metabolic enzymes, and these include the eukaryotic clpB genes, HSP78 and HSP104, which encode protein disaggregase type chaperones. Finally, we find that in choanoflagellates and fungi the clpB genes and a small repertoire of refolding chaperones are co-regulated by the heat shock element HSE4 that can be bound by two Hsf1 trimers. Based on these findings, we propose that loss of branched chain biosynthetic genes in the holozoan radiation represents an initial pattern of loss that foreshadows the wholesale loss of metabolic genes in the stem-metazoan lineage. We further propose that key components of metabolic pathwaysmay have required chaperone-mediated folding, and that loss of these pathways may explain the loss of dedicated protein folding machinery in the stem-metazoan lineage .
The evolution of animals involved acquisition of an emergent gene repertoire for gastrulation. Whether loss of genes also co-evolved with this developmental reprogramming has not yet been addressed . Here, we identify twenty-four genetic functions that are retained in fungi and choanoflagellates but undetectable in animals. These lost genes encode: (i) sixteen distinct biosynthetic functions; (ii) the two ancestral eukaryotic ClpB disaggregases, Hsp78 and Hsp104, which function in the mitochondria and cytosol, respectively; and (iii) six other assorted functions. We present computational and experimental data that are consistent with a joint function for the differentially localized ClpB disaggregases, and with the possibility of a shared client/chaperone relationship between the mitochondrial Fe/S homoaconitase encoded by the lost LYS4 gene and the two ClpBs. Our analyses lead to the hypothesis that the evolution of gastrulation-based multicellularity in animals led to efficient extraction of nutrients from dietary sources, loss of natural selection for maintenance of energetically expensive biosynthetic pathways, and subsequent loss of their attendant ClpB chaperones .
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a transition from a unicellular transcriptional regime to a transcriptional program supporting developmentally programmed somatic multicellularity. This transition was facilitated by
acquisition of
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devoted to developmental regulation, which involved gene family expansion and diversification as well as gene innovation. Unknown, however, is whether the loss of key genes
for gastrulation. Whether loss of genes also
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and/or facilitated this genomic rewiring
this developmental reprogramming has not yet been addressed
R
conserved eukaryotic genes that were lost in stem-metazoans. These genes suggest a coherent pattern of gene loss from which the biological and ecological context of animal origins can be inferred. First, we find that a large number of genes for multiple biosynthetic pathways were lost in the stem-metazoan lineage. Second, we find that of all the essential amino acid pathway genes absent in animals, only the biosynthetic pathways for the branched chain amino acids are also absent in choanoflagellates, the sister group to animals. Third, we find only a few conserved genes lost in the stem-metazoan lineage that do not encode metabolic enzymes, and these include the eukaryotic clpB genes, HSP78 and HSP104, which encode protein disaggregase type chaperones. Finally, we find that in choanoflagellates and fungi the clpB genes and a small repertoire of refolding chaperones are co-regulated by the heat shock element HSE4 that can be bound by two Hsf1 trimers. Based on these findings, we propose that loss of branched chain biosynthetic genes in the holozoan radiation represents an initial pattern of loss that foreshadows the wholesale loss of metabolic genes in the stem-metazoan lineage. We further propose that key components of metabolic pathwaysmay have required chaperone-mediated folding, and that loss of these pathways may explain the loss of dedicated protein folding machinery in the stem-metazoan lineage
twenty-four genetic functions that are retained in fungi and choanoflagellates but undetectable in animals. These lost genes encode: (i) sixteen distinct biosynthetic functions; (ii) the two ancestral eukaryotic ClpB disaggregases, Hsp78 and Hsp104, which function in the mitochondria and cytosol, respectively; and (iii) six other assorted functions. We present computational and experimental data that are consistent with a joint function for the differentially localized ClpB disaggregases, and with the possibility of a shared client/chaperone relationship between the mitochondrial Fe/S homoaconitase encoded by the lost LYS4 gene and the two ClpBs. Our analyses lead to the hypothesis that the evolution of gastrulation-based multicellularity in animals led to efficient extraction of nutrients from dietary sources, loss of natural selection for maintenance of energetically expensive biosynthetic pathways, and subsequent loss of their attendant ClpB chaperones