Boundary extension (BE) is a cognitive psychology phenomenon and an error of commission in which people remember more of a scene or boundary than was originally present in the original picture.Kreindel, E., & Intraub, H. (2016). Anticipatory scene representation in preschool children’s recall and recognition memory. Developmental Science, 1-18. doi:10.1111/desc.12444 Munger, M. P., & Multhaup, K. S., (2016). No imagination effect on boundary extension. Memory and Cognition, 44, 73-88. doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0541-3Aude , O. (2010). Visual scene perception. In E. Bruce Goldstein (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Perception (pp. 1111-1116). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Boundary extension is typically studied using a recognition memory test where participants are shown a series of photos and then shown new photos that are either the same or have been altered in some way and asked if they are the same or different from the original photos. For example, people are typically presented with either a close-angle photo, which shows less of a picture scene, or a wide-angle photo, which shows more of a picture scene, during the study phase where the participant tries to memorize the picture and then a close or wide-angle photo during the test phase where the participant is tested on the original photos. Consequently, there are four different viewing conditions that people could experience the photos in: close-close, wide-wide, close-wide, or wide-close. If the participants respond that the new photos with more background are the same as the original photos, then they are demonstrating boundary extension because they are extending the boundary of the original photo. How psychologists have studied boundary extension has evolved over time. For example, psychologists first studied this phenomenon by asking participants to draw scenes from memory.Intraub, H., & Richardson, M. (1989). Wide-angle memories of close-up scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 179-187. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.15.2.179 But after many studies, researchers moved to studying boundary extension through a picture recognition memory task which is the more widely used way to study boundary extension currently.Hubbard, T. L., Hutchinson, J. L. & Courtney, J. R. (2010). Boundary extension: Findings and theories. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 1467-1494. doi:10.1080/17470210903511236Intraub , H., & Dickinson, C. A. (2008). False memory 1/20th of a second later: What the early onset of boundary extension reveals about perception. Psychological Science, 19, 1007-1014. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02192.x Boundary extension occurs with a variety of stimuli. For example, boundary extension happens with simple and complex photos, simple and complex objects, line-drawings,Gottesman C., V. & Intraub, H. (2002). Surface construal and the mental representation of scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 589-599. doi:10.1037//0096-1523.28.3.589 and photos and objects that have been zoomed in or out varying degrees.Quinn, P. C., & Intraub, H. (2007). Perceiving ‘outside the box’ occurs early in development: Evidence for boundary extension in three-to seven-month-old infants. Child Development, 78, 324-334. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01000.x Multimodal boundary extension also happens with both the haptic and auditory senses.Gagnier, K. M. (2010). Rethinking boundary extension: the role of source monitoring in scene memory (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (Accession No. 854499379)Intraub, H., Morelli, F., & Gagnier, K. M. (2015). Visual, haptic, and bimodal scene perception: Evidence for a unitary representation. Cognition, 138, 132-147. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.01.010 Boundary extension occurs with a variety of ages as well. For example, boundary extension is apparent very early in life in 3 to 4-month old infants and for children. College students are susceptible to boundary extension Bertamini, M., Jones, L. A., Spooner, A., & Hecht, H. (2005). The role of magnification, object size, context, and binocular information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 1288-1307. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.6.1288 Chapman, P., Ropar, D., Mitchell, P., & Ackroyd, K. (2005). Understanding boundary extension errors in picture memory among adults and boys with and without asperger’s syndrome. Visual Cognition, 12, 1265-1290. doi:10.1080/13506280444000508Dickinson , C. A., & LaCombe, D. J. (2014). Objects influence the shape of remembered views: Examining global and local aspects of boundary extension. Perception, 43, 731-753. doi:10.1068/p7631Intraub , H., Gottesman, C. V., & Bills, A. J. (1998). Effects of perceiving and imagining scenes on memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 186-201. doi:10.037/0278-7393.24.1.186 Safer, M. A., Christianson, S., Autry, M. W., & Österlund, K. (1998). Tunnel memory for traumatic events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 99-117. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099- 0720(199804)12:2<99::AID-ACP509>3.0.CO;2-7 and so are older adults.Multhaup, K. S., Munger, M. P., & Smith, K. C. (2016). Boundary extension is sensitive to hand position in young and older adults. Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological and Social Sciences. Advance online publication. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw011 Boundary extension even happens with people who have disorders such as Down syndrome.Spanò, G., Intraub, H., & Edgin, J. O. (2017). Testing the ‘boundaries’ of boundary extension: Anticipatory scene representation across development and disorder. Hippocampus, 27, 726-739. doi:10.1002/hipo.22728
Boundary extension (BE) is a cognitive psychology phenomenon and an error of commission in which people remember more of a scene or boundary than was originally present in the original picture.Kreindel, E., & Intraub, H. (2016). Anticipatory scene representation in preschool children’s recall and recognition memory. Developmental Science, 1-18. Munger, M. P., & Multhaup, K. S., (2016). No imagination effect on boundary extension. Memory and Cognition, 44, 73-88. Aude , O. (2010). Visual scene perception. In E. Bruce Goldstein (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Perception (pp. 1111-1116). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Boundary extension is typically studied using a recognition memory test where participants are shown a series of photos and then shown new photos that are either the same or have been altered in some way and asked if they are the same or different from the original photos. For example, people are typically presented with either a close-angle photo, which shows less of a picture scene, or a wide-angle photo, which shows more of a picture scene, during the study phase where the participant tries to memorize the picture and then a close or wide-angle photo during the test phase where the participant is tested on the original photos. Consequently, there are four different viewing conditions that people could experience the photos in: close-close, wide-wide, close-wide, or wide-close. If the participants respond that the new photos with more background are the same as the original photos, then they are demonstrating boundary extension because they are extending the boundary of the original photo. How psychologists have studied boundary extension has evolved over time. For example, psychologists first studied this phenomenon by asking participants to draw scenes from memory.Intraub, H., & Richardson, M. (1989). Wide-angle memories of close-up scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 179-187. But after many studies, researchers moved to studying boundary extension through a picture recognition memory task which is the more widely used way to study boundary extension currently.Hubbard, T. L., Hutchinson, J. L. & Courtney, J. R. (2010). Boundary extension: Findings and theories. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 1467-1494. Intraub , H., & Dickinson, C. A. (2008). False memory 1/20th of a second later: What the early onset of boundary extension reveals about perception. Psychological Science, 19, 1007-1014. Boundary extension occurs with a variety of stimuli. For example, boundary extension happens with simple and complex photos, simple and complex objects, line-drawings,Gottesman C., V. & Intraub, H. (2002). Surface construal and the mental representation of scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 589-599. and photos and objects that have been zoomed in or out varying degrees.Quinn, P. C., & Intraub, H. (2007). Perceiving ‘outside the box’ occurs early in development: Evidence for boundary extension in three-to seven-month-old infants. Child Development, 78, 324-334. Multimodal boundary extension also happens with both the haptic and auditory senses.Gagnier, K. M. (2010). Rethinking boundary extension: the role of source monitoring in scene memory (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (Accession No. 854499379)Intraub, H., Morelli, F., & Gagnier, K. M. (2015). Visual, haptic, and bimodal scene perception: Evidence for a unitary representation. Cognition, 138, 132-147. Boundary extension occurs with a variety of ages as well. For example, boundary extension is apparent very early in life in 3 to 4-month old infants and for children. College students are susceptible to boundary extension Bertamini, M., Jones, L. A., Spooner, A., & Hecht, H. (2005). The role of magnification, object size, context, and binocular information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 1288-1307. Chapman, P., Ropar, D., Mitchell, P., & Ackroyd, K. (2005). Understanding boundary extension errors in picture memory among adults and boys with and without asperger’s syndrome. Visual Cognition, 12, 1265-1290. Dickinson , C. A., & LaCombe, D. J. (2014). Objects influence the shape of remembered views: Examining global and local aspects of boundary extension. Perception, 43, 731-753. Intraub , H., Gottesman, C. V., & Bills, A. J. (1998). Effects of perceiving and imagining scenes on memory for pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 186-201. Safer, M. A., Christianson, S., Autry, M. W., & Österlund, K. (1998). Tunnel memory for traumatic events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 99-117. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099- 0720(199804)12:2<99::AID-ACP509>3.0.CO;2-7 and so are older adults.Multhaup, K. S., Munger, M. P., & Smith, K. C. (2016). Boundary extension is sensitive to hand position in young and older adults. Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological and Social Sciences. Advance online publication. Boundary extension even happens with people who have disorders such as Down syndrome.Spanò, G., Intraub, H., & Edgin, J. O. (2017). Testing the ‘boundaries’ of boundary extension: Anticipatory scene representation across development and disorder. Hippocampus, 27, 726-739. 
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doi:10.1111/desc.12444
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doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0541-3Aude
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doi:10.1037/0278-7393.15.2.179
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doi:10.1080/17470210903511236Intraub
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doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02192.x
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doi:10.1037//0096-1523.28.3.589
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doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01000.x
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doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2015.01.010
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doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.6.1288
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doi:10.037/0278-7393.24.1.186
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doi:10.1002/hipo.22728