【穆麟德】
穆麟德（Paul Georg von Möllendorff，목인덕，也译作穆麟多夫，catIdx=Möllendorff, Paul Georg von）是德国语言学家和外交家，为普鲁士贵族，他提倡的满文转写方案至今广为满语研究的语言学家采用。他曾出使中国，并为李鸿章所托前往朝鲜，曾撰文建议为当年夹在清朝、日本和沙俄之间的朝鲜半岛订立为中立地区。曾为明成皇后顾问。1901年在中国宁波过世，享年54岁。
== 生平 ==
* Möllendorf是普鲁士的大家族，他自1865年起就读哈雷大学，主修法律和东方文学，穆麟德表现出对外国语言强大的能力，他甚至学会了希伯来语，但在当时他仍尚未涉猎东亚语言。
* 1869年，穆麟德到中国上海的大清皇家海关总税务司工作并学习汉语，1874年，穆麟德改到德国领事馆担任翻译，接著到天津担任德国领事官。穆麟德在天津的期间结识了马建忠，并借由马建忠引介认识了李鸿章，后来，穆麟德与德国在北京的负责人马克斯·冯·巴兰德相处不和，于是他决定辞职。
* 1882年，李鸿章保荐他担任朝鲜政府的顾问，12月，他抵达汉城晋见高宗国王，穆麟德很快就学会了韩语，并足以和国王沟通。他很快就赢得了国王的信任，任命他参议统理衙门事务。
* 穆麟德支持朝鲜独立，但这违反李鸿章的想法，穆麟德甚至建议朝鲜借助俄罗斯帝国的力量来抵抗中国和日本，因此在1885年被迫辞职，高宗后来在1888年设法让他复职，但没有成功。
* 1899年，穆麟德再度回到中国，在上海担任海关人员，后来被调到宁波，1901年时因不明原因（中毒或是重病）在即将返国前于宁波过世。
== 著作列表 ==
=== 公共领域 ===
英语
* archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624055133/https://books.google.com/books?id=_XUuAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false(Harvard University)
* archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729052403/https://books.google.com/books?id=haaJPgAACAAJ
* accessdate=2011-05-15
* accessdate=2011-05-15
* archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605070656/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuEyAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false(the University of California)
* archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804111517/https://books.google.com/books?id=oocddijYXUEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false(Harvard University)
* archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624152738/https://books.google.com/books?id=xCsMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false(Harvard University)
*(with Otto Franz von Möllendorff.) Manual of Chinese Bibliography, Being a List of Works and Essays Relating to China. Shanghai, London: Kelly & Walsh, Trübner & co., 1876.
*"Essay on Manchu Literature." Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 24, no. 113 (1889–90): 1-45.
*archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225200533/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Manchu_Grammar Shanghai, 1892.
*"Die Juden in China." In Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums. (1895): 327-331
*Ningpo Colloquial Handbook. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1910.
法语
*archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617171813/https://books.google.com/books?id=c2suAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false(Harvard University) (Translated by Rodolphe de Castella)
德语
* archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615043403/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZC4iAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false(the University of Michigan)
* archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618021012/https://books.google.com/books?id=fRQFAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false(the University of Michigan)
* archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802101535/https://books.google.com/books?id=AoRJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false(the University of California)
* archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801201533/https://books.google.com/books?id=cYkuAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false(Harvard University)
=== 现代重印本 ===
* accessdate=2011-05-15
* accessdate=2011-05-15
* accessdate=2011-05-15
* accessdate=2011-05-15(Translated by Rodolphe De Castella )
* accessdate=2011-05-15(Translated by Rodolphe De Castella )
* archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925151401/http://books.google.com/books?id=xoDoQwAACAAJ
== 参考文献 ==
=== 引用 ===
=== 来源 ===
* Lee Yur-Bok. West Goes East: Paul Georg Von Möllendorff and Great Power Imperialism in Late Yi Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1988.
== 外部连结 ==
*  Article by Hans-Alexander Kneider