【卡尔巴拉战役】
卡尔巴拉战役（Battle of Karbala），公元680年10月10日发生于巴格达西南的卡尔巴拉，穆罕默德的外孙、什叶派领袖侯赛因·本·阿里率领自己的支持者对抗前来镇压的倭马亚王朝叶齐德一世的大军。最终前者全军覆没，阿里之子侯赛因阵亡。
==延伸阅读==
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Aghaie|first=Kamran S.|title=The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWov7OiEM3kC|year=2004|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle & London|isbn=978-0-295-98455-1|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122125733/https://books.google.com/books?id=UWov7OiEM3kC|dead-url=no
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Anthony|first=Sean|title=The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jeYxAQAAQBAJ|year=2011|publisher=E. J. Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-21606-8|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122125514/https://books.google.com/books?id=jeYxAQAAQBAJ|dead-url=no
* dead-url=no
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Ayoub|first=Mahmoud|author-link=Mahmoud M. Ayoub|title=Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=rpaPWv5Iyd8C|year=1978|publisher=Mouton Publishers|location=Hague|isbn=90-279-7943-X|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221230203/https://books.google.de/books?id=rpaPWv5Iyd8C|dead-url=no
* cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |last=Brunner |first=Rainer |title=Karbala |editor1-last=Bowering |editor1-first=Gerhard |editor2-last=Crone |editor2-first=Patricia |editor2-link=Patricia Crone |editor3-last=Mirza |editor3-first=Mahan |editor4-last=Kadi |editor4-first=Wadad |editor5-last=Zaman |editor5-first=Muhammad Qasim |editor6-last=Stewart |editor6-first=Devin J. |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA293 |year=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=New Jersey |isbn=9780691134840 |p=293 |access-date=2020-01-04 |archive-date=2019-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229060035/https://books.google.de/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA293 |dead-url=no
* dead-url=no
* dead-url=no
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Chaudhuri|first=Supriya|title=The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture|chapter=The Bengali novel|editor-last1=Dalmia|editor-first1=Vasudha|editor-last2= Sadana|editor-first2=Rashmi|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2L4gAwAAQBAJ|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|date=2012|isbn=978-0-521-51625-9
* isbn=9780710302076
* dead-url=no
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Dakake|first=Maria M.|author-link=Maria Dakake|year=2007|title=The Charismatic Community : Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, New York|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=02J6ly4-tMgC|isbn=978-0-7914-7033-6|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2019-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225075015/https://books.google.de/books?id=02J6ly4-tMgC|dead-url=no
* dead-url=no
* oclc=459263076
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Donner|first=Fred M.|author-link=Fred Donner|title=Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=978-0-674-05097-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YM8RBAAAQBAJ|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2020-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120121540/https://books.google.com/books?id=YM8RBAAAQBAJ|dead-url=no
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Elsie|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Elsie|title=Albanian Literature: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ox3Wx1Nl_2MC|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London & New York|year=2005|isbn=9781845110314|access-date=2021-03-23|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122151828/https://books.google.com/books?id=ox3Wx1Nl_2MC|dead-url=no
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Fischer|first=Michael M. J.|author-link=Michael M. J. Fischer|title=Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzDMzTWRnFIC|year=2003|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison, WI|isbn=9780299184735|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122125656/https://books.google.com/books?id=QzDMzTWRnFIC|dead-url=no
* cite book|ref=harv|last1=Fitzpatrick|first1=Coeli|last2=Walker|first2=Adam H.|title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God 2 volumes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1-61069-178-9|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122125834/https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ|dead-url=no
* doi=10.6094/behemoth.2019.12.1.1005
* doi=10.1163/157006494X00103
* isbn=1-55876-134-9
* pages=608–609
* edition=Second
* volume=11
* pages=610–612
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Hitti|first=Philip K.|author-link=Philip K. Hitti|title=The Near East In History : A 5000 Year Story|url=https://books.google.com/?id=oOM2PH3IYrMC|year=1961|publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company|location=Princeton|isbn=9781258452452
* isbn=9780710302076
* url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KM3zPwi0gmYC
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Hyder|first=Syed Akbar|title=Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E80OGPmP3GoC|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-537302-8|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122152355/https://books.google.com/books?id=E80OGPmP3GoC|dead-url=no
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Jafri|first=S. M.|author-link=Husain Mohammad Jafri|year=1979|title=Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam|publisher=Longman|location=London and New York|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=jDUKAQAAMAAJ|isbn=9780582780804|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221012731/https://books.google.de/books?id=jDUKAQAAMAAJ|dead-url=no
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Kennedy|first=Hugh N.|author-link=Hugh N. Kennedy|title=The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State|publisher=Routledge|location=London|year=2001|isbn=0-415-25093-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIspERtZEHIC|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2019-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228004807/https://books.google.com/books?id=UIspERtZEHIC|dead-url=no
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Kennedy|first=Hugh N.|title=The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century|edition=Second|year=2004|publisher=Pearson-Longman|location=Harlow|isbn=9780582405257|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2020-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721064424/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC|dead-url=no
* oclc=1008303874
* language=fr
* dead-url=no
* dead-url=no
* dead-url=no
* cite journal|ref=harv|last=Nakash|first=Yitzhak|title=An Attempt To Trace the Origin of the Rituals of 'Āshūrā¸|journal=Die Welt des Islams|date=1993|volume=33|issue=2|pages=161–181|doi=10.1163/157006093X00063
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Norris|first=H. T.|title=Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGmzir-ITtUC|year=1993|location=Columbia, SC|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=9780872499775|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2019-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220091905/https://books.google.com/books?id=RGmzir-ITtUC|dead-url=no
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Pinault|first=David|title=Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGMYDAAAQBAJ|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave|location=New York|isbn=978-1-349-61982-5|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122022101/https://books.google.com/books?id=uGMYDAAAQBAJ|dead-url=no
* dead-url=no
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel|title=Mystical Dimensions of Islam|year=1975|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=EMLYeqhKEokC|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=978-0-8078-1271-6|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2019-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220091617/https://books.google.de/books?id=EMLYeqhKEokC|dead-url=no
* isbn=9780710302076
* jstor=25802958
* cite book|ref=harv|last=Sharon|first=Moshe|author-link=Moshe Sharon|title=Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the ʻAbbāsid State : Incubation of a Revolt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPvZoG6NtLkC|year=1983|publisher=JSAI|location=Jerusalem|isbn=978-965-223-501-5|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2020-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201070324/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPvZoG6NtLkC|dead-url=no
* dead-url=no
* pages=240–243
* pages=607–615
* oclc=453206240
* cite journal|ref=harv|last=Yildirim|first=Riza|title=In the Name of Hosayn's Blood: The Memory of Karbala as Ideological Stimulus to the Safavid Revolution|journal=Journal of Persianate Studies|date=2015|volume=8|issue=2|pages=127–154|doi=10.1163/18747167-12341289
* dead-url=no
==参考文献==
*al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, History of the Prophets and Kings; Volume XIX The Caliphate of Yazid b. Muawiyah, translated by I.K.A Howard, SUNY Press, 1991, ISBN 0-7914-0040-9.
*Kennedy, Hugh, The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State, Routledge, 2001.
*al-Muqarram, Abd al Razzaq,   Maqtal al-Husayn, Martyrdom Epic of Imam al-Husayn date=20190421054224 , translated by Yasin T. Al-Jibouri, pub Al-Kharsan Foundation for Publications, originally published Qum, circa 1990.  (al-Muqarram was born in 1899 and died in 1971— author's biography date=20210116055324 . This is a 20th-century book—see Islamic Historiography, by Chase F. Robinson, p. 35.)
==外部连结==
*  What is Muharram?date=20170208053720
*  Battle of Karbalāʾdate=20101120195741 , Encyclopædia Britannica
*  List of the casualties of Karbladate=20130911012405
===Sunni links===
* Karbala – A Lesson For Mankind date=20191129175135
===Shia links===
* Events of Karbala date=20210210231410
* Ashura.com date=20210126021733
* Poetryofislam.com date=20190421054209 , poetry on Kerbala by Mahmood Abu Shahbaaz Londoni
* Sacred-texts.com date=20191020165220 , Battle of Karbala
* Battle of Karbaladate=20131013123319
* A Probe Into the History of Ashura date=20131004213102  by Dr. Ibrahim Ayati