【山茶属】
山茶属（学名：Camellia），或称茶属，是山茶科的一大属。品种约有200余种。主要分布中国的长江以南至云南及越南等东亚与东南亚地区。其中的茶树产茶叶，许多种也可以做观赏植物。
属名Camellia为纪念耶稣会传教士乔治·约瑟夫·卡梅尔（George Joseph Kamel，1667-1706）而命名。
山茶木横切面
==特征==
山茶属为一类灌木或乔木植物。叶多为革质，羽状脉，有锯齿，具柄，少数抱茎叶近无柄。花两性，顶生或腋生，单花或2-3朵并生，有短柄；苞片2-6片，或更多；萼片5-6，分离或基部连生，有时更多，苞片与萼片有时逐渐转变，组成苞被，从6片多至15片，脱落或宿存；花冠白色或红色，有时黄色，基部多少连合；花瓣5-12片，栽培种常为重瓣，覆瓦状排列；雄蕊多数，排成2-6轮，外轮花丝常于下半部连合成花丝管，并与花瓣基部合生；花药纵裂，背部着生，有时为基部着生；子房上位，3-5室，花柱5-3条或5-3裂；每室有胚珠数个。果为蒴果，5-3爿自上部裂开，少数从下部裂开，果爿木质或栓质；中轴存在，或因2室不育而无中轴；种子圆球形或半圆形，种皮角质，胚乳丰富。
== 物种 ==
根据世界植物在线数据库的记录，本属目前包含以下224种：
* Camellia albata Orel & Curry
* Camellia amplexicaulis (Pit.)Cohen-Stuart
* 抱茎短蕊茶 Camellia amplexifolia Merr. & Chun
* Camellia anderseniae Orel
* Camellia andrefrancisii Orel & Curry
* 安龙瘤果茶 Camellia anlungensis Hung T.Chang
* 大萼毛蕊茶 Camellia assimiloides Sealy
* Camellia aurea Hung T.Chang
* Camellia azalea C.F.Wei
* Camellia bidoupensis Truong Luong & Tran
* Camellia brevistaminata Orel & Curry
* 短柱茶 Camellia brevistyla (Hayata)Cohen-Stuart
* Camellia bugiamapensis Orel Curry,Luu & Q.D.Nguyen
* Camellia campanulata OrelCurry & Luu
* 白毛蕊茶 Camellia candida HungT.Chang
* Camellia capitata Orel Curry & Luu
* Camellia cattienensis Orel
* 长尾毛蕊茶 Camellia caudata Wall.
* 浙江红山茶 Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu
* Camellia cherryana Orel
* Camellia chinmeiae S.L.Lee & T.Y.A.Yang
* 薄叶金花茶 Camellia chrysanthoides Hung T.Chang
* Camellia columna Orel & Curry
* Camellia compacta Orel & Curry
* Camellia concinna Orel & Curry
* 泰国管蕊茶 Camellia connata (Craib)Craib
* Camellia corallina (Gagnep.)Sealy
* 心叶毛蕊茶 Camellia cordifolia (F.P.Metcalf)Nakai
* 突肋茶 Camellia costata S.Y.Hu & S.Y.Liang
* 贵州连蕊茶 Camellia costei H.Lév.
* 红皮糙果茶 Camellia crapnelliana Tutcher
* 厚轴茶 Camellia crassicolumna HungT.Chang
* 厚柄连蕊茶 Camellia crassipes Sealy
* Camellia crassiphylla Ninh & Hakoda
* Camellia crassisepala Orel & Curry
* Camellia cuongiana Orel & Curry
* 滇南连蕊茶 Camellia cupiformis T.L.Ming
* Camellia curryana Orel & Luu
* 尖连蕊茶 Camellia cuspidata (Kochs)Bean
* Camellia dalatensis V.D.Luong Ninh & Hakoda
* 德保金花茶 Camellia debaoensis R.C.Hu & Y.Q.Liu fu
* Camellia decora Orel Curry & Luu
* Camellia dilinhensis Ninh & V.D.Luong
* Camellia discorsa Orel & Curry
* Camellia dongnaicensis Orel
* Camellia dormoyana (Pierre)Sealy
* Camellia drupifera Lour.
* Camellia duyana Orel Curry & Luu
* 尖萼红山茶 Camellia edithae Hance
* Camellia elizabethae Orel & Curry
* 长管连蕊茶 Camellia elongata (Rehder & E.H.Wilson)Rehder
* Camellia erubescens Orel & Curry
* 显脉金花茶 Camellia euphlebia Merr.ex Sealy
* 柃叶连蕊茶 Camellia euryoides Lindl.
* Camellia exigua Orel & Curry
* 防城茶 Camellia fangchengensis S.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
* Camellia fansipanensis J.M.H.Shaw Wynn-Jones & V.D.Nguyen
* 簇蕊金花茶 Camellia fascicularis Hung T.Chang
* Camellia flava (Pit.)Sealy
* 淡黄金花茶 Camellia flavida Hung T.Chang
* Camellia fleuryi (A.Chev.)Sealy
* Camellia flosculora Curry V.S.Le,T.Q.Cuong & V.D.Luong
* 窄叶短柱茶 Camellia fluviatilis Hand.-Mazz.
* Camellia foleyana Orel & Curry
* 蒙自连蕊茶 Camellia forrestii (Diels)Cohen-Stuart
* Camellia fragilis Orel & Curry
* 毛柄连蕊茶 Camellia fraterna Hance
* Camellia fulva Orel & Curry
* 糙果茶 Camellia furfuracea (Merr.)Cohen-Stuart
* 硬叶糙果茶 Camellia gaudichaudii (Gagnep.)Sealy
* Camellia gilbertii (A.Chev.)Sealy
* 秃助连蕊茶 Camellia glabricostata T.L.Ming
* Camellia gracilipes Merr.ex Sealy
* 大苞茶 Camellia grandibracteata Hung T.Chang,Y.J.Tan,F.L.Yu & P.S.Wang
* 大苞山茶 Camellia granthamiana Sealy
* 长瓣短柱茶 Camellia grijsii Hance
* 秃房茶 Camellia gymnogyna Hung T.Chang
* 海南油茶 Camellia hainanica Y.L.Zhao & Z.G.Xu
* Camellia harlandii Orel & Curry
* Camellia hatinhensis V.D.Luong Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
* 河口超长柄茶 Camellia hekouensis C.J.Wang & G.S.Fan
* 冬红短柱茶 Camellia hiemalis Nakai
* Camellia hirsuta Hakoda & Ninh
* Camellia honbaensis Luu Q.D.Nguyen & G.Tran
* Camellia hongiaoensis Orel & Curry
* 香港红山茶 Camellia hongkongensis Seem.
* 贵州金花茶 Camellia huana T.L.Ming & W.J.Zhang
* Camellia huulungensis Rosmann & Ninh
* 冬青叶山茶 Camellia ilicifolia Y.K.Li
* Camellia illia Orel & Curry
* 凹脉金花茶 Camellia impressinervis Hung T.Chang & S.YeLiang
* 中越山茶 Camellia indochinensis Merr.
* Camellia ingens Orel & Curry
* Camellia insularis Orel & Curry
** Camellia×intermedia (Tuyama) Nagam.
* Camellia inusitata Orel Curry & Luu
* 山茶 Camellia japonica L.
* Camellia kirinoi Ninh
* 落瓣短柱茶 Camellia kissii Wall.
* Camellia krempfii (Gagnep.)Sealy
* 广西茶 Camellia kwangsiensis Hung T.Chang
* 管蕊茶 Camellia lanceolata (Blume)Seem.
* Camellia langbianensis (Gagnep.)P.H.Hô
* Camellia laotica (Gagnep.)T.L.Ming
* Camellia latifolia Orel & Curry
* 四川毛蕊茶 Camellia lawii Sealy
* 膜叶茶 Camellia leptophylla S.Ye Liang ex Hung T.Chang
* Camellia ligustrina Orel Curry & Luu
* 长萼连蕊茶 Camellia longicalyx Hung T.Chang
* Camellia longii Orel & Luu
* 长柄山茶 Camellia longipedicellata (Hu)Hung T.Chang & D.Fang
* 超长柄茶 Camellia longissima Hung T.Chang & S.YeLiang
* Camellia lucii Orel & Curry
* Camellia luongii Ninh & Le
* Camellia lutchuensis T.Itô
* 云南管蕊茶 Camellia luteocalpandria S.X.Yang & E.D.Liu
* Camellia luteocerata Orel
* 小黄花茶 Camellia luteoflora Y.K.Li ex Hung T.Chang & F.A.Zeng
* Camellia luteonerva Orel & Curry
* Camellia luteopallida V.D.Luong T.Q.T.Nguyen & Luu
* Camellia maiana Orel
* 毛蕊红山茶 Camellia mairei (H.Lév.)Melch.
* 牦牛山山茶 Camellia maoniushanensis J.L.Liu & Q.Luo
* Camellia megasepala Hung T.Chang & Trin Ninh
* Camellia melliana Hand.-Mazz.
* 小花金花茶 Camellia micrantha S.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
* 弥勒糙果茶 Camellia mileensis T.L.Ming
* 富宁金花茶 Camellia mingii S.X.Yang
* Camellia minima Orel & Curry
* Camellia mollis Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
* Camellia montana (Blanco)Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
* Camellia multigemma Orel & Curry
* Camellia murauchii Ninh & Hakoda
* Camellia namkadingensis Soulad. & Tagane
* Camellia nematodea (Gagnep.)Sealy
* Camellia nervosa (Gagnep.)Hung T.Chang
* Camellia ngheanensis N.D.DoV.D.Luong,N.S.Lý,T.H.Lê & D.H.Nguyễn
* Camellia ninhii V.D.Luong & Le
* Camellia oconoriana Orel Curry & Luu
* 油茶 Camellia oleifera C.Abel
* 厚短蕊茶 Camellia pachyandra Hu
* Camellia pallida Orel & Curry
* 细花短蕊茶 Camellia parviflora Merr. & ChunexSealy
* 小瘤果茶 Camellia parvimuricata Hung T.Chang
* Camellia parvula Orel & Curry
* 腺叶离蕊茶 Camellia paucipunctata (Merr. & Chun)Chun
* Camellia pentagonalema Orel & Curry
* Camellia petelotii (Merr.)Sealy
* Camellia phanii Hakoda & Ninh
* Camellia philippinensis Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
* 毛籽离蕊茶 Camellia pilosperma S.Yun Liang
* 平果金花茶 Camellia pingguoensis D.Fang
* Camellia piquetiana (Pierre)Sealy
* Camellia pirifructa Orel & Curry
* Camellia pitardii Cohen-Stuart
* Camellia pleurocarpa (Gagnep.)Sealy
* 多齿红山茶 Camellia polyodonta F.C.How ex Hu
* Camellia proensis V.D.Luong Dudkin & V.H.Quach
* Camellia psilocarpa X.G.Shi & C.X.Ye
* 毛叶茶 Camellia ptilophylla HungT.Chang
* Camellia pubicosta Merr.
* 毛糙果茶 Camellia pubifurfuracea Y.C.Zhong
* 毛瓣金花茶 Camellia pubipetala Y.Wan & S.Z.Huang
* Camellia puhoatensis N.S.Lý V.D.Luong,T.H.Lê,D.H.Nguyễn & N.D.Do
* Camellia pukhangensis N.D.Do V.D.Luong,S.T.Hoang & T.H.Lê
* Camellia pulchella Orel & Curry
* 斑枝毛蕊茶 Camellia punctata (Kochs)Cohen-Stuart
* Camellia pyriparva Orel & Curry
* Camellia pyxidiacea Z.R.XuF.P.Chen & C.Y.Deng
* Camellia quangcuongii L.V.Dung S.T.Hoang & Nhan
* Camellia reflexa Orel & Curry
* Camellia renshanxiangiae C.X.Ye & X.Q.Zheng
* 滇山茶 Camellia reticulata Lindl.
* 皱果茶 Camellia rhytidocarpa HungT.Chang & S.YeLiang
* Camellia rosacea Tagane Soulad. & Yahara
* 玫瑰连蕊茶 Camellia rosiflora Hook.
* Camellia rosmannii Ninh
* 川萼连蕊茶 Camellia rosthorniana Hand.-Mazz.
* Camellia rostrata S.X.Yang & S.F.Chai
* Camellia rubriflora Ninh & Hakoda
* 柳叶毛蕊茶 Camellia salicifolia Champ.
* 怒江红山茶 Camellia saluenensis StapfexBean
* 茶梅 Camellia sasanqua Thunb.
* Camellia scabrosa Orel & Curry
* 老挝茶 Camellia sealyana T.L.Ming
* 南山茶 Camellia semiserrata C.W.Chi
* 七瓣连蕊茶 Camellia septempetala Hung T.Chang & L.L.Qi
* Camellia siangensis T.K.Paul & M.P.Nayar
* 茶 Camellia sinensis (L.)Kuntze
* Camellia sonthaiensis Luu V.D.Luong,Q.D.Nguyen & T.Q.T.Nguyen
* Camellia stellata Orel & Curry
* 五室连蕊茶 Camellia stuartiana Sealy
* 全缘红山茶 Camellia subintegra P.C.Huang
* Camellia synaptica Sealy
* 半宿萼茶 Camellia szechuanensis C.W.Chi
* 思茅短蕊茶 Camellia szemaoensis Hung T.Chang
* 大厂茶 Camellia tachangensis F.S.Zhang
* Camellia tadungensis Orel Curry & Luu
* 大理茶 Camellia taliensis (W.W.Sm.)Melch.
* 大姚短柱茶 Camellia tenii Sealy
* Camellia thailandica Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
* Camellia thanxaensa Hakoda & Kirino
* Camellia thuongiana V.D.Luong A.Le & T.L.Nguyen
* Camellia tienyenensis Orel & Curry
* Camellia tomentosa Orel & Curry
* Camellia tonkinensis (Pit.)Cohen-Stuart
* 阿里山连蕊茶 Camellia transarisanensis (Hayata)Cohen-Stuart
* Camellia trichoclada (Rehder)S.S.Chien
* Camellia triquetra Orel & Curry
* 云南连蕊茶 Camellia tsaii Hu
* 金屏连蕊茶 Camellia tsingpienensis Hu
* 瘤果茶 Camellia tuberculata S.S.Chien
* Camellia tuyenquangensis V.D.Luong Le & Ninh
* 单体红山茶 Camellia uraku Kitam.
* Camellia venusta Orel & Curry
* 小果毛蕊茶 Camellia villicarpa S.S.Chien
* 绿萼连蕊茶 Camellia viridicalyx Hung T.Chang & S.YeLiang
* Camellia viscosa Orel & Curry
* Camellia vuquangensis V.D.Luong Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
* Camellia wardii Kobuski
* Camellia wilkesiana Orel & Curry
* 黄花短蕊茶 Camellia xanthochroma K.M.Feng & L.S.Xie
* Camellia yokdonensis Dungbis & Hakoda
* 五柱滇山茶 Camellia yunnanensis (Pit. ex Diels)Cohen-Stuart
* Camellia zhaiana S.X.Yang
== 品种 ==
山茶属植物具有重要的经济价值，茶叶是世界三大植物饮料之一；茶花是中国十大名花，深受世界各国人民的喜爱；油茶还是一种优良的木本油料植物。根据世界山茶属植物品种数据库的记录，世界范围内1253年至2023年的茶花、茶叶、茶油品种有26,087种。
==参考文献==
== 延伸阅读 ==
==外部连接==
*downloaded=2007年3月17日
*  The International Camellia Society date=20220619120841
*  The American Camellia Society date=20141001081209
*  The Southeastern Camellia Society
*  Website with many Camellia illustrations from European and Japanese Camellia Books
*  First Public Camellia Show date=20200922135853  historical marker